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Broadcast relay station | a semi-satellite is a formerly autonomous full-service station which is programmed remotely through centralcasting or broadcast automation to avoid the cost of a local staff. CBLFT, an owned-and-operated station of the French-language network Ici Radio-Canada Télé in Toronto, is a "de facto" semi-satellite of its stronger Ottawa sibling CBOFT; its programming has long been identical or differed only in local news and advertising. A financially weak privately owned broadcaster in a small market can become a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12828393 |
Protein purification | analysis. Proteins are often purified by using 2D-PAGE and are then analysed by peptide mass fingerprinting to establish the protein identity. This is very useful for scientific purposes and the detection limits for protein are nowadays very low and nanogram amounts of protein are sufficient for their analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542744 |
Memory disambiguation | Memory disambiguation Alternatively, an additional cache port can be added just for load disambiguation, but this increases the complexity, power, and area of the cache. Some recent work (Roth 2005) has shown ways to filter many loads from re-executing if it is known that no RAW dependence violation could have occurred; such a technique would help or eliminate such latency and resource contention. A minor benefit of this scheme (compared to a load-queue search) is that it will not flag a RAW dependence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5375682 |
Functional specialization (brain) | Functional specialization (brain) Located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex, fMRI studies have shown the extrastriate body area (EBA) to have selective responding when subjects see human bodies or body parts, implying that it has functional specialization. The EBA does not optimally respond to objects or parts of objects but to human bodies and body parts, a hand for example. In fMRI experiments conducted by Downing et al. participants were asked to look at a series of pictures. These stimuli includes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25146378 |
Carbon nanotubes in interconnects | for thermometry and the measurement of thermal conductance of devices and structures on a length scale of microns to macroscopic. However, the quantitative thermal characterization of nanostructures is described as an unsolved challenge in the current scientific literature. Several methods have been proposed using Raman spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, infrared microscopy, self-heating methods and scanning thermal microscopy. However, on the length scale relevant to single CNTs and their | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51056408 |
Carbon nanotubes in interconnects | with in-situ electrical transport measurements. From a macroscopic point of view, a generalized compact RLC model for CNT interconnects can be depicted as in, where the model of an individual multi-wall carbon nanotube is shown with parasitics representing both dc conductance and high-frequency impedance i.e. inductance and capacitance effects. Multiple shells of a multi-wall carbon nanotube are presented by the individual parasitics of each shell. Such model can also be applicable to single-walled carbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51056408 |
Packet processing | Packet processing Numerous standards cover the structure of packets, but typically packets are composed of three elements: In a packet-switched network, the sending host computer packetizes the original item and each packet is routed through the network to its destination. Some networks used fixed length packets, typically 1024 bits, while others use variable length packets and include the packet length in the header. Individual packets may take different routes to the destination and arrive at the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33189313 |
Geophysical MASINT | HALO may be used in conjunction with COBRA and ArtHur counter battery radars, which are not omnidirectional, to focus on the correct sector. Another acoustic system is the Unattended Transient Acoustic MASINT Sensor (UTAMS), developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, which detects mortar and rocket launches and impacts. UTAMS remains the primary cueing sensor for the Persistent Threat Detection System (PTDS). ARL mounted aerostats with UTAMS, developing the system in a little over two months. After | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13793754 |
Tropical rainforest | humans were able to clear sections of rainforest to produce crops, converting it to open farmland. Such people, however, obtain their food primarily from farm plots cleared from the forest and hunt and forage within the forest to supplement this | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=931370 |
Step response | step function control and the impulse response "h"("t") of the system itself which for an LTI system is equivalent to just integrating the latter. Conversely, for an LTI system, the derivative of the step response yields the impulse response: However, these simple relations are not true for a non-linear or time-variant system. Instead of frequency response, system performance may be specified in terms of parameters describing time-dependence of response. The step response can be described by the following | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=545863 |
Evolution | Evolution However, a re-activation of dormant genes, as long as they have not been eliminated from the genome and were only suppressed perhaps for hundreds of generations, can lead to the re-occurrence of traits thought to be lost like hindlegs in dolphins, teeth in chickens, wings in wingless stick insects, tails and additional nipples in humans etc. "Throwbacks" such as these are known as atavisms. Natural selection within a population for a trait that can vary across a range of values, such as height, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9236 |
Canadian health claims for food | Canadian health claims for food It can also be measured in relation to sodium intake as the potassium-sodium ratio, in mg K/mg Na, or mg K/g Na. Only this last measurement shows the effect of dietary potassium as part of the equation; the rest measure only sodium intake, which is less important overall than the combined effects of potassium and sodium. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a dietary intervention designed to reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. It emphasizes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24707867 |
Hypothetical types of biochemistry | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and metals such as iron, magnesium, and zinc. Silicon, on the other hand, interacts with very few other types of atoms. Moreover, where it does interact with other atoms, silicon creates molecules that have been described as "monotonous compared with the combinatorial universe of organic macromolecules". This is because silicon atoms are much bigger, having a larger mass and atomic radius, and so have difficulty forming double bonds (the double-bonded carbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7316 |
Airborne Networking | specific airborne asset or class communications equipment all aircraft are divided into three main categories. These categories are determined by the types of missions the aircraft typically performs. The aircraft also fit into each category based on the type of equipment they can equip the airframe with. Each of the following sections outlines these three main categories. An airborne fighter platform flight profile includes periods of stable flight patterns and dynamic maneuvers at high speeds. Its | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16900868 |
Ripple (electrical) | the rectification ratio or "efficiency") "η", the ratio of DC output power to AC input power; and form-factor, the ratio of the RMS value of the output voltage to the average value of the output voltage. Analogous ratios for output ripple current may also be computed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3984833 |
Allopatric speciation | ancestry with a species on the nearest continent. Not without challenge, there is typically a correlation between island endemics and diversity; that is, that the greater the diversity (species richness) of an island, the greater the increase in endemism. Increased diversity effectively drives speciation. Furthermore, the number of endemics on an island is directly correlated with the relative isolation of the island and its area. In some cases, speciation on islands has occurred rapidly. Dispersal and "in | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334986 |
Vestigiality | are also vestigial molecular structures in humans, which are no longer in use but may indicate common ancestry with other species. One example of this is a gene that is functional in most other mammals and which produces L-gulonolactone oxidase, an enzyme that can make vitamin C. A documented mutation deactivated the gene in an ancestor of the modern infraorder of monkeys, and apes, and it now remains in their genomes, including the human genome, as a vestigial sequence called a pseudogene. The shift in | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308981 |
Analogue electronics | temperature, with one volt representing one degree Celsius. In such a system, 10 volts would represent 10 degrees, and 10.1 volts would represent 10.1 degrees. Another method of conveying an analogue signal is to use modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1665281 |
TI-Nspire series | TI-Nspire series The TI-Nspire CX II version lacks 10+ MB of storage space compared to its predecessor. The TI-Nspire CM-C and CM-C CAS (the Chinese versions of the CX and CX CAS) are cheaper and have an updated design, but have only 32MB of RAM and no port for the wireless module. The TI-Nspire CX/CX CAS calculators are now running the operating system (OS) version 4.5.1.12, released in April 2019. The TI-Nspire CX II/CX II CAS are running version 5.1.3.73. The operating system has been updated frequently | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5704580 |
Taylor's law | "T" is the threshold level and "t" is the critical level of the t distribution. The authors also provided a similar test for binomial (presence-absence) sampling where "p" is the probability of finding a sample with pests present and "q" = 1 − "p" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34983797 |
Plant genome assembly | hierarchical genome assembly process (HGAP), and showed that long-read assemblies revealed a 63-fold improvement in contig size over an Illumina-only assembly. Another plant genome that was recently published that used long reads in combination with short reads is the improved assembly of the apple genome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57432949 |
Quantization (signal processing) | is an example of a quantizer. Because quantization is a many-to-few mapping, it is an inherently non-linear and irreversible process (i.e., because the same output value is shared by multiple input values, it is impossible, in general, to recover the exact input value when given only the output value). The set of possible input values may be infinitely large, and may possibly be continuous and therefore uncountable (such as the set of all real numbers, or all real numbers within some limited range). The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=317018 |
Last mile | premises. Examples are the copper wire subscriber lines connecting landline telephones to the local telephone exchange; coaxial cable service drops carrying cable television signals from utility poles to subscribers' homes, and cell towers linking local cell phones to the cellular network. The word "mile" is used metaphorically; the length of the last mile link may be more or less than a mile. Because the last mile of a network to the user is conversely the first mile from the user's premises to the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=285718 |
Photomultiplier tube | purchased the division and in 1987 founded Burle Industries. In 2005, after eighteen years as an independent enterprise, Burle Industries and a key subsidiary were acquired by Photonis, a European holding company Photonis Group. Following the acquisition, Photonis was composed of Photonis Netherlands, Photonis France, Photonis USA, and Burle Industries. Photonis USA operates the former Galileo Corporation Scientific Detector Products Group (Sturbridge, Massachusetts), which had been purchased by Burle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177215 |
Single-wire earth return | 50% of an equivalent line. SWER also reduces the largest cost of a distribution network: the number of poles. Conventional 2-wire or 3-wire distribution lines have a higher power transfer capacity, but can require 7 poles per kilometre, with spans of 100 to 150 metres. SWER's high line voltage and low current also permits the use of low-cost galvanized steel wire (historically, No. 8 fence wire). Steel's greater strength permits spans of 400 metres or more, reducing the number of poles to 2.5 per | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=369526 |
Liquid crystal on silicon | LCoS-based WSS were initially developed by Australian company Engana, now part of Finisar. The LCoS can be employed to control the phase of light at each pixel to produce beam-steering where the large number of pixels allow a near continuous addressing capability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=471167 |
Fire-control system | cannons. They can be used to aim machine guns, small cannons, guided missiles, rifles, grenades, rockets—any kind of weapon that can have its launch or firing parameters varied | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1493317 |
Fault tolerance | front tires, which are used to steer, but generally carry less load, each and in total, than the other four to 16, so are less likely to fail). The idea of incorporating redundancy in order to improve the reliability of a system was pioneered by John von Neumann in the 1950s. Two kinds of redundancy are possible: space redundancy and time redundancy. Space redundancy provides additional components, functions, or data items that are unnecessary for fault-free operation. Space redundancy is further | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2091393 |
Pathogenic Escherichia coli | The H antigen is a major component of flagella, involved in "E. coli" movement. It is generally encoded by the "fliC" gene. There are 53 identified H antigens, numbered from H1 to H56 (H13 and H22 were not "E. coli" antigens but from "Citrobacter freundii", and H50 was found to be the same as H10) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32440734 |
Point set registration | Point set registration The algorithm can also be extended for point sets in 3D or higher dimensions. The constraints on the correspondence matrix formula_97 are the same in the 3D case as in the 2D case. Hence the structure of the algorithm remains unchanged, with the main difference being how the rotation and translation matrices are solved. The thin plate spline robust point matching (TPS-RPM) algorithm by Chui and Rangarajan augments the RPM method to perform non-rigid registration by parametrizing the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40374554 |
Headphones | of sound on their personal audio devices and smartphones. however, one hearing expert found in 2012 (before the worldwide adoption of smartphones as the main personal listening devices) that "fewer than 5% of users select volume levels and listen frequently enough to risk hearing loss." The International Telecommunication Union recently published "Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems" recommended that sound exposure not exceed 80 decibels, A-weighted dB(A) for a maximum of 40 hours per week. The | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=191884 |
Functional genomics | sequences that they interact with. Techniques have been developed to identify sites of DNA-protein interactions. These include Chip-sequencing, CUT&RUN sequencing and Calling Cards. Assays have been developed to identify regions of the genome that are accessible. These regions of open chromatin are candidate regulatory regions. These assays include ATAC-seq, DNase-Seq and FAIRE-Seq. Microarrays measure the amount of mRNA in a sample that corresponds to a given gene or probe DNA sequence. Probe sequences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1053858 |
International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | they face as well as economically. There are 3 funding calls every year where RSGs can submit proposals containing different types of events which will be evaluated by the continental RSG chairs and the Executive Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32144185 |
Intel iAPX 432 | Intel iAPX 432 Along with the lack of optimization in a premature Ada compiler, this contributed to rather slow but expensive computer systems, performing typical benchmarks at roughly 1/4 the speed of the new 80286 chip at the same clock frequency (in early 1982). This initial performance gap to the rather low-profile and low-priced 8086 line was probably the main reason why Intel's plan to replace the latter (later known as x86) with the iAPX 432 failed. Although engineers saw ways to improve a next | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=474163 |
Topological insulator | and integrated circuits. Molecular Beam Epitaxial (MBE) growth of topological insulators MBE is an epitaxy method for the growth of a crystalline material on a crystalline substrate to form an ordered layer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23649871 |
System on a chip | the interconnection delays and maximize the speed at which data is communicated between modules, functional units and memories. In general, optimizing to minimize latency is an NP-complete problem equivalent to the boolean satisfiability problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=100563 |
Lattice network | Lattice network Component values for Z are, formula_78 and those for the impedances Z are: formula_79 The unbalanced version of this lattice is as shown below: By cascading a number of the first and second order circuits, of the type just developed, it is possible to derive higher order low-pass networks of the type: The lattice networks so obtained can be converted to an unbalanced form, provided the value of k is sufficiently small. A maximally flat third-order normalized low pass filter has the transfer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47643956 |
Stochastic computing | Processing" encodes a number by a higher base increasing stream. For instance, we would encode 4.3 with ten decimal digits as since the average value of the preceding stream is 4.3. This representation offers various advantages: there is no randomization since the numbers appear in increasing order, so the PRNG issues are avoided, but many of the advantages of stochastic computing are retained (such as partial estimates of the solution). Additionally, it retains the linear precision of bundle and ergodic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25173885 |
Critical period | Critical period Studies have consistently shown that animals with genetic vestibular deficiencies during this critical period have altered vestibular phenotypes, most likely as a result of insufficient input from the semicircular canals and dopaminergic abnormalities. Moreover, exposure to abnormal vestibular stimuli during the critical period is associated with irregular motor development. Children with hypofunctioning vestibular receptors frequently have delayed motor development. The results of the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1947410 |
Ectomycorrhiza | in organic matter that is hard to break down. Fungal symbionts thus offer two advantages to plants: the greater range of their hyphae as compared to roots, and a greater ability to extract nitrogen from the layer of soil in which organic matter lies. Net transfer of nutrients to plants requires the nutrient to cross three interfaces: 1) the soil-fungus interface, 2) the fungus-apoplast interface, and 3) the apoplast-root cell interface. It has been estimated that ectomycorrhizal fungi receive approximately | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39480963 |
Macrophage | Macrophage Additionally, subcapsular sinus macrophages in tumor-draining lymph nodes can suppress cancer progression by containing the spread of tumor-derived materials. Experimental studies indicate that macrophages can affect all therapeutic modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Macrophages can influence treatment outcomes both positively and negatively. Macrophages can be protective in different ways: they can remove dead tumor cells (in a process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=169270 |
Emerging technologies | disruptive technologies are those where a new method replaces the previous technology and makes it redundant, for example, the replacement of horse-drawn carriages by automobiles and other vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3889704 |
Diode | generally exhibit lower capacitance, higher forward resistance and greater reverse leakage than junction diodes. A p–n junction diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor, usually silicon, but germanium and gallium arsenide are also used. Impurities are added to it to create a region on one side that contains negative charge carriers (electrons), called an n-type semiconductor, and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (holes), called a p-type semiconductor. When the n-type and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8254 |
BASIC | BASIC 1 had become fast enough that many business-related processes could be completed "in the blink of an eye" even using a "slow" language, as long as large amounts of data were not involved. Many small business owners found they could create their own small, yet useful applications in a few evenings to meet their own specialized needs. Eventually, during the lengthy lifetime of VB3, knowledge of Visual Basic had become a marketable job skill. Microsoft also produced VBScript in 1996 and Visual Basic .NET | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4015 |
UHF television broadcasting | difficult. While the smaller ABC-TV and DuMont Networks had a number of UHF affiliates, National Educational Television and its successor, PBS had even more. The original SIN (Spanish International Network) was established in 1962 as the predecessor of the modern Univision network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35520567 |
Protein (nutrient) | to proteins in food. The signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe. They may include itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure. These symptoms typically occurs within minutes to one hour after exposure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6531493 |
Instrumentation | become standard in meteorology for two centuries. The concept has remained virtually unchanged as evidenced by pneumatic chart recorders, where a pressurized bellows displaces a pen. Integrating sensors, displays, recorders and controls was uncommon until the industrial revolution, limited by both need and practicality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47403 |
Scattering parameters | input and output ports are simultaneously less than unity. An important requirement that is often overlooked is that the amplifier be a linear network with no poles in the right half plane. Instability can cause severe distortion of the amplifier's gain frequency response or, in the extreme, oscillation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972332 |
Motoko Kusanagi | maintains her signature commanding presence and authority. Among the various members of Section 9, Kusanagi is usually the one Chief Aramaki singles out to accompany him on official and off the record business. Kusanagi's personal life is not shown much in the first season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691883 |
Mucoadhesion | is the interfacial tension between the bioadhesive and membrane, formula_4 is the interfacial tension between the bioadhesive and bodily environment, and formula_5 is the contact angle of the bioadhesive on the membrane. The ideal contact angle is 0° meaning the bioadhesive perfectly wets the membrane and good contact is achieved. The interfacial tensions can be measured using common experimental techniques such as a Wilhelmy plate or the Du Noüy ring method to predict if the adhesive will make good | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21017672 |
Programmable logic device | Programmable logic device This was more popular than the TI part but cost of making the metal mask limited its use. The device is significant because it was the basis for the field programmable logic array produced by Signetics in 1975, the 82S100. (Intersil actually beat Signetics to market but poor yield doomed their part.) In 1974 GE entered into an agreement with Monolithic Memories (MMI) to develop a mask–programmable logic device incorporating the GE innovations. The device was named the 'Programmable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73215 |
Wafer-scale integration | largest GPU today. It features 1.2 trillion transistors, 400,000 AI cores, 18GB of on-chip SRAM and 100Pbit/s fabric bandwidth. The price and clock rate have not been disclosed yet. Most yield loss in chipmaking comes from defects in the transistor layers or in the high-density lower metal layers. Another approach -- silicon-interconnect fabric (Si-IF) -- has neither on the wafer. Si-IF puts only relatively low-density metal layers on the wafer, roughly the same density as the upper layers of a system on a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2052726 |
Philosophy of artificial intelligence | that can be different from person to person? Neurobiologists believe all these problems will be solved as we begin to identify the neural correlates of consciousness: the actual relationship between the machinery in our heads and its collective properties; such as the mind, experience and understanding. Some of the harshest critics of artificial intelligence agree that the brain is just a machine, and that consciousness and intelligence are the result of physical processes in the brain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2958015 |
Capacitor | batteries for a given charge. On the other hand, it has been shown that the amount of charge stored in the dielectric layer of the thin film capacitor can be equal to, or can even exceed, the amount of charge stored on its plates. In car audio systems, large capacitors store energy for the amplifier to use on demand. Also, for a flash tube, a capacitor is used to hold the high voltage. In the 1930s, John Atanasoff applied the principle of energy storage in capacitors to construct dynamic digital memories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4932111 |
Seven-segment display | digits. Today, a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters is commonly used for A–F; this is done to obtain a unique, unambiguous shape for each hexadecimal digit (otherwise, a capital 'D' would look identical to a '0' and a capital 'B' would look identical to an '8'). Also the digit '6' must be displayed with the top bar lit to avoid ambiguity with the letter 'b'. The following lookup table may be useful for writing code to drive a 7-segment display. The above modern numerical scheme wasn't always | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546920 |
Microgrid | conditions of the system (i.e. Demand and generation), in this case, the control should be real time or at least high sampling rate. A less utility influenced controller framework has been designed in the latest controller standard from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the IEEE 2030.7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795798 |
Stereopsis recovery | childhood. This hypothesis normally went unquestioned and has formed the basis for the therapeutic approaches to binocular disorders for decades. It has been put in doubt in recent years. In particular since studies on stereopsis recovery began to appear in scientific journals and it became publicly known that neuroscientist Susan R. Barry achieved stereopsis well into adulthood, that assumption is in retrospect considered to have held the status of a scientific dogma. Very recently, there has been a rise | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40018674 |
Atomic force microscopy | polymer molecules (for instance, 0.4 nm thick chains of synthetic polyelectrolytes) under liquid medium. With proper scanning parameters, the conformation of single molecules can remain unchanged for hours, and even single molecular motors can be imaged while moving. When operating in tapping mode, the phase of the cantilever's oscillation with respect to the driving signal can be recorded as well. This signal channel contains information about the energy dissipated by the cantilever in each oscillation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227982 |
Nutrition transition | by increasing the price of SSBs and unhealthy foods and in turn, reducing their consumption, as well as generating revenue that may be used towards obesity prevention programs or promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16063653 |
Wafer-scale integration | Wafer-scale integration He used Trilogy's remaining seed capital to buy Elxsi, a maker of VAX-compatible computers, in 1985. The Trilogy efforts were eventually ended and "became" Elxsi. On August 19, 2019, a startup called Cerebras Systems presented their development progress of WSI for deep learning acceleration. Their TSMC 16nm wafer scale chip is 46,225mm (215mm x 215mm), which is 56x larger than the largest GPU today. It features 1.2 trillion transistors, 400,000 AI cores, 18GB of on-chip SRAM and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2052726 |
Aptamer | their effectiveness. Firstly, the bonds they form with target molecules are usually too weak to be effective, and second, they're easily digested by enzymes. Adding an unnatural base to a standard aptamer can increase its ability bind to target molecules | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1970691 |
Neuroscience in space | and sensorimotor disturbances when arriving in low Earth orbit are well documented, the most known of these being space motion sickness (SMS). Individual differences, spacecraft size, and body movements cause SMS symptoms. Typically lasting the first three or four days of weightlessness, symptoms range from headaches and fatigue to nausea and vomiting. The consequences vary from simple discomfort to possible incapacitation, creating potential problems during extra-vehicular activity, re-entry, and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34095626 |
Gyrator–capacitor model | variables in the various domains analogous. It fills the same role as the impedance analogy for the mechanical domain. "Magnetic circuit" may refer to either the physical magnetic circuit or the model magnetic circuit. Elementss and dynamical variables that are part of the model magnetic circuit have names that start with the adjective "magnetic", although this convention is not strictly followed. Model elements in the magnetic circuit that represent electrical elements are typically the electrical dual of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23781851 |
Punctuated equilibrium | Punctuated equilibrium However, the punctuational equilibrium model may still be inferred from both the observation of stasis and examples of rapid and episodic speciation events documented in the fossil record. Dawkins also emphasizes that punctuated equilibrium has been "oversold by some journalists", but partly due to Eldredge and Gould's "later writings". Dawkins contends that the hypothesis "does not deserve a particularly large measure of publicity". It is a "minor gloss," an "interesting but minor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24980 |
Sinclair C5 | on Britain's roads, only 45,000 were electric vehicles in day-to-day use and of those, 90% were milkfloats. Sinclair chose to rely on existing lead-acid battery technology, avoiding the great expense of developing a more efficient type. His rationale was that if the electric vehicle market took off, battery manufacturers would step up to develop better batteries. Wood Rogers recalls: The development programme moved to the University of Exeter in 1982, where the C1 chassis was fitted with fibreglass shells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63415 |
Propagation constant | Propagation constant If the plural is used, it suggests that "α" and "β" are being referenced separately but collectively as in transmission parameters, propagation parameters, etc. In transmission line theory, "α" and "β" are counted among the "secondary coefficients", the term "secondary" being used to contrast to the "primary line coefficients". The primary coefficients are the physical properties of the line, namely R,C,L and G, from which the secondary coefficients may be derived using the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41586 |
SystemVerilog | HDL code. Instead, they assist in the creation of extensible, flexible test benches. The codice_25 data type represents a variable-length text string. For example: In addition to the static array used in design, offers dynamic arrays, associative arrays and queues: A dynamic array works much like an unpacked array, but offers the advantage of being dynamically allocated at runtime (as shown above.) Whereas a packed array's size must be known at compile time (from a constant or expression of constants), the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2540686 |
Anatomical terms of location | Anatomical terms of location For example, it is very confusing to say the dorsal fin of a dolphin is "right of" the left pectoral fin, but is "left of" the right eye, but much easier and clearer to say "the dorsal fin is medial to the pectoral fins". Terms derived from lateral include: Terms derived from medial include: Varus and valgus correspond to medial and lateral, respectively, regarding the distal segment's vector relative to the proximal segment's vector. The terms proximal () and distal () are used | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168041 |
Computer engineering | Computer engineering Some other examples include work on wireless network systems and fast Ethernet cluster wired systems. Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems. Projects such as designing processors for multi-threading and parallel processing are included in this field. Other examples of work in this field include development of new theories, algorithms, and other tools that add performance to computer systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50408 |
Standardization in Lab Automation | Standardization in Lab Automation Also PrepareForOutput and PrepareForInput are common because they enable the transport mechanisms to transfer labware items from device to device. The mandatory commands include operations like Reset, Initialize, Abort and Pause. In addition also locking a device for exclusive use is provided. SiLA has formed a not-for-profit membership organisation. SiLA requires members to pay annual membership dues. Details on membership classes and related fees can be found here. SiLA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32977591 |
Evaporative cooler | Evaporative cooler Most efficient systems can lower the dry air temperature to 95% of the wet-bulb temperature, the least efficient systems only achieve 50%. The evaporation efficiency drops very little over time. Typical aspen pads used in residential evaporative coolers offer around 85% efficiency while CELdek type of evaporative media offer efficiencies of >90% depending on air velocity. The CELdek media is more often used in large commercial and industrial installations. As an example, in Las Vegas, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=651372 |
Quantum biology | are difficult to study and can be speculative. The field of study does not imply any new physical principles are needed, since the quantum mechanical study of reaction rates and energy transfer is well established. To date, there are no observations of quantum biology that imply quantum effects are observable in macroscopic organisms (aside from thought experiments such as Schrödinger's cat), or that are crucial for the existence of life. is an emerging field; most of the current research is theoretical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13537626 |
Impedance matching | to the transformer side with more turns. The formula for calculating the transformer turns ratio for this example is: Resistive impedance matches are easiest to design and can be achieved with a simple L pad consisting of two resistors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=320733 |
Cost of electricity by source | These are "in front of the meter" applications. On December 15, 2016 Lazard released version 10 of their LCOE report and version 2 of their LCOS report. On November 2, 2017 the investment bank Lazard released version 11 of their LCOE report and version 3 of their LCOS report | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24400357 |
Direct memory access | DMA operation, as most hardware requires a loop to invalidate each cache line individually. Hybrids also exist, where the secondary L2 cache is coherent while the L1 cache (typically on-CPU) is managed by software. In the original IBM PC (and the follow-up PC/XT), there was only one Intel 8237 DMA controller capable of providing four DMA channels (numbered 0–3). These DMA channels performed 8-bit transfers (as the 8237 was an 8-bit device, ideally matched to the PC's i8088 CPU/bus architecture), could only | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57717 |
Speaker wire | loss in the audible range. Some premium speaker cables have lower inductance at the cost of higher capacitance; 0.02-0.05μH/foot is typical, in which case a run of up to about 25 feet (50 feet of conductor) will have less than 1% inductive loss | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2615047 |
Electrical impedance tomography | carried out without any limitations by the software tools provided through EIDORS. In contrast to most other tomographic imaging techniques, EIT does not apply any kind of ionizing radiation. Currents typically applied in EIT are relatively small and certainly below the threshold at which they would cause significant nerve stimulation. The frequency of the alternating current is sufficiently high not to give rise to electrolytic effects in the body and the Ohmic power dissipated is sufficiently small and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904056 |
Soil microbiology | Several species of "Pseudomonas", such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" are able to respire both aerobically and anaerobically, using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor". Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient in soil and water. Bacteria are responsible for the process of nitrogen fixation, which is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds (such as ammonia) that can be used by plants. Autotrophic bacteria derive their energy by making their own food through | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33662844 |
Linear filter | of computations required is proportional to N. A filter implemented in a computer program (or a so-called digital signal processor) is a discrete-time system; a different (but parallel) set of mathematical concepts defines the behavior of such systems. Although a digital filter can be an IIR filter if the algorithm implementing it includes feedback, it is also possible to easily implement a filter whose impulse truly goes to zero after N time steps; this is called a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9975 |
Chinese room | same object. Critics of Searle's response argue that the program has allowed the man to have two minds in one head. If we assume a "mind" is a form of information processing, then the theory of computation can account for two computations occurring at once, namely (1) the computation for universal programmability (which is the function instantiated by the person and note-taking materials "independently" from any particular program contents) and (2) the computation of the Turing machine that is described by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6216 |
XDNA | whereas a combination of the same number of nucleotides created with xDNA yields 262,144 possible sequences. Additionally, xDNA can be used as a fluorescent probe at enzyme active sites, as was its original application by Leonard et al. xDNA has also been applied to the study of protein-DNA interactions. Due to xDNA's natural fluorescing properties, it can easily be visualized in both lab and living conditions. xDNA is becoming more easy to create and oligomerize, and its high-affinity binding to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32499267 |
Projection screen | screens maintain their geometry perfectly just like the big movie screens, which makes them suitable for applications that demand exact reproduction of image geometry. Such screens are often used in home theaters, along with the pull-down screens. Pull-down screens (also known as manual wall screens) are often used in spaces where a permanently installed screen would require too much space. These commonly use painted fabric that is rolled in the screen case when not used, making them less obtrusive when | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238936 |
Quantum algorithm | the number of marked entries, with the following accuracy: formula_14. A quantum walk is the quantum analogue of a classical random walk, which can be described by a probability distribution over some states. A quantum walk can be described by a quantum superposition over states. Quantum walks are known to give exponential speedups for some black-box problems. They also provide polynomial speedups for many problems. A framework for the creation of quantum walk algorithms exists and is quite a versatile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=632489 |
Zygomycota | Zygomycete hyphae may be coenocytic, forming septa only where gametes are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. is no longer recognised as it was not believed to be truly monophyletic. The name "Zygomycota" refers to the zygosporangia characteristically formed by the members of this clade, in which resistant spherical spores are formed during sexual reproduction. "Zygos" is Greek for "joining" or "a yoke", referring to the fusion of two hyphal strands which produces these spores, and "-mycota" is a suffix | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=191164 |
Software construction | are found in 5% of the project's classes. IBM was able to reduce the customer reported defects by a factor of ten to one and to reduce their maintenance budget by 45% in its IMS system by repairing or rewriting only 31 out of 425 classes. Around 20% of a project's routines contribute to 80% of the development costs. A classic study by IBM found that few error-prone routines of OS/360 were the most expensive entities. They had around 50 defects per 1000 lines of code and fixing them costs 10 times what it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33408418 |
Agarose gel electrophoresis | reptation model applies at higher electric field strength, whereby the leading end of the molecule become strongly biased in the forward direction and pulls the rest of the molecule along | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1910 |
Virtual channel | Virtual channel Free-to-air ATSC uses the DigiCipher 2 method to maintain the same television frequency channel allocation that the NTSC channel was using when both were simulcasting so the same number could bring up either service. Free-to-air DVB network operators such as DTV Services Ltd. (d.b.a. Freeview) and Freeview New Zealand Ltd. use the NorDig method and follow the same practice as pay TV operators. The exception is Freeview Australia Ltd., which also use the NorDig method and partially follow the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1453315 |
Growing Up in the Universe | set of eyes on one side of the body. Dawkins claims that this is poorly designed, as any proper engineer would design an organism more like a skate, which flattened out on its belly instead of on its side. This is an example of something you would expect from an evolved/designoid object, but not something you would expect from a created/designed object. Using labeled building blocks, Dawkins shows the audience how designed objects came to be. He starts off by placing the simple block on the bottom, and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11080148 |
Safe operating area | Safe operating area SOA curves are also important in the design of foldback circuits. "For a device that makes use of the secondary breakdown effect see Avalanche transistor" Secondary breakdown is a failure mode in bipolar power transistors. In a power transistor with a large junction area, under certain conditions of current and voltage, the current concentrates in a small spot of the base-emitter junction. This causes local heating, progressing into a short between collector and emitter. This often leads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=976730 |
Functional genomics | Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing). focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. A key characteristic of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1053858 |
Before the Dawn (book) | the cause of IQ differences between races, but hypothesises that racial differences may have an influence on sporting achievement. Chapter ten, "Language", concerns the spread and division of languages. Wade believes that all languages ultimately came from an ancestral language, and that many of its descendants – such as Proto-Indo-European – possibly spread through agriculture. By citing linguists such as Joseph Greenberg, Wade shows that almost all of today's languages belong to families, which in turn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38560502 |
Ant-Man (Scott Lang) | daughter Cassie Lang subsequently takes the name Stature as a member of the Young Avengers, having apparently taken enough Pym particles over the years to enable Cassie to automatically grow and shrink in size whenever she wants. His Ant-Man helmet falls into Amadeus Cho's possession for a time with Cassie's blessing, choosing to focus on the insect mind-controlling abilities. During the events of the limited series "", Iron Lad takes the Young Avengers and an amnesiac Wanda Maximoff into the past, back to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2380045 |
History of cryptography | Messages"), in which he described the first cryptanalytic techniques, including some for polyalphabetic ciphers, cipher classification, Arabic phonetics and syntax, and most importantly, gave the first descriptions on frequency analysis. He also covered methods of encipherments, cryptanalysis of certain encipherments, and statistical analysis of letters and letter combinations in Arabic. An important contribution of Ibn Adlan (1187–1268) was on sample size for use of frequency analysis. In early medieval | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=520066 |
Electric battery | purchased, and must be charged before first use. Newer NiMH batteries are ready to be used when purchased, and have only 15% discharge in a year. Some deterioration occurs on each charge–discharge cycle. Degradation usually occurs because electrolyte migrates away from the electrodes or because active material detaches from the electrodes. Low-capacity NiMH batteries (1,700–2,000 mA·h) can be charged some 1,000 times, whereas high-capacity NiMH batteries (above 2,500 mA·h) last about 500 cycles. NiCd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19174720 |
Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials | Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials For example, the single measurement of reflectance in 190–1000 nm range of GeSe/Si does not provide unique "n(λ)" and "k(λ)" spectra of the film. However, this problem can be solved by depositing the same GeSe film on another substrate, in this case oxidized silicon, and then simultaneously analyzing the measured reflectance data to determine: The trench structure depicted in the adjacent diagram repeats itself in 160 nm intervals, that is, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43450635 |
Herbicide | Herbicide The herbicide paraquat is suspected to be one such factor. All commercially sold, organic and nonorganic herbicides must be extensively tested prior to approval for sale and labeling by the Environmental Protection Agency. However, because of the large number of herbicides in use, concern regarding health effects is significant. In addition to health effects caused by herbicides themselves, commercial herbicide mixtures often contain other chemicals, including inactive ingredients, which have | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53916 |
Expression vector | and these vectors use the AOX1 promoter which is inducible with methanol. The plasmids may contain elements for insertion of foreign DNA into the yeast genome and signal sequence for the secretion of expressed protein. Proteins with disulphide bonds and glycosylation can be efficiently produced in yeast. Another yeast used for protein production is "Kluyveromyces lactis" and the gene is expressed, driven by a variant of the strong lactase LAC4 promoter. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is particularly widely | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=564380 |
Biological value | Biological value It is, however, suitable for use as a guideline. The determination of BV is carefully designed to accurately measure some aspects of protein usage whilst eliminating variation from other aspects. When using the test (or considering BV values) care must be taken to ensure the variable of interest is quantified by BV. Factors which affect BV can be grouped into properties of the protein source and properties of the species or individual consuming the protein. Three major properties of a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6503821 |
Microbial genetics | Microbial genetics Gene transfer systems that have been extensively studied in bacteria include genetic transformation, conjugation and transduction. Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer between two cells through the intervening medium. The uptake of donor DNA and its recombinational incorporation into the recipient chromosome depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products direct this process. In general, transformation is a complex, energy-requiring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5762008 |
Neural oscillation | activity generated by two populations of interconnected "inhibitory" and "excitatory" cells can show spontaneous oscillations that are described by the Wilson-Cowan model. If a group of neurons engages in synchronized oscillatory activity, the neural ensemble can be mathematically represented as a single oscillator. Different neural ensembles are coupled through long-range connections and form a network of weakly coupled oscillators at the next spatial scale. Weakly coupled oscillators can generate a range | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2860430 |
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