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README.md
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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tags:
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- sweelol-ai
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- text-generation
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- gemma
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- distillation
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- pruning
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- lora
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- prompt-tuning
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- code
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datasets:
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- databricks/databricks-dolly-15k
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language:
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- en
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metrics:
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- accuracy
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base_model:
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- google/gemma-3-270m
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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library_name: transformers
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---
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# {model_name}
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* **Fine-Tuning Method:** {method_description}
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* **Purpose:** {purpose}
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This is a placeholder README. A detailed model card with full results and usage instructions will be added shortly.
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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tags:
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- sweelol-ai
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- text-generation
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+
- gemma
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- distillation
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- pruning
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- lora
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- prompt-tuning
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---
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# {model_name}
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* **Fine-Tuning Method:** {method_description}
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* **Purpose:** {purpose}
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This is a placeholder README. A detailed model card with full results and usage instructions will be added shortly.
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## Evaluation Results
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This table compares the performance of this **Finetuned-Pruned** model against the original, un-tuned `google/gemma-3-270m` base model.
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| Benchmark Task | Sweelol Finetuned-Pruned | Baseline (Gemma-3-270m) | Change |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Average MMLU (5 tasks)** | 25.18% | 24.88% | **+0.30%** |
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| HellaSwag (Common Sense) | 29.50% | 43.50% | -14.00% |
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| ---------------------------------- | ---------- | ---------- | -------- |
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| *MMLU Sub-task Breakdown:* | | | |
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| MMLU - Formal Logic | **28.57%** | 25.40% | **+3.17%** |
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| MMLU - High School Computer Science | **25.00%** | 24.00% | **+1.00%** |
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| MMLU - Professional Law | 25.00% | 27.00% | -2.00% |
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| MMLU - Abstract Algebra | 22.00% | 22.00% | 0.00% |
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| MMLU - High School Mathematics | 21.00% | 26.00% | -5.00% |
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#### Summary of Findings
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Fine-tuning the pruned model resulted in a solid overall improvement on MMLU, particularly in formal logic. However, like the pruned-only baseline, it suffered a significant drop in common-sense reasoning (HellaSwag).
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## Evaluation
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### Testing Data & Metrics
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All models were evaluated on a comprehensive suite of tasks from the `lm-evaluation-harness`, including 5 diverse subsets of **MMLU** (for academic reasoning) and **HellaSwag** (for common-sense reasoning). The primary metric is zero-shot accuracy on a 200-sample subset of each task's test split.
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### Results
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This table summarizes the final benchmark scores for all models created in the **Sweelol AI Comparative Study**. All fine-tuned models were trained on a subset of the `databricks/databricks-dolly-15k` dataset.
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| Model | Technique | Average MMLU | HellaSwag | MMLU CompSci | MMLU Logic | MMLU Law | MMLU Math | MMLU Algebra |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Baseline** | *(Pre-trained)* | 24.88% | **43.50%** | 24.00% | 25.40% | **27.00%** | **26.00%** | 22.00% |
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| **Pruned-Baseline**| Pruning | **26.17%** | 29.50% | **28.00%** | **29.37%** | 26.00% | 24.50% | **23.00%** |
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| **Prompt-Tune** | PEFT | 25.77% | 39.00% | 27.00% | **29.37%** | **27.50%** | 22.00% | **23.00%** |
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| **Finetuned-Pruned**| Pruning + FT | 25.18% | 29.50% | 25.00% | 28.57% | 25.00% | 21.00% | 22.00% |
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| **LoRA** | PEFT | 24.60% | 26.00% | 25.00% | 28.57% | 25.00% | 21.00% | 22.00% |
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| **KD-Pruned** | Distillation | 23.98% | 33.00% | 26.00% | 25.40% | 25.00% | 21.50% | 22.00% |
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| **Full-Finetune** | Full FT | 22.60% | 39.00% | 26.00% | 23.02% | 23.50% | 21.50% | 19.00% |
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#### Summary of Key Findings
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1. **Pruning is a Superpower for Logic:** The `Pruned-Baseline` model, with no fine-tuning, was the **undisputed champion on average MMLU performance**. It achieved the highest scores in Formal Logic and Computer Science, suggesting that pruning enhances the model's core, pre-trained reasoning abilities.
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2. **Prompt Tuning is the Efficiency King:** The `Prompt-Tune` model was the second-best performer on MMLU and retained strong common-sense performance (HellaSwag). This makes it the most efficient and effective overall technique, delivering top-tier results with minimal training.
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3. **The "Alignment Tax" is Real:** Both `Full-Finetune` and `KD-Pruned` models, while trained on instruction data, showed a significant drop in performance on the MMLU reasoning tasks compared to the baseline. This is a classic example of the "alignment tax," where teaching a model to be a helpful assistant can sometimes dilute its raw, academic reasoning capabilities.
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4. **Common Sense is Fragile:** Techniques that heavily modified the model's structure or weights (`Pruning`, `LoRA`) resulted in a significant drop in performance on the `HellaSwag` common-sense benchmark. The `Baseline` model remains the champion of common sense.
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This comprehensive benchmark provides a clear, data-driven guide for selecting the right optimization technique for a given task.
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# Gemma 3 model card
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**Model Page**: [Gemma](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/core)
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**Resources and Technical Documentation**:
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* [Gemma 3 Technical Report][g3-tech-report]
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* [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit][rai-toolkit]
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* [Gemma on Kaggle][kaggle-gemma]
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* [Gemma on Vertex Model Garden][vertex-mg-gemma3]
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**Terms of Use**: [Terms][terms]
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**Authors**: Google DeepMind
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## Model Information
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Summary description and brief definition of inputs and outputs.
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### Description
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Gemma is a family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models from Google,
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built from the same research and technology used to create the Gemini models.
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Gemma 3 models are multimodal, handling text and image input and generating text
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output, with open weights for both pre-trained variants and instruction-tuned
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variants. Gemma 3 has a large, 128K context window, multilingual support in over
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140 languages, and is available in more sizes than previous versions. Gemma 3
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models are well-suited for a variety of text generation and image understanding
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tasks, including question answering, summarization, and reasoning. Their
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relatively small size makes it possible to deploy them in environments with
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limited resources such as laptops, desktops or your own cloud infrastructure,
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democratizing access to state of the art AI models and helping foster innovation
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for everyone.
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### Inputs and outputs
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- **Input:**
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- Text string, such as a question, a prompt, or a document to be summarized
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- Images, normalized to 896 x 896 resolution and encoded to 256 tokens
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each, for the 4B, 12B, and 27B sizes.
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- Total input context of 128K tokens for the 4B, 12B, and 27B sizes, and
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32K tokens for the 1B and 270M sizes.
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- **Output:**
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- Generated text in response to the input, such as an answer to a
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question, analysis of image content, or a summary of a document
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- Total output context up to 128K tokens for the 4B, 12B, and 27B sizes,
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and 32K tokens for the 1B and 270M sizes per request, subtracting the
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request input tokens
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### Citation
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```none
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@article{gemma_2025,
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title={Gemma 3},
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.19786},
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publisher={Google DeepMind},
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author={Gemma Team},
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year={2025}
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}
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```
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## Model Data
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Data used for model training and how the data was processed.
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### Training Dataset
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These models were trained on a dataset of text data that includes a wide variety
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of sources. The 27B model was trained with 14 trillion tokens, the 12B model was
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trained with 12 trillion tokens, 4B model was trained with 4 trillion tokens,
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the 1B with 2 trillion tokens, and the 270M with 6 trillion tokens. The
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knowledge cutoff date for the training data was August 2024. Here are the key
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components:
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- Web Documents: A diverse collection of web text ensures the model is
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exposed to a broad range of linguistic styles, topics, and vocabulary. The
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training dataset includes content in over 140 languages.
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- Code: Exposing the model to code helps it to learn the syntax and
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patterns of programming languages, which improves its ability to generate
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code and understand code-related questions.
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- Mathematics: Training on mathematical text helps the model learn logical
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reasoning, symbolic representation, and to address mathematical queries.
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- Images: A wide range of images enables the model to perform image
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analysis and visual data extraction tasks.
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The combination of these diverse data sources is crucial for training a powerful
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multimodal model that can handle a wide variety of different tasks and data
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formats.
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### Data Preprocessing
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Here are the key data cleaning and filtering methods applied to the training
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data:
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- CSAM Filtering: Rigorous CSAM (Child Sexual Abuse Material) filtering
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was applied at multiple stages in the data preparation process to ensure
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the exclusion of harmful and illegal content.
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- Sensitive Data Filtering: As part of making Gemma pre-trained models
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safe and reliable, automated techniques were used to filter out certain
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personal information and other sensitive data from training sets.
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- Additional methods: Filtering based on content quality and safety in
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line with [our policies][safety-policies].
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## Implementation Information
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Details about the model internals.
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### Hardware
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Gemma was trained using [Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)][tpu] hardware (TPUv4p,
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TPUv5p and TPUv5e). Training vision-language models (VLMS) requires significant
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computational power. TPUs, designed specifically for matrix operations common in
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machine learning, offer several advantages in this domain:
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- Performance: TPUs are specifically designed to handle the massive
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computations involved in training VLMs. They can speed up training
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considerably compared to CPUs.
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- Memory: TPUs often come with large amounts of high-bandwidth memory,
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allowing for the handling of large models and batch sizes during training.
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This can lead to better model quality.
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- Scalability: TPU Pods (large clusters of TPUs) provide a scalable
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solution for handling the growing complexity of large foundation models.
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You can distribute training across multiple TPU devices for faster and more
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efficient processing.
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- Cost-effectiveness: In many scenarios, TPUs can provide a more
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cost-effective solution for training large models compared to CPU-based
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infrastructure, especially when considering the time and resources saved
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due to faster training.
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- These advantages are aligned with
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[Google's commitments to operate sustainably][sustainability].
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### Software
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Training was done using [JAX][jax] and [ML Pathways][ml-pathways].
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JAX allows researchers to take advantage of the latest generation of hardware,
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including TPUs, for faster and more efficient training of large models. ML
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Pathways is Google's latest effort to build artificially intelligent systems
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capable of generalizing across multiple tasks. This is specially suitable for
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foundation models, including large language models like these ones.
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Together, JAX and ML Pathways are used as described in the
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[paper about the Gemini family of models][gemini-2-paper]; *"the 'single
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controller' programming model of Jax and Pathways allows a single Python
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process to orchestrate the entire training run, dramatically simplifying the
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development workflow."*
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## Evaluation
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Model evaluation metrics and results.
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### Benchmark Results
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These models were evaluated against a large collection of different datasets and
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metrics to cover different aspects of text generation. Evaluation results marked
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with **IT** are for instruction-tuned models. Evaluation results marked with
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**PT** are for pre-trained models.
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#### Gemma 3 270M
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| **Benchmark** | **n-shot** | **Gemma 3 PT 270M** |
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| :------------------------ | :-----------: | ------------------: |
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| [HellaSwag][hellaswag] | 10-shot | 40.9 |
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| [BoolQ][boolq] | 0-shot | 61.4 |
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| [PIQA][piqa] | 0-shot | 67.7 |
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| [TriviaQA][triviaqa] | 5-shot | 15.4 |
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| [ARC-c][arc] | 25-shot | 29.0 |
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| [ARC-e][arc] | 0-shot | 57.7 |
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| [WinoGrande][winogrande] | 5-shot | 52.0 |
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[hellaswag]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07830
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[boolq]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10044
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[piqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11641
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256 |
+
[triviaqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03551
|
257 |
+
[arc]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547
|
258 |
+
[winogrande]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10641
|
259 |
+
|
260 |
+
| **Benchmark** | **n-shot** | **Gemma 3 IT 270m** |
|
261 |
+
| :------------------------ | :-----------: | ------------------: |
|
262 |
+
| [HellaSwag][hellaswag] | 0-shot | 37.7 |
|
263 |
+
| [PIQA][piqa] | 0-shot | 66.2 |
|
264 |
+
| [ARC-c][arc] | 0-shot | 28.2 |
|
265 |
+
| [WinoGrande][winogrande] | 0-shot | 52.3 |
|
266 |
+
| [BIG-Bench Hard][bbh] | few-shot | 26.7 |
|
267 |
+
| [IF Eval][ifeval] | 0-shot | 51.2 |
|
268 |
+
|
269 |
+
[hellaswag]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07830
|
270 |
+
[piqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11641
|
271 |
+
[arc]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547
|
272 |
+
[winogrande]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10641
|
273 |
+
[bbh]: https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/bbh
|
274 |
+
[bbh]: https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/bbh
|
275 |
+
[ifeval]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.07911
|
276 |
+
|
277 |
+
#### Gemma 3 1B, 4B, 12B & 27B
|
278 |
+
|
279 |
+
##### Reasoning and factuality
|
280 |
+
|
281 |
+
| Benchmark | n-shot | Gemma 3 IT 1B | Gemma 3 IT 4B | Gemma 3 IT 12B | Gemma 3 IT 27B |
|
282 |
+
|--------------------------------|--------|:-------------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
|
283 |
+
| [GPQA][gpqa] Diamond | 0-shot | 19.2 | 30.8 | 40.9 | 42.4 |
|
284 |
+
| [SimpleQA][simpleqa] | 0-shot | 2.2 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 10.0 |
|
285 |
+
| [FACTS Grounding][facts-grdg] | - | 36.4 | 70.1 | 75.8 | 74.9 |
|
286 |
+
| [BIG-Bench Hard][bbh] | 0-shot | 39.1 | 72.2 | 85.7 | 87.6 |
|
287 |
+
| [BIG-Bench Extra Hard][bbeh] | 0-shot | 7.2 | 11.0 | 16.3 | 19.3 |
|
288 |
+
| [IFEval][ifeval] | 0-shot | 80.2 | 90.2 | 88.9 | 90.4 |
|
289 |
+
|
290 |
+
| Benchmark | n-shot | Gemma 3 PT 1B | Gemma 3 PT 4B | Gemma 3 PT 12B | Gemma 3 PT 27B |
|
291 |
+
| ------------------------------ |----------|:--------------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
|
292 |
+
| [HellaSwag][hellaswag] | 10-shot | 62.3 | 77.2 | 84.2 | 85.6 |
|
293 |
+
| [BoolQ][boolq] | 0-shot | 63.2 | 72.3 | 78.8 | 82.4 |
|
294 |
+
| [PIQA][piqa] | 0-shot | 73.8 | 79.6 | 81.8 | 83.3 |
|
295 |
+
| [SocialIQA][socialiqa] | 0-shot | 48.9 | 51.9 | 53.4 | 54.9 |
|
296 |
+
| [TriviaQA][triviaqa] | 5-shot | 39.8 | 65.8 | 78.2 | 85.5 |
|
297 |
+
| [Natural Questions][naturalq] | 5-shot | 9.48 | 20.0 | 31.4 | 36.1 |
|
298 |
+
| [ARC-c][arc] | 25-shot | 38.4 | 56.2 | 68.9 | 70.6 |
|
299 |
+
| [ARC-e][arc] | 0-shot | 73.0 | 82.4 | 88.3 | 89.0 |
|
300 |
+
| [WinoGrande][winogrande] | 5-shot | 58.2 | 64.7 | 74.3 | 78.8 |
|
301 |
+
| [BIG-Bench Hard][bbh] | few-shot | 28.4 | 50.9 | 72.6 | 77.7 |
|
302 |
+
| [DROP][drop] | 1-shot | 42.4 | 60.1 | 72.2 | 77.2 |
|
303 |
+
|
304 |
+
[gpqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12022
|
305 |
+
[simpleqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04368
|
306 |
+
[facts-grdg]: https://goo.gle/FACTS_paper
|
307 |
+
[bbeh]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/bbeh
|
308 |
+
[ifeval]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.07911
|
309 |
+
[hellaswag]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07830
|
310 |
+
[boolq]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10044
|
311 |
+
[piqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11641
|
312 |
+
[socialiqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09728
|
313 |
+
[triviaqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03551
|
314 |
+
[naturalq]: https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions
|
315 |
+
[arc]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547
|
316 |
+
[winogrande]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10641
|
317 |
+
[bbh]: https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/bbh
|
318 |
+
[drop]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00161
|
319 |
+
|
320 |
+
##### STEM and code
|
321 |
+
|
322 |
+
| Benchmark | n-shot | Gemma 3 IT 1B | Gemma 3 IT 4B | Gemma 3 IT 12B | Gemma 3 IT 27B |
|
323 |
+
|----------------------------|--------|:-------------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
|
324 |
+
| [MMLU][mmlu] (Pro) | 0-shot | 14.7 | 43.6 | 60.6 | 67.5 |
|
325 |
+
| [LiveCodeBench][lcb] | 0-shot | 1.9 | 12.6 | 24.6 | 29.7 |
|
326 |
+
| [Bird-SQL][bird-sql] (dev) | - | 6.4 | 36.3 | 47.9 | 54.4 |
|
327 |
+
| [Math][math] | 0-shot | 48.0 | 75.6 | 83.8 | 89.0 |
|
328 |
+
| HiddenMath | 0-shot | 15.8 | 43.0 | 54.5 | 60.3 |
|
329 |
+
| [MBPP][mbpp] | 3-shot | 35.2 | 63.2 | 73.0 | 74.4 |
|
330 |
+
| [HumanEval][humaneval] | 0-shot | 41.5 | 71.3 | 85.4 | 87.8 |
|
331 |
+
| [Natural2Code][nat2code] | 0-shot | 56.0 | 70.3 | 80.7 | 84.5 |
|
332 |
+
| [GSM8K][gsm8k] | 0-shot | 62.8 | 89.2 | 94.4 | 95.9 |
|
333 |
+
|
334 |
+
| Benchmark | n-shot | Gemma 3 PT 4B | Gemma 3 PT 12B | Gemma 3 PT 27B |
|
335 |
+
| ------------------------------ |----------------|:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
|
336 |
+
| [MMLU][mmlu] | 5-shot | 59.6 | 74.5 | 78.6 |
|
337 |
+
| [MMLU][mmlu] (Pro COT) | 5-shot | 29.2 | 45.3 | 52.2 |
|
338 |
+
| [AGIEval][agieval] | 3-5-shot | 42.1 | 57.4 | 66.2 |
|
339 |
+
| [MATH][math] | 4-shot | 24.2 | 43.3 | 50.0 |
|
340 |
+
| [GSM8K][gsm8k] | 8-shot | 38.4 | 71.0 | 82.6 |
|
341 |
+
| [GPQA][gpqa] | 5-shot | 15.0 | 25.4 | 24.3 |
|
342 |
+
| [MBPP][mbpp] | 3-shot | 46.0 | 60.4 | 65.6 |
|
343 |
+
| [HumanEval][humaneval] | 0-shot | 36.0 | 45.7 | 48.8 |
|
344 |
+
|