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302255	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98	ზორინსკი	ზორინსკი — ქალაქი უკრაინაში. მდებარეობს ლუჰანსკის ოლქში. 2013 წელს ქალაქის მოსახლეობა 7532 კაცს შეადგენდა. სქოლიო ლუჰანსკის ოლქის ქალაქები
50187	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%20%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%2C%20%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%20%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98	დღე უკანასკნელი, დღე პირველი	დღე უკანასკნელი, დღე პირველი — 1959 წლის ფილმი. მისი რეჟისორია სიკო დოლიძე. სიუჟეტი მოხუცი ფოსტალიონი თავის უკანასკნელ სამუშაო დღეს კიდევ ერთხელ ჩამოუვლის მობინადრეებს, რათა მათ ახალი ფოსტალიონი გოგონა გააცნოს. კარდაკარ მოსიარულეებს ბევრი საინტერესო რამ გადახდებათ თავს; გიორგის დიდსულოვნება და კეთილშობილება დიდ გავლენას ახდენს ქალიშვილზე, ეს დღე ზნეობის გაკვეთილად იქცევა ცხოვრებაში ჯერ კიდევ გამოუცდელი გოგონასათვის. როლებში სერგო ზაქარიაძე (გიორგი) ბელა მირიანაშვილი (ლამარა) მალხაზ გორგილაძე (ვაჟა) აკაკი ვასაძე (პროფესორი) დინარა ჟორჟოლიანი (თამარი) ოთარ კობერიძე (ლევანი – ინჟინერი) ლადო ავალიანი (მხატვარი) გიული ჭოხონელიძე (ქურდი) გრიგოლ ტყაბლაძე (ქარხნის დირექტორი) გივი თოხაძე (მეფოლადე) მედეა ჩახავა (მეფოლადის ცოლი) მეგი წულუკიძე (ექიმი მარია) ალექსანდრე აფხაიძე ემანუელ აფხაიძე დათო დანელია ეთერი ჟორდანია მერი კანდელაკი ალექსანდრე ომიაძე კარლო საკანდელიძე ალექსანდრა თოიძე იპოლიტე ხვიჩია რამაზ ჩხიკვაძე რესურსები ინტერნეტში სქოლიო სსრკ-ის ფილმები ქართულენოვანი ფილმები 1959 წლის ქართული ფილმები სიმონ დოლიძის ფილმები კინოსტუდია ქართული ფილმი
416686	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%20%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98	ალფერენ დუიმაზი	ალფერენ დუიმაზი (დ. 3 ნოემბერი, 1992) — თურქი მსახიობი და მოდელი. საშუალო სკოლიდან დაინტერესებულია მუსიკითა და მოდით. უმაღლესი განათლება მიიღო ანკარის სახელმწიფო კონსერვატორიაში. ალფერენი ტელემაყურებლისთვის ცნობილი გახდა სერიალებით „ბოდრუმის ზღაპარი“ და „ორმო“. ფილმოგრაფია რესურსები ინტერნეტში სქოლიო დაბადებული 3 ნოემბერი დაბადებული 1992 თურქი მსახიობები თურქები
3504	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%20%28%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%29	ლებანიძე (მრავალმნიშვნელოვანი)	ლებანიძე (მრავალმნიშვნელოვანი) საკუთარი სახელი ლებანიძე შეიძლება აღნიშნავდეს ერთ-ერთ შემდეგ პიროვნებათაგანს: გიორგი ლებანიძე — ჟურნალისტი, მწერალი გურამ ლებანიძე — ფილოლოგი, ფილოსოფოსი ზაზა ლებანიძე — მსახიობი მურმან ლებანიძე — პოეტი ტარიელ ლებანიძე — დიპლომატი ქრისტესია ლებანიძე — კინოს მხატვარი შალვა ლებანიძე — სამხედრო მფრინავი იხილეთ აგრეთვე ლებანიძეები — გვარი საქართველოში ქართული გვარები
577192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Jethro%20Tull%20Christmas%20Album	The Jethro Tull Christmas Album	The Jethro Tull Christmas Album {{Album ratings \| rev1 = Allmusic \| rev1Score = \| rev2 = The Encyclopedia of Popular Music\| rev2Score = \| rev3 = Rolling Stone\| rev3Score = (favorable) }}The Jethro Tull Christmas Album is the 21st studio album released by Jethro Tull, on 30 September 2003. This was the band's last studio album for 19 years (until the release of The Zealot Gene in 2022), as well as the last album to feature the lineup of Ian Anderson, guitarist Martin Barre (and his last album with the group), bassist Jonathan Noyce, keyboardist Andrew Giddings, and drummer Doane Perry. ContentThe Jethro Tull Christmas Album is a mix of new material, re-recordings of Tull's own suitably themed material and arrangements of traditional Christmas music. In 2009, the live album Christmas at St Bride's 2008 was included with the original album on CD. Of the opening song, Birthday Card at Christmas, Ian Anderson has said: "My daughter Gael, like millions of other unfortunates, celebrates her birthday within a gnat's whisker of Christmas. Overshadowed by the Great Occasion, such birthdays can be flat, perfunctory and fleetingly token in their uneventful passing. The daunting party and festive celebration of the Christian calendar overshadows too, some might argue, the humble birthday of one Mr. J. Christ. Funny old 25ths, Decembers…" Track listing "Birthday Card at Christmas" (Ian Anderson) – 3:37 "Holly Herald" ("The Holly and the Ivy" (Trad.) / "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" (F. Mendelssohn); instrumental medley arranged by Anderson) – 4:16 "A Christmas Song" (Anderson) – 2:47 "Another Christmas Song" (Anderson) – 3:31 "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen" (Trad. instrumental arranged by Anderson) – 4:35 "Jack Frost and the Hooded Crow" (Anderson) – 3:37 "Last Man at the Party" (Anderson) – 4:48 "Weathercock" (Anderson) – 4:17 "Pavane" (Instrumental, Gabriel Fauré, arranged by Anderson) – 4:19 "First Snow on Brooklyn" (Anderson) – 4:57 "Greensleeved" (Trad. instrumental based on "Greensleeves". Arranged by Anderson) – 2:39 "Fire at Midnight" (Anderson) – 2:26 "We Five Kings" (Instrumental "We Three Kings", Rev. J. Hopkins, arranged by Anderson) – 3:16 "Ring Out Solstice Bells" (Anderson) – 4:04 "Bourée" (Instrumental J. S. Bach, arranged by Anderson) – 4:25 "A Winter Snowscape" (Instrumental, Martin Barre) – 4:57 Tracks 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, and 15 are all re-recordings of previously released pieces. 'Bourée', however, has significant alterations to the musical arrangement. 'God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen' (Track 5) has been played in concert many times over the years: this is the first studio version. Christmas at St Bride's 2008Recorded Live at St Bride's Church'' "Weathercock" (Ian Anderson) – 4:41 "Introduction: Rev. George Pitcher / Choir: What Cheer" (William Walton) – 3:32 "A Christmas Song" (Anderson) – 3:19 "Living in These Hard Times" (Anderson) – 3:44 "Choir: Silent Night" (Traditional) – 3:06 "Reading: Ian Anderson, Marmion" (Sir Walter Scott) – 2:17 "Jack in the Green" (Anderson) – 2:33 "Another Christmas Song" (Anderson) – 3:56 "Reading: Gavin Esler, God's Grandeur" (Gerard Manley Hopkins) – 1:50 "Choir: Oh, Come All Ye Faithful" (Traditional) – 3:50 "Reading: Mark Billingham, The Ballad of The Breadman" (Charles Causley) – 3:33 "A Winter Snowscape" (Martin Barre) – 3:39 "Reading: Andrew Lincoln, Christmas" (Sir John Betjeman) – 3:12 "Fires at Midnight" (Anderson) – 3:38 "We Five Kings" (Instrumental "We Three Kings", Rev. J. Hopkins, arranged by Anderson) – 3:19 "Choir: Gaudete" (Trad. arranged by Anderson) – 3:39 "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen / Thick as a Brick" (Trad. arranged by Anderson / Anderson) – 10:25 Personnel Jethro Tull Ian Anderson – vocals, flute, acoustic guitar, mandolin, piccolo, percussion Martin Barre – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Jonathan Noyce – bass guitar Andrew Giddings – keyboards, accordion Doane Perry – drums, percussion Additional personnel James Duncan – additional drums and percussion Dave Pegg – additional bass guitar and mandolin The Sturcz String Quartet: Gábor Csonka – 1st violin Péter Szilágyi – 2nd violin Gyula Benkő – viola András Sturcz – cello (leader) Charts References External links (bonus DVD) Official Website Progressive Archives Rolling Stone Review Jethro Tull (band) albums 2003 Christmas albums 2003 albums 2009 Christmas albums 2009 live albums Live Christmas albums Albums produced by Ian Anderson Christmas albums by English artists Folk rock Christmas albums Fuel 2000 albums
388551	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98	ჩუვაშ-კარამალი	ჩუვაშ-კარამალი — სოფელი რუსეთის ფედერაციაში, ბაშკირეთის რესპუბლიკის აურგაზის რაიონში. მიეკუთვნება ჩუვაშ-კარამალის სასოფლო საბჭოს. 2010 წლის მონაცემებით, სოფელში ცხოვრობს 854 ადამიანი. უახლოესი რკინიგზის სადგურია ბელოე-ოზერო, რომელიც დაშორებულია 7 კმ-ით, ხოლო რაიონული ცენტრ სოფელ თოლბაზიდან დაშორებულია 25 კმ-ით. 2002 წლის მონაცემებით სოფლის მოსახლეობაა 897, ხოლო 2009 წლის მონაცემებით 905 კაცი. რესურსები ინტერნეტში ბაშკირეთის რესპუბლიკის მუნიციპალიური განათლების საბჭო. სქოლიო აურგაზის რაიონის სოფლები
2174582	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calubian	Calubian	Calubian, officially the Municipality of Calubian, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 31,646 people. History On January 8, 1919, Governor Charles E. Yeater issued Executive Order No. 4, creating the town of Calubian which is formerly a barrio of the Municipality of Leyte, Leyte. Originally, its name was Eulalia in honor of a prominent lady resident. Later it was changed to Calubian due to the vast coconut plantation of the place (Photo shown is the Eulalia Monument located at the foot of the Veloso hill on the way to the Municipal Hall). The Local Government of Calubian was formerly organized on January 22, 1919, with Felix Garganera as its first town executive. In 1922, he was succeeded by Nepumoceno Torlao, a generous resident of the locality. Then Alejandro Baronda took the reign as Local Chief Executive from 1931 to 1934. From 1934 to 1937, Felix Lafuente became the Town Chief followed by Francisco Enage in 1938 to 1940 and later on Enrique Q. Enage led the town from 1941 to 1942. They were followed by Lorenzo Mendoza from 1942 to 1944. Honorato Agas Sr led his people from 1945 to April 15, 1986, except for one term 1952-1953 when he was defeated by Rosendo Eamiguel, a popular landlord of Barangay Villalon. The popular EDSA Revolution on February 25, 1986, brought an end to Agas’ term and Victorio Loygos Sr was eventually appointed as the OIC Mayor from April 16, 1986, to May 1987. Engr. Rolando R. Amparado succeeded him by appointment from June 24, 1987, to November 30, 1987, followed by Marciano Batiancela Jr from December 1, 1987, until the newly elected Local Chief Executive in the person of Dr. Carlos C. Cotiangco Jr. assumed office on February 8, 1988. He has done tremendous accomplishment in the Metro-Calubian by accomplishing several infrastructure projects such as concreting of municipal and barangay roads, public markets, waiting sheds, completion of municipal hall, improvement of the drainage system, multi-purpose pavements and water works projects. Geography Barangays Calubian is politically subdivided into 53 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. Abanilla Anislagan Bunacan Cabalquinto Herrera (Cabalhin) Cabradilla Caneja Cantonghao Caroyocan Casiongan Cristina Dalumpines Don Luis Dulao Efe (Ul-og) Enage Espinosa Ferdinand E. Marcos Garganera Garrido Guadalupe Gutosan Igang Inalad Jubay Juson Kawayan Bogtong Kawayanan Kokoy Romualdez Labtic Laray Limite (Agas) Manuel Veloso Mahait Malobago Matagok Nierras Nipa Obispo Pagatpat Pangpang Patag Pates Pal-og Padoga Petrolio Poblacion Railes Tabla Tagharigue Tuburan Villahermosa Villalon Villanueva Climate Demographics In the 2020 census, the population of Calubian, Leyte, was 31,646 people, with a density of . Economy Gallery References External links [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code] Official website of the Municipality of Calubian Local Governance Performance Management System Municipalities of Leyte (province)
149750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena	Euglena	Euglena is a genus of single cell flagellate eukaryotes. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the class Euglenoidea, a diverse group containing some 54 genera and at least 200 species. Species of Euglena are found in fresh water and salt water. They are often abundant in quiet inland waters where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green (E. viridis) or red (E. sanguinea). The species Euglena gracilis has been used extensively in the laboratory as a model organism. Most species of Euglena have photosynthesizing chloroplasts within the body of the cell, which enable them to feed by autotrophy, like plants. However, they can also take nourishment heterotrophically, like animals. Since Euglena have features of both animals and plants, early taxonomists, working within the Linnaean two-kingdom system of biological classification, found them difficult to classify. It was the question of where to put such "unclassifiable" creatures that prompted Ernst Haeckel to add a third living kingdom (a fourth kingdom in toto) to the Animale, Vegetabile (and Lapideum meaning Mineral) of Linnaeus: the Kingdom Protista. Form and function When feeding as a heterotroph, Euglena takes in nutrients by osmotrophy, and can survive without light on a diet of organic matter, such as beef extract, peptone, acetate, ethanol or carbohydrates. When there is sufficient sunlight for it to feed by phototrophy, it uses chloroplasts containing the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b to produce sugars by photosynthesis. Euglena's chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes, while those of plants and the green algae (among which earlier taxonomists often placed Euglena) have only two membranes. This fact has been taken as morphological evidence that Euglena's chloroplasts evolved from a eukaryotic green alga. Thus, the similarities between Euglena and plants would have arisen not because of kinship but because of a secondary endosymbiosis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has lent support to this hypothesis, and it is now generally accepted. Euglena chloroplasts contain pyrenoids, used in the synthesis of paramylon, a form of starch energy storage enabling Euglena to survive periods of light deprivation. The presence of pyrenoids is used as an identifying feature of the genus, separating it from other euglenoids, such as Lepocinclis and Phacus. Euglena have two flagella rooted in basal bodies located in a small reservoir at the front of the cell. Typically, one flagellum is very short, and does not protrude from the cell, while the other is long enough to be seen with light microscopy. In some species, such as Euglena mutabilis, both flagella are "non-emergent"—entirely confined to the interior of the cell's reservoir—and consequently cannot be seen in the light microscope. In species that possess a long, emergent flagellum, it may be used to help the organism swim. The surface of the flagellum is coated with about 30,000 extremely fine filaments called mastigonemes. Like other euglenoids, Euglena possess a red eyespot, an organelle composed of carotenoid pigment granules. The red spot itself is not thought to be photosensitive. Rather, it filters the sunlight that falls on a light-detecting structure at the base of the flagellum (a swelling, known as the paraflagellar body), allowing only certain wavelengths of light to reach it. As the cell rotates with respect to the light source, the eyespot partially blocks the source, permitting the Euglena to find the light and move toward it (a process known as phototaxis). Euglena lacks a cell wall. Instead, it has a pellicle made up of a protein layer supported by a substructure of microtubules, arranged in strips spiraling around the cell. The action of these pellicle strips sliding over one another, known as metaboly, gives Euglena its exceptional flexibility and contractility. The mechanism of this euglenoid movement is not understood, but its molecular basis may be similar to that of amoeboid movement. In low moisture conditions, or when food is scarce, Euglena forms a protective wall around itself and lies dormant as a resting cyst until environmental conditions improve. Reproduction Euglena reproduce asexually through binary fission, a form of cell division. Reproduction begins with the mitosis of the cell nucleus, followed by the division of the cell itself. Euglena divide longitudinally, beginning at the front end of the cell, with the duplication of flagellar processes, gullet and stigma. Presently, a cleavage forms in the anterior, and a V-shaped bifurcation gradually moves toward the posterior, until the two halves are entirely separated. Reports of sexual conjugation are rare, and have not been substantiated. Historical background and early classification Species of Euglena were among the first protists to be seen under the microscope. In 1674, in a letter to the Royal Society, the Dutch pioneer of microscopy Antoni van Leeuwenhoek wrote that he had collected water samples from an inland lake, in which he found "animalcules" that were "green in the middle, and before and behind white." Clifford Dobell regards it as "almost certain" that these were Euglena viridis, whose "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification." Twenty-two years later, John Harris published a brief series of "Microscopical Observations" reporting that he had examined "a small Drop of the Green Surface of some Puddle-Water" and found it to be "altogether composed of Animals of several Shapes and Magnitudes." Among them, were "oval creatures whose middle part was of a Grass Green, but each end Clear and Transparent," which "would contract and dilate themselves, tumble over and over many times together, and then shoot away like Fish." In 1786, O.F. Müller gave a more complete description of the organism, which he named Cercaria viridis, noting its distinctive color and changeable body shape. Müller also provided a series of illustrations, accurately depicting the undulating, contractile movements (metaboly) of Euglena'''s body. In 1830, C. G. Ehrenberg renamed Müller's Cercaria Euglena viridis, and placed it, in keeping with the short-lived system of classification he invented, among the Polygastrica in the family Astasiaea: multi-stomached creatures with no alimentary canal, variable body shape but no pseudopods or lorica. By making use of the newly invented achromatic microscope, Ehrenberg was able to see Euglena's eyespot, which he correctly identified as a "rudimentary eye" (although he reasoned, wrongly, that this meant the creature also had a nervous system). This feature was incorporated into Ehrenberg's name for the new genus, constructed from the Greek roots "eu-" (well, good) and glēnē (eyeball, socket of joint). Ehrenberg did not notice Euglenas flagella, however. The first to publish a record of this feature was Félix Dujardin, who added "filament flagelliforme" to the descriptive criteria of the genus in 1841. Subsequently, the class Flagellata (Cohn, 1853) was created for creatures, like Euglena, possessing one or more flagella. While "Flagellata" has fallen from use as a taxon, the notion of using flagella as a phylogenetic criterion remains vigorous. Recent phylogeny and classification In 1881, Georg Klebs made a primary taxonomic distinction between green and colorless flagellate organisms, separating photosynthetic from heterotrophic euglenoids. The latter (largely colorless, shape-changing uniflagellates) were divided among the Astasiaceae and the Peranemaceae, while flexible green euglenoids were generally assigned to the genus Euglena. As early as 1935, it was recognized that this was an artificial grouping, however convenient. In 1948, Pringsheim affirmed that the distinction between green and colorless flagellates had no taxonomic justification, although he acknowledged its practical appeal. He proposed something of a compromise, placing colorless, saprotrophic euglenoids in the genus Astasia, while allowing some colorless euglenoids to share a genus with their photosynthesizing cousins, provided they had structural features that proved common ancestry. Among the green euglenoids themselves, Pringsheim recognized the close kinship of some species of Phacus and Lepocinclis with some species of Euglena. The idea of classifying the euglenoids by their manner of nourishment was finally abandoned in the 1950s, when A. Hollande published a major revision of the phylum, grouping organisms by shared structural features, such as the number and type of flagella. If any doubt remained, it was dispelled in 1994, when genetic analysis of the non-photosynthesizing euglenoid Astasia longa confirmed that this organism retains sequences of DNA inherited from an ancestor that must have had functioning chloroplasts. In 1997, a morphological and molecular study of the Euglenozoa put Euglena gracilis in close kinship with the species Khawkinea quartana, with Peranema trichophorum basal to both. Two years later, a molecular analysis showed that E. gracilis was, in fact, more closely related to Astasia longa than to certain other species recognized as Euglena. In 2015, Ellis O'Neill and Professor Rob Field have sequenced the transcriptome of Euglena gracilis, which provides information about all of the genes that the organism is actively using. They found that Euglena gracilis has a whole host of new, unclassified genes which can make new forms of carbohydrates and natural products. The venerable Euglena viridis was found to be genetically closer to Khawkinea quartana than to the other species of Euglena studied. Recognizing the polyphyletic nature of the genus Euglena, Marin et al. (2003) have revised it to include certain members traditionally placed in Astasia and Khawkinea. Human consumption The taste of powdered euglena is described as dried sardine flakes, and contains minerals, vitamins and docosahexaenoic, an omega-3 acid. The powder is used as ingredient in other foods. Kemin Industries sells a euglena nutraceutical supplement ingredient featuring dried Euglena gracilis with high levels of beta glucan. Feedstock for biofuel production The lipid content of Euglena'' (mainly wax esters) is seen as a promising feedstock for production of biodiesel and jet fuel. Under the aegis of Itochu, a start-up company called Euglena Co., Ltd. has completed a refinery plant in Yokohama in 2018, with a production capacity of 125 kiloliters of bio jet fuel and biodiesel per year. Video gallery See also Elysia chlorotica Kleptoplasty References External links The Euglenoid Project Tree of Life web project: Euglenida Protist Images: Euglena Euglena at Droplet - Microscopy of the Protozoa Images and taxonomy Euglenozoa genera Articles containing video clips Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
204352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e%20Zellweger	Renée Zellweger	Renée Zellweger Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress. The recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards, she was one of the world's highest-paid actresses by 2007. Born and raised in Texas, Zellweger studied English literature at the University of Texas at Austin. Initially aspiring for a career in journalism, she was drawn to acting following her brief work on stage while in college. Following minor roles in Dazed and Confused (1993) and Reality Bites (1994), her first starring role came with the slasher film The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1995). She rose to prominence with starring roles in the romantic comedy Jerry Maguire (1996), the drama One True Thing (1998), and the black comedy Nurse Betty (2000), winning a Golden Globe Award for the last of these. For portraying Bridget Jones in the romantic comedy Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) and Roxie Hart in the musical Chicago (2002), Zellweger gained consecutive nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing a loquacious farmer in the war film Cold Mountain (2003). She reprised her role as Jones in the sequel Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and, following a career downturn and hiatus, in Bridget Jones's Baby (2016). In 2019, Zellweger starred in her first major television role in the Netflix series What/If, and portrayed Judy Garland in the biopic Judy, winning the Academy Award for Best Actress. She has since starred as Pam Hupp in the NBC crime miniseries The Thing About Pam (2022). Early life and education Renée Kathleen Zellweger was born on April 25, 1969, in Katy, Texas. Her father, Emil Erich Zellweger, is from the Swiss town of Au, St. Gallen. He was a mechanical and electrical engineer who worked in the oil-refining business. Her mother, Kjellfrid, is Norwegian of Kven and Sámi descent. Kjellfrid grew up in Ekkerøy near the town Vadsø in the northern part of Norway. She was a nurse and midwife who moved to the United States to work as a governess for a Norwegian family in Texas. Referring to her religious background, Zellweger has described herself as being raised in a family of "lazy Catholics and Episcopalians". Zellweger attended Katy High School, where she was a cheerleader and active in athletics. She also participated in soccer and powder football (a traditional girls football game). In 1986, her academic paper, "The Karankawas and Their Roots", won third place in the first-ever Houston Post High School Natural Science Essay Contest. After high school, she enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin, where she graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature. While at the university, she took a drama course as an elective, which sparked her interest in acting. In her junior year, her father lost his job and was unable to support her at college, so she took a job as a cocktail waitress in Austin, Texas. She said of the job, "I learned a lot. As much as I did in my classes that that club paid for... I learned not to judge people, [and] that things are not black and white." She began getting small parts acting, and earned her Screen Actors Guild card for doing a Coors Light commercial. Also while in college, she did "a bit part ... as a local hire" in the Austin-filmed horror-comedy film My Boyfriend's Back, playing "the girl in the beauty shop, maybe two lines. But the beauty shop [scene] got cut." Her first job after graduation was working in a beef commercial, while simultaneously auditioning for roles around Houston, Texas. Career 1992–1995: Early roles While still in Texas, Zellweger appeared in several independent and low-budget films. One was A Taste for Killing (1992), followed by a role in the ABC miniseries Murder in the Heartland (1993). Also in 1993, she had an uncredited role in Dazed and Confused. In 1994, she appeared in Reality Bites, the directorial debut of Ben Stiller, and in the biographical film 8 Seconds, directed by John G. Avildsen. Her first main role in a movie came with the 1995 horror film The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre, alongside Matthew McConaughey, playing a teenager who leaves a prom early with three friends who get into a car accident, which leads to their meeting a murderous family, led by the iconic Leatherface. While the film went unnoticed, Joe Leydon for Variety magazine lauded Zellweger, calling her "the most formidable scream queen since Jamie Lee Curtis went legit." In her next film, the crime comedy Love and a .45 (1994), Zellweger played a woman who plans a robbery with her boyfriend. Although the film received a limited release in theaters, Marc Savlov of Austin Chronicle applauded the main cast saying they were "all excellent in their roles" and noted that "Zellweger's character – all squeals and caged sexuality – seems a bit too close to Juliette Lewis' Mallory Knox (of Natural Born Killers) to be as fresh as it should be". The part earned her an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance. She subsequently relocated to Los Angeles, a move she had postponed several times because she believed she lacked the talent and experience to be a competitive actor in that city. She would next appear in the coming-of-age drama Empire Records (1995). Rotten Tomatoes' consensus was: "Despite a terrific soundtrack and a strong early performance from Renee Zellweger, Empire Records is mostly a silly and predictable teen dramedy." 1996–2000: Breakthrough Zellweger came to wider recognition through her role in Jerry Maguire (1996), playing a single mother and the romantic interest of a glossy sports agent (Tom Cruise). The film grossed over US$273 million worldwide. It was Cruise who chose her to play his love interest and later credited her with "revealing the core humanity of the movie". Roger Ebert, acknowledging Zellweger's and Cruise's chemistry, wrote: "The film is often a delight, especially when Cruise and Zellweger are together on the screen. He plays Maguire with the earnestness of a man who wants to find greatness and happiness in an occupation where only success really counts. She plays a woman who believes in this guy she loves, and reminds us that true love is about idealism." For her performance, Zellweger was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role. In the religious drama A Price Above Rubies (1998), Zellweger starred as a young woman who finds it difficult to conform to the restrictions imposed on her by the community. The film flopped at the box office, but Zellweger was applauded by some critics such as Ebert, who wrote that she gave a "ferociously strong performance". That same year, she also starred in the drama One True Thing, opposite William Hurt and Meryl Streep. She played a woman, based on author Anna Quindlen, forced to put her life on hold in order to care for her mother, who is dying of cancer. One True Thing took in a modest US$23 million in the US, but had a favorable critical response; Variety magazine's Todd McCarthy stated about Zellweger, "Projecting gravity and impatience that she hasn't shown before, Zellweger is outstanding as the smart young woman who resents the interruption to her life's momentum but ends up growing in ways she never would have expected." After playing the female lead opposite Chris O'Donnell in the little-seen romantic comedy The Bachelor (1999), Zellweger starred in the Farrelly brothers comedy Me, Myself & Irene (2000), with Jim Carrey, as a woman on the run for what she believes is a false accusation set up by her mob-connected ex-boyfriend. It was a commercial success, grossing US$149 million worldwide. In the black comedy Nurse Betty (2000), directed by Neil LaBute and starring Morgan Freeman, Zellweger played a Kansas waitress who suffers a nervous breakdown after witnessing her husband's murder. San Francisco Chronicle found the actress to be "a performer who emanates kindness and a pure heart", and Variety remarked: "Few actresses can convey the kind of honesty and humanity that Zellweger does here — it's hard to imagine the film without her dominant, thoroughly credible performance". She won her first Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, but she was in the bathroom when future co-star Hugh Grant announced her name. She later protested: "I had lipstick on my teeth!" 2001–2007: Bridget Jones and worldwide recognition In 2001, Zellweger gained the prized lead role of Bridget Jones, opposite Hugh Grant and Colin Firth, in the British romantic comedy Bridget Jones's Diary, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Helen Fielding. The casting of Zellweger came amid much controversy since she was neither British nor plump, and did not smoke. During casting, Zellweger was told she was too thin to play the cherubic, chain-smoking Bridget, so she quickly embarked on gaining the required weight (20 pounds) and learning to speak in an English accent while she smoked herbal cigarettes. In addition to receiving dialect coaching to fine-tune her accent, part of Zellweger's preparations involved spending three weeks working undercover in a "work experience placement" for British publishing firm Picador in Victoria, London. Her portrayal of Jones led Stephen Holden of The New York Times to comment, "Ms. Zellweger accomplishes the small miracle of making Bridget both entirely endearing and utterly real." The role earned her a second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, and her first Academy Award and BAFTA Award nominations for Best Leading Actress. Bridget Jones's Diary was a major commercial success, earning US$281 million worldwide. Zellweger took on the role of a former actress serving as a foster mother, alongside Michelle Pfeiffer, in the drama White Oleander (2002), for which she received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Drama. She also portrayed Roxie Hart in the 2002 musical film Chicago, directed by Rob Marshall and co-starring Catherine Zeta-Jones, Richard Gere, Queen Latifah, and John C. Reilly. The film won Best Picture at the 75th Academy Awards. Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Tim Robey labeled Chicago the "best screen musical [since 1972's Cabaret]", and the San Francisco Chronicle commented, "Zellweger is a joy to watch, with marvelous comic timing and, in her stage numbers, a commanding presence". She earned her second Academy Award and BAFTA Award nominations for Best Leading Actress, winning her second Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role. In 2003, following the success of Chicago, Zellweger starred with Ewan McGregor in the little-seen romantic comedy Down with Love, as a woman advocating female independence in the 1950s and early 1960s, and appeared in Anthony Minghella's war drama Cold Mountain, opposite Nicole Kidman and Jude Law, playing a woman who helps a farmer following her father's death. The film garnered several award nominations and wins for its actors; Zellweger won the award for Best Supporting Actress at the 76th Academy Awards, the 61st Golden Globe Awards, the 10th Screen Actors Guild Awards, and the 57th British Academy Film Awards. In 2004, Zellweger provided her voice for the DreamWorks Animation film Shark Tale, and reprised her title role in Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, which made US$262 million around the globe and earned her a fourth Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy nomination. In 2005, she played the wife of world heavyweight boxing champion James J. Braddock in Ron Howard's drama Cinderella Man, opposite Russell Crowe and Paul Giamatti. In his review for the film, David Ansen of Newsweek, wrote that the actress "has an uncanny ability to make us swallow even the most movie-ish moments". On May 24, 2005, Zellweger received a landmark star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion picture industry. Zellweger portrayed author Beatrix Potter in the biographical comedy Miss Potter, with Emily Watson and Ewan McGregor. She also served as an executive producer as she wanted to get more involved in the production. William Arnold of Seattle Post-Intelligencer concluded that Zellweger "strikes just the right chord of inspiration, eccentricity and uncompromising artistic drive." For her portrayal, she earned her sixth nomination for the Golden Globe Award (and her fifth one in the category of Best Actress – Musical or Comedy). In 2007, Zellweger lent her voice to the animated family comedy Bee Movie and was awarded the Women in Film Crystal award. 2008–2015: Career fluctuations and hiatus With George Clooney in his directorial venture, the period comedy Leatherheads (2008), about the early years of professional American football, Zellweger portrayed a Chicago Tribune newspaper reporter. The film received largely mixed reviews and made US$13.5 million in its opening weekend, described as "disappointing" by website Box Office Mojo. MTV.com praised the actress for "displaying an unexpected gift for drawling sarcasm", but Kevin Williamson for website Jam! criticized her role, remarking that she, "as the kind of lippy heroine epitomized by Rosalind Russell, is miscast in a role that demands snark, not sleepy-eyed sweetness". In the western Appaloosa (2008), Zellweger played a beguiling widow opposite Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen. The film grossed US$20 million at the North American box office. Zellweger produced the made-for-television feature Living Proof, starring Harry Connick Jr., about the true story of Denny Slamon. It was co-produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, and premiered in October 2008 on Lifetime Television. Her next film was the 2009 comedy New in Town, in which she played a Miami high-powered consultant adjusting to her new life in a small Minnesota town. The movie rated poorly with reviewers and made a lackluster US$16 million in its domestic theatrical run. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian stated that her "rabbity, dimply pout – surely the strangest facial expression in Hollywood – simpers and twitches out of the screen in this moderate girly flick that adheres with almost religious fanaticism to the feelgood romcom handbook". In 2009, she also provided her voice for a supporting character in DreamWorks' computer-animated 3D feature film Monsters vs. Aliens, and starred as the mother of actor George Hamilton in the comedy My One and Only, which despite being distributed for a limited release to certain parts of the United States only. Bill Gray, of Entertainment Weekly felt that she played her part "to her strengths", and reviewer Mick LaSalle found her performance to be a "standout". Zellweger took on the role of a social worker assigned to a mysterious girl in Case 39, a supernatural thriller she had filmed in 2006. The title had a lengthy post-production and was not released in theaters in the United States until 2010. It was universally panned by critics and only earned US$5.3 million in its opening weekend, leading Indiewire to write that Zellweger "faces an [u]ncertain [f]uture" as she was in "an unforgiving industry that doles out few juicy roles for women over 40." The road drama My Own Love Song, in which she played a former singer suffering from paralysis, was screened at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival, and released for DVD. After My Own Love Song was released, Zellweger took a six-year hiatus from screen acting, as she found the time to "go away and grow up a bit". Reflecting on this period of time in a July 2016 interview with British Vogue, she explained: "I was fatigued and wasn't taking the time I needed to recover between projects, and it caught up with me [...] I got sick of the sound of my own voice". In 2013, Zellweger co-created and executive produced Cinnamon Girl, an original drama series set in the Hollywood movie and music scenes of the late 1960s and early 1970s, but the Lifetime network passed on the pilot. That same year, she was considered for a supporting role in the film August: Osage County alongside Andrea Riseborough but the role ultimately went to Juliette Lewis. 2016–present: Resurgence and Judy Following a six-year hiatus from acting, Zellweger made her career comeback opposite Colin Firth and Patrick Dempsey in the romantic comedy Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), the third part in the Bridget Jones franchise, portraying Jones in her forties and single as she discovers that she is pregnant and must work out who the father is. It was met with a positive response by critics and grossed US$211.9 million worldwide. Village Voice found the movie to be "the warmest and most satisfying of the series" and concluded that Zellweger's "wise, light-hearted performance anchors this happy reunion, a surprising and refreshing gift from a creative well that seemed to have run dry". In the crime drama The Whole Truth, directed by Courtney Hunt and opposite Keanu Reeves, Zellweger took the role of Loretta Lassiter, the mother of a teenager suspected of murdering his wealthy father. Filmed in New Orleans in July 2014, The Whole Truth was released on October 21, 2016, for selected theaters and video-on-demand, receiving average reviews. Variety remarked: "Truth be told, [Reeves and Zellweger] deserve better than this predictable courtroom drama". In Same Kind of Different as Me (2017), a film adaptation of the autobiographical book by the same name, Zellweger starred with Djimon Hounsou, Olivia Holt and Jon Voight, as the wife of an art dealer whose struggling relationship is changed for the better by a homeless man. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a moderate commercial success. The Wrap, nevertheless, remarked: "Zellweger, in fact, delivers a gentle, thoughtful, yet headstrong performance as the wife who digs in her heels to get human decency out of the people she cares for the most". She played the friend of a New York City singer who gets a life-changing medical diagnosis in the independent drama Here and Now (2018), opposite Sarah Jessica Parker. Dana Schwartz of Entertainment Weekly praised the appearance of Zellweger, describing the film as "heightened by the magnetic Renée Zellweger, barely concealing her suburban rage behind a cheerfully swirled glass of wine." Zellweger obtained her first major television role when she was cast as Anne Montgomery, a mysterious venture capitalist, in the Netflix thriller miniseries What/If (2019). Although the show received mixed reviews from critics, Zellweger's performance was praised, with Haider Rifaat of The Express Tribune writing, "Not to forgo the incredible acting prowess of Zellweger, who impeccably embraces the character of Anne. Subtle gestures, symbolic interaction and character development are some commendable aspects that intensify the actors' performances." Her next role was that of Judy Garland in 2019's biographical drama Judy. Based on the West End and Broadway play End of the Rainbow, the film chronicles the last years of Garland's life, shortly before her death in 1969. Zellweger performed her own vocals in the film and her songs had to be performed in front of a live audience. Judy premiered to positive reviews at the Telluride Film Festival, and certain critics considered it to be the finest performance of her career. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2019. Zoe Gahan of Vanity Fair found her "witty, sharp and devastating in the title role" and added that "it is hard to tell where Garland stops and Zellweger starts". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone opined, "Zellweger performs miracles playing Judy Garland: singing her heart out, baring her bruised soul and acting with a ferocity that ultimately rises to a state of grace." For her portrayal of Garland, Zellweger won numerous awards and accolades, including the Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, BAFTA Award and Academy Award. Zellweger's win made her just the seventh actress to win an Oscar in both acting categories and the fourth to win Best Actress after Best Supporting Actress. The film's soundtrack additionally earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. Two and a half years later, in 2022, Zellweger took on her first starring role in network television in the NBC crime drama miniseries The Thing About Pam. She starred as Pam Hupp, who was involved in the 2011 murder of Betsy Faria. The part required her to wear face and body prosthetics, which took 80 minutes to apply. The series and her performance received mixed reviews from critics. IndieWires Ben Travers called her performance "exaggerated", while John Doyle of The Globe and Mail said that she "brings an equal amount of vinegary exuberance to the work." Public image Zellweger has appeared on the covers and photo shoots of several magazines throughout her career; she appeared on the September 1997 cover of Vanity Fair, and in subsequent years, the list has grown to include Vogue, Detour, Allure and Harper's Bazaar. Zellweger often draws attention for her style at award ceremonies and red carpet events, specifically for her frequent use of dresses designed by Carolina Herrera, a close friend who has worked with the actress for over fifteen years after they met at a Costume Institute gala. She is also a frequent attendee at New York Fashion Week, among other fashion events. In April 1997, Vanity Fair named her part of "Hollywood's Next Wave of Stars". She was placed on E!'s "Top 20 Entertainers of 2001" list and was chosen by People magazine as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world in 2003. She also ranked number 72 in the "Top 100 Celebrities" list made by Forbes in 2006, and the following year, she was placed at 20 among "the 20 richest women in entertainment", by the magazine. Following her performance on Jerry Maguire, Israeli singer songwriter Ariel Horowitz wrote, composed and performed a song called "Renee" in 2001, after watching the film. Horowitz said he was stunned by her performance. The song tells the fantasy in which he meets Zellweger, they fall in love and return to live in Israel, and she becomes a local movie star. After Zellweger attended the 21st annual Elle Women in Hollywood Awards in October 2014, there was media and social commentary that she was hardly recognizable, which prompted speculation that she had undergone cosmetic surgery. Zellweger responded, "Perhaps I look different. Who doesn't as they get older?! Ha. But I am different. I'm happy." Personal life From 1999 to 2000, Zellweger was engaged to Jim Carrey. In 2003, she had a brief relationship with musician Jack White. In May 2005, Zellweger married singer Kenny Chesney. Four months later, Zellweger obtained an annulment. In 2009, she started dating Bradley Cooper, after having met on the set of Case 39 which was filmed in 2006. They separated in 2011. She was previously in a relationship with musician Doyle Bramhall II. In June 2021, she was reported to be dating English television presenter Ant Anstead. Activism Zellweger took part in the 2005 HIV prevention campaign of the Swiss federal health department. Zellweger is one of the patrons for gender equality foundation The GREAT Initiative; in 2011 she visited Liberia with the charity. In April 2011, she collaborated with Tommy Hilfiger to design a handbag to raise money and awareness for the Breast Health Institute. "Because of the experiences of close friends and family members who have had to endure and battle the challenges of breast cancer, I am a passionate supporter of breast health education and charitable causes", Zellweger stated about joining the campaign. Awards and nominations Among her numerous accolades for her acting work, Zellweger has received two Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, four Critics' Choice Movie Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, an Independent Spirit Awards, four Screen Actors Guild Awards, a British Independent Film Awards, and awards from the London Film Critics Circle, National Board of Review, National Society of Film Critics, New York Film Critics Circle, and Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Zellweger is only the fourth actress, after Meryl Streep, Jessica Lange, and Cate Blanchett, to win Best Actress after winning Best Supporting Actress and the seventh actress to win in both categories after Ingrid Bergman, Maggie Smith, Helen Hayes, Streep, Lange, and Blanchett. Filmography Film Television Discography Chicago: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture (2002) Judy (2019) See also List of actors with Academy Award nominations List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories References External links Renée Zellweger at Box Office Mojo 1969 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Austin, Texas Actresses from Houston American cheerleaders American film actresses American people of Kven descent American people of Norwegian descent American people of Sámi descent American people of Swiss descent American television actresses American voice actresses Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Katy, Texas University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
215566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20%28singer%29	Pink (singer)	Pink (singer) Alecia Beth Moore Hart (born September 8, 1979), known professionally as Pink (stylized as P!nk), is an American singer, songwriter and actress. During her teens, Pink was a member of the girl group Choice. Her first solo studio album, Can't Take Me Home (2000), was certified double-platinum in the United States. The R&B-influenced album spawned two Billboard Hot 100 top-ten songs: "There You Go" and "Most Girls". Pink gained further recognition with the collaborative single "Lady Marmalade" from the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack, which topped many charts worldwide. Pink refocused her sound to pop rock with her second studio album, Missundaztood (2001). The album sold more than 13 million copies worldwide and yielded the international hit songs "Get the Party Started", "Don't Let Me Get Me", and "Just Like a Pill". Pink's third studio album, Try This (2003), sold significantly less than her second studio album, but earned her the Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. She returned to the top of the charts with her fourth and fifth studio albums, I'm Not Dead (2006) and Funhouse (2008), which spawned the top-ten entries "Who Knew" and "U + Ur Hand" as well as the number-one single "So What". Pink's sixth studio album, The Truth About Love (2012), was her first Billboard 200 number-one album and spawned her fourth US number-one single, "Just Give Me a Reason". In 2014, Pink recorded a collaborative album, Rose Ave., with Canadian musician Dallas Green as the folk music duo You+Me. Her next studio albums, Beautiful Trauma (2017) and Hurts 2B Human (2019), both debuted at atop the Billboard 200 chart, with the former becoming the world's third best-selling album of the year. Her ninth and most recent studio album, Trustfall (2023), peaked at number 2 in the U.S. Pink has been described as "pop royalty" for her distinctive raspy voice and acrobatic stage presence. She has sold over 135 million records worldwide (60 million albums and 75 million singles), making her one of the world's best-selling music artists. Her accolades include three Grammy Awards, two Brit Awards, a Daytime Emmy Award and seven MTV Video Music Awards (including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). In 2009, Billboard named Pink the Pop Songs Artist of the Decade. Pink was also the second-most-played female solo artist in the United Kingdom during the 2000s decade, behind only Madonna. VH1 ranked her 10th on its list of the 100 Greatest Women in Music, while Billboard gave her the Woman of the Year award in 2013. At the 63rd annual BMI Pop Awards, she received the BMI President's Award for "her outstanding achievement in songwriting and global impact on pop culture and the entertainment industry." Early life and family Alecia Beth Moore was born on September 8, 1979, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, to emergency room nurse Judith Moore (née Kugel) and insurance salesman James Moore. She has described herself as an "Irish-German-Lithuanian-Jew", and identifies as Jewish (her mother is Jewish). Although a healthy baby, she developed asthma that plagued her through her early years. When Pink was a toddler, her parents began having marital problems; they divorced before she was 10. Pink was trained as a competitive gymnast between the ages 4 and 12. She attended Central Bucks High School West. In high school, Pink joined her first band, Middleground, but it disbanded upon losing a Battle of the Bands competition. As a teenager, she wrote lyrics as an outlet for her feelings, and her mother commented, "Her initial writings were always very introspective. Some of it was very black, and very deep, almost worrisome." Pink began performing in Philadelphia clubs when she was about 14 years old. She adopted her nickname "Pink" as her stage name around this time. She has given different explanations about how she came to be given that nickname, which she has had since she was a child. At 14, she was convinced to audition to become a member of the all-female group Basic Instinct, and earned a spot in the lineup. Ultimately, the group disbanded without releasing any material. Career 1995–1998: Career beginnings At 16, Pink and two other teenage girls, Sharon Flanagan and Chrissy Conway, formed the R&B group Choice. A copy of their first song, "Key to My Heart", was sent to LaFace Records in Atlanta, Georgia, where L.A. Reid overheard it and arranged for the group to fly there so he could see them perform. After that, he signed them to a record deal. Since the three girls were under 18 at the time, their parents had to cosign the contract. The group relocated to Atlanta and recorded an album, which was never released, but "Key to My Heart" appeared on the soundtrack to the 1996 film Kazaam. During a Christmas party, Reid gave Pink an ultimatum: go solo or go home. Choice disbanded in 1998. 1999–2002: Can't Take Me Home and Missundaztood After Choice disbanded, Pink signed a recording contract with LaFace Records and began working on her first solo album with producers such as Babyface, Kandi Burruss and Tricky Stewart. Her first solo single, "There You Go", was released in February 2000 and became her first top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it peaked at number seven. Internationally, the song also charted inside the top ten in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. In April, Pink's album, Can't Take Me Home, was released to commercial success. It peaked 26 on the Billboard 200 chart, and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for two million units shipped in the United States. It also went platinum in the United Kingdom and multi-platinum in Australia and Canada, while selling over four million copies worldwide. Critical reception to the album was mixed. The album's second single, "Most Girls", peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her first chart-topping single in Australia. "You Make Me Sick" was released as the final single and reached number 33 on the Hot 100. Pink won the trophy for Female New Artist of the Year at the 2000 Billboard Music Awards. She was billed as a supporting act on the North American leg of NSYNC's No Strings Attached Tour throughout the summer of 2000. In 2001, Pink, alongside singers Christina Aguilera and Mýa as well as rapper Lil' Kim, performed a cover of "Lady Marmalade" for the soundtrack of the film Moulin Rouge!. In the US it became the most successful airplay-only single in history, as well as Pink's first No. 1 single. The success of the single was helped by its music video, which was popular on music channels and won the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year. The song won Pink's first Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Tired of being marketed as another cookie cutter pop act, as well as eager both to be seen as a more serious songwriter and musician and to perform the type of music she wanted to, Pink took her sound in a new direction and sought more artistic or creative control during the recording of her second album, Missundaztood. She recruited Linda Perry, former singer of 4 Non Blondes (one of Pink's favorite groups in her teenage years). Pink moved into Perry's Los Angeles home where the pair spent several months writing songs for the album. Perry co-wrote and co-produced the album with Dallas Austin and Scott Storch, and according to VH1's Driven program, Antonio "LA" Reid of LaFace Records was not initially content with the new music Pink was making. The album, named Missundaztood because of Pink's belief that people had a wrong image of her, was released in November 2001. "Get the Party Started" was released as the lead single and peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. It also became a worldwide hit, reaching number one in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Romania, and Spain, as well as spending four weeks at the top of the European Hot 100 Singles chart. At the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, its music video won in the categories of Best Female Video and Best Dance Video. The album's other singles—"Don't Let Me Get Me", "Just Like a Pill", and "Family Portrait"—were also radio and chart successes, with "Just Like a Pill" becoming Pink's second number-one hit in the United Kingdom. Missundaztood remains Pink's best-selling record with over 13 million copies sold worldwide. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), Missundaztood was the eighth best-selling album of 2002 globally. Pink won a World Music Award for Best Selling American Pop/Rock Female Artist. She was also nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 45th Grammy Awards. Faith Hill's 2002 album, Cry, features a song co-written by Pink and Perry ("If You're Gonna Fly Away"). In 2002, Pink headlined a tour of America, Europe and Australia, the Party Tour, as well as becoming a supporting act for Lenny Kravitz's American tour. Pink was named the Top Female Billboard 200 Artist of 2002. 2003–2007: Try This and I'm Not Dead In mid-2003, Pink contributed the song "Feel Good Time" to the soundtrack of the film Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, in which she had a cameo appearance as a motocross race ramp owner/promoter. Featuring electronic music artist William Orbit, it became Pink's first single to miss the top 40 on Billboards Hot 100 chart, although it was a hit in Europe and in Australia. It was later included on non-US editions of Pink's third album, Try This, which was released on November 11, 2003. Eight of the 13 tracks were co-written with Tim Armstrong of the band Rancid. Linda Perry was featured on the album as a writer and musician. Despite the album reaching the top ten on album charts in the US, in Canada, in the UK, and in Australia, sales were considerably lower than those of Missundaztood. However, it did go platinum in the US. The singles "Trouble" and "God Is a DJ" did not reach the US top 40 but did reach the top ten in other countries, and "Last to Know" was released as a single outside North America. "Trouble" earned Pink the Grammy award in Best Female Rock Vocal Performance category at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards, and "Feel Good Time" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. She toured extensively on the Try This Tour through Europe and Australia, where the album was better received. During the same period, Pink co-wrote the song "Take A Picture" with Damon Elliott which was released on Mýa's album Moodring. In 2005, Pink collaborated with Lisa Marie Presley on the track "Shine", released on Presley's second album Now What. Pink took a break to write the songs for her fourth album, I'm Not Dead, which she said she titled as such because "It's about being alive and feisty and not sitting down and shutting up even though people would like you to." Pink worked with producers Max Martin, Billy Mann, Christopher Rojas, Butch Walker, Lukasz Gottwald, and Josh Abraham on the album. The album's release through LaFace Records in April 2006 was a substantial success throughout the world, particularly in Australia. The album reached the top ten in the US, the top five in the UK, No. 1 in Germany, and was No. 1 in Australia for two non-consecutive weeks. The album's lead single, "Stupid Girls", was Pink's biggest US hit since 2002 and earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Its music video, in which she parodies celebrities such as Lindsay Lohan, Jessica Simpson, Mary-Kate Olsen, and Paris Hilton, won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video. Subsequent singles "Who Knew" and "U + Ur Hand" were substantial hits in Australia and Europe, and they later became top ten singles in the US. in 2007. The non-US singles were "Nobody Knows", a minor hit in the UK, Australia and Germany; "Dear Mr. President", an open letter to the US President George W. Bush which featured the Indigo Girls and became a No. 1 hit in Belgium as well as a top five hit in Germany, Australia, and other countries; "Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)", a UK top 40 and Australian top five entry; and "'Cuz I Can". The album has sold over 1.3 million copies in the US, as well as over 700,000 copies in Australia. The album proved very popular in Australia, with six top five singles and a record-breaking 62 weeks in the top 10; so far the album has gone 10 times platinum. In support of the album, Pink embarked on the world I'm Not Dead Tour, for which ticket sales in Australia were particularly high; she sold approximately 307,000 tickets in Australia, giving her the record for the biggest concert attendance for an arena tour by a female artist. One of the London shows on the tour was taped and released as a DVD, Pink: Live from Wembley Arena, where she sang Linda Perry's "Whats Up?". In 2006, Pink was chosen to sing the theme song for NBC Sunday Night Football, "Waiting All Day for Sunday Night", which is a take on "I Hate Myself for Loving You" by Joan Jett. She contributed a cover of Rufus's "Tell Me Something Good" to the soundtrack of the film Happy Feet, and lent her name to PlayStation to promote the PSP, a special pink edition of which was released. Pink collaborated with several other artists in 2006 and 2007, when she opened for Justin Timberlake on the American leg of his FutureSex/LoveShow Tour. She sang on the Indigo Girls album Despite Our Differences. She was featured on India.Arie's song "I Am Not My Hair" from the Lifetime Television film Why I Wore Lipstick to My Mastectomy. She wrote a song, "I Will", for Natalia's third album, Everything and More. "Outside of You", another song she co-wrote, was recorded by dance-pop singer Hilary Duff and released on her 2007 album Dignity. Pink recorded a song with Annie Lennox and twenty-two other female acts for Lennox's fourth solo studio album, Songs of Mass Destruction; titled "Sing", it was written as an anthem for HIV/AIDS, according to Lennox's website. In December 2007, a special edition Pink Box, which comprises her second to fourth albums and the DVD Live in Europe, was released in Australia. It reached the top twenty on the albums chart and was certified Gold, selling over 35,000 units. 2008–2011: Funhouse and Greatest Hits... So Far!!! On August 7, 2008, Pink's single "So What" was leaked online, and radio stations across Australia were quick to give it massive airplay. Less than six hours after the leak, "So What" was voted No.1 on Nova 100 Melbourne and shot to No.1 on the Today Network's national radio Hot30 Countdown. On August 22, Pink announced a new track, titled "Crystal Ball". On September 18, 2008, "So What" became her second number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100. Pink was the guest of honor at the 2008 ARIA Music Awards, which were held in Sydney, Australia, in October 2008. There she sang "So What". On November 3, 2008, Funhouse debuted at No. 1 on the ARIA charts. In Australia it sold over 86,000 units in its first week, and was eventually certified eleven times platinum. On November 23, 2008, Pink performed "Sober", the second single from Funhouse, at the American Music Awards. The third single was "Please Don't Leave Me", with a video directed by Dave Meyers. In Australia, "Bad Influence" was released as the album's fourth single as a promotional single for her Funhouse Tour, and "Funhouse" was later released as the fifth single. However, "Bad Influence" was not released as a single in Europe until March 2010, which was after "Funhouse" had been released. In May 2009, Pink released a four-CD box set of her first four albums; this set peaked at No. 7 in the UK Album Chart. In 2009, Pink performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States. Pink's Funhouse Tour started in France on February 24, 2009, and continued through Europe until mid-May, with supporting act Raygun. Pink then performed a series of shows in Australia, all of which sold out. Between May and August 2009, she performed for a total of more than 600,000 Australian fans at 58 shows around the country. On September 13, 2009, Pink performed "Sober" while doing a trapeze act at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, where she was nominated for Best Female Video for "So What". On January 31, 2010, Pink did another circus act in the form of aerial silks at the 2010 Grammy Awards, this time performing the song "Glitter in the Air". She received a standing ovation. In 2013, Billboard ranked the performance as the best between 2000 and 2012. Billboard recognized Pink as the Pop Songs Artist of the Decade. According to the BBC countdown compiled by PPL, Pink was the second most-played female solo artist in the United Kingdom during the 2000s decade, behind Madonna. Pink was a soloist in the remake of the 1985 charity single, "We Are the World". She collaborated on the 2010 Herbie Hancock album, The Imagine Project, in which she sang Peter Gabriel's "Don't Give Up" with John Legend and contributed vocals to John Lennon's "Imagine" with Seal, India.Arie, Jeff Beck, Konono Nº1, Oumou Sangaré, and others. The last collaboration earned Pink a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. She was featured on a track titled "Won't Back Down" for Eminem's 2010 album Recovery; Eminem explained that he included Pink because he "felt like she would smash this record." On July 15, 2010, during a concert in Nurnberg, Germany, Pink was preparing to end her concert with an aerial acrobatic routine when she was pulled offstage and onto a barricade below. Her left-side flywire had been activated before the right-side one had been properly attached to her harness. She was taken to a local hospital where it was determined that she had not been seriously injured. Pink sold a total of 3,000,000 concert tickets on her 2009–10 worldwide tour, according to a statement on behalf of UK tour promoter Marshall Arts. In the first week of October 2010, Pink released "Raise Your Glass", the first single from her first compilation album, Greatest Hits... So Far!!!. The song celebrates a decade of solo work, and is dedicated to her fans who have been supporting her over the years. The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Pink's tenth Top 10 hit, and her third number-one on the chart. She released the compilation album on November 12, 2010, and almost a month later she released the album's second single, named "Fuckin' Perfect". The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, and peaked at number one on the airplay charts in Germany. On the German singles chart, the song entered at number seven in March 2011. Pink voiced the character of Gloria in Happy Feet Two, which premiered on November 18, 2011, in the United States. She also sings the movie's theme song, "Bridge of Light". On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced that it would be disbanding Jive Records, along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Pink and all other artists previously signed to the labels would release any future material through RCA Records. 2012–2015: The Truth About Love and You+Me In February 2012, Pink confirmed that she was in the writing process for her next studio album, The Truth About Love. She was scheduled to perform at a fundraiser for the presidential campaign of Barack Obama that June, but had to cancel her performance after she was hospitalized and underwent the removal of her gallbladder. The Truth About Love was preceded with the release of its lead single, "Blow Me (One Last Kiss)", in July. The single peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100, while reaching number one in Australia and Hungary, and the top five in Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Released in September, The Truth About Love made its debut atop the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 281,000, making it her first number-one album in the United States. It also topped the charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland, and became the world's sixth best-selling album of 2012 according to the IFPI. The album was certified double platinum by the RIAA for two million copies shipped and has sold over seven million copies worldwide. The Truth About Love received positive response from music critics and was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. "Try" was released as the second single from The Truth About Love in October 2012 and became a worldwide top-ten hit, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. In February 2013, Pink released the fourth single, "Just Give Me a Reason", featuring guest vocals by Nate Ruess of fun. It became the most successful single from The Truth About Love, topping the record charts in more than 20 countries worldwide and becoming Pink's fourth number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100. According to the IFPI, the song was the fourth best-selling digital single of 2013 with 9.9 million copies sold worldwide. The song won the Billboard Mid-Year Award for Favorite Hot 100 No.1 Song, and garnered two nominations for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Song of the Year at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Three further singles, "True Love", "Walk of Shame", and "Are We All We Are", was released throughout 2013 to less commercial success. On February 13, 2013, Pink kicked off her sixth tour, known as The Truth About Love Tour, in Phoenix, Arizona. Billboard released a statement on June 14, announcing that Pink held the No. 1 spot on their Hot Tours chart, as the American leg of her Truth About Love Tour grossed over $23.6 million. She still held the title a week later, as the European leg grossed $30.7 million. In addition to her work for The Truth About Love, Pink appeared on the track "Guns and Roses" on T.I.'s album Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head. The song has been certified Gold by the ARIA for sales of 35,000 digital downloads shipped in Australia. She also wrote two songs, "I Walk Alone" and "Lie to Me", for Cher's new album, Closer to the Truth. Pink starred as a sex addict alongside Gwyneth Paltrow and Mark Ruffalo in the 2012 movie Thanks for Sharing. The official trailer was released on June 27 and the movie premiered in the United States until September 20, 2013. Her legal name, Alecia Moore, is used for the movie credits. Her role as Dede was heavily praised by critics. rogerebert.com commented on her performance saying "Of all the cast here, the least experienced is the pop singer Pink, yet she does the best acting in the film: natural, a little harsh, a little unstable. Pink, like Macy Gray in her Lee Daniels movie roles, knows instinctively how to behave on camera by just pretending that the camera isn't there." Billboard named Pink Woman of the Year 2013. In December, the magazine also named The Truth About Love Tour the third best selling tour of 2013 with $147.9 million in ticket sales; falling only behind Bon Jovi and Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour. Also in Billboard's end of year charts, Pink was ranked the sixth top artist of 2013 and she scored her highest charting end-of-year song and album; with Just Give Me a Reason sitting at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and The Truth About Love placing at number 8 on the Billboard 200. In Australia, Pink has had an album placed at number one or two in the ARIA End of Year Albums Chart for six out of the past seven years as The Truth About Love topped the chart for two years in a row. She was the ninth top grossing music artist of 2013, with $20,072,072.32 earned. RCA Records later announced that they have signed Pink for a multi-album deal that will last for years to come. The singer was quoted about the deal saying "I am super-duper excited to continue onwards and upwards with RCA and my team there". It was announced in September 2014, that Pink and Dallas Green, lead singer of City and Colour, worked together on a collaborative album, under the band name You+Me. The album, titled Rose Ave., was released on October 14, 2014. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and at number one on the US Folk Albums chart. In August 2015, Pink recorded the theme song for the 13th season of The Ellen DeGeneres Show. The song, "Today's the Day", was performed during the show's premiere week in New York City on September 10, 2015. 2016–2020: Beautiful Trauma, Hurts 2B Human and hiatus It was announced in February 2016 that Pink will cover a Beatles song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", for the upcoming Netflix original series Beat Bugs. In the same month, it was announced that she had recorded a cover of "White Rabbit" for the movie Alice Through the Looking Glass, while in April it was revealed that she contributed the song "Just like Fire" to the soundtrack of the movie. In Australia, it topped the ARIA Charts. The following July, it was announced that Pink had written a song for French-Canadian singer Celine Dion called "Recovering" for inclusion on her upcoming English-language album. Pink provided guest vocals on country singer Kenny Chesney's single "Setting the World on Fire" which was released on August 1, 2016. The single topped on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and went platinum in the United States and Canada. On March 10, 2017, Pink teamed up with Stargate and Australian star Sia on the former's debut single, "Waterfall". Pink took a break to write songs for her upcoming seventh album. In June 2017, Pink confirmed that she was making her next studio album. On July 17, 2017, she announced via her official Twitter account that the video shoot for the first single will take place the following week. "What About Us", the lead single from Pink's seventh studio album, Beautiful Trauma, was released on August 10, 2017 and reached number one in Australia. The album was released on October 13, 2017, and became the third best-selling album of the year worldwide. On August 27, 2017, Pink received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. She also performed a medley of some of her hits, including her new single, "What About Us", before accepting the award, which was presented to her by Ellen DeGeneres. "What About Us" reached number one on the Adult Pop Songs chart, earning Pink her ninth leader on the chart, breaking her out of a tie with Katy Perry for the solo female artist with the most number-ones in the chart's history and placing her in second place amongst all acts. The song received one nomination at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Pop Solo Performance. "Beautiful Trauma" was released on November 21, 2017, as the second single from Beautiful Trauma to less commercial success, reaching top thirty in Australia, the United Kingdom, France, and Scotland. While it only managed to peak at number seventy-eight on the Billboard Hot 100, it topped on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. On December 5, 2017, rapper Eminem revealed that Pink would be collaborating on the song "Need Me" for his ninth studio album Revival. The album received the nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album earned Pink's 20th nomination at the Annual Grammy Awards. Although sick with influenza, Pink sang the US national anthem ahead of Super Bowl LII, a dream she had since, as a child, seeing Whitney Houston sing at Super Bowl XXV in 1991. On March 1, 2018, Pink started her seventh concert tour, the Beautiful Trauma World Tour, which was scheduled to visit North America and Oceania until September 8, 2018. She later decided to extend the tour until May 2019 including Europe. On April 6, 2018, she was featured on Elton John's Revamp & Restoration, singing the song "Bennie and the Jets", with Elton John himself and Logic. On April 17, 2018, People teased its 2018 "Most Beautiful" cover star by calling her "a performer, mother and role model whose honesty, humour, confidence and sheer star power make her one of the most beloved and fascinating entertainers on the planet." The next day the magazine revealed the cover, which features Pink with her two kids Willow and Jameson. The magazine issue was named the "beautiful issue". Similar covers had featured Julia Roberts and Jennifer Aniston. On October 23, 2018, Pink released her version of the song "A Million Dreams" from the upcoming "The Greatest Showman – Reimagined" album, a reworking of the soundtrack with contributions from various artists including Kelly Clarkson, Kesha, Jess Glynne and Missy Elliott. Pink's daughter, Willow Sage Hart is also featured on the album performing the song's reprise. On February 5, 2019, Pink received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; she further announced the release of her eighth album, Hurts 2B Human, which was released on April 26, 2019. The album's lead single, "Walk Me Home" was released on February 20, 2019. On the release date, Pink performed the song alongside a medley of her biggest hits at the BRIT Awards, including "Try", "Just Give Me a Reason", with fun. lead singer Nate Ruess, and "What About Us". She was also awarded with the Outstanding Contribution to Music Award at the ceremony. In December 2019, Pollstar named her Artist of the Year. Pink confirmed that in 2020 she will take a break from music to focus on her family. On September 16, 2020, she released "One Too Many", a collaboration with Keith Urban for his album "The Speed of Now Part 1". 2021–present: All I Know So Far and Trustfall On February 12, 2021, Pink released the song "Cover Me in Sunshine", a duet with her daughter Willow Sage Hart. On April 9, 2021, she released the song "Anywhere Away from Here", a duet with Rag'n'Bone Man. On April 29, she announced a live album, All I Know So Far: Setlist, which was released on May 21. The album contains the live versions of previous Pink songs, live covers and "Cover Me in Sunshine". It also includes the title track, released as a single on May 7. All I Know So Far: Setlist serves as the companion album to the documentary film covering Pink's life of the same name, which was released simultaneously with the album through Amazon's Prime Video platform. In April 2021, Pink confirmed to ET Canada that a ninth studio album was in the "very early days, but I will tell you, it will be very honest". In February 2022, Pink partnered with Calm and narrated three bedtime stories. She released a protest song "Irrelevant" on July 14, 2022. Later that year, she attended the Taylor Hawkins Tribute Concert in Los Angeles, performing "Barracuda" by Heart, "Somebody To Love" by Queen and "The Pretender" by Foo Fighters. On November 4, 2022, Pink released the single "Never Gonna Not Dance Again", which serves as the lead single from her album Trustfall. A day later, she inducted Dolly Parton into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Pink performed "Never Gonna Not Dance Again" at the American Music Awards on November 20 while on roller skates. On the same night, she paid tribute to Olivia Newton-John with a performance of "Hopelessly Devoted to You". Pink released her ninth studio album Trustfall on February 17, 2023. It debuted at number one in the United Kingdom and Australia while debuting at number two in the United States. On June 7, 2023, Pink started her eighth concert tour Summer Carnival in Bolton. Artistry Influences Pink has named Madonna and Janis Joplin as her biggest musical influences. In a 2000 interview with MTV, she said that during her childhood she used to think that she was Madonna's daughter, saying: "I've always been the type of person that followed Madonna like a lost puppy. I didn't speak to my mother for a year, because I was sure she adopted me." She added, "Madonna has always been an inspiration for me... I was a fan right from the first time I heard 'Holiday'." Pink also won her first talent show singing Madonna's "Oh Father". Of Joplin, Pink said, "She was so inspiring by singing blues music when it wasn't culturally acceptable for white women, and she wore her heart on her sleeve. She was so witty and charming and intelligent, but she also battled an ugly-duckling syndrome. I would love to play her in a movie." In a tribute performance on her Try This Tour, Pink called Joplin "a woman who inspired me when everyone else ... didn't!" As a child, Pink admired the leader of 4 Non Blondes, Linda Perry, whom she tracked down and formed a close relationship with on her second album. She said: Literally this woman spoke to me. Being in pain and being on drugs and being misunderstood and, yeah she spoke my language. Without having to say anything, she could sing a note and it was what I was feeling. I used to sit at three or four o' clock in the morning, tripping on whatever, screaming 4 Non Blondes out the window until the cops were called. Voice and timbre Throughout her career, Pink has received acclaim from critics for her powerful singing abilities. Pink is a contralto, whose voice has been described as "raspy", "husky", and "distinctive". NBC News music critic Maura Johnston said that, at times, "the sheer power of her alto" has been overshadowed by her skills as an aerialist. James Montgomery of MTV calls her "a deceptively good singer ... who can out-sing almost anyone". The Guardian called her voice "prodigious". Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times labeled her "a powerhouse vocalist". Pink has also been noted for her "raw", "soulful" voice and her ability to emote. The Inquirer called her voice "husky" and "gutsy", and wrote that she had developed into a "powerfully emotive vocalist", comparing her to Janis Joplin. The Star Tribune wrote, "Her slightly raspy, slightly soulful voice made you feel the dysfunction in 'Family Portrait', the longing of 'Who Knew' and the empowerment in 'Perfect'." CNN has said that Pink is known for singing "with the right level of emotion". Fellow artist Kelly Clarkson has called Pink's voice "the best of our generation". Troy L. Smith, writing for Cleveland.com, called Pink one of her generation's most underrated vocalists, writing that she is capable of "sing[ing] anything, from rock and pop to folk and R&B." Smith named her 2006's second best vocalist, runner-up to Carrie Underwood. Public image Aside from her music, Pink has been noted for her fashion style, such as her "adventurous" hairstyles, which have ranged from fluorescent spikes to pink-streaked dreadlocks to a pitch-black skater cut. Billboard described her style as "androgynous" and "gender-bending". She told InStyle, "I'm eclectic. I'm a tomboy, but I'm kind of a hippie and kind of a gangster ... I don't know if that's a good thing, but it is my thing." On August 21, 2018, Pink stopped her concert in Brisbane for a grieving fan. A girl named Leah lost her mother one month before the concert, and she and her family hung up signs all around the concert, saying "My name is Leah – I'm 14 years old. I lost my beautiful Mum last month. I would LOVE a hug... Please!" The signs grabbed Pink's attention. On Women's Equality Day in 2019, Gillie and Marc Art unveiled a bronze sculpture of Pink as a part of Statues for Equality mission. Philanthropy and activism Pink is also involved with several charities and campaigns, including Human Rights Campaign, ONE Campaign, The Prince's Trust, New York Restoration Project, Run for the Cure Foundation, Save the Children, Take Back the Night, UNICEF, World Animal Protection, One Billion Rising, Youth Off The Streets, Black Lives Matter and Good Ride. In December 2015, Pink was appointed as a UNICEF Ambassador and the agency's Kid Power National Spokesperson in order to help raise awareness about its lifesaving health and nutrition programs around the world. She followed UNICEF to Haiti and witnessed the impact therapeutic food has on malnourished children. In 2023, the singer promoted the charity during the North American leg of the Summer Carnival Tour. UNICEF USA QR codes were placed at all merch stands, which directed fans to purchase basic necessities and school supplies for children in need. In 2017, Pink and her husband joined a fundraising bike ride that raised $2,000,000 for the Share Our Strength's No Kid Hungry campaign. She partnered with "Save With Stories", a No Kid Hungry collaboration with Save the Children, and read stories on Instagram for children who were out of school due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2023, Pink was awarded with the "National Champion Award" from No Kid Hungry, for "her commitment and contributions to help advance No Kid Hungry's national campaign to end childhood hunger in America". Pink and Kelly Clarkson helped raise $60,000 for No Kid Hungry and Sweet Relief Musicians Fund by auctioning off "one-of-a-kid" art pieces depicting their songs in sound waves. Later that year, Pink and her daughter collaborated with Williams Sonoma and designed spatulas for the annual "Tools for Change" fundraising program by No Kid Hungry. On February 16, 2009, Pink announced she was donating $250,000 to the Red Cross Bushfire Appeal to aid the victims of the bushfires that swept through the Australian state of Victoria earlier that month. Pink said she wanted to make "a tangible expression of support". She also donated money to Autism Speaks. Following Australia's bushfires in 2020, Pink donated $500,000 to the local fire services. Later that year, the singer donated $1,000,000 to help fight the pandemic following her recovery from COVID-19. The amount was split between the City of Los Angeles Mayor's Emergency COVID-19 Crisis Fund and the Temple University Hospital Fund in Philadelphia. In July 2021, she offered to pay the fines handed out to the Norwegian women's beach handball team after they wore shorts like their male counterparts instead of bikini bottoms. In 2022, Pink released a protest song "Irrelevant" and announced all of the proceeds would be donated to Michelle Obama's nonpartisan voting initiative "When We All Vote". Pink is an animal rights activist. In 2003, she declined an invitation to perform at Prince William's 21st birthday bash on account of the Royal Family's controversial stance on animal hunting. Pink is a prominent campaigner for PETA, contributing her voice to causes such as protest against KFC. In conjunction with PETA, she criticized the Australian wool industry for its use of mulesing. In 2007, she said PETA had misled her about mulesing and that she had not done enough research before lending her name to the campaign. Her campaigning led to a headlining concert called PAW (Party for Animals Worldwide) in Cardiff, Wales, on August 21, 2007. she has been officially recognized as an advocate for RSPCA Australia. The singer joined Ricky Gervais for PETA's "Stolen for Fashion" advertisement, which opposes wearing fur and animal skin. In 2014, Pink stated she opposes carriage riding in New York City. The singer asked Queen Elizabeth II why the bear fur on the Guards' caps hadn't been replaced with a synthetic, cruelty-free material in 2013. In 2015, she posed nude for PETA's "I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur" campaign. The singer opposed SeaWorld for "locking up" marine animals in sanctuaries where all they are able to do is "swim in endless circles" in 2018. Pink is also outspoken about LGBT rights and supports same-sex marriage. In her 2006 song "Dear Mr. President", she criticized then-President George Bush's opposition to gay marriage, singing: "What kind of father would hate his own daughter if she were gay?". In November 2008, Pink marched against Proposition 8, a proposition to ban gay marriage, at a rally in downtown Los Angeles. The singer was awarded with the "Ally for Equality Award" at the Human Rights Campaign Dinner in 2010. In an interview with Gaydar Radio from 2012, the singer stated: "I think that the best day will be when we no longer talk about being gay or straight - it's not a 'gay wedding' it's just a 'wedding', it's not a 'gay marriage' it's just 'a marriage". In 2012, she told The Advocate that she had girlfriends in her 20s but does not define her sexual orientation, saying, "I never felt the need to." In the same interview, the singer mentioned her appreciation for her lesbian and bisexual female fans. In 2023, Billboard named her song "Raise Your Glass" as one of the top LGBT Anthems of All Time at number 31. In an interview with Gay Times, Pink stated that the queer community means "everything to her". She added: "I think [my LGBTQ+ following] just speaks to who I am and what I believe in, and what I've always been. I am definitely an ally and to be understood for that is a wonderful feeling. For any of us to be understood, that's what we want in life, right? We want to love, be loved and be seen." In 2017, Pink attended the Women's March, a widely attended protest in favor of women's rights and equality alongside her family. The singer partnered with REVERB on her Beautiful Trauma Tour to reduce its environmental footprint and empower fans to support her work with UNICEF and No Kid Hungry. Pink was awarded the "People's Champion Award" at the 2019 People's Choice Awards for her work with a number of organizations. Endorsements and other ventures Bally Total Fitness announced an endorsement deal with Pink in 2002, which included a hip-hop aerobics class dubbed "Get Your Body Started". In return, the fitness company served as the sponsor for The Party Tour and hosted several "Pink Parties", where dance competition contestants received Pink-related prizes. The singer also partnered with NBA Entertainment and recorded a musical spot for "Get the Party Started (NBA remix)" which promoted the league. In August 2006, Pink recorded "Waiting All Day for Sunday Night", which served as the opening theme for Sunday Night NFL until 2016. The song is a rework of Joan Jett's "I Hate Myself for Loving You". In 2004, Pink appeared in a Gladiator-themed Pepsi commercial with Britney Spears, Beyoncé and Enrique Iglesias. Sony Computer Entertainment Europe announced a collaboration with Pink in 2006, which included a limited edition "P!nk PSP Value Pack". PSP Senior Brand Manager for SCEE Stephane Hareau stated: "The P!nk PSP launch is much more than just launching a new colour. It is about a confident and powerful attitude for young women. The association with P!nk, a worldwide icon and musical chameleon, will enable PSP to push new boundaries." On April 3, 2009, Optus announced a Pre-Paid mobile campaign with the singer. The following year, Pink fronted a multi-million dollar TV campaign for V8 Supercars Australia. She served as their ambassador until 2012. In August 2012, Pink became a spokesmodel for CoverGirl, featuring in a fall 2013 advertising campaign themed "beauty with an edge". In 2013, Pink purchased an 18-acre organic vineyard in Santa Barbara County. Five years later she launched her own brand of wine called "Two Wolves". Though a high-school dropout, the singer took winemaking courses at the University of California and Wine & Spirit Education Trust. Two Wolves makes different types of wine, including graciano, syrah, sauvignon blanc, and others. The wine can be tasted in different restaurants across the United States and Australia. In January 2023, the singer partnered with Pfizer and recorded a commercial alongside Questlove, Jean Smart, and Michael Phelps to emphasize the importance of acting fast after testing positive for COVID-19. Legacy Pink has been credited for breaking boundaries and pushing the envelope throughout her career. She is regarded as the "most trailblazing artist" of her pop generation. Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times says, "Pink stood up for her music, broke the music industry's mold and scored a breakout hit, challenging a school of teen singers to find their own sounds as well." He adds, "[Pink] also started a race among other teen pop stars like Christina Aguilera to add substance to their own sound." Ann Powers refers to her as a "powerhouse vocalist", stating her mix of rebellion, emotional rawness, humor, and "infectious" dance beats created "a model for the mashup approach of latter-day divas such as Katy Perry, Kesha, and Rihanna." Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone commented: "I think people respond to her sense of independence and dedication. It inspires people... This is a prolific pop artist who is sometimes famous and successful, sometimes obscure, who nonetheless keeps making her own kind of music." James Montgomery of MTV describes her as "a fabulously fearless pop artist" who can "out-sing almost anyone out there. She can out-crazy Gaga or Lily. She's the total pop-star package, everything you'd want in a singer/entertainer/icon. And still, she remains oddly off the radar. Such is the price of busting borders". Entertainment Weekly said: "She essentially invented the whole modern wave of Pop Diva Domination: You can draw a straight line from "Get This Party Started" to Katy Perry, Kesha, pre-messianic Lady Gaga, and post-weird Rihanna." Glamour Magazine wrote: "When Pennsylvania-born Alecia Moore debuted in 2000, pop was dominated by long-locked blonds like Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and Jessica Simpson. Pink changed the game. Without her, the last 13 years of big-voiced, tough chick music is hard to imagine." Following her performance at the American Music Awards of 2012, LZ Granderson of CNN wrote: our culture's biggest sin may well be the auto-tuned syrup we've allowed to dominate the pop charts. All-time chart records are handed to vacuous acts such as the Black Eyed Peas and singing awards are given to vocal lightweights such as Taylor Swift [...] But thank God for Pink. [...] While Christina Aguilera has a tendency to oversing, Britney Spears can't sing, and Lauryn Hill sorta stopped singing, Pink has managed to carve a brilliant 13-year career by being something that is incredibly rare these days—an artist. British soul singer Adele considers Pink's performance at Brixton Academy in London one of "the most defining moments" in her life, saying, "It was the Missundaztood record, so I was about 13 or 14. I had never heard, being in the room, someone sing like that live. I remember sort of feeling like I was in a wind tunnel, her voice just hitting me. It was incredible." Pink's work has inspired many other artists, including Christina Aguilera, Demi Lovato, Kelly Clarkson, Katy Perry, Tegan and Sara, Ashley Tisdale, Alessia Cara, Victoria Justice, Adele, Julia Michaels, Ben Hopkins of Pwr Bttm Dua Lipa, Bebe Rexha, Halsey, Anne Marie, Kehlani, and Daya. Personal life Pink met professional motocross racer Carey Hart at the 2001 X Games in Philadelphia. Following a brief separation in 2003, Pink proposed to Hart in June 2005 during a Mammoth Lakes motocross race; she was "assisting" in his race and wrote "Will U Marry Me?" on a pit board. He either did not notice or ignored it, and continued on for another lap. Then Pink added "Serious!" to the board and he pulled off the track to accept. She then made him finish the race. They married in Costa Rica on January 7, 2006. After months of speculation, Pink announced in February 2008 that she and Hart had separated. Hart subsequently appeared in the video for her 2008 song "So What", which deals with their separation. The couple sought marriage counseling during their separation in hopes of reconciliation. In February 2010, Pink confirmed that she and Hart were back together. Hart also appears with Pink in the videos for her songs "Just Like a Pill" (from her 2001 album M!ssundaztood), "So What" (from her 2008 album Funhouse), "Just Give Me a Reason", "True Love" (both from her 2012 album The Truth About Love), "Just Like Fire" (from the soundtrack to the 2016 film Alice Through the Looking Glass), "90 Days" (from her 2019 album Hurts 2B Human) and "All I Know So Far" (from her 2021 live album All I Know So Far: Setlist). In November 2010, Pink announced on The Ellen DeGeneres Show that she and Hart were expecting their first child. In June 2011, she gave birth to their daughter. In December 2016, she gave birth to their second child, a son. Pink is a supporter of attachment parenting. In 2010, she appeared on Forbes "The Celebrity 100" list at number 27, with earnings of $44 million. In 2011, she appeared on Forbes The Top-Earning Women in Music list at number 6 with earnings of $22 million, with an average of $1 million per show on the road. In 2009, Billboard put her number 6 on their "Money Makers" list, listing her earnings as $36,347,658. In 2013, she appeared on Forbes list of "Highest Paid Musicians", with earnings of $32 million. In 2018, she appeared on Forbes list of "Highest Paid Female Celebrities", with earnings of $52 million. On April 4, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Pink announced that she and her three-year-old son, Jameson, showed symptoms for COVID-19 and she subsequently tested positive, but fully recovered. She also announced donations of $500,000 each to the Temple University Hospital Fund in Philadelphia, where her mother worked for nearly two decades, and the City of Los Angeles Mayor's Emergency COVID-19 Crisis Fund. She has had asthma her whole life, and the initial days of fighting the virus exacerbated her condition. In 2019, Pink revealed to Carson Daly that she struggles with anxiety and depression. The singer had a miscarriage at 17 years old. Awards and achievements Pink has won over 100 awards, including three Grammy Awards, two Brit Awards (including Outstanding Contribution to Music), a Daytime Emmy Award and seven MTV Video Music Awards (including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Billboard named her Woman of the Year in 2013. Pink received the BMI President's Award for "her outstanding achievement in songwriting and global impact on pop culture and the entertainment industry." In 2019, the singer received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She was also named as Pollstar's 2019 Artist of the Year. Following the success of The Beautiful Trauma Tour, Pink accepted the Legend of Live Award at the Billboard Live Music Summit. Three years later, Pink received the Icon Award at the Billboard Music Awards. In 2023, iHeartRadio Music Awards awarded the singer with the Icon Award to recognize her "impact on pop culture, longevity and continued relevance as a touring and radio force with a loyal fan base worldwide." She was also honored by the Songwriters of North America for her achievement in the industry and her activism efforts. According to Nielsen SoundScan, Pink's record sales stand at 16 million copies in the United States. Pink has sold over 60 million albums and 75 million singles worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling music artists. Billboard included the singer in its list of Greatest of All Time Pop Songs Artists (2018) at number two and named her one of the 100 most successful artists of the 2010s by including her in its Top Artists of the 2010s Chart (2019). Billboard also added her sophomore album Missundaztood in the Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums (2015) list at number 157. PPL announced in 2021, that Pink was the most-played female artist of the 21st century in the United Kingdom. Discography Can't Take Me Home (2000) Missundaztood (2001) Try This (2003) I'm Not Dead (2006) Funhouse (2008) The Truth About Love (2012) Beautiful Trauma (2017) Hurts 2B Human (2019) Trustfall (2023) Filmography Tours Party Tour (2002) Try This Tour (2004) I'm Not Dead Tour (2006–2007) Funhouse Tour (2009) The Funhouse Summer Carnival (2010) The Truth About Love Tour (2013–2014) Beautiful Trauma World Tour (2018–2019) Summer Carnival (2023–2024) Trustfall Tour (2023) See also List of animal rights advocates References Further reading External links 1979 births Living people 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Activists from Philadelphia Actresses from Philadelphia American child singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American mezzo-sopranos American women pop singers American women rock singers American feminists American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American pop rock singers American soul singers American women writers ARIA Award winners Arista Records artists Brit Award winners Feminist musicians Grammy Award winners Jewish American musicians Jewish singers Jive Records artists American LGBT rights activists MTV Europe Music Award winners MTV Video Music Award winners Singers from Philadelphia People from Doylestown, Pennsylvania RCA Records artists Songwriters from Pennsylvania World Music Awards winners Writers from Philadelphia You+Me members
204655	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%20%28%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%29	ტასიუსაკი (კაასუიტსუპი)	ტასიუსაკი (კაასუიტსუპი) ტასიუსაკი — დასახლება დასავლეთ გრენლანდიაში, კაასუიტსუპის მუნიციპალიტეტში. 2010 წლის მონაცემებით მოსახლეობა შეადგენს 248 კაცს. გრენლანდიის დასახლებული პუნქტები
14787	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90	სოჰეი იმამურა	სოჰეი იმამურა (დ. 15 სექტემბერი, 1926, ტოკიო — გ. 30 მაისი, 2006, იქვე) — იაპონელი რეჟისორი და სცენარის ავტორი. პირველი იაპონელი რეჟისორი, რომელმაც ოქროს პალმის რტო მოიგო. რესურსები ინტერნეტში სოჰეი იმამურა — იაპონური კინოფილმების მონაცემთა ბაზაში იაპონელი კინორეჟისორები დაბადებული 15 სექტემბერი დაბადებული 1926 გარდაცვლილი 30 მაისი გარდაცვლილი 2006
465890	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%20%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94	გურამ გურგენიძე	გურამ გურგენიძე გურამ ვლადიმერის ძე გურგენიძე (დ. 30 ნოემბერი, 1929, თბილისი, — გ. 7 იანვარი, 2003, იქვე) — ქართველი ექიმი, ალერგოლოგი, საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის წევრ-კორესპონდენტი (1996). მედიცინის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი (1961), პროფესორი (1966), საქართველოს მეცნიერების დამსახურებული მოღვაწე (1982), სსრკ მედიცინის მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის წევრ-კორესპონდენტი (1988), საქართველოს მედიცინის მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის წევრი (1995). დაამთავრა თბილისის სახელმწიფო სამედიცინო ინსტიტუტი (1954). 1963–1974 წლებში იყო სამედიცინო ინსტიტუტის ჰოსპიტალური თერაპიის კათედრის პროფესორი და ალერგოლოგიის კურსის ხელმძღვანელი; 1974 წლიდან — იყო მისივე თაოსნობით სსრკ-ში პირველად ჩამოყალიბებული ალერგოლოგიის კათედრის, ხოლო 1978 წლიდან — ა. ნათიშვილის სახელობის ექსპერიმენტული მორფოლოგიის ინსტიტუტის ალერგოლოგიის განყოფილების გამგე და რესპუბლიკის ალერგოლოგიური ცენტრის ხელმძღვანელი; 1975–1986 წლებში — თბილისის სახელმწიფო სამედიცინო ინსტიტუტი პრორექტორი სასწავლო დარგში; 1970–1980 წლებში — თბილისის ალერგოლოგთა ასოციაციის, ხოლო 1980 წლიდან — საქართველოს ალერგოლოგთა სამეცნიერო საზოგადოების თავმჯდომარე; 1990 წლიდან — საქართველოს ალერგოლოგთა ასოციაციის პრეზიდენტი. აქვს შრომები ალერგიულ დაავადებათა ეტიოპათოგენეზის, კლინიკის, მკურნალობისა და პროფილაქტიკის, ბრონქული ასთმის ცალკეული კლინიკური ფორმის იმუნოლოგიური თავისებურებების და მკურნალობის მეთოდების შესახებ. დაჯილდოებულია ღირსების ორდენით (1998). ბიბლიოგრაფია კვებითი ალერგია, თბ., 1980 (თანაავტ. კ. კაველაძე); Материалы к патогенезу бронхиальной астмы, Тб., 1960; Аллергология, Тб., 1987. ლიტერატურა დაბადებული 30 ნოემბერი დაბადებული 1929 გარდაცვლილი 7 იანვარი გარდაცვლილი 2003 თბილისში დაბადებულები თბილისის სახელმწიფო სამედიცინო ინსტიტუტის კურსდამთავრებულები საქართველოს ღირსების ორდენის კავალრები საქართველოს სსრ-ის მეცნიერების დამსახურებული მოღვაწეები ქართველი ალერგოლოგები
467617	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%20%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98	შემარ მური	შემარ მური შემარ ფრენკლინ მური (დ. 20 აპრილი, 1970) — ამერიკელი მსახიობი და მოდელი. 1994 წლიდან 2005 წლამდე, მალკოლმ უინტერსის როლს თამაშობდა „ახალგაზრდა და მოუსვენარში“, 2005 წლიდან 2016 წლამდე დეტექტიურ ტელესერიალში, „კრიმინალურ აზროვნებაში“ ასრულებდა დერეკ მორგანის როლს. 1999 წლიდან 2003 წლამდე მასპინძლობდა ამერიკულ სატელევიზიო პროგრამა „Soul Train“-ს. 2002– 2003 წლებში ამერიკულ სამეცნიერო ფანტასტიკურ ტელესერიალ „მტაცებელ ფრინველებში“ რეგულარულად იღებდა მონაწილეობას. 2017 წელს ტელესერიალ „S.W.A.T“-ში თამაშობდა მთავარ როლს. რესურსები ინტერნეტში შემარ მურის ბიოგრაფია შემარ მური – IMBD-ზე ამერიკელი მსახიობები ამერიკელი მოდელები დაბადებული 1970 დაბადებული 20 აპრილი
293945	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98	ჰალავარი	ჰალავარი — სოფელი სომხეთში, ლორეს პროვინციაში. მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან 1 650 მეტრზე. 2007 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 167 ადამიანს შეადგენდა, სიმჭიდროვე 4.9 ადამიანი კმ²-ზე. ფართობი 34.3 კმ²-ია. რესურსები ინტერნეტში ჰალავარი სომხეთის მოსახლეობის 2001 წლის აღწერის მონაცემები ლორეს პროვინციის სოფლები
2350409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichogramma	Trichogramma	Trichogramma is a genus of minute polyphagous wasps that are endoparasitoids of insect eggs. Trichogramma is one of around 80 genera from the family Trichogrammatidae, with over 200 species worldwide. Although several groups of egg parasitoids are commonly employed for biological control throughout the world, Trichogramma spp. have been the most extensively studied. More than a thousand papers have been published on Trichogramma species, and they are the most used biological control agents in the world. Trichogramma spp. are also of interest in neuroscience research, having fewer than 10,000 neurons, approaching the theoretical lower limit of the size of an insect brain, yet exhibiting complex behaviors to sustain their lives. Sensation Trichogramma have highly developed chemosensory organs due to their need to discriminate host from nonhost in a crowded environment. Zhang et al. 1979 finds 13 sensilla types on the antennae, eyes, mouthparts, wing, leg, and external genitalia of T. dendrolimi. This is considered to generalize to the entire genus, and there may be more still undiscovered. Parasitism To locate host eggs, adult females use chemical and visual signals, such as egg shape and colour. After she finds a suitable egg, an experienced female attempts to determine if the egg has previously been parasitized, using her ovipositor and antennal drumming (tapping on the egg surface). Females also use antennal drumming to determine the size and quality of the target egg, which determines the number of eggs the female will insert. A single female can parasitize up to 10 host eggs a day. Identification Trichogramma wasps are small and very uniform in structure, which causes difficulty in identifying the separate species. As females are all relatively similar, taxonomists rely upon examination of males to tell the different species apart, using features of their antennae and genitalia. The first description of a Trichogramma species was in North America in 1871, by Charles V. Riley. He described the tiny wasps that emerged from eggs of the viceroy butterfly as Trichogramma minutum. In taxonomy, original specimens are very important, as they are the basis of reference for subsequent descriptions of species. The original specimens, however, were lost. Riley also described a second species in 1879 as Trichogramma pretiosum, but these specimens were also lost. To correct these errors, entomologists returned to the areas where Riley originally found the species and obtained neotype specimens of T. minutum and T. pretiosum. These specimens are now preserved properly in the United States National Museum. Currently, the number of Trichogramma species is over 200, but as of 1960, only some 40 species of Trichogramma had been described. Wolbachia in Trichogramma Wolbachia is a widespread bacterial genus that infects insects' organs, most commonly the reproductive organs. Wolbachia has been observed to alter the host's reproductive success upon infection. Through a series of manipulations, Wolbachia-infected hosts transmit this intracellular bacterium to uninfected individuals. These manipulations include male killing (increasing ratio of infected females that can reproduce), feminization (males become fertile females), parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Horizontal transfer of parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia, which has been observed in Trichogramma wasps, causes infected females to asexually produce fertile females and nonfunctional males. The effects of this include potential speciation of Trichogramma, if Wolbachia is maintained long enough for genetic divergence to occur and for a new species of asexual wasps to become reproductively isolated. Transmission of the bacterium through horizontal transfer has been observed within the same species and among different species of Trichogramma, including T. kaykai, T. deion, T. pretiosum, and T. atopovirilia; however, limitations to transmission exist. In vitro successful horizontal transfer is uncommon within Trichogramma, which suggests that the density of Wolbachia must be relatively high inside of the hosts' ovaries. Cytoplasmic incompatibility of the host and bacterium can also be the source of this unsuccessful transfer in-vitro. These limitations in vitro suggest that in nature, horizontal transfer by parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia may be a difficult and rare phenomenon. However, when looking at the Wolbachia-host associations, the Trichogramma-Wolbachia form a monophyletic group based on several Wolbachia-specific genes, which may be explained by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia between different species. Therefore, although interspecific horizontal transfer of Wolbachia is limited in vitro, it is likely to occur quite frequently in nature and is not well understood yet. The effects of Wolbachia in Trichogramma have several evolutionary implications. Commonly, uninfected wasps are unable to breed with infected wasps. Many generations of reproductive isolation of these different groups may result in speciation. In addition, some hosts can evolve with a dependency on Wolbachia for core reproductive functions, such as oogenesis, so that eventually an infection is a requirement for successful reproduction. Finally, Wolbachia can influence gender determination in its hosts so that more females are successfully born. This results in a reversal in sexual selection, where females must compete for male mates, which has evolutionary implications as it exposes different phenotypes to natural selection. Biological control Trichogramma spp. have been used for control of lepidopteran pests for many years. They can be considered the Drosophila of the parasitoid world, as they have been used for inundative releases and much understanding today comes from experiments with these wasps. Entomologists in the early 1900s began to rear Trichogramma spp. for biological control. T. minutum is one of the most commonly found species in Europe and was first mass reared in 1926 on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella. T. minutum has been investigated as a method of biological control of the Choristoneura fumiferana, a major pest of spruce and fir forests. Nine species of Trichogramma are produced commercially in insectaries around the world, with 30 countries releasing them. Trichogramma wasps are used for control on numerous crops and plants; these include cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, sugarbeets, orchards, and forests. Some of the pests controlled include cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), codling moth (Cydia pomonella), lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Trichogramma species vary in their host specificity. This can lead to nontarget hosts being parasitized. This, in turn, can cause problems by reducing the amount of parasitism of the target host, and depending on the rate of parasitism, nontarget effects could be significant on nontarget host populations. Research is being done on the use of Trichogramma wasps to control populations of spruce bud moth (Zeiraphera canadensis), which damages white spruce trees. Trichogramma began to be seriously used in the 1990s in China. Since then some applications have fallen out of use due to the rise of Bt crops because Bt is also toxic to the parasitoid. Future expansion of Bt in China is expected, and this threatens some uses of Trichogramma, however for some crops/pests it remains the better option and so is expected to continue instead of expanded Bt in those applications. Trichogramma will be especially necessary for resistance management if Bt maize/Bt corn is widely adopted. In 2021 the National Trust in England embarked on a trial of using Trichogramma evanescens, which parasitises clothes moth eggs, in conjunction with pheromones to control common clothes moths, which cause serious damage to carpets, furniture, clothing and other wool and silk objects in historic buildings. The trial was abandoned in 2023; while the microwasps performed well at reducing moth populations in combination with pheromones, they were no better than pheromones alone. Species used The most commonly used species for biological control are T. atopovirilia, T. brevicapillum, T. deion, T. exiguum, T. fuentesi, T. minutum, T. nubilale, T. platneri, T. pretiosum, and T. thalense. T. pretiosum T. pretiosum is the most widely distributed species in North America. It is a more generalized parasitoid, able to parasitise a range of different species. It has been the focus of many research studies and has been successfully reared on 18 genera of Lepidoptera. T. pretiosum was introduced into Australia in the 1970s as part of the Ord River Irrigation Area IPM scheme. T. carverae Trichogramma carverae is mainly used for light brown apple moth and codling moth control, and is predominately used in orchards.<ref name=llewellyn>Llewellyn R (2002) The good bug book: beneficial organisms commercially available in Australia and New Zealand for biological pest control.' (Integrated Pest Management Pty Ltd).</ref> In Australia, T. carverae is used for biological control of light brown apple moth in vineyards. Though Australia has its own native Trichogramma species, not much work has been undertaken to use them commercially for biological control within Australia. Light brown apple moth is common throughout Australia and is polyphagous on more than 80 native and introduced species. The larvae cause the most damage, especially to grape berries, as their feeding provides sites for bunch rot to occur. Losses in the crops can amount up to $2000/ha in one season. It is very predominant in areas such as the Yarra Valley. Insecticide use is not a choice method for most growers, who prefer a more natural means of controlling pests. As a result, Trichogramma'' wasps were considered a good candidate for biological control, even more so as the moth larvae are difficult to control with insecticide. Moreover, light brown apple moths are relatively vulnerable to egg parasitism, with their eggs being laid in masses of 20–50 on the upper surfaces of basal leaves in grapevines. Species List of Trichogramma species References External links Biocontrol-oriented Trichogramma Manual Trichogramma Article Trichogramma dropping by drones Trichogrammatidae Insects used as insect pest control agents Biological pest control wasps Hymenoptera genera
366621	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%20%28%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%29	სენ-ლუი (სეიშელის კუნძულები)	სენ-ლუი (სეიშელის კუნძულები) სენ-ლუი — სეიშელის კუნძულების ერთ-ერთი რაიონი, მდებარეობს კუნძულ მაეზე. ტერიტორიის მიხედვით იგი ქვეყნის ყველაზე პატარა ოლქია, მაგრამ მოსახლეობის სიმჭიდროვის მიხედვით დგას პირველ ადგილზე. სქოლიო სეიშელის კუნძულების ოლქები
2855	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98	მერწყულის თანავარსკვლავედი	მერწყულის თანავარსკვლავედი — ზოდიაქოს ერთ-ერთი თანავარსკვლავედი. მასში ყველაზე ბრწყინვალე ვარსკვლავი 2,9 ვიზუალური ვარსკვლავიერი სიდიდისაა. ხილვადობის საუკეთესო პირობებია აგვისტო-სექტემბერში. ჩანს ყოფილი სსრკ ცენტრალური და სამხრეთი რაიონებიდან, მათ შორის საქართველოდანაც. ლიტერატურა თანავარსკვლავედები ეკვატორთან მდებარე თანავარსკვლავედები
513163	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90	ვეგილიას-დე-ლა-სიერა	ვეგილიას-დე-ლა-სიერა — მუნიციპალიტეტი ესპანეთში, შედის არაგონის ავტონომიური გაერთიანების ტერუელის პროვინციის ტერუელის კომარკის შემადგენლობაში. ფართობი — 13,667385 კმ². მოსახლეობა — 21 კაცი (2020 წ.). იხილეთ აგრეთვე ტერუელის მუნიციპალიტეტები რესურსები ინტერნეტში Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa - ვეგილიას-დე-ლა-სიერა სქოლიო ტერუელის მუნიციპალიტეტები
236594	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98	იკაპუი	იკაპუი — ქალაქი და მუნიციპალიტეტი ბრაზილიაში, სეარის შტატში. მდებარეობს ქვეყნის ჩრდილო-აღმოსავლეთ რეგიონში. მიეკუთვნება ჟაგუარიბის მეზორეგიონს. 2010 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 18 393 ადამიანს შეადგენდა. ფართობი 428.688 კმ²-ია. მოსახლეობის სიმჭიდროვე 42.91 კმ²-ზე. რესურსები ინტერნეტში ბრაზილიის გეოგრაფიისა და სტატისტიკის ინსტიტუტი , მოსახლეობის აღწერის მონაცემები სეარის შტატის მუნიციპალიტეტები
354433	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98	ყაჯარი	ყაჯარი — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, ფუზულის რაიონში. რესურსები ინტერნეტში ფუზულის რაიონის სოფლები
9052243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20krait	Sea krait	Sea kraits are a genus of venomous elapid sea snakes (subfamily: Laticaudinae), Laticauda. They are semiaquatic, and retain the wide ventral scales typical of terrestrial snakes for moving on land, but also have paddle-shaped tails for swimming. Unlike fully aquatic ovoviviparous sea snakes, sea kraits are oviparous and must come to land to digest prey and lay eggs. They also have independent evolutionary origins into aquatic habitats, with sea kraits diverging earlier from other Australasian elapids. Thus, sea kraits and sea snakes are an example of convergent evolution into aquatic habitats within the Hydrophiinae snakes. Sea kraits are also often confused with land kraits (genus Bungarus), which are not aquatic. Description Sea kraits are semiaquatic, so have morphological adaptations to both land and sea. Laticauda species show traits intermediate between those of sea snakes and terrestrial elapids. They have a vertically flattened and paddle-shaped tail (similar to sea snakes) and laterally positioned nostrils and broad, laterally expanded ventral scales (similar to terrestrial elapids). Their body has a striped pattern, nasal scales are separated by inter-nasals scales, and the maxillary bone extends forwards beyond the palatine bone. Members of Laticauda can grow to long. Location Laticauda species are found throughout the South and Southeast Asian islands spreading from India in the west, north as far as Japan, and southeast to Fiji. The species occasionally wanders south to the Eastern coast of Australia and New Zealand (Laticauda colubrina being the most common example in New Zealand), however no known locally breeding populations are known to exist in these areas. Sea kraits typically live in the littoral zone of coastal waters and are semi-terrestrial, spending time ashore and in shallow waters, as well as around coral reefs. Diet Laticauda species feed in the ocean, mostly eating moray and conger eels, and some squid, crabs, and fish. They have never been observed feeding on land. Behavior Laticauda species are often active at night, which is when they prefer to hunt. Though they possess highly toxic venom, these snakes are usually shy and reclusive, and in New Caledonia, where they are called tricot rayé ("stripey sweater"), children play with them. Bites are rare, but must be treated immediately. Bites are more likely to occur under low light conditions (night), and when the snake is roughly handled (e.g. grabbed "hard") while in the water, or having been abruptly taken from the water. When these snakes are on land, bites are extremely rare. Black-banded sea kraits, numbering in the hundreds, form hunting alliances with yellow goatfish and bluefin trevally, flushing potential prey from narrow crannies in a reef the same way some moray eels do. Sea kraits are capable of diving up to 80 m deep in a single hunting trip. They have a remarkable ability to climb up vertical rocks of their coastal limestone habitats. Breeding Laticauda females are oviparous, and they return to land to mate and lay eggs. Several males form a mating ball around the female, twitching their bodies in what is termed "caudocephalic waves". Though these animals can occur in high densities in suitable locations, nests of eggs are very rarely encountered, suggesting specific nesting conditions need to be met. Species and taxonomy Eight species are currently recognised as being valid. Laticauda colubrina – yellow-lipped sea krait Laticauda crockeri – Crocker's sea snake Laticauda frontalis Laticauda guineai – Guinea's sea krait Laticauda laticaudata – blue-lipped sea krait Laticauda saintgironsi – New Caledonian sea krait Laticauda schistorhyncha – katuali or Niue sea krait Laticauda semifasciata – black-banded sea krait The species L. schistorhyncha and L. semifasciata have been placed in the genus Pseudolaticauda by some authors. Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Laticauda. Parasites Sea snakes can have parasitic ticks, occasionally with heavy infestations. References Further reading Laurenti JN (1768). Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum. Vienna: "Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern". 214 pp. + Plates I-V. (Laticauda, new genus, p. 109). (in Latin). External links Sea krait slithering on coastal rocks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAe69AlIvR4 Laticauda Sea snakes Snake genera Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
507622	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98	კონსუმერიზმი	კონსუმერიზმი — სოციალური და ეკონომიკური წესრიგი, რომელიც მომხმარებელს სულ უფრო მეტი რაოდენობით პროდუქციისა და სერვისის შეძენისკენ უბიძგებს. კონსუმერიზმმა XX საუკუნეში ინდუსტრიულ რევოლუციასთან ერთად დაიწყო ზრდა, როცა მასობრივი წარმოება ზედმეტ, საჭიროზე მეტის წარმოებად იქცა, მომხმარებლის რეალური საჭიროების გაუთვალისწინებლად გაიზარდა პროდუქციის რაოდენობა და კომპანიებმა მომხმარებლის ხარჯვითი ქმედებების მანიპულირების მიზნით მიმართეს რეკლამასა და პროდუქციის დაგეგმილ მოძველებას. 1899 წელს თორსტეინ ვებლენმა გამოაქვეყნა წიგნი კონსუმერიზმის შესახებ „უსაქმური კლასის თეორია“, რომელიც იკვლევს, თუ როგორ მოერგნენ ეკონომიკური ინსტიტუციები XX საუკუნის დასაწყისში გამოჩენილ „თავისუფალი დროის“ ფენომენს. წიგნში ვებლენი ასახავს უსაქმური კლასის ხარჯვით ჩვევებს, რომელიც ძირითადად მყიდველის მიერ საკუთარი პრესტიჟის და სტატუსის წარმოჩენას ემსახურება და არაა დაკავშირებული პროდუქციის ფუნქციასთან და საჭიროებასთან. ეკონომიკაში კონსუმერიზმი, აბსტრაქტული გაგებით, არის იმის მიჩნევა, რომ მომხმარებლის თავისუფალი არჩევანი უნდა იყოს ძლიერი ორიენტირი მწარმოებლისთვის იმის გადაწყვეტაში, თუ რისი და რა სახის წარმოება უნდა მოხდეს, რაც თავის მხრივ საზოგადოების ეკონომიკური ორგანიზების ორიენტირი ხდება. კონსუმერიზმი ფართო კრიტიკის საგანია, როგორც იმ ინდივიდთა მიერ, რომლებიც ეკონომიკაში მონაწილეობის განსხვავებულ გზებს ირჩევენ (როგორიცაა მარტივი ან ნელი ცხოვრება), ასევე ექსპერტთა მიერ, რომლებიც მსოფლიოზე თანამედროვე კაპიტალიზმის ეფექტებს აფასებენ. ექსპერტები ხშირად ხაზს უსვამენ კავშირს კონსუმერიზმსა და ისეთ პრობლემებს შორის, როგორებიცაა ზრდის იმპერატივი და ზემოხმარება, რასაც გარემოზე უარყოფითი ზეგავლენა აქვს, მათ შორისაა პირდაპირი ეფექტები, როგორიცაა ბუნებრივი რესურსების ზედმეტი მოხმარება და ერთჯერადი პროდუქტების დიდი რაოდენობის გამოყენება და ზოგადი, ფართო ეფექტები, როგორიცაა კლიმატის ცვლილება. არაერთი კვლევა და კრიტიკა ხაზს უსვანს კონსუმერიზმის სოციოლოგიურ ეფექტებს, როგორებიცაა კლასობრივი ბარიერების გამყარება და უთანასწორობის წარმოქმნა. რესურსები ინტერნეტში კონსუმერიზმი სქოლიო ეკონომიკური იდეოლოგიები ეკონომიკური სოციოლოგია
54402088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya%20Malyarchuk	Tanya Malyarchuk	Tanya Malyarchuk Tetiana "Tania" Volodymyrivna Maliarchuk (born 1983 in Ivano-Frankivsk) is a Ukrainian-born author who writes in both Ukrainian and, more recently, German. Career Tania Maliarchuk began with several volumes of short stories and novellas: Adolfo's Endspiel, or A Rose for Liza (2004), From Top to Bottom: A Book of Fears (2006), How I Became a Saint (2006), To Speak (2007), and Zviroslov (2009). Her first novel, Biography of an Accidental Miracle, was published in 2012. Maliarchuk has been writing in German since 2014. In 2018 she won the Ingeborg Bachmann Award for Frösche im Meer (Frogs in the Sea), an unpublished text she read at the Festival of German-Language Literature. Her Ukrainian work has been translated into German since 2009 (Neunprozentiger Haushaltsessing, Biografie eines zufälligen Wunders, both by Residenz Verlag). Some has also been translated into English. The short story "Me and My Sacred Cow" was published in Best European Fiction 2013, edited by Aleksandar Hemon. Tania Maliarchuk lives in Vienna. Awards 2013 — "Kristal Vilenica-2013" (Slovenia) 2013 – Joseph Conrad-Korzeniowski Literary Award 2016 – BBC Ukrainian's Book of the Year 2016 Award 2018 — Ingeborg Bachmann Award References 1983 births Living people Ukrainian women writers Ingeborg Bachmann Prize winners
19522352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri%20Tatanashvili	Dimitri Tatanashvili	Dimitri Tatanashvili (born 19 October 1983) is a Georgian football player who plays for FC Shukura Kobuleti. International career Tatanashvili has made one appearance for the Georgia national football team, a friendly against Azerbaijan on 12 September 2007. References External links UEFA profile Men's footballers from Georgia (country) Expatriate men's footballers from Georgia (country) Living people 1983 births Georgia (country) men's international footballers FC Tskhinvali players FC Ameri Tbilisi players FC Viktoria Plzeň players SK Kladno players FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia players FC Dinamo Tbilisi players FC Metalurgi Rustavi players FC Chikhura Sachkhere players FC Zestafoni players FC Dinamo Batumi players FC Sioni Bolnisi players FC Saburtalo Tbilisi players FC Kakheti Telavi players FC Shukura Kobuleti players Men's association football forwards Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine Expatriate sportspeople from Georgia (country) in the Czech Republic Expatriate sportspeople from Georgia (country) in Ukraine Footballers from Tbilisi
60941	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%20%28%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%29	მანიტობა (მრავალმნიშვნელოვანი)	მანიტობა (მრავალმნიშვნელოვანი) მანიტობა შეიძლება აღნიშნავდეს: მანიტობა — პროვინცია კანადაში; მანიტობა — ტბა კანადაში.
554847	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%20%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98	ლევ დუროვი	ლევ დუროვი (დ. 23 დეკემბერი, 1931, მოსკოვი — გ. 20 აგვისტო, 2015, იქვე) — საბჭოთა და რუსი თეატრისა და კინოს მსახიობი, თეატრის რეჟისორი, პედაგოგი, პუბლიცისტი. სსრკ სახალხო არტისტი (1990). ფილმოგრაფია ჯილდოები და აღიარება 1974 — რსფსრ დამსახურებული არტისტი 1982 — რსფსრ სახალხო არტისტი 1990 — სსრკ სახალხო არტისტი 2002 — ორდენი „სანშობლოს წინაშე დამსახურებისთვის“ (IV ხარისხის) 2011 — ორდენი „სანშობლოს წინაშე დამსახურებისთვის“ (III ხარისხის) რესურსები ინტერნეტში დაბადებული 23 დეკემბერი დაბადებული 1931 გარდაცვლილი 20 აგვისტო გარდაცვლილი 2015 საბჭოთა მსახიობები XX საუკუნის მამაკაცი მსახიობები XXI საუკუნის მამაკაცი მსახიობები III ხარისხის მამულის წინაშე დამსახურებისათვის ორდენის კავალრები IV ხარისხის მამულის წინაშე დამსახურებისათვის ორდენის კავალრები რუსეთის მეგობრობის ორდენის კავალრები შრომის ვეტერანის მედლით დაჯილდოებულები სსრკ-ის სახალხო არტისტები ნოვოდევიჩიეს სასაფლაოზე დაკრძალულები
307827	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98	ლიუბლიანის ჭაობი	ლიუბლიანის ჭაობი — ჭაობიანი მასივი ცენტრალურ სლოვენიაში. მდებარეობს ქალაქ ლიუბლიანიდან სამხრეთით. ჭაობის ფართობია 163 კმ², რაც სლოვენიის ტერიტორიის 0,8 %-ია. ჭაობების ტერიტორიაზე მოსახლეობის დასახლების კვალი ჩანს ათასობით წლის წინ. 2002 წელს აქ აღმოაჩინეს მსოფლიოში ყველაზე ძველი ხის ბორბალი, რომლის ასაკიც 5 000 წელია. ეს ისტორიამდელი ნამოსახლარები 2011 წელს შეიტანეს იუნესკოს მსოფლიო მემკვიდრეობის სიაში. რესურსები ინტერნეტში ლიუბლიანის ჭაობი ლიუბლიანის ჭაობის რუკა სქოლიო სლოვენიის გეოგრაფია
347638	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%20%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98	ტიმოთე ლირი	ტიმოთე ლირი ტიმოთე ფრენსის ლირი (დ. 22 ოქტომბერი, 1920 — გ. 31 მაისი, 1996) — ამერიკელი მწერალი, ფსიქოლოგი, ფსიქოდელიური პრეპარატების შემსწავლელი კომისიის წევრი, პროგრამული უსაფრთხოების შემმუშავებელი. ბიოგრაფია დაიბადა სპრინგფილდში (მასაჩუსეტსი) 1920 წლის 22 ოქტომბერს. უმაღლესი განათლება მიიღო ალაბამის უნივერსიტეტში, ბერკლში. 1960 წლიდან კითხულობდა ლექციებს ჰარვარდში. 1957 წელს შექმნა ფსიქოდიაგნოსტიკური მეთოდიკა „ლირის პიროვნებათშორის ურთიერთობათა ტესტი“, რომელსაც დღემდე მოიხმარს აშშ სპეცსამსახურები. სკანდალური პოპულარობა ლირს მოუტანა ფსიქოდელიური პრეპარატების ზემოქმედების შესწავლამ ადამიანის ფსიქიკასა და ნერვიულ სისტემაზე. მისი კვლევა დაემთხვა ფსიქოდელიკების აკრძალვის (უპირველესყოვლისა ლსდ-25) პერიოდში. საჭირო გახდა ექსპერიმენტების შეწყვეტა, მაგრამ ლირი ფსიქოდელიკებზე უარის თქმას არ აპირებდა, რასაც მან საკუთარი პროფესიული კარიერა შესწირა, დაკარგა აკადემიური ხარისხი და სამეცნიერო რეპუტაცია. საბოლოოდ ამ სკანდალმა ლირის სახელის დაჩრდილვა გამოიწვია ფსიქოლოგიის კვლევის იმ სფეროებში, სადაც ის კვლევებს ატარებდა (ჯგუფური კვლევის თერაპია) და დღეს ეს დარგები სხვა სახელებთან ასოცირდება. სამართლიანობა კი მოითხოვდა, რომ მისი სახელი ყოფილიყო ისეთი მეცნიერების გვერდით, როგორებიცაა როჯერსი, ბახი, პერლზა, ბერნი და სხვ. ლირის პოპულარობის ზენიტი ჰიპების მოძრაობის პერიოდს დაემთხვა. პრესაში მას ამ დროისთვის მოიხსენიებდნენ, როგორც „ლსდ-გურუ“. ის აქტიურად პროპაგანდირებდა ფსიქოდელიკურ საშუალებებს, ატარებდა ამ თემასთან დაკავშირებით სემინარებს და დაწერა არაერთი წიგნი, რომელიც ეძღვნება ადამიანის გონების სიღრმის გაფართოებას. ტიმოთე ლირის დაპატიმრება, 1972 წელი 1965 წლიდან ლირის დაეწყო პრობლემები კანონთან — ის არაერთხელ იქნა დაკავებული ნარკოტიკული საშუალებების შენახვის ბრალდებით, სანამ 1969 წელს აშშ უმაღლესმა მოსამართლემ ტიმოთე ლირი არ ცნო უდანაშაულოდ მარიხუანის საქმესთან დკავშირებით. იმ დღეს, როცა ის უდანაშაულოდ სცნეს მან სახალხოდ გააჟღერა მისი გადაწყვეტილება, რომ ის კენჭს იყრიდა კალიფორნიის გუბერნატორის პოსტზე, სადაც ის კონკურენციას გაუწევდა რონალდ რეიგანს. მისი წინასაარჩევნო ლოზუნგი იყო „Come together, join the party“. სწორედ მას მიუძღვნა მოგვიანებით ჯონ ლენონმა სიმღერა „Come Together“. 1970 წელს ლირი გაასამართლეს მარიხუანის მოხმარების გამო და საბოლოოდ 38 წლით თავისუფლების აღკვეთა მიესაჯა. იმის შემდეგ, როდესაც სახელმწიფო გადაწყვიტავდა თუ სად უნდა მოეხადა სასჯელი, ლირს უნდა გაევლო სხვადასხვა ტიპის ფსიქოლოგიური ტესტი, რათა გარკვეულიყო მისი პროფვარგისიანობა, საინტერესო ისაა, რომ მას ეს ტესტირება მისივე ტესტით ჩაუტარდა, ამიტომაც მას არ გასჭირვებია ამ ტესტირების დროს შეექმნა ისეთი ტიპის ადამიანი, რომელიც იდეალურად ერგებოდა მებაღეობას. სწორედ ამის წყალობით ის მოათავსეს მსუბუქი რეჟიმის კოლონიაში, სადაც ის მებაღედ განამწესეს, მან ამით ისარგებლა და ციხიდან გაიქცა 1970 წელს. მარადიული სიყვარულის საძმომ, რომლის სათავეებშიც ლირი იმყოფებოდა მემარცხენე რადიკალურ დაჯგუფებას Weathermen საკმაოდ დიდი თანხა გადაუხადა, რომ დოქტორი ლირი და მისი მეუღლე ალჟირში გადაეყვანა. ალჟირში ყოფნისას მას მეთვალყურეობდა დაჯგუფება „შავი პანტერა“-ს ლიდერი ელდრიჯ კლივერი. მოგვიანებით ლირიმ განაცხადა, რომ კლივერმა შეეცადა, მისი მძევლად აყვანა. 1970 წელს ლირი და მისი მეუღლე ალჟირიდან შვეიცარიაში გადადიან და იქ ხვდება ლსდ-ს შემქმნელს ალბერტ ჰოფმანს, მაგრამ თავშესაფარს ვერ პოულობს და იძულებულია ავღანეთში გაიქცეს. თუმცა ლირი გამოძიების ფედერალური ბიურომ და ნარკოტიკებთან ბრძოლის დეპარტამენტის თანამშრომლებმა ის პირდაპირ აეროპორტში აიყვანა. 1972 წელს ის დააპატიმრეს და მხოლოდ 1976 წელს კანონიერი გზით დატოვა სატუსაღო. 70-იანი წლების პრესა წერდა, რომ ლირი FBI-მ იმიტომ გაათავისუფლა, რომ მან ჩვენება მისცა მისივე მეგობრების საწინააღმდეგოდ, რომლებიც გაქცევაში ეხმარებოდნენ. ღია წერილში, რომელიც მან მეგობრებს მისწერა ის არასოდეს არ უარყოფდა, რომ ეკონტაქტა FBI-ს, მაგრამ აკონკრეტებს, რომ ამით მას ზიანი არავისთვის არ მიუყენებია. ვინაიდან, სანამ რამეს გაანდობდა აგენტებს მან, მანამდე გააფრთხილა მისი მეგობრები. ეს საკმარისი არ აღმოჩნდა სპეცსამსახურებისთვის და ის ხელახლა დააპატიმრეს. 1980-იან წლებში ლირი კომპიუტერულმა ტექნიკამ დააინტერესა და რამდენიმე კომპიუტერული პროგრამაც კი შექმნა. რესურსები ინტერნეტში TimothyLeary.us – ბიოგრაფია, არქივები, ბმულები და სხვა Lectures from the Leary Archive in audio format „Unlimited Virtual Realities for Everyone!“ , ArtFutura, 1990. Timothy Leary papers, 1910-2009, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library. სქოლიო ამერიკელი ფსიქოლოგები დაბადებული 22 ოქტომბერი დაბადებული 1920 გარდაცვლილი 31 მაისი გარდაცვლილი 1996
18564	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/388	388	388 მოვლენები დაიბადნენ იანვარი თებერვალი მარტი აპრილი მაისი ივნისი ივლისი აგვისტო სექტემბერი ოქტომბერი ნოემბერი დეკემბერი თარიღი უცნობია ვარდან მამიკონიანი — სომეხი სარდალი (გ. 451) გარდაიცვალნენ იანვარი თებერვალი მარტი აპრილი მაისი ივნისი ივლისი აგვისტო სექტემბერი ოქტომბერი ნოემბერი დეკემბერი თარიღი უცნობია თემისტიოსი — ბიზანტიელი ფილოსოფოსი (დ. დაახ. 317) შაპურ III — სასანიანთა სახელმწიფოს მეფე
444202	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98	ფლუორენონი	ფლუორენონი — არომატული ორგანული ნივთიერება ქიმიური ფორმულით C13H8O. გამოიყენება ოდორანტად სანთლებში და მალარიის საწინააღმდეგო მედიკამენტების დასამზადებლად. მისი მიღება ხდება ფლუორენისგან, მასზე ძმარმჟავისა და ნატრიუმის ჰიპოქლორიტის ხსნარის დამატებით. არის ყვითელი, ოთახის ტემპერატურაზე მყარი ნივთიერება. სქოლიო ორგანული ნაერთები ჰეტეროციკლური ნაერთები
485993	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90	არცახის კომუნისტური პარტია	არცახის კომუნისტური პარტია — პოლიტიკური პარტია ე.წ. „მთიანი ყარაბაღის რესპუბლიკაში. პარტიის ოფისი მდებარეობს სტეფანაკერტში. პარტიას არ არის წარმოდგენილი ე.წ. „ეროვნულ ასამბლეაში“. ისტორია პარტიამ ვერ მოახერხა მანდატების მიღება 2005, 2010, 2015 და 2020 წლების არჩევნებში. 2005 წელს პარტიამ ვერ მოახერხა მანდატების მიღება. 2010 წელს პარტიამ არჩევნებში მეოთხე ადგილი დაიკვა, მაგრამ კვლავ ვერ შეძლო მანდატების მიღება.. პარტიის თავმჯდომარეა ჰრანტ მელკუმიანი. მან მიიღო მონაწილეობა 2007 წლის ე.წ. „საპრეზიდენტო არჩენებში“. მიიღო 554 ხმა (0.8%). შედეგები არჩევნებში სქოლიო პოლიტიკური პარტიები მთიან ყარაბაღში
207368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiumaa	Hiiumaa	Hiiumaa is the second largest island in Estonia and is part of the West Estonian archipelago, in the Baltic Sea. It has an area of 989 km2 and is 22 km from the Estonian mainland. Its largest town is Kärdla. It is located within Hiiu County. Names Administratively Hiiumaa is the "main island" of the Hiiu County, called or in Estonian. The Swedish and German name of the island is or ('Day' island) and in Danish. In modern Finnish, it is called , literally 'Hiisi's Land'. In Old Gutnish, it was ('day isthmus'), from which the local North Germanic name is derived. History Prehistory Hiiumaa emerged from the Baltic Sea 8500 years ago due to isostatic uplift after the retreat of the ice cap. Mesolithic settlements are found on the island's Kõpu Peninsula from about 5500 BC. These settlements seem to be related mostly to seal hunting and extend into the earliest Neolithic. As Hiiumaa is constantly uplifting the local sea level was 20 m higher than today at this time. For this reason these settlements are located far from the modern coastline. The pottery found at these sites is of the Narva Type and is similar to that found on Saaremaa and the Estonian mainland. A series of stone-cist graves are also present on the island from the Late Bronze Age through to the Late Iron Age. Crusades The first documented record of the island of Dageida was made by contemporary chroniclers in 1228, when Hiiumaa and the rest of Estonia were conquered by Germanic crusaders. In 1254, Hiiumaa was divided between the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, acting partly on behalf of the Hanseatic League. Swedish and Russian era The island was part of Swedish Estonia from 1563 to 1721, after which it passed to the Russian Empire as part of the Governorate of Estonia, though Dagö's Swedish population kept most of their privileges. Most of the island's previously numerous Swedish-speaking population emigrated or were "Estonianised" during the period of Imperial Russian rule, although a minority remained until the 20th century. Estonian Swedes are also known as aibofolke ("the island people" in the local Swedish) or rannarootslased ("coastal Swedes" in Estonian). Administratively the island of Hiiumaa belonged to Lääne County. World War I Hiiumaa was occupied during World War I by the Imperial German Army, in Operation Albion. After the war, in 1918, it became a part of independent Estonia. World War II The waters near Hiiumaa were active during World War II: 23 June 1941- The Soviet destroyer Gnevny was sunk by a German seamine. 25 June- the Soviet minesweeper T-208 Shkiv was destroyed by a German seamine. 27 June- Two German motor torpedo boats, S43 and S106, were destroyed by Soviet seamines. 1 July- the Soviet submarine M-81 was destroyed by a German seamine north of Hiiumaa. 7 July- the Soviet minesweeper T-216 was sunk. 30 July- the Soviet minesweeper T-201 Zarjad was sunk. 10 August- the German submarine was sunk by a torpedo from the Soviet submarine SC-307. Hiiumaa Island was occupied by the Stalinist Soviet Union in 1940, by Nazi Germany in 1941, and by the USSR again in 1944. Hiiumaa remained under Soviet control until Estonia regained independence in August 1991. During the period of Soviet occupation 1944-1991, Hiiumaa was declared a restricted zone, closed to foreigners and to most mainland Estonians. A number of derelict Soviet forts and communication towers are still present on the island's northern coast. Natural environment Hiiumaa is an island in Estonia located north of Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea. It is the northernmost island in the Muhu archipelago, which includes Saaremaa and Muhu. Hiiumaa has a low relief (up to 68 m above sea level) and is mostly formed of limestone, that is exposed in cliffs around parts of the island's coast. In the North of the island there are a series of fossilized beaches preserved as uplift has occurred. The modern beaches are primarily on the northern and western coast lines. The natural environment is protected within the Tahkuna Nature Reserve and West Estonian Archipelago Biosphere Reserve. The Hiiu Shoal (Nekmangrund) is located off the northwestern shore of Hiiumaa Island. The Soela Strait separates Hiiumaa from Saaremaa to its south, and the Muhu Strait separates it from the mainland of Estonia. Ecology The fauna and flora of Hiiumaa are similar to the Estonian mainland. The mammal fauna includes elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boars, foxes, lynxes and martens. Wolves have recently started to repopulate the island after being made locally extinct. Minks were also reintroduced in 2000, after they were exterminated by trappers. Since the end of the 1990s the island shelters a conservation project aimed at restoring populations of European mink, an endangered species of which there is about only 1,000 individual specimens left in Europe as of 2017. This project started with removing from the island all American minks that had escaped from breeding farms, and reintroducing some European minks. The latter started breeding. The bird species found on the island include black storks, golden eagles, cranes, avocets and swans. The forests are dominated by pine and deciduous trees, the rest of the uncultivated land is covered by swamps and dunes. The island has about 1000 species of large plants of which 50 are protected. Geology The exposed geology of Hiiumaa is composed of Paleozoic limestone which dips towards the South, covered by glacial sediments. In the North of the island the limestones are Ordovician and they young upwards to the Silurian in the South. These limestones formed at 30 degrees South and have since been moving North with the rest of the Estonian block. Bore holes have found Cambrian sedimentary rocks and a crystalline basement. In the Ordovician (c. 455 million years ago) the sea floor was hit by a meteorite forming the 4 km wide Kärdla impact structure. This structure was then filled with Paleozoic sediment. It located about 4 km west-southwest of Kärdla and is barely visible in the modern geomorphology. The crater is well preserved at depth, with a clear rim, breccia and minerals and rocks formed from the heat and pressure of the impact. The limestone is overlain by Pleistocene glacial deposits that were deposited as the ice cap retreated 11 to 12 thousand years ago. These include terminal moraines, the two most prominent being one in the South of Island running towards the North-East and another forming the Kõpu Peninsula. Climate Towns and buildings The island has several villages, as well a small town of Kärdla (pop. 3,287) and small boroughs of Käina and Kõrgessaare. The oldest surviving church was built in Pühalepa in 1259, though it was rebuilt in the 18th century. The Hanseatic League built a lighthouse in Kõpu near the start of the 16th century. It is the third oldest continuously operating lighthouse in the world. Employment and land-use The island’s economy is mostly tourism, livestock, farming, wrecking, fishing, and fish processing. The tourism is mostly seasonal. Hiiumaa council agrees to the construction of a wind farm. Recently there has been a trend towards smaller farms and more tourism Transport Road transport from Estonian mainland to Hiiumaa involves a 75-minute (28 km) ferry crossing from Rohuküla to Heltermaa, which is 25 km by road from Kärdla. There are up to 10 ferry departures a day operated by TS Laevad. In the summer weekends, getting car space on the ferry usually requires advance booking. There are about 2 scheduled buses a day between Tallinn (the capital of Estonia) and Kärdla. In the winter, the island can be reached, conditions permitting, via a 26.5 km ice road (the longest in Europe) across the frozen Baltic Sea. A bridge to the mainland of Estonia has been occasionally proposed. Hiiumaa is served by Kärdla Airport, with regular flights to Tallinn. Bicycle rental is also available in Kärdla and there is a good bicycle path built from Kärdla towards Kõrgessaare. Culture and politics The island is part of the B7 Network, a loose grouping of the major islands of the Baltic Sea. Smoked cooked plaice is a traditional summertime delicacy. There is a friendly rivalry with the neighboring island of Saaremaa. Notable people Juhan Maaker (1845–1930), Estonian folk musician Rudolf Tobias (1873–1918), Estonian composer Marie Under (1883–1980), Estonian poet, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature several times Roman von Ungern-Sternberg (1885–1921), Russian White military commander in the Russian Civil War Aleksander Maaker (1890–1968), the last traditional player of the torupill (Estonian bagpipe) Lydia Mei (1896–1965), Estonian artist Ivan Triesault (1898–1980), Estonian-American actor Natalie Mei (1900–1975), Estonian artist Elmar Tampõld (1920–2013), Estonian-Canadian architect Ülo Sooster (1924–1970), Estonian artist Ave Alavainu (1942–2022), Estonian poet Erkki-Sven Tüür (b. 1959), Estonian composer of contemporary classical music Heiki Nabi (b. 1985), Estonian Olympic champion Greco-Roman wrestler Image gallery See also List of islands of Estonia List of islands in the Baltic Sea Estonian Swedes References External links Hiiumaa County government Official site Pictures of Coastal batteries World War I and World War II in Hiiumaa Official site Estonian islands in the Baltic Landforms of Hiiu County Kreis Wiek
5194696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subak%20%28irrigation%29	Subak (irrigation)	Subak (irrigation) Subak is the water management (irrigation) system for the paddy fields on Bali island, Indonesia. It was developed in the 9th century. For the Balinese, irrigation is not simply providing water for the plant's roots, but water is used to construct a complex, pulsed artificial ecosystem. The system consists of five terraced rice fields and water temples covering nearly . The temples are the main focus of this cooperative water management, known as subak. Religious relationship Subak is a traditional, ecologically-sustainable irrigation system that binds Balinese agrarian society together within the village's Bale Banjar community center and Balinese temples. The water management is under the authority of the priests in water temples, who practice Tri Hita Karana Philosophy, a self-described relationship between humans, the earth and the gods. Tri Hita Karana draws together the realm of spirit, the human world and nature. The overall subak system exemplifies this philosophical principle. Water temple rituals promote a harmonious relationship between people and their environment through the active engagement of people with ritual concepts that emphasize dependence on the life-sustaining forces of the natural world. Rice is seen as the gift of god, and the subak system is part of temple culture. System Subak components are the forests that protect the water supply, terraced paddy landscape, rice fields connected by a system of canals, tunnels and weirs, villages, and temples of varying size and importance that mark either the source of water or its passage through the temple on its way downhill to irrigate subak land. Rice, the water required to grow rice, and subak, the cooperative canal system that controls the water, have together shaped the landscape over the past thousand years. Water from springs and canals flows through the temples and out onto the rice paddy field. In total, Bali has about 1,200 water collectives and between 50 and 400 farmers manage the water supply from one source of water. The property consists of five sites that exemplify the interconnected natural, religious, and cultural components of the traditional subak system. The sites include: the Supreme Water Temple of Pura Ulun Danu Batur on the edge of Mount Batur crater lake, (Lake Batur) is regarded as the ultimate origin of every spring and river; the Subak landscape of the Pakerisan river watershed the oldest known irrigation system in Bali; the Subak landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru with terraces mentioned in a 10th-century inscription making them amongst the oldest in Bali and prime examples of Classical Balinese temple architecture; and the Royal Water temple of Pura Taman Ayun, the largest and most architecturally distinguished regional water temple, exemplifying the fullest expansion of the subak system under the largest Bali Kingdom of the 17th century. These architectural sites are inspired by several different ancient religious traditions, including Shaiva Siddhanta and Samkhyā Hinduism, Vajrayana Buddhism and Austronesian cosmology. World Heritage Site status On 6 July 2012, subak was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy, consist of Supreme Water Temple Pura Ulun Danu Batur and Lake Batur, Subak Landscape of Pakerisan Watershed, Subak Landscape of Catur Angga Baturkaru, and Royal Temple of Taman Ayun has been inscribed upon a World Heritage List of The Conservation concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Inscription on this list confirms the outstanding universal value of cultural or natural property which deserves protection for the benefit of all humanity. Museum In 1981, the Subak Museum opened in Tabanan Regency. Gallery See also List of Indonesian inventions and discoveries Anggabaya Bawdi Check dam Johad Stepwell Taanka Tabanan Rani ki vav History of stepwells in Gujarat References Further reading J. Stephen Lansing, Priests and Programmers: Technology of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali Princeton University Press. "Balinese Water Temples Withstand Tests of Time and Technology" – National Science Foundation Simulation Modeling of Balinese Irrigation (extract) by J. Stephen Lansing (1996) "The Impact of the Green Revolution and Capitalized Farming on the Balinese Water Temple System" by Jonathan Sepe (2000). Literature review. Direct Water Democracy in Bali. Subak - A Sustainable System of Irrigation by Daniel Pratt (2016) External links Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy Pengakuan Subak Sebagai Warisan Budaya Dunia World Heritage Sites in Indonesia Agriculture in Indonesia Indonesian culture Natural history of Indonesia Irrigation Irrigation canals Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Bali
54006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine	Seine	Seine The Seine is a river in northern France. Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin (a geological relative lowland) covering most of northern France. It rises at Source-Seine, northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre (and Honfleur on the left bank). It is navigable by ocean-going vessels as far as Rouen, from the sea. Over 60 percent of its length, as far as Burgundy, is negotiable by large barges and most tour boats, and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating; excursion boats offer sightseeing tours of the river banks in the capital city, Paris. There are 37 bridges in Paris across the Seine (the most famous of which are the Pont Alexandre III and the Pont Neuf) and dozens more outside the city. A notable bridge, which is also the last along the course of the river, is the Pont de Normandie, the ninth longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, which links Le Havre and Honfleur. Sources The Seine rises in the commune of Source-Seine, about northwest of Dijon. The source has been owned by the city of Paris since 1864. A number of closely associated small ditches or depressions provide the source waters, with an artificial grotto laid out to highlight and contain a deemed main source. The grotto includes a statue of a nymph, a dog, and a dragon. On the same site are the buried remains of a Gallo-Roman temple. Small statues of the dea Sequana "Seine goddess" and other ex-votos found at the same place are now exhibited in the Dijon archaeological museum. Course The Seine can artificially be divided into five parts: the Petite Seine, "Small Seine" from the sources to Montereau-Fault-Yonne the Haute Seine, "Upper Seine" from Montereau-Fault-Yonne to Paris the Traversée de Paris, "the Paris waterway" the Basse Seine, "Lower Seine" from Paris to Rouen the Seine maritime, "Maritime Seine" from Rouen to the English channel. Below Rouen, the river passes through the Parc Naturel Régional des Boucles de la Seine Normande, a French regional nature park. Navigation The Seine is dredged and ocean-going vessels can dock at Rouen, from the sea. Commercial craft (barges and push-tows) can use the river beginning at Marcilly-sur-Seine, to its mouth. At Paris, there are 37 bridges. The river is only above sea level from its mouth, making it slow flowing and thus easily navigable. The Seine Maritime, from the English Channel at Le Havre to Rouen, is the only portion of the Seine used by ocean-going craft. The tidal section of the Seine Maritime is followed by a canalized section (Basse Seine) with four large multiple locks until the mouth of the Oise at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine. Smaller locks at Bougival and at Suresnes lift the vessels to the level of the river in Paris, where the junction with the Canal Saint-Martin is located. The distance from the mouth of the Oise is . The Haute Seine, from Paris to Montereau-Fault-Yonne, is long and has 8 locks. At Charenton-le-Pont is the mouth of the Marne. Upstream from Paris seven locks ensure navigation to Saint Mammès, where the Loing mouth is situated. Through an eighth lock the river Yonne is reached at Montereau-Fault-Yonne. From the mouth of the Yonne, larger ships can continue upstream to Nogent-sur-Seine (7 locks). From there on, the river is navigable only by small craft to Marcilly-sur-Seine (4 locks). At Marcilly-sur-Seine the 19th century Canal de la Haute-Seine used to allow vessels to continue all the way to Troyes. This canal has been abandoned since 1957. The average depth of the Seine today at Paris is about . Until locks were installed to raise the level in the 1800s, the river was much shallower within the city, and consisted of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks (depicted in many illustrations of the period). Today the depth is tightly controlled and the entire width of the river between the built-up banks on either side is normally filled with water. The average flow of the river is very low, only a few cubic metres per second, but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff. Dams and flood control Four large storage reservoirs have been built since 1950 on the Seine as well as its tributaries Yonne, Marne, and Aube. These help in maintaining a constant level for the river through the city, but cannot prevent significant increases in river level during periods of extreme runoff. The dams are Lac d’Orient, Lac des Settons, Lake Der-Chantecoq, and Auzon-Temple and Amance, respectively. Flooding A very severe period of high water in January 1910 resulted in extensive flooding throughout the city. The Seine again rose to threatening levels in 1924, 1955, 1982, 1999–2000, June 2016, and January 2018. After a first-level flood alert in 2003, about 100,000 works of art were moved out of Paris, the largest relocation of art since World War II. Much of the art in Paris is kept in underground storage rooms that would have been flooded. A 2002 report by the French government stated the worst-case Seine flood scenario would cost 10 billion euros and cut telephone service for a million Parisians, leaving 200,000 without electricity and 100,000 without gas. 2018 Paris flood In January 2018 the Seine again flooded, reaching a flood level of on 29 January. An official warning was issued on 24 January that heavy rainfall was likely to cause the river to flood. By 27 January, the river was rising. The Deputy Mayor of Paris, Colombe Brossel, warned that the heavy rain was caused by climate change, and that "We have to understand that climatic change is not a word, it's a reality." Watershed The basin area, including a part of Belgium, is , 2 percent of which is forest and 78 percent cultivated land. In addition to Paris, three other cities with a population over 100,000 are in the Seine watershed: Le Havre at the estuary, Rouen in the Seine valley and Reims at the northern limit—with an annual urban growth rate of 0.2 percent. The population density is 201 per square kilometer. Tributaries Tributaries of the Seine are, from source to mouth: Ource (right) Barse (right) Aube (right) Yonne (left) Loing (left) Almont (right) Essonne (left) Orge (left) Yerres (right) Marne (right) Bièvre (left) Oise (right) Aubette de Meulan (right) Mauldre (left) Vaucouleurs (left) Epte (right) Andelle (right) Eure (left) Oison (left) Aubette (right) Cailly (right) Austreberthe (right) Commerce (right) Risle (left) Lézarde (right) Water quality Due to concentrated levels of industry, agriculture and urban populations of Paris and its surroundings, the Seine-Normandy watershed experiences the highest human impacts of any hydrographic basin in France. Compared to most other large European rivers, the ability of the Seine to dilute urban sewage and farmland runoff is very low. Low oxygen levels, high concentrations of ammonia, nitrites and faecal bacteria, extending from Paris to the estuary, have been issues for over a century. The advent of nitrogenous fertilizers in the 1960s marked an upturn in agricultural pollution due to land use changes that had previously scaled with population growth. Heavy industries near Paris and along the Oise River discharged virtually untreated wastewaters from the turn of the 19th century, causing concentrations of toxins in the river that were ignored until the late 1980s. Major French laws to address water quality were passed in 1898, 1964, 1996, and 2006. At the beginning of the 20th century, most domestic sewage was used as fertilizer for nearby croplands. As populations grew, the agricultural capacity to absorb those wastewaters was exceeded. Large-scale construction of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) began in 1940 to meet demand; however, by 1970, about 60% of urban sewage was allowed to flow into the river untreated. The resulting oxygen depletion reduced the number of fish species to three. Measures taken in the early 2000s due to the Water Framework Directive led to significant reductions of organic carbon, phosphorus and ammonium, which in turn decreased the occurrence and severity of phytoplankton blooms. Continued WWTP construction and new treatment methods improved environmental conditions. In 2009, it was announced that Atlantic salmon had returned to the Seine. By the early 2020s, the number of fish species near Paris had rebounded to 32. Periodically the sewage systems of Paris experience a failure known as sanitary sewer overflow, often in periods of high rainfall. Under these conditions, untreated residential and industrial sewage is discharged into the Seine to prevent backflow. This is due in large part to Paris' "single system" drainage scheme dating from the 19th century, which combines street runoff and sewage. The resulting oxygen deficit is principally caused by allochthonous bacteria larger than one micrometre in size. The specific activity of these sewage bacteria is typically three to four times greater than that of the autochthonous (background) bacterial population. Heavy metal concentrations in the Seine are relatively high. The pH level of the Seine at Pont Neuf has been measured to be 8.46. Despite this, the water quality has improved significantly over what several historians at various times in the past called an "open sewer". In 2018, a €1.4 billion ($1.55 billion) cleanup programme called the "Swimming Plan" was launched with the aim of making the river safe to use for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The project includes constructing a basin to store rainwater, which would then be slowly released into the sewer system, preventing overflow. Plans also call for several public swimming areas to be made available by 2025, ending a 102-year ban instituted in 1923 due the polluted water. History Name The name comes from Gaullish , from the Celtic Gallo-Roman goddess of the river, as offerings for her were found at the source. Sometimes it is associated with Latin; the Latin word seems to derive from the same root as Latin sequor (I follow) and English sequence, namely Proto-Indo-European *seikw-, signifying 'to flow' or 'to pour forth'. Events On 28 or 29 March 845, an army of Vikings led by a chieftain named Reginherus, which is possibly another name for Ragnar Lothbrok, sailed up the River Seine with siege towers and sacked Paris. On 25 November 885, another Viking expedition led by Rollo was sent up the River Seine to attack Paris again. In March 1314, King Philip IV of France had Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, burned on a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in front of Notre Dame de Paris. After the burning at the stake of Joan of Arc in 1431, her ashes were thrown into the Seine from the medieval stone Mathilde Bridge at Rouen, though unserious counter-claims persist. On 9 August 1803 Robert Fulton, American painter and marine engineer, made his first successful test of his steamboat in the Seine beside the Tuileries Garden. Having a length of sixty-six feet and an eight-foot beam Fulton's steamboat attained speeds of three to four miles per hour against the Seine's current. According to his will, Napoleon, who died in 1821, wished to be buried on the banks of the Seine. His request was not granted. At the 1900 Summer Olympics, the river hosted the rowing, swimming, and water polo events. Twenty-four years later, it hosted the rowing events again at Bassin d'Argenteuil, along the Seine north of Paris. Until the 1930s, a towing system using a chain on the bed of the river existed to facilitate movement of barges upriver. Listed in World Canals by Charles Hadfield, David & Charles 1986. The Seine was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord in 1944. The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by 90 days after D-Day. That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Forêt de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy. Some of the Algerian victims of the Paris massacre of 1961 drowned in the Seine after being thrown by French policemen from the Pont Saint-Michel and other locations in Paris. Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river, known in French as "le mascaret." In 1991 UNESCO added the banks of the Seine in Paris—the Rive Gauche and Rive Droite—to its list of World Heritage Sites in Europe. Since 2002 Paris-Plages has been held every summer on the Paris banks of the Seine: a transformation of the paved banks into a beach with sand and facilities for sunbathing and entertainment. In 2007, 55 bodies were retrieved from its waters; in February 2008, the body of supermodel-turned-activist Katoucha Niane was found there. In 2024, the River is set to be host to a boat parade with boats for each national delegation during the opening ceremony of the 2024 Summer Olympics. In fiction The Seine was the river in which Inspector Javert, the primary antagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables, drowned himself. This scene is also featured in the eponymous musical. In the 1925 film adaptation of Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera, an angry mob pushes Erik, the Phantom, into the Seine, and he too drowns. In Ludwig Bemelmans' 1953 children's book Madeline's Rescue and the 1998 live-action adaptation of Madeline, Madeline accidentally falls into the Seine after standing on the ledge of a bridge. The notable difference between the two is that in the book, Madeline fell over after playing on the ledge, whereas in the film, she fell over trying to justify her actions towards Pepito that got all the girls in trouble. In the 2016 film La La Land, Mia, the female protagonist, sang about her aunt who jumped into the Seine without looking and how it is similar to all the dreamers in the world who keep on dreaming, in her final audition "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)". The song was nominated for Best Original Song in the 89th Academy Awards. In art During the 19th and the 20th centuries in particular the Seine inspired many artists, including: Frédéric Bazille Maurice Boitel Richard Parkes Bonington Eugène Boudin Camille Corot Charles-François Daubigny Guy Debord Raoul Dufy Othon Friesz Carl Fredrik Hill Eugène Isabey Johan Barthold Jongkind Albert Marquet Henri Matisse Claude Monet Luis F. Pinzón Camille Pissarro Emilio Grau Sala Gaston Sébire Georges Seurat Alfred Sisley Constant Troyon J. M. W. Turner Félix Vallotton Édouard Vuillard Pierre Auguste Renoir A song 'La Seine' by Flavien Monod and Guy Lafarge was written in 1948. Josephine Baker recorded a song 'La Seine' A song 'La seine' by Vanessa Paradis feat. Matthieu Chedid was originally written as a soundtrack for the movie 'A Monster in Paris' See also The department of Seine, abolished in 1968 Seine River Steamers List of crossings of the Seine EPTB Seine Grands Lacs References External links Website on the Great Flood of 1910 Lower Seine (Seine aval) with maps and information on places, ports and moorings on the river from Honfleur to Paris, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray Upper Seine (Haute Seine and Petite Seine) with maps and information on places, ports and moorings on the river from Paris to Marcilly-sur-Seine, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section) Seine River Cruise – A Captivating Journey through Paris Venues of the 1900 Summer Olympics Venues of the 1924 Summer Olympics Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics Olympic rowing venues Olympic swimming venues Olympic water polo venues Olympic triathlon venues Rivers of France Rivers of Aube Rivers of Côte-d'Or Rivers of Eure Rivers of Hauts-de-Seine Rivers of Paris Water transport in France Rivers of Seine-et-Marne Rivers of Seine-Maritime Rivers of Val-de-Marne Rivers of Yvelines World Heritage Sites in France Rivers of Île-de-France Rivers of Normandy
442206	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%20%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98	ჯონ ბეინერი	ჯონ ბეინერი ჯონ ენდრიუ ბეინერი (დ. 17 ნოემბერი, 1949) — ამერიკელი პოლიტიკოსი, აშშ-ის წარმომადგენელთა პალატის სპიკერი 2011–15 წლებში, რესპუბლიკელი. წარმოადგენდა ოჰაიოს მერვე საარჩევნო ოლქს. 2007–11 წლებში იყო პალატის უმცირესობის ლიდერი, 2006–07 წლებში კი უმრაველსობის. გადადგა თანამდებობიდან ძლიერი შიდაპარტიული ოპოზიციის გამო, 2015 წლის ოქტომბერში. სპიკერის პოსტზე მისი მემკვიდრე პოლ რაიანი გახდა. რესურსები ინტერნეტში Congressman John Boehner official U.S. House site Friends of John Boehner official campaign site The Freedom Project political action committee სქოლიო დაბადებული 17 ნოემბერი დაბადებული 1949 ამერიკელი პოლიტიკოსები აშშ-ის წარმომადგენელთა პალატის წევრები
185001	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98	თბილისის ეროვნული პარკი	თბილისის ეროვნული პარკი — ეროვნული პარკი საქართველოში. მდებარეობს მცხეთა-მთიანეთის მხარისა და ნაწილობრივ თბილისისა და ქვემო ქართლის მხარის ტერიტორიაზე. ისტორია თბილისის ეროვნული პარკი პირველი ეროვნული პარკია საქართველოში, რომელიც შეიქმნა 1973 წლის მარტს, მამკოდის მემორიალური პარკისა და გლდანის, მარტყოფის, ღულელების, ცხვარიჭამიის სატყეოების გაერთიანების შედეგად, საქართველოს კომუნისტური პარტიის ცენტრალური კომიტეტისა და საქართველოს სსრ მინისტრთა საბჭოს დადგენილებით „ქალექების თბილისისა და რუსთავის მწვანე ზონის გაფართოების, გარემოს გაჯანსაღებისა და მშრომელთა დასვენების პირობების გაუმჯობესების შესახებ“, ხოლო საზღვრები დამტკიცდა 1974 წლის 1 იანვარს. აღნიშნულ პერიოდში მოეწყო და განვითარდა დასასვენებელი ინფრასტრუქტურა. ძველი სამონასტრო კომპლექსების გვერდით აშენდა, ახალი, ძველ სტილში ნაგები კოშკები, რითაც კიდევ უფრო გალამაზდა ეროვნული პარკის ტერიტორია. გარკვეული პერიოდის შემდეგ მან დაკარგა ეროვნული პარკის სტატუსი და 2007 წელს ყოფილი ეროვნული პარკის ნაწილისა და საგურამოს ნაკრძლის ბაზაზე კვლავ შეიქმნა. 2011 წელს „თბილისის ეროვნული პარკის“ შესახებ კანონპროექტით, თბილისის ეროვნული პარკს გამოეყო თბილისის ზღვის სატყეოს (სატყეო უბნის) NN1–6 კვარტალები, რაც სულ 425,53 ჰექტარს მოიცავს. ასევე, პარკის შემადგენლობიდან გამოვიდა თბილისის დენდროლოგიური პარკიც, რომელიც სულ 300 ჰექტარზეა. თბილისის ზღვის სატყეოს კვარტლები და თბილისის დენდროლოგიური პარკის ტერიტორია, ეკონომიკისა და მდგრადი განვითარების სამინისტროს გადაეცა. პარკის აღწერა თბილისის ეროვნული პარკი მდებარეობს კავკასიონის მთავარი ქედის სამხრეთ კალთების საგურამო-იალნოს ქედებსა და მათ განშტოებათა ფერდებზე, რომლებიც განედურად გადაჭიმულია მდ. მტკვრიდან მდ. იორამდე, ზ.დ 600-1 700 მ სიმაღლეზე. მისი ფართობია 23 218,28 ჰა. შედგება საგურამოს, გლდანის, მარტყოფის, ღულელებისა და გარდაბნის უბნებისაგან. პარკი მდიდარია ფაუნის წარმომადგენლებით, მათ შორისაა ისეთი იშვიათი სახეობები, როგორებიცაა: კავკასიური კეთილშობილი ირემი და ფოცხვერი. უმაღლესი წერტილი ზღვის დონიდან მდებარეობს 1385 მეტრზე. აღსანიშნავია, რომ თბილისის ეროვნული პარკი თბილისთან ყველაზე ახლოს მდებარე დაცული ტერიტორიაა. იხილეთ აგრეთვე საქართველოს ეროვნული პარკების სია იელოუსტოუნის ეროვნული პარკი - აშშს ეროვნული პარკი დაარსდა 1872 წელს. ლახემის ეროვნული პარკი - დაარსდა ესტონეთის სსრ-ში 1971 წელს. გაუიას ეროვნული პარკი - დაარსდა ლატვიის სსრ-ში 1973 წელს. აუშტაიტიას ეროვნული პარკი - დაარსდა ლიტვის სსრ-ში 1974 წელს. მამკოდის მემორიალური პარკი გლდანის სატყეო მარტყოფის სატყეო ავჭალის სატყეო თბილისის ზღვის სატყეო ცხვარიჭამიის სატყეო ღულელების სატყეო გალერეა ლიტერატურა გ. მამნიაშვილი, „თბილისის ეროვნული პარკი“, თბ., 1985 საქართველოს ეროვნული პარკები
17130678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituata%20District	Ituata District	Ituata District is one of ten districts of the Carabaya Province in Peru. Geography The Kallawaya mountain range traverses the district. One of the highest elevations of the district is Q'iruni at . Other mountains are listed below: Ethnic groups The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (92.94%) learnt to speak in childhood, 6.02% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census). See also Kimsaqucha References
438235	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90	ქიმიური ნომენკლატურა	ქიმიური ნომენკლატურა — რთული ნივთიერებების სისტემატიკური სახელწოდებების თავმოყრის წესების კომპლექტი. ნომეკლატურა მსოფლიო მასშტაბით გამოიყენება და შექმნილი და განვითარებულია თეორიული და გამოყენებითი ქიმიის საერთაშორისო კავშირის (IUPAC) მიერ. თეორიული და გამოყენებითი ქიმიის საერთაშორისო კავშირის მიერ ორგანული და არაორგანული ნივთიერებების დასახელებების წესები ორ პუბლიკაციაში: ლურჯ და წითელ წიგნებშია მოცემული. მესამე წიგნს მწვანე წიგნი ჰქვია და ფიზიკური სიდიდეებისთვის სიმბოლოების გამოყენების რეკომენდაციებს აღწერს (IUPAC-თან მიმართებით), ხოლო მეოთხე წიგნი, ოქროს წიგნი, ქიმიაში გამოყენებული ტექნიკური ტერმინების განსაზღვრებებს შეიცავს. მსგავსი წიგნები არსებობს ბიოქიმიისთვისაც (თეთრი წიგნი, დაკავშირებულია ბიოქმიიისა და მოლეკულური ბიოლოგიის საერთაშორისო კავშირთან), ანალიზური ქიმიისთვის (ნარიჯისფერი წიგნი), მაკრომოლეკულური ქიმიისთვის (იისფერი წიგნი) და კლინიკური ქიმიისთვის (ვერცხლისფერი წიგნი). ქიმიური ნომენკლატურის მიზნები ქიმიური ნოენკლატურა მიზნად ისახავს, რომ წარმოთქმულ დადაწერილ ქიმიურ სახელწოდებებთან მიმართებით გაურკვევლობა არ წარმოიშვას: ყოველი ქიმიური სახელწოდება მხოლოდ ერთ ქიმიურ ნივთიერებას უნდა აღნიშნავდეს. შედარებით ნაკლებ მნიშვნელოვანი ფუნქციაა იმის უზრუნველყოფა, რომ ყოველ ნივთიერებას ერთი სახელი აქვს, თუმცა ზოგიერთ შემთხვევაში რამდენიმე ალტერნატიული სახელწოდების გამოყენებაცაა შესაძლებელი. მნიშვნელოვანია ისიც, რომ სახელწოდებები ნივთიერების ქიმიურ თვისებებზე ან სტრუქტურაზეც გარკვეულ ინფორმაციას შეიცავს. ამერიკის ქიმიის საზოგადოების მიერ შემუშავებული ქიმიური აბსტრაქტების მომსახურების რიცხვები გამონაკლისი მაგალითია, რომელიც ამ ფუნქციას არ ითავსებს: CAS რიცხვები მხოლოდ კონკრეტულ ნივთიერებას აღნიშნავს და მათი სტრუქტურის შესახებ ინფორმაციას არ შეიცავს. გამოყენებული ნომენკლატურის ფორმა დამოკიდებულია იმ საზოგადოებაზეც, რომლისკენაცაა მიმართული. ასე რომ, კონკრეტული ზუსტი ან სწორი ფორმა არ არსებობს, მაგრამ განსხვავებული შემთხვევებისთვის მეტად ან ნაკლებად შესაბამისი ფორმები არსებობს. ზოგიერთ შემთხვევაში (მაგ: ფართო ინდექსების შექმნისას) ზოგიერთი ნივთიერებისთვის უნიკალური სახელის შექმნა აუცილებელია, რაც თეორიული და გამოყენებითი ქიმიის საერთაშორისო კავშირის სისტემისთვის დამატებითი წესების შემოღებას მოითხოვს. კიდევ ერთი პოპულარული სისტემაა International Chemical Identifier, რომელიც ნივთიერებათა სტრუქტურასა და შემადგენლობაზეც მიანიშნებს. ისტორია ალქიმიის ნომენკლატურა აღწერებით მდიდარია, მაგრამ ნომენკლატურის მიზნებისთვის შესაბამისი არაა. აღსანიშნავია, რომ ქიმიური ნომენკლატურის პირველი თანამედროვე სისტემა ელემენტებისა და ნივთიერებების განსხვავების (ანტუან ლავუაზიეს მიერ) პარალელურად შეიქმნა გვიან მეთვრამეტე საუკუნეში. ფრანგმა ქიმიკოსმა, ლუი ბერნარ გიტონ დე მორვომ 1782 წელს რეკომენტაციები დაბეჭდა, რომლებითაც იმედოვნებდა, რომ მისი „დასახელების მუდმივი მეთოდი“ „თავისუფლად დამახსოვრებას შეუწყობდა ხელს. სისტემა კიდევ უფრო დაიხვეწა ბერტოლეტთან, დე ფურკრუასთან და ლავუაზიესთან კოლაბორაციით. მსგავსი სისტემა ჩამოაყალიბა იენს იაკობ ბერცელიუსმა. გიტონის რეკომენდაციები მხოლოდ იმ სფეროს მოიცავდა, რომელიც დღეისთვის მხოლოდ არაორგანულ ნივთიერებებს ეხება. XIX საუკუნის შუა წლებში ორგანული ქიმიის გაფართოებასთან და ორგანული ნივთიერებების სტრუქტურის უკეთ გაგებასთან ერთად ad hoc სისტემის შექმნა გახდა საჭირო. 1892 წელს ქიმიის ეროვნულმა საზოგადოებებმა ჟენევაში საერთაშორისო კონფერენცია გამართეს, სადაც სტანდარტიზაციის პირველი წინადადებები წამოაყენეს. რესურსები ინტერნეტში Interactive IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (interactive "Gold Book") IUPAC Nomenclature Books Series (list of all IUPAC nomenclature books, and means of accessing them) IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology ("Gold Book") Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry ("Green Book") IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry ("Blue Book") Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ("Red Book") IUPAC Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols, Terminology, etc. (includes IUBMB Recommendations for biochemistry) chemicalize.org A free web site/service that extracts IUPAC names from web pages and annotates a 'chemicalized' version with structure images. Structures from annotated pages can also be searched. ChemAxon Name <> Structure – IUPAC (& traditional) name to structure and structure to IUPAC name software. As used at chemicalize.org ACD/Name – Generates IUPAC, INDEX (CAS), InChi, Smiles, etc. for drawn structures in 10 languages and translates names to structures. Also available as batch tool and for Pipeline Pilot. Part of I-Lab 2.0 სქოლიო ქიმიური ნომენკლატურა
217910	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%2093	NGC 93	NGC 93 — გალაქტიკა ანდრომედას თანავარსკვლავედში. აღმოჩენის თარიღია 1854 წლის 26 ოქტომბერი. ეს ობიექტი შედის ახალ საერთო კატალოგში. იხილეთ აგრეთვე მესიეს ობიექტების სია ახალი საერთო კატალოგი რესურსები ინტერნეტში ინფორმაცია ინგლისურად და ფრანგულად ორიგინალი ახალი საერთო კატალოგიდან გალაქტიკები ანდრომედას თანავარსკვლავედი
439218	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90	წიწკანურა	წიწკანურა — ფრინველთა გვარი წივწივასებრთა ოჯახისა. მათ სხეულის სიგრძეა 11–14 სმ, მასა 7–19 გ; დედლები მცირედ ჩამორჩებიან მამლებს. ფრთები და ბოლო მუქი მურაა; ზურგი — რუხი, მურა ან მოწითალო-ყავისფერი; გვერდები — თეთრი, ჟანგმიწოვანი, იშვიათად რუხი; სხეულის ქვედა ნაწილი — თეთრი ან ჟანგმიწოვანი. წიწკანურებისათვის დამახასიათებელია შავი ან ყავისფერი „ქუდის“, ჩვეულებრივ თეთრი „ლოყებისა“ და ნიკაპსა და ყელზე არსებული შავი ან მუქი მურა სამკუთხა ლაქის შეხამება. ნისკარტი მცირე ზომის, კონუსისებრი ფორმისა და წვეტიანია. ფეხები და თითები მოკლე, ძლიერი. ბინადრობენ ევრაზიის, ჩრდილოეთ და ცენტრალური ამერიკის ტყეებში. იკვებებიან ფეხსახსრიანებით (მათ შორის მრავალი სახეობის მავნე მწერით), კენკრითა და თესლებით. მკვიდრი ფრინველებია, მაგრამ წიწვოვან მცენარეთა გირჩების მოუსავლობის შემთხვევაში შესაძლებელია მათი გადანაცვლებები სხვა ადგილებისაკენ. ბუდეს აკეთებენ კლდეების ფუღუროებსა და ნაპრალებში. მრავალი სახეობის წყვილის ორივე წევრი რეტორტისებრ ფუღუროებს ღრუტნის ხის ან ჯირკვის დამპალ ტანში. დედლი დებს 3–12 (ჩვეულებრივ 4–8) კვერცხს; კრუხობს დედალი 11–14 დღე-ღამის განმავლობაში. ბარტყები 16–21 დღის შემდეგ ბუდეს ტოვებენ და კიდევ 3–4 კვირა მშობლების გვერდით იმყოფებიან. ცნობილია 15 სახეობა. ადრე ეს სახეობები წივწივას (Parus) გვარში იყვნენ გაერთიანებული, თუმცა 2005 წელს ამერიკელი ბიოლოგების მიერ მიტოქონდრიულ დნმ-ში ციტოქრომა b-ს თანამიმდევრობაზე ჩატარებული ანალიზების შემდეგ დადგინდა წიწკანურების არაახლონათესავობა წივწივებთან. ლიტერატურა Лоскот В. М. ГАИЧКИ // Большая российская энциклопедия. Том 6. Москва, 2006, стр. 284. სქოლიო წივწივასებრნი
354313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Lake	West Lake	West Lake is a freshwater lake in Hangzhou, China. It is divided into five sections by three causeways. There are numerous temples, pagodas, gardens, and natural/artificial islands within the lake. Gushan (孤山) is the largest natural island and three artificial islands: Xiaoyingzhou (小瀛洲), Huixin Pavilion (湖心亭), and Ruan Gongdun (阮公墩) stand at the middle of the lake. Leifeng Pagoda (雷峰塔) and Baochu Pagoda (保俶塔) are separated by the lake. Mirroring each other, the basic pattern of "one mountain, two towers, three islands, three banks, and five lakes" is formed. West Lake is located at No. 1 Longjing Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, in the west of Hangzhou City. The total area of the scenic spot is 49 square kilometers, the catchment area is 21.22 square kilometers, and the lake area is 6.38 square kilometers. West Lake has influenced poets and painters throughout Chinese history for its natural beauty and historic relics, and it has also been among the most important sources of inspiration for Chinese garden designers. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011, described as having "influenced garden design in the rest of China as well as Japan and Korea over the centuries" and reflecting "an idealized fusion between humans and nature". The outline of the lake body of the West Lake is nearly oval, and the bottom of the lake is relatively flat. The natural surface water source of the lake is four streams: Jinsha River, Longhong River, Chishangrun (Huiyingrun) and Changqiao River. West Lake is located in the southeastern edge of China's hills and the northern edge of the subtropical zone. The annual total solar radiation is between 100-110 kcal/cm2, and the sunshine hours are between 1800-2100 hours. History The earliest recorded name for West Lake was the "Wulin Lakes". The Book of Han's "Treatise on Geography" says, "Wulin Mountains (Wǔlín Shān) is the origin of the Wulin Lakes. The water flows eastward into the sea, it covers 830 li" (roughly). Other former names include the "Qian River", "Qiantang Lake", "Mingsheng Lake", "Jinniu Lake", "Shihan Lake", "Shang Lake", "Lianyan Lake", "Fangsheng Pond", "Xizi Lake", "Gaoshi Lake", "Xiling Lake", "Meiren Lake", "Xianzhe Lake", and "Mingyue Lake". But only two names were widely accepted in history and recorded in historical documents. One is "Qiantang Lake", due to the fact that Hangzhou was called "Qiantang" in ancient times. The other name is "West Lake", due to the lake being west of the city. The name "West Lake" first appeared in two poems of Bai Juyi, "Bestowed on guests as returning from West Lake in the evening and looking back to Gushan Temple" and "On the returning boat to Hangzhou". Since the Northern Song dynasty, most poems and articles of scholars used the name "West Lake", while the name "Qiantang Lake" was gradually deprecated. "The request of dredging West Lake" written by Su Shi was the first time that "West Lake" appeared in an official document. Qin dynasty Over 2,000 years ago, West Lake was still a part of the Qiantang River. Due to soil sedimentation, the feet of Wu Mountain and Baoshi Mountains, the surrounding mountains on the northern and southern sides of the lake, gradually stretched to form shoal heads. Later, these sand spits slowly merged into a bank, to which a lagoon emerged to the west; this was the old West Lake of the Qin and Han dynasties. "West Lake Dream Searching" , written by Zhang Dai, relates the story that Qin Shi Huang visited the area and moored his boat to a stone later developed into the Big Stone Buddhist Temple. The stone was located on Baoshi Mountain, north of the West Lake, and can still be seen. The lake was once a lagoon tens of thousands of years ago. Silt then blocked the way to the sea and the lake was formed. A drill in the lake-bed in 1975 found the sediment of the sea, which confirmed its origin. Artificial preservation prevented the lake from evolving into a marshland. Sui dynasty The short-lived Sui dynasty is noted for the great engineering works which it accomplished during its brief existence. After AD 610, the Jiangnan Canal was opened and connected to the North Canal. Thus, five major rivers of China (the Hai, Yellow, Huai, Yangtze, and Qiantang) were all connected: this facilitated transportation to and from Hangzhou and thus boosted the regional economy. Tourism in Hangzhou also started to boom. Tang dynasty In the Tang dynasty, West Lake had an area of roughly 10.8 square kilometers. The western and southern parts of the lake all extended to the foot of West Hill. The northeastern part stretched to Wulin Gate area. Pilgrims could take the boat to the hill-foot and walk up to the hill to worship. Due to the ongoing aggradation of the lake, together with the virtual lack of any hydraulic projects, in those days, the lake would flood after heavy rains and dry up during long droughts. In September 781, the prominent statesman Li Mi was appointed the governor of Hangzhou. In order to supply fresh water, he creatively induced the water into the city. He ordered six wells dug in populous areas like Qiantang Gate and Yongjin Gate, and set up a "shadow conduit" (underground clay and bamboo pipes) to introduce lake water into the city. The six wells have long vanished today. The only existing relic from that time is the Xiangguo Well, located west of Jinting Bridge on Jiefang Road. The other five wells were Xi Well (to the west of Xiangguo Well), Fang Well (or Four-eyed Well), Jinniu Well (northwest of Xi Well), Baigui Well (west of Longxiang Bridge), and Xiaofang Well (or Six-eyed Well, inside Qiantang Gate, now Xiaoche Bridge area). In the middle of the Zhenyuan era (785–804) in the Tang dynasty, poet and government official Bai Juyi was appointed the governor of Hangzhou. Already an accomplished and famous poet, his deeds at Hangzhou made him a great governor. He realized that the farmland nearby depended on the water of West Lake, but due to the negligence of previous governors, the old dyke had collapsed, and the lake so dried out that the local farmers were suffering from severe drought. He ordered the construction of a stronger and taller dyke, with a dam to control the flow of water, providing water for irrigation and mitigating the drought problem. The livelihood of local people of Hangzhou improved over the following years. Bai Juyi used his leisure time to enjoy the beauty of West Lake, visiting the lake almost every day. He ordered the construction of a causeway to allow crossing part of the lake on foot, instead of requiring the services of a boat. A causeway, the Baisha Causeway, is now commonly referred to as Bai Causeway in Bai Juyi's honour, but the original Bai Causeway no longer exists. Five Dynasties The most prominent eras in Hangzhou's development history, the Wuyue Kingdom (907–960) and Southern Song dynasty, had great impacts on West Lake. The comprehensive development and fundamental layout of West Lake occurred in these two Dynasties. During Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Wuyue Kingdom made Hangzhou its capital. It facilitated the transportation to coastal regions, and promoted trading with foreign countries like Japan and Korea. In the meantime, successive rulers in the Wuyue Kingdom paid great tribute to Buddhism, and built a number of temples, pagodas, shrines and grottos around the lake area. They expanded Lingyin Temple, founded Zhaoqing Temple, Jingci Temple, Li'an Temple, Liutong Temple and Taoguang Temple, and built Baochu Pagoda, Liuhe Pagoda, Leifeng Pagoda and White Pagoda. The area was thus acclaimed as "Buddhist Country". Lingyin Temple, Tianzhu Temple and the tide of Qiantang were the most famous scenic spots at that time. Due to the geological characteristics, earth deposited speedly in West Lake and dredging became a routine maintenance. Thus in AD 927, the king of Wuyue, Qian Liu, installed a lake-dredging army of 1,000 to mow grasses and deepen springs, and preserved the water body of the lake. Song dynasty (The Northern Song and The Southern Song) Over one hundred years later, at the beginning of the Song dynasty's Yuanyou era (1086–1094), another great poet, Su Shi (also known as Su Dongpo), came to Hangzhou to serve as its governor. At that time, the farmers suffered greatly drought again, due to overgrowth of the weeds at the bottom of the lake clogging the irrigation ducts. He ordered dredging of the lake and piled up all the mud into another causeway, in the style of Bai Causeway, but much wider and nearly three times as long: he also planted willow trees along its banks. This causeway was later named after him as the "Su Causeway". There are six bridges along the Su Causeway, and they are called separately Yingbo, Suolan, Wangshan, Yadi, Dongpu, and Kuahong Bridge, which all symbolize the characteristics of the bridge itself and also expose the structural beauty and its colorful connotation. "Dawn on the Su Causeway in Spring " is one of the attractions. Wu Zimu described the extravagance in his "Mengliang lu" (Dreaming Over a Bowl of Millet), "The life in Lin'an is luxurious in all seasons, full of delight and appreciation with no idle days. In the west there is a lovely lake with arresting scenes, and in the east the river tides are spectacular. Both are miracles." Besides pilgrims, the tourists in Hangzhou included envoys of foreign countries, businessmen, monks and scholar candidates of the imperial examination. The beauty of West Lake started to gain wide reputation. In those days, boating on the lake was a popular entertainment. According to records, there were hundreds of boats in the West Lake. All were delicately built, with exquisite carving and decorations, and glided gracefully on the water. Poet Lin Sheng vividly described the ostentation in his poem "On a hotel wall in Lin'an". In addition, poet Yang Wanli also acclaimed the engaging scenery of West Lake in the poem "Coming out of Jingci Temple at dawn to see Lin Zifang off", which greatly show how thriving this metropolis was at that time and how yearning it was for people at that time. The renowned painter Muqi Fachang came here and refounded the abandoned monastery Liutong Temple in 1215. Yuan dynasty In the Yuan dynasty, West Lake was still socially thriving, with a population full of exuberance for singing and dancing. Volume 23 of the Book of Yuan says, in the 2nd year of the Zhida era (1309), "in Hangzhou, Jiang-Zhe area, during half a year there were more than 1,200 foreign visitors. Foreigners Sangwu and Baoheding brought lions, panthers, crows and falcons. They stayed for 27 days. People and animals ate meat of more than 1,300 jin." Increasing number of businessmen and travelers from countries of Turkestan and western Europe came to visit Hangzhou. The most famous among them was Venetian explorer Marco Polo, who complimented Hangzhou in his travel notes as "the most splendid heavenly city in the world". In the late Yuan dynasty, there were "Qiantang Ten Scenic Spots", in addition to the "West Lake Ten Scenic Spots" of the Southern Song dynasty; the existence of which expanded the scope of tourism. During the Zhiyuan era of the reign of Kublai Khan, the lake was dredged, and renamed "pond of freeing captive animals" (放生池). Some of the lake area was gradually enriched and became cultivated zones. In the late Yuan dynasty, West Lake lacked governmental attention, and plutocrats and noblemen enclosed water zones, so that the lake deteriorated into a desolate state with most of its area silting up and turning into swampland. Ming dynasty In the later Yuan Dynasty and beginning of the Ming Dynasty, people attributed the collapse of the Southern Song Dynasty to the West Lake, because the upper class and emperors indulge themselves into the melody and wine with the sceneries of the lake. Therefore, people and the govern's did not want to make it clean and thriving in case that this kind of thing happened again. But later in the Ming dynasty, Hangzhou began to restore its prosperity in the Xuande and Zhengtong eras (1426–1449). Then, the local government kept a close watch on West Lake. In the 16th year of the Hongzhi era (one source suggests it was the 3rd year of the Zhengde era) the then governor Yang Mengying, with the support of special envoy Ju Liang, obtained approval to dredge the lake, despite much resistance from local magnates. This project was funded by the Engineering Department. The West Lake Visit Guide recorded, "The work commenced in February... It took 152 days, and 6,700,000 men at a cost of 23,607 silver taels, and the removal of 3,481 acres of illegal fields... Thus, West Lake was restored to its image in the Tang and Song dynasties." The dredging project extended the water surface from west of Su Causeway to Hongchun Bridge and Mao Jia Bu. The excavated silt was used to broaden Su Causeway, and also used to build a long causeway in western Inside Lake, called "Yanggong Causeway". Both in the Ming and Qing dynasties, West Lake was dredged several times. The silt dug up was heaped to form two islands in the lake, "Huxin Island" and "Xiao Ying Zhou". In 1607, the governor of Qiantang County, Nie Xintang, constructed a circular causeway from south to west outside the Fangsheng Pond of the island "Xiao Ying Zhou", which resulted in a unique view of "Island in Lake, Lake in Island". In 1611, Yang Wanli subsequently built the outer bank, and the whole plot was realized by 1620. Outside the pond were erect three small stony pagodas, called "Three Ponds (or Pools) Mirroring the Moon", which often give also their name to the Xiao Ying island. Qing Dynasty The Kangxi and Qianlong emperors of the Qing dynasty toured South China and stopping by Hangzhou many times; which helped to expedite the revamping and rehabilitation of West Lake. The Kangxi Emperor visited Hangzhou five times, and wrote the names of "Ten Scenic Spots of West Lake" selected in the Southern Song dynasty. The local governor then inscribed the emperor's handwriting onto stelae and built pavilions over them. Thereafter those scenes such as "Two Peaks Piercing the Clouds" and "Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn" acquired fixed locations for appreciation. During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, "Eighteen Scenic Sites of West Lake" had developed into a new nomenclature together with enriched tourism resources. The Qianlong Emperor visited Hangzhou six times, composing poems as well as erecting stelae for the "Ten Scenic Spots". He also wrote names for "Eight Scenic Spots of Dragon Well", bringing renown to the mountainous scenery of remote the Dragon Well region (Longjing). In the Qianlong era, two Hangzhou natives, brothers Qu Hao and Qu Han, co-authored a book called "A Glance at Lakes and Hills", recording as many as 1,016 tourist spots around West Lake. This is the earliest known travel guide in Hangzhou. During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, West Lake still preserved a water area of 7.54 square kilometers, but more than were shoals. Due to extensive dredging projects, the lake area spread beyond the west of now Xishan Road to the neighborhood of Hongchun Bridge, Maojia Bu, Turtle Pond, and Chishan Bu. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng era, the governor of Zhejiang and Right Vice Director of the Court of Censors, Li Wei, spent 42,742 silver taels to dredge the lake. He built stone weirs in Jinsha Harbor, Chishan Bu, Jingjia Hill and Maojia Bu in order to store water and to flush out the lake silt. In 1800, Yan Jian, the governor of Zhejiang, beseeched the imperial court to support a hydraulic project in West Lake. The project was supervised by the governor of Zhejiang, Ruan Yuan, who had the excavated silt piled into a mound, which was then named "Ruan Gong Dun". By then, the modern configuration of West Lake was determined. In 1864, the West Lake Dredging Bureau was founded, and a Qiantang native, Ding Bin, was appointed as director. Republican era to the end of the 20th century From the end of the Qing dynasty to the Republican era, the Shanghai–Hangzhou–Ningbo and the Zhejiang–Jiangxi railways as well as the Hangzhou–Shanghai, Hangzhou–Nanjing, and Hangzhou–Ningbo highways were built. This facilitation of transportation encouraged the development of Hangzhou's tourism industry. Besides traditional pilgrims, more and more travelers came from domestic cities like Shanghai and Nanjing as well as from Europe, the United States and Japan. "The special memorial edition of Hangzhou government 10th anniversary" says, from 1930 to 1936, the recorded tourists to Hangzhou were counted to 32,845. Hangzhou's tourism resources became more abundant in the Republican era, as scenic spots and cultural relics were steadily added around West Lake. The government converted the imperial garden of the imperial palace remaining from the Qing dynasty into a park, on Solitary Hill. In 1927, the park was renamed "Zhongshan Park" or "Sun Yat-sen Park". On the left side of the park, the Zhejiang Martyrs' Memorial was built, honoring those deceased when the Zhejiang army captured Jinling. In addition, tombs for Xu Xilin and Qiu Jin were constructed near Xiling Bridge. In 1917, the Dabei Pavilion in Lingyin Temple was erected, and the Yue Wang Temple and Yue Fei's tomb were renovated several times. From 1923 to 1931, the Huanglong Dong was built. From 1923 to 1924, the deserted Qian King Temple was renovated and converted to a garden. In 1933, the leaning Baochu Pagoda was revamped. The construction of parks in Hangzhou started with Lakeside Park in the Republican era. In 1912, the military government of Zhejiang demolished the city walls from Qiantang Gate to Yongjin Gate as well as the fortress of banners, and built Hubing Rd along the lakeside. Hurdles were put up 20 meters from the lake and flowers and trees were planted. The area was called "Lakeside Park", covering around one Chinese mile and was divided into five parks, first to fifth. In the spring of 1930, the city government paved a land of around 21 mu with mud dredged out of the lake from north of Changsheng Rd to Qiantang Gate, and founded Sixth Park. From 1928 to 1933, Zhejiang's provincial government erected "Chen Yingshi Statue", "North Expedition Martyr Memorial Tower" and "Martyrs of 88 Division in Songhu Campaign Memorial Stela" at the piers of Third Park, Second Park and Fifth Park, respectively. Due to continuous digging by stealth on its base, Leifeng Pagoda, after lasting nearly a thousand years, collapsed all of a sudden on September 25, 1924. It was shocking news in media. Lu Xun purposely wrote "Comment on the Collapse of Leifeng Pagoda" and "Second Comment on the Collapse of Leifeng Pagoda", making a remark on this incident. The fall of Leifeng Pagoda also put an end to one of "Ten Scenes of West Lake", "Leifeng Pagoda in the Sunset". From June 6 to October 20, 1929, the government of Zhejiang hosted the first "West Lake Expo", and total participants numbered over 20 million. The location of West Lake Expo was set at areas around the lakeside, such as Broken Bridge, Solitary Hill, Yue-Wang Temple, and North Hill. The primary purpose of the expo was to promote national products and encourage enterprises. Besides over 1,000 delegate groups from nationwide, involved included delegates from America, Japan, Britain, Indonesia and other countries. It was the largest and longest pageant in Hangzhou during the Republican era. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Hangzhou was among the first places opened to tourism. The city government preserved the mountain area around the lake and planted a large number of trees. Meanwhile, West Lake was extensively dredged. Within West Lake scenery zone, a new botanical garden and flower garden was opened. Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond park, and Orioles Singing in the Willows park were constructed. Fish Viewing at the Jade Springs and Yongjin Park were rebuilt. Lingyin Temple, Jingci Temple, Yue-Wang Temple, Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon, Lake-heart Pavilion and other spots were renovated. In addition, West Huanhu Rd (Xishan Rd), Longjin Rd and Jiuxi Rd were newly built. In 1959, West Lake of Hangzhou received over 1,400 foreign tourists, over 2,300 tourists from Hong Kong and Macao and over five million domestic visitors. During the Cultural Revolution Liutong Temple and another temple were destroyed. After the Cultural Revolution, the number of tourists to West Lake increased again. In 1978, it received 53,000 tourists from overseas and Hong Kong and Macao combined, in addition to about six million domestic travelers. In May 1983, the state council named Hangzhou "Famed Historical and Cultural City" and "National Key Scenic Tourism City". In September 1984, the executive office of state council instructed that Hangzhou evolve to the tourism center of Southeast China and a first-class international scenic tourism city. Thereafter Hangzhou government refurbished Lingyin Temple, Tianzhu Temple, Jingci Temple, Yue-Wang Temple, Dacheng Hall, stela pavilions of "Ten Scenes" and other relics. Resorts such as Galloping Tiger Spring were expanded. Curved Yard and Lotus Pool in Summer park was founded. New spot "Exploring Plum Blossoms at Ling Peak" was opened. Archaizing carnivals were held in Huanglong Dong and Ruangong Dun. There were also night gardens and music night markets for amusement. In 1949, West Lake silted up, with average depth of merely 0.55 meters and capacity only 4 million cubic meters. Marshy weeds blanketed the lake bed so that large boat could only make their ways through specific channels. In 1950, the government listed West Lake dredging as a national investment project. Hangzhou launched the West Lake Dredging Project in 1951 to excavate the silt thoroughly. By 1954, all the work had been mechanized. The project concluded in 1959. As a result, the achieved average depth was 1.808 meters with nadir of 2.6 meters. The capacity elevated to 10,271,900 cubic meters. The silt was used to fill 18 ponds or lacunae in surrounding areas including Zhaoqing Temple and Qingbo Park. However, because of the erosion and sediment on lake bed afterward, the depth of the water lessened to 1.47 meters. The government thus invested two million yuan in 1976 to dredge the lake again. By 1980, the depth increased to 1.5 meters. Besides dredging work, the city government substantially fortified the lake shore, resulting in a bank of total length of 29,800 meters. That was the largest bank enhancement project in the history of West Lake. Along with the project, more than 10 piers for mooring the boats were renovated or newly built in Lakeside Park, Zhongshan Park, Yue Fei's tomb and both sides of Su Causeway. The West Lake Diversion Project was inaugurated on 1 February 1985. The project built a pump at Zhakou section of Qiantang River, and drew 300,000 cubic meters of water daily, equivalent to one thirty-third of total capacity of the lake. As a consequence, the lake's water body transparency was increased by 5 to 7 cm. Other the other hand, The lake-wide sewage interception project was launched in 1978, and was finished in 1981. It was divided into three branches, southern, western and northern, buried sewage tunnels of over 17 kilometers, and was equipped with 10 pumping stations. In 1984, five organizations including Hangzhou Daily newspaper sponsored voting for the "New Ten Scenes in West Lake". The elected new scenes are Cloud-Sustained Path in a Bamboo Grove, Misty Trees by Nine Streams, Dreams at Galloping Tiger Spring, Yellow Dragon Cave Dressed in Green, Sweet Osmanthus Rain at Manjuelong Village, Clouds Scurrying over Jade Emperor Hill, Inquiring about Tea at Dragon Well, Precious Stone Hill Floating in Rosy Clouds, Heavenly Wind over Wushan Hill, and Ruan's Mound Encircled by Greenness. While embracing both exquisite natural beauty and abundant cultural deposits, West Lake of Hangzhou was among the first "National Key Scenic Tourist Resorts" in 1982, and elected one of "Ten Chinese Scenic Sites" in 1985. After 71 years, the West Lake Expo was launched in Xi Hu in 2000. The new exhibition was held from October 20 to November 10, attracting 1,400,000 tourists domestic and overseas. The tourism industry brought in 1.12 billion RMB. The Expo greatly enhanced the reputation of West Lake domestically and internationally. Thereafter the West Lake Expo was made a conventional annual celebration. Images of the West Lake have appeared various times on Chinese currency. The picture of "Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon" was printed on the backs of both the foreign exchange certificate one yuan bill issued by the government in 1979 and the fifth version of RMB one yuan bill issued in 2004. Literary works Over the centuries, the beauty and culture of West Lake has attracted numerous literati, who left behind works of literature and poetry to describe the lake. For example, Dream in West Lake and The Enchiridion of Lake and Mountain recorded a lot about West Lake and ancient Hangzhou historic anecdotes. Poets such as Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Xu Zhimo and Hu Shih also wrote countless poems about West Lake. The Chinese legend Legend of the White Snake is also set in West Lake in Hangzhou and has been adapted into films and television series over the years. West Lake Southern Side Renovation Project Entering the 21st century, West Lake witnessed several environmental renovation projects. First of them was "West Lake Southern Side Renovation Project". From February to October 2002, Hangzhou government incorporated four large parks on the southern side of the lake, and these four parks have been free to public 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. On October 25, 2002, on the old site of the Leifeng Pagoda which collapsed 78 years ago, a new pagoda with height of 71.7 meters was erected. Geography About the formation of West Lake, there are few records in ancient documents. The "West Lake Sight-Seeing Record" says, "West Lake is surrounded by mountains on three sides. Streams wander down the hills into the pond. There're hundreds of springs underneath. Accumulated water forms the lake." Modern scholars studied topography, geology, sediment and hydrodynamics, and generally held that West Lake was a lagoon formed gradually from a gulf. In 1920, scientist Zhu Kezhen published "The Cause of Formation of West Lake in Hangzhou" after examining the topography around the lake. He claimed, "West Lake originally was a little bay on left side of Qiantang River. Later the earth in the river sedimented and slowly corked the mouth of the bay, hence a lagoon formed." Zhu postulated, based on the calculation of the rate of sedimentation, that West Lake was formed about 12,000 years ago, when the lake would have been significantly larger than now; and, that the lake's water area had gradually shrunk, due to its being filled by sediments carried down from the creeks in the hills which surround it on three sides. West Lake would no longer exist today without all the dredging work done in the historical period. In 1924, geologist Zhang Hongzhao published "One Explanation of the Formation of West Lake". While supporting Zhu's arguments, he supplemented that the formation of West Lake started with tidal force building the lake bank. Later, the alterations of the beach helped to maintain the water level. These were two prerequisites to the formation of the lake. Hydrological characteristics The outline of the lake body of the West Lake is almost oval, the bottom of the lake is relatively flat. The catchment area of the west lake is 21.22 square kilometers, with annual runoff of 14 million cubic meters and storage of nearly 14 million cubic meters. The west lake draws water from the Qiantang River, about 120 million cubic meters per year. The natural surface water sources of the lake are Jinsha stream(金沙涧), long hong stream(龙泓涧), Qishan stream (huiyin stream)(赤山涧（慧因涧）) and changqiao stream(长桥溪). The storage capacity is about 14.294 million cubic meters. The average depth of the lake is 2.27 meters, with the deepest being about 5 meters and the shallowest being less than 1 meter. The average annual precipitation on the lake is 5.629 million cubic meters. The scour coefficient of the water system is 1.49. When the gate of the reservoir is closed in a dry season, the flow rate is equal to 0. Even in the flood period, the general flow rate is only below 0.05 m/s. The water level of the lake is maintained at the yellow sea level of 7.15 meters, ±0.05 meters. The highest water level of 7.70 meters and the lowest water level of 6.92 meters, with a difference of 50 centimeters. Ecology Flora Around the west lake, there are 184 families 739 genera 1369 species of seed plants, including 28 species of gymnosperms in 19 genera and 7 families, 1273 species of angiosperms in 675 genera and 150 families, 68 species of ferns in 45 genera and 27 families. Currently, there are 21 species of rare plants are listed in the first-grade state protection, including Zhejiang nan, wild soybean and short spike bamboo, and 63 species are listed the second-grade state protection. Peach Blossom: On the lake banks and Su and Bai Causeways a large number of willows and peach trees are planted. It is said one willow is accompanied by one peach tree. Other horticultural plants include magnolia, cherry, Confederate rose, etc. The blooming season of peach tree in Hangzhou usually ranges from end of February to middle of April. Lotus: Some sites in Hangzhou were named after lotus, such as lotus pond and lotus lane. There is traditional food called "lotus cake". The fossil of lotus seeds was unearthed at Kuahuqiao site in Xiaoshan, which indicates at least before the Tang dynasty there was cultivated lotus. Yang Wanli of the Song dynasty wrote poem, "Lotus leaves grow to the sky with endless green, lotus blossoms bathed in the sunlight appear especially red., which brought high reputation to the lotus in West Lake. Nowadays, there are 14 lotus cultivation areas in the lake, totally 130 Chinese acres. Most are in "North Inside Lake" and "Yue Lake". According to statistics, West Lake lotus starts to bloom in early June, and reaches peak blossom time in late June. It can last till late August or early September. Osmanthus: As the city flower, osmanthus is one of representative plants of Hangzhou. Poet Bai Juyi wrote "search osmanthus around the temple on hill in the middle of Autumn", indicating osmanthus had been cultivated as early as in the Tang dynasty. Osmanthus trees have been massively planted in parks around the lake, and the best-known locations to appreciate are "Sweet Osmanthus Rain at Manjuelong Village", one of "New Ten Scenes of West Lake", and Hangzhou Botanical Garden. Osmanthus can be divided into four major species, Thunbergii group, Latifolius Group, Aurantiacus Group and Fragrans Division. Among them, the Thunbergii and Latifolius are the best. Every year around mid-autumn, the sweet-scented osmanthus blossoming is a highlight of tourism in Hangzhou. In addition to its elegant looks, osmanthus is also edible. Thunbergii and Latifolius boast intensive sweet scent, and are natural ingredients for seasoning. Pickled osmanthus blossoms mixed with white sugar became a traditional food of Hangzhou, "Sweet Osmanthus". West Lake Osmanthus blooming period commences from early September, lasting till early November. Plum blossom: Lin Bu, a famous recluse in the Song dynasty, lived on Solitary Hill. His poem Little Plum Blossom of Hill Garden became the best known poem praising the flower and enriched the cultural contributions of the plum blossoms of West Lake. The opening line of the poem says, "When everything has faded they alone shine forth, encroaching on the charms of smaller gardens". Ling Peak, Solitary Hill and West Creek have long been the three finest spots of plum blossom cherishing in Hangzhou. The flowering season is typically around the Spring Festival, from late January to middle February. Tulip: The "Prince Bay Park" of Hangzhou imported almost all species of tulips from Netherlands in 1992, and held annual tulips exhibition ever since. It has become a new scenic spot on the lake bank. The normal tulips blossom season spans from middle of March to end of April. Fauna Mallards, halcyons and koi carp are among the most frequently spotted animals in the lake. Squirrels loiter among the trees on the bank. Influences West Lake is said to be the incarnation of Xi Shi, one of the Four Beauties of ancient China. Since ancient times, West Lake was associated with a large number of romantic poets, profound philosophers, national heroes and heroines. West Lake was also the retreat for many Chinese writers of the past. The Northern Song Dynasty poet Lin Bu, shunning the life of being an official, lived in seclusion by West Lake for twenty years, and dedicated himself to the cultivation of peach and plum blossoms. The great Ming dynasty essayist Zhang Dai, wrote a number of essays about West Lake in Reminiscence and Dream of Tao'an, and a whole book: Search for West Lake in Dreams. West Lake has had a profound impact on Far Eastern landscape designs, and its features have often been imitated by other palaces and gardens, such as Kunming Lake at the Summer Palace in Beijing, the central ponds of the Kyu Shiba Rikyu Garden and Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden in Tokyo, Japan, among others. Due to its prominent historical and cultural status, West Lake was selected as a National Key Scenic Resort in 1982, one of Ten Scenic Resorts in 1985 and a national 5A tourist resort in 2006. Along with its cultural importance, West Lake historically was also of value for local commercial fishermen. According to statistics from 1977, the lake had an annual fish yield of 1300 kg/hectare, quite a bit more than for some larger lakes (that is, East Lake of Wuhan had a yield of only 450 kg/ha). Attractions Other attractions include: Yue Fei Temple, the tomb and memorial hall to Yue Fei. Lingyin Temple, a Buddhist monastery and surrounding hills. Long Jing tea farms, an area renowned for the quality of Tea. Jingci Temple Galloping Tiger Spring, a spring famous for its mineral water Tomb of Su Xiao Xiao The West Lake Museum (located on the lake shore) is dedicated to the cultural heritage of the West Lake. Former Residence of Chiang Ching-kuo Ten Scenes of West Lake Traditionally, there are ten best-known scenic spots on the West Lake, each remembered by a four-character epithet. Collectively, they are known as the "Ten Scenes of West Lake" (10 Scenic Spots in West Lake ). Each is marked by a stele with an epithet written in the calligraphy of the Qianlong Emperor. They are: Dawn on the Su Causeway in Spring Curved Yard and Lotus Pool in Summer Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn Remnant Snow on the Bridge in Winter Leifeng Pagoda in the Sunset Two Peaks Piercing the Clouds Orioles Singing in the Willows Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon Evening Bell Ringing at the Nanping Hill Spring Dawn at Su Causeway (苏堤春晓) Gallery Notes and references See also Slender West Lake West Lake (Huizhou) External links Hangzhou Government website TRAVELZHEJIANG Ten Classic Scenes of West Lake in History Official Travel Guide of West Lake – Hangzhou Tourism Commission Hangzhou West Lake: Too many places, too little time Geography of Hangzhou Lakes of China Lakes of Zhejiang Parks in Zhejiang World Heritage Sites in China Tourist attractions in Hangzhou AAAAA-rated tourist attractions
274138	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98	აპუანის ალპები	აპუანის ალპები — ქედი იტალიაში, ჩრდილოეთ ტოსკანაში. წარმოადგენს ტოსკანა-ემილიის აპენინების სამხრეთ-დასავლეთ ნაწილს. გადაჭიმულია ლიგურიის ზღვის სანაპიროს გასწვრივ დაახლოებით 50 კმ-ზე. სიმაღლე 1946 მ-მდე (მთა მონტე-პიზანინო). აგებულია ფიქლებით, დოლომიტებით, კირქვებითა და მარმარილოთი. ფართოდ არის გავრცელებული რელიეფის კარსტული ფორმები, აგრეთვე მარმარილოს კლდეები. ხდება კარარის მარმარილოს გადამუშავება. განვითარებულია სუბტროპიკული ტყეები და ბუჩქნარები. მღვიმეებიდან აღსანიშნავია ანტრო-დელ-კორკია, რომლის შესასვლელი ზღვის დონიდან 1150 მ სიმაღლეზეა. გამომუშავებულია მარმარილოს ზონის სინკლინურ დადაბლებაში, მეზოზოური ასაკის კირქვებსა და თაბაშირ-დოლომიტის დანაპრალიანებულ ქანებში. რესურსები ინტერნეტში Краткая географическая энциклопедия. Том 1: М., 1960. იტალიის ქედები
536995	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%20%28%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%29	სან-სიდრო (აღმოსავლეთი დავაო)	სან-სიდრო (აღმოსავლეთი დავაო) სან-ისიდრო (ოფიციალურად სან-ისიდროს მუნიციპალიტეტი; ) ― მესამე კლასის მუნიციპალიტეტი აღმოსავლეთ დავაოს პროვინციაში, ფილიპინებში. 2020 წლის აღწერით, მუნიციპალიტეტის მოსახლეობა 33 664 ადამიანს შეადგენს. მოიცავს 16 ბარანგაის. კლიმატი რესურსები ინტერნეტში San Isidro Profile at the DTI Cities and Municipalities Competitive Index Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System სქოლიო აღმოსავლეთ დავაოს მუნიციპალიტეტები
19932	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1381	1381	1381 მოვლენები ინგლისში გლეხთა აჯანყებამ იფეთქა უოტ ტაილერის ხელმძღვანელობით. დაიბადნენ იანვარი თებერვალი მარტი აპრილი მაისი ივნისი ივლისი აგვისტო სექტემბერი ოქტომბერი ნოემბერი დეკემბერი თარიღი უცნობია ანა - პოლონეთის დედოფალი (გ. 1416) გარდაიცვალნენ იანვარი თებერვალი მარტი აპრილი მაისი ივნისი 15 ივნისი : უოტ ტაილერი — ინგლისელი მოღვაწე (დ. 1341) ივლისი აგვისტო სექტემბერი ოქტომბერი ნოემბერი დეკემბერი თარიღი უცნობია ეკატერინე ვადსტენელი — შვედი წმინდანი
2331195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miridae	Miridae	Miridae The Miridae are a large and diverse insect family at one time known by the taxonomic synonym Capsidae. Species in the family may be referred to as capsid bugs or "mirid bugs". Common names include plant bugs, leaf bugs, and grass bugs. It is the largest family of true bugs belonging to the suborder Heteroptera; it includes over 10,000 known species, and new ones are being described constantly. Most widely known mirids are species that are notorious agricultural pests that pierce plant tissues, feed on the sap, and sometimes transmit viral plant diseases. Some species however, are predatory. Description Miridae are small, terrestrial insects, usually oval-shaped or elongate and measuring less than in length. Many of them have a hunched look, because of the shape of the prothorax, which carries the head bent down. Some are brightly coloured and attractively patterned, others drab or dark, most being inconspicuous. Some genera are ant mimics at certain stages of life. Miridae do not have any ocelli. Their rostrum has four segments. One useful feature in identifying members of the family is the presence of a cuneus; it is the triangular tip of the corium, the firm, sclerotized part of the forewing, the hemelytron. The cuneus is visible in nearly all Miridae, and only in a few other Hemiptera, notably the family Anthocoridae, which are not much like the Miridae in other ways. The tarsi almost always have three segments. Some mirid species Lygus bugs (Lygus spp.), including the tarnished and western tarnished plant bugs, are serious pests in the cotton, strawberry, and alfalfa industries. Stenotus binotatus, a minor pest of cereal crops, especially wheat Apple dimpling bug (Campylomma liebknechti) damages apple blossoms and small growing fruits. Mosquito bugs Helopeltis and Afropeltis spp. – that infest various crops including tea, cacao and cotton Honeylocust plant bug (Diaphnocoris chlorionis) damages foliage on honeylocust trees. Green mirid (Creontiades dilutus) damages many types of field crops. Potato capsid (Closterotomus norwegicus) is a noted pest of potato and clover plants in New Zealand. Deraeocoris nebulosus prefers other insects to plants in its diet, and has been used as a biocontrol agent against mites and scale insects. Dicyphus hesperus sucks sap from various plants and preys on whitefly and red spider mites and can be used in biological pest control. Systematics This family includes a large number of species, many of which are still unknown, distributed in more than 1300 genera. The taxonomic tree includes the following subfamilies and numerous tribes: Bryocorinae Bryocorini Dicyphini Eccritotarsini Cylapinae Cylapini Fulviini Deraeocorinae Clivinematini Deraeocorini Hyaliodini Saturniomirini Surinamellini Termatophylini Isometopinae Diphlebini Isometopini Mirinae Herdoniini Hyalopeplini Mirini Pithanini Restheniini Stenodemini Orthotylinae Ceratocapsini Halticini Orthotylini Phylinae Hallodapini Leucophoropterini Phylini Pilophorini Psallopinae Auth.: Schuh, 1976 Isometopsallops Herczek & Popov, 1992 Psallops Usinger, 1946 †Cylapopsallops Popov & Herczek, 2006 †Epigonopsallops Herczek & Popov, 2009 Genera Incertae sedis BioLib includes: Amulacoris Carvalho & China, 1959 Anniessa Kirkaldy, 1903 Auchus Distant, 1893 Bahiarmiris Carvalho, 1977 Brasiliocarnus Kerzhner & Schuh, 1995 Carmelinus Carvalho & Gomes, 1972 Carmelus Drake & Harris, 1932 Chaetophylidea Knight, 1968 Charitides Kerzhner, 1962 Colimacoris Schaffner & Carvalho, 1985 Cylapocerus Carvalho & Fontes, 1968 Duckecylapus Carvalho, 1982 Englemania Carvalho, 1985 Eurycipitia Reuter, 1905 Faliscomiris Kerzhner & Schuh, 1998 Fuscus Distant, 1884 Guerrerocoris Carvalho & China, 1959 Gunhadya - monotypic Gunhadya rubrofasciata Distant, 1920 Heterocoris Guérin-Ménéville in Sagra, 1857 Knightocoris Carvalho & China, 1951 Leonomiris Kerzhner & Schuh, 1998 Macrotyloides Van Duzee, 1916 Merinocapsus Knight, 1968 Mircarvalhoia Kerzhner & Schuh, 1998 Montagneria Akingbohungbe, 1978 Muirmiris Carvalho, 1983 Myochroocoris Reuter, 1909 Nesosylphas Kirkaldy, 1908 Notolobus Reuter, 1908 Nymannus Distant, 1904 Paracoriscus Kerzhner & Schuh, 1998 Paraguayna Carvalho, 1986 Prodomopsis TBD Prodomus TBD Pseudobryocoris Distant, 1884 Pygophorisca Carvalho & Wallerstein, 1978 Rayeria TBD Rewafulvia Carvalho, 1972 Rhynacloa Reuter Rondonisca Carvalho & Costa, 1994 Rondonoides Carvalho & Costa, 1994 Rondonotylus Carvalho & Costa, 1994 Spanogonicus Berg Sthenaridia TBD Zoilus Distant, 1884 References Further reading Google books preview External links PBI Plant Bug Index Link to Al Wheeler's book on the biology of mirids Research on mirids of Southern California at UC Riverside Garden fleahopper on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website Heteroptera families Articles containing video clips Taxa named by Carl Wilhelm Hahn
74603953	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didube%20District	Didube District	Didube District Didube is an administrative district (raioni) of Tbilisi, capital of Georgia. It includes the neighborhoods of Didube and Dighomi Massive. References Districts of Tbilisi
18845311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchar%20Kvirkvelia	Manuchar Kvirkvelia	Manuchar Kvirkvelia (Georgian: მანუჩარ კვირკველია; born on October 12, 1978) is a retired Georgian Greco-Roman wrestler and politician, an Olympic champion and a member of the Parliament of Georgia since 2008. Early life and family Manuchar Kvirkvelia was born on October 12, 1978, in Ozurgeti, Guria, a town in then-Soviet Georgia. He graduated in 2007 from the Vita Training University of Tbilisi, receiving a degree in finance. He is married to Inga Shanava and has six children, including three sons and three daughters. Sports career Wrestling champion Manuchar Kvirkvelia started wrestling first in his hometown of Ozurgeti and after being discovered, moved to Tbilisi, where he started practicing Greco-Roman wrestling. During his student years, he earned his living with wrestling and competed in the Turkish Wrestling Federation. He first appeared on the international mat at the age of 24 at the European Championship in the lightweight category in Seinäjoki, Finland, where he won the Silver Medal, finishing second to Turkey's Şeref Eroğlu. That same year, he finished third with the Bronze Medal at the World Wrestling Championship held in Moscow. In 2003, he participated in the European Championship held in Belgrade, where he took 5th place and lost once again to Şeref Eroğlu. However, he won the Gold Medal after winning the World Championship in Créteil, France, defeating his old rival Eroğlu and 1996 Polish Olympic champion Ryszard Wolny. He took part in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, where he would be disqualified after starting a brawl with Şeref Eroğlu, to whom he lost with a crushing score of 1–11. Manuchar Kvirkvelia moved to the 74 kg category of men's Greco-Roman wrestling in 2004. In that category, he won the Bronze Medal at the World Championship in Guangzhou in 2006 and at that same year's European Championship in Moscow. He won the European Championship held in Sofia in 2007, winning his second international title, although he would perform poorly at the World Championship in Baku later that year, finishing 20th. Kvirkvelia qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he defeated China's Chang Yongxiang to become an Olympic champion and winning the Gold Medal in the 74 km competition, becoming the first Georgian gold medal at that year's Olympic competitions. The games coincided with the Russo-Georgian War and Kvirkvelia said after his victory: Manuchar Kvirkvelia has been awarded the Medal of Honor by President Eduard Shevardnadze (2003), the Order of Excellence by President Mikheil Saakashvili (2008), and the Order of Honor by President Giorgi Margvelashvili (2018). He is also a Knight of Sports since 2003. President of GWF Manuchar Kvirkvelia was elected as President of the Georgian Wrestling Federation on December 26, 2014, defeating Valery Gelashvili, a member of Parliament endorsed by the governing Georgian Dream party, with 59 to 43 votes. His two-year term ended on December 17, 2016 when he was defeated for reelection by Gega Gegeshidze, a former wrestler and controversial figure who had received the support of Georgian Dream, only receiving 24 votes to Gegeshidze's 46. He remained active in the sports management world after 2016. During the 2020 Georgian Olympic Committee President election, he was one of several former athletes to boycott the election, alleging that the Olympic Committee's bylaws had been rewritten to benefit incumbent Leri Khabelov's reelection. A businessman, his wealth has estimated him to be a millionaire. Political career Manuchar Kvirkvelia joined the Progress and Freedom party (P&F), a right-wing party created by businessmen Kakhaber Okriashvili and Tsezar Chocheli ahead of the 2020 parliamentary election. When the party merged with the Strength Is in Unity electoral bloc led by the United National Movement, he was nominated by the coalition as candidate for the Guria Majoritarian District. He ran against 13 candidates, including incumbent MP Khatuna Gogorishvili (European Georgia) and GD's Vasil Chigogidze. Kvirkvelia was defeated in the first round, ending second with 22.9%. He won a seat in the Parliament of Georgia nonetheless through the bloc's electoral list, but was one of 49 MPs to refuse to recognize the results and boycotted their seats after allegations of massive voter fraud surfaced. Kvirkvelia joined Parliament in May 2021 after a short-lived EU-facilitated agreement between Georgian Dream and the opposition. Since then, he has served as Deputy Chairman of the Sports and Youth Committee. One of the least active MPs, he's only participated in less than 1% of votes on the floor. He is one of the largest donors of the Strength is in Unity bloc. References 1978 births Living people People from Guria Mingrelians Male sport wrestlers from Georgia (country) Olympic gold medalists for Georgia (country) Olympic wrestlers for Georgia (country) Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in wrestling Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics World Wrestling Championships medalists Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence
2265000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippology	Hippology	Hippology (from Greek: ἵππος, hippos, "horse"; and λόγος, logos, "study") is the study of the horse - a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. Today, hippology is the title of an equine veterinary and management knowledge contest that is used in 4-H, Future Farmers of America (FFA), and many horse breed contests. Hippology consists of four phases: horse judging, written examination and slide identification, ID stations, and team problem-solving. Many youths across the United States and in other countries compete in hippology annually, showing their knowledge of all things "horse". Items covered in the contest may cover any equine subject, including reproduction, training, parasites, dressage, history and origins, anatomy and physiology, driving and harnessing, horse industry, horse management, breeds, genetics, western games, colors, famous horses in history, parts of the saddle, types of bits, gaits, competitions, poisonous plants, and nutrition. Judging The judging phase generally includes judging both a halter class and an "under saddle" class (such as western pleasure, hunter under saddle, etc.). The classes involve four horses and contestants are given a judging card to place the horses. Unlike the horse judging competitions, hippology competitors are not expected to give reasons, but only place the classes. Written examination and slide identification The written examination is a multiple-choice, 50-question test. The written examination can cover any of the topics and any of the information from the designated sources. The slide identification is composed of 25 slides. ID stations The ID station phase includes 10 stations, each with 10 pictures or objects to be identified along with a list of multiple-choice answers. Each station has a theme (anatomy, poisonous plants, tack, etc.). A time limit exists allotting only 2 minutes per station. Team problem solving The team problem solving phase requires a team, with three or four members, to present their solution for a problem to a judge or judges. The team is given 10–15 minutes to discuss the problem, form a solution, and prepare their presentation. No written materials are allowed. They then have an average of 5 minutes to present their solution. Members are judged on their teamwork (especially during the discussion phase), the accuracy of their solution, and their presentation skills. No coaches or any adults are allowed in the room during the team problem. Hippology in 4-H In 4-H, hippology teams consist of 3 or 4 members. (In the case of a team with 4 members, the lowest score is dropped.) Teams compete at a regional level, where the first place team advances to compete against the other region winners at a state level. The winner of the state level then advances to either Eastern Nationals in Kentucky, or Western Nationals in Colorado, depending on the state. See also Horse breeding Horse training Sources Information for the hippology competitions is taken from multiple sources. These include: "The Horse" by Evans et al "Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms" by New Horizons Equine Education Center Inc. "Horse Industry Handbook" by American Youth Horse Council "Youth Leaders' Manual" by American Youth Horse Council "Horse Anatomy: A Coloring Atlas" by Kainer and McCracken "Feeding and Care of the Horse" by Lewis "Equine Science" by Griffiths Mammalogy Horses
447928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matabeleland%20North%20Province	Matabeleland North Province	Matabeleland North Province Matabeleland North is a province in western Zimbabwe. With a population of 749,017 as of the 2012 census, it is the country's second-least populous province, after Matabeleland South, and is the country's least densely populated province. Matabeleland North was established in 1974, when the original Matabeleland Province was divided into two provinces, the other being Matabeleland South. In 1997, the province lost territory when the city of Bulawayo became its own province. Matabeleland North is divided into seven districts. Its capital is Lupane, and Victoria Falls and Hwange are its largest towns. The name "Matabeleland" is derived from the Matabele or Ndebele people, the province's largest ethnic group. Matabeleland North is bordered by Matabeleland South and Bulawayo to the south, Midlands to the east, Mashonaland West to the northeast, Botswana to the west, and Zambia to the north, which is separated from Zimbabwe by the Zambezi river. It has an area of , equal to 19.2% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the largest in area of the country's ten provinces. Matabeleland North is located on the edge of the Kalahari Basin, giving it an arid climate. Its economy is dominated by agriculture, with 83% of employed people in the province working as farmers. Cattle ranching and tourism also contribute to the economy. The Zimbabwean side of Victoria Falls, a World Heritage Site and major tourist attraction, is located in Matabeleland North. Geography The region of Matabeleland, of which Matabeleland North is a part of, is characterized by generally inhospitable land when compared to other parts of Zimbabwe. It has lower rainfall than provinces such as Mashonaland, and is plagued by water scarcity in general. The land is also less fertile than other provinces, as commercial crops cannot be grown and rural farmers usually cannot produce enough maize to feed their families. However, during the colonial era, large numbers of cattle ranches were formed and cattle ranching has proved to be more successful than growing crops in the province. The upper reaches of the Nata River flow through Matabeleland North before entering Botswana to discharge to the Makgadikgadi Pans. The region does have a significant amount of other resources like gold, limestone, methane gas, coal, and timber. As seen in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe's largest game reserve, the area is also known for its substantial wildlife population. However, the most famous geographic feature of Matebeleland North is Victoria Falls, the world's largest waterfalls that are located on the Zambezi river on the northern border of the province. Government Districts Matabeleland North is divided into 7 districts: Binga Bubi Hwange Lupane Nkayi Tsholotsho Umguza Elections The region is regarded as a very independent region when it comes to politics. In the most recent parliamentary election held in March 2008, both factions of the MDC won a total of eight seats from the Matabeleland North delegation to the House of Assembly, while ZANU-PF won four seats and one other seat was won by an independent. In the Senate, the MDC won a combined five seats and ZANU-PF won one seat. See also Provinces of Zimbabwe Districts of Zimbabwe References Provinces of Zimbabwe 1974 establishments in Rhodesia
175541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris%20wheel	Ferris wheel	Ferris wheel A Ferris wheel (also called a Giant Wheel or an observation wheel) is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple passenger-carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, tubs, gondolas, capsules, or pods) attached to the rim in such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept upright, usually by gravity. Some of the largest modern Ferris wheels have cars mounted on the outside of the rim, with electric motors to independently rotate each car to keep it upright. These cars are often referred to as capsules or pods. The original Ferris Wheel was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. as a landmark for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago; although much smaller wooden wheels of similar idea predate Ferris's wheel, dating perhaps to the 1500s. The generic term "Ferris wheel", now used in American English for all such structures, has become the most common type of amusement ride at state fairs in the United States. The tallest Ferris wheel, the Ain Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, opened in October 2021 but is no longer in operation. The current record holder since 2014 of a Ferris wheel in operation is the High Roller in Las Vegas, Nevada, which opened to the public in March 2014. Terminology and design The term Ferris wheel comes from the maker of one of the first examples constructed for Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. in 1893. Modern versions have been called observation wheels. In 1892, when the incorporation papers for the Ferris Wheel Company (constructors of the original 1893 Chicago Ferris Wheel) were filed, the purpose of the company was stated as: [construction and operation of] "wheels of the Ferris or other types for the purpose of observation or amusement". Design variation includes single (cantilevered) or twin sided support for the wheel and whether the cars or capsules are oriented upright by gravity or by electric motors. The most prevalent design is the use of twin sided support and gravity-oriented capsules. Early history "Pleasure wheels", whose passengers rode in chairs suspended from large wooden rings turned by strong men, may have originated in 17th-century Bulgaria. The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608–1667 describes and illustrates "severall Sorts of Swinginge used in their Publique rejoyceings att their Feast of Biram" on 17 May 1620 at Philippopolis (now Plovdiv) in the Ottoman Balkans. Among means "lesse dangerous and troublesome" was one: Five years earlier, in 1615, Pietro Della Valle, a Roman traveller who sent letters from Constantinople, Persia, and India, attended a Ramadan festival in Constantinople. He describes the fireworks, floats, and great swings, then comments on riding the Great Wheel: Similar wheels also appeared in England in the 17th century, and subsequently elsewhere around the world, including India, Romania, and Siberia. A Frenchman, Antonio Manguino, introduced the idea to America in 1848, when he constructed a wooden pleasure wheel to attract visitors to his start-up fair in Walton Spring, Georgia. Somers' Wheel In 1892, William Somers installed three fifty-foot wooden wheels at Asbury Park, New Jersey; Atlantic City, New Jersey; and Coney Island, New York. The following year he was granted the first U.S. patent for a "Roundabout". George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. rode on Somers' wheel in Atlantic City prior to designing his wheel for the World's Columbian Exposition. In 1893 Somers filed a lawsuit against Ferris for patent infringement; however, Ferris and his lawyers successfully argued that the Ferris Wheel and its technology differed greatly from Somers' wheel, and the case was dismissed. The original Ferris Wheel The original Ferris wheel, sometimes referred to as the Chicago Wheel, was designed and constructed by Ferris Jr. and opened in 1893; however, an earlier wheel was created for the New York State fair in 1854, created by two Erie Canal workers. With a height of , it was the tallest attraction at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, where it opened to the public on June 21, 1893. It was intended to rival the Eiffel Tower, the centerpiece of the 1889 Paris Exposition. Ferris was a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, bridge-builder. He began his career in the railroad industry and then pursued an interest in bridge building. Ferris understood the growing need for structural steel and founded G.W.G. Ferris & Co. in Pittsburgh, a firm that tested and inspected metals for railroads and bridge builders. The wheel rotated on a 71-ton, axle comprising what was at that time the world's largest hollow forging, manufactured in Pittsburgh by the Bethlehem Iron Company and weighing , together with two cast-iron spiders weighing . There were 36 cars, each fitted with 40 revolving chairs and able to accommodate up to 60 people, giving a total capacity of 2,160. The wheel carried some 38,000 passengers daily and took 20 minutes to complete two revolutions, the first involving six stops to allow passengers to exit and enter and the second a nine-minute non-stop rotation, for which the ticket holder paid 50 cents. The Exposition ended in October 1893, and the wheel closed in April 1894 and was dismantled and stored until the following year. It was then rebuilt on Chicago's North Side, near the high-income enclave of Lincoln Park. William D. Boyce, then a local resident, filed a Circuit Court action against the owners of the wheel to have it removed, but without success. It operated there from October 1895 until 1903, when it was again dismantled, then transported by rail to St. Louis for the 1904 World's Fair and finally destroyed by controlled demolition using dynamite on May 11, 1906. Antique Ferris wheels The Wiener Riesenrad (German for "Viennese Giant Wheel") is a surviving example of 19th-century Ferris wheels. Erected in 1897 in the Wurstelprater section of Prater public park in the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna, Austria, to celebrate Emperor Franz Josef I's Golden Jubilee, it has a height of and originally had 30 passenger cars. A demolition permit for the Riesenrad was issued in 1916, but due to a lack of funds with which to carry out the destruction, it survived. Following the demolition of the Grande Roue de Paris in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel. In 1944 it burnt down, but was rebuilt the following year with 15 passenger cars, and remained the world's tallest extant wheel until its 97th year, when the Technocosmos was constructed for Expo '85, at Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Still in operation today, it is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions, and over the years has featured in numerous films (including Madame Solange d`Atalide (1914), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), The Third Man (1949), The Living Daylights (1987), Before Sunrise (1995)) and novels. World's tallest Ferris wheels Chronology of world's tallest wheels 1893: the original Ferris Wheel was tall. Built for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, it was moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904 for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and demolished there in 1906. 1895: the Great Wheel was built for the Empire of India Exhibition at Earls Court, London, UK, and was tall. Construction began in March 1894 and it opened to the public on July 17, 1895. It stayed in service until 1906 and was demolished in 1907, having carried over 2.5 million passengers. 1900: the Grande Roue de Paris was built for the Exposition Universelle, a world's fair held in Paris, France. It was demolished in 1920, but its height was not surpassed until almost 90 years after its construction. 1920: the Wiener Riesenrad was built to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Emperor Franz Josef I, at the entrance of the Wurstelprater amusement park in Austria's capital Vienna. Constructed in 1897, when the Grande Roue de Paris was demolished in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel with , and it remained so for the next 65 years until 1985, its 97th year. 1985: Technocosmos, later renamed Technostar, was an 85-metre (279 ft) tall giant Ferris wheel, originally built for the Expo '85 World Fair in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Work began on dismantling Technostar in November 2009. 1989: the Cosmo Clock 21 was built for the YES '89 Yokohama Exposition at Minato Mirai 21, Yokohama, Japan. Originally constructed with a height of , it was dismantled in 1997 and then in 1999 relocated onto a taller base which increased its overall height to . 1992: Igosu 108 at Biwako Tower, Shiga, Japan, opened April 26 at tall, hence its name. It has since been moved to Vietnam, where it opened as the Sun Wheel on a new base, now totaling tall. 1997: the Tempozan Ferris Wheel, in Osaka, Japan, opened to the public on July 13, and is tall. 1999: the Daikanransha at Palette Town in Odaiba, Japan, is tall. 2000: the London Eye, in London, United Kingdom, is tall. Although officially opened on December 31, 1999, it did not open to the public until March 2000, because of technical problems. 2006: the Star of Nanchang, in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China, opened for business in May and is tall. 2008: the Singapore Flyer, in Singapore, is tall. It started rotating on February 11, and officially opened to the public on March 1, 2008. 2014: the High Roller, in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, is tall. It opened to the public on March 31, 2014 and is currently the world's tallest Ferris wheel in operation. 2021: the Ain Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is . It opened to the public on October 21, 2021, but is no longer in operation. There is no official explanation as to why it ceased operating. Timeline Future wheels Following the huge success of the London Eye since it opened in 2000, giant Ferris wheels have been proposed for many other cities; however, a large number of these projects have stalled or failed. Construction in progress Isfahan eye 222 meter ferris wheel of Mount Soffeh under development by city's municipality. It will be with a financed 1000 billion toman. The Nanjing OCT Funland Ferris Wheel has passed national inspections in early 2023 and is about to open to the public. Abandoned projects The Skyvue Las Vegas Super Wheel (or SkyVue—the official website uses both) was announced as being tall, and later reported as and . It was approved by Clark County Commission in March 2011, and announced at a groundbreaking ceremony in May 2011 that "We expect it to be up and running in time for New Year's 2012". The completion date for its construction on the Las Vegas Strip was subsequently put back several times. , construction had stalled. The project was eventually canceled due to lack of funding and the property was put up for sale in 2020, and again in 2022. The New York Wheel was first reported in June 2012 and officially announced by mayor Michael Bloomberg in September 2012. Construction at Staten Island, New York City, alongside the planned Empire Outlets retail complex, was originally planned to begin early in 2014, and completion was originally expected to be in 2015. In October 2014 it was reported that construction would not begin until 2015, with completion delayed until 2017. This was subsequently further pushed back to April 2018, and then delayed indefinitely after developer NY Wheel fired lead contractor Mammoet-Starneth LLC in July 2017 amid a legal dispute over missed design and construction deadlines. In May 2018, the developers of the New York Wheel were given a last chance to obtain funding for the project. As per a ruling in Delaware bankruptcy court, the developers had 120 days, or until September 5, to find funding; however, on September 7, 2018, it was announced that the New York Wheel would not receive $140 million in city funding. The delays caused concern among EB-5 visa investors, who would lose their visas if the project was not constructed. An amendment to the bankruptcy court's ruling gave the developers a final 120-day extension to look for funding. If the developers did not get funding by January 2019, the project would be canceled and no further funding extensions would be given. On September 21, 2018, mayor Bill de Blasio said that the now-$900-million project would not receive a bailout from the city because it was too risky to support the project with bonds. As such, the city would not support tax free status for a $380 million bond sale to complete the project. Investors refused to proceed with construction without city support, and stated that it would allow the parts for the Ferris wheel to be auctioned off if the city did not provide funding. Subsequently, investors decided to cancel the project. At this point, investors had spent $450 million on the project. Quiescent proposals Incomplete, delayed, stalled, cancelled, failed, or abandoned proposals: The Moscow View, proposed in 2011, was to have featured 48 monorail-mounted passenger capsules, each able to carry 48 passengers, travelling around a centreless non-rotating rim. At that time the timeframe for its construction was unknown and its site within Moscow had yet to be selected, though candidates were said to include the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, Gorky Park, Prospekt Vernadskogo, and Sparrow Hills. In December 2011 the project was reported to be stalled due to lack of City Hall approval. The Beijing Great Wheel was originally due to begin construction in 2007 and to open in 2008, but went into receivership in 2010. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010. The Baghdad Eye was proposed for Baghdad, Iraq, in August 2008. At that time, three possible locations had been identified, but no estimates of cost or completion date were given. In October 2008, it was reported that Al-Zawraa Park was expected to be the site, and a wheel was installed there in March 2011. The Great Dubai Wheel proposed for Dubailand, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, was granted planning permission in 2006 and expected to open in 2009, but it was subsequently confirmed that it would not be built. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010. The Voyager was proposed several times for Las Vegas, Nevada. The Bangkok Eye, to be located near the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, Thailand, was announced by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration on October 13, 2010, at which time the actual site and means of funding the 30-billion baht project had yet to be determined. The Great Berlin Wheel was originally planned to open in 2008 but the project encountered financial obstacles. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010. The Jeddah Eye was proposed in 2008, as part of a development scheduled to open in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. Construction was to have begun in 2009, but there were no subsequent announcements. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010. A Ferris wheel project involving Tussauds was considered for New York City's South Street Seaport in 2004, but was never built. The Great Orlando Wheel was announced in June 2008 but then suspended in early 2009 after losing its funding. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010. The Kolkata Eye was first proposed in 2011 for construction on the banks of Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Favoured by Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal, the project was originally valued at 100 crore rupees. This had risen to 300 crore rupees by May 2014 when Banerjee tweeted is expected to be ready in a year's time". In January 2015 The Times of India reported that the project was "still a pipe dream". A wheel for Manchester, England, was proposed by Manchester City Council in 2010 as a replacement for the transportable Wheel of Manchester installation, with Piccadilly Gardens the possible site and completion expected by Christmas 2011. The Eye on Malaysia, a Chinese-manufactured wheel with 54 passenger gondolas, was scheduled to begin operating in April 2013 at Malacca Island, Malaysia. In November 2012, Chief Minister of the state of Malacca Datuk Seri Mohd Ali Rustam stated that the installation of piles had brought the RM40 million wheel to 15 per cent of completion, and that "the installation of the wheel structure will begin in February [2013]." Mohd Ali Rustam had previously announced the Malaysia Eye, which conflicting reports stated would be or tall, also to be sourced from China and located at Malacca Island, and to have 54 air-conditioned gondolas, each able to carry six people. It was scheduled to open on December 1, 2011, but was never built. A wheel planned for Manchester, England, for 2008, was never constructed. The Pepsi Globe was proposed for the planned Meadowlands complex in New Jersey in February 2008 and originally due to open in 2009, then put on hold until 2010. It has since been further delayed, and construction of the host complex, originally due to be completed in 2007, has been stalled since 2009 due to financing problems. Nippon Moon, described as a "giant observation wheel" by its designers, was reported in September 2013 to be "currently in development". At that time, its height was "currently undisclosed", but "almost twice the scale of the wheel in London". Its location, an unspecified Japanese city, was "currently under wraps", and its funding had "yet to be entirely secured". Commissioned by Ferris Wheel Investment Co., Ltd., and designed by UNStudio in collaboration with Arup, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Experientia, it was expected to have 32 individually themed capsules and take 40 minutes to rotate once. The Shanghai Star, initially planned as a tall wheel to be built by 2005, was revised to , with a completion date set in 2007, but then cancelled in 2006 due to "political incorrectness". An earlier proposal for a structure, the Shanghai Kiss, with capsules ascending and descending a pair of towers which met at their peaks instead of a wheel, was deemed too expensive at £100m. Rus-3000, a wheel planned to open in 2004 in Moscow, has since been reported cancelled. Subsequently, an approximately wheel was considered for Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure, and a wheel proposed for location near Sparrow Hills. Another giant wheel planned for Prospekt Vernadskogo for 2002 was also never built. Variants Indoor Ferris wheels At some malls and amusement parks indoor Ferris wheels were realized. The largest of its kind has a diametre of and is situated in the high Alem Cultural and Entertainment Center in Ashgabat. Motorised capsules Wheels with passenger cars mounted external to the rim and independently rotated by electric motors, as opposed to wheels with cars suspended from the rim and kept upright by gravity, are uncommon. Typically they are called 'Observation wheels' but there is no standardised terminology. Only a few Ferris wheels with motorised capsules have been built. The Bay Glory is China's first giant observation wheel with motorised capsules. The Ain Dubai, world's current tallest observation wheel. The High Roller, world's tallest from 2014 to 2021, has externally mounted motorised capsules of a transparent spherical design, and is described as both a Ferris wheel and an observation wheel by the media. The Singapore Flyer has cylindrical externally mounted motorised capsules and is described as an observation wheel by its operators, but was also credited as "world's largest Ferris wheel" by the media when it opened in 2008. The London Eye, typically described as a "giant Ferris wheel" by the media, has ovoidal externally mounted motorised capsules and is the "world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel" according to its operator. The Melbourne Star (previously the Southern Star) in Australia has ovoidal externally mounted motorised capsules and is described by its operators as "the only observation wheel in the southern hemisphere", but also as a Ferris wheel by the media. The Nanjing OCT Funland Ferris Wheel is China's second giant observation wheel with motorised capsules which has passed national inspections in early 2023 and is about to open to the public. Official conceptual renderings of the proposed New York Wheel also show a wheel equipped with externally mounted motorised capsules. Centreless wheels In the centreless (sometimes called hubless or spokeless) wheel design, there is no central hub and the rim of the wheel stays fixed in place. Instead, each car travels around the circumference of the rim. The first centreless wheel built was the Big O at Tokyo Dome City in Japan. Its height has since been surpassed by the high Bailang River Bridge Ferris Wheel on the upper deck of the Bailang River Bridge in Shandong Province, China, which opened in 2017. The first centreless wheel in North America opened in January 2019 at the indoor Méga Parc in Quebec City, Canada. The wheel at Méga Parc was designed and manufactured by Larson International. Transportable wheels Transportable Ferris wheels are designed to be operated at multiple locations, as opposed to fixed wheels which are usually intended for permanent installation. Small transportable designs may be permanently mounted on trailers, and can be moved intact. Larger transportable wheels are designed to be repeatedly dismantled and rebuilt, some using water ballast instead of the permanent foundations of their fixed counterparts. Fixed wheels are also sometimes dismantled and relocated. Larger examples include the original Ferris Wheel, which operated at two sites in Chicago, Illinois, and a third in St. Louis, Missouri; Technocosmos/Technostar, which moved to Expoland, Osaka, after Expo '85, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, for which it was built, ended; and Cosmo Clock 21, which added onto its original height when erected for the second time at Minato Mirai 21, Yokohama, in 1999. The world's tallest transportable wheel is the Bussink Design R80XL. One of the most famous transportable wheels is the Roue de Paris, originally installed on the Place de la Concorde in Paris for the 2000 millennium celebrations. Roue de Paris left France in 2002 and in 2003–04 operated in Birmingham and Manchester, England. In 2005 it visited first Geleen then Amsterdam, Netherlands, before returning to England to operate at Gateshead. In 2006 it was erected at the Suan Lum Night Bazaar in Bangkok, Thailand, and by 2008 had made its way to Antwerp, Belgium. Roue de Paris is a Ronald Bussink series R60 design using of water ballast to provide a stable base. The R60 weighs , and can be erected in 72 hours and dismantled in 60 hours by a specialist team. Transport requires seven 20-foot container lorries, ten open trailer lorries, and one closed trailer lorry. Its 42-passenger cars can be loaded either 3 or 6 at a time, and each car can carry 8 people. Bussink R60 wheels have operated in Australia (Brisbane), Canada (Niagara Falls), France (Paris), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur & Malacca), México (Puebla), UK (Belfast, Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield), US (Atlanta, Myrtle Beach), and elsewhere. Other notable transportable wheels include the Steiger Ferris Wheel, which was the world's tallest transportable wheel when it began operating in 1980. It has 42 passenger cars, and weighs 450 tons. On October 11, 2010, it collapsed at the Kramermarkt in Oldenburg, Germany, during deconstruction. Double and triple wheels A double Ferris wheel designed to include a horizontal turntable was patented in 1939 by John F. Courtney, working for Velare & Courtney. In Courtney's design, there were two independent Ferris wheels, each rotating at either end of a cantilever arm. The cantilever arm was supported in the middle by a tall vertical support, and the cantilever arm itself rotated around its middle pivot point. The design was similar to the earlier Aeriocycle, but the double wheel patented by Courtney allowed the cantilever arm to make a complete rotation, while the Aeriocycle was limited to a seesaw motion. Courtney continued to file additional patents on improved designs through the 1950s to make them more portable, and at about the same time, the Velare brothers patented the "Space Wheel", a side-by-side double with four total Ferris wheels. The design was later sold to the Allan Herschell Company in 1959 and marketed as the "Sky Wheel"; the first sale as the Sky Wheel was to 20th Century Rides in October 1960. The Sky Wheel seated up to 32 riders in 16 two-person cars, with 8 cars per wheel, and riders reached a peak of approximately . The height and popularity of the Sky Wheel was eclipsed by larger single wheels in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and it has since largely disappeared from common use. , there are four known Sky Wheels that remain in operation. In March 1966, Thomas Glen Robinson and Ralph G. Robinson received a patent for a Planetary Amusement Ride, which was a distinct double wheel design. In the Robinsons' patent, the cantilever arm was bent at a slightly obtuse angle, and the cars were carried on a spoked "spider" rotating structure at each end of the cantilever. With the obtuse-angle cantilever, one spider could be lowered to the ground in a horizontal plane so that all the cars on that spider could be unloaded and loaded simultaneously, while the spider on the other end of the cantilever would continue to rotate in a near-vertical plane. Robinson sold two of these rides – Astrowheel, which operated at the former Six Flags AstroWorld in Houston, Texas, and Galaxy, which operated at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Both were manufactured by Astron International Corporation. Astrowheel was part of the original lineup of rides when Astroworld opened in 1968; it was removed in 1981 to make way for the Warp 10 ride. Astrowheel had an eight-spoked spider at the end of each arm, and each tip had a separate car for eight cars in total on each end. In contrast, Galaxy had double the capacity with a four-spoked spider at the end of each arm; each tip bore an independent four-spoked sub-spider for sixteen cars in total on each end. Like Astrowheel, Galaxy was part of the lineup at Magic Mountain when the park opened in 1971, and was removed in 1980 when Six Flags took over ownership of both parks. Swiss broker Intamin marketed a similar series of double wheels manufactured by Waagner-Biro, comprising a vertical column supporting a straight cantilever arm, with each end of the cantilever arm ending in a spoked Ferris wheel. The first Intamin produced was Giant Wheel at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, which operated from 1973 to 2004. Other double wheels made by Waagner-Biro/Intamin include Zodiac (Kings Island, Mason, Ohio; 1975–86; moved to Wonderland Sydney and operated 1989–2004), Scorpion (Parque de la Ciudad, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1982–2003), and Double Wheel (Kuwait Entertainment City, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 1984–91). A triple variant was custom designed for the Marriott Corporation and debuted at both Marriott's Great America parks (now Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, and California's Great America, Santa Clara) in 1976 as Sky Whirl. Each ride had three main components: the three spiders/wheels with their passenger cars; the triple-spoked supporting arm; and the single central supporting column. Each wheel rotated about one of the three ends of the supporting arm. The supporting arm would in turn rotate around its central hub as a single unit about the top of the supporting column. The axis about which the supporting arm turned was offset from vertical (i.e., the plane of rotation was not horizontal), so that as the supporting arm rotated, each wheel was raised and lowered. When lowered, one wheel was horizontal at ground level. At the same time, the other wheels remained raised and continued to rotate in a near-vertical plane at considerable height. The lowered horizontal wheel was brought to a standstill for simultaneous loading and unloading of all its passenger cars. The Sky Whirl was also known as a triple Ferris wheel, Triple Giant Wheel, or Triple Tree Wheel; it was in height. The Sky Whirl in Santa Clara was filmed for a memorable rescue scene in Beverly Hills Cop III (renamed to "The Spider" for the film). The Santa Clara ride, renamed Triple Wheel in post-Marriott years, closed on September 1, 1997. The Gurnee ride closed in 2000. Two triple wheels were built for Asian clients: Tree Triple Wheel at Seibu-en (Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan; 1985–2004) and Hydra at Lotte World (Seoul, South Korea; 1989–97). Eccentric wheels An eccentric wheel (sometimes called a sliding wheel or coaster wheel) differs from a conventional Ferris wheel in that some or all of its passenger cars are not fixed directly to the rim of the wheel, but instead slide on rails between the rim and the hub as the wheel rotates. The two most famous eccentric wheels are Wonder Wheel, at Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park, Coney Island, US, and Pixar Pal-A-Round (previously Sun Wheel and Mickey's Fun Wheel), at Disney California Adventure, US. The latter is a replica of the former. There is a second replica in Yokohama Dreamland, Japan. Pixar Pal-A-Round is tall and has 24 fully enclosed passenger cars, each able to carry six passengers. Each passenger car is decorated with the face of a Pixar character. Sixteen slide inward and outward as the wheel rotates, the remainder are fixed to the rim. There are separate boarding queues for sliding and fixed cars, so that passengers may choose between the two. Inspired by Coney Island's 1920 Wonder Wheel, it was designed by Walt Disney Imagineering and Waagner Biro, completed in 2001 as the Sun Wheel, later refurbished and reopened in 2009 as Mickey's Fun Wheel, and again rethemed as Pixar Pal-A-Round in 2018. Wonder Wheel was built in 1920, is tall, and can carry 144 people. Gallery of notable wheels Major designers, manufacturers, and operators Allan Herschell Company (merged with Chance Rides in 1970) Seattle Wheel (debuted 1962): 16 cars, two passengers per car Sky Wheel (debuted 1939; also manufactured by Chance Rides): a double wheel, with the wheels rotating about opposite ends of a pair of parallel beams, and the beams rotating about their centres; eight cars per wheel, two passengers per car Chance Morgan/Chance Rides/Chance Wheels/Chance American Wheels Astro Wheel (debuted 1967): 16 cars (eight facing one way, eight the other), two passengers per car Century Wheel: tall, 15 cars, 4-6 passengers per car Giant Wheel: tall, 20 cars, 6-8 passengers per car Niagara SkyWheel (2006): tall, 42 air-conditioned cars, eight passengers per car Myrtle Beach SkyWheel (2011): tall, 42 air-conditioned cars, 6 passengers per car Eli Bridge Company Contemporary models include: Signature Series: 16 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable Eagle Series: 16 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable HY-5 Series: 12 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable Aristocrat Series: 16 cars, fixed site Standard Series: 12 cars, fixed site Lil' Wheel: 6 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable and fixed site models Great Wheel Corporation (merged with World Tourist Attractions in 2009 to form Great City Attractions) Singapore Flyer: tall, completed 2008; world's tallest 2008 to 2014 Beijing Great Wheel: tall, was supposed to open in 2008, went into in receivership, never built Great Dubai Wheel: tall, planning permission granted in 2006, was supposed to open in 2009, never built Great Berlin Wheel: tall, was supposed to open in 2008, never built Great Orlando Wheel: tall, project halted in 2009, never built Intamin/Waagner-Biro (Rides brokered by Intamin—manufactured by Waagner-Biro) Mickey's Fun Wheel: an eccentric (sliding) wheel Giant Wheel: a double wheel Sky Whirl: a triple wheel The Wheel at ICON Park Orlando Mir / Pax Moscow-850, a tall wheel in Russia; Europe's tallest extant wheel when completed in 1997, until 1999 Eurowheel, a tall wheel in Italy; Europe's tallest extant wheel when completed in 1999, until the end of that year Ronald Bussink (formerly Nauta Bussink; then Ronald Bussink Professional Rides; then Bussink Landmarks since 2008) Wheels of Excellence range (sold to Vekoma in 2008) has included: R40: tall fixed or transportable wheel, 15 or 30 cars, 8 passengers per car R50: tall fixed or transportable wheel, 18 or 36 cars, 8 passengers per car R60: tall transportable wheel, 21 or 42 cars, 8 passengers per car R80: tall fixed wheel, 56 cars, 8 passengers per car Bussink Design: R80XL: tall fixed or transportable wheel, 27 16-person cars, or 54 8-person cars Sanoyas Rides Corporation (has built more than 80 Ferris wheels) Melbourne Star: tall, completed 2008, rebuilt 2009–2013 Senyo Kogyo Co, Ltd. Cosmo Clock 21: tall, completed 1989; world's tallest 1989 to 1997; tall when re-erected in 1999 Diamond and Flower Ferris Wheel: tall, world's second tallest when completed in 2001 Tempozan Ferris Wheel: tall, completed 1997; world's tallest 1997 to 1999 World Tourist Attractions / Great City Attractions / Wheels Entertainments / Freij Entertainment International Belfast Wheel Brighton Wheel Roue de Paris Royal Windsor Wheel Wheel of Birmingham Wheel of Brisbane Wheel of Manchester Wheel of Sheffield Yorkshire Wheel See also Gyro tower List of tallest buildings and structures Observation tower References External links 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition Ferris Wheel in various stages of construction from St. Louis Public Library Digital Collections Guide to the Norman D. Anderson Collection on Ferris Wheels and Related Materials circa 1890-2015 Ain Dubai Ain Dubai 1893 introductions American inventions Articles which contain graphical timelines
541856	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98	ლაგილური	ლაგილური — ქართული აბორიგენული თეთრყურძნიანი ვაზის ჯიში სამეგრელოდან. ლაგილური წარმოადგენს ადრე არსებული, მაგრამ ამჟამად მოუძიებელი ვაზის ჯიშს. ლიტერატურა უჯმაჯურიძე ლ., კაკაბაძე გ., მამასახლიშვილი ლ., „ქართული ვაზის ჯიშები“, თბ., 2018, გვ. 570 სამეგრელოს ვაზის ჯიშები ვაზის თეთრყურძნიანი ქართული ჯიშები
1964809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lakes%20of%20Canada	List of lakes of Canada	List of lakes of Canada This is a partial list of lakes of Canada. Canada has an extremely large number of lakes, with the number of lakes larger than three square kilometres being estimated at close to 31,752 by the Atlas of Canada. Of these, 561 lakes have a surface area larger than 100 km2, including four of the Great Lakes. Almost 9% of Canada's total area is covered by freshwater. There is no official estimate of the number of smaller lakes. This list covers lakes larger than . Canada's largest lakes This is a list of lakes of Canada with an area larger than . Alberta This is a list of lakes of Alberta with an area larger than . British Columbia This is a list of lakes of British Columbia with an area larger than . * Manitoba This is a list of lakes of Manitoba with an area larger than . New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador This is a list of lakes of Newfoundland and Labrador with an area larger than . Northwest Territories This is a list of lakes of the Northwest Territories with an area larger than . Nova Scotia Bras d'Or Lake is the largest lake in Nova Scotia with an area of . The tidal lake has a maximum length of , a maximum width of and a maximum depth of . Nunavut This is a list of lakes of Nunavut with an area larger than . Ontario This is a list of lakes of Ontario with an area larger than . Quebec This is a list of lakes of Quebec with an area larger than . Saskatchewan This is a list of lakes of Saskatchewan with an area larger than . Yukon Kluane Lake is the largest lake in Yukon at located at an elevation of International lakes This is a list of lakes shared between Canada and the United States. Lake Champlain in Quebec and New York, Vermont Lake Erie in Ontario and Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania Lake Huron in Ontario and Michigan Lake Memphremagog in Quebec and Vermont Lake Ontario in Ontario and New York Osoyoos Lake in British Columbia and Washington Rainy Lake in Ontario and Minnesota, Lake St Clair in Ontario and Michigan Lake Superior in Ontario and Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin Waterton Lake in Alberta and Montana Lake of the Woods in Minnesota, Manitoba and Ontario References External links Atlas of Canada – Lakes Lakes
449258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsiranana%20Province	Antsiranana Province	Antsiranana Province Antsiranana is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 43,406 km2. It had a population of 1,188,425 (July 2001). Its capital was Antsiranana. A diversity of ethnic groups are found in the province, including Anjoaty, Sakalava, Antakarana, Tsimihety, Antemoro, Betsimisaraka, Antandroy, etc. History A major battle took place at Diego-Suárez (now Antsiranana), the largest city in Antsiranana Province, in May 1942. "Fierce fighting" in the area saw over 500 Allied casualties. On May 29, Japanese submarine I-10 surfaced off the coast and launched a Nakajima A6M2-N reconnaissance aircraft over the port. Operation Ironclad was relaunched, after being stalled, on June 22 to counterattack, with supporting forces from the East African Brigade Group and later the Rhodesian 27th Infantry Brigade in July. Geography Antsiranana Province bordered Toamasina Province to the southeast and Mahajanga Province to the southwest. The province has been described as being "virtually isolated", because of Mt Tsaratanana, the highest peak, being situated in it at above sea level. The valley are fertile, with tropical crops cultivated. There is a natural harbour at Antsiranana which contains a significant naval base. Ankarana Reserve, in the northwest, was established in 1956. It is a small, partially vegetated plateau composed of 150-million-year-old middle Jurassic limestone. With an average annual rainfall of about , the underlying rocks are susceptible to erosion, thereby producing caves and underground rivers—a karst topography. The rugged relief and the dense vegetation have helped protect the region from human intrusion. The Ankarana Reserve is an important refuge for significant populations of the crowned lemur (Eulemur coronatus), Sanford's brown lemur (Eulemur sanfordi) and other mammal species. Species of Podocarpus humbertii is found in dry lowland deciduous forest, sub-humid forest, and in wooded heath on mountain summits of gneiss and granite in the province between 1600 and 2410 metres. A large bay, known as the Bay of Antisiranana forms part of the coastline in the north. Rich in biodiversity, in recent decades it has become a hotspot for conservationists. Many species found in the Bobaomby in particular, such as the Madagascan tree boa, the Madagascan ground boa and the crowned lemur have made the IUCN Red List as endangered or vulnerable. In July 2007, the Ministry of the Environment and Forests transferred management to a local committee. The Montagne des Français forest is now also under protection. Administrative divisions Antsiranana Province was divided into two regions - Diana and Sava. These two regions became the first-level administrative divisions when the provinces were abolished in 2009. They are subdivided into nine districts: Diana Region 1. Ambanja District (Ambanja) 2. Ambilobe District (Ambilobe) 5. Antsiranana Rural 6. Antsiranana 7. Nosy Be District (Nosy Be) Sava Region 3. Andapa District (Andapa) 4. Antalaha District (Antalaha) 8. Sambava District (Sambava) 9. Vohemar District (Vohemar) Economy and health Antsiranana Province is known for its sapphires. A number of Catholic schools set up by missionaries in the province are still scattered about. Rural poverty is a major problem in the region, with 69.2% of the population reported to be suffering in 2001 according to reports by the International Monetary Fund. An unusual percentage of children in the province have been reported to be suffering from anemia, as high as 70% in some parts. References Provinces of Madagascar mg:Antsiranana
13124860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmonita	Carmonita	Carmonita is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 650 inhabitants. References Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz
632331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit%20of%20Venus	Transit of Venus	Transit of Venus A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black dot moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually several hours (the transit of 2012 lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon. While the diameter of Venus is more than three times that of the Moon, Venus appears smaller, and travels more slowly across the face of the Sun, because it is much farther away from Earth. Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena. They occur in a pattern that generally repeats every 243 years, with a pair of transits eight years apart in December (Gregorian calendar) followed by a gap of 121.5 years, then another pair eight years apart in June, followed by another gap, of 105.5 years. The dates advance by about two days per 243 year cycle in the Gregorian calendar. The periodicity is a reflection of the fact that the orbital periods of Earth and Venus are close to 8:13 and 243:395 commensurabilities. The last transit of Venus was on 5 and 6 June 2012, and was the last Venus transit of the 21st century; the prior transit took place on 8 June 2004. The previous pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882. The next transits of Venus will take place on 10–11 December 2117 and 8 December 2125. Venus transits are historically of great scientific importance as they were used to gain the first realistic estimates of the size of the Solar System. Observations of the 1639 transit provided an estimate of both the size of Venus and the distance between the Sun and the Earth that was more accurate than any other up to that time. Observational data from subsequent predicted transits in 1761 and 1769 further improved the accuracy of this initial estimated distance through the use of the principle of parallax. The 2012 transit provided scientists with a number of other research opportunities, particularly in the refinement of techniques to be used in the search for exoplanets. Conjunctions Venus, with an orbit inclined by 3.4° relative to the Earth's, usually appears to pass under (or over) the Sun at inferior conjunction. A transit occurs when Venus reaches conjunction with the Sun at or near one of its nodes—the longitude where Venus passes through the Earth's orbital plane (the ecliptic)—and appears to pass directly across the Sun. Although the inclination between these two orbital planes is only 3.4°, Venus can be as far as 9.6° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction. Since the angular diameter of the Sun is about half a degree, Venus may appear to pass above or below the Sun by more than 18 solar diameters during an ordinary conjunction. Sequences of transits usually repeat every 243 years. After this period of time Venus and Earth have returned to very nearly the same point in their respective orbits. During the Earth's 243 sidereal orbital periods, which total 88,757.3 days, Venus completes 395 sidereal orbital periods of 224.701 days each, equal to 88,756.9 Earth days. This period of time corresponds to 152 synodic periods of Venus. The pattern of 105.5, 8, 121.5 and 8 years is not the only pattern that is possible within the 243-year cycle, because of the slight mismatch between the times when the Earth and Venus arrive at the point of conjunction. Prior to 1518, the pattern of transits was 8, 113.5 and 121.5 years, and the eight inter-transit gaps before the AD 546 transit were 121.5 years apart. The current pattern will continue until 2846, when it will be replaced by a pattern of 105.5, 129.5 and 8 years. Thus, the 243-year cycle is relatively stable, but the number of transits and their timing within the cycle will vary over time. Since the 243:395 Earth:Venus commensurability is only approximate, there are different sequences of transits occurring 243 years apart, each extending for several thousand years, which are eventually replaced by other sequences. For instance, there is a series which ended in 541 BC, and the series which includes 2117 only started in AD 1631. History of observation Ancient and medieval history Ancient Indian, Greek, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Chinese observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet's motions. The early Greek astronomers called Venus by two names—Hesperus the evening star and Phosphorus the morning star. Pythagoras is credited with realizing they were the same planet. There is no evidence that any of these cultures knew of the transits. Venus was important to ancient American civilizations, in particular for the Maya, who called it Noh Ek, "the Great Star" or Xux Ek, "the Wasp Star"; they embodied Venus in the form of the god Kukulkán (also known as or related to Gukumatz and Quetzalcoatl in other parts of Mexico). In the Dresden Codex, the Maya charted Venus's full cycle, but despite their precise knowledge of its course, there is no mention of a transit. However, it has been proposed that frescoes found at Mayapan may contain a pictorial representation of the 12th or 13th century transits. The Persian polymath Avicenna claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on 24 May 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model. 1639first scientific observation In 1627, Johannes Kepler became the first person to predict a transit of Venus, by predicting the 1631 event. His methods were not sufficiently accurate to predict that the transit would not be visible in most of Europe, and as a consequence, nobody was able to use his prediction to observe the phenomenon. The first recorded observation of a transit of Venus was made by Jeremiah Horrocks from his home at Carr House in Much Hoole, near Preston in England, on 4 December 1639 (24 November under the Julian calendar then in use in England). His friend, William Crabtree, also observed this transit from Broughton, near Manchester. Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1761 and a near miss in 1639. Horrocks corrected Kepler's calculation for the orbit of Venus, realized that transits of Venus would occur in pairs 8 years apart, and so predicted the transit of 1639. Although he was uncertain of the exact time, he calculated that the transit was to begin at approximately 15:00. Horrocks focused the image of the Sun through a simple telescope onto a piece of paper, where the image could be safely observed. After observing for most of the day, he was lucky to see the transit as clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 15:15, just half an hour before sunset. Horrocks's observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess as to the size of Venus, as well as to make an estimate of the mean distance between the Earth and the Sunthe astronomical unit (AU). He estimated that distance to be about two thirds of the actual distance of , but a more accurate figure than any suggested up to that time. The observations were not published until 1661, well after Horrocks's death. Horrocks based his calculation on the (false) presumption that each planet's size was proportional to its rank from the Sun, not on the parallax effect as used by the 1761 and 1769 and following experiments. 1761 and 1769 In 1663 Scottish mathematician James Gregory had suggested in his Optica Promota that observations of a transit of the planet Mercury, at widely spaced points on the surface of the Earth, could be used to calculate the solar parallax and hence the astronomical unit using triangulation. Aware of this, a young Edmond Halley made observations of such a transit on 28 October O.S. 1677 from Saint Helena but was disappointed to find that only Richard Towneley in Burnley, Lancashire had made another accurate observation of the event whilst Gallet, at Avignon, simply recorded that it had occurred. Halley was not satisfied that the resulting calculation of the solar parallax at 45" was accurate. In a paper published in 1691, and a more refined one in 1716, he proposed that more accurate calculations could be made using measurements of a transit of Venus, although the next such event was not due until 1761 (6 June N.S., 26 May O.S.). Halley died in 1742, but in 1761 numerous expeditions were made to various parts of the world so that precise observations of the transit could be made in order to make the calculations as described by Halley—an early example of international scientific collaboration. This collaboration was, however, underpinned by competition, the British, for example, being spurred to action only after they heard of French plans from Joseph-Nicolas Delisle. In an attempt to observe the first transit of the pair, astronomers from Britain (William Wales and Captain James Cook), Austria (Maximilian Hell), and France (Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche and Guillaume Le Gentil) traveled to destinations around the world, including Siberia, Newfoundland, and Madagascar. Most managed to observe at least part of the transit; particularly successful observations were made by Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason at the Cape of Good Hope. Less successful, at Saint Helena, were Nevil Maskelyne and Robert Waddington, although they put the voyage to good use by trialling the lunar-distance method of finding longitude. That Venus might have an atmosphere was widely expected even before the transit of 1761. However, few if any seem to have predicted that it might be possible to actually detect it during the transit. The actual discovery of the atmosphere on Venus has long been attributed to the Russian Academician Mikhail Lomonosov on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg. At least in the English-speaking world, this attribution seems to have been owing to comments from the multi-lingual popular astronomy writer Willy Ley (1966), who consulted sources in both Russian and German, and wrote that Lomonosov observed a luminous ring (this was Ley's interpretation and was not indicated in quotes) and inferred from it the existence of an atmosphere "maybe greater than that of the Earth" (which was in quotes). Because many modern transit observers have also seen a threadlike arc produced by refraction of sunlight in the atmosphere of Venus when the planet has progressed off the limb of the Sun, it has generally, if rather uncritically, been assumed that this was the same thing that Lomonosov saw. Indeed, the term "Lomonosov’s arc" has frequently been used in the literature. In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan consulted original sources, and questioned the basis for the claim that Lomonosov observed the thin arc produced by the atmosphere of Venus. A reference to the paper was even picked up by the Russian state-controlled media group RIA Novosti on 31 January 2013, under the headline "Astronomical Battle in US Over Lomonosov’s discovery." An attempt was made by a group of researchers to experimentally reconstruct Lomonosov's observation using antique telescopes during the transit of Venus on 5–6 June 2012. One of them, Y. Petrunin, suggested that the telescope Lomonosov actually used was probably a 50 mm Dollond with a magnifying power of 40x. It was preserved at Pulkova Observatory but destroyed when the Germans bombed the observatory during World War II. Thus, Lomonosov's actual telescope was not available, but other presumably similar instruments were employed on this occasion, and led the researchers to affirm their belief that Lomonosov's telescope would have been adequate to the task of detecting the arc. Thus A. Koukarine, using a 67 mm Dollond on Mt. Hamilton, where seeing was likely much better than Lomonosov enjoyed at St. Petersburg, clearly observed the spiderweb-thin arc known to be due to refraction in the atmosphere of Venus. However, Koukarine's sketches do not really resemble the diagram published by Lomonosov. On the other hand, Koukarine's colleague V. Shiltsev, who more nearly observed under the same conditions as Lomonosov (using a 40 mm Dollond at Batavia, Illinois), did produce a close duplicate of Lomonosov's diagram; however, the rather large wing of light shown next to the black disk of Venus in his drawing (and Lomonosov's) is too coarse to have been the arc. Instead it appears to be a complicated manifestation of the celebrated optical effect known as the "black drop". It should be kept in mind that, as stated in Sheehan and Westfall, "optical distortions at the interface between Venus and the Sun during transits are impressively large, and any inferences from them are fraught with peril". Again, the actual words used by Lomonosov do not refer to an "arc" at all. In the Russian version, he described a brief brightening lasting a second or so, just before third contact, which appeared to Pasachoff and Sheehan to most probably indicate a last fleeting glimpse of the photosphere. As a check against this, Lomonosov's German version (he had learned to speak and write German fluently as a student at Marburg) was also consulted; he describes seeing "ein ganz helles Licht, wie ein Haar breit"=”a very bright light, as wide as a hair". Here, the adverb "ganz" in connection with "helles" (bright) could mean "as bright as possible" or "completely bright"), i.e., as bright as the surface brightness of the solar disk, which is even stronger evidence that this can't be Venus's atmosphere, which always appears much fainter. Lomonosov's original sketches, if they existed, do not appear to have survived, Modern observations made during the nineteenth century transits and especially those of 2004 and 2012 suggest that what Lomonosov saw was not the arc associated with the atmosphere of Venus at all but the bright flash of the solar photosphere before third contact. The first observers to record the actual arc associated with the atmosphere of Venus, in a form comporting with modern observations, appear to have been Chappe, Rittenhouse, Wayles and Dymond and several others at the transit in June 1769. For the 1769 transit (taking place on 3–4 June N.S., 23 May O.S.), scientists traveled to Tahiti, Norway, and locations in North America including Canada, New England, and San José del Cabo (Baja California, then under Spanish control). The Czech astronomer Christian Mayer was invited by Catherine the Great to observe the transit in Saint Petersburg with Anders Johan Lexell, while other members of the Russian Academy of Sciences went to eight other locations in the Russian Empire, under the general coordination of Stepan Rumovsky. George III of the United Kingdom had the King's Observatory built near his summer residence at Richmond Lodge for him and his royal astronomer Stephen Demainbray to observe the transit. The Hungarian astronomer Maximilian Hell and his assistant János Sajnovics traveled to Vardø, Norway, delegated by Christian VII of Denmark. William Wales and Joseph Dymond made their observation in Hudson Bay, Canada, for the Royal Society. Observations were made by a number of groups in the British colonies in America. In Philadelphia, the American Philosophical Society erected three temporary observatories and appointed a committee, of which David Rittenhouse was the head. Observations were made by a group led by Dr. Benjamin West in Providence, Rhode Island, and published in 1769. The results of the various observations in the American colonies were printed in the first volume of the American Philosophical Society's Transactions, published in 1771. Comparing the North American observations, William Smith published in 1771 a best value of the solar parallax of 8.48 to 8.49 arc-seconds, which corresponds to an Earth-Sun distance of 24,000 times the Earth's radius, about 3% different from the correct value. Observations were also made from Tahiti by James Cook and Charles Green at a location still known as Point Venus. This occurred on the first voyage of James Cook, after which Cook explored New Zealand and Australia. This was one of five expeditions organised by the Royal Society and the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne. Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche went to San José del Cabo in what was then New Spain to observe the transit with two Spanish astronomers (Vicente de Doz and Salvador de Medina). For his trouble he died in an epidemic of yellow fever there shortly after completing his observations. Only 9 of 28 in the entire party returned home alive. The unfortunate Guillaume Le Gentil spent over eight years travelling in an attempt to observe either of the transits. His unsuccessful journey led to him losing his wife and possessions and being declared dead (his efforts became the basis of the play Transit of Venus by Maureen Hunter and a subsequent opera), though eventually he regained his seat in the French Academy and had a long marriage. Under the influence of the Royal Society Ruđer Bošković travelled to Istanbul, but arrived too late. Unfortunately, it was impossible to time the exact moment of the start and end of the transit because of the phenomenon known as the "black drop effect". This effect was long thought to be due to Venus's thick atmosphere, and initially it was held to be the first real evidence that Venus had an atmosphere. However, recent studies demonstrate that it is an optical effect caused by the smearing of the image of Venus by turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere or imperfections in the viewing apparatus along with the extreme brightness variation at the edge (limb) of the Sun as the line of sight from Earth goes from opaque to transparent in a small angle. In 1771, using the combined 1761 and 1769 transit data, the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande calculated the astronomical unit to have a value of 153 million kilometers (±1 million km). The precision was less than had been hoped for because of the black drop effect, but still a considerable improvement on Horrocks's calculations. Maximilian Hell published the results of his expedition in 1770, in Copenhagen. Based on the results of his own expedition, and of Wales and Cook, in 1772 he presented another calculation of the astronomical unit: 151.7 million kilometers. Lalande queried the accuracy and authenticity of the Hell expedition, but later he retreated in an article of Journal des sçavans, in 1778. 1874 and 1882 Transit observations in 1874 and 1882 allowed this value to be refined further. Three expeditions—from Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States—were sent to the Kerguelen Archipelago for the 1874 observations. The American astronomer Simon Newcomb combined the data from the last four transits, and he arrived at a value of about 149.59 million kilometers (±0.31 million kilometers). Modern techniques, such as the use of radio telemetry from space probes, and of radar measurements of the distances to planets and asteroids in the Solar System, have allowed a reasonably accurate value for the astronomical unit (AU) to be calculated to a precision of about ±30 meters. As a result, the need for parallax calculations has been superseded. 2004 and 2012 A number of scientific organizations headed by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) organized a network of amateur astronomers and students to measure Earth's distance from the Sun during the transit. The participants' observations allowed a calculation of the astronomical unit (AU) of 149,608,708 km ± 11,835 km which had only a 0.007% difference to the accepted value. There was a good deal of interest in the 2004 transit as scientists attempted to measure the pattern of light dimming as Venus blocked out some of the Sun's light, in order to refine techniques that they hope to use in searching for extrasolar planets. Current methods of looking for planets orbiting other stars only work for a few cases: planets that are very large (Jupiter-like, not Earth-like), whose gravity is strong enough to wobble the star sufficiently for us to detect changes in proper motion or Doppler shift changes in radial velocity; Jupiter or Neptune sized planets very close to their parent star whose transit causes changes in the luminosity of the star; or planets which pass in front of background stars with the planet-parent star separation comparable to the Einstein ring and cause gravitational microlensing. Measuring light intensity during the course of a transit, as the planet blocks out some of the light, is potentially much more sensitive, and might be used to find smaller planets. However, extremely precise measurement is needed: for example, the transit of Venus causes the amount of light received from the Sun to drop by a fraction of 0.001 (that is, to 99.9% of its nominal value), and the dimming produced by small extrasolar planets will be similarly tiny. The 2012 transit provided scientists numerous research opportunities as well, in particular in regard to the study of exoplanets. The event additionally was the first of its kind to be documented from space, photographed aboard the International Space Station by NASA astronaut Don Pettit. Research of the 2012 Venus transit includes: Measuring dips in a star's brightness caused by a known planet transiting the Sun will help astronomers find exoplanets. Unlike the 2004 Venus transit, the 2012 transit occurred during an active phase of the 11-year activity cycle of the Sun, and it is likely to give astronomers practice in picking up a planet's signal around a "spotty" variable star. Measurements made of the apparent diameter of Venus during the transit, and comparison with its known diameter, will give scientists an idea of how to estimate exoplanet sizes. Observation made of the atmosphere of Venus simultaneously from Earth-based telescopes and from the Venus Express gives scientists a better opportunity to understand the intermediate level of Venus's atmosphere than is possible from either viewpoint alone. This will provide new information about the climate of the planet. Spectrographic data taken of the well-known atmosphere of Venus will be compared to studies of exoplanets whose atmospheres are thus far unknown. The Hubble Space Telescope, which cannot be pointed directly at the Sun, used the Moon as a mirror to study the light that had passed through the atmosphere of Venus in order to determine its composition. This will help to show whether a similar technique could be used to study exoplanets. Past and future transits NASA maintains a catalog of Venus transits covering the period 2000 BC to 4000 AD. Currently, transits occur only in June or December (see table) and the occurrence of these events slowly drifts, becoming later in the year by about two days every 243-year cycle. Transits usually occur in pairs, on nearly the same date eight years apart. This is because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus, so every eight years the planets are in roughly the same relative positions. This approximate conjunction usually results in a pair of transits, but it is not precise enough to produce a triplet, since Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time. The last transit not to be part of a pair was in 1396. The next will be in 3089; in 2854 (the second of the 2846/2854 pair), although Venus will just miss the Sun as seen from the Earth's equator, a partial transit will be visible from some parts of the southern hemisphere. Thus after 243 years the transits of Venus return. The 1874 transit is a member of the 243-year cycle #1. The 1882 transit is a member of #2. The 2004 transit is a member of #3 and the 2012 transit is a member of #4. The 2117 transit is a member of #1 and so on. However, the ascending node (December transits) of the orbit of Venus moves backwards after each 243 years so the transit of 2854 is the last member of series #3 instead of series #1. The descending node (June transits) moves forwards, so the transit of 3705 is the last member of #2. From −125,000 till +125,000 there are only about ten 243-year series at both nodes regarding all the transits of Venus in this very long time-span, because both nodes of the orbit of Venus move back and forward in time as seen from the Earth. Over longer periods of time, new series of transits will start and old series will end. Unlike the saros series for lunar eclipses, it is possible for a transit series to restart after a hiatus. The transit series also vary much more in length than the saros series. Grazing and simultaneous transits Sometimes Venus only grazes the Sun during a transit. In this case it is possible that in some areas of the Earth a full transit can be seen while in other regions there is only a partial transit (no second or third contact). The last transit of this type was on 6 December 1631, and the next such transit will occur on 13 December 2611. It is also possible that a transit of Venus can be seen in some parts of the world as a partial transit, while in others Venus misses the Sun. Such a transit last occurred on 19 November 541 BC, and the next transit of this type will occur on 14 December 2854. These effects occur due to parallax, since the size of the Earth affords different points of view with slightly different lines of sight to Venus and the Sun. It can be demonstrated by closing an eye and holding a finger in front of a smaller more distant object; when the viewer opens the other eye and closes the first, the finger will no longer be in front of the object. The simultaneous occurrence of a transit of Mercury and a transit of Venus does occur, but extremely infrequently. Such an event last occurred on 22 September 373,173 BC and will next occur on 26 July 69,163, and again on 29 March 224,508. The simultaneous occurrence of a solar eclipse and a transit of Venus is currently possible, but very rare. The next solar eclipse occurring during a transit of Venus will be on 5 April 15,232. The last time a solar eclipse occurred during a transit of Venus was on 1 November 15,607 BC. A few hours after the transit of 3–4 June 1769 there was a total solar eclipse, which was visible in Northern America, Europe, and Northern Asia. See also Aspects of Venus (astrology) Geodynamics of Venus Outline of Venus Venus zone References Further reading External links General Venus Transits: Measuring the Solar System Historical observations of the transit of Venus Edmond Halley's 1716 paper describing how transits could be used to measure the Sun's distance, translated from Latin. Chasing Venus: Observing the Transits of Venus, 1631–2004 (Smithsonian Libraries) June 2012 transit 2012 Transit of Venus – International Astronomical Union National Solar Observatory – Transit of Venus 5–6 June 2012 2012 Transit of Venus Live Webcast and chatroom with SEMS at UND live From Alaska Venus Stellar occultation Articles containing video clips
20082214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive%20disorder	Obsessive–compulsive disorder	Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession) and feels the need to perform certain routines (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function. Obsessions are persistent unwanted thoughts, mental images, or urges that generate feelings of anxiety, disgust, or discomfort. Some common obsessions include fear of contamination, obsession with symmetry, the fear of acting blasphemously, the sufferer's sexual orientation, and the fear of possibly harming others or themselves. Compulsions are repeated actions or routines that occur in response to obsessions to achieve a relief from anxiety. Common compulsions include excessive hand washing, cleaning, counting, ordering, avoiding triggers, hoarding, neutralizing, seeking assurance, praying, and checking things. People with OCD may only perform mental compulsions, this is called primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder (Pure O). Many adults with OCD are aware that their compulsions do not make sense, but they perform them anyway to relieve the distress caused by obsessions. Compulsions occur often, typically taking up at least one hour per day and impairing one's quality of life. Compulsions cause relief in the moment, but cause obsessions to grow over time. More than three million Americans suffer from OCD. According to Mercy, approximately 1 in 40 U.S. adults and 1 in 100 U.S. children have OCD. The cause of OCD is unknown. There appear to be some genetic components, and it is more likely for both identical twins to be affected than both fraternal twins. Risk factors include a history of child abuse or other stress-inducing events; some cases have occurred after streptococcal infections. Diagnosis is based on presented symptoms and requires ruling out other drug-related or medical causes; rating scales such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) assess severity. Other disorders with similar symptoms include generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, eating disorders, tic disorders, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder. The condition is also associated with a general increase in suicidality. OCD is chronic and long-lasting with periods of severe symptoms followed by periods of improvement. Treatment can improve ability to function and quality of life. Treatment for OCD may involve psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants, or surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation. CBT increases exposure to obsessions and prevents compulsions, while metacognitive therapy encourages ritual behaviors to alter the relationship to one's thoughts about them. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common antidepressant used to treat OCD. SSRIs are more effective when used in excess of the recommended depression dosage; however, higher doses can increase side effect intensity. Commonly used SSRIs include sertraline, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, and escitalopram. Some patients fail to improve after taking the maximum tolerated dose of multiple SSRIs for at least two months; these cases qualify as treatment-resistant and can require second-line treatment such as clomipramine or atypical antipsychotic augmentation. Surgery may be used as a final resort in the most severe or treatment-resistant cases, though most procedures are considered experimental due to the limited literature on their side effects. Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their lives, while rates during any given year are about 1.2%. It is unusual for symptoms to begin after age 35, and around 50% of patients experience detrimental effects to daily life before age 20. Males and females are affected equally, and OCD occurs worldwide. The phrase obsessive–compulsive is sometimes used in an informal manner unrelated to OCD to describe someone as excessively meticulous, perfectionistic, absorbed, or otherwise fixated. However, the actual disorder is not characterized by that, and many individuals with OCD may be dirty, unclean, or uncaring about disease/symmetry. Signs and symptoms OCD can present with a wide variety of symptoms. Certain groups of symptoms usually occur together; these groups are sometimes viewed as dimensions, or clusters, which may reflect an underlying process. The standard assessment tool for OCD, the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), has 13 predefined categories of symptoms. These symptoms fit into three to five groupings. A meta-analytic review of symptom structures found a four-factor grouping structure to be most reliable: a symmetry factor, a forbidden thoughts factor, a cleaning factor, and a hoarding factor. The symmetry factor correlates highly with obsessions related to ordering, counting, and symmetry, as well as repeating compulsions. The forbidden thoughts factor correlates highly with intrusive thoughts of a violent, religious, or sexual nature. The cleaning factor correlates highly with obsessions about contamination and compulsions related to cleaning. The hoarding factor only involves hoarding-related obsessions and compulsions, and was identified as being distinct from other symptom groupings. When looking into the onset of OCD, one study suggests that there are differences in the age of onset between males and females. In children, a study found the average age of onset of OCD to be 9.6 for male children and 11.0 for female children. When looking at both adults and children a study found the average ages of onset to be 21 and 24 for males and females respectively. Looking at women specifically, a different study suggested that 62% of participants found that their symptoms worsened at a premenstrual age. Across the board, all demographics and studies showed a mean age of onset of less than 25. Some OCD subtypes have been associated with improvement in performance on certain tasks, such as pattern recognition (washing subtype) and spatial working memory (obsessive thought subtype). Subgroups have also been distinguished by neuroimaging findings and treatment response, though neuroimaging studies have not been comprehensive enough to draw conclusions. Subtype-dependent treatment response has been studied, and the hoarding subtype has consistently been least responsive to treatment. While OCD is considered a homogeneous disorder from a neuropsychological perspective, many of the symptoms may be the result of comorbid disorders. For example, adults with OCD have exhibited more symptoms of attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than adults without OCD. In regards to the cause of onset, researchers asked participants in one study what they felt was responsible for triggering the initial onset of their illness. 29% of patients answered that there was an environmental factor in their life that did so. Specifically, the majority of participants who answered with that noted their environmental factor to be related to an increased responsibility. Obsessions Obsessions are stress-inducing thoughts that recur and persist, despite efforts to ignore or confront them. People with OCD frequently perform tasks, or compulsions, to seek relief from obsession-related anxiety. Within and among individuals, initial obsessions vary in clarity and vividness. A relatively vague obsession could involve a general sense of disarray or tension, accompanied by a belief that life cannot proceed as normal while the imbalance remains. A more intense obsession could be a preoccupation with the thought or image of a close family member or friend dying, or intrusive thoughts related to relationship rightness. Other obsessions concern the possibility that someone or something other than oneself—such as God, the devil, or disease—will harm either the patient or the people or things the patient cares about. Others with OCD may experience the sensation of invisible protrusions emanating from their bodies, or feel that inanimate objects are ensouled. Some people with OCD experience sexual obsessions that may involve intrusive thoughts or images of "kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, anal sex, intercourse, incest, and rape" with "strangers, acquaintances, parents, children, family members, friends, coworkers, animals, and religious figures," and can include heterosexual or homosexual contact with people of any age. Similar to other intrusive thoughts or images, some disquieting sexual thoughts are normal at times, but people with OCD may attach extraordinary significance to such thoughts. For example, obsessive fears about sexual orientation can appear to the affected individual, and even to those around them, as a crisis of sexual identity. Furthermore, the doubt that accompanies OCD leads to uncertainty regarding whether one might act on the troubling thoughts, resulting in self-criticism or self-loathing. Most people with OCD understand that their thoughts do not correspond with reality; however, they feel that they must act as though these ideas are correct or realistic. For example, someone who engages in compulsive hoarding might be inclined to treat inorganic matter as if it had the sentience or rights of living organisms, despite accepting that such behavior is irrational on an intellectual level. There is debate as to whether hoarding should be considered an independent syndrome from OCD. Compulsions Some people with OCD perform compulsive rituals because they inexplicably feel that they must do so, while others act compulsively to mitigate the anxiety that stems from obsessive thoughts. The affected individual might feel that these actions will either prevent a dreaded event from occurring, or push the event from their thoughts. In any case, their reasoning is so idiosyncratic or distorted that it results in significant distress, either personally, or for those around the affected individual. Excessive skin picking, hair pulling, nail biting, and other body-focused repetitive behavior disorders are all on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum. Some individuals with OCD are aware that their behaviors are not rational, but they feel compelled to follow through with them to fend off feelings of panic or dread. Furthermore, compulsions often stem from memory distrust, a symptom of OCD characterized by insecurity in one's skills in perception, attention, and memory, even in cases where there is no clear evidence of a deficit. Common compulsions may include hand washing, cleaning, checking things (such as locks on doors), repeating actions (such as repeatedly turning on and off switches), ordering items in a certain way, and requesting reassurance. Although some individuals perform actions repeatedly, they do not necessarily perform these actions compulsively; for example, morning or nighttime routines and religious practices are not usually compulsions. Whether behaviors qualify as compulsions or mere habit depends on the context in which they are performed. For instance, arranging and ordering books for eight hours a day would be expected of someone who works in a library, but this routine would seem abnormal in other situations. In other words, habits tend to bring efficiency to one's life, while compulsions tend to disrupt it. Furthermore, compulsions are different from tics (such as touching, tapping, rubbing, or blinking) and stereotyped movements (such as head banging, body rocking, or self-biting), which are usually not as complex and not precipitated by obsessions. It can sometimes be difficult to tell the difference between compulsions and complex tics, and about 10–40% of people with OCD also have a lifetime tic disorder. People with OCD rely on compulsions as an escape from their obsessive thoughts; however, they are aware that relief is only temporary, and that intrusive thoughts will return. Some affected individuals use compulsions to avoid situations that may trigger obsessions. Compulsions may be actions directly related to the obsession, such as someone obsessed with contamination compulsively washing their hands, but they can be unrelated as well. In addition to experiencing the anxiety and fear that typically accompanies OCD, affected individuals may spend hours performing compulsions every day. In such situations, it can become difficult for the person to fulfill their work, familial, or social roles. These behaviors can also cause adverse physical symptoms; for example, people who obsessively wash their hands with antibacterial soap and hot water can make their skin red and raw with dermatitis. Individuals with OCD often use rationalizations to explain their behavior; however, these rationalizations do not apply to the behavioral pattern, but to each individual occurrence. For example, someone compulsively checking the front door may argue that the time and stress associated with one check is less than the time and stress associated with being robbed, and checking is consequently the better option. This reasoning often occurs in a cyclical manner, and can continue for as long as the affected person needs it to in order to feel safe. In cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), OCD patients are asked to overcome intrusive thoughts by not indulging in any compulsions. They are taught that rituals keep OCD strong, while not performing them causes OCD to become weaker. This position is supported by the pattern of memory distrust; the more often compulsions are repeated, the more weakened memory trust becomes, and this cycle continues as memory distrust increases compulsion frequency. For body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB) such as trichotillomania (hair pulling), skin picking, and onychophagia (nail biting), behavioral interventions such as habit reversal training and decoupling are recommended for the treatment of compulsive behaviors. OCD sometimes manifests without overt compulsions, which may be termed "primarily obsessional OCD." OCD without overt compulsions could, by one estimate, characterize as many as 50–60% of OCD cases. Insight and overvalued ideation The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), identifies a continuum for the level of insight in OCD, ranging from good insight (the least severe) to no insight (the most severe). Good or fair insight is characterized by the acknowledgment that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are not or may not be true, while poor insight, in the middle of the continuum, is characterized by the belief that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are probably true. The absence of insight altogether, in which the individual is completely convinced that their beliefs are true, is also identified as a delusional thought pattern, and occurs in about 4% of people with OCD. When cases of OCD with no insight become severe, affected individuals have an unshakable belief in the reality of their delusions, which can make their cases difficult to differentiate from psychotic disorders. Some people with OCD exhibit what is known as overvalued ideas, ideas that are abnormal compared to affected individuals' respective cultures, and more treatment-resistant than most negative thoughts and obsessions. After some discussion, it is possible to convince the individual that their fears are unfounded. It may be more difficult to practice exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP) on such people, as they may be unwilling to cooperate, at least initially. Similar to how insight is identified on a continuum, obsessive-compulsive beliefs are characterized on a spectrum, ranging from obsessive doubt to delusional conviction. In the United States, overvalued ideation (OVI) is considered most akin to poor insight—especially when considering belief strength as one of an idea's key identifiers—but European qualifications have historically been broader. Furthermore, severe and frequent overvalued ideas are considered similar to idealized values, which are so rigidly held by, and so important to affected individuals, that they end up becoming a defining identity. In adolescent OCD patients, OVI is considered a severe symptom. Historically, OVI has been thought to be linked to poorer treatment outcome in patients with OCD, but it is currently considered a poor indicator of prognosis. The Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS) has been developed as a reliable quantitative method of measuring levels of OVI in patients with OCD, and research has suggested that overvalued ideas are more stable for those with more extreme OVIS scores. Cognitive performance Though OCD was once believed to be associated with above-average intelligence, this does not appear to necessarily be the case. A 2013 review reported that people with OCD may sometimes have mild but wide-ranging cognitive deficits, most significantly those affecting spatial memory and to a lesser extent with verbal memory, fluency, executive function, and processing speed, while auditory attention was not significantly affected. People with OCD show impairment in formulating an organizational strategy for coding information, set-shifting, and motor and cognitive inhibition. Specific subtypes of symptom dimensions in OCD have been associated with specific cognitive deficits. For example, the results of one meta-analysis comparing washing and checking symptoms reported that washers outperformed checkers on eight out of ten cognitive tests. The symptom dimension of contamination and cleaning may be associated with higher scores on tests of inhibition and verbal memory. Children Approximately 1–2% of children are affected by OCD. Obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms tend to develop more frequently in children 10–14 years of age, with males displaying symptoms at an earlier age, and at a more severe level than females. In children, symptoms can be grouped into at least four types, including sporadic and tic-related OCD. Associated conditions People with OCD may be diagnosed with other conditions as well, such as obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, social anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, Tourette syndrome, transformation obsession, ASD, ADHD, dermatillomania, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania. More than 50% of people with OCD experience suicidal tendencies, and 15% have attempted suicide. Depression, anxiety, and prior suicide attempts increase the risk of future suicide attempts. It has been found that between 18 and 34% of females currently experiencing OCD scored positively on an inventory measuring disordered eating. Another study found that 7% are likely to have an eating disorder, while another found that fewer than 5% of males have OCD and an eating disorder. Individuals with OCD have also been found to be affected by delayed sleep phase disorder at a substantially higher rate than the general public. Moreover, severe OCD symptoms are consistently associated with greater sleep disturbance. Reduced total sleep time and sleep efficiency have been observed in people with OCD, with delayed sleep onset and offset. Some research has demonstrated a link between drug addiction and OCD. For example, there is a higher risk of drug addiction among those with any anxiety disorder, likely as a way of coping with the heightened levels of anxiety. However, drug addiction among people with OCD may be a compulsive behavior. Depression is also extremely prevalent among people with OCD. One explanation for the high depression rate among OCD populations was posited by Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998), who explained that people with OCD, or any other anxiety disorder, may feel "out of control". Someone exhibiting OCD signs does not necessarily have OCD. Behaviors that present as obsessive–compulsive can also be found in a number of other conditions, including obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or disorders in which perseveration is a possible feature (ADHD, PTSD, bodily disorders, or stereotyped behaviors). Some cases of OCD present symptoms typically associated with Tourette syndrome, such as compulsions that may appear to resemble motor tics; this has been termed tic-related OCD or Tourettic OCD. OCD frequently occurs comorbidly with both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Between 60 and 80% of those with OCD experience a major depressive episode in their lifetime. Comorbidity rates have been reported at between 19 and 90%, as a result of methodological differences. Between 9–35% of those with bipolar disorder also have OCD, compared to 1–2% in the general population. About 50% of those with OCD experience cyclothymic traits or hypomanic episodes. OCD is also associated with anxiety disorders. Lifetime comorbidity for OCD has been reported at 22% for specific phobia, 18% for social anxiety disorder, 12% for panic disorder, and 30% for generalized anxiety disorder. The comorbidity rate for OCD and ADHD has been reported to be as high as 51%. Causes The cause of OCD is unknown. Both environmental and genetic factors are believed to play a role. Risk factors include a history of Adverse Childhood Experiences or other stress-inducing events. Drug-induced OCD Some medications and other drugs, such as methamphetamine or cocaine, can induce obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in people without previous symptoms. Some atypical antipsychotics (second-generation antipsychotics) such as olanzapine (Zyprexa) and clozapine (Clozaril) can induce OCD in people, particularly individuals with schizophrenia. Genetics There appear to be some genetic components of OCD causation, with identical twins more often affected than fraternal twins. Furthermore, individuals with OCD are more likely to have first-degree family members exhibiting the same disorders than matched controls. In cases in which OCD develops during childhood, there is a much stronger familial link in the disorder than with cases in which OCD develops later in adulthood. In general, genetic factors account for 45–65% of the variability in OCD symptoms in children diagnosed with the disorder. A 2007 study found evidence supporting the possibility of a heritable risk for OCD. Research has found there to be a genetic correlation between anorexia nervosa and OCD, suggesting a strong etiology. First and second hand relatives of probands with OCD have a greater risk of developing anorexia nervosa as genetic relatedness increases. A mutation has been found in the human serotonin transporter gene hSERT in unrelated families with OCD. A systematic review found that while neither allele was associated with OCD overall, in Caucasians, the L allele was associated with OCD. Another meta-analysis observed an increased risk in those with the homozygous S allele, but found the LS genotype to be inversely associated with OCD. A genome-wide association study found OCD to be linked with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near BTBD3, and two SNPs in DLGAP1 in a trio-based analysis, but no SNP reached significance when analyzed with case-control data. One meta-analysis found a small but significant association between a polymorphism in SLC1A1 and OCD. The relationship between OCD and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been inconsistent, with one meta-analysis reporting a significant association, albeit only in men, and another meta analysis reporting no association. It has been postulated by evolutionary psychologists that moderate versions of compulsive behavior may have had evolutionary advantages. Examples would be moderate constant checking of hygiene, the hearth, or the environment for enemies. Similarly, hoarding may have had evolutionary advantages. In this view, OCD may be the extreme statistical tail of such behaviors, possibly the result of a high number of predisposing genes. Brain structure and functioning Imaging studies have shown differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures of the brain in patients with OCD. There appears to be a connection between the OCD symptoms and abnormalities in certain areas of the brain, but such a connection is not clear. Some people with OCD have areas of unusually high activity in their brain, or low levels of the chemical serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that some nerve cells use to communicate with each other, and is thought to be involved in regulating many functions, influencing emotions, mood, memory, and sleep. Autoimmune A controversial hypothesis is that some cases of rapid onset of OCD in children and adolescents may be caused by a syndrome connected to Group A streptococcal infections (GABHS), known as pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). OCD and tic disorders are hypothesized to arise in a subset of children as a result of a post-streptococcal autoimmune process. The PANDAS hypothesis is unconfirmed and unsupported by data, and two new categories have been proposed: PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome) and CANS (childhood acute neuropsychiatric syndrome). The CANS and PANS hypotheses include different possible mechanisms underlying acute-onset neuropsychiatric conditions, but do not exclude GABHS infections as a cause in a subset of individuals. PANDAS, PANS, and CANS are the focus of clinical and laboratory research, but remain unproven. Whether PANDAS is a distinct entity differing from other cases of tic disorders or OCD is debated. A review of studies examining anti-basal ganglia antibodies in OCD found an increased risk of having anti-basal ganglia antibodies in those with OCD versus the general population. Environment OCD may be more common in people who have been bullied, abused, or neglected, and it sometimes starts after a significant life event, such as childbirth or bereavement. It has been reported in some studies that there is a connection between childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. More research is needed to understand this relationship better. Mechanisms Neuroimaging Functional neuroimaging during symptom provocation has observed abnormal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), right premotor cortex, left superior temporal gyrus, globus pallidus externus, hippocampus, and right uncus. Weaker foci of abnormal activity were found in the left caudate, posterior cingulate cortex, and superior parietal lobule. However, an older meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in OCD reported that the only consistent functional neuroimaging finding was increased activity in the orbital gyrus and head of the caudate nucleus, while anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation abnormalities were too inconsistent. A meta-analysis comparing affective and nonaffective tasks observed differences with controls in regions implicated in salience, habit, goal-directed behavior, self-referential thinking, and cognitive control. For nonaffective tasks, hyperactivity was observed in the insula, ACC, and head of the caudate/putamen, while hypoactivity was observed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior caudate. Affective tasks were observed to relate to increased activation in the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex, while decreased activation was found in the pallidum, ventral anterior thalamus, and posterior caudate. The involvement of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop in OCD, as well as the high rates of comorbidity between OCD and ADHD, have led some to draw a link in their mechanism. Observed similarities include dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex, as well as shared deficits in executive functions. The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in OCD is shared with bipolar disorder, and may explain the high degree of comorbidity. Decreased volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex related to executive function has also been observed in OCD. People with OCD evince increased grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, with decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. These findings contrast with those in people with other anxiety disorders, who evince decreased (rather than increased) grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular/caudate nuclei, as well as decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. Increased white matter volume and decreased fractional anisotropy in anterior midline tracts has been observed in OCD, possibly indicating increased fiber crossings. Cognitive models Generally, two categories of models for OCD have been postulated. The first category involves deficits in executive dysfunction and is based on the observed structural and functional abnormalities in the dlPFC, striatum and thalamus. The second category involves dysfunctional modulatory control and primarily relies on observed functional and structural differences in the ACC, mPFC, and OFC. One proposed model suggests that dysfunction in the OFC leads to improper valuation of behaviors and decreased behavioral control, while the observed alterations in amygdala activations leads to exaggerated fears and representations of negative stimuli. Due to the heterogeneity of OCD symptoms, studies differentiating various symptoms have been performed. Symptom-specific neuroimaging abnormalities include the hyperactivity of caudate and ACC in checking rituals, while finding increased activity of cortical and cerebellar regions in contamination-related symptoms. Neuroimaging differentiating content of intrusive thoughts has found differences between aggressive as opposed to taboo thoughts, finding increased connectivity of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in aggressive symptoms, while observing increased connectivity between the ventral striatum and insula in sexual or religious intrusive thoughts. Another model proposes that affective dysregulation links excessive reliance on habit-based action selection with compulsions. This is supported by the observation that those with OCD demonstrate decreased activation of the ventral striatum when anticipating monetary reward, as well as increased functional connectivity between the VS and the OFC. Furthermore, those with OCD demonstrate reduced performance in Pavlovian fear-extinction tasks, hyperresponsiveness in the amygdala to fearful stimuli, and hyporesponsiveness in the amygdala when exposed to positively valanced stimuli. Stimulation of the nucleus accumbens has also been observed to effectively alleviate both obsessions and compulsions, supporting the role of affective dysregulation in generating both. Neurobiological From the observation of the efficacy of antidepressants in OCD, a serotonin hypothesis of OCD has been formulated. Studies of peripheral markers of serotonin, as well as challenges with proserotonergic compounds have yielded inconsistent results, including evidence pointing towards basal hyperactivity of serotonergic systems. Serotonin receptor and transporter binding studies have yielded conflicting results, including higher and lower serotonin receptor 5-HT2A and serotonin transporter binding potentials that were normalized by treatment with SSRIs. Despite inconsistencies in the types of abnormalities found, evidence points towards dysfunction of serotonergic systems in OCD. Orbitofrontal cortex overactivity is attenuated in people who have successfully responded to SSRI medication, a result believed to be caused by increased stimulation of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. A complex relationship between dopamine and OCD has been observed. Although antipsychotics, which act by antagonizing dopamine receptors, may improve some cases of OCD, they frequently exacerbate others. Antipsychotics, in the low doses used to treat OCD, may actually increase the release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, through inhibiting autoreceptors. Further complicating things is the efficacy of amphetamines, decreased dopamine transporter activity observed in OCD, and low levels of D2 binding in the striatum. Furthermore, increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens after deep brain stimulation correlates with improvement in symptoms, pointing to reduced dopamine release in the striatum playing a role in generating symptoms. Abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission have been implicated in OCD. Findings such as increased cerebrospinal glutamate, less consistent abnormalities observed in neuroimaging studies, and the efficacy of some glutamatergic drugs (such as the glutamate-inhibiting riluzole) have implicated glutamate in OCD. OCD has been associated with reduced N-Acetylaspartic acid in the mPFC, which is thought to reflect neuron density or functionality, although the exact interpretation has not been established. Diagnosis Formal diagnosis may be performed by a psychologist, psychiatrist, clinical social worker, or other licensed mental health professional. OCD, like other mental and behavioral health disorders, cannot be diagnosed by a medical exam. Nor are there any medical exams that can predict if one will fall victim to such illnesses. To be diagnosed with OCD, a person must have obsessions, compulsions, or both, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM notes that there are multiple characteristics that can turn obsessions and compulsions from normalized behavior to "clinically significant". There has to be recurring and strong thoughts or impulsive that intrude on the day-to-day lives of the patients and cause noticeable levels of anxiousness. These thoughts, impulses, or images are of a degree or type that lies outside the normal range of worries about conventional problems. A person may attempt to ignore, suppress such obsessions, neutralize them with another thought or action, or try to rationalize their anxiety away. People with OCD tend to recognize their obsessions as irrational. Compulsions become clinically significant when a person feels driven to perform them in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly, and when the person consequently feels or causes significant distress. Therefore, while many people who do not have OCD may perform actions often associated with OCD (such as ordering items in a pantry by height), the distinction with clinically significant OCD lies in the fact that the person with OCD must perform these actions to avoid significant psychological distress. These behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these activities are not logically or practically connected to the issue, or, they are excessive. In addition, at some point during the course of the disorder, the individual must realize that his or her obsessions or compulsions are unreasonable or excessive. Moreover, the obsessions or compulsions must be time-consuming, often taking up more than one hour per day, or cause impairment in social, occupational, or scholastic functioning. It is helpful to quantify the severity of symptoms and impairment before and during treatment for OCD. In addition to the person's estimate of the time spent each day harboring obsessive-compulsive thoughts or behaviors, concrete tools can be used to gauge the person's condition. This may be done with rating scales, such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS; expert rating) or the obsessive-compulsive inventory (OCI-R; self-rating). With measurements such as these, psychiatric consultation can be more appropriately determined, as it has been standardized. In regards to diagnosing, the health professional also looks to make sure that the signs of obsessions and compulsions are not the results of any drugs, prescription or recreational, that the patient may be taking. There are several types of obsessive thoughts that are found commonly in those with OCD. Some of these include fear of germs, hurting loved ones, embarrassment, neatness, societally unacceptable sexual thoughts etc. Within OCD, these specific categories are often diagnosed into their own type of OCD. OCD is sometimes placed in a group of disorders called the obsessive–compulsive spectrum. Another criterion in the DSM is that a person's mental illness does not fit one of the other categories of a mental disorder better. That is to say, if the obsessions and compulsions of a patient could be better described by trichotillomania, it would not be diagnosed as OCD. That being said, OCD does often go hand in hand with other mental disorders. For this reason, one may be diagnosed with multiple mental disorders at once. A different aspect of the diagnoses is the degree of insight had by the individual in regards to the truth of the obsessions. There are three levels, good/fair, poor and absent/delusional. Good/fair indicated that the patient is aware that the obsessions they have are not true or probably not true. Poor indicates that the patient believes their obsessional beliefs are probably true. Absent/delusional indicates that they fully believe their obsessional thoughts to be true. Approximately 4% or fewer individuals with OCD will be diagnosed as absent/delusional. Additionally, as many as 30% of those with OCD also have a lifetime tic disorder, meaning they have been diagnosed with a tic disorder at some point in their life. There are several different types of tics that have been observed in individuals with OCD. These include but are not limited to, "grunting", "jerking" or "shrugging" body parts, sniffling, and excessive blinking. There has been a significant amount of progress over the last few decades, and as of 2022 there is statically significant improvement in the diagnostic process for individuals with OCD. One study found that of two groups of individuals, one with participants under the age of 27.25 and one with participants over that age, those in the younger group experienced a significantly faster time between the onset of OCD tendencies and their formal diagnoses. Differential diagnosis OCD is often confused with the separate condition obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). OCD is egodystonic, meaning that the disorder is incompatible with the individual's self-concept. As egodystonic disorders go against a person's self-concept, they tend to cause much distress. OCPD, on the other hand, is egosyntonic, marked by the person's acceptance that the characteristics and behaviors displayed as a result are compatible with their self-image, or are otherwise appropriate, correct, or reasonable. As a result, people with OCD are often aware that their behavior is not rational, and are unhappy about their obsessions, but nevertheless feel compelled by them. By contrast, people with OCPD are not aware of anything abnormal; they will readily explain why their actions are rational. It is usually impossible to convince them otherwise, and they tend to derive pleasure from their obsessions or compulsions. Management Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychotropic medications are the first-line treatments for OCD. Therapy The specific CBT technique used is called exposure and response prevention (ERP), which involves teaching the person to deliberately come into contact with situations that trigger obsessive thoughts and fears (exposure), without carrying out the usual compulsive acts associated with the obsession (response prevention). This technique causes patients to gradually learn to tolerate the discomfort and anxiety associated with not performing their compulsions. For many patients, ERP is the add-on treatment of choice when selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) medication does not effectively treat OCD symptoms, or vice versa, for individuals who begin treatment with psychotherapy. Modalities differ in ERP treatment but both virtual reality based as well as unguided computer assisted treatment programs have shown effective results in treatment programs. For example, a patient might be asked to touch something very mildly contaminated (exposure), and wash their hands only once afterward (response prevention). Another example might entail asking the patient to leave the house and check the lock only once (exposure), without going back to check again (response prevention). After succeeding at one stage of treatment, the patient's level of discomfort in the exposure phase can be increased. When this therapy is successful, the patient will quickly habituate to an anxiety-producing situation, discovering a considerable drop in anxiety level. ERP has a strong evidence base, and is considered the most effective treatment for OCD. However, this claim was doubted by some researchers in 2000, who criticized the quality of many studies. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a newer therapy also used to treat anxiety and depression, has also been found to be effective in treatment of OCD. ACT uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies to teach patients not to overreact to or avoid unpleasant thoughts and feelings but rather "move toward valued behavior." A 2007 Cochrane review found that psychological interventions derived from CBT models, such as ERP and ACT, were more effective than non-CBT interventions. Other forms of psychotherapy, such as psychodynamics and psychoanalysis, may help in managing some aspects of the disorder. However, in 2007, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) noted a lack of controlled studies showing their efficacy, "in dealing with the core symptoms of OCD." For body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB), behavioral interventions such as habit-reversal training and decoupling are recommended. Psychotherapy in combination with psychiatric medication may be more effective than either option alone for individuals with severe OCD. ERP coupled with weight restoration and serotonin reuptake inhibitors has proven the most effective when treating OCD and an eating disorder simultaneously. Medication The medications most frequently used to treat OCD are antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Sertraline and fluoxetine are effective in treating OCD for children and adolescents. SSRIs help people with OCD by inhibiting the reabsorption of serotonin by the nerve cells after they carry messages from neurons to synapse; thus, more serotonin is available to pass further messages between nearby nerve cells. SSRIs are a second-line treatment of adult OCD with mild functional impairment, and as first-line treatment for those with moderate or severe impairment. In children, SSRIs can be considered as a second-line therapy in those with moderate to severe impairment, with close monitoring for psychiatric adverse effects. Patients treated with SSRIs are about twice as likely to respond to treatment as are those treated with placebo, so this treatment is qualified as efficacious. Efficacy has been demonstrated both in short-term (6–24 weeks) treatment trials, and in discontinuation trials with durations of 28–52 weeks. Clomipramine, a medication belonging to the class of tricyclic antidepressants, appears to work as well as SSRIs, but has a higher rate of side effects. In 2006, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommended augmentative second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics for treatment-resistant OCD. Atypical antipsychotics are not useful when used alone, and no evidence supports the use of first-generation antipsychotics. For OCD treatment specifically, there is tentative evidence for risperidone, and insufficient evidence for olanzapine. Quetiapine is no better than placebo with regard to primary outcomes, but small effects were found in terms of Y-BOCS score. The efficacy of quetiapine and olanzapine are limited by an insufficient number of studies. A 2014 review article found two studies that indicated that aripiprazole was "effective in the short-term", and found that "[t]here was a small effect-size for risperidone or anti-psychotics in general in the short-term"; however, the study authors found "no evidence for the effectiveness of quetiapine or olanzapine in comparison to placebo." While quetiapine may be useful when used in addition to an SSRI/SNRI in treatment-resistant OCD, these drugs are often poorly tolerated, and have metabolic side effects that limit their use. A guideline by the American Psychological Association suggested that dextroamphetamine may be considered by itself after more well-supported treatments have been attempted. Procedures Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been found to have effectiveness in some severe and refractory cases. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has shown to provide therapeutic benefits in alleviating symptoms. Surgery may be used as a last resort in people who do not improve with other treatments. In this procedure, a surgical lesion is made in an area of the brain (the cingulate cortex). In one study, 30% of participants benefitted significantly from this procedure. Deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation are possible surgical options that do not require destruction of brain tissue. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration approved deep-brain stimulation for the treatment of OCD under a humanitarian device exemption, requiring that the procedure be performed only in a hospital with special qualifications to do so. In the United States, psychosurgery for OCD is a treatment of last resort, and will not be performed until the person has failed several attempts at medication (at the full dosage) with augmentation, and many months of intensive cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure and ritual/response prevention. Likewise, in the United Kingdom, psychosurgery cannot be performed unless a course of treatment from a suitably qualified cognitive–behavioral therapist has been carried out. Children Therapeutic treatment may be effective in reducing ritual behaviors of OCD for children and adolescents. Similar to the treatment of adults with OCD, cognitive behavioral therapy stands as an effective and validated first line of treatment of OCD in children. Family involvement, in the form of behavioral observations and reports, is a key component to the success of such treatments. Parental interventions also provide positive reinforcement for a child who exhibits appropriate behaviors as alternatives to compulsive responses. In a recent meta-analysis of evidenced-based treatment of OCD in children, family-focused individual CBT was labeled as "probably efficacious," establishing it as one of the leading psychosocial treatments for youth with OCD. After one or two years of therapy, in which a child learns the nature of their obsession and acquires strategies for coping, they may acquire a larger circle of friends, exhibit less shyness, and become less self-critical. Although the known causes of OCD in younger age groups range from brain abnormalities to psychological preoccupations, life stress such as bullying and traumatic familial deaths may also contribute to childhood cases of OCD, and acknowledging these stressors can play a role in treating the disorder. Epidemiology Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their life, with the yearly rate about 1.2%. OCD occurs worldwide. It is unusual for symptoms to begin after the age of 35 and half of people develop problems before 20. Males and females are affected about equally. However there is an earlier age for onset for males than females. Prognosis Quality of life is reduced across all domains in OCD. While psychological or pharmacological treatment can lead to a reduction of OCD symptoms and an increase in reported quality of life, symptoms may persist at moderate levels even following adequate treatment courses, and completely symptom-free periods are uncommon. In pediatric OCD, around 40% still have the disorder in adulthood, and around 40% qualify for remission. History Plutarch, an ancient Greek philosopher and historian, describes an ancient Roman man who possibly had scrupulosity, which could be a symptom of OCD or OCPD. This man is described as "turning pale under his crown of flowers," praying with a "faltering voice," and scattering "incense with trembling hands." In the 7th century AD, John Climacus records an instance of a young monk plagued by constant and overwhelming "temptations to blasphemy" consulting an older monk, who told him: "My son, I take upon myself all the sins which these temptations have led you, or may lead you, to commit. All I require of you is that for the future you pay no attention to them whatsoever." The Cloud of Unknowing, a Christian mystical text from the late 14th century, recommends dealing with recurring obsessions by attempting to ignore them, and, if that fails, to "cower under them like a poor wretch and a coward overcome in battle, and reckon it to be a waste of your time for you to strive any longer against them", a technique now known as emotional flooding. From the 14th to the 16th century in Europe, it was believed that people who experienced blasphemous, sexual or other obsessive thoughts were possessed by the devil. Based on this reasoning, treatment involved banishing the "evil" from the "possessed" person through exorcism. The vast majority of people who thought that they were possessed by the devil did not have hallucinations or other "spectacular symptoms" but "complained of anxiety, religious fears, and evil thoughts." In 1584, a woman from Kent, England, named Mrs. Davie, described by a justice of the peace as "a good wife", was nearly burned at the stake after she confessed that she experienced constant, unwanted urges to murder her family. The English term obsessive–compulsive arose as a translation of German Zwangsvorstellung (obsession) used in the first conceptions of OCD by Karl Westphal. Westphal's description went on to influence Pierre Janet, who further documented features of OCD. In the early 1910s, Sigmund Freud attributed obsessive–compulsive behavior to unconscious conflicts that manifest as symptoms. Freud describes the clinical history of a typical case of "touching phobia" as starting in early childhood, when the person has a strong desire to touch an item. In response, the person develops an "external prohibition" against this type of touching. However, this "prohibition does not succeed in abolishing" the desire to touch; all it can do is repress the desire and "force it into the unconscious." Freudian psychoanalysis remained the dominant treatment for OCD until the mid-1980s, even though medicinal and therapeutic treatments were known and available, because it was widely thought that these treatments would be detrimental to the effectiveness of the psychotherapy. In the mid-1980s, this approach changed, and practitioners began treating OCD primarily with medicine and practical therapy rather than through psychoanalysis. Notable cases John Bunyan (1628–1688), the author of The Pilgrim's Progress, displayed symptoms of OCD (which had not yet been named). During the most severe period of his condition, he would mutter the same phrase over and over again to himself while rocking back and forth. He later described his obsessions in his autobiography Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, stating, "These things may seem ridiculous to others, even as ridiculous as they were in themselves, but to me they were the most tormenting cogitations." He wrote two pamphlets advising those with similar anxieties. In one of them, he warns against indulging in compulsions: "Have care of putting off your trouble of spirit in the wrong way: by promising to reform yourself and lead a new life, by your performances or duties". British poet, essayist and lexicographer Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) also had OCD. He had elaborate rituals for crossing the thresholds of doorways, and repeatedly walked up and down staircases counting the steps. He would touch every post on the street as he walked past, only step in the middles of paving stones, and repeatedly perform tasks as though they had not been done properly the first time. The American aviator and filmmaker Howard Hughes is known to have had OCD, primarily an obsessive fear of germs and contamination. Friends of Hughes have also mentioned his obsession with minor flaws in clothing. This was conveyed in The Aviator (2004), a film biography of Hughes. English singer-songwriter George Ezra has openly spoken about his life-long struggle with OCD, particularly primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder (Pure O). World renowned Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg is also known to have OCD, among other mental health conditions. American actor James Spader has also spoken about his OCD. In 2014, when interviewed for Rolling Stone he said: "I'm obsessive-compulsive. I have very, very strong obsessive-compulsive issues. I'm very particular. ... It's very hard for me, you know? It makes you very addictive in behavior, because routine and ritual become entrenched. But in work, it manifests itself in obsessive attention to detail and fixation. It serves my work very well: Things don't slip by. But I'm not very easygoing. In 2022 the president of Chile Gabriel Boric stated that he had OCD, saying: "I have an obsessive–compulsive disorder that's completely under control. Thank God I've been able to undergo treatment and it doesn't make me unable to carry out my responsibilities as the President of the Republic." Society and culture Art, entertainment and media Movies and television shows may portray idealized or incomplete representations of disorders such as OCD. Compassionate and accurate literary and on-screen depictions may help counteract the potential stigma associated with an OCD diagnosis, and lead to increased public awareness, understanding and sympathy for such disorders. The play and film adaptations of The Odd Couple based around the character of Felix, who shows some of the common symptoms of OCD. In the film As Good as It Gets (1997), actor Jack Nicholson portrays a man with OCD who performs ritualistic behaviors that disrupt his life. The film Matchstick Men (2003) portrays a con man named Roy (Nicolas Cage) with OCD who opens and closes doors three times while counting aloud before he can walk through them. In the television series Monk (2002–2009), the titular character Adrian Monk fears both human contact and dirt. In the novel Turtles All the Way Down (2017) by John Green, teenage main character Aza Holmes struggles with OCD that manifests as a fear of the human microbiome. Throughout the story, Aza repeatedly opens an unhealed callus on her finger to drain out what she believes are pathogens. The novel is based on Green's own experiences with OCD. He explained that Turtles All the Way Down is intended to show how "most people with chronic mental illnesses also live long, fulfilling lives". The British TV series Pure (2019) stars Charly Clive as a 24-year-old Marnie who is plagued by disturbing sexual thoughts, as a kind of primarily obsessional obsessive compulsive disorder. Research The naturally occurring sugar inositol has been suggested as a treatment for OCD. μ-Opioids, such as hydrocodone and tramadol, may improve OCD symptoms. Administration of opiate treatment may be contraindicated in individuals concurrently taking CYP2D6 inhibitors such as fluoxetine and paroxetine. Much current research is devoted to the therapeutic potential of the agents that affect the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate or the binding to its receptors. These include riluzole, memantine, gabapentin, N-acetylcysteine, topiramate and lamotrigine. Other animals References External links National Institute Of Mental Health American Psychiatric Association APA Division 12 treatment page for obsessive-compulsive disorder Anxiety disorders Magical thinking Ritual Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
515763	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%20%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90	ირენა სვობოდოვა	ირენა სვობოდოვა (დ. 9 მარტი, 1953) — ჩეხი ფრენბურთელი. იყო ჩეხოსლოვაკეთის ნაკრების წევრი. ერთხელ აქვს მონაწილეობა მიღებული ზაფხულის ოლიმპიურ თამაშებზე (1972). ოლიმპიურ თამაშებზე ჩაატარა 5 შეხვედრა. სქოლიო დაბადებული 9 მარტი დაბადებული 1953 ჩეხი ქალი ფრენბურთელები
36448	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90	აბაზანა	აბაზანა — ჰიგიენური და სამკურნალო პროცედურების მისაღები საგანგებო ჭურჭელი. მზადდება მზადდება სხვადასხვა მასალისგან (ხე, ფაიფური, თუჯი, ემალი, თუთია, სპილენძი, მარმარილო და სხვა). სტანდარტული აბაზანის ტევადობაა 250 ლ., სპეციალურისა — 1000 ლ. განარჩევენ ჩასაწოლ, ჩასაჯდომ, ხელის, ფეხის ან ოთხივე კიდურის (ოთხკამერიანი) აბაზანებს. ძველი რომაელები და სხვა ხალხები აშენებდნენ ქვის ბასეინებს. XIX საუკუნეში იყო რკინის აბაზანების სტანდარტი. მოგვიანებით შემოვიდა ემალირებული და პლასტმასის აბაზანები. გამოიყენება ასევე მარმარილო და სხვა ძვირფასი მასალები. ლიტერატურა აბაზანა
382482	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%20%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90	ბოსნიის ოსმალო გუბერნატორების სია	ბოსნიის ოსმალო გუბერნატორების სია ამ სტატიაში წარმოდგენილია ბოსნიის ოსმალო გუბერნატორების (ფაშების) სია. ოსმალეთის იმპერია
587845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava	Sava	Sava The Sava is a river in Central and Southeast Europe, a right-bank and the longest tributary of the Danube. It flows through Slovenia, Croatia and along its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and finally through Serbia, feeding into the Danube in its capital, Belgrade. The Sava forms the main northern limit of the Balkan Peninsula, and the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain. The Sava is long, including the Sava Dolinka headwater rising in Zelenci, Slovenia. It is the largest tributary of the Danube by volume of water, and second-largest after the Tisza in terms of catchment area and length. It drains a significant portion of the Dinaric Alps region, through the major tributaries of Drina, Bosna, Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Lonja, Kolubara, Bosut and Krka. The Sava is one of the longest rivers in Europe and among the longest tributaries of another river. The population in the Sava River basin is estimated at , and is shared by three capital cities: Ljubljana, Zagreb and Belgrade. The Sava is about -navigable for larger vessels: from the confluence of the Kupa in Sisak a few kilometers below Zagreb. The name is believed to be derived from the Proto-Indo-European root sewh1 ('to take liquid', whence the English word sup) and the ending eh2, so that it literally means 'that which waters [the ground]'. The ancient Greeks called it Saos. Sources The Sava River is formed from the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka headwaters in northwest Slovenia. The drainage basin has other key tributaries, including the Sora, the Tržič Bistrica and the Radovna rivers—flowing into the Sava at confluences as far east downstream as Medvode. The Sava Dolinka rises at the Zelenci Pools near Kranjska Gora, Slovenia, in a valley separating the Julian Alps from the Karavanke mountain range. The spring is near the Slovene-Italian border at above sea level, in a drainage divide between the Adriatic and Danube basins. The Sava Dolinka spring is fed by groundwater possibly exhibiting bifurcation of source karst aquifer to the Sava and Soča basins. Nadiža creek, a short losing stream flowing nearby, is the source of Zelenci Pools water. The Sava Dolinka is considered the Sava's initial, segment. The Sava Bohinjka originates in Ribčev Laz, at the confluence of the Jezernica, a short watercourse flowing out from Lake Bohinj and the Mostnica River. Some sources define the Jezernica as a part of the Sava Bohinjka, specifying the latter as flowing directly out of the lake, while another group of sources include Savica, rising at the southern flank of Triglav as the Savica Falls, downstream from Triglav Lakes Valley, and flowing into the lake, as a part of the Sava Bohinjka. The watercourse flows —including the length of the Savica—east to Radovljica, where it discharges into the Sava Dolinka. Downstream from the confluence, the river is referred to as the Sava. Course The Sava spans Central-Southeast Europe, flowing through Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and along the Bosnia-Herzegovina border. Its total length is , including the Sava Dolinka and the Sava proper. As a right tributary of the Danube, the river belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. The Sava River is the third longest tributary of the Danube, slightly shorter than the Tisza and the Prut—the Danube's two longest tributaries—when the Sava Dolinka headwater is excluded from its course. It is also the largest tributary of the Danube by discharge. The river course is sometimes used to describe the northern boundary of the Balkans, and the southern border of the Central Europe. Before the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 the Sava was the longest river lying completely within the country. From the source to the Sutla The Sava Dolinka rises in the Zelenci Pools, west of Podkoren in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia at above sea level (a.s.l.), and flows east, past Kranjska Gora to Jesenice, where it turns southeast. At Žirovnica, the river enters the Ljubljana Basin and encounters the first hydroelectric dam—Moste plant—before proceeding to the east of the glacial Lake Bled towards Radovljica and confluence of the Sava Bohinjka, at a.s.l. Downstream of Radovljica, the Sava proceeds southeast towards Kranj. Between Kranj and Medvode, its course comprises the Lake Trboje and the Lake Zbilje reservoirs, built for the Mavčiče and the Medvode power plants. The Sava then flows through the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana, where another reservoir is on the river, adjacent to the Tacen Whitewater Course. There the river course turns east and leaves the Ljubljana Basin via Dolsko, at a.s.l. (at confluence of the Ljubljanica and the Kamnik Bistrica). The course continues through the Sava Hills, where it passes the Litija Basin with the mining and industrial town of Litija, the Central Sava Valley with the mining towns of Zagorje ob Savi, Trbovlje, and Hrastnik, turns to the southeast and runs through the Lower Sava Valley with the towns of Radeče, Sevnica, and Krško. The course through the Sava Hills forms the boundary of traditional regions of Lower Carniola and Styria, At Radeče, the Vrhovo hydroelectric dam reservoir stands. The latter is site of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant, which uses the Sava River water to dissipate excess heat. The easternmost stretch of the Sava River course in Slovenia runs to the south of Brežice, where it is joined by the Krka, and the river ultimately becomes a border river between Slovenia and Croatia, marking of their border near confluence of the Sutla. At that point, the Sava reaches a.s.l. after flowing through Slovenia and along its border. From the Sutla to the Una The westernmost part of the Sava River course in Croatia, takes the river east, through the western part of the Zagreb County, between Samobor and Zaprešić. The area encompasses forests interspersed by marshes and lakes formed in gravel pits. As the Sava approaches the capital of Croatia, Zagreb, the marshes give way to urban landscape, but there are surviving examples of the gravel pit lakes, such as the Jarun, and the Bundek within the city. At the western outskirts of Zagreb, there is the western terminus of the Sava–Odra flood-relief canal connecting the Sava to the Odra River plain which is intended to act as flood control retention basin. The canal has been built in response to the most destructive flooding of the river that occurred in Zagreb in 1964, when one third of the city was flooded and 17 people were killed. The city itself marks the western extent of the Sava River basin area especially prone to flooding, spanning from Zagreb to confluence of the river in Belgrade, Serbia. East of Zagreb, the river turns southeast again further through the Central Croatia, to the Sisak-Moslavina County, the city of Sisak, reaching a.s.l. The city of Sisak marks the westernmost extent of the Sava River navigable to larger vessels. Navigation conditions on the river are poor due to limited draft and fairway width, meandering of the river, bridge clearance restrictions, poor fairway markings as well as presence of sunken vessels and other objects, including unexploded ordnance. The ordnance is left over from various conflicts including the World War II, Croatian War of Independence, Bosnian War, and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Before reaching confluence of Una at Jasenovac and a.s.l, the Sava River traces Lonjsko polje Nature Park, encompassing marshes frequently flooded by the Sava and its tributaries in the area. From the Una to the Drina Downstream of confluence of the Una River, the Sava is once again tracing an international border—between Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Its meandering course runs generally eastwards along Bosanska Gradiška, and Slavonski Brod to Županja, where it turns south to Brčko. There, the river resumes its predominantly eastward course towards Sremska Rača and confluence of the Drina River. The right bank of the Sava, in this segment of its course, belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina (with Bosnia's all three administrative entities, Republika Srpska, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Brčko District, having gateway to the river), while the opposite bank belongs to Croatia and its Sisak-Moslavina, Brod-Posavina and Vukovar-Srijem counties, except in the area of Jamena and further downstream—which belongs to Serbia and the province of Vojvodina. No cities in this segment of the course span the river. It represents an international frontier, three times seeing adjacent, opposing key settlements: Bosanska Gradiška, Bosanski Brod and Brčko in Bosnia-Herzegovina, opposing Stara Gradiška, Slavonski Brod and Gunja in Croatia. The segment between the Una and the Drina confluences, corresponding to the Sava flowing along the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina, exhibits small change of elevation, such as from ASL at Jasenovac to ASL at Brčko gauges: over of the river between them. The river below Zagreb has a 0.4‰ slope (gradient) on average, much less steep than the course in Slovenia, where the average slope exceeds 0.7‰. This results in the Sava's meandering course running through a wide plain bordered by wetlands. From the Drina to the Danube Downstream from the confluence of the Drina, the Sava River changes its eastward course to northeast, until it reaches Sremska Mitrovica, whence it flows southeast and then south to Šabac, before finally turning east towards Belgrade. Most of the river's course in Serbia represents a border between province of Vojvodina, on the left bank, and Central Serbia, on the right bank. Exceptions to that are in area around Sremska Mitrovica, where both banks are in Vojvodina, and downstream of Progar suburb of Belgrade where both banks are in Central Serbia. The river meanders and forms wetlands there as well—the most significant centering on Obedska bara oxbow lake. The Sava River forms several large islands in this segment of the course, with the largest among them— Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade—connected to the right bank by a pair of artificial embankment dams forming Lake Sava since 1967. The Sava discharges into the Danube, after reaching a.s.l. as its right tributary at the Great War Island off the easternmost tip of Syrmia in Belgrade, away from the Danube's confluence and the Black Sea. Settlements Population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and includes four capitals: Belgrade, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and Zagreb. All except Sarajevo, are on the river banks and represent the three largest settlements found along the river. Belgrade, at the lowest end of the river, is the largest city in the basin with urban population of 1135,502. Ten municipalities of its outer conurbation have combined population of 1283,783, taking in many mutual suburbs. The Belgrade metropolitan area has a population of 1639,121. Zagreb is the second largest city on the river, comprising population of 688,163 living in the city itself, and 802,588 in the city-administered area. Together with the Zagreb County, largely corresponding to various definitions of the city's metropolitan area, it has a combined population of 1110,517. Ljubljana is the third-largest city on the banks of the Sava, encompassing a population of 258,873 living in the city itself and 265,881 in the city-governed area. The largest city of Bosnia-Herzegovina on the river is Brčko, whose urban population is estimated at 40,000. Other cities along the river, with populations of 20,000 and larger, are Slavonski Brod (53,473), Šabac (52,822), Sremska Mitrovica (37,586), Kranj (35,587), Sisak (33,049), Obrenovac (24,568), and Bosanska Gradiška (est. 20,000). Watershed The Sava River basin covers a total area of making it the second largest Danube tributary catchment by area size, surpassed only by the Tisza basin, and it encompasses 12% of the Danube basin, draining into the Black Sea. The Sava represents the third longest tributary of the Danube and its largest tributary by discharge. The catchment area borders the remainder of the Danube basin to the north and east, and the Adriatic Sea basin to the west and south. The river basin generally consists of parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, with a very small part of the catchment area belonging to Albania. Topography of the basin varies significantly. Upstream portion of the basin is more rugged than downstream one, but asymmetry of the basin topography is particularly apparent when comparing right and left bank areas—the former dominated by the Alps and the Dinarides reaching elevations in excess of a.s.l, while the latter is dominated by the Pannonian Plain. The mean elevation of the basin is a.s.l. Major tributaries The most important tributaries of the Sava River found in its upper basin are characterized by relatively steep grades of flow, high flow velocities and rapids. Those are left tributaries: the Kokra, the Kamnik Bistrica and the Savinja; and right tributaries: the Sora, the Ljubljanica and the Krka (Sava). Further downstream larger rivers empty into the Sava, as the right bank of the basin grows steadily. Right tributaries in this lower segment of the basin start as fast flowing courses, only to slow down as they enter the Pannonian Basin. They include the Kupa, the Una, the Vrbas, the Ukrina, the Bosna, the Brka, the Tinja, the Drina and the Kolubara. Left tributaries in the lower segment drain plains consequently exhibiting less steep course grades, lower flow rates and meandering. They include the Sutla, the Krapina, the Lonja, the Ilova, the Orljava and the Bosut. The Drina is the largest tributary of the Sava, flowing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and along border of the country and Serbia. It is formed by the headwaters of the Tara and the Piva at the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, near Šćepan Polje. Its catchment extends across parts of four countries—reaching as far south as Albania. The Bosna and the Kupa river basins are the second and third largest catchments of the Sava tributaries, each surpassing in size. Hydrology The average annual flow rate of the Sava River at Radovljica, immediately downstream of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka confluence, stands at per second. Downstream of the Krka confluence the average flow rate reaches per second, gradually increasing as tributaries discharge along the course— per second downstream of the Sutla, per second following discharge of the Kupa and the Una, per second downstream of the Vrbas confluence, per second after the Bosna river empties into the Sava, and finally of per second at confluence of the Sava in Belgrade. The highest flow rate of per second was recorded by Slavonski Šamac gauging station in May 2014. Seven out of eight largest reservoirs in the Sava River basin are in the Drina catchment, the largest among them being the Lake Piva on the eponymous river in Montenegro, created after construction of Mratinje Dam. Overall, there are 22 reservoirs holding more than of water in the basin, with four of them on the Sava, including one on the Sava Dolinka. Most of the reservoirs are used primarily, or even exclusively, for electricity generation, but they are also used as supply of drinking water, industrial water source, for irrigation and food production. Groundwater is a very important resource in the Sava River basin, generally used for public water supply of potable water, as a source of water for industrial use, but also as the mainstay of aquatic ecosystems. There are 41 identified significant groundwater bodies in the Sava River basin of basin-wide importance, ranging in area size from , as well as numerous minor ground water bodies. Even though most of them are transboundary waters, eleven are considered to be largely in Slovenia, fourteen in Croatia, seven in Bosnia-Herzegovina, five in Serbia and four in Montenegro. Discharge Mean annual discharge of the Sava River at Zagreb (period from 1992 to 2019), Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade (period from 1992 to 2021): Geology The course of the Sava River runs through several diverse geological units and orographic regions. The uppermost course of the river and its headwaters in the Karavanke area, is in the Southern Alps, tracing the Sava Fault—itself running parallel to the Periadriatic Seam. Mesozoic and Upper Triassic rocks are exposed in the region. The Ljubljana Basin represents the boundary of the Southern Alps and the Dinarides. Valleys of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka are glacial valleys, carved out by the Sava Dolinka and Bohinj glaciers advancing down Karavanke range to vicinity of present-day Radovljica. In the late Pleistocene, Bohinj Glacier was the largest glacier in the territory of present-day Slovenia, up to thick. Sava Folds, southeast and east of the Ljubljana Basin are thought of as a part of the Dinarides, separating the Ljubljana and Krško Basins, and forming the Sava Hills. The east–west oriented folds are younger than the Miocene and the folding is considered to had taken place in the Pliocene and the Quaternary, but it is possible that the tectonic activity continues in the present day. The Sava Folds largely exhibit Paleozoic and Triassic rocks, and clastic sediments. The lower course of the Sava in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17–12 Mya (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains. Ultimately, up to of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging , except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction. A subduction zone formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and in the Sava depression. The results of those processes are large plains in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands, which became watershed between Drava and Sava River basins extending along Ivanščica–Kalnik–Bilogora–Papuk mountain chain. The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the Krndija and the Dilj Hills on the eastern rim of the Požega Valley. The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18 million years old. Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the Đakovo–Vinkovci and Vukovar Plateau. The loess plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok. Economy Electric power generation There are 18 hydroelectric power plants with power generation capacity exceeding 10 Megawatts in the Sava River basin. In Slovenia, most of them harness the Sava itself. In other countries, the hydroelectric power plants are on its tributaries. Total power generation capacity of the 18 power plants, and additional smaller plants largely found in Slovenia, amounts to 41542 megawatts, and their annual production capacity stands at 2,497 gigawatt-hours. Approximately of water per year in the river's basin is used to cool thermoelectric and nuclear power plants. Power plant cooling represents the main type of use of the Sava River waters. , there are six existing hydroelectric power plants built along the Sava River. Upstream of Ljubljana there are Moste, Mavčiče and Medvode power plants, while Vrhovo, Boštanj and Blanca are downstream of the capital. There is one additional plant under construction near Krško. The Krško hydroelectric power plant, as well as two additional plants planned on the Sava River course downstream of Ljubljana—Brežice and Mokrice—should be completed by 2018. The power plants downstream of Ljubljana, except Vrhovo, are developed as a chain of five Slovenia's Lower Sava Valley plants since 2002. They will have production capacity of 2,000 gigawatt-hours per year and 570 megawatts of installed capacity. Completion of the five power plants is expected to cost 700 million euros. There are also plans for construction of ten new powerplants in the middle Sava valley HE Suhadol, HE Trbovlje, HE Renke, HE Ponovice, HE Kresnice, HE Jevnica, HE Zalog, HE Šentjakob, HE Ježica and HE Tacen. Croatia is planning the construction of four hydroelectric power plants on the Sava River in the Zagreb area. The four plants—Podsused, Prečko, Zagreb and Drenje—are scheduled to be completed by 2021 at a cost of 800 million euros. The four power plants will have an installed capacity of 122 megawatts and an annual production capacity of 610 gigawatt-hours. Water supply and food production Use of water for public water supply in the Sava River basin is estimated at per year, and another of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for agriculture in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as fish farming. Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at per year. Commercial fishing on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97 commercial fishermen there, while recreational fishing became dominant. The decline became more rapid during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing the quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one-third of the pre-war catches which ranged from between 1979 and 1990. The International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia and Montenegro in 2005, is tasked with the establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin. Navigation and ports The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for between its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in Sisak, Croatia, upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa rivers. The confluence marks the westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international waterway in compliance with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN). The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is navigable to ships of the maximum length of , the maximum beam of , the maximum draught of and tonnage up to . The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E 80-12, branching off from the E 80 waterway spanning the Danube and Le Havre via the Rhine. The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia, and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia. , of the river course between Slavonski Šamac and Oprisavci, as well as additional between Slavonski Brod and Sisak, are considered by Croatia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure to fail the Class IV criteria, permitting navigation of vessels up to only, complying with the AGN's Category III. The Slavonski Šamac–Oprisavci section is especially troublesome for navigation as it offers draught in less than 50% of an average hydrological year, causing navigation to cease each summer. Similar interruptions are less frequent elsewhere on the river, occurring 30 days a year on average upstream from Oprisavci, and even more rarely downstream from Slavonski Šamac. The restricted draft and fairway is compounded with a meandering of the river's course—limiting the length of vessels—and low bridge clearance. Further problems are incurred through poor transport infrastructure along the route, including poor navigation markings, and presence of sunken vessels and unexploded munitions. Navigation along further of the river upstream to Rugvica near Zagreb is possible for vessels with tonnage below , and the section of the river belongs to the AGN's Category II. There are plans for the restoration of the Category IV compliant waterway downstream of Sisak and betterment of navigation infrastructure between Sisak and Rugvica, as well as upgrading of the waterway between Brčko and Belgrade to Category Va, matching that of the Danube, with uninterrupted navigation through the year. The plan is planned to be supported by the European Union and , an agreement to implement the plan was signed by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, while Serbia is invited to join the project. The plan aims to increase the safety and volume of river transport, which declined by about 70% since the breakup of Yugoslavia, largely because of poor maintenance of the route. The ISRBC is tasked with the establishment of an international regime of navigation on the river since 2005. Road, rail and pipeline transport The Sava River valley is also a route for road and rail traffic. The river valley routes are a part of the Pan-European Corridor X, and forming junctions with Pan-European Corridors V, Vb, Vc, Xa and Xb in area of Ljubljana (V), Zagreb (Vb, Xa), Slavonski Šamac (Vc), and Belgrade (Xb). The motorways forming the Pan-European Corridor X in the area—Slovenia's A2, Croatia's A3 and Serbia's A1 motorways—represent a part of European route E70 Bordeaux–Turin–Ljubljana–Zagreb–Belgrade–Bucharest, and the European route E61 Villach–Ljubljana–Trieste–Rijeka. A largely double track and electrifried railway is also a part of the Corridor X. The railway was a part of the Simplon-Orient-Express and Direct-Orient-Express routes. The navigable river course between Belgrade and Galdovo north of Sisak is spanned by 25 bridges. The Sava River valley east of Sisak is also used as a route for the Jadranski naftovod, a crude oil pipeline. The system connects the Port of Rijeka oil terminal to oil refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, to Bosanski Brod in Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as Novi Sad and Pančevo in Serbia. Environmental issues Pollution The main pressure on the Sava River basin environment is generated by the activities of the urban population in the basin. Even though nearly all population centres generating pollution above 10,000 population equivalent (PE) have some sort of sewage treatment in place, less than a quarter of them are adequate. Wastewater from 86% of Sava River basin settlements, generating more than 2,000 PE, goes untreated. Pollution levels vary along the river. The best conditions in terms of wastewater treatment are found in Slovenia, although the existing facilities are inadequate. In Serbia, on the other hand, 68% of population centres have no wastewater treatment facilities at all. Population centres exceeding 2,000 PE directly discharge into the Sava River basin's surface waters 11112 tonnes of nitrogen and 2,642 tonnes of phosphorus. Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through livestock manure production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year. As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded. Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of mercury exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples. Levels of heavy metals, specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in the Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk, and the conclusion drawn was that in order to "reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like Belgrade." The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with the greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and, especially, investment (internal and external), play a role. Protected areas The Sava River basin is very significant because of its biological diversity, and it contains large alluvial wetlands and lowland forests. This led to the designation of six protected areas under provisions of the Ramsar Convention by the countries in the basin. Those are Lake Cerknica in Slovenia, Lonjsko Polje and Crna Mlaka in Croatia, Lake Bardača in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Obedska and Zasavica bogs in Serbia. Sport and recreation There are several sports and recreational grounds on the river banks and gravel pits and artificial lakes adjacent. Tacen Whitewater Course, on the right bank of the Sava in Tacen, a suburb of Ljubljana, was built as a permanent kayaking course in 1948. It hosts a major international competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991 and 2010. In Zagreb, Jarun complex of lakes along the river course offers a range of facilities for swimming, water sports and cycling. The island of Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade is the major recreational zone of the city, gathering as many as 100,000 visitors daily in the summer months. The Sava River is the site of several regattas. Those include the International Sava Tour rowing regatta taking place between Zagreb and Brčko, and the Belgrade Regatta (sailing regatta). The river is also the site of the Šabac Swimming Marathon—an open water swimming competition, running on an course between the village of Jarak and the city of Šabac in Serbia. The competition is held annually since 1970, and was included in FINA international calendar from 1984 to 2012. Recreational and sport fishing is a popular activity along the Sava River course. There is a long sport fishing competition ground near Hotemež, Slovenia. Tradition Even though the name Sava became very common among Slavs, and has a "Slavic tone", the river's name has pre-Slavic Celtic and Roman origins; Strabo writes in Geographica 4.6.10 (composed between 20 BCE and 20 CE) of the River Saüs, and the Romans used the name Savus. Another name, used for the Sava in entirety or its lower part by Strabo, is Noarus. Worship of various river gods in the area dates to the Late Bronze Age, when the first settlements were founded along the Sava River. Taurisci associated their river goddess Adsullata with the Savus. Altars or inscriptions dedicated to the river-god Savus have been found at a number of locations along the river course, including at the Zelenci Pools where the Sava Dolinka rises, and a number of Roman settlements and castra built along the Via Pannonia, the Roman road running from Aquileia to the Danube. The settlements include Emona, Andautonia and Siscia (near modern-day Ljubljana, Velika Gorica and Sisak respectively) upstream of the Kupa River confluence, and Marsonia, itself built atop a prehistoric settlement, Cibalae, Sirmium and Singidunum (in modern-day Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade) downstream of the Kupa. Besides the altar found at the Zelenci Pools, inscriptions and sites dedicated to Savus have been found in remains of Emona, Andautonia and Siscia. Several years after 1751 completion of the Robba Fountain in Ljubljana, the three male figures sculpted as parts of the fountain were identified as statues of the river gods of Sava, Krka and Ljubljanica. In the early 20th century, the fountain was named the Fountain of Three Carniolan Rivers. The Romantic poet France Prešeren wrote The Baptism on the Savica, the Slovene national epic, in 1835. The poem, referring in its title to a headwater of the Sava River, helped to inspire the design of the coat of arms of Slovenia of 1991: However, the two wavy lines at the base of the blazon officially represent rivers of Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea rather than the Savica or the Sava specifically. The Sava River also appears symbolically in the coat of arms of the former Kingdom of Slavonia: The design, approved by the Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary in 1496, incorporates two bars symbolising the Sava and the Drava rivers tracing the borders of the kingdom. The design inspired the arms of several present-day counties of Croatia in the region of Slavonia and itself forms a part of the coat of arms of Croatia. The poem Horvatska domovina, written by Antun Mihanović in 1835 as a national symbol of Croatia, also refers to the Sava River. Modified lyrics of the poem later became the Croatian anthem. See also International Sava River Basin Commission Posavina (region) Footnotes References Books Scientific and professional papers News reports Other sources External links Condition of Sava at locations in Slovenia (proceeding down the stream): Radovljica – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Radovljica by ARSO) Medno – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Medno by ARSO) Šentjakob – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Šentjakob by ARSO) Hrastnik – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Hrastnik by ARSO) Jesenice na Dolenjskem – graphs, in the following order, of water level and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Jesenice na Dolenjskem by ARSO) Rivers of Slovenia Rivers of Croatia Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina Rivers of Serbia International rivers of Europe Geography of Belgrade Geography of Zagreb Geography of Vukovar-Syrmia County Borders of Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia border Rivers of Ljubljana Border rivers Croatia–Slovenia border Braided rivers in Europe
442857	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98	გიორგი ღვინიაშვილი	გიორგი ღვინიაშვილი (დ. 26 მარტი, 1969, თბილისი) — ქართველი იურისტი და პოლიტიკოსი. საქართველოს სამი მოწვევის (2008, 2012, 2016) პარლამენტის წევრი. ბიოგრაფია დაიბადა 1969 წლის 26 მარტს, თბილისში. დაამთავრა თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის იურიდიული ფაკულტეტი. 1986-1987 წლებში მუშაობდა „საქაგრომშენში“ შემკეთებლად. 1987-1988 წლებში იყო საქართველოს პროკურატურის ინსპექტორი და კურიერი. 1988-1990 წლებში მოიხადა სავალდებულო სამხედრო სამსახური. 1990-1991 წლებში იყო საბურთალოს რაისაკვების ტრესტის საწყობის მუშა. 1992-2002 წლებში — საქართველოს პროკურატურის თანაშემწე, სტაჟიორი, გამომძიებელი, გენინსპექციის პროკურორი და პროკურორი. 2002-2003 წლებში — საქართველოს იუსტიციის სამინისტროს გენინსპექციის უფროსი. 2004 წელს იყო საქართველოს უშიშროების სამინისტროს სამხედრო სამსახურის ერთ-ერთი დეპარტამენტის უფროსი. 2004-2008 წლებში — საქართველოს პროკურატურის სამმართველოს უფროსი, დეპარტამენტის უფროსი და თბილისის პროკურორი. 2008 წლის 7 ივნისიდან 21 ოქტომბრამდე იყო საქართველოს მე-7 მოწვევის პარლამენტის წევრი (გურჯაანის მაჟორიტარი), საარჩევნო ბლოკი: „ერთიანი ნაციონალური მოძრაობა — გამარჯვებული საქართველოსთვის“. 2008-2012 წლებში — კახეთის გუბერნატორი. 2012-2016 წლებში — საქართველოს მე-8 მოწვევის პარლამენტის წევრი (გურჯაანის მაჟორიტარი), საარჩევნო ბლოკი: „ერთიანი ნაციონალური მოძრაობა — „მეტი სარგებელი ხალხს“. 2016-2020 წლებში — საქართველოს მე-9 მოწვევის პარლამენტის წევრი პარტიული სიით, საარჩევნო ბლოკი: „ერთიანი ნაციონალური მოძრაობა “. 2017 წლის 27 მაისს არჩეულ იქნა პარტია „ევროპული საქართველო – მოძრაობა თავისუფლებისთვის“ პოლიტიკური საბჭოს წევრად. რესურსები ინტერნეტში დაბადებული 26 მარტი დაბადებული 1969 ქართველი იურისტები საქართველოს VII მოწვევის პარლამენტის წევრები საქართველოს VIII მოწვევის პარლამენტის წევრები საქართველოს IX მოწვევის პარლამენტის წევრები თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის კურსდამთავრებულები თბილისში დაბადებულები გიორგი
985755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill%20Meretskov	Kirill Meretskov	Kirill Meretskov Kirill Afanasievich Meretskov (– 30 December 1968) was a Soviet military commander. Having joined the Communist Party in 1917, he served in the Red Army from 1920. During the Winter War of 1939–1940 against Finland, he had the task of penetrating the Mannerheim Line as commander of the 7th Army. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union shortly afterwards. The NKVD arrested Meretskov at the start of invasion of the Soviet Union. Released two months later, he returned to command the 7th Army and later the Volkhov Front during the 1941–1944 siege of Leningrad. He commanded the Karelian Front from February 1944, notably the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive of October 1944. From April 1945 he was assigned to the Far East, where he commanded a front during the Soviet invasion of Japanese Manchuria. During the war he reached the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. Early life and career Meretskov was born at Nazaryevo in Ryazan Governorate (now in Moscow Oblast), southeast of Moscow. His parents were peasants of Russian ethnicity and lived in a rural village. He was a factory worker from 1909, first in Moscow, later near Vladimir. He joined the Bolsheviks (later the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) in August 1917, and became chief of staff of Red Guard militia that helped to organise in the town. During the Russian Civil War, he was chief of staff of a regiment, and later a division. In 1921, he graduated from the Military Academy (later the M. V. Frunze Military Academy). From 1922, he held a number of commands as chief of staff, first in a cavalry division, later in various armies and military districts. From September 1936 to May 1937, Meretskov fought for the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War under a pseudonym of "General Pavlovich". In 1939, he was appointed commander of the Leningrad Military District. Winter War In November 1939, at the start of the Winter War, Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns. However, gross underestimations of the Finnish defenses, the size of their forces and the corresponding overestimations of the capacity of the Red Army, led to serious planning flaws. Only five rifle divisions were initially sent to assault the Mannerheim Line and piecemeal commitment of reinforcements did not achieve any effect. Meretskov failed and the command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command, Stavka, directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman), Nikolai Kuznetsov, Joseph Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov. Meretskov was appointed to command of the 7th Army. In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front." Semyon Timoshenko was chosen Army Commander to break the Mannerheim Line. This Soviet offensive was checked by the Finnish Army in the Battle of Taipale. For the next offensive, the Stavka significantly reinforced the 7th Army, deployed the 13th Army on its flank and assigned substantial heavy artillery to both armies, including B-4 howitzers and Br-5 mortars. The next Soviet offensive began in February 1940. The heavy artillery support allowed the Soviet forces to breach the Mannerheim Line. Meretskov's 7th Army proceeded to take Viborg which so far had resisted attempts of Soviet conquest. Less than two weeks after the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty, on March 21, 1940, Meretskov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Afterwards, Meretskov was promoted to rank of army general and made Deputy Commissar of Defense. From August 1940 to January 1941, he was Chief of the General Staff. He was dismissed on 14 January 1941, and on 24 January, Stalin spotted him at the Bolshoi and, in front of witnesses: "You are courageous, capable, but without principles, spineless. You want to be nice, but you should have a plan instead and adhere to it strictly, despite the fact that someone or other is going to be resentful." Operation Barbarossa On June 22, 1941, when Operation Barbarossa started, Meretskov was appointed permanent adviser to Stavka. However, on July 23 he was arrested by the NKVD as a member of an alleged anti-Soviet military conspiracy. The exact reasons are unknown, and the case file was destroyed in 1955. Meretskov's close friendship with General Dmitry Pavlov, the Soviet Commander of the Western Front who had been executed, is often considered a factor, although Pavlov, at the time, was yet to even be relieved of duty, much less arrested. Mark Solonin, in his book June the 25th: Stupidity or Aggression, proposes a theory that the actual reason might have been Meretskov's skepticism about the need to start bombardments of Finland, and his later release was due to him turning out to have been right, although he admits that direct evidence is unlikely to be found. After being subjected to two months of torture, including being beaten with rubber rods, and having one of his ribs broken by the notorious torturer Boris Rodos in Lubyanka Prison, Meretskov relented and signed a written confession. According to Nikita Khrushchev, "before his arrest, Meretskov had been a strapping young general, very strong and impressive-looking. After his release, he was a shadow of his former self. He had lost so much weight he could hardly speak." Released in September, he was taken before the police chief, Vsevolod Merkulov, whom he had known socially: he told Merkulov that their friendship was over. He was then presented to Stalin, in full army dress, and given command of the 7th Separate Army. His confession was used against other commanders arrested in May–July 1941, who were executed on the order of Lavrenty Beria near Kuybyshev on October 28, 1941, or sentenced by the Special Council of the NKVD and executed on February 23, 1942. Victory at Tikhvin Meretskov was appointed Commander of the 4th Army which fought in the defense of Leningrad against the Army Group North of von Leeb. After stopping the German Tikhvin offensive, his forces, together with the neighboring 52nd and 54th Armies, counterattacked and pushed the German forces back to their starting positions, recapturing Tikhvin on December 10, 1941. This victory was the first Soviet large scale success during the war. The battle also assisted the Battle of Moscow, as significant German forces were tied down in heavy attrition fighting in the marshes and forests between Tikhvin and Tosno and were not able to assist during the Soviet counteroffensive. Notably, the battle locked down two German panzer divisions and two motorized divisions and inflicted serious casualties to the army group overall. During the counteroffensive of the battle, Stavka ordered Kirill Meretskov to organize a new Volkhov Front, which he commanded until February 1944 (with the exception of May and June 1942). Defeat at Lyuban In January 1942, Meretskov started a new offensive near Lyuban, aimed at lifting the siege of Leningrad and encircling a large number of German forces. The advance was very slow, however, as the German forces were well dug in, reinforced and no longer overextended. By March the two Soviet armies trying to close the encirclement were less than apart, but could advance no more. On March 15, German forces began a counteroffensive and cut off the Soviet 2nd Shock Army. Soviet forces managed to restore communications by March 30 after heavy fighting. However, when Meretskov reported this to the Stavka, he omitted that the corridor that was linking the 2nd Shock Army to the rest of the Soviet forces was no more than wide, under constant German air strikes and artillery bombardment, and therefore, had a very poor transport capacity. As a result, the Stavka did not extract the 2nd Shock Army, when it was still possible. During late April and all of May, the Volkhov front was temporarily subordinated to lieutenant general Khosin's Leningrad Front, and Meretskov was sent as deputy high commander to the Western Front. By May 1942, the 2nd Shock Army was experiencing supply shortages and low morale. On May 30, the German forces began a second offensive and again cut it off. After part of the encircled force broke out on June 5, the rest of the army was systematically destroyed, with 33,000 men becoming prisoners, about the same number killed, and about 10,000 men who broke out. Immediately after the battle, Meretskov placed the blame on the captured 2nd Shock Army commander, Andrey Vlasov, whom he himself recommended to the post in April, a claim that was echoed in his post-war memoirs. Since Vlasov went on to collaborate with the German forces, there were few attempts to revisit this claim during the Soviet era. However, David Glantz points out that, irrespective of Vlasov's decision to collaborate with German forces, his level of command in May and June 1942 was not different from most other army commanders. Furthermore, Meretskov does bear some responsibility for the defeat as the commander of the front who planned the operation and carried it out. Khosin, the commander of the Leningrad Front, was removed from command on June 8, reduced in rank and never commanded a front again, humiliatingly assigned from March 1944 to the rear line Volga Military District. Meretskov, who was arrested less than a year earlier, knew that his life may be at risk if he accepted responsibility for the disaster. Breaking the siege of Leningrad After the defeat at Lyuban, Meretskov remained in command of the Volkhov Front. Together with the new Leningrad Front's commander, Leonid Govorov, Meretskov planned a new offensive to break the siege of the city. Volkhov and Leningrad fronts would break the blockade of the city by eliminating the German positions south of Lake Ladoga, where only separated the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts. This position was called "the bottleneck". At the same time, German forces were planning Operation Northern Light to capture the city and link up with Finnish forces. To achieve that, heavy reinforcements arrived from Sevastopol, which the German forces had captured in July 1942. Both sides were unaware of the other's preparations. As a result, the Soviet Sinyavino Offensive failed and the 2nd Shock army was decimated for the second time in a year, but the German forces suffered heavy casualties and canceled Operation Northern Light. Meretskov wanted to conduct further local attacks, but this request was categorically denied by the Stavka, in addition to a formal critique he received on October 15, 1942, for his conduct of the operation. In late November 1942, Govorov commenced planning the next operation to break the blockade of Leningrad. Meretskov soon joined the planning. In December, the plan was approved by the Stavka and received the codename Operation Iskra (Spark). Operation Iskra began on January 13, 1943, and on January 18, Soviet forces linked up, breaking the blockade. By January 22, the front line stabilized. The operation successfully opened a land corridor 8–10 km wide to the city. A railroad was swiftly built through the corridor that allowed far more supplies to reach the city than the "Road of Life", eliminating the possibility of the capture of the city and a German-Finnish link up. On January 28, both Meretskov and Govorov were awarded the Order of Suvorov 1st Class. Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts tried to follow up their success with a much more ambitious offensive operation named Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star). This operation had the aim of decisively defeating Army Group North, but achieved very modest gains. Several other offensives were conducted by Meretskov in the area in 1943, slowly expanding the corridor, and making other small gains. In November 1943, Meretskov and Govorov began planning the Leningrad-Novgorod Offensive which would drive Army Group North out of the Leningrad region. On January 14, 1944, the Soviet offensive started. By March 1, the Leningrad, Volkhov and 2nd Baltic Fronts had driven Army Group North back up to on a front, liberating the southern Leningrad region and part of the Kalinin region. Meretskov and Govorov were once again awarded the Order of Suvorov 1st Class together. Karelian Front and Manchuria In February 1944, Meretskov was transferred to the Karelian Front. Here, he participated in the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive that started in June 1944. His front liberated the city of Petrozavodsk and East Karelia. In October, Meretskov was ordered to clear the city of Petsamo, in northern Finland, of Germans and to drive the German army back into Norway. Meretskov was able to use his knowledge of Arctic warfare to launch a co-ordinated offensive called the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive that drove the Germans back from their positions. After this offensive Meretskov was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, on October 26, 1944. Meretskov's next major command was in Manchuria in 1945, in the Far East, where he was selected to lead the 1st Far East Front during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, under the overall command of Aleksandr Vasilevsky. According to the plan, the main force of the 1st Far East Front Army of set out from Primorsky Krai, broke through the Japanese defense line set up in the East Manchuria, and carried out assaults against the Kwantung Army in Jilin, in order to compete with Marshal Rodion Malinovsky's Transbaikal Front. The Transbaikal Front Army cooperated and advanced towards Changchun. Meretskov's Far East First Front Army and Maksim Purkayev's 2nd Far East Front jointly enclosed the Kwantung Army at Harbin in an area with a circumference of 1,500 kilometers. Before the attack on August 9, there was a heavy rain. Meretskov decisively ordered the attack without artillery fire as planned. The sudden attack worked and the Soviet army successfully seized the forward position. Within a week, the 1st Far East Front Army broke through the Kwantung Army's 1st Front Army permanently prepared fortifications and penetrated 120 km-150 km. The Japanese headquarters completely lost command of the team and did not organize strong resistance until August 15. After August 15, the Japanese tried to organize heavy resistance in Mudanjiang, but they still could not stop the advancement of Meretskov's 1st Far East Front Army. On the 18th, the commander of the Kwantung Army Otozō Yamada did not reply to Meretskov's telegram requesting him to surrender. Meretskov ordered the airborne troops to be dropped at Harbin and other airports. The Kwantung Army surrendered on August 19. In addition to military work, Meretskov also did political work. At the end of August, he went to the Chinese brigade inspection training led by Zhou Baozhong and asked his subordinates to provide the report of the North Korean battalion commander by future leader of North Korea Kim Il Sung. In September, Meretskov inspected the liberated cities of Changchun, Shenyang and Dalian, and assisted the Chinese Communist Party in restoring the party organization in the Northeast China and the establishment of the Northern Manchurian Committee of CCP. Meretskov was awarded the Order of Victory. As commander of Soviet forces in Korea, he launched the career of Kim Il Sung. Commander and Assistant Minister of Defense After the war Meretskov commanded a number of military districts until 1955 (including the Moscow Military District in 1947–49), when he was made the Assistant Minister of Defense, a post he held until 1964. In that year, he was made the Inspector-General Ministry of Defense, a largely ceremonial post. Death Meretskov died on December 30, 1968, at the age of 71. The urn containing his ashes is buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. A street in Moscow, St Petersburg and Petrozavodsk is named after him. Honours and awards Soviet Union Foreign awards In popular culture Meretskov is a character in the 2009 novel The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared. References Sources External links Kirill Meretskov (in Russian) Biography, Kirill Meretskov (HRONO) (in Russian) 1897 births 1968 deaths People from Zaraysky District People from Ryazan Governorate Old Bolsheviks Candidates of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Candidates of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Members of the Central Auditing Commission of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union First convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic Marshals of the Soviet Union Frunze Military Academy alumni Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War Soviet people of the Spanish Civil War Soviet military personnel of the Winter War Russian people of World War II Soviet military personnel of World War II Heroes of the Soviet Union Recipients of the Order of Victory Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class Order of Saint Olav Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni Siege of Leningrad
63008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Symmachus	Pope Symmachus	Pope Symmachus (died 19 July 514) was the bishop of Rome from 22 November 498 to his death. His tenure was marked by a serious schism over who was elected pope by a majority of the Roman clergy. Early life He was born on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia (then under Vandal rule), the son of Fortunatus; Jeffrey Richards notes that he was born a pagan, and "perhaps the rankest outsider" of all the Ostrogothic Popes, most of whom were members of aristocratic families. Symmachus was baptised in Rome, where he became Archdeacon of the Roman Church under Pope Anastasius II (496–498). Papacy Symmachus was elected pope on 22 November 498 in the Constantinian basilica (Saint John Lateran). The archpriest of Santa Prassede, Laurentius, was elected pope on the same day at the Basilica of Saint Mary (presumably Saint Mary Major) by a dissenting faction with Byzantine sympathies, who were supported by Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius. Both factions agreed to allow the Gothic King Theodoric the Great to arbitrate. He ruled that the one who was elected first and whose supporters were the most numerous should be recognized as pope. This was a purely political decision. An investigation favored Symmachus and his election was recognized as proper. However, an early document known as the "Laurentian Fragment" claims that Symmachus obtained the decision by paying bribes, while deacon Magnus Felix Ennodius of Milan later wrote that 400 solidi were distributed amongst influential personages, whom it would be indiscreet to name. Roman Synod I Symmachus proceeded to call a synod, to be held at Rome on 1 March 499, which was attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy. Laurentius attended this synod. Afterwards he was assigned the diocesis of Nuceria in Campania. According to the account in the Liber Pontificalis, Symmachus bestowed the See on Laurentius "guided by sympathy", but the "Laurentian Fragment" states that Laurentius "was severely threatened and cajoled, and forcibly despatched" to Nuceria (now Nocera Inferiore, in the Province of Salerno). The synod also ordained that any cleric who sought to gain votes for a successor to the papacy during the lifetime of the pope, or who called conferences and held consultations for that purpose, should be deposed and excommunicated. Ariminum Synod II In 501, the Senator Rufius Postumius Festus, a supporter of Laurentius, accused Symmachus of various crimes. The initial charge was that Symmachus celebrated Easter on the wrong date. The king Theodoric summoned him to Ariminum to respond to the charge. The pope arrived only to discover a number of other charges, including unchastity and the misuse of church property, would also be brought against him. Symmachus panicked, fleeing from Ariminum in the middle of the night with only one companion. His flight proved to be a miscalculation, as it was regarded as an admission of guilt. Laurentius was brought back to Rome by his supporters, but a sizeable group of the clergy, including most of the most senior clerics, withdrew from communion with him. A visiting bishop, Peter of Altinum, was appointed by Theodoric to celebrate Easter 502 and assume the administration of the See, pending the decision of a synod to be convened following Easter. Presided over by the other Italian metropolitans, Peter II of Ravenna, Laurentius of Milan, and Marcellianus of Aquileia, the synod opened in the Basilica of Santa Maria (Maggiore). It proved tumultuous. The session quickly deadlocked over the presence of a visiting bishop, Peter of Altina, who had been sent by Theoderic as Apostolic Visitor, at the request of Senators Festus and Probinus, the opponents of Symmachus. Symmachus argued that the presence of a visiting bishop implied the See of Rome was vacant, and the See could only be vacant if he were guilty—which meant the case had already been decided before the evidence could be heard. Although the majority of the assembled bishops agreed with this, the Apostolic Visitor could not be made to withdraw without Theodoric's permission; this was not forthcoming. In response to this deadlock, rioting by the citizens of Rome increased, causing a number of bishops to flee Rome and the rest to petition Theodoric to move the synod to Ravenna. Roman Synod III King Theodoric refused their request to move the synod, ordering them instead to reconvene on 1 September. On 27 August the King wrote to the bishops that he was sending two of the Majores Domus nostrae, Gudila and Bedeulphus, to see to it that the synod assembled in safety and without fear. Upon reconvening, matters were no less acrimonious. First the accusers introduced a document which included a clause stating that the king already knew Symmachus was guilty, and thus the synod should assume guilt, hear the evidence, then pass sentence. More momentous was an attack by a mob on Pope Symmachus' party as he set out to make his appearance at the Synod: many of his supporters were injured and several—including the priests Gordianus and Dignissimus—killed. Symmachus retreated to St. Peter's and refused to come out, despite the urgings of deputations from the synod. The "Life of Symmachus", however, presents these killings as part of the street-fighting between the supporters of Senators Festus and Probinus on the one side, and Senator Faustus on the other. The attacks were directed particularly against clerics, including Dignissimus, a priest of San Pietro in Vincoli, and Gordianus, a priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, though the rhetoric of the passage extends the violence to anyone who was a supporter of Symmachus, man or woman, cleric or layperson. It was unsafe for a cleric to walk about in Rome at night. Palmaris Synod IV At this point, the synod petitioned king Theodoric once again, asking permission to dissolve the meeting and return home. Theodoric replied, in a letter dated 1 October, that they must see the matter to a conclusion. So the bishops assembled once again on 23 October 502 at a place known as Palma, and after reviewing the events of the previous two sessions decided that since the pope was the successor of Peter the Apostle, they could not pass judgment on him, and left the matter to God to decide. All who had abandoned communion with him were urged to reconcile with him, and that any clergy who celebrated mass in Rome without his consent in the future should be punished as a schismatic. The resolutions were signed by 76 bishops, led by Laurentius of Milan and Peter of Ravenna. End of papacy Despite the outcome of the synod, Laurentius returned to Rome, and for the next four years, according to the "Laurentian Fragment", he held its churches and ruled as pope with the support of the senator Festus. The struggle between the two factions was carried out on two fronts. One was through mob violence committed by supporters of each religious camp, and it is vividly described in the Liber Pontificalis. The other was through diplomacy, which produced a sheaf of forged documents, the so-called "Symmachian forgeries", of judgments in ecclesiastical law to support Symmachus' claim that as pope he could not be called to account. The forgeries are speculated to have emerged during the Roman Synod III and served to provide the conclusion provided at Palmaris. A more productive achievement on the diplomatic front was to convince king Theodoric to intervene, conducted chiefly by two non-Roman supporters, the Milanese deacon Ennodius and the exiled deacon Dioscorus. At last Theodoric withdrew his support of Laurentius in 506, instructing Festus to hand over the Roman churches to Symmachus. In 513, Caesarius, bishop of Arles, visited Symmachus while being detained in Italy. This meeting led to Caesarius' receiving a pallium. Based on this introduction, Caesarius later wrote to Symmachus for help with establishing his authority, which Symmachus eagerly gave, according to William Klingshirn, "to gather outside support for his primacy." Pope Symmachus provided money and clothing to the Catholic bishops of Africa and Sardinia who had been exiled by the rulers of the Arian Vandals. He also ransomed prisoners from upper Italy, and gave them gifts of aid. Despite Laurentius being classed as an antipope, it is his portrait that continues to hang in the papal gallery in the Church of St. Paul's, not that of Symmachus. Death Symmachus died on 19 July 514, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. He had ruled for fifteen years, seven months, and twenty-seven days. See also List of Catholic saints List of popes Pope Saint Symmachus, patron saint archive References Bibliography , pp. 103–116. pp. 87–96. External links 5th-century births 514 deaths 5th-century archbishops Sardinian Roman Catholic priests 6th-century archbishops 6th-century Christian saints Italian popes Italian saints Ostrogothic Papacy People from Sardinia Popes Papal saints Year of birth unknown 5th-century popes 6th-century popes Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
349196	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98	ბენეშტი	ბენეშტი — სოფელი მოლდოვაში, ტელენეშტის რაიონში. მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან 56 მეტრზე. 2004 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 2 319 ადამიანს შეადგენდა. იხილეთ აგრეთვე მოლდოვის ადმინისტრაციული დაყოფა ტელენეშტის რაიონი რესურსები ინტერნეტში მოლდოვის მოსახლეობის 2004 წლის აღწერის მონაცემები ტელენეშტის რაიონის სოფლები
454927	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%20%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98	იაკობ სედერჰოლმი	იაკობ სედერჰოლმი იაკობ იოჰანეს სედერჰოლმი (დ. 20 ივლისი, 1863 — გ. 26 ივნისი, 1934) — ფინელი გეოლოგი. მოღვაწეობდა პეტროლოგიის დარგში. პეტერბურგის მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის წევრ-კორესპონდენტი (1910). 1893-1933 წლებში იყო ფინეთის გეოლოგიური კომისიის დირექტორი. 1882-85 წლებში სწავლობდა ჰელსინკის უნივერსიტეტში. 1888 წლიდან მუშაობდა ფინეთის გეოლოგიურ კომისიაში. 1897 წელს ვილჰელმ რამზაისთან ერთად ორგანიზება გაუწია გეოლოგიურ ექსკურსიას ფინეთში საერთაშორისო გეოლოგიური კონგრესის მე-7 სესიაზე სანქტ-პეტერბურგში. მისი ძირითადი ნაშრომები მიეძღვნა ფინეთის კამბრიუმამდელი ქანების გეოლოგიასა და პეტროგრაფიას (რაპაკივი და გნაისები). შეიმუშავა მოძღვრება მიგმატიტებზე, რომელთა წარმოშობა დაუკავშირა გრანიტული მაგმის ფართო ინიექციას. სედერჰოლმის ეს წარმოდგენა შემდგომში განავითარა რუსი გეოლოგების ჯგუფმა და საფუძვლად დაედო კონცეფციას ტრანსმიგმატიტური ხსნარებისა და გრანიტიზაციის შესახებ. მისსავე შრომებშია შემუშავებული კლასიკური წარმოდგენა ანატექსისზე. პეტროგრაფიაში დაამკიდრა ტერმინი მიგმატიტი (1907). 1928 წელს დაჯილდოვდა მურჩისონისა და პენროუზის მედლებით. სედერჰოლმის სახელობისაა მინერალი სედერჰოლმიტი. რესურსები ინტერნეტში სქოლიო ფინელი გეოლოგები
67854423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotrikadze	Kotrikadze	Kotrikadze is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ekaterina Kotrikadze (born 1984), Georgian-Russian journalist and media manager Sergo Kotrikadze (1936–2011), Georgian-Soviet association footballer Georgian-language surnames
350387	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90	ეკვატორიალური პროვინცია	ეკვატორიალური პროვინცია — კონგოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკის პროვინცია, რომელიც მდებარეობს ქვეყნის ჩრდილო-დასავლეთში. ამ პროვინციას ერთ დროს ეკავა ვრცელი ტერიტორია, მაგრამ 2005 წლის ადმინისტრაციული რეფორმის შემდეგ დაიყო რამდენიმე უფრო მცირე ზომის პროვინციებად, რომელთაგან სახელწოდება «ეკვატორიალური» შემორჩა ადმინისტრაციულ ცენტრ მბანდაკას ირგვლივ არსებულ ტერიტორიას. გეოგრაფია სამხრეთიდან ეკვატორიალურ პროვინციას ესაზღვრება მაი-ნდომბეს პროვინცია, აღმოსავლეთიდან ჩუაპის პროვინცია, ჩრდილო-აღმოსავლეთიდან მონგალის პროვინცია, ხოლო ჩრდილოეთიდან სამხრეთი უბანგის პროვინცია. ადმინისტრაციული დაყოფა ბასანკუსუ (Basankusu) ბიკორო (Bikoro) ბოლომბა (Bolomba) ბომონგო (Bomongo) ინგენდე (Ingende) ლუკოლელა (Lukolela) მაკანზა (Makanza) სქოლიო კონგოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკის პროვინციები
19389889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99z%C9%99k%C9%99nd%2C%20Kangarli	Təzəkənd, Kangarli	Təzəkənd, Kangarli Təzəkənd (anglicized as Tazakend) is a village and municipality in the Kangarli District of Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. It is located on the left side of the Ordubad-Nakhchivan highway, 38 km in the north-west from the district center, on the slope of the Daralayaz ridge. Its population is busy with grain-growing and animal husbandry. There are a secondary school, club and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 516. There are settlements and a necropolis of the end of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age (1–2 millennia BC) near the village. History The families who lived in the village of Çalxanqala have been forced to move due to clashes between local Azerbaijanis and Armenians and settled in the current village area. As the village had been newly settled, it was named Təzəkənd (the new village). References External links Populated places in Kangarli District
442480	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%20%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98	თბილისის საზაფხულო თეატრი	თბილისის საზაფხულო თეატრი — თეატრი ძველ თბილისში. გაიხსნა 1870 წელს „ინჟინერთა ბაღში“, რომელიც მდებარეობდა ბარიატინსკისა და წყალსაზიდის ქუჩებს შორის. არქიტექტორი იყო ზალცმანი, მხატვარ-დეკორატორი კნოლი. „ქარვასლის თეატრის“ დაწვის შემდეგ მოხდა „საზაფხულო თეატრის“ ნახევრად ფიცრული ნაგებობის რესტავრაცია და 1875 წლიდან აქ უკვე ქართული და რუსული დრამატული თეატრისა და თბილისის ოპერის დასები გამოდიოდნენ. თეატრმა იარსება 22 წელიწადი. მის სცენაზე გამოდიოდნენ გამოჩენილი მუსიკოსები, მომღერლები, დირიჟორები, ინსტრუმენტალისტები,დრამატურგი მსახიობები. ამ სცენაზე დაიწყო თ. შალიაპინის კარიერა აღსანიშნავია რუსი კომპოზიტორის მ. იპოლიტოვ-ივანოვის ნაყოფიერი მოღვაწეობა საზაფხულო „საზაფხულო თეატრში“. 80-იანი წლებდან დაიწყო გატაცება მუსიკის მონუმენტური ფორმებით, სცენაზე აჟღერდა რიხარდ ვაგნერის მუსიკა. ამ თეატრში აღიზარდნენ ქართული თეატრის მოღვაწეები ვ. აბაშიძე, ლ. ალექსი-მესხიშვილი, კ. მარჯანიშვილი და სხვა. ლიტერატურა თბილისის თეატრები
140345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCritz%20%28district%29	Müritz (district)	Müritz (district) Müritz is a former Kreis (district) in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is named after the lake Müritz. Neighboring districts were (from the west clockwise) Parchim, Güstrow, Demmin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the district-free city Neubrandenburg and the district Ostprignitz-Ruppin in Brandenburg. The district was disbanded at the district reform of September 2011. Its territory has been part of the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district since. Geography The district of Müritz constituted roughly the western half of the Müritz lakeland and the Müritz National Park. The lake Müritz has an area of 117 km2; it is the second largest lake of Germany after Lake Constance, and the largest lake entirely within the German borders. History Müritz District was established on June 12, 1994, by merging the previous districts of Röbel and Waren; along with a few municipalities from the districts of Malchin and Neustrelitz. This district was merged with the district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and most of the district of Demmin at the district reform of September 2011, forming the new Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district. Coat of arms Towns and municipalities The subdivisions of the district were (situation August 2011): References External links Official website (German) Former districts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
171993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20Swanson	Gloria Swanson	Gloria Swanson Gloria May Josephine Swanson (March 27, 1899April 4, 1983) was an American actress. She first achieved fame acting in dozens of silent films in the 1920s and was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress, most famously for her 1950 return in Billy Wilder's Sunset Boulevard, which also earned her a Golden Globe Award. Swanson was born in Chicago and raised in a military family that moved from base to base. Her infatuation with Essanay Studios actor Francis X. Bushman led to her aunt taking her to tour the actor's Chicago studio. The 15-year-old Swanson was offered a brief walk-on for one film, beginning her life's career in front of the cameras. Swanson was soon hired to work in California for Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios comedy shorts opposite Bobby Vernon. She was eventually recruited by Famous Players–Lasky/Paramount Pictures, where she was put under contract for seven years and became a global superstar. She starred in a series of films about society, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, including Male and Female (1919). She continued as a successful movie star in The Affairs of Anatol (1921) and Beyond the Rocks (1922). She also starred in critically acclaimed performances such as Zaza (1923) and Madame Sans-Gêne (1925). In 1925, Swanson joined United Artists as one of the film industry's pioneering women filmmakers. She produced and starred in the 1928 film Sadie Thompson, earning her a nomination for Best Actress at the first annual Academy Awards. Her sound film debut performance in 1929's The Trespasser, earned her a second Academy Award nomination. Queen Kelly (1928–29) was a box office disaster, but is remembered as a silent classic. After almost two decades in front of the cameras, her film success waned during the 1930s. Swanson received renewed praise for her return to the screen in her role as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard (1950). She made only three more films, but guest starred on several television shows, and acted in road productions of stage plays. Early life Swanson was born in a small house in Chicago in 1899, the only child of Adelaide (née Klanowski) and Joseph Theodore Swanson (né Svensson), a soldier. She was raised in the Lutheran faith. Her father was a Swedish American and her mother was of German, French, and Polish ancestry. Because of her father's attachment to the U.S. Army, the family moved frequently. She spent some of her childhood in Key West, Florida, where she was enrolled in a Catholic convent school, and in Puerto Rico, where she saw her first motion pictures. Career 1914–1918: Essanay/Keystone/Triangle Her family once again residing in Chicago, the adolescent Gloria developed a crush on actor Francis X. Bushman and knew he was employed by Essanay Studios in the city. Swanson later recalled that her Aunt Inga brought her at the age of 15 to visit Bushman's studio, where she was discovered by a tour guide. Other accounts have the star-struck Swanson herself talking her way into the business. In either version, she was soon hired as an extra. The movie industry was still in its infancy, churning out short subjects, without the advantage of today's casting agencies and talent agents promoting their latest find. A willing extra was often a valuable asset. Her first role was a brief walk-on with actress Gerda Holmes, that paid an enormous (in those days) $3.25. The studio soon offered her steady work at $13.25 per week. Swanson left school to work full-time at the studio. In 1915, she co-starred in Sweedie Goes to College with her future first husband Wallace Beery. Swanson's mother accompanied her to California in 1916 for her roles in Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios comedy shorts opposite Bobby Vernon and directed by Clarence G. Badger. They were met at the train station by Beery, who was pursuing his own career ambitions at Keystone. Vernon and Swanson projected a great screen chemistry that proved popular with audiences. Director Charley Chase recalled that Swanson was "frightened to death" of Vernon's dangerous stunts. Surviving movies in which they appear together include The Danger Girl (1916), The Sultan's Wife (1917), and Teddy at the Throttle (1917). Badger was sufficiently impressed by Swanson to recommend her to the director Jack Conway for Her Decision and You Can't Believe Everything in 1918. Triangle had never put Swanson under contract, but did increase her pay to $15 a week. When she was approached by Famous Players–Lasky to work for Cecil B. DeMille, the resulting legal dispute obligated her to Triangle for several more months. Soon afterward, Triangle was in a financial bind and loaned Swanson to DeMille for the comedy Don't Change Your Husband. 1919–1926: Famous Players–Lasky/Paramount Pictures At the behest of DeMille, Swanson signed a contract with Famous Players–Lasky on December 30, 1918, for $150 a week, to be raised to $200 a week, and eventually $350 a week. Her first picture under her new contract was DeMille's World War I romantic drama For Better, for Worse. She made six pictures under the direction of DeMille, including Male and Female (1919) in which she posed with a lion as "Lion's Bride". While she and her father were dining out one evening, the man who would become her second husband, Equity Pictures president Herbert K. Somborn, introduced himself, by inviting her to meet one of her personal idols, actress Clara Kimball Young. Why Change Your Wife?, Something to Think About (both 1920), and The Affairs of Anatol (1921) soon followed. She next appeared in 10 films directed by Sam Wood, starting with The Great Moment (1921) and including Beyond the Rocks in 1922 with her longtime friend Rudolph Valentino. Valentino had become a star in 1921 for his appearance in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, but Swanson had known him since his days as an aspiring actor getting small parts, with no apparent hope for his professional future. She was impressed by his shy, well-mannered personality, the complete opposite of what his public image would become. After her films with Wood, she appeared in Zaza (1923) directed by Allan Dwan. During her time at Famous Players–Lasky, seven more of her films were directed by Dwan. In 1925, Swanson starred in the French-American comedy Madame Sans-Gêne, directed by Léonce Perret. Filming was allowed for the first time at many of the historic sites relating to Napoleon. While it was well received at the time, no prints are known to exist and it is considered to be a lost film. Swanson appeared in a 1925 short produced by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process. She made a number of films for Paramount, including The Coast of Folly (1925), Stage Struck (1925) and The Untamed Lady (1926). Before she could produce films with United Artists, she completed Fine Manners with Paramount and turned down an offer to make The King of Kings with DeMille. 1925–1933: United Artists She turned down a one-million-dollar-a-year contract with Paramount in favor of joining the newly created United Artists partnership on June 25, 1925, accepting a six-picture distribution offer from president Joseph Schenck. At the time, Swanson was considered the most bankable star of her era. United Artists had its own Art Cinema Corporation subsidiary to advance financial loans for the productions of individual partners. The partnership agreement included her commitment to a buy-in of $100,000 of preferred stock subscription. Swanson Producing Corporation The Swanson Producing Corporation was set up as the umbrella organization for her agreement with United Artists. Under that name, she produced The Love of Sunya with herself in the title role. The film, co-starring John Boles, was directed by Albert Parker, based on the play The Eyes of Youth by Max Marcin and Charles Guernon. The production was a disaster, with Parker being indecisive and the actors not experienced enough to deliver the performances she wanted. The film fell behind in its schedule, and by the time of its release, the end product had not lived up to Swanson's expectations. While it did not lose money, it was a financial wash, breaking even on the production costs. Gloria Swanson Productions She engaged the services of director Raoul Walsh in 1927 and together they conceived of making a film based on W. Somerset Maugham's short story "Miss Thompson". Gloria Swanson Productions proposed to film the controversial Sadie Thompson about the travails of a prostitute living in American Samoa, a project that initially pleased United Artists president Joseph Schenck. As she moved forward with the project, association members urged Schenck to halt the production due to its subject matter. The members took further steps by registering their discontent with Will H. Hays, Chairman of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. Walsh previously had his own battles with the Hays office, having managed to skirt around censorship issues with What Price Glory? By bringing him to the table, literally over breakfast in her home, Hays and Swanson developed a working relationship for the film. Hays was enthusiastic about the basic story, but did have specific issues that were dealt with before the film's release. The project was filmed on Santa Catalina Island, just off the coast of Long Beach, California. Gross receipts slightly exceeded $850,000. At the first annual Academy Awards, Swanson received a nomination for Best Actress for her performance, and the film's cinematographer George Barnes was also nominated. Gloria Productions By the end of 1927, Swanson was in dire financial straits, with only $65 in the bank. Her two productions had generated income, but too slowly to offset her production loan debts to Art Cinema Corporation. Swanson had also not made good on her $100,000 subscription for preferred United Artists shared stock. She had received financial proposals from United Artists studio head Joseph Schenck, as well as from Bank of America, prior to engaging the services of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. as her financial advisor. He proposed to personally bankroll her next picture and conducted a thorough examination of her financial records. Kennedy advised her to shut down Swanson Producing Corporation. She agreed to his plan for a fresh start under the dummy corporate name of Gloria Productions, headquartered in Delaware. Upon his advice, she fired most of her staff and sold her rights for The Love of Sunya and Sadie Thompson to Art Cinema Corporation. Kennedy then created the position of "European director of Pathé" to put her third husband Henry de La Falaise on the payroll. Sound films were already becoming popular with audiences, most notably the films of singer Al Jolson, who had success with The Jazz Singer released in 1927 and The Singing Fool in 1928. Kennedy, however, advised her to hire Erich von Stroheim to direct another silent film, The Swamp, subsequently retitled Queen Kelly. She was hesitant to hire Stroheim, who was known for being difficult to deal with and who was unwilling to work within any budget. Kennedy, nevertheless, was insistent and was able to get Stroheim released from contractual obligations to producer Pat Powers. Stroheim worked for several months on writing the basic script. Filming of Queen Kelly began in November. His filming was slow, albeit meticulous, and the cast and crew suffered from long hours. Shooting was shut down in January, and Stroheim fired, after complaints by Swanson about him and about the general direction the film was taking. Swanson and Kennedy tried to salvage it with an alternative ending shot on November 24, 1931, directed by Swanson and photographed by Gregg Toland. Only two other films were made under Gloria Productions. The Trespasser in 1929 was a sound production, and garnered Swanson her second Oscar nomination. Written by Edmund Goulding, with Laura Hope Crews fine-tuning the dialogue, Kennedy approved funding for the go-ahead on the production. The film was a melodrama, complete with musical numbers sung by Swanson and completed in 21 days. The world premiere was held in London, the first American sound production to do so. Swanson was mobbed by adoring fans. Before leaving London, she sang at a concert carried over the BBC. What a Widow! in 1930 was the final film for Gloria Productions. United Artists stars on the radio Mary Pickford and her husband Douglas Fairbanks hosted the March 29, 1928, episode of the Dodge Hour radio program, originating from Pickford's private bungalow at United Artists, and broadcast to audiences in American movie theaters. The brainchild of Joseph Schenck, it was a promotional come-on to attract audiences into movie theaters to hear the voices of their favorite actors, as sound productions became the future of commercial films. On hand were Swanson, Charlie Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, John Barrymore, Dolores del Río and D. W. Griffith. Gloria Swanson British Productions Ltd. Before she began filming Perfect Understanding as Gloria Swanson British Productions Ltd., she finished a two-film package production for Art Cinema, which included Indiscreet and Tonight or Never (1931). Perfect Understanding, a 1933 sound production comedy, was the only film produced by this company. Made entirely at Ealing Studios, it co-starred Laurence Olivier as Swanson's on-screen husband. United Artists bought back all of her stock with them, in order to provide her financing to make this film, and thereby ending her relationship with the partnership. The film was panned by the critics upon its release and failed at the box office. 1938–1950: Creating new paths When she made the transition to sound films as her career simultaneously began to decline, Swanson moved permanently to New York City in 1938. Swanson starred in Father Takes a Wife for RKO in 1941. She began appearing in stage productions and starred in The Gloria Swanson Hour on WPIX-TV in 1948. Swanson threw herself into painting and sculpting and, in 1954, published Gloria Swanson's Diary, a general newsletter. She toured in summer stock, engaged in political activism, designed and marketed clothing and accessories, and made personal appearances on radio and in movie theaters. 1950 – 1977: Later career Sunset Boulevard The film Sunset Boulevard was conceived by director Billy Wilder and screenwriter Charles Brackett, and came to include writer D. M. Marshman Jr. They bandied about the name of Mae West, whose public persona even in her senior years was as a sex symbol, but she objected to playing a has-been. Mary Pickford was also considered for the lead role of Norma Desmond. It was director George Cukor who suggested Swanson, noting that she was once such a valuable asset to her studio that she was, "...carried in a sedan chair from her dressing room to the set". The storyline of the film follows a faded silent movie actress Norma Desmond (Swanson), in love with a failed screenwriter Joe Gillis (William Holden). She lives at the mansion with her former-husband-director-turned-butler Max von Mayerling (Erich von Stroheim), who personally disliked the role and only agreed to it out of financial need. A clip from Queen Kelly was used for the scene where Joe and Norma are watching one of her silent films, and she declares, "... we didn't need dialogue, we had faces". Norma plays a card game of bridge with a group of actors also known as "the Waxworks". They included Buster Keaton, H.B. Warner and Anna Q. Nilsson. During the scene leading up to Cecil B. DeMille's cameo, where Max chauffeurs Joe and Norma to the studio, her Isotta Fraschini luxury automobile was towed from behind the camera, because Stroheim had never learned how to drive. Norma's dreams of a comeback are subverted, and when Gillis tries to break up with her, she threatens to kill herself, but instead kills him. She becomes delusional by the time the police and news media arrive. Max sets up the studio lighting towards her on the staircase and directs her down towards the waiting police and news cameras, where she says, "All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up." Although Swanson had objected to enduring a screen test for the film, she had been glad to be making much more money than she had been in television and on stage. She found the overall experience of making the movie a pleasure, and later stated, "I hated to have the picture end ... When Mr. Wilder called ‘Print it!’ I burst into tears...” She was nominated for a Best Actress Academy Award, but lost to Judy Holliday. Final films Swanson received several acting offers following the release of Sunset Boulevard, but turned most of them down, saying they tended to be pale imitations of Norma Desmond. Her last major Hollywood motion picture role was also her first color film, the poorly received 3 for Bedroom C in 1952. Nationally syndicated columnist Suzy called it "one of the worst movies ever made." In 1956, Swanson made Nero's Mistress, an Italian film shot in Rome, which starred Alberto Sordi, Vittorio de Sica and Brigitte Bardot. Her final screen appearance was as herself in Airport 1975. Television and theatre Swanson hosted The Gloria Swanson Hour, one of the first live television series in 1948 in which she invited friends and others to be guests. Swanson later hosted Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson, a television anthology series in which she occasionally acted. Through the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, Swanson appeared on many different talk and variety shows such as The Carol Burnett Show and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to recollect her movies and to lampoon them as well. On The Carol Burnett Show in 1973, Swanson reprised her impersonation of Charlie Chaplin from both Sunset Boulevard and Manhandled. She was the "mystery guest" on What's My Line. She acted in "Behind the Locked Door" on The Alfred Hitchcock Hour in 1964 and, in the same year, she was nominated for a Golden Globe award for her performance in Burke's Law. She made a guest appearance on The Dick Cavett Show in the summer of 1970; a guest on the same show as Janis Joplin. She made a notable appearance in a 1966 episode of The Beverly Hillbillies, in which she plays herself. In the episode, the Clampetts mistakenly believe Swanson is destitute and decide to finance a comeback movie for her – in a silent film. After near-retirement from movies, Swanson appeared in many plays throughout her later life, beginning in the 1940s. Actor and playwright Harold J. Kennedy, who had learned the ropes at Yale and with Orson Welles' Mercury Theatre, suggested Swanson do a road tour of "Reflected Glory", a comedy that had run on the Broadway stage with Tallulah Bankhead as its star. Kennedy wrote the script for the play A Goose for the Gander, which began its road tour in Chicago in August 1944. Swanson also toured with Let Us Be Gay. After her success with Sunset Boulevard, she starred on Broadway in a revival of Twentieth Century with José Ferrer, and in Nina with David Niven. Her last major stage role was in the 1971 Broadway production of Butterflies Are Free at the Booth Theatre. Kevin Brownlow and David Gill interviewed her for Hollywood, a television history of the silent era. Personal life Swanson was a vegetarian and an early health food advocate who was known for bringing her own meals to public functions in a tin box. In 1975, Swanson traveled the United States and helped to promote the book Sugar Blues written by her husband, William Dufty. He also ghostwrote Swanson's 1981 autobiography Swanson on Swanson, which became a commercial success. The same year, she designed a stamp cachet for the United Nations Decade for Women, which was her last creative project. She was a pupil of the yoga guru Indra Devi and was photographed performing a series of yoga poses, reportedly looking much younger than her age, for Devi to use in her book Forever Young, Forever Healthy; but the publisher Prentice-Hall decided to use the photographs for Swanson's book, not Devi's. In return, Swanson, who normally never did publicity events, helped to launch Devi's book at the Waldorf-Astoria in 1953. As a Republican she supported the 1940 and 1944 campaigns for president of Wendell Willkie and the 1964 presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater. In 1980, she chaired the New York chapter of Seniors for Reagan-Bush. In 1964, Swanson spoke at a "Project Prayer" rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The gathering, which was hosted by Anthony Eisley, a star of ABC's Hawaiian Eye series, sought to flood the United States Congress with letters in support of mandatory school prayer, following two decisions in 1962 and 1963 of the United States Supreme Court, which struck down mandatory prayer as conflicting with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Joining Swanson and Eisley at the Project Prayer rally were Walter Brennan, Lloyd Nolan, Rhonda Fleming, Pat Boone, and Dale Evans. Swanson declared "Under God we became the freest, strongest, wealthiest nation on earth. Should we change that?" Marriages and relationships Wallace Beery Wallace Beery and Swanson married on her 17th birthday on March 27, 1916, but by her wedding night she felt she had made a mistake and saw no way out of it. She did not like his home or his family and was repulsed by him as a lover. After becoming pregnant, she saw her husband with other women and learned he had been fired from Keystone. Taking medication given to her by Beery, purported to be for morning sickness, she miscarried the fetus and was taken unconscious to the hospital. Soon afterwards, she filed for divorce, which was finalized on December 12, 1918. Under California law in that era, after a divorce was granted, there was a one-year waiting period before it became finalized so that either of the parties could remarry. Herbert K. Somborn She married Herbert K. Somborn on December 20, 1919. He was at that time president of Equity Pictures Corporation and later the owner of the Brown Derby restaurant. Their daughter, Gloria Swanson Somborn, was born on October 7, 1920. In 1923, she adopted one-year-old Sonny Smith, whom she renamed Joseph Patrick Swanson after her father. During their divorce proceedings, Somborn accused her of adultery with 13 men, including Cecil B. DeMille and Marshall Neilan. The public sensationalism led to Swanson having a "morals clause" added to her studio contract. Somborn was granted a divorce in Los Angeles, on September 19, 1923. Henri de la Falaise During the production of Madame Sans-Gêne, Swanson met her third husband, Henri, Marquis de la Falaise (commonly known as Henri de la Falaise), who had been hired to be her translator during the film's production. Though Henri was a Marquis and related to the famous Hennessy cognac family, he had no personal wealth. She had conceived a child with him before her divorce from Somborn was final, a situation that would have led to a public scandal and possible end of her film career. She had an abortion, which she later regretted. They married on January 28, 1925, after the Somborn divorce was finalized. Following a four-month recuperation from her abortion, they returned to the United States as European nobility. Swanson now held the title of Marquise. She received a huge welcome home with parades in both New York and Los Angeles. He became a film executive representing Pathé (USA) in France. This marriage ended in divorce in 1930. In spite of the divorce they remained close, and Falaise became a partner in her World War II efforts to aid potential scientist refugees fleeing from behind Nazi lines. Swanson described herself as a "mental vampire", someone with a searching curiosity about how things worked, and who pursued the possibilities of turning those ideas into reality. In 1939, she created Multiprises, an inventions and patents company; Henri de la Falaise provided a transitional Paris office for the scientists and gave written documentation to authorities guaranteeing jobs for them. Viennese electronics engineer Richard Kobler, chemist Leopold Karniol, metallurgist Anton Kratky, and acoustical engineer Leopold Neumann, were brought to New York and headquartered in Rockefeller Center. The group nicknamed her "Big Chief". Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. While still married to Henri, Swanson had a lengthy affair with the married Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., father of future President John F. Kennedy. He became her business partner, and their relationship was an open secret in Hollywood. He took over all of her personal and business affairs and was supposed to make her millions. Kennedy left her after the disastrous Queen Kelly. Michael Farmer After the marriage to Henri and her affair with Kennedy was over, Swanson became acquainted with Michael Farmer, the man who would become her fourth husband. They met by chance in Paris when Swanson was being fitted by Coco Chanel for her 1931 film Tonight or Never. Farmer was a man of independent financial means who seemed not to have been employed. Rumors were that he was a gigolo. Swanson began spending time with him, during which she discovered a breast lump and also became pregnant, but was not yet divorced from Henri. She was not interested in marrying Farmer, but he did not want to break off the relationship. When Farmer found out she was pregnant, he threatened to go public with the news unless she agreed to marry him, something she did not want to do. Her friends, some of whom openly disliked him, thought she was making a mistake. They married on August 16, 1931, and separated 2 years later. Because of the possibility that Swanson's divorce from La Falaise had not been finalized at the time of the wedding, she was forced to remarry Farmer the following November, by which time she was four months pregnant with Michelle Bridget Farmer, who was born on April 5, 1932. Herbert Marshall Swanson and Farmer divorced in 1934 after she became involved with married British actor Herbert Marshall. The media reported widely on her affair with Marshall. After almost three years with the actor, Swanson left him once she became convinced he would never divorce his wife Edna Best, for her. In an early manuscript of her autobiography written in her own hand decades later, Swanson recalled "I was never so convincingly and thoroughly loved as I was by Herbert Marshall." William M. Davey Davey was a wealthy investment broker whom Swanson met in October 1944 while she was appearing in A Goose for the Gander. They married January 29, 1945. Swanson had initially thought she was going to be able to retire from acting, but the marriage was troubled by Davey's alcoholism from the start. Erratic behavior and acrimonious recriminations followed. Swanson and her daughter Michelle Farmer visited an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting and gathered AA pamphlets, which they placed around the apartment. Davey moved out. In the subsequent legal separation proceedings, the judge ordered him to pay Swanson alimony. In an effort to avoid the payments, Davey unsuccessfully filed for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty. He died within a year, not having paid anything to Swanson, and left the bulk of his estate to the Damon Runyon Cancer Memorial Fund. William Dufty Swanson's final marriage occurred in 1976 and lasted until her death. Her sixth husband William Dufty was a writer who worked for many years at the New York Post, where he was assistant to the editor from 1951 to 1960. He was the co-author (ghostwriter) of Billie Holiday's autobiography Lady Sings the Blues, the author of Sugar Blues, a 1975 best-selling health book still in print, and the author of the English version of Georges Ohsawa's You Are All Sanpaku. They met in the mid-1960s and moved in together. Swanson shared her husband's enthusiasm for macrobiotic diets, and they traveled widely together to speak about nutrition. Swanson and her husband first got to know John Lennon and Yoko Ono because they were fans of Dufty's work. Swanson testified on Lennon's behalf at his immigration hearing in New York City, which led to his becoming a permanent resident. Besides her Fifth Avenue apartment, she and Dufty spent time at their homes in Beverly Hills, California; Colares, Portugal; Croton-on-Hudson, New York; and Palm Springs, California. After Swanson's death, Dufty returned to his former home in Birmingham, Michigan. He died of cancer in 2002. Death Swanson died of a heart ailment at the New York Hospital on April 4, 1983. She had just returned from her home in the Portuguese Riviera. She was cremated and her ashes interred at the Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest on Fifth Avenue in New York City, attended by only a small circle of family. The church was the same one where the funeral of Chester A. Arthur had taken place. After Swanson's death, there was a series of auctions from August to September 1983 at William Doyle Galleries in New York. Collectors bought her furniture and decorations, jewelry, clothing, and memorabilia from her personal life and career. Honors and legacy In 1960, Gloria Swanson was honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one for motion pictures at 6750 Hollywood Boulevard, and another for television at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1955 and 1957, Swanson was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film, and in 1966, the museum honored her with a career film retrospective, titled A Tribute to Gloria Swanson, which screened several of her movies. In 1974, Swanson was one of the honorees of the first Telluride Film Festival. A parking lot by Sims Park in downtown New Port Richey, Florida, is named after the star, who is said to have owned property along the Cotee River. In 1982, a year before her death, Swanson sold her archives of over 600 boxes for an undisclosed sum, including photographs, artwork, copies of films and private papers, including correspondence, contracts, and financial dealings, to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Upon her death in 1983, much of the remainder of her holdings was purchased by at an auction held at the Doyle New York gallery. An undisclosed amount of memorabilia was also gifted to the HRC Center between 1983 and 1988. In 1989, the Library of Congress chose Sunset Boulevard, along with 24 other films, "to be preserved in the permanent collection of the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as culturally, historically, and aesthetically important". Portrayals Swanson has been played both on television and in film by the following actresses: 1971: Carol Burnett on The Carol Burnett Show 1984: Diane Venora in The Cotton Club 1990: Madolyn Smith in The Kennedys of Massachusetts 1991: Ann Turkel in White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd 2008: Kristen Wiig in Saturday Night Live 2013: Debi Mazar in Return to Babylon Stage Note: The list below is limited to New York Broadway theatrical productions. Filmography Shorts Features Television Awards and nominations See also List of actors with Academy Award nominations Notes Bibliography Further reading External links General Gloria Swanson at the Women Film Pioneers Project Glorious Gloria Swanson – Tribute site Gloria Swanson's papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin Gloria Swanson photographs and bibliography Interviews Gloria Swanson, video of The Mike Wallace Interview, April 28, 1957 , August 3, 1970 1899 births 1983 deaths 20th-century American actresses Actresses from Chicago American film actresses American silent film actresses American radio actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Film producers from New York (state) American health activists American Lutherans 20th-century American memoirists American people of French descent American people of German descent American people of Polish descent American people of Swedish descent Paramount Pictures contract players People from Croton-on-Hudson, New York California Republicans New York (state) Republicans Illinois Republicans Activists from California Women film pioneers American women film producers Film producers from Illinois American women memoirists 20th-century Lutherans
18863858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gend%C9%99r%C9%99%2C%20Ismailli	Gendərə, Ismailli	Gendərə, Ismailli Gendərə (also, Gëndere) is a village in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan. References Populated places in Ismayilli District
99955	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28No%20Pussyfooting%29	(No Pussyfooting)	(No Pussyfooting) — პროექტის Fripp & Eno მიერ 1973 წელს გამოცემული სტუდიური ალბომი. ეს არის პირველი ორი მუსიკოსის, ბრაიან ინოსა და რობერტ ფრიპი მნიშვნელოვანი სტუდიური თანამშრომლობებიდან. ალბომი ჩაიწერა 3 დღეში, მაგრამ 2 წლის მანძილზე. ითვლება, რომ ეს დისკი არის ბრაიან ინოს მხრიდან ერთ-ერთი ცდა ემბიენტურ მუსიკაში. სიმღერების სია რემასტერი (2008) ალბომის ოფიციალურ რემასტერში შეტანილია: რესურსები ინტერნეტში (No Pussyfooting) საიტზე Discogs სქოლიო 1973 წლის ალბომები რობერტ ფრიპის ალბომები ბრაიან ინოს ალბომები
37409	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90	სამგანზომილებიანი გრაფიკა	სამგანზომილებიანი გრაფიკა, ასევე სამგანზომილებიანი გამოსახულების სინთეზი (შემოკლებით 3D სინთეზი) არის CAO-სგან წარმომდგარი ტექნიკა, რომლის საშუალებითაც ახდენენ ობიექტების, საგნების პერსპექტივაში წარმოდგენას კომპიუტერის ეკრანზე. ამჟამად იგი გამოყენებაშია გამოსახულებების შესაქმნელად არქიტექტურულ ვიზუალიზაციაში, კინოინდუსტრიაში, ტელევიზიაში, კომპიუტერულ თამაშებში, ბეჭდვით პროდუქციაში და მეცნიერების სხვადასხვა დარგებში. ამ ტექნიკის კინოინდუსტრიაში გამოყენებას პირველად პიქსარის სტუდიებმა მიჰყო ხელი, ხოლო 1994 წლიდან იგივე ტექნიკა ვიდეო თამაშების წარმოებაშიც ფართოდ გამოიყენება. ისტორიული ცნობები სახელწოდება 3D გამოსახულება არის ახალი სახელი იმისა, რასაც რენესანსის ეპოქიდან მოყოლებული ნახატს, ან პერსპექტივაში ხატვას ეძახდნენ. ქვემოთ მოყვანილია პიერო დელლა ფრანჩესკას მიერ 1475 წელს განხორციელებული პერსპექტიული ხედის ერთი მაგალითი. ზოგიერთი მხატვარი პერსპექტოგრაფს სამ განზომილებიანი ნახატის შესაქმნელ პირველ მანქანას იყენებდა თავისი ფერწერული კომპოზიციების შესაქმნელად. განსხვავება ისაა, რომ კომპიუტერის გამოჩენამდე პერსპექტივას, მხაზველობითი გეომეტრიის კანონებით განსაზღვრული გრაფიკული მეთოდებით აგებდნენ. ამჟამად ნახატები ციფრების ანგარიშის შედეგად იგება. ეს კი იძლევა საშუალებას რომ ძალიან მარტივად ვცვალოთ პროექციის ცენტრი და სხვადასხვა პარამეტრები. განსაკუთრებით საყურადღებო კი ის არის რომ გვეძლევა შესაძლებლობა ვიანგარიშოთ პროექციათა მთელი სერიები. ეს სერიები პროექციის ცენტრის გადაადგილებით მიიღება. ამ გადაადგილებისა და მისი შeსაბამისი სერიაბის ანგარიშით მიიღება ანიმაცია. ინფორმატიკული სინთეზით მიღებული სურათების ძირითადი კანონებიუცვლელია და ინფორმატიკის ისტორიასთaნ არის დაკავშირებული. სინთეზური სურათeბი დასაბამს აშშ-ში, გასული საუკუნის ორმოცდაათიანი წლებიდან იღებს. თავიდან იგი მხხოლოდ კვლევის საგანს წარმოადგენდა. ავიაციის საჰაერო კონტროლისათვის აგებულ იქნა კათოდური მილითა და ოპტიკური ფანქრით აღჭურვილი სისტემა ივან სუთერლენდის იდეის მიხედვით. 1961 წელს ეკრანზე დაამატეს ჯვარი ოპტიკური ფანქრის პოზიციის მისათითებლად.ჯერ 2D გამოსახულებას იყენებდნენ, ხოლო შემდგომ 3D გამოსახულებას, რომელიც ფინანსურადაც და ანგარიშის დროის მიხედვითაცგაცილებით ძვირი ჯდებოდა. 1967 წელს უტაჰის უნივერსიტეტი სწორედ ამ სფეროს უღრმავდება. ამ მხრივ განსაკუთრებით გამოირჩევიან პროფესორები დავით ივენსი და ივან სუთერლენდი. ისინი მრავალი ობიექტის მოდელიზებას ცდილობდნენ. ამ ობიექტთაგან ერთ-ერთი მათგანი ივან სუთერლენდის ავტომანქანა იყო. 1968 წელს ზემოდხსენებული ორი მეცნიერი აარსებს საზოგადოებას Evans & Sutherland. შემდგომ, 1970 წელს, ქსეროქსი ქმნის PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), რომელიც თავისუფლად მუშაობს, არ გააჩნია ფინანსური ინტერესები, აკეთებს მრავალ აღმოჩენას, თუმცა შემდგომ ქსეროქსი მათ გამოყენებას ვერ ახერხებს. 1975 წელს შეიქმნა ინფოგრაფიის ერთ-ერთი ყველაზე ცნობილი სურათი. კერძოდ კი ჩაიდანი, რომელიც შემდგომ 3D პროგრამებისთვის ტესტირების კლასიკურ ობიექტად იქცა. ჩაიდანი, რომელიც მოდელად გამოიყენებოდა, ამჟამად ბოსტონის კომპიუტერულ მუზეომში ინახება იმავე კომპიუტერის გვერდით, რომლითაც შეიქმნა მისი 3D გამოსახულება. ოთხმოციან წლებამდე ადამიანთა მხოლოდ მცირე რაოდენობა ცდილობდა ამ სფეროში ჩაღრმავებას. თუმცა კი 1981 წელს IBM-PC -ის და 1984 წელს Apple Macintosh-ის პერსონალური კომპიუტერების გამოჩენის შემდეგ 3D -ს შესწავლა და გამოყენება უფრო და უფრო ფართოვდება. ტექნოლოგიის განვითარების წყალობით NASA ქმნის კატერების, შუშხუნების , პეიზაჟების თუ სახეების ბრწყინვალე სიმულაციებს. სინთეზური გამოსახულება და 3D განსაკუთრებულად ვითარდება და დემოკრატიზდება ოთხმოცდაათიანი წლებიდან. ეს კი განპირობებულია უფრო მძლავრი საშუალებების გამოჩენით, რომლებიც შედეგებს რეალურ დროში იძლეოდნენ. ასეთ საშუალებებს წარმოადგენდნენ 3Dfx პლატა, ასევე Silicon Graphics და PlayStation -ის 3D პლატები. ზოგადი ცნობები </div> 3D გამოსახულების სინთეზი ვეატორულ სივრცეს გულისხმობს. ეს სივრცე სამ განზომილებიანია და X,Y,Z ღერძებით აღიწერება. მაგალითად, ავიღოთ ოთახში ათვლის წერტოლი და განვსაზღვროთ მიმართულებები:მარჯვნივ-მარცხნივ(X), წინ-უკან (Y), ზევით-ქვევით(Z). იმისთვის რომ დავაფიქსიროთ სივრცეში ერთი მოცემული წერტილი, ამისთვის საჭიროა გადავთვალოთ : .x მეტრი მარჯვნივ .y მეტრი წინ .z მეტრი ზევით ამ კომბინაციაში მისი კომპონენტების თანმიმდევრობა რომც შევცვალოთ, მაინც ერთი და იმავე წერტილის ასახვა მოხდება, ანუ შედეგი არ შეიცვლება. ამ კომბინაციის კომპონენტებს წერტილის კოორდინატები ეწოდებათ. ათვლის სათავე ჩვეულებრივ O წეტილით აღინიშნება.მისი კოორდინატებია(0,0,0). a ერთეულით მარცხნივ გადაადგილება ტოლფასია -a ერთეულით მარჯვნივ გადაადგილებისა.b ერთეულით უკუსვლა ტოლფასია -b ერთეულით წინსვლისა. ჩ ერთეულით დაღმასვლა ტლფასია -ჩ ერთეულით ზესვლისა. განვიხილოთ მარტივი შემთხვევა: მრავალწახნაგოვანი მოცულობა. ეს მრავალწახნაგა შეიძლება განისაზღვროს მის წვეროთა კოორდინატებით. მაშასადამე, წვეროთა რაოდენობას შევუსაბამებთ x,y,z კოორდინატთა კომბინაციათა შესაბამის რაოდენობას და, ამგვარად, განვსაზღვრავთ ამ მოცულობას. მაგალითისთვის ავიღოთ რვა წერტილი: (-4,-4,-4); (-4,-4, 4); (-4,4, -4); (-4,4, 4); (4,-4,- 4); (4,-4, 4); (4, 4, -4); (4, 4, 4). ამ წერტილებით განისაზღვრება წვეროები კუბისა, რომლის წიბოს სიგრძეა 8, ხოლო ცენტრი ათვლის სათავეს, O წერტილს ემთხვევა. ამგვარად, ანათვალთა სიმრავლით წარმოვადგინეთ კუბი. სივრცეს სადაც სამგანზომილებიანი ობიექტები იგება, სამგანზომილებიან მატრიცას ეძახიან. სხვადასხვა ტექნიკა 3D გამოსახულების სინთეზი ორ ძირითად ეტაპად იყოფა: .მოდელიზაციის ეტაპი რომელშიც საჩვენებელი ობიექტის მოდელირებას აქვს ადგილი. .ჩვენების ეტაპი, სადაც უკვე მოდელირებული ობიექტის ჩვენება, თვალსაჩინო წარმოდგენა ხდება. ორივე ეს ეტაპი მრავალნაირ ტექნიკას გულისხმობს. თეორიულად მოდელიზაციისა და ჩვენების ეტაპები ურთიერთდამოუკიდებელ ტექნიკებს გულისხმობს, მაგრამ თავისთავად ცხადია რომ ჩვენებისას მოდელიზაციის მონაცემების გამოყენება უნდა მოხდეს. ამიტომაც ითვლება რომ ამ ორ ტექნიკას ერთმანეთთან მეტად მჭიდრო კავშირი აქვს. მოდელიზაცია მოდელიზაციაში იგულისხმება კომპიუტერში გეომეტრიული მონაცემებისა და გრაფიკული მახასიათებლების მოთავსება. ამის შედეგად კი მოდელის ჩვენება ხდება. მოდელიზაციის ტიპები CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) - აქ ობიექტების განსაზღვრა სივრცული სხეულების(პრიზმა,სფერო,კონუსი,სპლინები,..) გეომეტრიის კანონებით ხდება. ეს მეთოდი მეტად ეფექტურია თუ გამოსახულება ex nihilo*-ს პრინციპით იქმნება,რამდენადაც იგი მეტად ახლოა იმ პრინციპებთან, რა პრინციპებითაც ადამიანის გონება საგანთა ფორმებს აღიქვამს. BRep(Boundary Represantation): ყოველი ობიექტის ზედაპირი შემოსაზღვრულია ორგანზომილებიანი(2D) გეომეტრიული ფორმებით(ძირითადად სამკუთხედებით). ამ ფორმატს, ყველაზე მეტად, აჩქარებული კადრების ჩვენების ფუნქციის მქონე მოწყობილობებში იყენებენ. Splines - აქ ზედაპირები მრუდე ხაზებით შექმნილი ბადეებით იხატება. Voxels - აქ ციფრული სურათების ანალოგიასთან გვაქვს საქმე: სივრცე თანაბარ ინტერვალებად არის დაყოფილი. სამოდელიზაციო პროგრამები მოდელიზაციის პროცესი შეიძლება იყოს: ავტომატური (მაგალითად 3D სკანერი) სადაც პროგრამა რეალურ სამყაროდან აღებული ობიექტის მოდელს ქმნის. მოდელიზაცია ხელით, 3D გამოსახულებათა შესაქმნელი პროგრამების დახმარებიT სრულდება. ამ შემთხვევაში მოდელის შექმნაზე ინფოგრაფისტია პასუხისმგებელი. ამ პროგრამათა შორის ყველაზე გავრცელებულია: 3D Studio Max, Maya, XSI, Blender. ასევე Anim8or. წარმოდგენის, ანუ ჩვენების ეტაპი ჩვენების ეტაპი თავის მხრივ მრავალ ფაზად იყოფა : .განათების ანგარიში .დაკვირვების პლანზე პროექცია(იმის მიხედვით თუ საიდან ვაკვირდებით საგანს, გამოსახულება სხვადასხვანაირია). .პროგრამები, რომლებიც ტექსტურებს იყენებენ. განათება არსებობს განათების შემდეგი ტიპები: ადგილობრივი განათება(ძირითადად გუროსა და ფონგის ალგორითმები გამოიყენება) გლობალური განათება. აქ ადგილი აქვს სცენის ზედაპირის შემედგენელ ელემენტებს შორის სინათლის ენერგიის ურთიერთცვლის ანგარიშს ითვალისწინებენ რა ამ ელემენტთა თვისებებს რამდენად შეუძლიათ აირეკლონ სინათლე. საამისოდ საჭიროა სცენის ზედაპირი ცალკეულ ნაწილებად დავაცალკევოთ. შედეგად ვიღებთ ბუნებრივი განათების ეფექტს. ამ ტექნიკას, რომელიც საგანთა მიერ სინათლის ურთიერთარეკვლის ასოციაციას ქმნის, გლობალური განათების ტექნიკა ეწოდება. პროექცია კოორდინატებით ობიექტთა განსაზღვრის შემდეგ შესაძლებელია მათი ეკრანზე გამოსახვა. კოორდინატები ნახატების წერტილებად იქცევიან. ჩვენების ეტაპი პერსპექტივის მცნებას იყენებს: . კონუსისებრი პერსპექტივა: საგნის ზომები მანძილის ზრდასთან ერთად მცირდება. .აქსონომეტრული პერსპექტივა: აქ საგნების ზომები არ იცვლება.სიშორის ეფექტს კი საგნის გადაადგილებით ქმნიან. არსებობს ასევე ალგორითმებიც, რომლებიც სიშორის მიხედვით საგნების გაბუნდოვნებას უზრუნველყოფენ(ატმოსფერული პერსპექტივა). 3D გამოსახულებების სინთეზი თავიდან დამალული გამოსახულებების ალგორითმებს მოიცავდა(მანძილის ზრდსთან ერთად საგანი პატარავდება, ბოლოს კი ქრება, ასევე მოიცავდა "ფოტორეალისტურ" ალგორითმებს. ეს უკანასკნელნი ორ განზომილებაში მუშაობდნენ.თანამედროვე ალგორითმები ბოლო ორ ფუნქციას ტანადროულად ახორციელებენ. ნახატი ან სხვა მაგალითი: საგნის შემობრუნებისას წინა გამოსახულება თვალს ეფარება უკანა კი თანდათან თვალსაჩინო ხდება) თავის მხრივ, პერსპექტივის ზემოთ ჩამოთვლილ ტიპებს ნახატთა ტიპები შეესაბამება: სინათლის სხივები, რომლებიც სცენიდან მაყურებლის მიმართულებით გამონათებული სხივების სიმულაციას ქმნიან. ეს ტექნიკა იძლევა საშუალებას შეიქმნას სხივის არეკვლის მოდელი. და სხვა... ტექსტურათა ტექნიკა ზედმიწევნით რეალური ეფექტების შესაქმნელად გამოიყენება.მაგალითად: რეალური ობიექტის მიხედვით შექმნილი ფოტორეალისტური გამოსახულებები იგივე ტექსტურები(ეს სურათები არ წარმოადგენს ფოტო პირებს, არამედ რეალობასთან მეტად მიახლოვებულ "ნახატებს", გამოსახულებებს). სხვადასხვა სიმაღლის მართობული ხაზებით მიღებული რელიეფი, რომლის ზედაპირიც გრანულირებულობის ეფექტს ქმნის. განათების ტექსტურები. 2D -სგან არსებითი გნსხვავებულობა 2D გამოსახულება, მიუხედავად იმისა რომ შეიძლება პირდაპირ 2 განზომილებაში შესრულდეს, 3D მოდელის ანგარიშის შედეგად მიიღება.მათემატიკურად, 3D გამოსახულების სამყარო რეალურია, მაგრამ მისი შექმნის მექანიზმს რეალობასთან ცოტა რამ აქვს საერთო, რადგან იგი მსგავსია იმ მხატვრისა, რომელიც ქაღალდზე სკულპტურულ ნაწარმოებს ქმნის. ორგანზომილებიანი გამოსახულება, რომელიც 3D გამოსახულებიდან იქმნება, სხვა არაფერია თუ არა პროდუქტი 3D ვირტუალური სამყაროსი. ამ ტექნოლოგიის შესაძლებლობები უსასრულოა. კლასილური 3D გამოსახულებისგან განსხვავებით, 3D მოცულობითი გამოსახულებაში ყველა წერტილი მათემატიკურად იანგარიშება, შემდეგ წიბოებით ერთმანეთთან კავშირდება. თავის მხრივ წიბოებიც ერთმანეთს უკავშირდებიან, რის შედეგადაც იქმნება სასურველი 3D ობიექტი. რელიეფის წარმოდგენა ობიექტი სხვადასხვა თვალით სხვადასხვანაირად ჩანს. კომპიუტერის საშუალებით შესაძლებელია ორი განსხვავებული სურათის წარმოქმნა, რომელთაგან რომელთაგან ერთი მარცხენა თვალით დანახულ გამოსახულებას შეესაბამება, ხოლო მეორე- მარჯვენა თვალით დანახულს. ამგვარად რელიეფის შთაბეჭდილება იქმნება. "ხელოვნური რელიეფის" შესაქმნელად მარტივი საშუალებაა შევქმნათ ერთი სურათი, ე.წ ანაგლიფი, რომელიც ორი თვალით ხედვის თავისებურებას გულისხმობს. ეს სურათი ორი ფერით იხატება.ძირითადად მწვანე და წითელი ფერებით. შთაბეჭდილება ისეთია, როგორც შავი გამოსახულების დანახვა ფერადი სათვალიტ, რომლისერთი შუშა მწვანეა, ხოლო მეორე კი წითელი. ვირტუალური ჰოლოგრაფია თანამედროვე პროცესორების საშუალებით შესაxლებელია რამდენიმე წუთში, რამდენიმე წამშიც კი გამოანგარიშდეს მარტივი ჰოლოგრამები, რომლითაც ფილმის ეფექტს შევქმნით. ეს პროცედურა სამოცდაათიანი წლების დასაწყისიდან უკვე ცნობილია, მაგრამ იგი, სიძვირის გამო არ გამოიყენებოდა. დღესდღეობით შესაძლებელია, ხელახლა მიჰყონ ხელი მის პრაქტიკაში გამოყენებას თუმცა ტექნოლოგიები ანალოგიურია, მაინც ორივე შემთხვევაში(კინო და ვიდეო თამაშები) განსხვავებები არსებობს. ვიდეო თამაშებისთვის დამახასიათებელი შეზღუდვები კინოში არ არსებობს. სურათები, რომლებიც კინოში გამოიყენება წინასწარ იანგარიშება რის შედეგადაც ბევრად უკეთესი ვიზუალიზაცია ხორციელდება. მაშასადამე, საჭიროა განვასხვაოთ 3D რელურ დროში ანგარიში და 3D წინასწარი ანგარიში. 3D რეალური დრო 3D რეალური დრო ეფექტურად გამოიყენება ვიდეო თამაშებში ასევე სხვა მრავალ პროგრამაში: არქიტექტურული ვიზუალიზაცია.სამედიცინო ვიზუალიზაცია და სხვ. 3D რეალური დროს მიზანია გამოსახულების რამდენადაც შეიძლება კარგი ხარისხის შექმნა ისე რომ შენარჩუნებულ იქნას ანიმაციის უწყვეტობა. ეს კი აფიშაჟის ანგარიშის ოპტიმიზაციას მოითხოვს. თავიდან ყველანაირი ანგარიში პროცესორს აწვა ტვირთად< შემდგომ, გამოსახულების ხარიხის გაუმჯობესების საჭიროებამ კონსტრუქტორებს 3D -ზე სპეციალიზირებული PCI პლატების კომერციალიზაციისკენ უბიძგა. პერსონალური კომპიუტერისთვის შექმნილი პირველი ასეთი პლატა იყო 3DFX -ის მიერ გამოშვებული ლეგენდარული "ვუდუ" (voodoo).დღევანდელი გრაფიკული პლატების უმრავლესობა ითავსებს 3D გამოსახულების აჩქარებული ანგარიშის ფუნქციას. 3D გამოსახულების შესაქმნელად საჭირო პროცესორების გამოჩენამ API(application programming interface) სტანდარტების შემოღების საჭიროება წარმოქმნა. ყველაზე გავრცელებულია OpenGL და Direct3D სტანდარტები. 3D წინასწარ ანგარიში 3D წინასწარი ანგარიში გამოიყენება სპეცეფექტებისა და ანიმაციური ფილმების შესაქმნელად. მისი მთავარი მიზანია ძალიან მაღალი ხარისხის გამოსახულების შექმნა. ანგარიშის გამო დროში შეფერხებას აქაც აქვს ადგილი, მაგრამ ეს შეფერხება შეუდარებლად განსხვავდება 3D რეალური დროსგან, სადაც ერთ წამში 20 -ზე მეტი სურათი გამოითვლება.3Dწინასწარი ანგარიშის შემთხვევაში კი ერთი სურათის ანგარიშს საათები, შეიძლება დღეებიც კი დასჭირდეს.მაგრამ ერთხელ გამოანგარიშების შემდეგ სუღატების ჩვენება სასურველი სიხშირით ხდება(მაგალითად 24კადრი/წამი). ეს ანგარიშები კომპიუტერების მსხვილ ქსელებში სრულდება სადაც კომპიუტერების სიმრავლით ანგარიშის მაღალ წარმადობას უზრუნველყოფენ. რადგანაც ანიმაციისთვის ყოველ წამში 30სურათის ჩვენებაა საჭირო,15 წუთიანი ანგარიშისთვის ქსელმა 27000 -ზე მეტი სურათი უნდა იანგარიშოს.პროგრამები, რომლებიც ამ სურათებს ანგარიშობენ, მრავლად არის. მაგალითად: Neoscape(http://www.neoscape.com), Studio Leonard(http://www.studioleonard.com), Renderman, mental ray,finalRender,Brazil r/s, V-Ray... 3D-ს ანგარიშის ერთი ყველაზე პოპულარული ტექნიკაა "სხივის ტყორცნის" ტექნიკა(raytracing). შუქი სხივდება ეკრანის ყველა წერტილიდან და ირეკლება 3D სცენაზე გაფანტულ ობიექტებზე. 80-იანი წლებიდან ანიმაციურ ფილმთა სტუდია პიქსარი(pixar) მხოლოდ გამოსახულებათა სინთეზით ქმნის ფილმებს და წვლილი მიუძღვის ამ დარგის განვითარებაში. ეს სტუდია, ძირითადად, RenderMan -ს იყენებს. RenderMan-ი დღესდღეობით ერთ-ერთ უმძლავრეს ინსტრუმენტად ითვლება. არქიტექტურული ინდუსტრიები უფრო და უფრო მეტად იყენებენ ამ მეთოდებს რომ ადვილად გაყიდონ თავიანთი პროექტები. ერთ-ერთი ყველაზე ცნობილი არქიტექტორი ფრანკ გერი სწორედ ამ პროგრამებს იყენებს შენობათა ცალკეული ელემენტების დასაპროექტებლად. კომპიუტერული გრაფიკა
298621	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98	ჩავინის რაიონი	ჩავინის რაიონი — რაიონი პერუში, იკის რეგიონის ჩინჩის პროვინციაში. მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან 3 187 მეტრზე. 2007 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 968 ადამიანს შეადგენდა, სიმჭიდროვე 2.3 ადამიანი კმ²-ზე. ფართობი 426.17 კმ²-ია. იხილეთ აგრეთვე პერუს რაიონები რესურსები ინტერნეტში 2007 წლის აღწერის მონაცემები პერუს სტატისტიკისა და ინფორმაციის ეროვნული ინსტიტუტი იკის რეგიონის რაიონები ჩინჩის პროვინციის რაიონები
2109541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Starnberg	Lake Starnberg	Lake Starnberg, or Starnberger See ) — called Lake Würm, or Würmsee , until 1962 — is Germany's second-largest body of fresh water, having great depth, and fifth-largest lake by area. It and its surroundings lie in three different Bavarian districts, or Landkreise. The lake is property of the state and accordingly managed by the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes. Located in southern Bavaria southwest of Munich, Lake Starnberg is a popular recreation area for the city and, since 1976, one of the wetlands of international importance protected by the Ramsar Convention. The small town of Berg is famous as the site where King Ludwig II of Bavaria was found dead in the lake in 1886. Because of its associations with the Wittelsbach royal family, the lake is also known as Fürstensee (Prince's Lake). It is also mentioned in T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land. Overview The lake, lying in a zungenbecken or glacial hollow, was created by ice age glaciers from the Alps, and extends from north to south and has a width of 3–5 km (2-3.5 miles) from east to west. It has a single small island, the Roseninsel, and a single outlet, the Würm river (because of this river the lake was called the Würmsee until 1962). Its major inflow comes from a small river called the Steinbach or Ostersee-Ach, which flows through a chain of small lakes to the south, the Osterseen. The lake's water is of excellent quality due to the introduction in the 1960s of a circular sewerage system which collects wastewater from the settlements around the lake and transports it to a treatment plant below the lake's outlet at Starnberg. Bronze fish-hooks and a dugout dating to the 9th or 8th century BCE have been discovered at the lake, and there are still some professional fishers, most of them continuing a family tradition. Hikers and cyclists can circumnavigate the lake using a path approximately long. Access to the lake shore is not possible everywhere, since it is mostly private property. Passenger ferries and excursion ships have operated on the lake since 1851. Today they are operated by the Bayerische Seenschifffahrt company, using modern diesel-engined ships. Name The earliest surviving mention of the lake, as Uuirmseo, is in an 818 document referring to Holzhausen, now part of Münsing. This name became Wirmsee, already recorded during the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Bavarian (1314–1347). This name is derived from the Wirm, now spelt Würm, the only river which flows out of the lake, at Starnberg; in the 19th century, the spellings were changed to Würm and Würmsee. In the late 19th century, a railway connection between Munich and Starnberg made the lake an accessible destination for trips from the city. Trains departed from a wing of the Munich Central Station which was known as the 'Starnberg branch station' (Starnberger Flügelbahnhof) and the lake came increasingly to be known as Lake Starnberg; its name was finally officially changed in 1962. Settlements Clockwise from the north, the following settlements about the lake: Starnberg (North, Starnberg district) Berg (North East, Starnberg district): including Kempfenhausen, Berg and Leoni Münsing (South East, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen district): including Ammerland, Ambach, Pischetsrieder and St. Heinrich Seeshaupt (South, Weilheim-Schongau district): including Seeseiten Bernried (South West, Weilheim-Schongau district) Tutzing (West, Starnberg district): including Unterzeismering; Evangelische Akademie Tutzing on the lake Feldafing (North West, Starnberg district): including Garatshausen Pöcking (North West, Starnberg district): including Possenhofen and Niederpöcking Off the western shore, south of Possenhofen, is the small Roseninsel (Rose Island), the site of a royal villa of Ludwig II. Panorama References Further reading Martinus Fesq-Martin, Amei Lang and Michael Peters (Eds.). Der Starnberger See—Natur und Vorgeschichte einer bayerischen Landschaft. Munich, 2008. A. Link. Der Starnberger See und seine Umgebung vom Würmtal bis zum Alpenrand. Gauting-Buchendorf, 1982. Susanne Westendorf. Das Starnberger-SeeBuch—eine Tour um den See, kleiner Führer. Munich, 1995. Lorenz von Westenrieder. Beschreibung des Wurm- oder Starenbergersees und der umherliegenden Schlösser, samt einer Landkarte. 1783, repr. Dachau: Bayerland, 2006. Oskar Weber and Josef Wahl. Am Starnberger See und die Würm entlang. Dachau, 1995. External links Pictures of Lake Starnberg Starnberg Ramsar sites in Germany Starnberg (district)
82895	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98	ტილიონი	ტილიონი (Tilion) — პერსონაჟი ჯ.რ.რ. ტოლკინის ლეგენდარიუმში. ვალინორის ხეების ეპოქაში ახალგაზრდა ტილიონი იყო ორომეს მსახური მონადირე. მისი ძალა ბევრად აღემატებოდა არიენის შესაძლებლობებს. ტილიონის სახელი ასოცირდება მთვარესთან. რესურსები ინტერნეტში შუახმელეთის მაიარები სილმარილიონის პერსონაჟები
328298	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%20%28%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%29	ვასილივკა (პოლტავის რაიონი)	ვასილივკა (პოლტავის რაიონი) ვასილივკა — სოფელი უკრაინაში. მდებარეობს პოლტავის ოლქის პოლტავის რაიონში. 2013 წელს სოფლის მოსახლეობა 723 კაცს შეადგენდა. რესურსები ინტერნეტში სოფლის ამინდი პოლტავის რაიონის სოფლები
50346	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20%28Chicago%29	Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)	Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) is a science museum located in Chicago, Illinois, in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago. It is housed in the Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. Initially endowed by Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, it was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago and opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition. Among the museum's exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine, captured during World War II, a model railroad, the command module of Apollo 8, and the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train (Pioneer Zephyr). History The Palace of Fine Arts was built for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and was designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Co. During the fair, the palace displayed paintings, prints, drawing, sculpture, and metalwork from around the world. Unlike the other "White City" buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade. After the World's Fair, the palace initially housed the Columbian Museum, largely displaying collections left from the fair, which evolved into the Field Museum of Natural History. When the Field Museum moved to a new building five miles north in the Near South Side in 1920, the palace was left vacant. School of the Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chicago Park District) won approval in a referendum to sell $5 million in bonds to pay for restoration costs, hoping to turn the building into a sculpture museum, a technical trade school, and other things. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum. At this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $3 million towards the cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $5 million to the project). During its conversion into the MSI, the building's exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw. Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on the building. For the first few years, the museum was often called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum. In 1928, the name of the museum was officially changed to the Museum of Science and Industry. Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family. Sewell Avery, another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a nationwide search for the first director. MSI's Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert, then the science editor of The New York Times, because he shared Rosenwald's vision. He assembled the museum's curatorial staff and directed the organization and construction of the exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington, and the Technical Museum in Vienna, all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago, which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. Kaempffert resigned in early 1931 amid growing disputes with the second president of the board of directors; they disagreed over the objectivity and neutrality of the exhibits and Kaempffert's management of the staff. The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition. Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event. For years, visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but that entrance became no longer large enough to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The newer main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid. In 1992, due to increased attendance, the museum started planning its underground parking lot, located in three underground levels below the front lawn. Construction of the underground parking lot was finished in July 1998. For over 55 years, admission to the MSI was free, although some exhibits such as the Coal Mine and U-505 required small fees. General entrance fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $13 in 2008 to $18 in 2015. Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offered throughout the year. On October 3, 2019, the museum announced that it intends to change its name to the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry after a donation of $125 million from the now former Chicago billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin. It is the largest single gift in the museum's history, effectively doubling its endowment. However, president and chief executive officer David Mosena said the formal name change could take some time, due to the complexity of the process. He also said part of the gift will go into funding "a state-of-the-art digital gallery and performance space that will be the only experience of its kind in North America." Chevy Humphrey became president and CEO of the private, non-profit museum in January 2021. Exhibits The museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The museum has several major permanent exhibits. Access to several of the exhibits (including the Coal Mine and U-505) requires the payment of an additional fee. Entry Hall The first diesel-powered, streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr, is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. The train was once displayed outdoors, but it was restored and placed in the former Great Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot. Lower Level U-505 is one of just six German submarines captured by the Allies during World War II, and, since its arrival in 1954, the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the only one in the United States. The U-boat was newly restored beginning in 2004 after 50 years of being displayed outdoors, and was then moved indoors as "The New U-505 Experience" on June 5, 2005. Displayed in an underground shed, it remains as a popular exhibit for visitors, as well as a memorial to all the casualties of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. Guided tours of the submarine are offered for an additional fee. Near the U-505 there is both a Mold-A-Rama machine and a penny flattening device. Both have U-505 designs. Henry Crown Space Center MSI's Henry Crown Space Center includes the Apollo 8 spacecraft, which flew the first mission beyond low earth orbit to the Moon, enabling its crew, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, to become the first human beings to see the Earth as a whole, as well as becoming the first to view the Moon up close (as well as the first to view its far side). Other exhibits include Scott Carpenter's Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft and a lunar module trainer. Located in the Henry Crown Space Center is a domed theater, considered to be the only domed theater in Chicago. The screen of the theater is made of perforated aluminum, allowing the speakers mounted behind the screen to be heard throughout the theater. FarmTech The "FarmTech" exhibit showcases modern agricultural techniques and how farmers use modern technology like GPS systems to improve work on the farm, and includes a tractor and a combine harvester from John Deere. The exhibit also showcases a greenhouse, a mock up of a kitchen showcasing how much of the food we eat comes from soybeans, and how we use cows, from energy to what we drink. Other A transportation gallery is located on the museum's west wing, containing models of "Ships Through the Ages" and several historic racing cars. "Future Energy Chicago" shows alternative resources, housing developments, and the future of Chicago. The exhibit requires an additional fee. Some areas in the museum aim for younger children, including the "Swiss Jollyball", the world's largest pinball machine built by a British man from Switzerland using nothing but salvaged junk; the "Idea Factory", a toddler water table play area; the "Eye Spy" gallery; and the former "Circus" exhibit, featuring animated dioramas of a miniature circus as well as containing a shadow garden and several funhouse mirrors. The Circus exhibit was closed in September 2022 and is now replaced with a Mold-a-Rama exhibit. Silent-film star and stock-market investor Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle "doll's house" is on display. First Level Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze contains an interactive theater and stations to learn about patterns in nature, including the Golden Ratio, spirals, fractal branching, and Voronoi patterns. It also contains a mirror maze to help emphasize the geometric patterns that can be utilized. Transportation Gallery The Transportation Zone contains several permanent exhibits. The Great Train Story is a HO-scale model railroad and recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle. The museum includes a replica of Stephenson's Rocket, which was the first steam locomotive to exceed 25 miles per hour. The 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive was alleged to be the first vehicle to exceed in 1893, although no reliable measurement ever took place (and such a speed was likely impossible). Designed to win the battle of express trains to the World's Columbian Exhibition, it was donated to the museum by the New York Central in 1962. The locomotive was located outside the museum until 1993, when extensive restoration took place and it was moved indoors as an exhibit in the Transportation Zone. A replica of the Wright Brothers first airplane, the Wright Flyer, is on display. Two World War II warplanes are also exhibited. Both were donated by the British government: a German Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber—one of only two intact Stukas left in the world—and a British Supermarine Spitfire. Also on display is the museum's Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship, nicknamed "Texaco 13", which set many world records in flying. "Take Flight" features the first Boeing 727 jet plane in commercial service, donated by United Airlines, with one wing removed and holes cut on the fuselage to facilitate visitor access. Science Storms In March 2010, the museum opened "Science Storms" in the Allstate Court, as a permanent exhibit. This multilevel exhibit features a water vapor tornado, tsunami tank, Tesla coil, heliostat system, and a Wimshurst machine built by James Wimshurst in the late 19th century. Also housed are Newton's Cradle, the color spectrum, and Foucault pendulum. All artifacts allow guests to explore the physics and chemistry of the natural world. Genetics: Decoding Life In keeping with Rosenwald's vision, many of the exhibits are interactive. "Genetics: Decoding Life," looks at how genetics affect human and animal development as well as containing a chick hatchery composed of an incubator where baby chickens hatch from their eggs and a chick pen for those that have already hatched, as well as housing genetically modified frogs, mice, and drought resistant plants. The chick hatchery has been part of the museum since 1956. About 20 chicks are hatched a day, around 140 hatch in a week, and up to 8000 hatch in a year. A week after emerging from their shells, the chicks are sent to the Lincoln Park Zoo to be fed to various animals, including lions, crocodiles, snakes, vultures, owls and tigers. This partnership between the museum and the zoo has been operating for decades, with about 7000 chicks being sent to the zoo each year. Some of the chicks hatched are of the Java species of chicken, and these chicks are sent to a farm in La Fox, Illinois that works to preserve the rare breed. There have been numerous efforts to shut down the exhibit, as early as 1998 and as recent as 2017. ToyMaker 3000 "ToyMaker 3000", is a working assembly line which lets visitors order a toy top and watch as it is made. The interactive "Fab Lab MSI" is intended as an interactive lab where members can "build anything". Coal Mine The "Coal Mine" re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17, circa 1933. It is one of the oldest exhibits at the museum. In this unique exhibit, visitors go underground and ride a mine train to different parts of the mine and learn the basics of its operation. The experience takes around 30 minutes and requires an additional fee. Yesterday's Main Street "Yesterday's Main Street" is a mock-up of a Chicago street from the early 20th century, complete with a cobblestone roadway, old-fashioned light fixtures, fire hydrants, and several shops, including the precursors to several Chicago-based businesses. Included are: Unlike the other shops, The Nickelodeon Cinema can be entered and is functional, and plays silent films throughout the day Other In spring 2013, the "Art of the Bicycle" exhibit opened, showcasing the history of the bicycle and how modern bikes continue to evolve. "Reusable City" focuses on recycling and other methods that could cut down harmful pollution and especially climate change and the Regenstein Hall of Science, containing a giant periodic table of the elements. Other main level exhibits include: "Fast Forward", which features some aspects of how technology will change in the future; "Earth Revealed", featuring a "Science on a Sphere" holographic globe; and a "Whispering Gallery". Second Level YOU! The Experience The museum is also known for unique and quirky permanent exhibits, such as a walk-through model of the human heart, which was removed in 2009 for the construction of "YOU! the Experience", which replaced it with a , interactive, 3D heart. Also well known are the "Body Slices" (two cadavers exhibited in slices) in the exhibit. Other Several US Navy warship models are also on display in the museum, and flight simulators including of the new F-35 Lightning II are featured. Former exhibits An F-104 Starfighter on loan to MSI from the US Air Force since 1978 was sent to the Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas, in 1993. In March 1995, Santa Fe Steam Locomotive 2903 was moved from outside the museum to the Illinois Railway Museum. "Telefun Town", a hall dedicated to the wonders of telephone communication, sponsored by the company then known as "The Bell Telephone Company", no longer exists. Exhibitions In addition to its three floors of standing exhibits, the museum hosts temporary and traveling exhibitions. Exhibitions last for five months or less and usually require a separate paid admission fee. Exhibitions at MSI have included Titanic: The Exhibition, which was the largest display of relics from the wreck of RMS Titanic; Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds, a view into the human body through use of plastinated human specimens; Game On, which featured the history and culture of video games; Leonardo da Vinci: Man, Inventor, Genius; CSI: The Experience; Robots Like Us; City of the Future; Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination; The Glass Experience; Harry Potter: The Exhibition; Robot Revolution, which was sponsored by Google and featured numerous hands-on demonstrations and advice from experts for prospective future robot scientists and engineers; and four installments of Smart Home: Green + Wired, featuring the work of green architect Michelle Kaufmann. The Science Behind Pixar exhibit opened May 24, 2018. The Wired to Wear exhibit opened on March 21, 2019. The touring exhibit Marvel: Universe of Super Heroes officially opened to the public on March 7, 2021. Yearly, from late November to early January, the museum hosts its Christmas Around the World and Holidays of Light exhibit, featuring Christmas trees from different cultures from around the world. Started in 1942 with just one tree to honor soldiers fighting in World War Two, the tradition spawned into more than 50 trees. See also Architecture of Chicago List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago References Explanatory notes Citations Further reading Kogan, Herman. A Continuing Marvel: The Story of the Museum of Science and Industry. 1st ed. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1973. Pridmore, Jay. Inventive Genius: The History of the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. Chicago, Museum of Science and Industry, 1996. Pridmore, Jay. Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 1997. External links Museum website Commercials and news clips at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images at Columbia University Museums in Chicago Chicago Landmarks Cultural infrastructure completed in 1893 Hyde Park, Chicago Industry museums in Illinois Technology museums in Illinois World's Columbian Exposition World's fair architecture in Chicago Museums established in 1933 1933 establishments in Illinois Association of Science-Technology Centers member institutions Science museums in Illinois
440108	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98	ჰამიდ არასლი	ჰამიდ არასლი ჰამიდ მამედთაღი-ოღლუ არასლი (დ. 23 თებერვალი, 1909, განჯა, რუსეთის იმპერია — გ. 20 ნოემბერი, 1983, ბაქო, აზერბაიჯანის სსრ, სსრკ ) — აზერბაიჯანელი საბჭოთა ლიტერატურათმცოდნე, აზერბაიჯანის სსრ მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის აკადემიკოსი (1969), სკკპ წევრი 1963 წლიდან. მრავალი გამოკვლევა უძღვნა აზერბაიჯანულ კლასიკურ ლიტერატურას, აზერბაიჯანულ-სპარსულ, აზერბაიჯანულ-თურქულ, აზერბაიჯანულ-უზბეკურ ლიტერატურულ ურთიერთობას. ეკუთვნის მონოგრაფიები ნიზამი განჯევისა (1967) და ფუზულის (1958) შემოქმედების შესახებ. გამოსცა გოვსი თაბრიზის, ვაგიფის, ვიდადის, ახუნდოვისა და სხვათა ნაწარმოებები. მოამზადა ფუზულის თხზულებათა სრული კრებული (ტ. 1–5, 1958). ავტორია სახელმძღვანელოსი „XVII–XVIII საუკუნეების აზერბაიჯანული ლიტერატურა“ (1956). ლიტერატურა დაბადებული 23 თებერვალი დაბადებული 1909 გარდაცვლილი 20 ნოემბერი გარდაცვლილი 1983 აზერბაიჯანელი ფილოლოგები აზერბაიჯანელი ლიტერატურათმცოდნეები აზერბაიჯანელი ფოლკლორისტები
518784	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%20%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98	ჯოზეფ ბარკროფტი	ჯოზეფ ბარკროფტი (დ. 26 ივლისი, 1872, გლენი — გ. 21 მარტი, 1947, კემბრიჯი) — ინგლისელი ფიზიოლოგი, კემბრიჯის უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი (1926), ლონდონის სამეფო საზოგადოების წევრი. საფუძველი ჩაუყარა სისხლის სუნთქვითი ფუნქციის შესწავლას, შეიმუშავა სისხლის აირების განსაზღვრის მეთოდიკა. რესურსები ინტერნეტში დაბადებული 1872 დაბადებული 26 ივლისი გარდაცვლილი 1947 გარდაცვლილი 21 მარტი ინგლისელი ფიზიოლოგები
1691	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%20%28%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%29	ცენტრი (საფრანგეთი)	ცენტრი (საფრანგეთი) ცენტრი — რეგიონი საფრანგეთის ცენტრალურ დასავლეთში. შედგება 6 დეპარტამენტისაგან: შერი, ერი და ლუარი, ენდრი, ენდრი და ლუარა, ლუარე, ლუარი და შერი. ფართობი - 39,2 ათასი კვ.კმ., მოსახლეობა - 2,3 მლნ. ქალაქები: ორლეანი, ტური, ბურჟი, ბლუა. ლუარის ხეობა მისი მრავალი ციხე-სიმაგრით მრავალ ტურისტს იზიდავს წლის განმავლობაში. საფრანგეთის რეგიონები
1046823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Darabont	Frank Darabont	Frank Darabont Frank Árpád Darabont (born Ferenc Árpád Darabont, January 28, 1959) is a French-born American filmmaker. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award. In his early career, he was primarily a screenwriter for such horror films as A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), The Blob (1988) and The Fly II (1989). As a director, he is known for his film adaptations of Stephen King novellas and novels, such as The Shawshank Redemption (1994), The Green Mile (1999), and The Mist (2007). Darabont also developed and executive-produced the first season and first half of the second season of the AMC horror series The Walking Dead (2010–2011). Early life Darabont was born in a refugee camp in 1959 in Montbéliard, France. His parents had fled Hungary for France after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, bringing his five brothers and four sisters, and three cousins. When Darabont was still an infant, his family immigrated to the United States, settling in Chicago before moving to Los Angeles when Darabont was five. Darabont was inspired in his youth to pursue a career in film after seeing the George Lucas film THX 1138. Darabont graduated from Hollywood High School in 1977 and did not attend college. His first job after finishing school was working at the famed Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. He served at the concession stand and as an usher, and was grateful for the perk of getting to watch numerous films for free. He claims he developed his writing skills from "endless hours" of writing at a desk on a typewriter in his free time, and from his childhood friend Cody Hills. Career Early works Darabont became involved in filmmaking by becoming a production assistant on such films as Hell Night, The Seduction, and Trancers. The first film he wrote and directed was a short work adapted from Stephen King's story "The Woman in the Room". This film was one of the first "Dollar Babies" and made the semi-finalist list for Academy Award consideration in 1983. Although Darabont was not happy with how the short turned out, this effort resulted in a close association with King, who granted him the "handshake deal" rights to another of his shorter works, Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption from the collection Different Seasons. Darabont sold his first screenplay titled Black Cat Run in 1986, but it was not produced for more than a decade, as a television film under the same name. Darabont was approached by Chuck Russell (who was a producer on Hell Night and The Seduction) with an offer to become his writing partner, as he had become interested in Darabont's writing after reading his spec script written for the television series MAS*H. The two began working on a script for a remake of the film The Blob, which they had planned to shop around to studios. That was interrupted when they were both hired to rewrite the script of A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, with Russell directing the film. The two were given only two weeks to rewrite the script and accomplished it in ten days. The success of their A Nightmare on Elm Street film allowed them to produce the first script they had originally written, The Blob. By then considered a successful writer for hire, Darabont was commissioned to write The Fly II, an early draft of The Rocketeer, and an unproduced sequel to Commando. Darabont made his directorial debut with Buried Alive, a television movie with a $2,000,000 budget that aired on the USA Network in 1990. He followed this with an extended run as a writer for George Lucas's television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. He also wrote two episodes of the television series Tales from the Crypt. The Shawshank Redemption (1994) Darabont made good on the deal with Stephen King by writing and directing the film adaptation of The Shawshank Redemption. Rob Reiner, who had previously adapted another King novella, The Body, into the movie Stand by Me, offered Darabont $2.5 million in an attempt to write and direct Shawshank. He planned to cast Tom Cruise in the part of Andy and Harrison Ford as Red. Darabont seriously considered and liked Reiner's vision, but he ultimately decided it was his "chance to do something really great" by directing the film himself. Although the film did not fare well at the box office, it was met with acclaim by audiences and critics. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay for Darabont. The film attracted additional viewers after its Academy Award nominations, and became the most rented film of 1995. Today it is considered by many to be one of the greatest films ever made. The Green Mile (1999) Darabont's next directorial effort was another Stephen King adaptation for which he wrote the screenplay, The Green Mile, starring Tom Hanks. At first Darabont was reluctant to adapt the novel as a film, as its setting was too similar to Shawshank, but quickly changed his mind after reading the novel. Hanks and Darabont first met at an Academy Award luncheon in 1994, and the two were eager to work on a project together. Stephen King said he had envisioned Hanks in the role and was happy when Darabont mentioned his name. The film was nominated for the Oscar for Best Picture, and Darabont was nominated for his second Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. This was originally the highest-grossing film based on a Stephen King novel, as it made a total of $286,801,374 worldwide (before being surpassed by 2017's It when it made $603 million worldwide.) The Majestic (2001) In 2001 Darabont directed the film The Majestic, starring Jim Carrey, Martin Landau, and Laurie Holden. He worked with these actors frequently throughout his career. Michael Sloane, whom Darabont had known since high school, wrote the script. This film is one of the few which Darabont directed, but did not write the screenplay. Darabont wanted to direct the film as he saw it as a "love letter" to works of Frank Capra and all the other movies he has loved throughout his life. The film received mixed reviews from critics and bombed at the box-office, recouping only half of its $72 million budget internationally. The Mist (2007) Darabont had originally wanted to direct The Mist even before he directed The Shawshank Redemption, but kept pushing it back. It was 2004 before he began to write the screenplay for the film. Most of the crew that worked on the film had worked on the television series The Shield, as Darabont hired them after directing an episode of the series. He thought they could help give the film a "more fluid, ragged documentary kind of direction". Darabont also helped create the designs of the creatures in the film, along with artists Jordu Schell, Bernie Wrightson, and the film's lead makeup artist Greg Nicotero. CafeFX was hired to do the film's special effects after Darabont asked fellow director Guillermo del Toro who did the effects on his film Pan's Labyrinth. The film was a modest success at the box office, but earned positive reviews from critics. King also praised Darabont's new ending, saying, "The ending is such a jolt—wham! It's frightening. But people who go to see a horror movie don't necessarily want to be sent out with a Pollyanna ending." When a two-disc edition of the DVD was released, it included an exclusive black-and-white presentation of the film, the way Darabont had always intended it to be. The Walking Dead (2010–2011) Darabont developed and executive-produced the first season of The Walking Dead, the AMC series based on Robert Kirkman's comic book of the same name. Darabont recalled that he had first come across the series in 2005, in a comic book store in Burbank, California. When Darabont became interested, creator Kirkman called it "extremely flattering". He said that Darabont "definitely cares about the original source material, and you can tell that in the way he's adapting it." Darabont first initiated a deal with NBC for The Walking Dead, but was later declined. He eventually brought it to AMC, who picked it up based on the source material and Darabont's involvement. Darabont wrote and directed the pilot and was executive producer of the first season, along with Gale Anne Hurd. The series features a number of actors who have regularly worked with Darabont in the past, including Jeffrey DeMunn, Laurie Holden and Melissa McBride. The series earned positive reviews upon release and the pilot attracted 5.3 million viewers, making it the most-watched series premiere episode of any AMC television series. In July 2011, Darabont was fired from the position as showrunner. Initial reports suggested that he was unable to adjust to the schedule of running a television series; however, it was later confirmed that he was fired due to AMC's desire to reduce the show's budget (twice as many episodes for 20% less of a budget) and to his strained relationship with the executives of AMC. Darabont and his agents from the Creative Artists Agency filed a lawsuit against AMC, seeking more than $280 million in unpaid profits. By July 2021, AMC had settled with Darabont and the CAA, agreeing to pay and future royalty payments. Mob City (2013) Not too long after leaving The Walking Dead, Darabont struck a deal with TNT to develop a pilot for a new series to air on their channel, titled L.A. Noir, based on a book by author John Buntin. Darabont discovered the book at LAX Airport and, after two days straight of reading it, decided to adapt it for television. Darabont was very passionate about the project as he had always wanted to produce a film noir. Darabont cast Jon Bernthal, whom he had worked with on The Walking Dead, in the lead role for the series. Other Darabont regulars cast included Jeffrey DeMunn and Alexa Davalos. The series was given a full season order of six episodes in the fall of 2012 and the title of the series was changed to Mob City. The series premiered in December 2013 and was met with mixed to positive reviews. The series was cancelled after one season. Other work Darabont also held the rights to two other Stephen King stories, The Long Walk and The Monkey, neither of which he ever adapted. Darabont was a script doctor for the Steven Spielberg films Saving Private Ryan and Minority Report. In 2002, he wrote an early draft of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. While Spielberg reportedly loved it, George Lucas rejected it. He also produced the 2002 film The Salton Sea, starring Val Kilmer and Vincent D'Onofrio. Over the years Darabont has reunited with his old writing partner Chuck Russell. He did a rewrite for Russell's film Eraser, they attempted to adapt a film of the 1930s pulp character, Doc Savage, and the two wrote an early treatment and were executive producers on the film Collateral. He has also tried to produce film adaptations of the novels Mine by Robert R. McCammon and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Darabont still hopes to make both films some day. The same year Shawshank was released, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, which Darabont wrote, was also released. The film was met with mixed reviews and Darabont called it the worst experience in his career as a writer as he had considered it the best script he had ever written, but that director Kenneth Branagh ruined it "every step of the way". He went on to say that "you can't really judge the script based on what you saw on the screen. It got rephrased and messed with every inch of the way." Guillermo del Toro has shown interest in adapting Darabont's draft of the Frankenstein script when he gets around to filming his own version of the story, calling the draft a "near perfect" adaptation of the original book. In 2004, he was hired by Tom Cruise to write Mission: Impossible III, but the script was later rewritten by J. J. Abrams, who directed the film. The same year, Darabont wrote the introduction for the Hellboy novel, Hellboy: Odder Jobs by Christopher Golden. In 2005, Cemetery Dance Publications published Darabont's novella Walpuski's Typewriter in a limited edition. The story, originally written in his early twenties, first appeared in Jessie Horsting's magazine Midnight Graffiti. In 2007, Darabont directed an episode of The Shield titled "Chasing Ghosts". He also directed and executive produced the pilot episode of Raines, starring Jeff Goldblum. Darabont appeared in "First Class Jerk", the October 26, 2008, episode of Entourage in which he propositions Vincent Chase to star in a TV show he is executive producing. He appeared in a September 12, 2009, episode where he is now the director of the film about Enzo Ferrari, who Vince is portraying. According to the Battlestar Galactica: The Official Companion series by Titan Books, Darabont—a huge fan of the re-imagined series—was slated to direct "Islanded in a Stream of Stars", the penultimate episode of the show's final season. Due to scheduling conflicts, he was unable to take the job, which fell to series star (and previous helmer) Edward James Olmos. Darabont was slated to direct the 2009 film Law Abiding Citizen, but left production due to creative differences with the producers. At the 2012 Austin Film Festival, Darabont was awarded the Extraordinary Contribution to Filmmaking Award for his contribution to cinema. In 2013, he lent his voice to a lengthier version of the World War Z audio book. In November of the same year Bob Weinstein revealed that he and Darabont were developing a ten part television series based on Darabont's 2007 film The Mist. Darabont was hired to rewrite the script for the 2014 Godzilla reboot. Darabont stated that he would like to bring the monster back to his origins as a "terrifying force of nature." The director of the film Gareth Edwards stated in an interview that Darabont wrote the most moving scene of the film and that particular scene helped convince cast members Bryan Cranston and Juliette Binoche to sign onto the film. In June 2014, it was reported that Darabont was on the shortlist to direct The Huntsman: Winter's War, a sequel to the fantasy film Snow White and the Huntsman. A month later it was confirmed that Darabont would direct the film, but it would not be a sequel, but a prequel focusing on Chris Hemsworth's character Eric, the Huntsman. However, Darabont left the project in January 2015, citing creative differences as the cause. Darabont revealed in a 2021 interview with Mick Garris that he had recently written a script for a film centred around the American Civil War, based on an unproduced screenplay by filmmaker Stanley Kubrick and historian Shelby Foote that Ridley Scott was attached to produce. Darabont considers the script to be the best thing he's ever written and was dismayed when the film was unable to find financing. Recurring collaborators In addition to collaborating with actors on films and television projects, Darabont has collaborated with writers, producers, composers, and others. These include Chuck Russell, Mark Isham, Stephen King, Gregory Nicotero, Rohn Schmidt, David Tattersall, and others. Jeffrey DeMunn appeared in The Blob and Black Cat Run, both of which Darabont wrote, Alexa Davalos appeared in the pilot episode of Raines that he directed and Amin Joseph first worked with Darabont on an episode of The Shield titled "Chasing Ghosts". The Woman in the Room (1983 film) and Buried Alive (1990) are not listed due to lack of collaborations. (Although Brian Libby appears in both.) Filmography Film Uncredited writing works Technical credits Cameos Television TV movies Buried Alive (1990) Black Cat Run (1998) Cameos Additional awards and nominations References External links Lilja, Hans-Åke. Interview Lilja's Library – The World of Stephen King, February 6, 2007 1959 births Living people Film producers from California American male screenwriters French emigrants to the United States American people of Hungarian descent Writers from Los Angeles People from Montbéliard Showrunners American television directors American television writers Television producers from California Writers from Chicago American male television writers Horror film directors Writers from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Film directors from Los Angeles Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from Illinois Television producers from Illinois Film producers from Illinois
351826	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%20%28%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%29	ქოსალარი (მრავალმნიშვნელოვანი)	ქოსალარი (მრავალმნიშვნელოვანი) ქოსალარი შეიძლება აღნიშნავდეს: ქოსალარი — სოფელი საქართველოში, თეთრიწყაროს მუნიციპალიტეტი ქოსალარი — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, აღდამის რაიონი ქოსალარი — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, ლაჩინის რაიონი ქოსალარი — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, ლენქორანის რაიონი ქოსალარი — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, ყაზახის რაიონი ქოსალარი — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, ხოჯალის რაიონი.
3454423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryp%20Habana%20Libre	Tryp Habana Libre	Tryp Habana Libre Hotel Tryp Habana Libre is one of the larger hotels in Cuba, situated in Vedado, Havana. The hotel has 572 rooms in a 25-floor tower at Calle 23 ("La Rampa") and Calle L. Opened in 1958 as the Habana Hilton, the hotel famously served as the residence of Fidel Castro and other revolutionaries throughout 1959, after their capture of Havana. History Design and construction The Habana Hilton was constructed at a cost of $24 million, under the personal auspices of President Fulgencio Batista. It was built as an investment by the Caja de Retiro y Asistencia Social de los Trabajadores Gastronomicos, the pension plan of the Cuban catering workers' union, with additional financing from the Banco de Fomento Agricola e Industrial de Cuba (BANFAIC). It was operated by the American Hilton Hotels International group and was designed by the well-known Los Angeles architect Welton Becket, who had previously designed the Beverly Hilton for the chain. Becket designed the 27-story Habana Hilton in collaboration with Havana-based architects Lin Arroyo and Gabriela Menéndez. Arroyo was the Minister of Public Works under Batista. The hotel was constructed by the Frederick Snare Corporation. The architectural historian Peter Moruzzi, author of Havana Before Castro, notes what the Hilton meant to Batista: “Batista considered the Habana Hilton among his proudest achievements, its huge blue-lit rooftop ‘Hilton’ name announcing to the world that the eminent Conrad Hilton had confidence in Cuba’s future – that the country was a safe place in which to invest – and that tourists could now find in Havana the modern comforts they expected in a top international resort.” Grand opening When it was completed, the Habana Hilton was Latin America's tallest and largest hotel. It boasted 630 guest rooms, including 42 suites; an elegant casino; six restaurants and bars, including a Trader Vic's and a rooftop bar; a huge supper club; extensive convention facilities; a shopping arcade; an outdoor pool surrounded by cabanas; and two underground garages with a capacity of 500 cars. The hotel also featured artwork commissioned from some of the most important Cuban modern artists of the day, including an enormous mosaic mural by Amelia Peláez over the main entrance and a tiled wall mural by René Portocarrero in the second-floor Antilles Bar overlooking the pool terrace. The Habana Hilton opened with five days of festivities, from March 19–23, 1958, with Conrad Hilton himself in attendance, joined by his companion, actress Ann Miller. Hilton was joined by 300 invited guests, including socialite Virginia Warren, daughter of Chief Justice Earl Warren; renowned Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper; actress Terry Moore; actress Dorothy Johnson; married radio hosts Tex McCrary and Jinx Falkenburg; actress Linda Cristal; dancer Vera-Ellen; actor Don Murray; actress Dolores Hart; ABC network President Leonard Goldenson; and journalist Leonard Lyons. A formal blessing ceremony was held in the hotel's lobby on March 22, 1958, attended by Cuba's First Lady, Marta Fernandez de Batista; Francisco Aguirre, head of the catering workers' union; José Suárez Rivas, Minister of Labor; and other dignitaries. The ceremony was followed by a luncheon, with speeches by Hilton and Aguirre, and a huge gala dinner and ball in the hotel's grand ballroom. Casino The casino in the hotel was leased for $1 million a year to a group consisting of Roberto "Chiri" Mendoza, his brother Mario Mendoza, Clifford "Big Juice" Jones, Kenneth F. Johnson, and Sidney Orseck. Roberto Mendoza was a wealthy Cuban contractor and sugar planter who was a business associate of President Batista; Mario Mendoza was a lawyer; Orseck was an attorney from New York; Johnson was a senator in the Nevada state legislature and Jones was a former lieutenant governor of Nevada who had ownership interests in a number of Las Vegas casinos. Hilton officials said that 13 groups tried to lease the casino and 12 were "turned down because they either had underworld connections or had refused to subject themselves to rigid investigation." Speculation surfaced that the murder of Gambino crime family boss Albert Anastasia in October 1957 was tied to his interest in securing an ownership stake in the Hilton's casino. Roberto Mendoza and Santo Trafficante Jr., who had substantial gambling interests in Cuba, were both in New York at the time of Anastasia's murder. The police investigation of the murder focused on this theory for a while but later looked at other theories. The murder was never solved. Revolution As a result of growing political unrest in Cuba in the hotel's opening year, Hilton's annual report stated that the previously profitable Hilton Hotels International division "made no contribution to 1958 earnings" due directly to significant financial losses the Habana Hilton experienced. Following Fidel Castro's entry into Havana on January 8, 1959, the hotel became his headquarters, with Castro residing for three months in the hotel's Continental Suite, room 2324. The casinos throughout the city were briefly closed, but protests by Havana casino workers led to their reopening in February. Castro gave his first press conference in the hotel's ballroom on January 19, 1959 and soon took to giving regular interviews to international journalists in the hotel, famously declaring in the lobby that "If the Americans don’t like what is happening in Cuba, they can land the Marines, and then there will be 200,000 gringos dead." On June 21, 1959, the revolutionary government temporarily released mob boss Santo Trafficante Jr. from the Triscornia prison camp, under guard, so he could attend the wedding of his daughter Mary Jo in the ballroom of the Habana Hilton. In October 1959, the Habana Hilton hosted the week-long American Society of Travel Agents annual international convention, which had been scheduled before the Revolution. Castro and other officials attempted to present an image of Cuba as a continued tropical paradise for American tourists, as the country desperately needed the revenue, but growing anti-American political rhetoric was already having an impact on bookings at the increasingly empty hotel. On New Year's Eve 1959/1960, Castro hosted an elaborate party in the Pavilion ballroom atop the hotel, designed to promote Cuba to Americans. The party was attended by numerous American journalists and celebrities, including boxer Joe Louis, who had been hired by a PR firm to encourage black Americans to visit the island. The efforts proved unsuccessful, and the Hilton's American operators struggled to keep the hotel open. Hilton Hotels International was forbidden under Cuban labor laws from firing any of the hotel's 670 employees, though the Hilton seldom had more than 100 guests. The Revolutionary government was eventually compelled to guarantee a bank loan of 2 million pesos to Hoteles Hilton de Cuba, S.A., the Cuban subsidiary of Hilton Hotels International that operated the hotel, to cover the Habana Hilton's operating expenses, and keep its employees working. In January 1960, Castro is reported to have survived a dramatic assassination attempt at the hotel. Castro's American mistress, Marita Lorenz, had lived with him in the hotel for much of 1959, before returning to the United States, allegedly after an abortion. In the US, she claims she was approached by agents linked to the US Mafia and the CIA, who gave her Botulinum toxin pills. She smuggled the pills back into Cuba, intending to drop them into Castro's drink, killing him within thirty seconds. Lorenz said she had a change of heart on returning to the hotel, only to then discover that the plan was a failure, as the pills had dissolved in the container of cold cream she had hidden them in. She said that Castro then revealed he knew she was there to kill him, but that he also knew she couldn't go through with it. Afterwards, she claims they made love in his suite in the hotel, before she returned to the US. Hotel Habana Libre The hotel remained in operation as a Hilton while relations between the US and Cuba worsened, until June 11, 1960, when the Cuban government nationalized the property. On June 15, 1960, Castro announced in a speech to the Restaurant and Hotel Workers Federation that he was renaming the hotel the Hotel Habana Libre (Hotel Free Havana). That year, Hilton Hotels International, Inc. wrote off $1,854,575 that had been invested in the Cuban subsidiary that operated the hotel. The first Soviet embassy in Havana was soon temporarily established on two floors of the hotel. In March 1963, Castro is reputed to have survived another assassination attempt at the hotel, by the US Mafia and the CIA. Cuban intelligence chief Fabian Escalante claimed that a poison pill was to have been slipped into one of the chocolate milkshakes Castro regularly ordered in the hotel's cafeteria, and that Castro was saved only because the pill became stuck to the hotel's kitchen freezer that it was hidden in, and that the pill broke open as the would-be assassin tried to remove it from the ice. Escalante called it "the closest the CIA got to assassinating Fidel." In 1964, Soviet female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, gave a press conference at the hotel. From January 3–12, 1966, the Habana Libre hosted the first Tricontinental Conference of Asian, African and Latin-American peoples. Fidel Castro stayed in the hotel's Castellana Suite, room 2224, during the conference, and made the suite his home thereafter for all major diplomatic events. The suite is now kept as a museum, with all the original furniture and artwork from 1958. From October 23-November 20, 1966, the Habana Libre hosted the 17th Chess Olympiad, with guests including Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky. In 1967, the hotel hosted Marxist Chilean politician Salvador Allende. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cuban government focused on rebuilding the tourism industry. In 1993, they brought in the Spanish Guitart Hotels chain to manage the property as the Hotel Habana Libre Guitart. Then, in 1996 the Spanish Sol Meliá chain assumed management of the hotel from Guitart. It was placed in their Tryp division of urban hotels and renamed Hotel Tryp Habana Libre. The hotel was extensively renovated between 1996 and 1997. Much of the interior was gutted and modernized. The guest rooms were remodeled, with the balconies all glassed in, except those of the historic Castellana Suite. The supper club on the second floor was converted to a buffet restaurant. Among the highlights of the work was the restoration of the huge Peláez mural on the exterior, which had spent decades hidden from public view. The hotel reopened on December 22, 1997, with a speech by Eusebio Leal, who spearheaded the restoration and conservation of the historic district of Old Havana. In January 1998, the hotel served as the international media headquarters for the Papal visit to Cuba by Pope John Paul II. Journalists including Peter Jennings, Dan Rather, Ted Koppel, Tom Brokaw and Christiane Amanpour reported from and were housed at the hotel. CNN's Ted Turner and his wife, actress Jane Fonda, also visited the hotel at the time. On February 4, 2013, French daredevil Alain Robert, known as The French Spider-Man, climbed the hotel without ropes or a safety net, as is his custom, watched by hundreds of onlookers. Gallery Notes References External links Meliá Cuba - Habana Libre - Meliá Cuba official website Meliá - Habana Libre - Meliá International official web site Hotel Habana Libre.com - hotel fansite Habana Hilton Construction 1958 FleitasCuba Collection "When Castro Seized the Hilton" Inside The Havana Hilton Havana skyline from Havana Hilton Hotel buildings completed in 1958 Hotels in Havana Hotels established in 1958 Hilton Hotels & Resorts hotels Hotel Tryp Habana Libre Hotel Tryp Habana Libre Buildings and structures in Havana Nightclubs in Havana 20th-century architecture in Cuba
338535	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny%20Shipley	Jenny Shipley	Jenny Shipley Dame Jennifer Mary Shipley (née Robson; born 4 February 1952) is a New Zealand former politician who served as the 36th prime minister of New Zealand from 1997 to 1999. She was the first female prime minister of New Zealand, and the first woman to have led the National Party. Shipley was born in Gore, Southland. She grew up in rural Canterbury, and attended Marlborough Girls' College and the Christchurch College of Education. Before entering politics, she worked as a schoolteacher and was involved with various community organisations. Shipley was elected to Parliament at the 1987 election, winning the Ashburton electorate (later renamed Rakaia). When the National Party returned to power in 1990, she was appointed to Cabinet under Jim Bolger. Shipley subsequently served as Minister of Social Welfare (1990–1996), Minister for Women's Affairs (1990–1996), Minister of Health (1993–1996), and Minister of Transport (1996–1997). In December 1997, Bolger resigned as Prime Minister after losing the confidence of his party. Shipley was elected as his replacement unopposed. She inherited an uneasy coalition with New Zealand First, led by Winston Peters. The coalition was dissolved in August 1998, but Shipley was able to remain in power with the aid of Mauri Pacific, an NZ First splinter group. At the 1999 election, her government was defeated by the Labour Party, led by Helen Clark. Shipley continued as Leader of the Opposition until October 2001. Shipley has involved herself with business and charitable interests since leaving politics, and is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders. Early life Born in Gore, New Zealand, Shipley was one of four sisters. After attending Marlborough Girls' College, she qualified in 1971 as a teacher through the Christchurch College of Education and taught in New Zealand primary schools until 1976. In 1973 she married Burton Shipley and settled in Ashburton. Member of Parliament Having joined the National Party in 1975, Shipley successfully stood in Ashburton, a safe National seat in the country areas surrounding Christchurch, in the 1987 election. Entering parliament at age 35, she was one of parliament's youngest members. Cabinet Minister Shipley rose quickly in the National caucus. In February 1990, while still in her first term, party leader Jim Bolger named her the party's spokeswoman on social welfare. When Bolger led the National Party to victory in the 1990 general election, Shipley was reelected in Rakaia, essentially a reconfigured Ashburton. She became Minister of Social Welfare, and also served as Minister for Women's Affairs (1990–1996). In her role as Minister of Social Welfare, Shipley presided over sharp cutbacks to state benefits. Later, when she became Minister of Health in 1993, she caused further controversy by attempting to reform the public health service, introducing an internal market. National won another term at the 1996 election, but was forced into a coalition with New Zealand First. Shipley left the Women's Affairs portfolio and took on several others, including responsibility for state-owned enterprises and transport. In 1993, Shipley was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal. Prime Minister (1997–1999) Shipley grew increasingly frustrated and disillusioned with the cautious pace of National's leader, Jim Bolger, and with what she saw as the disproportionate influence of New Zealand First. She began gathering support to replace Bolger in mid-1997. Later that year, while Bolger attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Shipley convinced a majority of her National Party colleagues to back her bid for the leadership. Bolger returned to New Zealand and discovered that he no longer had the support of his party. Rather than face being voted out, he resigned, and Shipley replaced him. As leader of the governing party, she became Prime Minister on 8 December 1997. On 21 May 1998 Shipley was appointed to the Privy Council and became The Right Honourable Jenny Shipley. Despite continued economic growth, the Shipley government became increasingly politically unstable. In particular, the relationship between National and New Zealand First deteriorated. While Bolger had been able to maintain good relations with New Zealand First and with its leader, Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters, the alliance became strained after Shipley rose to power. Finally, on 14 August 1998, Shipley sacked Peters from Cabinet. Shipley was nicknamed "the perfumed steamroller," when she first became prime minister. During a later interview with Guyon Espiner, Shipley stated that female politicians were labelled differently in the media; she uses the example that male politicians are called bold where female politicians are called vindictive; although she notes that this is an observation, not something that hurts her personally. Shipley's ascension to the leadership marked a shift to the right politically with subtle returns to the neo-liberal policies of the first term of the Bolger government. This was labelled by some commentators (usually critically) as "Jennycide", a portmanteau of "Jenny" and "genocide". Shipley, along with the New Zealand Tourism Board, backed the quasi-national emblem of the silver fern on a black background as a possible alternative flag, along the lines of the Canadian flag, but she took pains to publicly dissociate herself from Bolger's support for republicanism. As the debate continued in 1999, the Princess Royal visited New Zealand, and Shipley stated, "I am an unashamed royal supporter, along with many New Zealanders". However, the debate was muted by the controversy surrounding Tourism Board contracts going to the public-relations firm Saatchi & Saatchi, whose World CEO Kevin Roberts, also an advocate of the silver fern flag, was a good friend of Shipley. The APEC Summit was hosted in Auckland in September 1999. Shipley met with the President of the United States, Bill Clinton, in one of only two state visits to New Zealand by a US President. Shipley was the first Prime Minister to attend the gay and lesbian Hero Parade, being the first National Party leader to seek to make electoral overtures to the gay and lesbian voting public. She advocated lowering the alcohol purchase age from 20 to 18 and achieved this in 1999. This was part of her expressed desire to expand the traditional National Party voting base. Shipley became a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers. Defeat and resignation Shipley led the National Party into the 1999 election, hoping to become the first woman to be elected prime minister in her own right. However, she was defeated by the Labour Party, also led by a woman, Helen Clark. This election was a significant moment in history for New Zealand as it was the first New Zealand election in which the leaders of both major parties were women. Shipley served as the Leader of the Opposition until October 2001, when Bill English took over as National Party leader. She retired from Parliament in January 2002. In the 2003 New Year Honours, Shipley was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services as a Member of Parliament. Health Shipley suffered a heart attack in 2000, leading to an emergency angioplasty procedure. She made modifications to her lifestyle and lost weight, though she was diagnosed with diabetes in 2004. She underwent gastric bypass surgery in late 2007. Life after politics Since leaving politics, Shipley has involved herself with various business and charitable interests. In 2007, she joined the financial services firm Source Sentinel, and in 2009, she was appointed chair of the Genesis Energy Limited board. , she was on the board of the New Zealand branch of the state-owned China Construction Bank. In December 2012, Shipley resigned from the board of directors of Mainzeal Property & Construction (MPCL), which went into receivership on 6 February 2013. At mid-day on 5 February 2013 she was one of four independent directors who resigned from the board of Mainzeal Group Ltd. MPCL and Mainzeal Group Limited are part of the Richina group, controlled and majority owned by Yan Ci Lang (also known as Richard Yan). Mainzeal went into liquidation on 28 February 2013, owing some NZ$110 million. In May 2015, the receiver of Mainzeal, BDO, filed a civil lawsuit against the former Mainzeal directors, including Shipley, for an alleged breach of directors' duties. In February 2019, the High Court of New Zealand found that the Mainzeal directors had breached their duty to avoid reckless trading and assessed their total liability at NZ$36 million, of which Shipley's share was assessed at NZ$6 million. Within a week of the Court delivering its verdict, Shipley resigned from her Chair of the China Construction Bank New Zealand. An appeal against this judgment was filed along with a counter claim brought by the original plaintiffs for a vastly higher award against the Directors. Both appeals failed. In August 2023 New Zealand's Supreme Court upheld the long-contested judgements, determining "“Mainzeal was balance sheet insolvent from 2005, albeit this was not apparent from its financial statements” and ordered the four directors, of whom Shipley was one, to pay $39.8m together with interest, although the liability of Shipley is limited to $6.6m plus interest. Shipley accepted redesignation as a Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit on 14 August 2009, following the reintroduction of titular honours by the Fifth National Government. Also in 2009, Shipley appeared on an episode of the television reality/travel show Intrepid Journeys, where she visited Namibia. She later started a charity to help a school she came across on that trip called the Namibian Educational Trust. Shipley chairs Global Women NZ, and is Patron of the Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre and the New Zealand National Heart Foundation's campaign "Go Red for Women". References External links Prime Minister's Office biography, primeminister.govt.nz; accessed 18 June 2015. Profile, GlobalWomen.org.nz; accessed 18 June 2015. \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- 1952 births 20th-century New Zealand politicians 20th-century women rulers Living people Prime Ministers of New Zealand Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand) New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates New Zealand National Party leaders New Zealand National Party MPs People educated at Marlborough Girls' College People from Ashburton, New Zealand People from Gore, New Zealand Female heads of government in New Zealand Women members of the New Zealand House of Representatives Women opposition leaders Women government ministers of New Zealand Dames Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Recipients of the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993 21st-century New Zealand politicians 21st-century New Zealand women politicians Christchurch College of Education alumni Women prime ministers 20th-century New Zealand women politicians
304397	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%20%28%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%29	სოფია (დროკიის რაიონი)	სოფია (დროკიის რაიონი) სოფია — სოფელი მოლდოვაში, დროკიის რაიონში. მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან 169 მეტრზე. 2004 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 4 823 ადამიანს შეადგენდა. რესურსები ინტერნეტში მოლდოვის მოსახლეობის 2004 წლის აღწერის მონაცემები დროკიის რაიონის სოფლები
107263	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90	საგველა	საგველა — რთული ყვავილედი. მის მთავარ ღერძზე სხვადასხვა სიმაღლეზე ვითარდება გვერდითი ტოტები, რომლებიც თავის მხრივ იტოტებიან და ივითარებენ ისევ ყვავილედ ან პატარა ყვავილედებს (მარცვლოვნები — თავთავებს, რთულყვავილოვნები — კალათებს და სხვა). ლიტერატურა მცენარეთა მორფოლოგია
235490	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%20%28%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%29	ანტასი (ბაია)	ანტასი (ბაია) ანტასი — მუნიციპალიტეტი ბრაზილიაში, ბაიას შტატში, ბრაზილიის ჩრდილოეთ-აღმოსავლეთი რეგიონში. მიეკუთვნება ბაიას შტატის ჩრდილო-აღმოსავლეთ მეზორეგიონს. 2010 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 383.991 ადამიანს შეადგენდა. ფართობი 383.991 კმ²-ია. მოსახლეობის სიმჭიდროვე 44.48 კმ²-ზე. რესურსები ინტერნეტში ბრაზილიის გეოგრაფიისა და სტატისტიკის ინსტიტუტი , მოსახლეობის აღწერის მონაცემები ბაიას შტატის მუნიციპალიტეტები
25551882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiquira	Itiquira	Itiquira is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil. See also List of municipalities in Mato Grosso References Municipalities in Mato Grosso
542823	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%20%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%20%E2%84%961%20%28%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%29	ტრანსცენდენტური ეტიუდი №1 (ლისტი)	ტრანსცენდენტური ეტიუდი №1 (ლისტი) ტრანსცენდენტური ეტიუდი №1 დო მაჟორში „Preludio“ — ფერენც ლისტის ტრანსცენდენტური ეტიუდებიდან რიგით 1-ლი საფორტეპიანო ეტიუდი. საკონცერტო ტემპით ნაწარმოები ერთ წუთზე ნაკლები დროში სრულდება. ნაწარმოები იწყება დოს ოქტავებით, რასაც მოჰყვება დო7-ის არპეჯიოსგან შემდგარი კლებადი გამები. მკვეთრი ნოტებით ტონალობა ნელ-ნელა იზრდება, რის შემდეგაც დოს ოქტავების კლებადი გამა ბრუნდება. მძვინვარე ნოტები იზრდება უფრო და უფრო ხმამაღალ გამებში დინამიკით. ამის შემდეგ მარცხენა ხელი უკრავს მაღალ, დაბალი ტონალობის ტრელს. შემდეგ მარჯვენა ხელი უკრავს ინტენსიურ არპეჯიოს, საბოლოოდ კი ნაწარმოები სრულდება დამხურავი გამით. ეს ეტიუდი, ისევე, როგორც ტრანსცენდენტური ეტიუდი №3 („Paysage“), სიმარტივით გამოირჩევა. რესურსები ინტერნეტში სქოლიო ტრანსცენდენტური 01 1852 წლის ნაწარმოებები ნაწარმოებები დო მაჟორში
350089	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98	სტრიმბენი	სტრიმბენი — სოფელი მოლდოვაში, ჰინჩეშტის რაიონში. მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან 62 მეტრზე. 2004 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 282 ადამიანს შეადგენდა. იხილეთ აგრეთვე მოლდოვის ადმინისტრაციული დაყოფა ჰინჩეშტის რაიონი რესურსები ინტერნეტში მოლდოვის მოსახლეობის 2004 წლის აღწერის მონაცემები ჰინჩეშტის რაიონის სოფლები
571809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu	Sadhu	Sadhu (IAST: (male), sādhvī or sādhvīne (female)), also spelled saddhu, is a religious ascetic, mendicant or any holy person in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism who has renounced the worldly life. They are sometimes alternatively referred to as yogi, sannyasi or vairagi. Sādhu means one who practises a 'sadhana' or keenly follows a path of spiritual discipline. Although the vast majority of sādhus are yogīs, not all yogīs are sādhus. A sādhu's life is solely dedicated to achieving mokṣa (liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth), the fourth and final aśrama (stage of life), through meditation and contemplation of Brahman. Sādhus often wear simple clothing, such as saffron-coloured clothing in Hinduism and white or nothing in Jainism, symbolising their sannyāsa (renunciation of worldly possessions). A female mendicant in Hinduism and Jainism is often called a sadhvi, or in some texts as aryika. Etymology The term sadhu (Sanskrit: साधु) appears in Rigveda and Atharvaveda where it means "straight, right, leading straight to goal", according to Monier Monier-Williams. In the Brahmanas layer of Vedic literature, the term connotes someone who is "well disposed, kind, willing, effective or efficient, peaceful, secure, good, virtuous, honourable, righteous, noble" depending on the context. In the Hindu Epics, the term implies someone who is a "saint, sage, seer, holy man, virtuous, chaste, honest or right". The Sanskrit terms sādhu ("good man") and sādhvī ("good woman") refer to renouncers who have chosen to live lives apart from or on the edges of society to focus on their own spiritual practices. The words come from the root sādh, which means "reach one's goal", "make straight", or "gain power over". The same root is used in the word sādhanā, which means "spiritual practice". It literally means one who practises a ″sadhana″ or a path of spiritual discipline. Demographics and lifestyle Unlike skilled workers and professionals, there is no certification for sadhus. So, it is very difficult to determine the exact number of sadhus. According to various assumptions, there are 4 to 5 million sadhus in India today. Sadhus are widely respected for their holiness. It is also thought that the austere practices of the sadhus help to burn off their karma and that of the community at large. Thus seen as benefiting society, sadhus are supported by donations from many people. However, reverence of sadhus is by no means universal in India. For example, Nath yogi sadhus have been viewed with a certain degree of suspicion particularly amongst the urban populations of India, but they have been revered and are popular in rural India. There are naked (digambara, or "sky-clad") sadhus who wear their hair in thick dreadlocks called jata. Sadhus engage in a wide variety of religious practices. Some practice asceticism and solitary meditation, while others prefer group praying, chanting or meditating. They typically live a simple lifestyle, and have very few or no possessions. Many sadhus have rules for alms collection, and do not visit the same place twice on different days to avoid bothering the residents. They generally walk or travel over distant places, homeless, visiting temples and pilgrimage centers as a part of their spiritual practice. Celibacy is common, but some sects experiment with consensual tantric sex as a part of their practice. Sex is viewed by them as a transcendence from a personal, intimate act to something impersonal and ascetic. Sadhu sects Hinduism Shaiva sadhus are renunciants devoted to Shiva, and Vaishnava sadhus are renouncers devoted to Vishnu (or his avatar like Rama or Krishna). The Vaishnava sadhus are sometimes referred to as vairagis. Less numerous are Shakta sadhus, who are devoted to Shakti. Within these general divisions are numerous sects and sub-sects, reflecting different lineages and philosophical schools and traditions often referred to as "sampradayas". Each sampradaya has several "orders" called parampara based on the lineage of the founder of the order. Each sampradaya and parampara may have several monastic and martial akharas. Within the Shaiva sadhus are many subgroups. Most Shaiva sadhus wear a Tripundra mark on their forehead, dress in saffron, red or orange color clothes, and live a monastic life. Some sadhus such as the Aghori share the practices of ancient Kapalikas, where they beg with a skull, smeared their body with ashes from the cremation ground, and experiment with substances or practices that are generally abhorred by society. Among the Shaiva sadhus, the Dashanami Sampradaya belong to the Smarta Tradition. They are said to have been formed by the philosopher and renunciant Adi Shankara, believed to have lived in the 8th century CE, though the full history of the sect's formation is not clear. Among them are the Naga subgroups, naked sadhu known for carrying weapons like tridents, swords, canes, and spears. Said to have once functioned as an armed order to protect Hindus from the Mughal rulers, they were involved in a number of military defence campaigns. Generally in the ambit of non-violence at present, some sections are known to practice wrestling and martial arts. Their retreats are still called chhaavni or armed camps (akhara), and mock duels are still sometimes held between them. Female sadhus (sadhvis) exist in many sects. In many cases, the women that take to the life of renunciation are widows, and these types of sadhvis often live secluded lives in ascetic compounds. Sadhvis are sometimes regarded by some as manifestations or forms of the Goddess, or Devi, and are honoured as such. There have been a number of charismatic sadhvis that have risen to fame as religious teachers in contemporary India, e.g. Anandamayi Ma, Sarada Devi, Mata Amritanandamayi, and Karunamayi. Jainism The Jain community is traditionally discussed in its texts with four terms: sadhu (monks), sadhvi or aryika (nuns), sravaka (laymen householders) and sravika (laywomen householders). As in Hinduism and Buddhism, the Jain householders support the monastic community. The sadhus and sadhvis are intertwined with the Jain lay society, perform murtipuja (Jina idol worship) and lead festive rituals, and they are organized in a strongly hierarchical monastic structure. There are differences between the Digambara and Svetambara sadhus and sadhvi traditions. The Digambara sadhus own no clothes as a part of their interpretation of Five vows, and they live their ascetic austere lives in nakedness. The Digambara sadhvis wear white clothes. The Svetambara sadhus and sadhvis both wear white clothes. According to a 2009 publication by Harvey J. Sindima, Jain monastic community had 6,000 sadhvis of which less than 100 belong to the Digambara tradition and rest to Svetambara. Becoming a sadhu The processes and rituals of becoming a sadhu vary with sect; in almost all sects, a sadhu is initiated by a guru, who bestows upon the initiate a new name, as well as a mantra (or sacred sound or phrase), which is generally known only to the sadhu and the guru and may be repeated by the initiate as part of meditative practice. Becoming a sadhu is a path followed by millions. It is supposed to be the fourth phase in a Hindu's life, after studies, being a father and a pilgrim, but for most it is not a practical option. For a person to become sadhu needs vairagya. Vairagya means desire to achieve something by leaving the world (cutting familial, societal and earthly attachments). A person who wants to become sadhu must first seek a guru. There, he or she must perform guruseva which means service. The guru decides whether the person is eligible to take sannyasa by observing the sisya (the person who wants to become a sadhu or sanyasi). If the person is eligible, guru upadesa (which means teachings) is done. Only then, the person transforms into sanyasi or sadhu. There are different types of sanyasis in India who follow different sampradya. But, all sadhus have a common goal: attaining moksha (liberation). Festive gatherings Kumbh Mela, a mass-gathering of sadhus from all parts of India, takes place every three years at one of four points along sacred rivers in India, including the holy river Ganges. In 2007 it was held in Nasik, Maharashtra. Peter Owen-Jones filmed one episode of "Extreme Pilgrim" there during this event. It took place again in Haridwar in 2010. Sadhus of all sects join in this reunion. Millions of non-sadhu pilgrims also attend the festivals, and the Kumbh Mela is the largest gathering of human beings for a single religious purpose on the planet. The Kumbh Mela of 2013 started on 14 January of that year at Allahabad. At the festival, sadhus appear in large numbers, including those "completely naked with ash-smeared bodies, [who] sprint into the chilly waters for a dip at the crack of dawn". Gallery See also Types Aghori Godman Nath Shramana Lineage Guru–shishya tradition Parampara Sampradaya Lifestyle Akhara Chillum Kaupinam Kacchera Langota Notes References Further reading Indian Sadhus, by Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, L. N. Chapekar. Published by Popular Prakashan, 1964. Sadhus of India: The Sociological View, by Bansi Dhar Tripathi. Published by Popular Prakashan, 1978. The Sadhu: A Study in Mysticism and Practical Religion, by Burnett Hillman Streeter, Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy. Published by Mittal, 1987. . The Way of the Vaishnava Sages: A Medieval Story of South Indian Sadhus : Based on the Sanskrit Notes of Vishnu-Vijay Swami, by N. S. Narasimha, Rāmānanda, Vishnu-Vijay. Published by University Press of America, 1987. . Sadhus: The Holy Men of India, by Rajesh Bedi. Published by Entourage Pub, 1993. . Sadhus: Holy Men of India, by Dolf Hartsuiker. Published by Thames & Hudson, 1993. . The Sadhus and Indian Civilisation, by Vijay Prakash Sharma. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1998. . Women in Ochre Robes: Gendering Hindu Renunciation, by Meena Khandelwal. Published by State University of New York Press, 2003. . Wandering with Sadhus: Ascetics in the Hindu Himalayas, Sondra L. Hausner, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2007. Naked in Ashes, Paradise Filmworks International – Documentary on Naga Sadhus of Northern India. External links Sadhus and Yogis of India "Sadhus from India"—Extract from The Last Free Men by José Manuel Novoa "Interview of a Sadhu Living Inside a Cave in the Himalayas"—Episode from Ganga Ma: A Pilgrimage to the Source by Pepe Ozan and Melitta Tchaicovsky Beggars Moksha Hindu prayer and meditation Jain practices Titles and occupations in Hinduism
17028	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95.%20%E1%83%AC.%2079	ძვ. წ. 79	ძვ. წ. 79 \|ძვ. წ. 84 \|ძვ. წ. 83 \| ძვ. წ. 82 \| ძვ. წ. 81 \| ძვ. წ. 80 \| ძვ.წ. 79 \| ძვ. წ. 78 \| ძვ. წ. 77 \| ძვ. წ. 76 \| ძვ. წ. 75 \| ძვ. წ. 74 მოვლენები სულა დიქტატორის პოსტიდან გადადგა დაარსდა ქალაქი ჟირონა დაიბადნენ გარდაიცვალნენ
340115	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%20%28%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%29	ტოლედუ (მინას-ჟერაისი)	ტოლედუ (მინას-ჟერაისი) ტოლედუ — მუნიციპალიტეტი ბრაზილიაში, მინას-ჟერაისის შტატში; მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან 1128 მეტრზე. მიეკუთვნება მინას-ჟერაისის შტატის სამხრეთ და სამხრეთ-დასავლეთ მეზორეგიონს. შედის ეკონომიკურ-სტატისტიკურ მიკრორეგიონ პოზუ-ალეგრის შემადგენლობაში. 2010 წლის მონაცემებით, მოსახლეობა 5 764 ადამიანს შეადგენდა, მოსახლეობის სიმჭიდროვე 42.14 კმ²-ზე. ფართობი 136 776 კმ²-ია. იხილეთ აგრეთვე მინას-ჟერაისი ბრაზილიის შტატები რესურსები ინტერნეტში ბრაზილიის სტატისტიკის ეროვნული ინსტიტუტი, 2010 წლის აღწერის მონაცემები მინას-ჟერაისის შტატის მუნიციპალიტეტები
233467	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Public%20Library	New York Public Library	New York Public Library The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States (behind the Library of Congress) and the fourth largest in the world. It is a private, non-governmental, independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing. The library has branches in the boroughs of the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island and affiliations with academic and professional libraries in the New York metropolitan area. The city's other two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are not served by the New York Public Library system, but rather by their respective borough library systems: the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Public Library. The branch libraries are open to the general public and consist of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four research libraries, which are also open to the general public. The library, officially chartered as The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, was developed in the 19th century, founded from an amalgamation of grass-roots libraries and social libraries of bibliophiles and the wealthy, aided by the philanthropy of the wealthiest Americans of their age. The "New York Public Library" name may also refer to its Main Branch, which is easily recognizable by its lion statues named Patience and Fortitude that sit either side of the entrance. The branch was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, and designated a New York City Landmark in 1967. History Founding At the behest of Joseph Cogswell, John Jacob Astor placed a codicil in his will to bequeath $400,000 (equivalent of $ million in ) for the creation of a public library. After Astor's death in 1848, the resulting board of trustees executed the will's conditions and constructed the Astor Library in 1854 in the East Village. The library created was a free reference library; its books were not permitted to circulate. By 1872, the Astor Library was described in a New York Times editorial as a "major reference and research resource", but, "Popular it certainly is not, and, so greatly is it lacking in the essentials of a public library, that its stores might almost as well be under lock and key, for any access the masses of the people can get thereto". An act of the New York State Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870. The library was built on Fifth Avenue, between 70th and 71st Streets, in 1877. Bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a vast collection of his Americana, art works, manuscripts, and rare books, including the first Gutenberg Bible in the New World. At its inception, the library charged admission and did not permit physical access to any literary items. Former Governor of New York and presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden believed that a library with citywide reach was required, and upon his death in 1886, he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune—about (equivalent of $ million in )—to "establish and maintain a free library and reading room in the city of New York". This money would sit untouched in a trust for several years, until John Bigelow, a New York attorney, and Andrew Haswell Green, both trustees of the Tilden fortune, came up with an idea to merge two of the city's largest libraries. Both the Astor and Lenox libraries were struggling financially. Although New York City already had numerous libraries in the 19th century, almost all of them were privately funded and many charged admission or usage fees (a notable exception was Cooper Union, which opened its free reading room to the public in 1859). Bigelow, the most prominent supporter of the plan to merge the two libraries found support in Lewis Cass Ledyard, a member of the Tilden Board, as well as John Cadwalader, on the Astor board. Eventually, John Stewart Kennedy, president of the Lenox board came to support the plan as well. On May 23, 1895, Bigelow, Cadwalader, and George L. Rives agreed to create "The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations". The plan was hailed as an example of private philanthropy for the public good. On December 11, John Shaw Billings was named as the library's first director. The newly established library consolidated with the grass-roots New York Free Circulating Library in February 1901. In March, Andrew Carnegie tentatively agreed to donate (equivalent of $ million in ) to construct sixty-five branch libraries in the city, with the requirement that they be operated and maintained by the City of New York. The Brooklyn and Queens public library systems, which predated the consolidation of New York City, eschewed the grants offered to them and did not join the NYPL system; they believed that they would not get treatment equal to the Manhattan and the Bronx counterparts. Later in 1901, Carnegie formally signed a contract with the City of New York to transfer his donation to the city in order to enable it to justify purchasing the land for building the branch libraries. The NYPL Board of trustees hired consultants for the planning, and accepted their recommendation that a limited number of architectural firms be hired to build the Carnegie libraries: this would ensure uniformity of appearance and minimize cost. The trustees hired McKim, Mead & White, Carrère and Hastings, and Walter Cook to design all the branch libraries. Collection development The notable New York author Washington Irving was a close friend of Astor for decades and had helped the philanthropist design the Astor Library. Irving served as President of the library's Board of Trustees from 1848 until his death in 1859, shaping the library's collecting policies with his strong sensibility regarding European intellectual life. Subsequently, the library hired nationally prominent experts to guide its collections policies; they reported directly to directors John Shaw Billings (who also developed the National Library of Medicine), Edwin H. Anderson, Harry M. Lydenberg, Franklin F. Hopper, Ralph A. Beals, and Edward Freehafer (1954–1970). They emphasized expertise, objectivity, and a very broad worldwide range of knowledge in acquiring, preserving, organizing, and making available to the general population nearly 12 million books and 26.5 million additional items. The directors in turn reported to an elite board of trustees, chiefly elderly, well-educated, philanthropic, predominantly Protestant, upper-class white men with commanding positions in American society. They saw their role as protecting the library's autonomy from politicians as well as bestowing upon it status, resources, and prudent care. Representative of many major board decisions was the purchase in 1931 of the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (1847–1909), uncle of the last tsar. This was one of the largest acquisitions of Russian books and photographic materials; at the time, the Soviet government had a policy of selling its cultural collections abroad for gold. Related collections include a significant number of important works by Russian photographers, as well as photographs relating to the House of Romanov and early Russia expert George Kennan (explorer). The military drew extensively from the library's map and book collections in the world wars, including hiring its staff. For example, the Map Division's chief Walter Ristow was appointed as head of the geography section of the War Department's New York Office of Military Intelligence from 1942 to 1945. Ristow and his staff discovered, copied, and loaned thousands of strategic, rare or unique maps to war agencies in need of information not available through other sources. Research libraries Main branch building The organizers of the New York Public Library, wanting an imposing main branch, chose a central site along Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42nd Streets, on top of the Croton Reservoir. John Shaw Billings, the first director of the library, created an initial design that became the basis of the new building containing a huge reading room on top of seven floors of book stacks, combined with a system that was designed to get books into the hands of library users as fast as possible. The architectural firm Carrère and Hastings constructed the structure in the Beaux-Arts style, and the structure opened on May 23, 1911. It was the largest marble structure up to that time in the United States. The two stone lions guarding the entrance were sculpted by E.C. Potter and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. Its main reading room was contemporaneously the largest of its kind in the world at wide by long, with ceilings. An expansion in the 1970s and 1980s added storage space under Bryant Park, directly west of the library. The structure was given a major restoration from 2007 to 2011, underwritten by a $100 million gift from philanthropist Stephen A. Schwarzman, for whom the branch was subsequently renamed. Today, the branch's main reading room is equipped with computers with access to library collections and the Internet as well as docking facilities for laptops. A Fellows program makes reserved rooms available for writers and scholars, selected annually, and many have accomplished important research and writing at the library. The Main Branch also contains several historic designations. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, and designated a New York City designated landmark in 1967. Astor Hall, first-to-third-floor stairs, and McGraw Rotunda were designated as interior landmarks in 1974. and the Rose Main Reading Room and Public Catalog Room were separately made New York City designated landmarks in 2017. Other research branches In the 1990s, the New York Public Library decided to relocate that portion of the research collection devoted to science, technology, and business to a new location. The library purchased and adapted the former B. Altman & Company Building on 34th Street. In 1995, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, the Science, Industry and Business Library (SIBL), designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates of Manhattan, opened to the public. Upon the creation of the SIBL, the central research library on 42nd Street was renamed the Humanities and Social Sciences Library. Today there are four research libraries that comprise the NYPL's research library system; together they hold approximately 44 million items. Total item holdings, including the collections of the Branch Libraries, are . The Humanities and Social Sciences Library on 42nd Street is still the heart of the NYPL's research library system. The SIBL, with approximately volumes and 60,000 periodicals, is the nation's largest public library devoted solely to science and business. The NYPL's two other research libraries are the Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture, located at 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, located at Lincoln Center. In addition to their reference collections, the Library for the Performing Arts and the SIBL also have circulating components that are administered as ordinary branch libraries. Recent history The New York Public Library was not created by government statute. From its earliest days, the library was formed from a partnership of city government with private philanthropy. As of 2010, the research libraries in the system are largely funded with private money, and the branch or circulating libraries are financed primarily with city government funds. Until 2009, the research and branch libraries operated almost entirely as separate systems, but that year various operations were merged. By early 2010, the NYPL staff had been reduced by about 16 percent, in part through the consolidations. In 2010, as part of the consolidation program, the NYPL moved various back-office operations to a new Library Services Center building in Long Island City. A former warehouse was renovated for this purpose for . In the basement, a new, book sorter uses bar codes on library items to sort them for delivery to 132 branch libraries. At two-thirds the length of a football field, the machine is the largest of its kind in the world, according to library officials. Books located in one branch and requested from another go through the sorter, which use has cut the previous waiting time by at least a day. Together with 14 library employees, the machine can sort 7,500 items an hour (or 125 a minute). On the first floor of the Library Services Center is an ordering and cataloging office; on the second, the digital imaging department (formerly at the Main Branch building) and the manuscripts and archives division, where the air is kept cooler; on the third, the Barbara Goldsmith Preservation Division, with a staff of 10 (as of 2010) but designed for as many as 30 employees. The NYPL maintains a force of NYC special patrolmen, who provide security and protection to various libraries, and NYPL special investigators, who oversee security operations at the library facilities. These officials have on-duty arrest authority granted by the New York Penal Law. Some library branches contract for security guards. To celebrate its 125th anniversary, the NYPL calculated a list of its most checked out books. Topping the list was Ezra Jack Keats' The Snowy Day, with The Cat in the Hat and Nineteen Eighty-Four rounding out the top three. As of October 5, 2021, the NYPL no longer charges late fees. Existing debts have since been cleared from the records of all NYPL patrons. BookOps In February 2013, the New York and Brooklyn public libraries announced that they would merge their technical services departments. The new department is called BookOps. The proposed merger anticipates a savings of $2 million for the Brooklyn Public Library and $1.5 million for the New York Public Library. Although not currently part of the merger, it is expected that the Queens Public Library will eventually share some resources with the other city libraries. As of 2011, circulation in the New York Public Library systems and Brooklyn Public Library systems has increased by 59%. Located in Long Island City, BookOps was created as a way to save money while improving patrons service. The services of BookOps include the Selection Team which "acquires, describes, prepares, and delivers new items for the circulating collections of Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) and New York Public Library, and for the general collections of NYPL's research libraries." Under the Selection Team are the Acquisitions Department, the Cataloging Department, The Collections Processing Unit, and the Logistics Department. Before this facility opened, all the aforementioned departments were housed in different locations with no accountability between them, and items sometimes taking up to two weeks to reach their intended destination. BookOps now has all departments in one building and in 2015 sorted almost eight million items. The building has numerous rooms, including a room dedicated to caring for damaged books. Controversies The consolidations and changes in collections have promoted continuing debate and controversy since 2004 when David Ferriero was named the Andrew W. Mellon Director and Chief Executive of the Research Libraries. NYPL had engaged consultants Booz Allen Hamilton to survey the institution, and Ferriero endorsed the survey's report as a big step "in the process of reinventing the library". The consolidation program has resulted in the elimination of subjects such as the Asian and Middle East Division (formerly named Oriental Division), as well as the Slavic and Baltic Division. A number of innovations in recent years have been criticized. In 2004 NYPL announced participation in the Google Books Library Project. By agreement between Google and major international libraries, selected collections of public domain books would be scanned in their entirety and made available online for free to the public. The negotiations between the two partners called for each to project guesses about ways that libraries are likely to expand in the future. According to the terms of the agreement, the data cannot be crawled or harvested by any other search engine; no downloading or redistribution is allowed. The partners and a wider community of research libraries can share the content. The sale of the separately endowed former Donnell Library in midtown provoked controversy. The elimination of Donnell was a result of the dissolution of children's, young adult and foreign language collections. The Donnell Media Center was also dismantled, the bulk of its collection relocated at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts as the Reserve Film and Video Collection, with parts of its collection redistributed. The site was redeveloped for a luxury hotel. Several veteran librarians have retired, and the number of age-level specialists in the boroughs have been cut back. Branch libraries The New York Public Library system maintains commitment as a public lending library through its branch libraries in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island, including the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library (formerly: Mid-Manhattan Library), the Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library, the circulating collections of the Science, Industry and Business Library, and the circulating collections of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. The branch libraries comprise the third-largest library in the United States. These circulating libraries offer a wide range of collections, programs, and services, including the renowned Picture Collection at Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library and the Media Center, redistributed from Donnell. The system has 40 libraries in Manhattan, 35 in the Bronx, and 14 in Staten Island. The newest is the Charleston Library, which opened on March 16, 2022. As of 2022, the New York Public Library consisted of 4 research centers and 89 neighborhood branch libraries in the three boroughs served. All libraries in the NYPL system may be used free of charge by all visitors. , the research collections contain 46.8 million items (books, videotapes, maps, etc.), while the branch libraries contain 9.9 million items. Together the collections total nearly items, a number surpassed only by the Library of Congress and the British Library. Services ASK NYPL Telephone Reference, known as ASK NYPL, answers 100,000 questions per year, by phone and online, as well as in The New York Times. Website and digital holdings The Library website provides access to the library's catalogs, online collections and subscription databases. It also has information about the library's free events, exhibitions, computer classes and English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. The two online catalogs, LEO (which searches the circulating collections) and CATNYP (which searches the research collections) allow users to search the library's holdings of books, journals and other materials. The LEO system allows cardholders to request books from any branch and have them delivered to any branch. The NYPL gives cardholders free access from home to thousands of current and historical magazines, newspapers, journals and reference books in subscription databases, including EBSCOhost, which contains full text of major magazines; full text of the New York Times (1995–present), Gale's Ready Reference Shelf which includes the Encyclopedia of Associations and periodical indexes, Books in Print; and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory. The New York Public Library also links to outside resources, such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook, and the CIA's World Factbook. Databases are available for children, teenagers, and adults of all ages. The NYPL Digital Collections (formerly named Digital Gallery) is a database of over 900,000 images digitized from the library's collections. The Digital Collections was named one of Time Magazines 50 Coolest Websites of 2005 and Best Research Site of 2006 by an international panel of museum professionals. The Photographers' Identities Catalog (PIC) is an experimental online service of the Photography Collection in the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building. Other databases available only from within the library include Nature, IEEE and Wiley science journals, Wall Street Journal archives, and Factiva. Overall, the digital holdings for the Library consist of more than a petabyte of data as of 2015. One NYPL In 2006, the library adopted a new strategy that merged branch and research libraries into "One NYPL". The organizational change developed a unified online catalog for all the collections, and one card to that could be used at both branch and research libraries. The 2009 website and online-catalog transition had some initial difficulties, but ultimately the catalogues were integrated. Community Oral History Project NYPL's Community Oral History Project shares New York City's neighborhoods and diverse people by documenting history through collected stories. The Oral History Project include's people living in Greenwich Village, Harlem, Washington Heights and Inwood, Times Square, Hell's Kitchen, Soho, Lower East Side, Chinatown, and Kips Bay as well as Transgender, Latino Americans, Veterans, and Disability Experience. Community outreach The New York Public Library offers many services to its patrons. Some of these services include services for immigrants. New York City is known for having a welcoming environment when its comes to people of diverse backgrounds. The library offers free work and life skills classes. These are offered in conjunction with volunteers and partnerships at the library. In addition, the library offers non-English speakers materials and coaching for them to acclimate to the U.S. For these non-English speakers, the library offers free ESOL classes. An initiative was taken in July 2018, NYC library card holders are allowed to visit Whitney Museum, the Guggenheim and 31 other prominent New York cultural institutions for free. Temporary programs In June 2017, Subway Library was announced. It was an initiative between the New York Public Library, Brooklyn Public Library, Queens Public Library, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and Transit Wireless. The Subway Library gave New York City Subway riders access to e-books, excerpts, and short stories. Subway Library has since ended, but riders can still download free e-books via the SimplyE app or by visiting SimplyE.net. Governance The NYPL, like all public libraries in New York, is granted a charter from the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York and is registered with the New York State Education Department. The basic powers and duties of all library boards of trustees are defined in the Education Law and are subject to Part 90 of Title 8 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. The NYPL's charter, as restated and granted in 1975, gives the name of the corporation as The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. The library is governed by a board of trustees, composed of between 25–42 trustees of several classes who collectively choose their own successors, including ex officio the New York City Mayor, New York City Council Speaker and New York City Comptroller. Other New York City library systems The New York Public Library is one of three separate and independent public library systems in New York City. The other two library systems are the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Public Library. According to the 2006 Mayor's Management Report, New York City's three public library systems had a total library circulation of 35 million: the NYPL and BPL (with 143 branches combined) had a circulation of , and the Queens system had a circulation of through its 62 branch libraries. Altogether the three library systems hosted visitors in 2006. Taken as a whole, the three library systems in the city have 209 branches with 63 million items in their collections. Other libraries in New York City, some of which can be used by the public, are listed in the Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers. Cultural impact The historian David McCullough has described the New York Public Library as one of the five most important libraries in the United States; the others are the Library of Congress, the Boston Public Library, and the university libraries of Harvard and Yale. The New York Public Library was a founding member of the Research Libraries Group, alongside Columbia, Harvard, and Yale Libraries. Along with Harvard, Columbia, and Princeton, it is a member of the Research Collections and Preservation Consortium (ReCAP), and shares an off-site shelving facility in Plainsboro, New Jersey with the three. In popular culture The New York Public Library has been referenced numerous times in popular culture. The library has appeared as a setting and topic multiple times in film, poetry, television, and music. See also Education in New York City Google Books Library Project List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City Benjamin Miller Collection, collection of posted stamps Ira D. Wallach, namesake of the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs The New York Public Library Desk Reference List of New York Public Library branches List of presidents of the New York Public Library New York Public Library in popular culture References Notes Bibliography Chapman, Carleton B. Order out of Chaos: John Shaw Billings and America's Coming of Age (1994) Dain, Phyllis. The New York Public Library: A History of Its Founding and Early Years (1973) Dain, Phyllis. “Harry M. Lydenberg and American Library Resources: A Study in Modern Library Leadership.” The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy 47, no. 4 (1977): 451–69. Davis, Donald G. Jr and Tucker, John Mark (1989). American Library History: a comprehensive guide to the literature. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc. Glynn, Tom, Reading Publics: New York City's Public Libraries, 1754–1911 (Fordham University Press, 2015). xii, 447 pp. Harris, Michael H. and Davis, Donald G. Jr. (1978). American Library History: a bibliography. Austin: University of Texas Myers, Andrew B. The Worlds of Washington Irving: 1783–1859 (1974) Reed, Henry Hope. The New York Public Library: Its Architecture and Decoration (1986) Sherman, Scott (2015). Patience and fortitude : power, real estate, and the fight to save a public library, Brooklyn; London : Melville House, Further reading External links Teachinghistory.org review of NYPL website American Shores 1895 establishments in New York City Astor family Carnegie libraries in New York City County library systems in New York (state) Libraries established in 1895 Libraries in Manhattan Midtown Manhattan Museums in Manhattan Public libraries in New York City
531485	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90	იერუსალიმის პრემია	იერუსალიმის პრემია საზოგადოებაში ინდივიდის თავისუფლებისთვის — ლიტერატურული ჯილდო. მისი მფლობელები ხდებიან მწერლები, რომლებიც თავიანთ შემოქმედებაში მხარს უჭერენ ინდივიდის თავისუფლებას. პრემია იერუსალიმის საერთაშორისო წიგნის ფორუმზე გაიცემა. საპრიზო ფონდი 10, 000 დოლარს შეადგენს. პრემია 1963 წლიდან ყოველ მეორე წელს გაიცემა. მისი პირველი ლაურეატი გახდა ბერტრან რასელი, რომელმაც 1950 წელს ნობელის პრემია მიიღო. აგრეთვე ერთდროულად ეირუსალიმისა და ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები არიან ოქტავიო პასი, ვიდიადჰარ ნაიპოლი, ჯონ მაქსველ კუტზეე და მარიო ვარგას ლიოსა. ლაურეატების სია რესურსები ინტერნეტში Jerusalem Prize — იერუსალიმის საერთაშორისო წიგნის ფორუმი სქოლიო ლიტერატურული ჯილდოები
514156	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%20%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90	ბუკაიო საკა	ბუკაიო საკა (დ. 5 სექტემბერი, 2001) — ინგლისელი ფეხბურთელი. ინგლისის პრემიერ ლიგის „არსენალისა“ და ინგლისის ეროვნული საფეხბურთო ნაკრების წევრი. საკას მთელი კარიერა "არსენალში" აქვს გატარებული, სადაც მან მოიგო ინგლისის ასოციაციის თასი და ინგლისის სუპერთასი ორჯერ. 2020-21 და 2021-22 წლების სეზონებში ის დასახელდა "არსენალის" საუკეთესო ფეხბურთელად. მას ინგლისის 17, 17, 18, 19 და 21-წლამდე ნაკრებებში უთამაშია, 2020 წლის ოქტომბერში კი ეროვნულ ნაკრებში დებიუტი შედგა. იყო ნაკრების წევრი 2021 წელს გამართულ ევროპის ჩემპიონატზე და 2022 წელს გამართულ მსოფლიო ჩემპიონატზე. მიღწევები სანაკრებო ინგლისი: ევროპის ჩემპიონატი: ფინალისტი: 2020 რესურსები ინტერნეტში დაბადებული 5 სექტემბერი დაბადებული 2001 ინგლისელი ფეხბურთელები ლონდონის არსენაის ფეხბურთელები 2020 წლის ევროპის საფეხბურთო ჩემპიონატის ფეხბურთელები
456942	https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%20%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98	ზინობიანის მეორე სამაროვანი	ზინობიანის მეორე სამაროვანი — არქეოლოგიური ძეგლი ყვარლის მუნიციპალიტეტის სოფელ ზინობიანის განაპირას, ჩრდილო-დასავლეთით, მუხნარად წოდებულ ადგილზე. თარიღდება ადრინდელი შუა საუკუნეებით. ძეგლს 1978 მიაკვლია არქეოლოგიური კვლევის ცენტრის არქოლოგიის ძეგლთა ნუსხის განყოფილების ექსპედიციამ (ხელმძღვანელი გ. ცქიტიშვილი). სამაროვანი წარმოდგენილი იყო ქვაყუთების სახით. ლიტერატურა ყვარლის მუნიციპალიტეტის არქეოლოგიური ძეგლები

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