SIRIS-Lab/scilake-neuro · Datasets at Hugging Face

fc97138a-760a-4915-b1d9-ad11fb86b345

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698926

2025-05-27T14:00:34.009564

b124731c-d4e6-4e5c-bb19-986af26944a4

Recent behavioral data have shown that lifelong bilingualism can maintain youthful cognitive control abilities in aging. Here, we provide the first direct evidence of a neural basis for the bilingual cognitive control boost in aging. Two experiments were conducted, using a perceptual task-switching paradigm, including a total of 110 participants. In Experiment 1, older adult bilinguals showed better perceptual switching performance than their monolingual peers. In Experiment 2, younger and older adult monolinguals and bilinguals completed the same perceptual task-switching experiment while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed. Typical age-related performance reductions and fMRI activation increases were observed. However, like younger adults, bilingual older adults outperformed their monolingual peers while displaying decreased activation in left lateral frontal cortex and cingulate cortex. Critically, this attenuation of age-related over-recruitment associated with bilingualism was directly correlated with better task-switching performance. In addition, the lower blood oxygenation level-dependent response in frontal regions accounted for 82% of the variance in the bilingual task-switching reaction time advantage. These results suggest that lifelong bilingualism offsets age-related declines in the neural efficiency for cognitive control processes.

<li> functional magnetic resonance imaging: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> left lateral frontal cortex: lateralOrbitalFrontalCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> cingulate cortex: cingulateCortex (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "frontal cortex: frontalCortex (UBERONParcellation)\r\n\r\n" ]

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null

b45fd355-f5ce-42d3-a506-d4ead29c5f06

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698938

2025-05-27T14:00:37.502986

c57162d2-9166-4067-9725-bb04a8b9a125

Participants completed the same perceptual task-switching paradigm described above during fMRI acquisition.The experiment was backprojected onto a screen placed outside the magnet and viewed by the subjects through a mirror attached to the head coil.Behavioral analyses were similar to those for Experiment 1.However, to control for general age-related slowing, RT switch costs were analyzed using proportional scaling ([switch RT Ϫ nonswitch RT]/nonswitch RT ϫ 100).

<li> fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)

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[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

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[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

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[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 94, "label": "technique", "start": 90 } ]

null

3e48c506-4bce-4171-9f5f-26a4edad858d

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698945

2025-05-27T14:00:37.601485

a86c1718-9380-4146-9c61-ff6084c9020a

AbstractLongitudinal developmental fMRI studies just recently began to focus on within-subject reliability using the intraclass coefficient (ICC). It remains largely unclear which degree of reliability can be achieved in developmental studies and whether this depends on the type of task used. Therefore, we aimed to systematically investigate the reliability of three well-classified tasks: an emotional attention, a cognitive control, and an intertemporal choice paradigm. We hypothesized to find higher reliability in the cognitive task than in the emotional or reward-related task. 104 healthy mid-adolescents were scanned at age 14 and again at age 16 within M = 1.8 years using the same paradigms, scanner, and scanning protocols. Overall, we found both variability and stability (i.e. poor to excellent ICCs) depending largely on the region of interest (ROI) and task. Contrary to our hypothesis, whole brain reliability was fair for the cognitive control task but good for the emotional attention and intertemporal choice task. Subcortical ROIs (ventral striatum, amygdala) resulted in lower ICCs than visual ROIs. Current results add to the yet sparse overall ICC literature in both developing samples and adults. This study shows that analyses of stability, i.e. reliability, are helpful benchmarks for longitudinal studies and their implications for adolescent development.

<li> fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> ventral striatum: ventralStriatum (UBERONParcellation)<li> amygdala: amygdala (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "Correct" ]

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[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "\n\r\n" ]

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[ "submitted" ]

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null

6b85c58d-c41c-4b0f-b63e-7a5f8a0c6d13

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698951

2025-05-27T14:00:37.802215

4214d418-b9c6-4cb3-b1db-985c358b130b

For an overview of the main characteristics of the three paradigms see Table 3.In the emotional attention task, participants had to decide whether a pair of visual target stimuli was identical or not while another pair was presented as a distractor.Participants were not asked to attend to a particular emotional category but cued spatially by an arrow pointing in the direction of the two stimuli.Each trial consisted of a pair of pictures from one of three emotional categories (positive, neutral, negative) and a pair of non-emotional pictures.The emotional pictures were taken from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS 58 ); and the non-emotional pictures were created by shredding the chosen IAPS pictures with GIMP (www.gimp.org).For further details see Vetter et al. 16 and Pilhatsch et al. 15 and Supplement S2. The first screen of the cognitive control task was an arrow consisting of two triangles pointing in one (left, right, up or down) direction and a red dot located either at the tip or the tail of the arrow.Participants were instructed to move a joystick in the direction indicated by the arrow or the dot.The shape of the background served as a task cue: If the background was rectangular, participants had to move the joystick in the direction of the arrow and ignore the position of the dot; conversely, if the background was circular, participants had to respond to the position of the dot while ignoring the arrow direction.Stimuli could be congruent, i.e. dot and arrow were pointing in the same direction, or incongruent, i.e. the dot and the arrow were pointing in opposite directions.For further details see Mennigen et al. 17 , Rodehacke et al. 18 . In the intertemporal choice task participants had to choose between a larger later reward, which changed from trial to trial and a fixed immediate reward, which was instructed beforehand but not shown during scanning.In the current paper, the contrast of interest was the phase of the presentation of the potential later reward, i.e. the intertemporal decision phase, which refers to the process of comparing both alternatives in a given trial (fixed immediate or later reward).The task started with a behavioral training session to estimate the individual impulsivity parameter k, which was used to adapt the scanning paradigm to the subjects' impulsivity.For more details see Ripke et al. 22 and Ripke et al. 56 . Task presentation and order.The paradigms were presented with a LCD-based display system which was mounted on the head-coil (NordicNeuroLab AS, Bergen, Norway).Behavioral data were collected with a joystick (Resonance Technology Inc., Northridge, CA, USA) for the cognitive control task and by ResponseGrips (©NordicNeuroLab) with a button on a grip in each hand for the emotional attention and intertemporal choice task.Task presentation and recording of the behavioral responses was performed using Presentation ® software (version 11.1, Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Albany, CA).Each task was preceded by a practice session.Since the tasks were assessed within an overall project including a large behavioral and fMRI battery, the order of tasks varied slightly between time points.At age 14, the order of paradigms was emotional attention, cognitive control and intertemporal choice on three different days within two weeks.At age 16 first the cognitive control and then the intertemporal choice task were assessed on the same day followed by the assessment of the emotional attention task within two weeks. Functional imaging.Image acquisition.For all three paradigms and across both sessions, image acquisition remained the same.MRI data was acquired using a Analysis of fMRI data.FMRI data analyses were performed using SPM5 (Wellcome Trust Center of Neuroimaging, London, UK) and were the same for both time points per paradigm. Preprocessing.For preprocessing, which was identical for all three tasks, functional images were first slice-time corrected by using the middle slice as reference and realigned to the first image (by 6° rigid spatial transformation).Afterwards they were spatially normalized into Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space and spatially smoothed with an 8 mm full-width half maximum Gaussian kernel. Statistical analysis.For all paradigms first-level contrasts were computed with a fixed effects analysis for each participant based on the general linear model by modeling the different conditions as regressors of interest within each voxel for the whole brain.For each paradigm, the six subject-specific movement regressors, which were derived from the rigid-body realignment, were included as covariates of no interest.A high-pass filter with cut-off 128 s was applied to remove the low frequency physiological noise 59 for each paradigm.Also an autoregression, AR(1), model was employed for the residual temporal autocorrelation 59 for each paradigm.Contrasts of interest (see Table 3) were computed for each paradigm within each subject.The first-level contrast images from the weighted beta-images were used for second-level whole brain random-effects analyses to allow for population inference.For a detailed description of the first-and second-level analyses for each paradigm see S3 in the supplement.

<li> fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)" ]

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null

729918d1-dc6b-4b19-ad34-f0f61d5a974e

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698958

2025-05-27T14:00:37.909230

69f675f9-c08e-43de-9def-9b0d331ecaa6

The automated tape-collecting ultramicrotome (ATUM) makes it possible to collect large numbers of ultrathin sections quickly-the equivalent of a petabyte of high resolution images each day. However, even high throughput image acquisition strategies generate images far more slowly (at present ~1 terabyte per day). We therefore developed WaferMapper, a software package that takes a multi-resolution approach to mapping and imaging select regions within a library of ultrathin sections. This automated method selects and directs imaging of corresponding regions within each section of an ultrathin section library (UTSL) that may contain many thousands of sections. Using WaferMapper, it is possible to map thousands of tissue sections at low resolution and target multiple points of interest for high resolution imaging based on anatomical landmarks. The program can also be used to expand previously imaged regions, acquire data under different imaging conditions, or re-image after additional tissue treatments.

<li> ultramicrotome: microtomeSectioning (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 44, "label": "technique", "start": 30 } ]

null

40434529-2780-4db4-a016-69a694558fae

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698965

2025-05-27T14:00:38.029474

49181da3-d909-4ecb-ad05-ffa17ea1f4a6

Small EM volumes (<1 terabyte) can be aligned on a powerful desktop computer using publicly available alignment software such as the registration plugins for Fiji (Schindelin et al., 2012).However, the stitching and alignment of high resolution images becomes increasingly difficult as data sets become larger.The computational power required to manipulate and process terabytes of images requires hardware that is not standard in most labs and, while most steps in alignment are amenable to parallelization, running these steps in parallel often requires changes in code and expertise in managing clusters.Because of these problems, aligning multi-terabyte datasets is currently being done by only a few groups.However, the recent production of many multiterabyte EM volumes has spurred efforts to scale up alignment tools to make it easier for the broader research community to turn hundreds of terabytes of EM images into usable 3D tissue maps.

<li> EM: electronMicroscopy (technique)

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[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

5b37cb6d-f3b6-48b7-94d8-237bc0aee00d

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698972

2025-05-27T14:00:38.191716

38250e21-a250-4634-a90d-dd89232846fd

Abstract Objective: To explore potential mechanisms of cognitive changes in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis (ANMDARE) from intramodule and intermoduleeffects of brain functional networks. Methods: Resting-state functional MRI and T1-weighted imaging data were collected from 30 ANMDARE patientsand 30 healthy controls (HCs). Abrain functional matrix was constructed, and sparsity was established by module similarity. For both groups, changes in functional connectivity within and between modules was calculated, changes in whole-brain and module gray matter volumes were explored, and whole-brain functional topology was analyzed. Finally, the association of brain functional and structural changes with cognitive function in ANMDARE was further analyzed. Results: Compared to HCs, ANMDARE patients had enhanced connectivity within the modules that included the occipito-parietal-temporal and parahippocampal gyri. ANMDARE patients had significantly higher participation coefficients (PC) in the right inferior frontal gyrus than HCs and significantly lower PC in the left superior parietal lobule, left caudate nucleus, and right putamen. No statistically significant differences in gray matter volume and global topological properties were found between the two groups. No correlations were found between functional and structural brain indicators and the Cognitive Assessment Scale and the Emotional Deficit Scale. Conclusions: Changes in cognitive function in patients with ANMDARE are manifested by enhanced intramodular functional connectivity and intermodularconnectivity changes in the brain, with abnormal intramodular and extramodularconnectivity that do not maintain normal cognitive function.

<li> Resting-state functional MRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> T1-weighted imaging: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> right inferior frontal gyrus: inferiorFrontalGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> left superior parietal lobule: superiorParietalCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> left caudate nucleus: caudateNucleus (UBERONParcellation)<li> right putamen: putamen (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\r\ngray matter: brainGrayMatter (UBERONParcellation)\nparahippocampal gyri: parahippocampalGyrus (UBERONParcellation)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

476b9a23-7895-44a8-b4f0-775b67c91401

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698978

2025-05-27T14:00:38.308650

f2ebe4c2-cc46-4c1b-bd72-34a935d66263

To ensure the stability and accuracy of community delineation and to facilitate statistical comparison between two groups, we used a modular similaritybased network thresholding approach (Yu et al., 2020) and a data-driven multi-iterative generalization of the Louvain community detection algorithm to construct a community delineation template at the holistic level (Lancichinetti & Fortunato, 2012;Nour et al., 2019). Network thresholds were obtained based on modularity similarity as follows: (1) A single FC connection matrix was obtained from each subject, and the group-level connectivity matrix (GCM) was obtained by obtaining the mean FC values within the group (i.e., ANMDARE and HCs).( 2) Thresholding of GCMs using a sparsity of 10%-50% with an interval of 1% was performed to obtain two sets of a series of group-level functional networks (GFNs).(3) Cluster detection of GFNs was performed using the algorithm proposed by Newman.Modular Q represents the degree to which the brain network divides community clusters clearly and without overlap, and generally, 0.3 < Q < 0.7 represented the nonrandom cluster structure and indicated a suitable degree of division (Newman, 2004).( 4) According to the modular similarity-based network thresholding method proposed by Yu, Zhinan et al., at the group level, when sparsity s was used, Ms denoted the module lead-in of the node, and the corresponding element in matrix As was set to 1 if two nodes were in the same module; otherwise, it was set to 0. (5) The matrices Cp,q were obtained by comparing two sparsities (e.g., p and q) of the modular structure similarity and calculating the value of d for the community structure.The magnitude of Q determined whether the complex network obtained a nonrandom and clear modular structure, and d represented the similarity of the obtained modular structure at different sparsities.A smaller value of d was determined if the modular structure was more stable at sparsity degrees p and q.Therefore, the sparsity where the lower continuous d value was located indicates that it was optimal for network thresholding.To facilitate comparative statistics between the two groups, the sparsity overlapped by the two lower d values was used for analysis. As shown in Fig. 1, the larger the sparsity is, the smaller the Q value, and the Q value of ANMDARE is less than 0.3, corresponding to a sparsity of 32%.Therefore, only a threshold range of 10-32% (steps 0.5%) was used to calculate modularity similarity.As shown in Fig. 2, the normalized d-value contour plots for the two threshold ranges show that relatively low d-values occur in the sparsity range of 23.5%-27% for ANMDARE, while low d-values occur in the threshold range of 24.5%-28% for HCs.This suggests that the two groups have superior modular similarity in the sparsity of low d values.Therefore, we used a common sparsity value of 25% for both groups for the analysis. Module structuring was performed using the MATLAB2018 Brain Connectivity Toolbox (BCT, https://sites.google.com/site/bctnet/)as follows: (1) An undirected weighted network was constructed for each subject using a sparsity value of 25%. (2) The Louvain community algorithm was run 1000 times for each matrix to obtain 1000 partitions.(3) At the individual subject level, the probability of each node belonging to the same community among 1000 community partitions was calculated, and the matrix D was constructed using the consensus function.(4) The threshold value τ = 0.2 was applied to matrix D. The Louvain community algorithm was applied to this threshold of matrix D running 1000 times to obtain another 1000 partitions.( 5) Steps ( 3)-( 4) were repeated until the consensus matrix formed a stable template for community partitioning at the overall level.

None

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[]

null

20e1268a-e936-4748-8e17-bd6006a2c743

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698984

2025-05-27T14:00:38.408282

8e550d5d-439a-4b58-9408-8abb3b8aab9a

Prey capture and subjugation are complex behaviors affected by many factors including physiological and behavioral traits of both the predator and the prey. The western banded gecko (Coleonyx variegatus) is a small generalist predator that consumes both evasive prey items, such as spiders, wasps, and orthopterans, and non-evasive prey items, including larvae, pupae, and isopterans. When consuming certain prey (e.g., scorpions), banded geckos will capture and then rapidly oscillate, or shake, their head and anterior part of their body. Banded geckos also have large, active tails that can account for over 20% of their body weight and can be voluntarily severed through the process of caudal autotomy. However, how autotomy influences prey capture behavior in geckos is poorly understood. Using high-speed 3D videography, we studied the effects of both prey type (mealworms and crickets) and tail autotomy on prey capture and subjugation performance in banded geckos. Performance metrics included maximum velocity and distance of prey capture, as well as velocity and frequency of post-capture shaking. Maximum velocity and distance of prey capture were lower for mealworms than crickets regardless of tail state. However, after autotomy, maximum velocity increased for strikes on mealworms but significantly decreased for crickets. After capture, geckos always shook mealworms, but never crickets. The frequency of shaking mealworms decreased after autotomy and additional qualitative differences were observed. Our results highlight the complex and interactive effects of prey type and caudal autotomy on prey capture biomechanics.

<li> high-speed 3D videography: high-speedVideoRecording (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "western banded gecko: Other (species)\nColeonyx variegatus: Other (species)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 825, "label": "technique", "start": 800 } ]

null

5ce74171-486a-4b41-b368-0edf008d923b

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698991

769ba5bc-0e5b-40f9-8458-5ce439029aa6

Prey shaking is a vigorous movement that involves lateral oscillations of the head, forelimbs, and anterior portion of the trunk, with the hindlimbs and tail appearing to serve as anchors during the movement.Although geckos almost always shook the mealworms after capture, both before and after autotomy, the loss of the tail did not have significant effects on most of the kinematic variables measured, with prey shake frequency as the only exception.Variation among individuals was very high for all kinematic variables. Although this decrease in shake frequency does point to a decrease in performance post-autotomy, the ecological relevance of this decrease is not clear.The purpose of the prey shake in this interaction is likely to stun the prey item into immobility given that the mealworms do not have any defensive structures to be removed and do not break up into smaller pieces for easier consumption during the shake.In previous work, most scorpions were still mobile after being shaken by banded geckos, but the shake may have broken off the stinger or at least limited the amount of venom that could be injected (Whitford et al., 2022).Further research is needed to determine if shaking is effective at damaging the prey item.If the purpose of the shake is to slam the mealworm against the substrate hard enough to incapacitate it, maximum shake velocity would be a more important measurement of performance compared to shake frequency. Although few kinematic variables of the prey shake were significantly different after autotomy, we observed several qualitative differences between shakes after tail loss.Post-autotomy many of the most vigorous shakes were accompanied by increased rotation of the trunk and posterior end of the body, resulting in the hindlimbs leaving the ground for a portion of the shake.We hypothesize the tail may be acting as a counterbalance for the body during the oscillations and that the loss of the tail and associated shift in center of mass may have a destabilizing effect on the gecko when it attempts to perform a prey shake.With the mealworms, this instability was visible in the limbs coming off the ground, but the geckos may have compensated for this instability by reducing average velocity of the shake.We found a positive correlation between the time that the back legs spent off the ground and Linear regressions between time gecko feet spent off the ground during the prey shake and maximum prey shake velocity.The time feet spent airborne was positively correlated with maximum shake velocity after, but not before autotomy.Equation of the regression before autotomy was y = -0.357x+ 1.494, R 2 = 0.0002, P > 0.05.Equation of the regression after autotomy was y = 9.08x + 0.090, R 2 = 0.23, P < 0.05.maximum velocity of the shake after autotomy, but not before, indicating balance may be more coupled to shake velocity after tail loss (Figure 3). This relationship points to a tradeoff geckos face postautotomy: to perform a faster, more effective shake but become unbalanced during the oscillations, or reduce velocity to perform a less vigorous shake.The variation observed among individuals supports the existence of this trade-off.The individual that experienced the sharpest increase in time the limbs spent off the ground was also the only individual to have a higher maximum shake velocity post-autotomy, while the only individual to spend less time with its limbs off the ground post-autotomy also experienced the sharpest drop in maximum shake velocity after tail loss (Figure 4).This tradeoff is not likely to have an impact on geckos in nature since mealworms can neither escape nor harm the gecko and do not need to be broken down to be efficiently consumed.However, western banded geckos also prey on dangerous prey such as the dune scorpion (Smeringurus mesaensis) (Whitford et al., 2022).Thus, the shaking behavior that we observed may simply reflect the gecko responding to the potential danger of a different elongated prey, such as a scorpion.Previous data suggest geckos may be shaking scorpions nearly twice as fast as the maximum velocities recorded in our study (Whitford et al., 2022).Thus, future studies should examine how tail autotomy impacts these faster prey shakes on a dangerous prey item.We predict that, in predation events where shaking the prey is essential to safely and effectively consuming the prey, autotomy will have a significant negative effect on the gecko's ability to successfully capture and consume the prey because of the tradeoff between shake velocity and shake stability that is evident post-autotomy.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

2da16f62-d2e2-4483-b311-acd423609b9f

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.698998

57bcdf13-88c5-4d26-a5da-653e6920aa5c

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

c69ef07b-9748-4524-9be2-851c8b7a8608

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699004

2025-05-27T14:00:38.508579

a9475f17-52a4-4d49-b0eb-fa0c3aa20c40

Sixteen healthy, right-handed subjects (9 females) aged 23.6 years (±2.4) participated in Experiment 2. For the participants in the second experiment, the same inclusion criteria as in Experiment 1 were applied (see above).The participants in both experiments did not differ in their age [t (34) = -0.72,p = 0.479] or intellectual abilities [t (34) = 0.42, p = 0.677] as assessed by the KAI (Kurztest für allgemeine Basisgrössen der Infomationsverarbeitung; Lehrl et al., 1992).

<li> 9 females: female (biologicalSex)

[ [ { "end": 49, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 42 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 49, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 40 } ]

null

f6ba35e4-edcf-410e-82f8-8b9148aa24cf

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699010

2025-05-27T14:00:38.591725

90966938-8e71-4a42-81d6-ac2c07b0e137

Abstract Background Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that can increase corticomotor excitability of hand muscles in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of iTBS on the corticomotor excitability of the biceps brachii in individuals with tetraplegia. Methods Ten individuals with low cervical SCI (C5-C8) and ten nonimpaired individuals completed three independent sessions. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) served as our measure of corticomotor excitability and were collected before and after iTBS. MEPs were normalized by the electromyography corresponding to maximum voluntary contraction and analyzed using linear mixed effects models to determine the effect of iTBS (active or sham) on normalized MEPs (nMEPs). iTBS effects were compared to a ratio of active and resting motor thresholds as a measurement of corticomotor conductance potential. Results Relative to sham, active iTBS increased nMEPs over time (p < 0.001) in individuals with SCI, but not nonimpaired individuals (p = 0.915). The amplitude of nMEPs were correlated with the biceps corticomotor conductance potential (p < 0.001), with nMEPs decreasing as the ratio increased at different rates after sham or active iTBS. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that iTBS increases biceps corticomotor excitability in individuals with tetraplegia with effects that may be predicted by corticomotor conductance potential. Clinical trial registration NCT03277521 Registered on clinicaltrials.gov on August 24, 2017

<li> electromyography: electromyography (technique)<li> Intermittent theta burst stimulation: Other (technique)<li> repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Other (technique)<li> TMS: Other (technique)<li> Motor evoked potentials: Other (technique)<li> MEPs: Other (technique)

[ [ { "end": 679, "label": "technique", "start": 663 }, { "end": 56, "label": "technique", "start": 20 }, { "end": 121, "label": "technique", "start": 77 }, { "end": 126, "label": "technique", "start": 123 }, { "end": 534, "label": "technique", "start": 511 }, { "end": 219, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 208 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "spinal cord: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

47866826-1b10-4cbd-9199-4ff6c86d5381

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699017

2025-05-27T14:00:38.700162

784c6d83-c86e-4ae4-b390-90546a0e1d78

In the SCI group, there was a significant interaction between the biceps AMT/RMT ratio (i.e., corticomotor conductance potential) and stimulation type.While both sham and active iTBS showed a negative relationship with corticomotor conductance potential, nMEPs Fig. 3 Time differentiated normalized motor evoked potential amplitudes (nMEP).A) Mean of recorded nMEP amplitudes for each time point across all 30 sessions for active and sham iTBS are presented for participants with SCI.Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean.B) In the SCI group, the linear mixed effects model (LMEM) shows a significant difference over time in nMEP amplitudes depending on the type of iTBS, active or sham.C) In the nonimpaired group, the LMEM does not show an effect of stimulation type on nMEP amplitude.D) There was a difference in the effect of iTBS between groups, based on the LMEM, consistent with the excitation seen in the SCI group and not seen in the nonimpaired group.Each point represents all nMEPs across all sessions, for the given group and stimulation type associated with sham stimulation had lower nMEP amplitudes.Sham associated nMEPs also changed at a lower rate as the corticomotor conductance potential increased (p < 0.001, χ 2 = 15.2).Consequently, as the corticomotor conductance potential approached zero, nMEP amplitudes were greater indicating a higher degree of excitation relative to sham (Additional file 1: Fig. S1A).There was an interaction between the corticomotor conductance potential and group (p < 0.001, χ 2 = 13.3)suggesting that while this parameter has predictive potential across both groups, the exact correlation is group specific (Additional file 1: Fig. S1B).There was no difference in corticomotor conductance potential between groups (p = 0.89) (Table 2).

<li> iTBS: Other (technique)

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 182, "label": "technique", "start": 178 }, { "end": 443, "label": "technique", "start": 439 }, { "end": 690, "label": "technique", "start": 686 }, { "end": 854, "label": "technique", "start": 850 } ]

null

e22bbbac-580b-4e4f-8065-696d5138fe8d

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699023

0c614a10-2215-43b1-abed-5a12892b1bf5

Vitamin D is a lipid soluble steroid hormone, which plays a critical role in the calcium homeostasis, neuronal development, cellular differentiation, and growth by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). Associations between VDR gene polymorphism and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) risk has been investigated extensively, but the results remain ambiguous. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the correlations between four VDR polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI, TaqI, and ApaI) and susceptibility to AD, PD, and MCI. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine the relationship of interest. Pooled analyses suggested that the ApaI polymorphism decreased the overall AD risk, and the TaqI increased the overall PD susceptibility. In addition, the BsmI and ApaI polymorphisms were significantly correlated with the overall MCI risk. Stratified analysis by ethnicity further showed that the TaqI and ApaI genotypes reduced the AD predisposition among Caucasians, while the TaqI polymorphism enhanced the PD risk among Asians. Intriguingly, carriers with the BB genotype significantly decreased the MCI risk in Asian descents, and the ApaI variant elevated the predisposition to MCI in Caucasians and Asians. Further studies are need to identify the role of VDR polymorphisms in AD, PD, and MCI susceptibility.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

993e39e9-864a-4c79-8dee-a4e94c68ec45

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699029

7ed0e5aa-8a73-4fa2-b179-2e839e27346d

Two experienced authors (YD and PG) independently conducted literature screening, data extraction, literature quality evaluation, and any disagreements could be resolved through discussion or a third analyst (XS).The detailed information extracted from all the selected studies included: first author's surname, publication year, country, type of disease, ethnicity, source of controls, genotyping methods, sample size, and P-value of HWE. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the process in terms of queue selection, comparability of queues, and evaluation of results (Stang, 2010).A study with a score of at least six was considered as a high-quality literature.Higher NOS scores showed higher literature quality.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

193ef40b-8a8a-4e86-bc08-49b1173d26eb

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699035

2025-05-27T14:00:38.814170

cd00c030-40ab-4895-abad-f78144347bef

Individuals from East Asian (Chinese) backgrounds have been shown to exhibit greater sensitivity to a speaker's perspective than Western (U.S.) participants when resolving referentially ambiguous expressions. We show that this cultural difference does not reflect better integration of social information during language processing, but rather is the result of differential correction: in the earliest moments of referential processing, Chinese participants showed equivalent egocentric interference to Westerners, but managed to suppress the interference earlier and more effectively. A time-series analysis of visual-world eye-tracking data found that the two cultural groups diverged extremely late in processing, between 600 and 1400 ms after the onset of egocentric interference. We suggest that the early moments of referential processing reflect the operation of a universal stratum of processing that provides rapid ambiguity resolution at the cost of accuracy and flexibility. Late components, in contrast, reflect the mapping of outputs from referential processes to decision-making and action planning systems, allowing for a flexibility in responding that is molded by culturally specific demands.

<li> visual-world eye-tracking: eyeMovementTracking (technique)

[ [ { "end": 637, "label": "technique", "start": 625 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 637, "label": "technique", "start": 612 } ]

null

ae9c1987-a61c-4bf3-b3c4-56b7e1a99b79

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699041

2025-05-27T14:00:38.983779

f5dcdc97-ac42-424c-afa5-ac85ca00a028

Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that language users from different cultures share a common stratum of referential processing, with cultural variation in how the products of these early referential processes are used in the higher-level processes governing thought and action.Specifically, whereas neither Chinese nor Western participants were able to integrate the situational cue of the speaker's perspective into lexical processing, Chinese participants were better able to suppress the interference. Could our findings of common interference and differential correction be alternatively explained in terms of linguistic differences between Mandarin Chinese and English?One potentially 2 Although an onset of 750 ms is quite late relative to typical visual-world studies (250-350 ms), this is not surprising given that our paradigm presented participants with a more demanding search task than in a typical study.Whereas a typical grid in Wu and Keysar (2007) contained nine alternatives appearing in any of 16 possible locations, a typical visual-world task presents no more than four referential alternatives in fixed locations (Huettig et al., 2011).relevant difference is that Mandarin lacks definite marking, such that the Mandarin version of the English expression "move the candle" might be glossed in English as "move candle."It might be argued that the Chinese participants were interpreting the descriptions as if the speaker had said, "move any candle."This would indeed predict that the Chinese participants would experience less interference than the U.S. participants because they would not need to decide between the two possible referents, but could pick either one.However, if this were the case, then Chinese participants should have shown a stronger tendency than U.S. participants to move the hidden candle, since any candle would suffice.However, the data showed the exact opposite.While the U.S. participants sometimes moved the occluded candle, the Chinese participants never did. One possible concern might be that the later correction for Chinese participants reflects shorter referring expressions in Chinese, or more rapid speech when the confederate spoke Chinese.Although we lack the data to directly address this question, the overall patterns shown in Figure 2 make this explanation seem unlikely.First, if the earlier correction occurred because the Chinese expressions were briefer or spoken more rapidly, then not only would the correction process take place earlier, but so would the egocentric interference; specifically, the initial rising slope of the curve should have been much steeper for the Chinese group than for the Western group, and should have reached its peak much earlier.However, egocentric interference seems to rise at similar rates for both groups, and both seem to initially reach their maximum values at roughly the same time (1000-1200 ms).Second, whereas the correction process seems to begin at around 1000 ms for the Chinese group, it seems delayed until about 2200 ms for the American group.This is far too great of a disparity to be explained by differences in the spoken expressions, given that expressions in these types of experiments typically last no more than 1 s.Finally, the groups differ not only in the timing of the correction, but also in the efficacy of the correction, with a sudden sharp decline for the Chinese group, and more of a lingering pattern for the Western group.Thus, these patterns seem less likely to be driven by differences in the stimuli, and more likely to reflect true cultural differences in linguistic interpretation. Constraint-based views would have difficulty accounting for the extreme delay in the emergence of cultural differences relative to the onset of egocentric interference.If, as constraint-based views predict, language users can integrate perspective information from the earliest moments of processing, and Chinese participants attend more strongly to the shared perspective than Westerners, then Chinese participants should have shown less egocentric interference from the very earliest moments of processing.Our view, then, is that despite attending more strongly to shared information, Chinese participants are no better at integrating it into referential processing.However, an alternative view must be considered, which is that perhaps the late emergence does not reflect a standalone correction process, but simply reflects delayed activation of shared information relative to other kinds of information.Under this view, had the shared knowledge become activated earlier, perhaps we would have seen its effects earlier in processing.However, it is unclear what would account for the delayed activation of shared knowledge within the current paradigm.For one, in the current experimental situation, listeners knew well before hearing the referring expression which items their partner could see and which they could not see.In other words, information about what was shared was available to participants even before any referential information became available.It is therefore not clear why listeners would wait for a referring expression to activate the shared knowledge, rather than using it to predict potential referents in advance.It is not possible to tell whether listeners in fact made such predictions, because this requires comparing shared to privileged objects, and our analysis only considered privileged objects.However, experiments using a similar setup have found that in the interval preceding the onset of the referring expression, listeners are more likely to look at shared objects (Keysar et al., 2000).Furthermore, recent experiments including conditions where competitors/noncompetitors are shared show that listeners spontaneously access shared knowledge prior to the onset of referring expressions, but are unable to integrate this information into early referential processes (Barr, 2008).Specifically, listeners attend less overall to privileged objects than to shared objects, but nonetheless experience similar levels of interference from competitors regardless of whether they are shared or not.It would be of interest to repeat these experiments with East Asian participants.Our account predicts greater access to shared knowledge among East Asians, but without any reduction in the size of the interference produced by competitors. Our view that information about perspective is involved in correction is consistent with an anchoring and adjustment view of perspective taking (Keysar et al., 2000), in which listeners anchor interpretation in their own perspectives, and use information about the speaker's perspective to incrementally adjust away from the anchor.However, distinct from Keysar et al.'s (2000) original formulation, our findings, together with those of Barr (2008), suggest that listeners do not strategically "anchor" in their own egocentric perspective as a kind of reasoning heuristic; rather, their anchoring is forced upon them by the autonomous activation of referents by low-level interpretation processes that are blind to information about the speaker's perspective (Barr, 2008).Under this view, the noted egocentrism of listeners might be best characterized as a form of "mental contamination" -i.e., the result of rapid, automatic processes that are beyond control and possibly even awareness (Wilson and Brekke, 1994). Consistent with the use of common ground in correction, other research shows that perspective taking involves cognitive effort (Rossnagel, 2000;Brown-Schmidt, 2009;Nilsen and Graham, 2009;Lin et al., 2010), and recent neuroimaging evidence suggests a role for the medial pre-frontal cortex in the adjustment process (Tamir and Mitchell, 2010).Furthermore, the correction account is also consistent with dual process views of perspective taking, which assume that social judgments reflect the combination of both efficient but inflexible processing that uses limited information and more flexible but effortful processing that can draw upon a broader set of information (Apperly and Butterfill, 2009).However, the current data offer no insight into why the adjustment process might differ across the groups.One possibility, consistent with the collectivist vs. individualist distinction, is that information about a speaker's perspective is simply more available to people from a collectivist background, since their cultures require greater attunement to one anothers' knowledge.Another is that perhaps Chinese participants are more motivated to perform the task "correctly" due to heightened concerns about self-presentation.A further possibility is that membership in a Chinese culture, where self-control is valued, results in better executive control abilities.This explanation is supported by research that finds enhanced executive control abilities among Chinese as opposed to North American children (Sabbagh et al., 2006), who nonetheless showed comparable performance on a belief reasoning task.As we have argued here and elsewhere (Keysar et al., 2003;Barr, 2008) listeners' difficulty in identifying the intended referent in conversational perspective-taking tasks is unlikely to be the result of a failure to have the appropriate beliefs about what is shared with the speaker.Instead, it seems to reflect difficulty using this information to constrain the processing of the linguistic input.To the extent that early referential processes are not guided by beliefs about the speaker, these processes will boost activation of referents that are pragmatically implausible, even in spite of correct and accessible representations of shared knowledge.Because suppressing this knowledge will involve executive control, it is here where we would expect to see strong individual (and cultural) differences.Although in this respect our view is consistent with Sabbagh et al.'s (2006) developmental findings, it is important to note that it is not yet known whether the differences in executive function that Sabbagh et al. (2006) noted extend into adulthood. Whatever the explanation for the cultural differences, a recent study suggests that it might be possible to induce cultural effects through priming.Luk et al. (2012) replicated Wu and Keysar's (2007) study but with Chinese-Westerner bi-cultural individuals.Participants primed by images from Western culture committed more egocentric errors on the perspective-taking task relative to participants who were primed by images from Chinese culture. The fact that cultural differences can be situationally induced in bicultural individuals suggests that they arise from flexible modes of processing.This flexibility is consistent with our explanation of such differences in terms of differential correction -it would seem easier to override a deliberative and effortful correction process than an integration process that is largely routinized and automatic. In sum, our data suggest that people from different cultures share a common core of ambiguity resolution processes, but differ in how the output from these processes is linked to higher-level systems governing thought and action.The two cultures we have studied show systematic differences in how they prioritize the individual vs. the social (Triandis et al., 1988;Markus and Kitayama, 1991;Ross et al., 2002).Finding equivalent interference from privileged information in spite of such differences suggests that such egocentrism might be a universal consequence of rapid ambiguity resolution during spoken language comprehension.

<li> medial pre-frontal cortex: prefrontalCortex (UBERONParcellation)

[ [ { "end": 7701, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 7683 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "pre-frontal cortex: prefrontalCortex (UBERONParcellation)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 7701, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 7676 } ]

null

bc1fb690-2b46-446f-95b4-8ba3711b43c2

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699048

2025-05-27T14:00:39.100529

803e1def-5d2a-4131-8ed2-60fca7b12e0d

AbstractGut microbiome profoundly affects many aspects of host physiology and behaviors. Here we report that gut microbiome modulates aggressive behaviors in Drosophila. We found that germ-free males showed substantial decrease in inter-male aggression, which could be rescued by microbial re-colonization. These germ-free males are not as competitive as wild-type males for mating with females, although they displayed regular levels of locomotor and courtship behaviors. We further found that Drosophila microbiome interacted with diet during a critical developmental period for the proper expression of octopamine and manifestation of aggression in adult males. These findings provide insights into how gut microbiome modulates specific host behaviors through interaction with diet during development.

<li> Drosophila: Other (species)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "male: male (biologicalSex)\nfemale: female (biologicalSex)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

ff34a9f6-6e63-438e-b4aa-1905411cc2fc

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699054

2025-05-27T14:00:39.208344

7c65fe99-40d6-442d-b87c-f9e9086ef32a

Accumulating evidence indicates that the microbiome affects a broad spectrum of animal physiology and behaviors 1,48,49 .It remains unclear whether/how Drosophila microbiome is required to modulate innate and social behaviors, including locomotion, courtship, and aggression despite of much advanced genetic tools in this animal model 20 .In this study, we demonstrated that microbiome specifically modulates aggressive behaviors in both males and females.Aggression in Drosophila has long been considered to play a critical role in mate selection 50 .Indeed, our findings indicate that GF males are less competitive in copulation with females compared with control CR males, indicating that microbiome depletion impairs optimal sexual fitness of adult males.Recolonization of MB, or specific commensal bacteria species including Acetobacter, Lactobacilli, and Enterococci, equally restored aggressive behaviors in GF males, suggesting that there are common genetic determinants in these bacteria species that promote adult aggression.Identifying these genetic determinants would help to understand in molecular details how microbiome modulates host behavior and enhances sexual fitness.We identified the OA signaling responsible for the microbiome-mediated promotion of aggression.We found that microbiome-depletion resulted in a lower level of Tdc2 expression in both GF male and female brains with qPCR.We further showed that there was a 73% reduction of OA level in GF male brains using the HPLC assay.Our finding that fly microbiome promotes OA production is generally consistent with previous findings in mammals that indigenous bacteria potentially impact behaviors by boosting biosynthesis of biogenic amines (e.g., serotonin) 51 .A previous study reported that pathogenic Wolbachia impairs male aggressive behavior by downregulation of the OA biosynthesis pathway, suggesting that pathogenic and commensal bacteria function oppositely in regulating host OA production and aggressive behaviors 31 . Although depletion of microbiome decreased OA signaling and substantially impaired aggression in both male and female flies, it did not significantly affect other behaviors.Our results are generally consistent with a previous finding that locomotor behaviors, sleep, and courtship behaviors in GF males are not virtually affected by the microbiome 11 .In contrast, Schretter et al. recently reported that depletion of microbiome increased OA signaling and induced hyperactivity in Drosophila females 10 .We suspected that such discrepancy might be due to different axenic culture conditions.However, we still did not find any significant difference in locomotion among CR, GF, and MB flies following their protocol for generating GF flies 10 .As we measured average walking speeds for 24 h, instead of 10 min as used by the previous study, we reanalyzed walking speeds every 10 min for 24 h, and observed locomotion differences in a few time points, but these differences were not consistently higher or lower in GF flies (thus not exist in a longer time scale), which may be due to large variation of locomotion during morning and evening peaks for circadian regulation 38 .Indeed, we note that Schretter et al. tested walking speed of flies between ZT0 and ZT3 (lights are turned on at ZT0 and turned off at ZT12); however, locomotor behaviors vary a lot during this period after morning peak (it peaks at ZT0, and deceases by ~80% at ZT3 [from ~200 to ~30 mm/min], see Fig. 2a, e and Supplementary Fig. 8c,f), which may contribute to their observed locomotor differences.For such reason, we suggest future test of locomotor behaviors in a shorter time window (e.g., 30 min test between ZT1 and ZT2 with control and experimental flies tested simultaneously), or for a longer time (e.g., average walking speed for 3 h or even 24 h as used in this study).Another possible factor that may result in the discrepancy is that we used wild-type Canton-S (wtcs) flies, instead of Oregon-R flies as mainly used by Schretter et al., as wtcs were widely used for most behavioral tests and Oregon-R flies rarely displayed aggressive behaviors in our tests, although they have comparable locomotor activity with Canton-S flies.Regarding to why microbiome only affects aggression but not locomotor or other behaviors, there are at least two possibilities.One is that the OA level is not significantly reduced in specific neurons that may be responsible for a particular behavior.Alternatively, OA reduction in certain neurons is not sufficient to induce a behavioral change, e.g., even tβh or tdc2 mutant flies showed comparable locomotor levels 32,52 although they are defect in starvation-induced hyperactivity 52 . A prominent feature of the role of microbiome on development and behavior is its dependence on diet.Firstly, GF flies have prolonged developmental process if raised with low level of yeast (0.5%), but develop normally with higher level of yeast (2.5 or 10%), consistent with previous studies 5,36,53 .Secondly, GF males showed reduced aggression only if raised with higher level of yeast (2.5 or 10%), as CR, GF, and MB males raised with low level of yeast (0.5%) all showed few and indistinguishable aggression.Furthermore, while CR males have much higher expression of Tdc2 if raised with high level of yeast, GF males have similarly low level of Tdc2 expression.Interestingly, supplement of rich yeast is only required during a critical developmental period, roughly 48-96 h AEL, for microbiome-mediated promotion of OA production and aggression.Thus, gut microbiome and a proper level of yeast consumption during a critical developmental period jointly promote OA production and aggressive behaviors in flies.Previous studies already showed that nutritional environment is a key factor involved in the microbiome-mediated development, metabolism, immunity, and behaviors 5,7,29,36,53,54 .Our results are generally consistent with these findings and further reveal that gut microbiome and diet interact to modulate neurotransmitter signaling and aggressive behaviors.It has been increasingly accepted that gut microbiome relies on diet to generate neuromodulators, provides missing nutrients to hosts, and modifies the availability of specific nutrients derived from the diet, consequently shaping the nutritional environment of hosts 55 .There are at least two underlying mechanisms by which the microbiome changes host physiology and behaviors by absorbing specific nutrients from the diet or de novo synthesizing special nutrients including neuroactive metabolites, amino acids, and short chain fatty acids 56,57 .It is plausible that microbiome may affect absorption/biosynthesis of the precursor of OA (Tyrosine), in addition to expression change of Tdc2, or leading to Tdc2 expression change as a result of adaptation.Future studies on microbiome-induced alterations in the metabolome of Drosophila nervous system would improve the knowledge of microbe-nutrition-aggression interactions. The finding that gut microbiome modulates aggressive behaviors raises a few questions.First, since recolonization of a few commensal bacteria fully restored aggression in GF males, identification of specific bacterial genes involved in OA production, and how they may interact with nutrition environment, are needed to further understand how gut bacteria modulate aggression.Second, it is unclear if there are commensal bacteria that could oppositely modulate aggression.Future studies identifying commensal bacteria that positively or negatively modulate aggression would deepen our understanding and have potential implications utilizing commensal bacteria to modulate aggressive behaviors.Recently, it was reported that the microbiome correlated with conspecific aggression in a small population of dogs 58 , highlighting that the microbiome may be useful for diagnosing aggressive behaviors prior to their manifestation and potentially discerning cryptic etiologies of aggression.Third, that microbiome synergizes with diet to promote aggressive but not other innate behaviors in our study is intriguing, especially given that Drosophila in the wild may be challenged with scare, dynamic, and highly diverse diets.Our results suggest that males fed on rich nutrition during development, with many commensal bacteria in their guts, have an advantage of reproduction.This association of microbiome and aggression thus is beneficial and selected, favoring the hologenome theory of evolution 59 .Our study using Drosophila thus provides a feasible model for elucidating the mechanism of how microbiome and diet interact to modulate biosynthesis of signaling molecules and host behaviors.

<li> Drosophila: Other (species)<li> HPLC: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "males: male (biologicalSex)\nfemales: female (biologicalSex)\nbrain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nqPCR: Other (technique)\nneurons: Other (UBERONParcellation)\ndogs: Other (species)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

f361578a-c102-4e6e-b40f-ee80d43a9838

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699060

ae0842c8-bfc9-4e19-a851-4f5ac17f35c5

Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

cb3125d1-776c-408e-85af-f084b26e0e51

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699067

2025-05-27T14:00:39.340723

6f06ec9f-6048-4522-b4c9-c79f9d6f0de0

The neuron circuit integrated in this chip is derived from the adaptive exponential I&F circuit proposed in Indiveri et al. (2011), which can exhibit a wide range of neural behaviors, such as spike-frequency adaptation properties, refractory period mechanism and adjustable spiking threshold mechanism.The circuit schematic is shown in Figure 3.It comprises an NMDA block (M N1,N2 ), which implements the NMDA voltage gating function, a LEAK DPI circuit (M L1-L7 ) which models the neuron's leak conductance, an AHP DPI circuit (M A1-A7 ) in negative feedback mode, which implements a spike-frequency adaptation behavior, an Na + positive feedback block (M Na1-Na5 ) which models the effect of Sodium activation and inactivation channels for producing the spike, and a K + block (M K1-K7 ) which models the effect of the Potassium conductance, resetting the neuron and implementing a refractory period mechanism.The negative feedback mechanism of the AHP block, and the tunable reset potential of the K + block introduce two extra variables in the dynamic equation of the neuron that can endow it with a wide variety of dynamical behaviors (Izhikevich, 2003).As the neuron circuit equations are essentially the same of the adaptive I&F neuron model, we refer to the work of Brette and Gerstner (2005) for an extensive analysis of the repertoire of behaviors that this neuron model can reproduce, in comparison to, e.g., the Izhikevich neuron model. All voltage bias variables in Figure 3 ending with an exclamation mark represent global tunable parameters which can be precisely set by the on chip Bias Generator (BG).There are a total of 13 tunable parameters, which provide the user with high flexibility for configuring all neurons to produce different sets of behaviors.In addition, by setting the appropriate bits of the relative latches in each neuron, it is possible to configure two different leak time constants ( if_tau1! / if_tau2!) and refractory period settings ( if_rfr1! / if_rfr2!).This gives the user the opportunity to model up to four different types/populations of neurons within the same chip, that have different leak conductances and/or refractory periods. An example of the possible behaviors that can be expressed by the silicon neuron are shown in Figure 4.The top-left quadrant shows measured data from the chip representing the neuron membrane potential in response to a constant current injection for different values of reset voltage.The top-right quadrant shows the neuron response to a constant current injection for different settings of its refractory period.The bottom-left quadrant demonstrates the spike-frequency adaptation behavior, obtained by appropriately tuning the relevant parameters in the AHP block of Figure 3 and stimulating the neuron with a constant injection current.By further increasing the gain of the AHP negative feedback block the neuron can produce bursting behavior (see bottom-right quadrant of Figure 4). Figure 5 shows the F-I curve of all neurons in the ROLLS neuromorphic processor (i.e., their firing rate as a function of the input injection current).The plot shows their average firing rate in solid line, and their standard deviation in the shaded area.The overall mismatch in the circuit, responsible for these deviations, is extremely small, if compared to other analog VLSI implementations of neural systems (Indiveri et al., 2006;Petrovici et al., 2014;Schmuker et al., 2014).The average value obtained from the measurement results of Figure 5 is only 9.4%.The reason for this improvement lies in the increased size of some critical transistors in the soma circuit-major contributor to neuron's mismatch.For example, the M L4 and M L5 Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) that set the neuron's leak time constants are of (W/L) size of (2 µm/4 µm) , while M Na3 and M Na4 , responsible for the firing threshold are of size (4 µm/0.4 µm) and (1 µm/4 µm), respectively. In addition to the neuron soma circuit, this block contains also post-synaptic plasticity circuits that are necessary for evaluating the weight update and "stop-learning" conditions described in Section 2.1.2.In particular these circuits integrate the spikes produced by the neuron into a current that models the neuron's Calcium concentration, and compare this current to three threshold currents that correspond to θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 of Equation (1).In parallel, the neuron's membrane current (which is equivalent to the membrane potential in the theoretical model) is compared to an additional threshold equivalent to θ mem of Equation ( 1).The schematic diagram of this circuit is shown in Figure 6.The post-synaptic neuron's Calcium concentration is computed using the DPI M D1-D5 ; the comparisons with the fixed thresholds are made using three current-mode Winner-Take-All (WTA) circuits M W1-W9 , M WU1-WU12 , and M WD1-WD12 .The digital outcomes of these comparisons set the signals slnup and sldn which are then buffered and transmitted in parallel to all synapses afferent to this neuron belonging to the long-term plasticity array.

<li> NMDA: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "neuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 365, "label": "technique", "start": 361 }, { "end": 409, "label": "technique", "start": 405 } ]

null

43fa0ede-4761-4fb6-8204-8742c8cbbd7e

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699073

2025-05-27T14:00:39.450224

4f10da84-5894-4f7a-99ca-340699ff0148

The surface Electromyography (sEMG) signal contains information about movement intention generated by the human brain, and it is the most intuitive and common solution to control robots, orthotics, prosthetics and rehabilitation equipment. In recent years, gesture decoding based on sEMG signals has received a lot of research attention. In this paper, the effects of muscle fatigue, forearm angle and acquisition time on the accuracy of gesture decoding were researched. Taking 11 static gestures as samples, four specific muscles (i.e., superficial flexor digitorum (SFD), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and finger extensor (FE)) were selected to sample sEMG signals. Root Mean Square (RMS), Waveform Length (WL), Zero Crossing (ZC) and Slope Sign Change (SSC) were chosen as signal eigenvalues; Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) were used to construct classification models, and finally, the decoding accuracies of the classification models were obtained under different influencing elements. The experimental results showed that the decoding accuracy of the classification model decreased by an average of 7%, 10%, and 13% considering muscle fatigue, forearm angle and acquisition time, respectively. Furthermore, the acquisition time had the biggest impact on decoding accuracy, with a maximum reduction of nearly 20%.

<li> Electromyography: electromyography (technique)<li> sEMG: electromyography (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 28, "label": "technique", "start": 12 }, { "end": 34, "label": "technique", "start": 30 }, { "end": 287, "label": "technique", "start": 283 }, { "end": 695, "label": "technique", "start": 691 } ]

null

918b7f12-b7b3-4c29-82e8-49cb1c9604ed

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699079

2025-05-27T14:00:39.533434

56078401-c655-4f2a-acbb-d48be2c8545a

The elbows of all subjects were placed on the table when they performed gesture movements, so the forearm angle referred to the angle between the forearm and the tabletop.In order to comprehensively analyze the negative impact of the angle on the sEMG signal from small angle difference and large angle difference, the forearm angle range and the quality of sEMG signal typically utilized in actual gesture decoding were also considered.In this paper, three forearm angles were selected, namely, 30°, 45° and 75° (Figure 3).During the experiment, the upper and lower angle deviation did not exceed ± 5°.

<li> sEMG: electromyography (technique)

[ [ { "end": 251, "label": "technique", "start": 247 }, { "end": 362, "label": "technique", "start": 358 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 251, "label": "technique", "start": 247 }, { "end": 362, "label": "technique", "start": 358 } ]

null

c8b5499c-3dfc-4c6a-8a88-91545bb0325b

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699085

2025-05-27T14:00:39.617524

c9debe8c-ad35-4ab8-b65d-4b9a276961db

In general, magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has shown potential in clinical settings. In testicles parenchyma, the DW imaging helps differentiate and characterize benign from malignant lesions. Placement and size of the region of interest (ROI) may affect the ADC value. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the intra- and interobserver variability in testicular tumors when measuring ADC using various types of regions of interest (ROI). Two observers performed the ADC measurements in testicular lesions based on three ROI methods: (1) whole volume, (2) round, and (3) small sample groups. Intra- and interobserver variability was analyzed for all ROI methods using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and bland-altman plots. The two observers performed the measurements twice, three months apart. A total of 26 malignant testicle tumors were included. Interobserver agreement was excellent in tumor length (ICC = 0.98) and tumor width (ICC = 0.98). In addition, intraobserver agreement was excellent in tumor length (ICC = 0.98) and tumor width (ICC = 0.99). The whole volume interobserver agreement in the first reading was excellent (ICC = 0.93). Round ADC had an excellent (ICC = 0.93) and fair (ICC = 0.58) interobserver agreement, in the first and second reading, respectively. Interobserver agreement in ADC small ROIs was good (ICC = 0.87), and good (ICC = 0.78), in the first and second reading, respectively. Intraobserver agreement varied from fair, good to excellent agreement. The ROI method showed varying inter- and intraobserver agreement in ADC measurement. Using multiple small ROI conceded the highest interobserver variability, and, thus, the whole volume or round seem to be the preferable methods.

<li> magnetic resonance: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> MR: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> diffusion-weighted imaging: diffusionWeightedImaging (technique)<li> DWI: diffusionWeightedImaging (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "DW imaging: diffusionWeightedImaging (technique)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 30, "label": "technique", "start": 12 }, { "end": 34, "label": "technique", "start": 32 }, { "end": 62, "label": "technique", "start": 36 }, { "end": 67, "label": "technique", "start": 64 } ]

null

66bb23be-c199-4aac-966d-6a34c8d16fb0

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699091

6b090e19-0f8a-4207-b6ce-fbd7c99502bd

The interobserver agreement in tumor length was excellent in the first reading ICC = 0.98 (95% CI 0.93-0.99)and second reading ICC = 0.98 (95% CI 0.94-0.99).Tumor width interobserver agreement was excellent in the first and second reading with ICC = 0.98 (95% CI 0.92-0.99)and ICC = 0.98 (95% CI 0.95-0.99),respectively.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

f304fbea-c425-4546-a31d-e80936fe17a6

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699098

8a66ae7b-3f3b-470f-ba08-fe87efe88b84

In this review paper aimed at the non-specialist, we explore the use that neuroscientists and musicians have made of perceptual illusions based on ambiguity. The pivotal issue is auditory scene analysis (ASA), or what enables us to make sense of complex acoustic mixtures in order to follow, for instance, a single melody in the midst of an orchestra. In general, ASA uncovers the most likely physical causes that account for the waveform collected at the ears. However, the acoustical problem is ill-posed and it must be solved from noisy sensory input. Recently, the neural mechanisms implicated in the transformation of ambiguous sensory information into coherent auditory scenes have been investigated using so-called bistability illusions (where an unchanging ambiguous stimulus evokes a succession of distinct percepts in the mind of the listener). After reviewing some of those studies, we turn to music, which arguably provides some of the most complex acoustic scenes that a human listener will ever encounter. Interestingly, musicians will not always aim at making each physical source intelligible, but rather express one or more melodic lines with a small or large number of instruments. By means of a few musical illustrations and by using a computational model inspired by neuro-physiological principles, we suggest that this relies on a detailed (if perhaps implicit) knowledge of the rules of ASA and of its inherent ambiguity. We then put forward the opinion that some degree perceptual ambiguity may participate in our appreciation of music.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

ef62218e-490f-47b1-8544-7e416e624a1a

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699104

97b837fa-e9a5-4d33-b233-b0391b7cb469

Using the rules of ASA to promote fusion across instruments or, on the contrary, to create distinct voices may be described as implicitly relying on auditory illusions (not all instruments may be heard, and, conversely, not all melodies are produced by a single physical instrument).There are also composers who have made explicit use of illusions as a structural principle for their writing (Risset, 1996;Féron, 2006).Composers known as proponents of "spectral music" built a whole method from the ASA paradox of breaking down the spectral content of natural sounds, which are usually perceived as single sources, to then write complex chords heard as orchestral timbres, thus fusing instruments that are usually heard individually (Grisey and Fineberg, 2000;Pressnitzer and McAdams, 2000). But the work of Gyorgy Ligeti in particular bears the mark of perceptual illusions as musical devices in their own right.Take for instance the two pieces illustrated in Sound Example S5 and S6 in Supplementary Material.In the case of "Lontano," many instruments are fused into a slowly evolving texture and it is extremely difficult to isolate any one of them.In Ligeti's own word, "Polyphony is written but one hears harmony".The same orchestral configuration is used for the "San Francisco Polyphony," but here, the various instruments are individually heard, with indeed a feeling of a rich polyphony.Through these two pieces, most of the rules of ASA are used to create dramatically different perceptual outcomes with a same orchestra.This use of auditory illusions was a fully planned and deliberate musical esthetics, as stated by Ligeti himself (Sabbe, 1979): "Yes, it is true, I often work with acoustical illusions, very analogous to optical illusions, false perspectives, etc.We are not very familiar with acoustical illusions.But they are very analogous and one can make very interesting things in this domain."

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

8bb2d88b-cb8f-4eef-901d-1bb032d4fc46

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699110

2025-05-27T14:00:39.763272

9145ebe7-bb3f-4089-a65b-54c1351aebe6

AbstractOur objective was to study the incidence, etiology and diagnosis of multifocal osteonecrosis (MFON) and its treatment options to facilitate an earlier diagnosis and to optimize treatment. A radiological investigation was performed in osteonecrosis patients with a high risk of MFON for a more accurate diagnosis between January 2010 and June 2015. For patients with osteonecrosis of both the hip and knee joints or for patients with a history of corticosteroid use or alcohol abuse who had osteonecrosis of one or more joints in the shoulder, ankle, wrist or elbow, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also performed on other joints, regardless of whether these joints were symptomatic. Furthermore, we performed a radiological screening of 102 patients who had a negative diagnosis of MFON but were at a high risk; among them, another 31 MFON cases were successfully identified (30.4%). Thus, the incidence of MFON during the study period increased from 3.1% to 5.2%. Patients diagnosed with osteonecrosis and who are at a high risk of MFON should have their other joints radiologically examined when necessary. This will reduce missed diagnosis of MFON and facilitate an earlier diagnosis and treatment to achieve an optimal outcome.

<li> magnetic resonance imaging: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

[ [ { "end": 600, "label": "technique", "start": 574 }, { "end": 605, "label": "technique", "start": 602 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 600, "label": "technique", "start": 574 }, { "end": 605, "label": "technique", "start": 602 } ]

null

23046eb9-7afc-4020-92df-1221635f5d21

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699116

2025-05-27T14:00:39.858803

858a69f1-3b4e-42d8-91a7-71f8b7e01fe9

A few reports of MFON have suggested that a high dose of corticosteroids is the main risk factor for MFON.In France, Hernigou 4 reported on 140 MFON cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1995, all of which were associated with corticosteroid use.In the cases reported by Mont et al. 1 , 91% had a history of corticosteroid use, and the rest had a coagulation disorder.Our study showed that 94 of the 96 (98%) MFON patients admitted to our center had a treatment history of high-dose corticosteroids, and the two remaining patients had a history of alcohol use.Moreover, the dosage and route of administration of the corticosteroids were obviously related to the incidence of MFON.A study by Hernigou 4 demonstrated that the total dose and the daily dose of venous injection were closely related to the occurrence of MFON.This was also found in our study of post-SARS osteonecrosis patients caused by the use of corticosteroids 3 . There have been a limited number of MFON case reports and a high occurrence of MFON in asymptomatic patients.Therefore, the exact incidence of MFON in patients with various diseases remains unclear.The incidence of MFON in 200 patients with sickle cell disease was reported to be 44% (87 of 200) 4 .MFON as a complication in the maintenance treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's disease, and its incidence in these diseases is also higher than that reported in the literature.Solarino et al. 9 performed MRI screening in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after chemotherapy and found that 82% of them had MFON 9 .In the MFON cases presented in this study, most were SLE, followed by hematological diseases, nephropathy, organ transplantation, dermatomyositis and multiple sclerosis.MFON was especially prevalent in leukemia patients; 17 of the 20 osteonecrosis patients with leukemia under our care were found to have MFON.Three of the four patients who received pulse steroid therapy for trauma emergency had a spinal cord injury, for which steroid therapy was considered appropriate.However, one patient received pulse steroid therapy for only an eye injury and was found to have osteonecrosis in eight joints, including the hips, knees, shoulders and ankles.Caution should be taken for such cases in the future.MFON patients most commonly had osteonecrosis of the femoral head, followed by the knee, shoulder and ankle bones.Osteonecrosis of the shoulder, ankle and wrist never occurred aloneand was always accompanied by osteonecrosis of the hip and knee.Among the three populations of MFON patients presented in this study, 98-100% had femoral head involvement, 78-88% had knee involvement, and 29-67% had humeral head involvement.The average number of osteonecrotic lesions was 5.7 per patient.

<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "spinal cord: Other (UBERONParcellation)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 1454, "label": "technique", "start": 1451 } ]

null

e609cea0-fb4c-4178-b3e1-9ff38d024cc1

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699122

2025-05-27T14:00:39.950201

e9208544-5283-485c-90b6-940a015691a2

AbstractFor the past several decades, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapies have shown promise in the treatment of cancers. These treatments would greatly benefit from companion imaging biomarkers to follow the trafficking of T cells in vivo. Using synthetic biology, we engineered T cells with a chimeric receptor SyNthetic Intramembrane Proteolysis Receptor (SNIPR) that induces overexpression of an exogenous reporter gene cassette upon recognition of specific tumor markers. We then applied a SNIPR-based positron emission tomography (PET) reporter system to two cancer-relevant antigens, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII), commonly expressed in breast and glial tumors respectively. Antigen-specific reporter induction of the SNIPR-PET T cells was confirmed in vitro using GFP fluorescence, luciferase luminescence, and the HSV-TK PET reporter with [18F]FHBG. T cells associated with their target antigens were successfully imaged using PET in dual xenograft HER2+/HER2- and EGFRvIII+/EGFRvIII-animal models, with > 10-fold higher [18F]FHBG signals seen in antigen-expressing tumors versus the corresponding controls. The main innovation described is therefore PET detection of T cells via specific antigen-induced signals, in contrast to reporter systems relying on constitutive gene expression.

<li> positron emission tomography: positronEmissionTomography (technique)<li> PET: positronEmissionTomography (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "in vitro: inVitro (preparationType)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

6739123b-1e54-4253-abee-0ca218830036

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699129

2025-05-27T14:00:40.040784

00bda1d0-13af-45c2-8814-b2c5272dcf39

Trastuzumab has the same anti-HER2 scFv binding moiety as our SNIPR, thereby reflecting the affinity-based interaction of the same antigen-antibody pair (40).We used [ 89 Zr]trastuzumab (anti-HER2) PET imaging and [ 18 F]FDG PET in the same animal model as for the SNIPR-CAR system (n 5 4).Overall, different biodistributions of the 2 tracers were observed, consistent with distinct metabolism and excretion pathways (Fig. 3A).Both immuno-PET with [ 89 Zr]trastuzumab and SNIPR PET with [ 18 F]FHBG demonstrated statistically significant increased radiotracer enrichment in HER21 tumor compared with HER2-tumor (9.9-fold, with P , 0.001, and 9.3-fold, with P 5 0.002, respectively) (Fig. 3B).The relative radiotracer enrichment within HER21 tumor compared with HER22 tumor was not statistically significant between immuno-PET and SNIPR PET (P .0.05) (Fig. 3C).Likewise, the relative radiotracer enrichment within HER21 tumor compared with background was also not statistically significant between immuno-PET and SNIPR PET (P .0.05) (Fig. 2D).Imaging results using [ 89 Zr]trastuzumab were corroborated via ex vivo analysis of harvested tissues (Supplemental Fig. 7).Although not statistically significant, the trend of higher [ 18 F]FDG accumulation in HER2-tumor than in HER21 tumor on a %ID/cm 3 basis correlated with the higher growth rate of MD468 (HER2-) than of SKBR3 (HER21) that we observed both in vitro and in vivo (Figs.3B and3D).

<li> PET: positronEmissionTomography (technique)<li> PET imaging: positronEmissionTomography (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "in vitro: inVitro (preparationType)\nin vivo: inVivo (preparationType)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

4f8c505f-e3a3-4602-84e7-98bbb1a50193

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699135

2025-05-27T14:00:40.142015

caab749c-5c4a-4ab1-95cd-d4c6389a7008

When individuals interact with others, perceived information is transmitted among their brains. The EEG-based hyperscanning technique, which provides an approach to explore dynamic brain activities between two or more interactive individuals and their underlying neural mechanisms, has been applied to study different aspects of social interactions since 2010. Recently there has been an increase in research on EEG-based hyperscanning of social interactions. This paper summarizes the application of EEG-based hyperscanning on the dynamic brain activities during social interactions according to the experimental designs and contents, discusses the possibility of applying inter-brain synchrony to social communication systems and analyzes the contributions and the limitations of these investigations. Furthermore, this paper sheds light on some new challenges to future EEG-based hyperscanning studies and the emerging field of EEG-based hyperscanning for pursuing the broader research field of social interactions.

<li> EEG: electroencephalography (technique)<li> EEG-based hyperscanning: electroencephalography (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

a17680ea-7d75-4a1e-83cb-67fc288fb622

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699141

2025-05-27T14:00:40.226559

da67f0c3-46a5-4ef7-86ac-62db672019c2

Among social signals, the non-verbal signals are deemed to be crucial visual cues for communicative intentions (Jahng et al., 2017).During these processes, people share the same perspective with one another, and this phenomenon is called shared attention (Shteynberg, 2018). Mutual gaze and shared attention play an essential role in our abilities to detect others' focuses of interest, as well as to infer their intentions, desires and thoughts.The importance of mutual gaze and shared attention on the development of social cognition has been underlined (Koike et al., 2016).To investigate the neural mechanisms of interpersonal shared attention, researchers measured the brain activities of two people who engaged in actual mutual gaze or shared attention experimental task with inter-subjective sharing reciprocal information without words by recording simultaneously dual-EEG.Lachat et al. (2012) set up a live shared attention paradigm to investigate the influence of shared attention on oscillatory activities within the alpha-mu (8-12 Hz) frequency band.Compared with the noshared attention periods, a decrease of 11-13 Hz signal was found during the shared attention periods over a large set of left centroparietal electrodes extending to occipital electrodes.Another EEG-based hyperscanning study was performed by Leong et al. (2017) to verify whether direct gaze increased neural coupling between adult-infant partners during social interactions.Dikker et al. (2017) found that the highest pairwise alpha coherence emerged in student pairings who sat face-toface compared to the other two student pairings (adjacent and no face-to-face or no adjacent) and the inter-brain synchrony between students consistently predicted class engagement and social dynamics. The studies mentioned above supported the view that alpha frequency band was involved in visual processing (van den Heuvel et al., 2018), arousal and attentional mechanisms (Foxe and Snyder, 2011).People exchange reciprocal information via eye-to-eye contact and act according to the interpretation of the information.The results in certain degree showed that eye contact enhanced neural coupling between interactive individuals during social interactions.The conclusion was verified by the experiment about autism spectrum disorders (Yates and Couteur, 2016).

<li> EEG: electroencephalography (technique)<li> dual-EEG: electroencephalography (technique)<li> EEG-based hyperscanning: electroencephalography (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

f6191925-99d7-420e-a6a1-bb9a2a8fb6f5

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699147

2025-05-27T14:00:40.308255

b428a14b-6a5e-4302-9f94-9ac680a6a190

Abstract Objectives: To compare the amount of fluid in synovial sheaths of the ankle before and after running. Our hypothesis was that this amount would increase, and that the threshold for what is normally acceptable should be adjusted after physical activity.Methods: Twenty-one healthy volunteers (n=42 ankles) ran for 40 minutes on a treadmill. They underwent 3T MRI before and immediately after running using a dedicated ankle coil. The images were stored and subsequently measured in a standardized way and independently read by two readers for fluid in the tendon sheaths in the retro and inframalleolar area. Statistics were performed for each tendon (Wilcoxon signed rank test), and also for the pooled data. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated.Results: For reader 1, for all tendons the values after running increased without reaching statistical significance. For reader 2 this was not the case for all tendons but for most. When all the data were pooled (n=800 measurements), the statistical difference before and after running was significant (p< 0.001).Conclusion: Data pre and post running show a trend of increasing synovial fluid, however not significant for each individual tendon. The pooled data for all tendons, (n=800) show a statistically significant increase after running (p< 0.001). The clinical implication is that the threshold for normally acceptable fluid should be adjusted if the patient undergoes an MR study after recent physical activity.

<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> 3T MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

[ [ { "end": 370, "label": "technique", "start": 367 }, { "end": 1451, "label": "technique", "start": 1449 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "MR: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 370, "label": "technique", "start": 367 }, { "end": 370, "label": "technique", "start": 364 } ]

null

9aa91f88-855f-4c5e-b509-712004c3cdcc

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699154

2025-05-27T14:00:40.407674

8f7ecbf3-e5d9-4ed6-af0a-3e9c46103f96

All participants performed the experiment successfully without pain, injury, or becoming unwell. Planning of imaging was organized as such that each participant immediately underwent MR when his running session ended. There were 12 men (57%) and 9 women (43%).The mean age was 24.7 years. All the measurements obtained for all tendons pre and post are shown in Table 2 and3.This Table also shows the 95% confidence interval, the delta (and confidence interval), and the p-value for this specific tendon.Statistical significance was calculated for each tendon separately.Since the number of cases per tendon remained small, we also calculated statistical significance for all measurements pooled.This calculation thus related to 800 cases.The first table relates to reader 1, and the second table to reader 2 (Figs.1,2,3,4,5). All the measurements pre and post were largest for both readers for the TP and FH, followed by the FD, and peroneal tendons but in their inframalleolar location. For all tendons pooled the delta was small and ranged from 0.00 to 0.14 mm.None of the observed differences for both readers per tendon was statistically significant. For reader 1 all measurements post running showed a trend to be higher than pre-running.For reader 2 most values after running showed a trend to be higher, but not all. There was a trend for the post measurement to be larger, although not reaching statistical significance per tendon. When the calculation was performed on the pooled data (n = 800 cases) the result was significant, however (p < 0.001), with the measurement post running being higher. The mean BMI of the volunteers was 23, 2 (N).The BMI range was 19-32.Three individuals were in the obese range, and 3 in the overweight range, all the others having a BMI in the normal range.

<li> MR: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

[ [ { "end": 185, "label": "technique", "start": 183 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 185, "label": "technique", "start": 183 } ]

null

eaf46979-006a-4f54-a871-605485061b5f

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699160

2025-05-27T14:00:40.500332

e4606082-1628-407d-a839-3fbb16e8fb6e

AbstractThe complex genetic architecture of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and its heterogeneous phenotype make molecular diagnosis and patient prognosis challenging tasks. To establish more precise genotype-phenotype correlations in ASD, we developed a novel machine learning integrative approach, which seeks to delineate associations between patients’ clinical profiles and disrupted biological processes inferred from their Copy Number Variants (CNVs) that span brain genes. Clustering analysis of relevant clinical measures from 2446 ASD cases in the Autism Genome Project identified two distinct phenotypic subgroups. Patients in these clusters differed significantly in ADOS-defined severity, adaptive behaviour profiles, intellectual ability and verbal status, the latter contributing the most for cluster stability and cohesion. Functional enrichment analysis of brain genes disrupted by CNVs in these ASD cases identified 15 statistically significant biological processes, including cell adhesion, neural development, cognition and polyubiquitination, in line with previous ASD findings. A Naive Bayes classifier, generated to predict the ASD phenotypic clusters from disrupted biological processes, achieved predictions with a high Precision (0.82) but low recall (0.39), for a subset of patients with higher biological Information Content scores. This study shows that milder and more severe clinical presentations can have distinct underlying biological mechanisms. It further highlights how machine learning approaches can reduce clinical heterogeneity using multidimensional clinical measures, and establish genotype-phenotype correlations in ASD. However, predictions are strongly dependent on patient’s information content. Findings are therefore a first step towards the translation of genetic information into clinically useful applications, but emphasize the need for larger datasets with very complete clinical and biological information.

None

[ [ { "end": 471, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 466 }, { "end": 877, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 872 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[]

null

27ea7ad5-632c-4be6-ab59-8fb1e9930ce5

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699166

2025-05-27T14:00:40.591617

b51f304c-e814-424c-ae66-78ac8cee6fa8

CNVs (N = 129,754) identified in 2446 subjects with ASD were filtered to select rare, high-confidence CNVs, over 30 kb in size and that contained complete or partial brain-expressed gene sequences.The selected high-confidence, rare CNVs (N = 12,683) disrupted 4025 brainexpressed genes in 2414 subjects with ASD (86.8% males and 13.2% females). Phenotypic cluster and rare CNV data were complete for 1357 individuals with ASD, and available for integration.Functional enrichment analysis of rare CNVs targeting brain-expressed genes (N = 2738) in 1357 patients identified 17 statistically significant biological processes (Supplementary File 1: Table S3).g:Profiler did not recognize 187 genes from the input list.The redundancy of GO terms in functional enrichment analysis, caused by overlapping annotations in ancestor and descendent terms in the DAG structure of GO, was reduced by grouping the terms that had a semantic similarity score greater than 0.7 (Supplementary File 1: Table S3).The Revigo tool used to reduce redundancy did not recognize one biological process (Plasma membranebounded cell projection organization).After redundancy reduction, 16 biological processes remained (Table 3), with the Calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules biological process merged with Homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules (similarity score = 0.76).The most significant biological process identified in this dataset was Homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules, which includes 53 brain-expressed genes disrupted by the selected CNVs.The ten most significant biological processes were related to cell adhesion and cellular organization, and also included nervous system development and protein polyubiquitination (Table 3).Moreover, two significant biological processes were related to behavior and cognition.

None

[ [ { "end": 342, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 335 }, { "end": 324, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 319 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "male: male (biologicalSex)\nfemale: female (biologicalSex)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[]

null

62892281-552b-480a-a0bb-235327803fe3

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699172

2025-05-27T14:00:40.684190

83753522-60ea-4680-b582-e2204a12cbf6

AbstractStimuli are represented in the brain by the collective population responses of sensory neurons, and an object presented under varying conditions gives rise to a collection of neural population responses called an object manifold. Changes in the object representation along a hierarchical sensory system are associated with changes in the geometry of those manifolds, and recent theoretical progress connects this geometry with classification capacity, a quantitative measure of the ability to support object classification. Deep neural networks trained on object classification tasks are a natural testbed for the applicability of this relation. We show how classification capacity improves along the hierarchies of deep neural networks with different architectures. We demonstrate that changes in the geometry of the associated object manifolds underlie this improved capacity, and shed light on the functional roles different levels in the hierarchy play to achieve it, through orchestrated reduction of manifolds’ radius, dimensionality and inter-manifold correlations.

None

[ [ { "end": 585, "label": "technique", "start": 564 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "object classification: Other (technique)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[]

null

61e5c56a-810a-4f35-8b38-98504d2e20b7

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699178

0585cebe-c068-445f-9af1-0f84793d4258

Changes in the measured classification capacity can be traced back to changes in manifold geometry along the network hierarchy, namely manifold radii and dimensions, which can be estimated from data (see Methods, Eqs. ( 3) and ( 4), and Supplementary Methods 2.1).Mean manifold dimension and radius along DCNNs hierarchies are shown in Fig. 6a,b, respectively.The results exhibit a surprisingly consistent pattern of changes in the geometry of manifolds between different network architectures, along with interesting differences between the behavior of point-cloud and smooth manifolds.Figure 6a (and Supplementary Fig. 5 for ResNet-50 results) suggests that decreased dimension along the deep hierarchies is the main source of the observed increase in capacity from Figs. 4 and5.Both pointcloud and smooth manifolds exhibit non-monotonic behavior of dimension, with increased dimension in intermediate layers; this increase of dimensionality is also be observed in other measures such as participation ratio (Supplementary Fig. 5).A notable result is the very pronounced decrease in dimensions after the pixel layer of smooth translation manifolds (Fig. 6a, bottom), consistent with the expected ability of this convolution layer to average out substantial variability in images due to translation.On the other hand, manifold radii undergo modest decrease along the deep hierarchy and across all manifolds (Fig. 6b, and Supplementary Fig. 6 for ResNet-50).The larger role of dimensions, rather than radii, in contributing to the increase in capacity is demonstrated by comparing the observed capacity to that expected for manifolds with the observed dimensions but radii fixed at their value at the pixel layer, or the other way around (Supplementary Fig. 7).Interestingly, the decrease in radius is roughly linear in point-cloud manifolds while for smooth manifolds we find a substantial decrease in the first layer and the final (fully connected) layers, but not in intermediate layers.Those differences may reflect the fact that the high variability of point-cloud manifolds needs to be reduced incrementally from layer to layer (both in terms of radius and dimension), utilizing the increased complexity of downstream features, while the variability created by local affine transformations is handled mostly by the local processing of the first convolutional layer (consistent with ref. 35 reporting invariance to such transformations in the receptive field of early layers).The layer-wise compression of affine manifold plateaus in the subsequent convolutional layers, as the manifolds are already small enough.As signals propagate beyond the convolutional layers, the fully connected layers add further reduction in size in both manifold types. This geometric description allows us to further shed light on the structure of the smooth manifolds used here.For radius up to 1, the dimension of the manifolds with intrinsic 2-d variations (e.g., created by vertical and horizontal translation) is just the sum of the dimensions of the two corresponding 1-d manifolds with the same maximal object displacement (Supplementary Fig. 8a); only for larger radii, dimensions for 2-d manifolds are superadditive.On the other hand, for all levels of stimulus variability the radius of 2-d manifolds is about the same as the value of the corresponding 1-d manifolds (Supplementary Fig. 8b).This highlights the non-linear structure of those larger manifolds, where the effect of changing multiple manifold coordinates is no longer predicted from the effect of changing each coordinate separately.Network layers reduce correlations between object centers.Manifold geometry considered above characterizes the variability in object manifolds' shape but not the possible relations between them.Here we focus on the correlations between the centers of different manifolds (hereafter: center correlations), which may create clusters of manifolds in the representation state space.Though clustering may be beneficial for specific target classifications, our theory predicts that the overall effect of such manifold clustering on random binary classification is detrimental.Hence, these correlations reduce classification capacity (Supplementary Note 3.1).Thus, the amount of center correlations at each layer of a deep network is a computationally-relevant feature of the underlying manifold representation.Importantly, for both point-cloud and smooth manifolds we find that in an AlexNet network trained for object classification, center correlations decrease along the deep hierarchy (full lines in Fig. 7a,b; additional VGG-16, ResNet-50 results in Supplementary Fig. 9).This decrease is interpreted as incremental improvement of the neural code for objects, and supports the improved capacity (Figs.45).In contrast, center correlations at the same network architectures but prior to training (dashed lines in Fig. 7a,b) do not decrease (except for the affine manifolds in the first convolutional layer, Fig. 7b).Thus this decorrelation of manifold centers is a result of the network training.Interestingly, the center correlations of shuffled manifolds exhibit lower levels of correlations, which remain constant across layers after an initial decrease at the first convolutional layer. Another source of inter-manifold correlations are correlations between the axes of variation of different manifolds; those also decrease along the network hierarchies (Supplementary Fig. 9) but their effect on classification capacity is small (as verified by using surrogate data, Supplementary Fig. 10). Effect of network building blocks on manifolds' geometry.To better understand the enhanced capacity exhibited by DCNNs we study the roles of the different network building blocks.Based on our theory, any operation applied to a neural representation may change capacity by either changing the manifolds' dimensions, radii, or the inter-manifold correlations (where a reduction of these measures is expected to increase capacity). Figure 8a, b shows the effect of single operations used in AlexNet and VGG-16.We find that the ReLU nonlinearity usually reduces center correlations and manifolds' radii, but increases manifolds' dimensions (Fig. 8a).This is expected as the nonlinearity tends to generate a sparse, higher dimensional, representations 50,51 .In contrast, pooling decreases manifolds' radii and dimensions but usually increase correlations (Fig. 8b), presumably due to the underlying spatial averaging.Such clear behavior is not evident when considering convolutional or fully connected operations in isolation (Supplementary Fig. 11). In contrast to single operations, we find that the networks' computational building blocks perform consistent transformation on manifold properties (Fig. 8c,d).The initial building blocks consist of sequences of convolution, ReLU operation followed by pooling, which consistently act to decrease correlations and tend to decrease both manifolds' radii and dimensions (Fig. 8c).On the other hand, the final building block, a fully connected operation followed by ReLU, decreases manifolds' radii and dimensions, but may increase correlations (Fig. 8d), similarly to the max-pooling operation (Fig. 8b).Furthermore, as composite building blocks show more consistent behavior than individual operations, we understand why DCNNs with randomly initialized weights do not improve manifold properties.Only by appropriately trained weights, the combination of operations with often opposing effects yields a net improvement in manifold properties.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

4996bdff-9fc4-45d4-81eb-6951c6eb6ef5

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699185

2025-05-27T14:00:40.782207

839ec302-51db-4f77-baac-d8a4cf800375

Numerous studies have shown that gradient-echo blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI is biased toward large draining veins. However, the impact of this large vein bias on the localization and characterization of semantic category areas has not been examined. Here we address this issue by comparing standard magnitude measures of BOLD activity in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) and Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) to those obtained using a novel method that suppresses the contribution of large draining veins: source-localized phase regressor (sPR). Unlike previous suppression methods that utilize the phase component of the BOLD signal, sPR yields robust and unbiased suppression of large draining veins even in voxels with no task-related phase changes. This is confirmed in ideal simulated data as well as in FFA/PPA localization data from four subjects. It was found that approximately 38% of right PPA, 14% of left PPA, 16% of right FFA, and 6% of left FFA voxels predominantly reflect signal from large draining veins. Surprisingly, with the contributions from large veins suppressed, semantic category representation in PPA actually tends to be lateralized to the left rather than the right hemisphere. Furthermore, semantic category areas larger in volume and higher in fSNR were found to have more contributions from large veins. These results suggest that previous studies using gradient-echo BOLD fMRI were biased toward semantic category areas that receive relatively greater contributions from large veins.

<li> blood oxygen level dependent: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> BOLD: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> Fusiform Face Area: fusiformGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> FFA: fusiformGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> Parahippocampal Place Area: parahippocampalGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> PPA: parahippocampalGyrus (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "\r\n" ]

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null

b90470c9-9bfb-4f89-a11c-84678d0ea144

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699191

2025-05-27T14:00:40.916705

7528882a-76c4-4f78-8c2f-c77a58def920

To quantify the hemisphere laterality of FFA and PPA, an ROI size laterality index and an fSNR laterality index for each subject's FFA and PPA were calculated.For a given subject and ROI, ROI size laterality is defined as:

<li> FFA: fusiformGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> PPA: parahippocampalGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> ROI: Other (technique)

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 44, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 41 }, { "end": 134, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 131 }, { "end": 52, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 49 }, { "end": 142, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 139 }, { "end": 60, "label": "technique", "start": 57 }, { "end": 186, "label": "technique", "start": 183 }, { "end": 191, "label": "technique", "start": 188 } ]

null

756e0db5-2905-4dbd-8743-78a81fece6b1

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699197

2025-05-27T14:00:41.008577

81145392-d51a-48af-bc63-8ece8901f77f

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short-length non-protein-coding RNA sequences that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in a broad range of cellular processes including neuro- development and have previously been implicated in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In this study, we use our vervet monkey model of FASD to follow up on a prior multivariate (developmental age × ethanol exposure) mRNA analysis (GSE173516) to explore the possibility that the global mRNA downregulation we observed in that study could be related to miRNA expression and function. We report here a predominance of upregulated and differentially expressed miRNAs. Further, the 24 most upregulated miRNAs were significantly correlated with their predicted targets (Target Scan 7.2). We then explored the relationship between these 24 miRNAs and the fold changes observed in their paired mRNA targets using two prediction platforms (Target Scan 7.2 and miRwalk 3.0). Compared to a list of non-differentially expressed miRNAs from our dataset, the 24 upregulated and differentially expressed miRNAs had a greater impact on the fold changes of their corresponding mRNA targets across both platforms. Taken together, this evidence raises the possibility that ethanol-induced upregulation of specific miRNAs might contribute functionally to the general downregulation of mRNAs observed by multiple investigators in response to prenatal alcohol exposure.

<li> vervet monkey: chlorocebusAethiopsSabaeus (species)

[ [ { "end": 309, "label": "species", "start": 296 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "vervet monkey: chlorocebusPygerythrus (species)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 309, "label": "species", "start": 296 } ]

null

d51c1f53-7a87-4f1f-9a8c-ec47ff9a7975

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699203

d2e721e8-e67f-49a4-8074-dc9544df1993

To our knowledge, this is the first study to observe the simultaneous upregulation of miRNA with correlated downregulation of mRNA in response to prenatal ethanol exposure using paired, concurrently sampled datasets.This is also the first example in which a hypothetical functional impact of global miRNA changes on global old changes in mRNA has been robustly investigated.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

32a4594f-7a26-4d86-a839-9dba28701835

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699209

d086c1d7-245b-4448-9c48-21ec69a2bff7

In this paper, we report an approach to design nanolayered memristive compositions based on TiO2/Al2O3 bilayer structures with analog non-volatile and volatile tuning of the resistance. The structure of the TiO2 layer drives the physical mechanism underlying the non-volatile resistance switching, which can be changed from electronic to ionic, enabling the synaptic behavior emulation. The presence of the anatase phase in the amorphous TiO2 layer induces the resistive switching mechanism due to electronic processes. In this case, the switching of the resistance within the range of seven orders of magnitude is experimentally observed. In the bilayer with amorphous titanium dioxide, the participation of ionic processes in the switching mechanism results in narrowing the tuning range down to 2–3 orders of magnitude and increasing the operating voltages. In this way, a combination of TiO2/Al2O3 bilayers with inert electrodes enables synaptic behavior emulation, while active electrodes induce the neuronal behavior caused by cation density variation in the active Al2O3 layer of the structure. We consider that the proposed approach could help to explore the memristive capabilities of nanolayered compositions in a more functional way, enabling implementation of artificial neural network algorithms at the material level and simplifying neuromorphic layouts, while maintaining all benefits of neuromorphic architectures.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

a9ee570a-100b-412d-a19c-26125b7fd95b

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699216

2025-05-27T14:00:41.122518

0db93650-b115-4b50-963e-cbaf62e718f9

As a memristive structure with an analog switching of the resistive state, a sequence of two Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 thin-film layers was chosen (Figure 1).To form the structures, Pt bottom electrode (100 nm) was deposited at 150 • C on a p-Si/SiO 2 substrate with an adhesive layer of Ti (25 nm).Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to synthesize the functional oxide layers (TFS 200 setup, Beneq).ALD of 30-nm-thick titanium dioxide was carried out at temperatures of 150-200 • C using titanium tetraisopropoxide [Ti(OiPr) 4 ] and water vapor (H 2 O) as precursors.Synthesis of a functional 5-nm-thick Al 2 O 3 layer was carried out at 150 • C using trimethylaluminum and water vapor (H 2 O).The structure of the titanium dioxide layer solely depends on ALD temperature T c .At T c = 150 • C, the titanium dioxide layer is completely amorphous, whereas at T c = 200 • C, it is amorphous with the inclusion of the anatase phase crystallites (Grzegorz et al., 2013;Piltaver et al., 2017;Andreeva N. et al., 2018).The initial resistance of the amorphous layer was 10 9 •cm, and that of the layer, containing the anatase phase, was 10 4 •cm.The initial resistance of the two-layer Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 structures was determined by the resistance of the amorphous aluminum oxide layer and was set to 10 11 -10 12 •cm.The thickness of the deposited layers was controlled with scanning electron microscopy over the cross-section of the structures obtained with a focused ion beam (Quanta FEI, Helios NanoLab).The surface morphology of platinum and titanium oxide films was studied with atomic force microscopy (Dimension 3100, Veeco).The study of local resistive properties was carried out in the mode of tunneling atomic force microscopy using probes with a conductive platinum coating. Top platinum and copper electrodes with a thickness of 100 nm and a diameter of 350 µm were deposited through a mask by ion-plasma sputtering at 150 • C. Mechanisms responsible for the appearance of resistive switching and the switching effect itself were studied based on I-V characteristics measured using the Keithley 4200-SCS semiconductor characterization system.During the measurements, the bottom platinum electrode was grounded. Aluminum oxide was chosen as the active layer responsible for the analog switching of the resistance for the following reasons.First, it is an oxide of a non-transition metal, and the effect of redox reactions on the resistive switching processes may be excluded.Second, it is a high-resistance material [with a band gap of 6.2-6.5 eV for amorphous alumina (Liu et al., 2010)] with low charge carrier mobility and long dielectric relaxation time. At a low concentration of defects (point defects, mainly in the oxygen sublattice), the conductivity of aluminum oxide is electronic in nature (Robert and Doremus, 2006).At that point, the hopping transport of electrons through the trap levels, arising from structural defects, and space-charge-limited currents (SCLC) act as the main mechanisms of charge transport (Hickmott, 1962;Kunitsyn et al., 2018).Taking into account the peculiarities of the ALD technology, it is possible to synthesize layers, in which both chemically bound and adsorbed (OH-) groups will be present in the bulk of the deposited Al 2 O 3 layers.At a certain concentration of (OH-) groups, exceeding 3 × 10 7 (OH-) groups per aluminum atom, a transition in the character of conductivity from electronic to ionic is observed.The ionic conductivity is related to the transport of H 3 O + ions via the formation of bonds with oxygen anions located near the AlO defects (Robert and Doremus, 2006).ALD synthesis makes it possible to vary the concentration of OH-groups in Al 2 O 3 layers by changing the exposure time to water.Thus, the use of ALD-grown aluminum oxide as functional layers in memristive structures allows us to vary the contribution of electronic or ionic processes in the mechanisms of resistive switching. The use of titanium dioxide, which is a transition metal oxide, as the second functional layer in the structure of memristive composition gives us an opportunity to "optionally, " i.e., depending on the synthesis conditions, engage the mechanism of resistive switching related to the redox reactions.For example, a layer of amorphous titanium dioxide exhibited a reversible analog switching of the resistance in the range of three orders of magnitude due to the redox reactions (Andreeva et al., 2021), and it was used in Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 compositions with a predominance of the ionic resistive switching mechanism.No resistive effects were observed in the titanium dioxide layer with the anatase phase, and its use made it possible to turn to the electronic nature of resistive switching in two-layer memristive compositions (Alekseeva et al., 2016;Andreeva N. et al., 2018). In the ionic switching mechanism, the replacement of platinum with copper as electrode material was aimed to govern the resistance of the aluminum oxide layer by varying the ratio of copper cations and oxygen vacancies.

<li> Atomic layer deposition: Other (technique)<li> ALD: Other (technique)<li> scanning electron microscopy: scanningElectronMicroscopy (technique)<li> atomic force microscopy: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

de1b67ba-55e3-4311-b397-5eec01632007

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699222

2025-05-27T14:00:41.208479

b00073ee-2d4c-4e7b-8441-9c9ff45ccdff

Congenital sensory deprivation can lead to reorganization of the deprived cortical regions by another sensory system. Such cross-modal reorganization may either compete with or complement the "original" inputs to the deprived area after sensory restoration and can thus be either adverse or beneficial for sensory restoration. In congenital deafness, a previous inactivation study documented that supranormal visual behavior was mediated by higher-order auditory fields in congenitally deaf cats (CDCs). However, both the auditory responsiveness of "deaf" higher-order fields and interactions between the reorganized and the original sensory input remain unknown. Here, we studied a higher-order auditory field responsible for the supranormal visual function in CDCs, the auditory dorsal zone (DZ). Hearing cats and visual cortical areas served as a control. Using mapping with microelectrode arrays, we demonstrate spatially scattered visual (cross-modal) responsiveness in the DZ, but show that this did not interfere substantially with robust auditory responsiveness elicited through cochlear implants. Visually responsive and auditory-responsive neurons in the deaf auditory cortex formed two distinct populations that did not show bimodal interactions. Therefore, cross-modal plasticity in the deaf higher-order auditory cortex had limited effects on auditory inputs. The moderate number of scattered cross-modally responsive neurons could be the consequence of exuberant connections formed during development that were not pruned postnatally in deaf cats. Although juvenile brain circuits are modified extensively by experience, the main driving input to the cross-modally (visually) reorganized higher-order auditory cortex remained auditory in congenital deafness.In a common view, the "unused" auditory cortex of deaf individuals is reorganized to a compensatory sensory function during development. According to this view, cross-modal plasticity takes over the unused cortex and reassigns it to the remaining senses. Therefore, cross-modal plasticity might conflict with restoration of auditory function with cochlear implants. It is unclear whether the cross-modally reorganized auditory areas lose auditory responsiveness. We show that the presence of cross-modal plasticity in a higher-order auditory area does not reduce auditory responsiveness of that area. Visual reorganization was moderate, spatially scattered and there were no interactions between cross-modally reorganized visual and auditory inputs. These results indicate that cross-modal reorganization is less detrimental for neurosensory restoration than previously thought.

<li> congenitally deaf cats: felisCatus (species)<li> CDCs: felisCatus (species)<li> cats: felisCatus (species)<li> auditory dorsal zone: auditoryCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> DZ: auditoryCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> visual cortical areas: visualCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> microelectrode arrays: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "neuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nauditory cortex: auditoryCortex (UBERONParcellation)\nbrain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

bdbdc84a-51cd-41a1-86e0-94c3e1e0dc37

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699228

2025-05-27T14:00:41.291252

dc624efc-6de1-40c9-b102-725fca7d66bb

Animals.Experiments were performed in five adult congenitally deaf white cats (Heid et al., 1998) and four adult hearing controls (Ͼ12 months of age, 7 female and 2 male).HCs had normal hearing with click-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds Ͻ40 dB SPL pe .CDCs had been identified from the colony of deaf white cats using a hearing screening with ABRs within the first 4 weeks after birth (Heid et al., 1998).HCs and CDCs lived in the same housing conditions.Experiments were approved by the local state authorities of Lower Saxony (LAVES, Oldenburg) and were performed in compliance with the guidelines of the European Community for the care and use of laboratory animals (EU VD 86/609/EEC) and the German Animal Welfare Act (TierSchG). Surgical preparation and CIs.Animals were premedicated with 0.25 mg of atropine intraperitoneally and then anesthetized with 24.5 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Ketavet; Parker-Davis) and 1 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun 2%; Bayer).The animals were then tracheotomized and artificially ventilated.During artificial ventilation, the anesthetic was switched to isoflurane (Lilly) and maintained throughout the surgical procedures at 1.3-1.5 volume percentage isoflurane concentration in a 1:2 mixture of O 2 /N 2 O. Adequacy of anesthesia depth and the animals' physiological state was monitored by means of ECG, heart rate, end-tidal CO 2 , muscle tone, and EEG signals.End-tidal CO 2 was maintained at Ͻ4.5%.Core temperature was kept Ͼ37.5°C using a homeothermic blanket.Physiological state was additionally monitored by analyzing capillary blood every 12 h for blood gas concentration, pH, bicarbonate concentration, base excess, glycemia, and oxygen saturation.A modified Ringer's solution containing bicarbonate (according to the base excess) was infused intravenously.Each animal's head was fixed in a stereotactic holder (Horsley-Clarke). We then retested the hearing status in all animals by measuring ABR.For this purpose, a small trephination was drilled at the vertex and ABR responses were recorded with an epidural silver-ball electrode (diameter ϳ1 mm) referenced to a silver-wire neck electrode.HCs had click response thresholds Ͻ40 dB SPL.The absence of ABR responses in deaf animals confirmed deafness as diagnosed during early hearing screening soon after birth (Fig. 1A). Stimulation was performed using feline CIs (MED-EL, custom-made, five channels, distance between contacts 1 mm; Fig. 1) inserted bilaterally through the round window into scalae tympani of both ears.This involved exposing both bullae and ear canals.To prevent electrophony in HCs, the hair cells were destroyed pharmacologically before cochlear implantation.This was achieved by intracochlear instillation of 300 l of 2.5% neomycin sulfate solution over a 5 min period and subsequent rinsing using Ringer's solution.The absence of hearing was subsequently confirmed by the absence of ABRs (Fig. 1).To test the functionality of the CIs and to determine the stimulation threshold, we then determined electrical ABRs (eABRs; Fig. 1).eABR thresholds were measured between the epidural silver electrode to a reference in the neck (amplification 100,000ϫ, sixth-order band-pass filter 10 -10,000 Hz).Electrical brainstem responses were recorded for a biphasic pulse (200 s/phase) at different current levels with bipolar stimulation between all possible bipolar electrode contact combinations. As in a previous study in a larger group of animals (Tillein et al., 2012), the eABR thresholds were not different between HCs and CDCs [Fig.1D Recording of electrophysiological activity.For electrophysiological recording, a trephination above the lateral (suprasylvian) sulcus was performed, exposing the dorsal auditory cortex (DZ) on the lateral bank and visual medial suprasylvian sulcus areas (anterior and posterior medial suprasylvian sulcus areas, AMLS/PMLS, subsequently referred to jointly as MLS; Fig. 2A).The dura was opened and the cortex surface was covered with silicone oil.A modified Davies chamber was positioned around the trephination site to stabilize the cortex with a layer of agarose and a closure was created melted bone wax after the electrode arrays were set in place.Cortical activity was recorded with two linear 16 site multielectrode arrays for which the intersite distance was 150 m, surface area 177 m 2 , impedance 1-2 ⌴⍀ (NeuroNexus).The multielectrode arrays were positioned and inserted using micromanipulators, which were attached to the stereotactic frame (TSE Systems).The penetration angle was kept constant throughout the experiment.At least one penetration in each investigated area was stained using DiI (1,1Ј-dioctadecyl-3,3,3Ј,3Јtetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; Invitrogen) that was applied to the noncontact side of the multielectrode array using a micropipette (Eppendorf).An epidural vertex silver-ball electrode served as an electrical reference for both multi electrode arrays.The recorded signals were amplified 5000 -10,000 times with a Neuralynx amplifier, band-pass filtered (1 Hz-9 kHz), digitized (at a sampling rate of 30 kHz), and stored on a computer. Mapping procedure and stimulation design.We mapped the dorsal auditory cortex and visual areas along the medial part of the suprasylvian sulcus in deaf and HCs (Fig. 1B).Multielectrode arrays were inserted on both sides of the sulcus at a distance of ϳ500 m from the midline of the sulcus, thus penetrating the dorsal auditory cortex and the two visual area in MLS.With an intersite distance of 150 m and the uppermost site inserted just into the cortex, the tip of the electrode shank was inserted with a micromanipulator to a depth of ϳ2400 m (Ϯ100 m) from the cortical surface.The depth or position of the multielectrode array was not changed after insertion to search for activity.At each penetration position and after the closure of the modified Davies chamber with agarose and bone wax, we allowed the multielectrode array to settle and stabilize the recordings for 10 -20 min.Each block of sensory stimulation was initiated by 15 min of recording of spontaneous activity and was concluded by 15 min recording of spontaneous activity to exclude drifts of the general state of the animals.This approach allowed us to ensure a constant light anesthetic state.We paid attention to avoid deep anesthesia with burst suppression to prevent possible abnormal heteromodal responses in the cortex (Land et al., 2012).During the neuronal recordings, isoflurane concentration was reduced to 1.0 -1.2 volume percentage, and adequacy of anesthesia depth was monitored to ensure comparable anesthesia levels and to avoid periods of burst suppression. The number of spontaneously active sites was similar for HCs and CDCs, with more spontaneous activity in the visual cortex than in the auditory dorsal cortex in both groups (CDCs: 63 Ϯ 7% in DZ vs 84 Ϯ 6% in MLS, WMW test, p ϭ 0.03; HCs: 53 Ϯ 5% in DZ vs 75 Ϯ 11% in MLS; WMW test, p ϭ 0.029). We analyzed and included all electrode sites in the statistics.In the text, "position" refers to the penetration location in the cortex (Fig. 2B) and "site" refers to electrode sites deep in the cortex, of which there were 16 for each electrode array.In total, we analyzed 1440 recording sites (720 in the auditory and 720 in the visual cortex) in HCs and 1632 sites (816 in the visual and 816 in the auditory cortex) in CDCs. Sensory stimulation.eABR thresholds were determined at the beginning of the experiment (Fig. 1).The eABR threshold of the respective ears then was used as a reference current level.Electrical stimulation was wide bipolar between the apical-most and the basal-most contact of the implant, covering cochlear positions with characteristic frequencies Ͼ10 kHz (Kral et al., 2009). Auditory stimulation.For intracortical recordings, pulses were presented binaurally, from 2 dB below to 6 dB above the eABR threshold in 1 dB steps for each ear.The electrical stimulus was a triplet of biphasic pulses (200 s/phase at 500 pulses/s, giving a total stimulation time of 4.4 ms) applied in bipolar configuration between the basal-most electrode and the apical-most electrode of the CI.Pulse levels were randomized and the interstimulus intervals were 1000 ms.Each electrical stimulus was repeated 30 times. Visual stimulation.Visual stimuli were generated in MATLAB (The MathWorks) with the Psychophysics Toolbox (Brainard, 1997).Stimuli were presented on a TFT display (Model 2009wt; Dell) at a 28 cm distance in front of the contralateral eye.In analogy to the electrical pulse, we used a visual flash stimulus to study general visual responses.This stimulus is simple and broadly activates neurons in the visual system, both in the magnocellular and parvocellular subsystems.We presented 100 ms full-field flashes with positive contrast (white flash) or negative contrast (black flash).Each type of flash was repeated 50 times with an interstimulus interval of 1000 ms consisting of a gray background.Furthermore, to include apparent movement into the stimulus, square-wave phase reversal gratings of different orientations (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°) and spatial frequencies (0.1-2.0 cycles/degree) were used for visual stimulation. Bimodal stimulation.To investigate interactions between the visual and auditory responses, bimodal stimulation was used.Visual stimulus (full-field flash, 16.7 ms duration, one frame, 60 Hz refresh rate) was combined with auditory stimulation (triplet of biphasic pulses, 200 s/ phase, 500 Hz) at 6 dB above threshold.The onset of the stimuli varied across a range from Ϫ30 to 30 ms. Histology.After the experiment, the animals were transcardially perfused.After thoracotomy, 0.5 ml of heparin (Liquemin; Hoffman-La Roche) was injected into the left ventricle.Then, 2 L of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) and 2 L of fixative (2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2.0% formaldehyde) were infused transcardially with pressure Ͼ100 mmHg.After 24 h of postfixation in 4% formaldehyde, the brain was excised from the skull, photographed, and a block containing the investigated cortical areas was cryoprotected in 30% sucrose, frozen, and cut in frontal plane in 50 m sections using a cryotome (Leica).The sections were first photographed in fluorescence mode to reveal the DiI (Keyence, BZ-9000).Subsequently, the sections were alternatively stained with Nissl and antibodies against SMI 32 (Mellott et al., 2010), allowing us to identify the borders of field A1, DZ, and lateral sulcus regions (LLS and MLS).All stained sections were then digitized and the penetrations were reconstructed (Keyence, BZ-9000).The DiI-stained penetrations were combined with photographs of SMI-32-stained (same) sections. Data analysis.Multiunits (MUs) were derived by band-pass filtering the raw signal between 700 Hz and 9 kHz.First, we determined all spike activity with amplitudes that exceeded a fixed threshold of 50 V (amplifier noise level Ͻ15 V), separating large spikes.A fixed spike threshold was used to ensure comparability between groups and multiunit firing rates.We additionally analyzed "continuous multiunit activity" (cMUA), including the all spike amplitudes (also the so-called "hash") using the 700 Hz high-pass filtered, rectified, and squared signal without thresholding.This signal was denoted as cMUA. Analysis of ongoing activity.To derive ongoing multiunit rate from 15 min intervals before and after stimulation, for each site, we randomly selected 100 intervals with a 1 s window length and calculated the mean rate of these 100 intervals for all sites.We subsequently excluded sites if firing rate was Ͻ0.1 Hz during the entire period (nonactive sites). Analysis of responses.Sites in CDCs and HCs were defined as responsive if neuronal activity was modulated by electrical stimulation via the CI satisfying a fixed statistical criterion for all sites (DZ and PMLS).Mean auditory responses were calculated for each of the 9 stimulation levels (Ϫ2 dB to 6 dB above the eABR threshold).Response strength was defined as the mean number of spikes in the interval 30 ms after stimulus onset; that is, the time window when auditory responses occurred.Auditory responses were ordered by stimulation level and the correlation coefficient between response strength and stimulation level was determined.If the coefficient was significant ( p Ͻ 0.05) or if the unit significantly responded above baseline in five of the nine stimulation levels (two-sided t test against baseline activity, p Ͻ 0.05), then the site was considered responsive to auditory input.For all responsive sites, the response latency was defined as the peak of the response at 6 dB above threshold.Visual responsiveness was considered as present in those neurons that showed a significant increase in firing rate within the 60 ms after the stimulus (␣ ϭ 5%).Visually evoked activity was tested against baseline multiunit activity before stimulus onset.Both rates were compared with a two-sided t test ( p Ͻ 0.05) and, if found significant, were collected as a response for further analysis.Response latency was defined as peak latency. Presence of bimodal enhancement was tested at those stimulus delays where peak responses overlapped.Quantification was performed using the enhancement index (EI) (Meredith and Stein, 1983) where VA is the firing rate with bimodal stimulation, V and A are the firing rates of visual alone and auditory alone stimulation, respectively, and max denotes the maximum function.To determine the additive or superadditive character of bimodal responses, the additive index (AI) was also used (King and Palmer, 1985) If not stated otherwise, all data are presented in the form of mean Ϯ SD.Data from animals were not pooled, statistical comparisons were per- formed at the animal level (5 CDCs vs 4 HCs).We used a nonparametric two-tailed WMW test with 5% significance level to compare data between cortical areas and between HCs and CDCs.

<li> congenitally deaf white cats: felisCatus (species)<li> CDCs: felisCatus (species)<li> HCs: felisCatus (species)<li> cats: felisCatus (species)<li> auditory brainstem response: Other (technique)<li> ABR: Other (technique)<li> electrophysiological recording: Other (technique)<li> multielectrode arrays: Other (technique)<li> dorsal auditory cortex: auditoryCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> DZ: auditoryCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> visual areas: visualCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> MLS: Other (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "I added extra entities to UBERONparcellation and techniques\n\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

16aa395a-d665-4f34-a5b2-b26e3ffa6175

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699235

2025-05-27T14:00:41.400483

f9aa9a0a-0df4-4b7c-b27d-f87b5d697a10

The way an object is released by the passer to a partner is fundamental for the success of the handover and for the experienced fluency and quality of the interaction. Nonetheless, although its apparent simplicity, object handover involves a complex combination of predictive and reactive control mechanisms that were not fully investigated so far. Here, we show that passers use visual-feedback based anticipatory control to trigger the beginning of the release, to launch the appropriate motor program, and adapt such predictions to different speeds of the receiver's reaching out movements. In particular, the passer starts releasing the object in synchrony with the collision with the receiver, regardless of the receiver's speed, but the passer's speed of grip force release is correlated with receiver speed. When visual feedback is removed, the beginning of the passer's release is delayed proportionally with the receiver's reaching out speed; however, the correlation between the passer's peak rate of change of grip force is maintained. In a second study with 11 participants receiving an object from a robotic hand programmed to release following stereotypical biomimetic profiles, we found that handovers are experienced as more fluent when they exhibit more reactive release behaviours, shorter release durations, and shorter handover durations. The outcomes from the two studies contribute understanding of the roles of sensory input in the strategy that empower humans to perform smooth and safe handovers, and they suggest methods for programming controllers that would enable artificial hands to hand over objects with humans in an easy, natural and efficient way.

None

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "humans: homoSapiens (species)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[]

null

04dda3fa-c406-4141-966a-d28090fc05bb

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699241

2025-05-27T14:00:41.491753

0895709f-39a7-4ebd-93c3-a539cb9e457a

We describe the clinical and radiological findings of a pair of siblings with cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and compare them with the literature. Both of them present pregnancies and deliveries uneventful and both presented some grade of hypotonia, ataxia, ocular motor abnormalities and mild motor delay and slurred speech. These siblings meet many of the criteria described in non-progressive congenital ataxia in which can occur familial cases with cerebellar atrophy, including vermis hypoplasia. As differential diagnosis we compare them with related syndromes and with Joubert's syndrome which main radiological finding on MRI is vermis hypoplasia associated with "molar tooth" appearance. The correct answer for these cases will only be possible by molecular genetics.

<li> cerebellar vermis hypoplasia: cerebellumVermisCulmen (UBERONParcellation)<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

[ [ { "end": 631, "label": "technique", "start": 628 }, { "end": 95, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 78 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "cerebellar vermis: cerebellarVermis (UBERONParcellation)\r\n\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 106, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 78 }, { "end": 631, "label": "technique", "start": 628 } ]

null

6975645f-b943-466a-93b2-b2c45b0423b0

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699247

2025-05-27T14:00:41.616512

90f7139f-2442-4a09-b934-713885c81e04

The question that arise in describing these pair of siblings is what is the best diagnosis?A general approach is to call them as NPCA as we mention in the introduction.The incidence is about 0.13 per 1000 children 14 .Etiology include malformations, congenital infections, syndromal and other hereditary disorders 14 . Over recent decades many sporadic and familial case reports have been published [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] .In a The authors conclusion on pure NPCA is that they present with hypotonia and developmental delay, followed by ataxia.Ataxia is a non-progressive, but persistent symptom.Major problems arise in the majority of these subjects related to cognitive impairment and less to neurologic symptoms.Clinical and neuroimaging findings do not help in defining any subgroups of NPCA and it seems most likely that only progress in the genetics of ataxias will give more information. At this point we would like to discuss Joubert syndrome, although for the moment is an unlike diagnosis of the siblings, but is always important to mention when we face CH. Many authors had recently published criteria for the diagnosis of Joubert syndrome, as Sztriha et al. 20 and Maria et al. 21.The last one included common abnormalities characterized by hypotonia present in all patients, developmental delay including motor, language and adaptative behaviors, and many children are pleasant and friendly.MRI shows "molar tooth" sign in axial plane, deeper than normal posterior interpeduncular fossa, prominent or thickened superior cerebellar peduncules and vermian hypoplasia or dysplasia.Pathologic findings are vermian hypoplasia or dysplasia, elongation of the caudal midbrain tegmentum and marked dysplasia of the caudal medulla.The associated abnormalities are high rounded eyebrows, broad nasal bridge, mild epicanthus, anteverted nostrils, triangular-shaped open mouth with tongue protusion, low-set and coarse ears.Breathing abnormalities are most pronounced in the neonatal period and infancy.Also occur retinal dysplasia, colobomas, nystagmus, strabismus and ptosis.Oculomotor apraxia and microcystic renal disease that can be progressive. For the description outlined above we can not say that the siblings have Joubert syndrome, and the best that we can say is that they could have a milder expression of the disease, but the answer will be possible only if we have a molecular genetic study done in these patients.Raynes et al 22 describe three sisters with Joubert syndrome, two of whom are monozygotic twins with highly discordant phenotypes.While twin A is wheelchair bound, severely retarded, nonverbal, autistic and MRI with "molar tooth" sign, vermian aplasia and absence of the cerebellar hemispheres, twin B is able to walk, run, verbal and MRI with "molar tooth" sign and mild hypoplasia of the inferior cerebellar vermis.Unlike our siblings she shows on ophthalmologic examination diffuse retinal pigmentary changes. Finally it is important to make differential diagnosis with related conditions such as Arima, Senior Loken and Coach syndromes that also have "molar tooth" signs on axial MRI 23 .Arima syndrome is an autossomal recessive disorder which consists of vermian hypoplasia, retinopathy, cystic dysplastic kidneys and several patients have Dandy-Walker malformations or occipital encephalocele.Senior Loken syndrome is also an autossomal recessive syndrome, consists of vermian hypoplasia, retinopathy, juvenil onset nephronophthisis and most have mental retardation.Coach syndrome is an autossomal recessive malformation syndrome, consists of vermian hypoplasia, colobomas, nephronophthisis and hepatic fibrosis. Addendum -After finishing the article we were told by the parents that a children's cousin, an 1 year old girl, on the mother's side, from unrelated parents, has the same clinical picture, but with a normal MRI.

<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "midbrain tegmentun: midbrainTegmentum (UBERONParcellation)\nmedulla: medullaOblongata (UBERONParcellation)\ncerebellar hemisphere: cerebellarHemisphere (UBERONParcellation)\ncerebellar vermis: cerebellarVermis (UBERONParcellation)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 1436, "label": "technique", "start": 1433 }, { "end": 2668, "label": "technique", "start": 2665 }, { "end": 2796, "label": "technique", "start": 2793 }, { "end": 3145, "label": "technique", "start": 3142 }, { "end": 3888, "label": "technique", "start": 3885 } ]

null

0ce7f33c-7e54-4b1e-bb07-f53f70ecd4bc

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699254

2025-05-27T14:00:41.707804

d9d6608c-43c2-45dc-a230-aab88790019c

Genomic imprinting is a phenomenon characterized by parent-of-origin-specific gene expression. While widely documented in viviparous mammals and plants, imprinting in oviparous birds remains controversial. Because genomic imprinting is temporal- and tissue-specific, we investigated this phenomenon only in the brain tissues of 1-day-old chickens (Gallus gallus). We used next-generation sequencing technology to compare four transcriptomes pooled from 11 chickens, generated from reciprocally crossed families, to the DNA sequences of their parents. Candidate imprinted genes were then selected from these sequence alignments and subjected to verification experiments that excluded all but one SNP. Subsequent experiments performed with two new sets of reciprocally crossed families resulted in the exclusion of that candidate SNP as well. Attempts to find evidence of genomic imprinting from long non-coding RNAs yielded negative results. We therefore conclude that genomic imprinting is absent in the brains of 1-day-old chickens. However, due to the temporal and tissue specificity of imprinting, our results cannot be extended to all growth stages and tissue types.

<li> chickens: Other (species)<li> Gallus gallus: Other (species)<li> brain tissues: brain (UBERONParcellation)<li> next-generation sequencing: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 346, "label": "species", "start": 338 }, { "end": 464, "label": "species", "start": 456 }, { "end": 1032, "label": "species", "start": 1024 }, { "end": 361, "label": "species", "start": 348 }, { "end": 324, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 311 }, { "end": 398, "label": "technique", "start": 372 } ]

null

f8cd6ef9-1deb-4b70-8d76-afcdbd667d76

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699260

2025-05-27T14:00:41.817461

f2255d97-aca4-4c3e-a6a5-fdc10e47c5f8

Strong evidence indicates that amyloid beta (Aβ) inflicts its toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by promoting uncontrolled elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in neurons. We have previously shown that synthetic Aβ42 oligomers stimulate abnormal intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum stores, suggesting that a similar mechanism of Ca2+ toxicity may be common to the endogenous Aβs oligomers. Here, we use human postmortem brain extracts from AD-affected patients and test their ability to trigger Ca2+ fluxes when injected intracellularly into Xenopus oocytes. Immunological characterization of the samples revealed the elevated content of soluble Aβ oligomers only in samples from AD patients. Intracellular injection of brain extracts from control patients failed to trigger detectable changes in intracellular Ca2+. Conversely, brain extracts from AD patients triggered Ca2+ events consisting of local and global Ca2+ fluorescent transients. Pre-incubation with either the conformation-specific OC antiserum or caffeine completely suppressed the brain extract’s ability to trigger cytosolic Ca2+ events. Computational modeling suggests that these Ca2+ fluxes may impair cells bioenergetic by affecting ATP and ROS production. These results support the hypothesis that Aβ oligomers contained in neurons of AD-affected brains may represent the toxic agents responsible for neuronal malfunctioning and death associated with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis.

<li> Xenopus oocytes: inVitro (preparationType)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "neuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nhuman: homoSapiens (species)\nbrain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 572, "label": "preparationType", "start": 557 } ]

null

93e50e13-5db2-4403-9f61-fdbbeabf446a

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699266

2025-05-27T14:00:41.907642

ed7d9ab2-b7fc-48a6-9a45-775322adc2f4

Frozen brain tissue was obtained from the UCI Alzheimer Disease Research Center (ADRC).The cognitive status of subjects enrolled in the ADRC was assessed with mini mental status exam (MMSE).As a standard protocol for ADRC autopsy cases, Braak & Braak neurofibrillary tangle and plaque staging was evaluated [20].Our objective was to test brains samples with high content of OC positivity to antiserum.We selected tissues from the frontal cortex (Brodmann's Area11; B11) from two different AD-affected individuals, and from a third individual from which both B11 and trans-entorhinal cortex (TEC) samples where available (Table 1).These subjects were widely characterized in our previous studies for their immunoreactivity with various conformation-dependent antibodies, such as OC and mOC78, which correlated with cognitive decline, tangle stage and plaque pathology, as well as with early intracellular/intranuclear aggregates build up at intermediate stages of plaque pathology (plaque stage A-B), respectively [4,5].Table 1 lists the clinical and pathological details of the cases used in this study.The stock solution for all the brain extract was estimated to be 1 µg/ml for Aβ contents in PBS.For comparison with our previous investigations using synthetic Aβ42 oligomers most of the experiment reported here were performed injecting 1 µg/ml, except for the experiments where OC antiserum was used to inhibit endogenous Aβs activity where they were used with OC of 0.5 µg/ml.

<li> Frozen brain tissue: exVivo (preparationType)<li> frontal cortex: frontalCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> trans-entorhinal cortex: entorhinalCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> TEC: entorhinalCortex (UBERONParcellation)

[ [ { "end": 19, "label": "preparationType", "start": 0 }, { "end": 444, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 430 }, { "end": 590, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 572 }, { "end": 1139, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1134 }, { "end": 344, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 338 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 19, "label": "preparationType", "start": 0 }, { "end": 444, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 430 }, { "end": 589, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 566 }, { "end": 594, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 591 } ]

null

278aa445-1c3d-4380-8cb2-1ebfbe4c3c24

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699272

2025-05-27T14:00:41.991491

f170dbae-1112-42bd-a60b-dc6e80b7c651

Vacuum phenomenon is a commonly observed radiological entity in the degenerated intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine in the elderly population. The entity is frequently asymptomatic. Although disc herniation containing gas (DH-CoG) is commonly associated with the vacuum phenomenon, DH-CoG associated with clinical symptoms is a rare condition. There are very few reports which have histologically demonstrated the existence of the gas itself within DH-CoG. Herein, we report a rare case of a 65-year-old female with symptomatic DH-CoG at L5/S1. The patient was admitted to our hospital with a one-month history of pain in the left buttock and leg in addition to neurogenic claudication. Roentgenograms illustrated a degenerative lumbar spine with the vacuum phenomenon at the L5/S1 disc space. Computed tomography showed a round and low-density lesion within the spinal canal at left L5/S1. Additionally, a lesion characterized by an iso- and partially hypointense signal on T1 and hypointense signal on T2 was detected in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by the spin-echo method. The decision for posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery using pedicle screws was made as the symptoms had not responded to the conservative treatment. After a degenerated prolapsed nucleus was carefully extracted, the specimen was sent to the laboratory for histopathological analysis. The prolapsed nucleus of DH-CoG histologically showed many small vacuoles containing degenerated mucopolysaccharides. The left leg pain drastically resolved on the first post-operative day, and no recurrence had been observed. Degenerated mucopolysaccharide may be a precursor of nitrogen or "the gas itself" in DH-CoG. Surgical intervention for DH-CoG should be considered if conservative treatment fails.

<li> lumbar spine: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> magnetic resonance imaging: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> Computed tomography: computerTomography (technique)

[ [ { "end": 1054, "label": "technique", "start": 1028 }, { "end": 1059, "label": "technique", "start": 1056 }, { "end": 818, "label": "technique", "start": 799 }, { "end": 515, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 509 }, { "end": 100, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 80 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "intervertebral disc: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nfemale: female (biologicalSex)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 120, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 108 }, { "end": 746, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 734 }, { "end": 1054, "label": "technique", "start": 1028 }, { "end": 1059, "label": "technique", "start": 1056 }, { "end": 818, "label": "technique", "start": 799 } ]

null

28c4696c-b9ae-4ab5-8959-89549a38f887

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699278

2025-05-27T14:00:42.083074

10a65973-0849-4dd1-bf3b-1e2bb885ef9a

Nadir Görülen Bir Dislokasyon Tipi; Trans-Skafoid İnterkarpal Dislokasyon.Olgu Sunumu. Muhammet Okkan 1 , Zeynel Mert Asfuroğlu 1 1 Mersin Üniversitesi El Cerrahisi Bilim Dalı, Mersin, Türkiye Amaç: Karpal dislokasyonlar, karpal kemiklerin anatomik yapısı, interensek ve ekstrensek bağların karmaşık düzeni nedeniyle zorlu bir tanı ve tedavi sürecini içermektedir.Bu yaralanmalar yüksek enerjili bir travmanın uzamış bir elin üzerine el bileğinin maksimal ekstansiyonda ve/veya interkarpal supinasyon ile ulnar deviasyonda iken el bileğine axial yüklenme ile meydana gelmektedir.Bu tür yaralanmalar, radyokapitat bağın yırtılmasına ve distal karpal sıranın stabilitesinin kaybına neden olur (1).Uzun süreli sakatlığı en aza indirmek ve olumlu sonuçlar elde etmek için zamanında tanı ve uygun cerrahi tedavi çok önemlidir (2).Lunatriquetral ayrışmayla birlikte trans-skafoid kırığın eşlik ettiği tüm karpal sıranın yerinden çıkmasını içeren hem disosiyatif hem de disosiyatif olmayan karmaşık bir karpal yaralanma vakası sunuyoruz. Yöntem: Araç içi trafik kazası sonrası sağ el bilekte şekil bozukluğu ve ağrı nedeniyle tarafımıza başvuran 26 yaşındaki erkek has-tanın çekilen radyografileri ile distal karpal sıranın trans-skafoid ve dorso-radial çıkığını içeren ve skafoid kırığının eşlik ettiği karpal kemiklerde komplike bir kırıklı-çıkık olduğu görüldü.(Resim 1).Manyetik rezonans görüntülemede skafolunat bağın hasarsız olduğu, lunotriquetral ve radyoskafolunat bağların ise yırtılmış olduğu görüldü. Bulgular: Skafoid kırığı dorsal insizyondan tek kanüllü vida (2,5 mm) ile tespit edildi.Lunotriquetral ve radioskafolunat bağlar ankor sütürlerle onarıldı.Skafolunat eklemi stabilize etmek için 1.2 mm K teli ve lunotriquetral eklemi stabilize etmek için 1.4 mm K teli kullanıldı.İntraoperatif olarak distal radioulnar eklem instabilitesi saptanmadı (Resim 2).Ameliyattan altı hafta sonra K telleri çıkarıldı ve hastaya hareket açıklığı aktivitelerine başlaması için fizyoterapi önerildi.Kemik iyileşmesinin ilerlemesini ve dizilimin korunmasını izlemek için periyodik takip programları ve röntgen çekimleri yapıldı.Röntgenler tatmin edici kemik iyileşmesi ve karpal kemiklerin doğru konumlandığını ortaya koydu.Ameliyattan 7 ay sonra skafoid kırığı için uygulanan vida çıkartıldı.Hastanın ameliyattan sonraki 15. ayında el bilek fleksiyonu 62°, ekstansiyon 29°, radial deviasyonu 17° ve ulnar deviasyonu 32° idi.Kavrama gücü sağlam tarafta 42 kgs.iken opere olan tarafta 33 kgs., çimdik gücü sağlam tarafta 9 kgs.iken opere olan tarafta 7.5 kgs.idi. Çıkarımlar: Sunduğumuz olgu nadir olarak görülen hem dissosiyatif hemde nondissosiyatif instabiliteyi içeren distal karpal sıra çıkığı ile ilişkili bir yaralanmayı göstermektedir ve en iyi şekilde açık redüksiyon, karpal kemiklerin anatomik diziliminin sürekliliğini sağlayacak fiksasyon ve ligaman onarımı ile tedavi edillir.Ayrıca, bu karmaşık yaralanma paternine sahip hastaların en uygun şekilde yönetilmesine yardımcı olacak tüm karpal yaralanmaların titiz bir şekilde incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmsinin önemini de ortaya koymaktadır.

<li> Manyetik rezonans görüntülemede: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

[ [ { "end": 1398, "label": "technique", "start": 1367 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 1398, "label": "technique", "start": 1367 } ]

null

f9f51e13-0f0c-41d3-945c-e4f414e655c0

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699285

2025-05-27T14:00:42.183987

7ad73f62-1f2c-4451-bfef-69386faaac2c

One of the main challenges for neurodegenerative disorders that are principally incurable is the development of new therapeutic strategies, which raises important medical, scientific and societal issues. Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases are rare neurodegenerative fatal disorders which today remain incurable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the down-regulation of the prion protein (PrP) expression using siRNA delivered by, a water-in-oil microemulsion, as a therapeutic candidate in a preclinical study. After 12 days rectal mucosa administration of Aonys/PrP-siRNA in mice, we observed a decrease of about 28% of the brain PrP(C) level. The effect of Aonys/PrP-siRNA was then evaluated on prion infected mice. Several mice presented a delay in the incubation and survival time compared to the control groups and a significant impact was observed on astrocyte reaction and neuronal survival in the PrP-siRNA treated groups. These results suggest that a new therapeutic scheme based an innovative delivery system of PrP-siRNA can be envisioned in prion disorders.

<li> mice: musMusculus (species)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nastrocyte: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nneuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 598, "label": "species", "start": 594 }, { "end": 734, "label": "species", "start": 730 }, { "end": 748, "label": "species", "start": 744 } ]

null

e3984f27-4eca-4db4-ba42-971c85992455

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699291

2025-05-27T14:00:42.284176

94d066bc-d645-4974-8857-98f570bc0397

The enzyme immunometric assays (EIA) were performed according to the manufacturer recommendations (SPI-Bio).Tissue homogenates (10% in PBS) were diluted in the extraction buffer of the kit and analyzed.The SPI-Bio kit capture antibody was specific to prion protein residues 144-153 and the detecting antibody recognized the octapeptide-repeat region located in the N-terminal part of the PrP.Readout analysis was performed using TECAN, Xreadplus system (Tecan group).

<li> enzyme immunometric assays: enzymeLinkedImmunosorbentAssay (technique)<li> EIA: enzymeLinkedImmunosorbentAssay (technique)

[ [ { "end": 30, "label": "technique", "start": 4 }, { "end": 35, "label": "technique", "start": 32 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 30, "label": "technique", "start": 4 }, { "end": 35, "label": "technique", "start": 32 } ]

null

9adf1cac-f429-4eb4-a0f8-3fccdb3330a4

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699297

2025-05-27T14:00:42.366058

d1e9fcbb-a2a9-43f7-84dc-347da2ca460a

Deprived of sensory input, as in deafness, the brain tends to reorganize. Cross-modal reorganization occurs when cortices associated with deficient sensory modalities are recruited by other, intact senses for processing of the latter's sensory input. Studies have shown that this type of reorganization may affect outcomes when sensory stimulation is later introduced via intervention devices. One such device is the cochlear implant (CI). Hundreds of thousands of CIs have been fitted on people with hearing impairment worldwide, many of them children. Factors such as age of implantation have proven useful in predicting speech perception outcome with these devices in children. However, a portion of the variance in speech understanding ability remains unexplained. It is possible that the degree of cross-modal reorganization may explain additional variability in listening outcomes. Thus, the current study aimed to examine possible somatosensory cross-modal reorganization of the auditory cortices. To this end we used high density EEG to record cortical responses to vibrotactile stimuli in children with normal hearing (NH) and those with CIs. We first investigated cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (CSEP) in NH children, in order to establish normal patterns of CSEP waveform morphology and sources of cortical activity. We then compared CSEP waveforms and estimations of cortical sources between NH children and those with CIs to assess the degree of somatosensory cross-modal reorganization. Results showed that NH children showed expected patterns of CSEP and current density reconstructions, such that postcentral cortices were activated contralaterally to the side of stimulation. Participants with CIs also showed this pattern of activity. However, in addition, they showed activation of auditory cortical areas in response to somatosensory stimulation. Additionally, certain CSEP waveform components were significantly earlier in the CI group than the children with NH. These results are taken as evidence of cross-modal reorganization by the somatosensory modality in children with CIs. Speech perception in noise scores were negatively associated with CSEP waveform components latencies in the CI group, suggesting that the degree of cross-modal reorganization is related to speech perception outcomes. These findings may have implications for clinical rehabilitation in children with cochlear implants.

<li> EEG: electroencephalography (technique)<li> cortical somatosensory evoked potentials: Other (technique)<li> CSEP: Other (technique)<li> postcentral cortices: postcentralGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> auditory cortical areas: auditoryCortex (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "cortices: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

11b593bd-5b7d-4dd5-a31c-c8c0ccae3647

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699303

2025-05-27T14:00:42.467097

c353cffd-c53a-4383-a4e7-0e08a4c3c7b5

Plots of the grand average CSEP waveforms for each of the age groups (i.e., 5-7-, 8-1-, and 11-17-year-olds) from the temporo-parietal ROI are shown in Figure 1.Across all ages, all of the components of the CSEP (i.e., P50, N70, P100, N140) can be reliably identified.In the majority of subjects, regardless of their age, the N140 appeared as a bifid negative going peak.Given this pattern, we classified the first of the N140 peaks as the N140a, while the second was called the N140b.Thus, CSEP waveform morphology appears to be stable (with respect to presence of peak components) across the age range examined in this study. In order to determine more detailed differences between the age groups' CSEP waveforms, both peak latency and peak-to-peak amplitude results from the aforementioned ROI were subjected to statistical comparison.One latency difference was found following multiple comparisons correction.That is, there was a main effect of age for the N140a CSEP latency (p = 0.00; F = 8.05).Post hoc analysis revealed that the youngest group (5-7-year-old) showed significantly shorter latencies compared with the 8-10-year-old group for the latency of the N140a CSEP peak (p = 0.00).The 5-7year-old children also exhibited significantly larger CSEP peakto-peak amplitudes for the N70 (p = 0.003; F = 7.26), P100 (p = 0.004; F = 6.66), and N140b (p = 0.002; F = 7.483) CSEP components relative to the two older groups.The latency finding is reflective of expected developmental patterns and consistent with previous studies (e.g., Allison et al., 1984;Sitzoglou and Fotiou, 1985;Pihko et al., 2009).However, no previous studies have reported on the maturation of amplitude of CSEPs recorded to vibrotactile stimuli in the literature possibly reflecting the inherent variability in absolute amplitude measurements.computed for each age group separately.However, it was found that all groups' source estimations were comparable.Thus, all participants were combined for final cortical source analysis.Visual inspection and computer-aided determination of the areas of significant activation yielded by sLORETA analysis revealed the following: (1) the P50, N70, and P100 CSEP waveform components presented with virtually the same areas of activation of the left hemisphere.These included, post-central gyrus (BA 2, 3, 5, 40), pre-central gyrus (BA 4,6), inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), and superior parietal lobule (BA 7); 2) the N140a and N140b generators were also very similar.In addition to all of the previously mentioned activated areas (i.e., for the P50-P100 CSEP components), medial and superior frontal gyri were also activated for the N140a and N140b.

<li> CSEP: Other (technique)<li> temporo-parietal ROI: temporalLobe (UBERONParcellation)<li> post-central gyrus: postcentralGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> pre-central gyrus: precentralGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> inferior parietal lobule: inferiorParietalCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> superior parietal lobule: superiorParietalCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> medial and superior frontal gyri: superiorFrontalGyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> sLORETA: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "\rsuperior frontal gyri: superiorFrontalGyrus (UBERONParcellation)\r\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

fc8b5f8c-b3c5-4706-b937-bb49af765985

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699309

2025-05-27T14:00:42.599496

44b7b948-3d1a-41bd-a2e3-ebb0c31d3b1a

While current research highlights the role of Nav1. 8 sensory neurons from the peripheral nervous system, the anatomical and physiological characterization of encephalic Nav1.8 neurons remains unknown. Here, we use a Cre/fluorescent reporter mouse driven by the Nav1.8 gene promoter to reveal unexpected subpopulations of transiently-expressing Nav1.8 neurons within the limbic circuitry, a key mediator of the emotional component of pain. We observed that Nav1.8 neurons from the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST), amygdala, and the periaqueductal gray (vPAG) are sensitive to noxious stimuli from an experimental model of chronic inflammatory pain. These findings identify a novel role for central Nav1.8 neurons in sensing nociception, which could be researched as a new approach to treating pain disorders.

<li> peripheral nervous system: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> limbic circuitry: limbicSystem (UBERONParcellation)<li> bed nuclei of the stria terminalis: bedNucleusOfStriaTerminalis (UBERONParcellation)<li> BST: bedNucleusOfStriaTerminalis (UBERONParcellation)<li> amygdala: amygdala (UBERONParcellation)<li> periaqueductal gray: centralGraySubstanceOfMidbrain (UBERONParcellation)<li> vPAG: centralGraySubstanceOfMidbrain (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "neuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nmouse: musMusculus (species)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

a89e0d4b-4f54-484a-91ee-bde3fcd01b18

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699315

2025-05-27T14:00:42.716228

efe32685-fca3-4ec3-9197-17a2a3f2893b

Primary sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) that express the Nav1.8 sodium channel have been extensively investigated, mainly for their role in generating neuronal hyperexcitability in pain-related conditions (Black et al., 2004;Zimmermann et al., 2007;Hameed, 2019;Goodwin and McMahon, 2021).In contrast, less is known regarding the role of encephalic Nav1.8 neurons.In this study, we have provided a comprehensive approach to mapping the precise locations of transiently Nav1.8-expressing neurons within the brain of a Nav1.8-Cremouse line.Moreover, we provided the first demonstration that transiently Nav1.8-expressing neurons are capable of sensing noxious stimuli in the brain. Since we found no mRNA expression nor promoter activity of the Nav1.8 gene (Scn10a) within the investigated brain areas from adult mice (Figure 4), we believe that tdT fluorescence in the brain of Nav1.8-Cre-tdT mice might be triggered by the activation of the Scn10a promoter during the prenatal development.This finding is in line with the prior results showing that Nav1.8 is expressed during embryogenesis, although its protein is absent in the central nervous system of adult mice (Benn et al., 2001;Stirling et al., 2005;Gautron et al., 2011).Thus, the brain regions of the adult mice carrying tdT+ neuronal bodies (Figure 1) may reflect the neuronal subpopulations that expressed Nav1.8 transiently in the developing brain.Indeed, evidence has shown that several genes coding for ionic channels change their expression pattern in the developing brain, with transcript levels falling strongly in the early postnatal periods or even the contrary (Beckh et al., 1989;Bettler et al., 1990;Monyer et al., 1994;Waxman et al., 1994;Benn et al., 2001;Staaf et al., 2010).Thus, it is likely that Nav1.8 expression within the brain occurs prenatally and therefore Nav1.8 neuronal subpopulations may influence neural development, which is in accordance with the earlier reports (Benn et al., 2001).Nevertheless, the mechanism of how Nav1.8 influences brain development or when the protein expression is disrupted in the brain shortly before birth is yet to be investigated. On the other hand, the distinct temporal expression pattern of Nav1.8 during development would mean that the Nav1.8 neuronal subpopulations across the nervous system might display functional heterogeneity.The findings of our study are in line with this.First, transiently Nav1.8-expressing neurons are located in different brain areas, including the lateral septal nucleus (LS), bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST), dorsal striatum (STRd), amygdala (Amyg), hypothalamus (HY), and the ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG).Thus, the precise locations revealed by our whole-brain map approach provide a step toward establishing the neurophysiological role of diverse Nav1.8 subpopulations. Second, Nav1.8 neurons exhibit distinct perisomatic morphology across the brain areas studied, further reinforcing that Nav1.8 neurons in the brain are distinct subpopulations.For example, within the anterior striatum (LS and BST), most Nav1.8 neurons are bipolar with few dendrites branching occasionally.These neurons were found evenly dispersed throughout these nuclei.More posteriorly, Nav1.8 neurons within the STRd exhibit a higher morphological complexity and could be divided into two distinct populations: one located in the internal part close to the globus pallidum containing densely packed neurons; and the second, formed as a band of neurons circumventing the lateral part of the STRd.The STRd Nav1.8 neurons are remarkably distinct from that of anterior brain areas as they are multipolar and display a profuse dendritic arborization that resembles spiny projection neurons, which are the main source of striatal GABA-projecting neurons. Third, the Nav1.8 neuronal populations in the brain can also be grouped into different niches according to their neurochemical identity.For example, we demonstrated for the first time that almost every neuron in STRd is immunoreactive to Gad1/Gad2 markers, suggesting that Nav1.8 neurons within the STRd (1) may release GABA and (2) therefore exert GABAmediated monosynaptic transmission to regulate the basal nuclei function via striatal outputs.Thus, striatal Nav1.8 neurons could integrate afferent signals from the cortex or substantia nigra during motor behaviors (Sano et al., 2013), which highlights the need for future research to determine whether these cells are interneurons or projection neurons.Although most Nav1.8 neurons are also GABAergic in the amygdala, we found that across LSr, Nav1.8 neurons are glutamatergic, whereas the populations from mHY and PAG did not coexpress any neurotransmitter markers tested, such as Gad1/2 (for GABAergic), vGlut1/2 (for glutamatergic), chAT (for cholinergic), TPH2 (for serotonergic), or TH (for dopaminergic or noradrenergic).Furthermore, we highlight that molecular identification of Nav1.8 neurons could be improved through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), which would allow the isolation of tdT-positive neurons from the sorted pool and the transcriptome analysis of neural markers (Yelin-Bekerman et al., 2015). Activation of sensory Nav1.8 neurons from the PNS produces hyperalgesia (Daou et al., 2016).This poses the question: Are the populations of Nav1.8 in the brain also involved in the pain neurotransmission?This is interesting since all the regions where we have found the transiently Nav1.8expressing neurons are located within the limbic circuitry, a key mediator of the emotional component of pain.In this regard, we measured the activity of Nav1.8 neurons through the expression of the immediate-early gene cFOS in an experimental model of pain.We are the first to show that the transiently Nav1.8-expressing neurons from BST, amygdala, and PAG are capable of sensing noxious stimuli in the brain, as the number of these neurons that co-expressed cFOS was higher in the experimental model of the pain group compared to the sham group.The CEAl receives nociceptive neurotransmission from the spinal cord and the brainstem through the spinoparabrachial amygdaloid pathway (Bourgeais et al., 2001).Similarly, the BST also receives direct and indirect nociceptive inputs from the spinal dorsal horn and limbic regions (including the amygdala and ventromedial hypothalamus), which is thought to exert an important role in the negative-emotional component of pain (Gauriau and Bernard, 2002;Braz et al., 2005;Minami, 2019).Moreover, the PAG has several nuclei involved in the processing of nociceptive inputs from the spinal cord that shape the experience of pain (Neugebauer et al., 2004;Rodríguez-Muñoz et al., 2012;Eippert and Tracey, 2014). Finally, the new involvement of transiently Nav1.8expressing neurons from the brain with pain conditions may have therapeutic implications.It would be interesting to evaluate whether the optogenetic inhibition of Nav1.8 brain subpopulations could attenuate pain in animal models and demonstrate the specific role of these neurons in different pain contexts.Nevertheless, our study could reveal the distribution of these transiently Nav1.8-expressing neurons in the whole brain, and therefore, these findings will be facilitating the comprehension of discoveries linking Nav1.8 and pain.

<li> dorsal root ganglion: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> DRG: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> central nervous system: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> lateral septal nucleus: lateralSeptalNucleus (UBERONParcellation)<li> LS: lateralSeptalNucleus (UBERONParcellation)<li> bed nuclei of the stria terminalis: bedNucleusOfStriaTerminalis (UBERONParcellation)<li> BST: bedNucleusOfStriaTerminalis (UBERONParcellation)<li> dorsal striatum: dorsalStriatum (UBERONParcellation)<li> STRd: dorsalStriatum (UBERONParcellation)<li> amygdala: amygdala (UBERONParcellation)<li> Amyg: amygdala (UBERONParcellation)<li> hypothalamus: hypothalamus (UBERONParcellation)<li> HY: hypothalamus (UBERONParcellation)<li> periaqueductal gray: centralGraySubstanceOfMidbrain (UBERONParcellation)<li> vPAG: centralGraySubstanceOfMidbrain (UBERONParcellation)<li> globus pallidum: globusPallidus (UBERONParcellation)<li> substantia nigra: substantiaNigra (UBERONParcellation)<li> mice: musMusculus (species)

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"UBERONParcellation", "start": 507 }, { "end": 2467, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 2460 }, { "end": 2692, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 2688 }, { "end": 2882, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 2875 }, { "end": 2994, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 2987 }, { "end": 3111, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3104 }, { "end": 3179, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3172 }, { "end": 3264, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3257 }, { "end": 3470, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3463 }, { "end": 3515, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3508 }, { "end": 3582, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3575 }, { "end": 3748, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3741 }, { "end": 3811, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 3804 }, { "end": 4100, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 4093 }, { "end": 4289, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 4282 }, { "end": 4549, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 4542 }, { "end": 4520, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 4513 }, { "end": 4626, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 4619 }, { "end": 4968, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 4961 }, { "end": 5094, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 5087 }, { "end": 5232, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 5225 }, { "end": 5502, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 5495 }, { "end": 5652, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 5645 }, { "end": 5813, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 5806 }, { "end": 5925, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 5918 }, { "end": 6804, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 6797 }, { "end": 7065, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 7058 }, { "end": 7193, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 7186 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "neuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nbrain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nbasal nuclei: basalNuclearComplex (UBERONParcellation)\nspinal cord: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nbrainstem: brainstem (UBERONParcellation)\nspinal dorsal horn: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

d2f6b569-6acc-451e-bbaa-6bd131853f4a

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699322

2025-05-27T14:00:42.869372

89038470-b615-4aa6-b8e2-4d8477fc8d3d

Abstract Background The objective of this work was to describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes over time in inflammatory and structural lesions at the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) in children with spondyloarthritis (SpA) exposed and unexposed to tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi). Methods This was a retrospective, multicenter study of SpA patients with suspected or confirmed sacroiliitis who underwent at ≥2 pelvic MRI scans. Images were reviewed independently by 3 radiologists and scored for inflammatory and structural changes using the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) SIJ inflammation score (SIS) and structural score (SSS). Longitudinal, quantitative changes in patient MRI scans were measured using descriptive statistics and stratified by TNFi exposure. We used an average treatment effects (ATE) regression model to explore the average effect of TNFi exposure over time on inflammatory and structural lesions, adjusting for baseline lesion scores. Results Forty-six subjects were evaluated using the SIS (n = 45) and SSS (n = 18). Median age at baseline imaging was 13.6 years, 63% were male and 71% were white. Twenty-three subjects (50%) were TNFi exposed between MRI studies. The median change in SIS in TNFi exposed and unexposed subjects with a baseline SIS ≥0 was − 20.7 and − 14.3, respectively (p = 0.09). Eleven (85%) TNFi exposed and 8 (89%) unexposed subjects with a baseline SIS ≥0 met the SIS minimal clinically important difference (MCID; ≥2.5). Using the ATE model adjusted for baseline SIS, the average effect of TNFi on SIS in patients with a baseline SIS ≥2 was − 14.5 (p < 0.01). Unadjusted erosion change score was significantly worse in TNFi unexposed versus exposed subjects (p = 0.03) but in the ATE model the effect of TNFi was not significant. Conclusion This study quantitatively describes how lesions in the SIJs on MRI change over time in patients exposed to TNFi versus unexposed. Follow-up imaging in TNFi exposed patients showed greater improvement than the unexposed group by most metrics, some of which reached statistical significance. Surprisingly, a majority of TNFi unexposed children with a baseline SIS≥2 met the SIS MCID. Additional studies assessing the short and long-term effects of TNFi on inflammatory and structural changes in juvenile SpA are needed.

<li> magnetic resonance imaging: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> sacroiliac joint: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> SIJ: Other (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "male: male (biologicalSex)\n\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

ebcbf796-8359-45d9-b7d4-ddee71483ce5

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699328

2025-05-27T14:00:42.949557

f628fa1b-2c5f-4b2b-9db1-4557716ad87c

BOLD fMRI is sensitive to blood-oxygenation changes correlated with brain function; however, it is limited by relatively weak signal and significant noise confounds. Many preprocessing algorithms have been developed to control noise and improve signal detection in fMRI. Although the chosen set of preprocessing and analysis steps (the "pipeline") significantly affects signal detection, pipelines are rarely quantitatively validated in the neuroimaging literature, due to complex preprocessing interactions. This paper outlines and validates an adaptive resampling framework for evaluating and optimizing preprocessing choices by optimizing data-driven metrics of task prediction and spatial reproducibility. Compared to standard "fixed" preprocessing pipelines, this optimization approach significantly improves independent validation measures of within-subject test-retest, and between-subject activation overlap, and behavioural prediction accuracy. We demonstrate that preprocessing choices function as implicit model regularizers, and that improvements due to pipeline optimization generalize across a range of simple to complex experimental tasks and analysis models. Results are shown for brief scanning sessions (<3 minutes each), demonstrating that with pipeline optimization, it is possible to obtain reliable results and brain-behaviour correlations in relatively small datasets.

<li> BOLD fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

4359e502-4f15-412f-9352-7902b4e1629c

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699334

2025-05-27T14:00:43.033269

d35a4be9-69cc-477c-9cbd-baec11b739cb

Blood-Oxygenation Level Dependent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI) is a versatile imaging modality, which is widely used in experimental neuroscience and emerging clinical applications.However, the BOLD changes linked to neuronal brain function are relatively small, and significant noise confounds are often present.The principal noise sources in fMRI are subject-dependent, including the effects of head movement and physiological processes, such as respiration and cardiac pulsation.The signal changes caused by such confounds are highly variable between subjects, and even across scanning sessions for a single subject, with complex spatial and temporal structure.This limits our ability to reliably detect neuronallinked BOLD signals with adequate power, especially for complex task paradigms and studies of clinical, aging and child populations [1][2][3][4].Consequently, there is much debate concerning the reproducibility, validity and power of published fMRI measurements [5][6][7][8][9][10].The resulting low power and low reliability of fMRI also limits our ability to measure brain-behaviour relationships, which is a key goal of many fMRI studies. To control noise and improve signal detection, a variety of image preprocessing algorithms have been developed, from generalized techniques (e.g.spatial smoothing of brain voxels) to artifact-specific correction (e.g.motion correction algorithms).Over the past two decades, it has been established that the chosen set of preprocessing steps and analysis model (the "pipeline") significantly impacts fMRI results [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].Nonetheless, most fMRI literature has not emphasized the quantitative validation of preprocessing choices, implicitly assuming that analysis results are insensitive to them, or that the widely-used, open-source preprocessing packages produce near-optimal results.This has led to inconsistent, often under-and un-reported pipeline methodologies [23][24][25], and sub-optimal signal detection in fMRI experiments, all of which contribute potential bias and unwanted methodological noise in the quest to characterize brain function and brain-behaviour relationships. Some of the issues with sub-optimal signal detection may be improved by making wellmotivated choices in how fMRI data are preprocessed [21,22].For example: there are significant differences in the robustness of different motion correction algorithms [17]; the impact of residual motion correction techniques depends largely on the choice of experimental design and task contrast [26,27]; physiological noise corrections may significantly reduce differences between analysis models [11]; and the order in which preprocessing steps are performed has a significant impact on their efficacy [28,29]. Nonetheless, choosing the optimal sequence of preprocessing steps is a daunting task; while it is important to make sensible pipeline choices, many algorithms have been published, and it quickly becomes non-trivial to account for the many possible interactions between experimental task design, preprocessing and analysis algorithms.Some advocate a conservative approach, using a fixed, standardized pipeline to control all anticipated noise confounds [9,30].This strategy limits pipeline flexibility and reduces power, but provides strong control against false-positive activations.Overly-flexible preprocessing selection is a significant issue if unconstrained, or if pipelines are chosen to maximize the significance of findings, leading to highly biased results [31]. As an alternative, we show that flexible, adaptive pipeline optimization is a powerful tool for improving signal detection in fMRI, if we select preprocessing steps that optimize the statistical analysis criteria of prediction accuracy (P) and spatial reproducibility (R).In this paper, we propose an automated, adaptive framework, which optimizes the preprocessing of individual subject task runs, by identifying the pipeline that maximizes (P,R) metrics.It is based on the NPAIRS resampling framework of [32], and constitutes a significant extension of previous work on pipeline optimization [13][14][20][21][22].This framework is an alternative to standard preprocessing methods in fMRI literature, which are usually based on subjective visual assessments of data quality; these are time-consuming to evaluate and may lead to biased, non-replicable results. This paper establishes the framework used to preprocess individual scanning runs, along with independent validation measures to evaluate the effects of pipeline optimization, which are summarized in Fig 1 .Preprocessing steps are selected to independently maximize (P, R) metrics and the resulting statistical parametric maps (SPMs) for individual task runs within scanning sessions (Fig 1a; separate light and dark blue data sets, and their SPMs).We validate this approach by measuring the reliability of SPM activation patterns from these independently-optimized task runs, including within-subject, between-session comparisons (i.e.testretest reliability; Fig 1b), and between-subject, within-session comparisons (i.e.group-level reliability; Fig 1c).In addition, we measure the correlation between the SPM activation patterns and behavioural metrics measured and tested completely independently of our pipeline optimization procedures (i.e.brain-behaviour relationships; Fig 1d).Because we are comparing independently-optimized runs, these measures avoid issues of circularity when quantifying model performance [31].We demonstrate that our pipeline optimization framework significantly improves all three independent validation measures, across multiple tasks and analysis models.

<li> Blood-Oxygenation Level Dependent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> BOLD fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> fMRI: functionalMagneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain is not listed as a term in openMINDS UBERONparcellation" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

1c501cf8-8b60-4dd0-ab84-aa5be6f3445d

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699340

2025-05-27T14:00:43.116959

86f03478-28a6-4c57-b8e9-4152ca5aa3c1

Autism has been linked with the changes in brain connectivity that disrupt neural communication, especially involving frontal networks. Pathological changes in white matter are evident in adults with autism, particularly affecting axons below the anterior cingulate cortices (ACC). It is still unknown whether axon pathology appears early or late in development and whether it changes or not from childhood through adulthood. To address these questions, we examined typical and pathological development of about 1 million axons in post-mortem brains of children, adolescents, and adults with and without autism (ages 3-67 years). We used high-resolution microscopy to systematically sample and study quantitatively the fine structure of myelinated axons in the white matter below ACC. We provide novel evidence of changes in the density, size and trajectories of ACC axons in typical postnatal development from childhood through adulthood. Against the normal profile of axon development, our data revealed lower density of myelinated axons that connect ACC with neighboring cortices in children with autism. In the course of development the proportion of thin axons, which form short-range pathways, increased significantly in individuals with autism, but remained flat in controls. In contrast, the relative proportion of thick axons, which form long-range pathways, increased from childhood to adulthood in the control group, but decreased in autism. Our findings provide a timeline for profound changes in axon density and thickness below ACC that affect axon physiology in a direction suggesting bias in short over distant neural communication in autism. Importantly, measures of axon density, myelination, and orientation provide white matter anisotropy/diffusivity estimates at the level of single axons. The structural template established can be used to compare with measures obtained from imaging in living subjects, and guide analysis of functional and structural imaging data from humans for comparison with pathological states.

<li> frontal networks: frontalLobe (UBERONParcellation)<li> anterior cingulate cortices: anteriorCingulateCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> ACC: anteriorCingulateCortex (UBERONParcellation)<li> high-resolution microscopy: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: other(UBERONParcellation)\nwhite matter: brainWhiteMatter(UBERONParcellation)\ncortices: other(UBERONParcellation)\naxon: other(UBERONParcellation)\nmyelinated axon: other(UBERONParcellation)\nhumans: homoSapiens (species)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

97a5f398-f0d8-4e87-adba-36c5325f2d90

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699346

2025-05-27T14:00:43.208108

88cd1a9f-789f-46e6-9dae-4fcd271196a8

Injuries to peripheral nerve fibers induce neuropathic pain. But the involvement of adjacent uninjured fibers to pain is not fully understood. The present study aims to investigate the possible contribution of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels in uninjured afferent nerve fibers to neuropathic pain in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). Aβ-, Aδ- and C-fibers of the uninjured sural nerve were sensitized revealed by in vivo single-unit recording, which were accompanied by accumulation of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel proteins shown by Western blotting. Application of mibefradil, a T-type calcium channel blocker, to sural nerve receptive fields increased mechanical thresholds of Aβ-, Aδ- and C-fibers, confirming the functional involvement of accumulated channels in the sural nerve in SNI rats. Finally, perineural application of mibefradil or TTA-P2 to the uninjured sural nerve alleviated mechanical allodynia in SNI rats. These results suggest that axonal accumulation of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels plays an important role in the uninjured sural nerve sensitization and contributes to neuropathic pain.

<li> peripheral nerve fibers: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> rats: rattusNorvegicus (species)<li> in vivo single-unit recording: Other (technique)<li> Western blotting: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "nerve fibers: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nin vivo: inVivo (preparationType)\nsural nerve: Other (UBERONParcellation)\r\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

6fa19e36-641d-4d92-90ff-b7bf72e45f61

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699352

2025-05-27T14:00:43.298823

7b85377a-101a-44a3-b8a7-94d21307a17b

Surface electromyography (EMG), typically recorded from muscle groups such as the mentalis (chin/mentum) and anterior tibialis (lower leg/crus), is often performed in human subjects undergoing overnight polysomnography. Such signals have great importance, not only in aiding in the definitions of normal sleep stages, but also in defining certain disease states with abnormal EMG activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, e.g., REM sleep behavior disorder and parkinsonism. Gold standard approaches to evaluation of such EMG signals in the clinical realm are typically qualitative, and therefore burdensome and subject to individual interpretation. We originally developed a digitized, signal processing method using the ratio of high frequency to low frequency spectral power and validated this method against expert human scorer interpretation of transient muscle activation of the EMG signal. Herein, we further refine and validate our initial approach, applying this to EMG activity across 1,618,842 s of polysomnography recorded REM sleep acquired from 461 human participants. These data demonstrate a significant association between visual interpretation and the spectrally processed signals, indicating a highly accurate approach to detecting and quantifying abnormally high levels of EMG activity during REM sleep. Accordingly, our automated approach to EMG quantification during human sleep recording is practical, feasible, and may provide a much-needed clinical tool for the screening of REM sleep behavior disorder and parkinsonism.

<li> Surface electromyography: electromyography (technique)<li> EMG: electromyography (technique)<li> polysomnography: Other (technique)<li> rapid eye movement: Other (technique)<li> REM: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "human: homoSapiens (species)\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

7d2acade-dba8-4056-aff7-bd655f40e5d1

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699359

2025-05-27T14:00:43.443514

9de4597f-da9d-4ccd-a0d5-6be88aff26f7

According to between-arms assessments, more than 50% of individuals with stroke have an impaired position sense. Our previous work, which employed a clinical assessment and slightly differing tasks, indicates that individuals who have a deficit on a between-forearms position-localization task do not necessarily have a deficit on a single-forearm position-localization task.Our goal here was to, using robotics tools, determine whether individuals with stroke who have a deficit when matching forearm positions within an arm also have a deficit when mirroring forearm positions between arms, independent of the arm that leads the task.Eighteen participants with chronic hemiparetic stroke and nine controls completed a single-arm position-matching experiment and between-arms position-mirroring experiment. For each experiment, the reference forearm (left/right) passively rotated about the elbow joint to a reference target location (flexion/extension), and then the participant actively rotated their same/opposite forearm to match/mirror the reference forearm's position. Participants with stroke were classified as having a position-matching/-mirroring deficit based on a quantitative threshold that was derived from the controls' data.On our single-arm task, one participant with stroke was classified as having a position-matching deficit with a mean magnitude of error greater than 10.7° when referencing their paretic arm. Position-matching ability did not significantly differ for the controls and the remaining seventeen participants with stroke. On our between-arms task, seven participants with stroke were classified as having a position-mirroring deficit with a mean magnitude of error greater than 10.1°. Position-mirroring accuracy was worse for these participants with stroke, when referencing their paretic arm, than the controls.Findings underscore the need for assessing within-arm position-matching deficits, in addition to between-arms position-mirroring deficits when referencing each arm, to comprehensively evaluate an individual's ability to locate their forearm(s).

<li> robotics tools: Other (technique)

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 417, "label": "technique", "start": 403 } ]

null

5817ba8b-d4cc-4301-9006-f9a68a50cf90

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699365

dab69709-3eb0-4d1b-804b-df1002cbdf98

Our goal was to, using quantitative measures, determine whether individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke had a deficit on a single-arm position-matching task and a between-arms position-mirroring task, independent of the arm that was referenced.This work was inspired by the limitations of our earlier work in which between-arms position-mirroring ability was not quantified and single-arm position-matching ability for a combination of passive and active movements was not identified [4].The overarching aim of this research direction is to advance our understanding for the scenarios during which individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke who have an intact perception of their limb's direction of movement may have a compromised perception of their limb's position.This research direction may lead to the design of more effective neurorehabilitative treatments, based on a more complete understanding of the extent of proprioceptive impairment(s), in individuals with neurological impairments, such as stroke. The main findings of this work are as follows.First, individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke who were classified as having a position-mirroring deficit indeed had significantly greater between-arms position-mirroring errors, when referencing their paretic arm, than individuals who did not have neurological impairments.Hence, our results confirm that the between-arms task identifies a between-arms position-mirroring deficit.Second, results reveal that all but one of the participants with stroke who had a between-arms position-mirroring deficit did not have a single-arm position-matching deficit.Therefore, these results corroborate the findings of our earlier work indicating that an individual with stroke who has a between-arms position-mirroring deficit does not necessarily have a single-arm positionmatching deficit [4].In summary, our results demonstrate that assessments of single-arm position-matching ability and between-arms position-mirroring ability can lead to differing conclusions about the presence of a deficit.Furthermore, our results bring to question what is the reason that a deficit occurs on a between-arms task.Below we discuss the main findings for our single-arm and between-arms experiments in more detail.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

bf77568e-a355-4be4-bdb1-33a78e69c285

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699371

2025-05-27T14:00:43.540965

b680e158-16bb-495f-8ed9-7a0bf7bb4270

Increased PDGFRA signaling is an essential pathogenic factor in many subtypes of gliomas. In this context the cell surface expression of PDGFRA is an important determinant of ligand sensing in the glioma microenvironment. However, the regulation of spatial distribution of PDGFRA in glioma cells remains poorly characterized. Here, we report that cell surface PDGFRA expression in gliomas is negatively regulated by an ERK-dependent mechanism, resulting in reduced proliferation of glioma cells. Glioma tumor tissues and their corresponding cell lines were isolated from 14 patients and analyzed by single-cell imaging and flow cytometry. In both cell lines and their corresponding tumor samples, glioma cell proliferation correlated with the extent of surface expression of PDGFRA. High levels of surface PDGFRA also correlated to high tubulin expression in glioma tumor tissue in vivo. In glioma cell lines, surface PDGFRA declined following treatment with inhibitors of tubulin, actin and dynamin. Screening of a panel of small molecule compounds identified the MEK inhibitor U0126 as a potent inhibitor of surface PDGFRA expression. Importantly, U0126 inhibited surface expression in a reversible, dose- and time-dependent manner, without affecting general PDGFRA expression. Treatment with U0126 resulted in reduced co-localization between PDGFRA and intracellular trafficking molecules e.g. clathrin, RAB11 and early endosomal antigen-1, in parallel with enhanced co-localization between PDGFRA and the Golgi cisternae maker, Giantin, suggesting a deviation of PDGFRA from the endosomal trafficking and recycling compartment, to the Golgi network. Furthermore, U0126 treatment in glioma cells induced an initial inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, followed by up-regulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation concomitant with diminished surface expression of PDGFRA. Finally, down-regulation of surface PDGFRA expression by U0126 is concordant with reduced glioma cell proliferation. These findings suggest that manipulation of spatial expression of PDGFRA can potentially be used to combat gliomas.

<li> single-cell imaging: Other (technique)<li> flow cytometry: Other (technique)

[ [ { "end": 618, "label": "technique", "start": 599 }, { "end": 637, "label": "technique", "start": 623 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 618, "label": "technique", "start": 599 }, { "end": 637, "label": "technique", "start": 623 } ]

null

a48317b7-161d-4331-af32-4faccd8758e6

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699377

2025-05-27T14:00:43.674391

2a87724e-44c1-454d-b541-81948c1db51b

Glioma cells were washed twice and fixed with 4% PFA for 30 min, followed by permeabilization with 0.1% Triton-X 100 for 30 min.The blocking solution containing 5% normal donkey serum in PBS was applied for 15 min.Primary antibodies against PDGFRA (clone aR1, BD), EEA-1 (polyclonal, Abcam), Rab11 (polyclonal, Abcam), Caveolin-1 (polyclonal, Abcam), Clathrin (polyclonal, Abcam) and Giantin (polyclonal, Abcam) were diluted in blocking solution and incubated overnight at 4uC.Immunoreactivity was done using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies (1:200) and visualized by confocal microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Germany).Co-localization analysis was performed using a ZEN2009 software based on Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis which recognizes the colocalized pair by comparison pixel by pixel intensity.

<li> confocal microscopy: confocalMicroscopy (technique)

[ [ { "end": 597, "label": "technique", "start": 578 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 597, "label": "technique", "start": 578 } ]

null

d0581824-340d-479e-9635-04fe890107d3

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699383

2025-05-27T14:00:43.781672

c0ad866f-3fe1-4668-a39f-22879996860a

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between Cathepsin B and Parkinson’s Disease (PD), with a particular focus on determining the role of N-acetylaspartate as a potential mediator. Methods: We used summary-level data from Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) for a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, exploring the association between Cathepsin B (3301 cases) and PD (4681 cases). A sequential two-step MR approach was applied (8148 cases) to study the role of N-acetylaspartate. Results: The MR analysis yielded that genetically predicted elevated Cathepsin B levels correlated with a reduced risk of developing PD (p = 0.0133, OR: 0.9171, 95% CI: 0.8563–0.9821). On the other hand, the analysis provided insufficient evidence to determine that PD affected Cathepsin B levels (p = 0.8567, OR: 1.0035, 95% CI: 0.9666–1.0418). The estimated effect of N-acetylaspartate in this process was 7.52% (95% CI = −3.65% to 18.69%). Conclusions: This study suggested that elevated Cathepsin B levels decreased the risk of developing PD, with the mediation effect of N-acetylaspartate. Further research is needed to better understand this relationship.

<li> Genome-Wide Association Studies: Other (technique)<li> GWAS: Other (technique)

[ [ { "end": 283, "label": "technique", "start": 252 }, { "end": 289, "label": "technique", "start": 285 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Genome-Wide Association Studies: genomeWideAssociationStudy (technique)\r\nGWAS: genomeWideAssociationStudy (technique)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 283, "label": "technique", "start": 252 }, { "end": 289, "label": "technique", "start": 285 } ]

null

41cf2b6c-219a-45d7-8774-1e5154bbc425

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699390

260f03e1-4287-4950-ba2b-6bbfc56ebc44

We identified a total of 17 genome-wide significant SNPs to serve as IVs for the purpose of this analysis.Performing the IVW, Weighted median, and Weighted mode methods, we observed a positive association between genetically predicted Cathepsin B and the risk of N-acetylaspartate levels (IVW method: OR = 0.9350, 95% CI = 0.8880-0.9844,p = 0.0105; Weighted median method: OR = 0.9029, 95% CI = 0.8403-0.9701,p = 0.0053; Weighted mode method: OR = 0.9036, 95% CI = 0.8370-0.9755,p = 0.0196).This suggested that higher levels of Cathepsin B are associated with a decrease (about 6.5%) in N-acetylaspartate levels.The results were reported in Figure 2C and are shown in Supplementary Table S5.Symmetric funnel plots lent credence to the absence of significant bias in SNP selection, as shown in Supplementary Figure S3A.The scatter plot depicted the causal relationship between Cathepsin B and N-acetylaspartate level by the line's slope, which varies depending on the MR tests, as shown in Supplementary Figure S3B.The causal association between Cathepsin B and N-acetylaspartate level is assessed by IVW approaches for each individual SNP, as shown in Supplementary Figure S3C.The forest plot depicts the leave-one-out analysis.Every dot signifies MR estimate results using IVW that do not include that specific SNP, as shown in Supplementary Figure S3D.Characteristics of the Cathepsin B-related genetic variants and their effects on N-acetylaspartate (17 SNPs) are shown in Supplementary Table S8.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

cb95034b-8297-4899-9f5e-2a3973a45fb2

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699396

2025-05-27T14:00:43.882243

1cd6e625-308c-4dd8-9e5c-29dd7c7a2a86

Abstract Background As dose-escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy improves cure rates, a major concern is rectal toxicity. We prospectively assessed an innovative approach of hydrogel injection between prostate and rectum to reduce the radiation dose to the rectum and thus side effects in dose-escalated prostate radiotherapy. Methods Acute toxicity and planning parameters were prospectively evaluated in patients with T1-2 N0 M0 prostate cancer receiving dose-escalated radiotherapy after injection of a hydrogel spacer. Before and after hydrogel injection, we performed MRI scans for anatomical assessment of rectal separation. Radiotherapy was planned and administered to 78 Gy in 39 fractions. Results From eleven patients scheduled for spacer injection the procedure could be performed in ten. In one patient hydrodissection of the Denonvillier space was not possible. Radiation treatment planning showed low rectal doses despite dose-escalation to the target. In accordance with this, acute rectal toxicity was mild without grade 2 events and there was complete resolution within four to twelve weeks. Conclusions This prospective study suggests that hydrogel injection is feasible and may prevent rectal toxicity in dose-escalated radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Further evaluation is necessary including the definition of patients who might benefit from this approach. Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00003273.

<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

[ [ { "end": 585, "label": "technique", "start": 582 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 585, "label": "technique", "start": 582 } ]

null

367327d3-0923-497d-96ad-c14e95d41a87

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699402

2025-05-27T14:00:43.992486

8720cbab-484a-46da-a018-5529fb126306

Our prospective data firstly show very low toxicity of dose-escalated IMRT with rectal separation by the use of a hydrogel spacer.The decrease in rectal dose was associated with only mild rectal acute toxicity (no grade 2 or higher) which completely resolved after three months.This may result in a low rate of late toxicity.Overall, this prospective study suggests that hydrogel injection is feasible, leads to low rectal acute toxicity and may therefore prevent rectal late effects in dose-escalated radiotherapy of prostate cancer.Further evaluation is necessary to define which patients might benefit from this approach.

<li> IMRT: Other (technique)

[ [ { "end": 74, "label": "technique", "start": 70 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 74, "label": "technique", "start": 70 } ]

null

aadbf26c-6688-48c3-ba69-19b0de4735fc

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699408

2025-05-27T14:00:44.100782

a7042410-23f8-488b-a230-f8c7bfe9781b

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. As microRNA (miRNA)-dependent alterations in gene expression in hematopoietic cells are critical for mounting an appropriate immune response, miRNA deregulation may result in defects in immune tolerance. In this frame, we sought to explore the possible involvement of miRNAs in MS pathogenesis by monitoring the differential expression of 22 immunity-related miRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients and healthy controls, by using a microbead-based technology. Three miRNAs resulted >2 folds up-regulated in MS vs controls, whereas none resulted down-regulated. Interestingly, the most up-regulated miRNA (mir-155; fold change = 3.30; P = 0.013) was previously reported to be up-regulated also in MS brain lesions. Mir-155 up-regulation was confirmed by qPCR experiments. The role of mir-155 in MS susceptibility was also investigated by genotyping four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping in the mir-155 genomic region. A haplotype of three SNPs, corresponding to a 12-kb region encompassing the last exon of BIC (the B-cell Integration Cluster non-coding RNA, from which mir-155 is processed), resulted associated with the disease status (P = 0.035; OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.05–1.77), suggesting that this locus strongly deserves further investigations.

<li> central nervous system: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> microbead-based technology: Other (technique)<li> qPCR: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "axon: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nbrain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nsingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping: singleNucleotidePolymorphismDetection (technique)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 85, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 63 }, { "end": 562, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 528 }, { "end": 637, "label": "technique", "start": 611 }, { "end": 936, "label": "technique", "start": 932 } ]

null

d9773c8a-b075-41a7-94d6-9bf294374665

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699414

2025-05-27T14:00:44.208998

90b120f2-7cc0-4daa-8278-960e6c86a646

Multiple sclerosis (MS) (OMIM #126200) is a common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by chronic inflammation, myelin loss, varying degrees of axonal pathology, and progressive neurological dysfunction [1][2][3].According to the presentation and severity of symptoms, MS subtypes are generally classified as relapsing remitting (RR; the commonest form), primary progressive (PP), or secondary progressive (SP) [2]. The causes of MS are still largely to be discovered; however, as with many common diseases, it is clear that both genetic and environmental components play a role [4].Over the past decade a number of genetic studies have been attempted to map susceptibility loci for MS.These include candidate gene studies, linkage analysis, association analysis, and, more recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].To date, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene cluster on chromosome 6p21.3remains the strongest and most convincing susceptibility locus both linked to, and associated with, MS [13].As for non-HLA loci, GWAS have substantially contributed to identify a number of MS susceptibility genes: so far, approximately 50 genes conferring a mild-to-modest effect on risk (odds ratio, OR < 1.3) have been robustly associated with MS, many of which display primarily immunologic functions [9,12,14]. Despite these extensive studies, identification of MS-specific genes still remains challenging and mainly focused on protein-coding loci.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short (~22 nucleotides) single-stranded non-coding RNAs that modulate the expression of multiple target mRNAs by inducing either translational repression or mRNA degradation.MiRNAs have emerged as key post-transcriptional regulators of diverse biological processes, and mounting evidence point to miRNAs as critical players not only for the development of the immune system, but also for the correct function of both its innate and adaptive branches [15,16].In particular, to maintain tolerance, central and peripheral lymphoid organs present different checkpoints: these ensure that auto-reactive T and B cells, which are routinely and randomly generated during lymphogenesis, are deleted or silenced [17,18].However, self-reactive lymphocytes can escape the checkpoints, survive in peripheral lymphoid tissues, and, once activated, attack self-tissues.Considering that miRNAs are stringently regulated in immune cells to maintain immune homoeostasis, it is conceivable that dysregulation of miRNA expression levels can determine an immune-tolerance breakdown and, therefore, the development of autoimmunity.Indeed, several studies have revealed that various miRNAs are dysregulated in autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [16]. Concerning MS, nine miRNA expression studies have been reported so far [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].These studies were principally performed by comparing miRNA expression profiles in MS cases and controls in a variety of tissues: whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), serum, MS lesions, as well as sorted B, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocyte sub-populations.In particular, two studies addressed miRNA expression in PBMCs, and both found significant dysregulation of specific miRNAs in the MS relapse phase compared to controls [23,29].In one case, three out of 364 miRNAs (i.e., mir-18b, mir-493, and mir-599) were significantly upregulated [23], whereas in the other study, which was focused only on 5 immune-related miRNAs, mir-21, mir-146a, and mir-146b were significantly overexpressed [29].However, specific and reproducible miRNA signatures associated with MS are still lacking. In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of 22 immunity-related miRNAs in MS by monitoring their differential expression in PBMCs of RR MS patients and healthy controls.Genetic association with MS was also explored for the most up-regulated miRNA gene, mir-155.

<li> central nervous system: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> CNS: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> genome-wide association studies: Other (technique)<li> GWAS: Other (technique)<li> peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> PBMCs: Other (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "genome-wide association studies: genomeWideAssociationStudy (technique)\r\nGWAS: genomeWideAssociationStudy (technique)\r\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

8e223a88-6d3f-4f9c-bfbf-a9d2c2139fd3

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699420

099b36b3-031c-43dd-a5f2-2ecb8926f875

ObjectiveThe apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the main genetic risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanism for the increased risk is not well understood. Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is prevalent among patients with cognitive impairment and is thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of dementia. We aimed to investigate the association between the APOE ε genotype and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of SVD in a memory clinic population.Material and MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study with a total of 520 patients undergoing dementia investigation, including an MRI brain scan and APOE genotyping in all patients enrolled, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for routine AD biomarkers in 399 patients. MR images were assessed for markers of SVD: cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), cortical superficial siderosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, white matter hyperintensities, lacunar infarcts, and enlarged perivascular spaces.ResultsApolipoprotein E carriers with AD had a higher number of CMBs when looking at all brain regions and lobar brain regions (p < 0.001). A lower number of CMBs were seen in APOE ε2 (p < 0.05), ε3 and ε3/3 carriers (p < 0.001) when looking at all brain regions. A higher number of CMBs in deep and infratentorial regions were seen in APOE ε2 and ε3 (p < 0.05). In APOE ε4/4 carriers, CMBs, cortical superficial siderosis, white matter hyperintensities, and enlarged perivascular spaces were associated with lower levels of CSF amyloid β (Aβ) 42 in the whole cohort, and in individuals with AD and mild cognitive impairment (p < 0.05).ConclusionApolipoprotein E ε4 is associated with MRI markers of SVD related to amyloid pathology, specifically CMBs and Aβ42 plaque formation in the brain, as reflected by decreased CSF Aβ42 levels, whereas APOE ε3 and ε2 are associated with the markers of hypertensive arteriopathy, as reflected by the association with CMBs in deep and infratentorial brain regions.

<li> magnetic resonance imaging: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)<li> cerebrospinal fluid: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> CSF: Other (UBERONParcellation)<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)<li> white matter hyperintensities: brainWhiteMatter (UBERONParcellation)

null

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null

4fac772e-eb3e-4591-bc00-ab1c29f91830

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699426

2025-05-27T14:00:44.316739

af253b88-5c4b-4d08-9d85-dba042ad9124

This study is part of the Karolinska Imaging Dementia Study (KIDS), a memory clinic based cross-sectional study on SVD in cognitive impairment.In total, 521 consecutive patients were enrolled, and all patients had been undergoing dementia investigation with accompanying APOE allele analysis and MRI scans at the memory clinic and radiology department, Karolinska University Hospital, between 01/01/2006 and 01/01/2012.Exclusion criteria for all patients were insufficient scan quality on the MRI and a history of traumatic brain injury.In our study, one patient was excluded due to poor scan quality on MRI, leading to a final cohort of 520 patients with 5 different diagnostic categories.The diagnostic category, "Other Disorders" (n = 38), was, however, discarded due to the heterogeneous nature of this group of patients, which limited statistical analysis.The diagnosis was set based on the ICD-10 criteria by an experienced memory clinic team consisting of geriatricians, neuropsychologists, neurophysiologists, and neuroradiologists after the entire clinical picture had been considered.The ICD-10 code used for MCI was G31.84.SCI was used as a diagnosis when the patients had subjective symptoms without objective clinical findings, using ICD code Z03.3.Patient demographics have been outlined in Table 1 and a flow diagram of the participants enrolled in the study can be seen in Figure 1.The presence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes were determined based on self-report/prior medical diagnosis and treatment for patients. Informed consent was obtained for all patients according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and ethical approval was obtained from the regional ethical board in Stockholm, Sweden.

<li> MRI: magneticResonanceImaging (technique)

[ [ { "end": 299, "label": "technique", "start": 296 }, { "end": 496, "label": "technique", "start": 493 }, { "end": 607, "label": "technique", "start": 604 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 299, "label": "technique", "start": 296 }, { "end": 496, "label": "technique", "start": 493 }, { "end": 607, "label": "technique", "start": 604 } ]

null

33cf7a0f-3d56-4bb9-ab80-52a4d9e18c3a

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699432

2025-05-27T14:00:44.400228

4c9adf2d-5c46-4ef7-b7cf-8264819ec1fb

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is approximately twice as common in females than males. Furthermore, female patients with MDD tend to manifest comorbid anxiety. Few studies have explored the potential anatomical and functional brain changes associated with MDD in females. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the anatomical and functional changes underlying MDD in females, especially within the context of comorbid anxiety. Methods In this study, we recruited antidepressant-free females with MDD (N = 35) and healthy female controls (HC; N = 23). The severity of depression and anxiety were evaluated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), respectively. Structural and resting-state functional images were acquired on a Siemens 3.0 Tesla scanner. We compared the structural volumetric differences between patients and HC with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses. Seed-based voxel-wise correlative analyses were used to identify abnormal functional connectivity. Regions with structural deficits showed a significant correlation between gray matter (GM) volume and clinical variables that were selected as seeds. Furthermore, voxel-wise functional connectivity analyses were applied to identify the abnormal connectivity relevant to seed in the MDD group. Results Decreased GM volume in patients was observed in the insula, putamen, amygdala, lingual gyrus, and cerebellum. The right amygdala was selected as a seed to perform connectivity analyses, since its GM volume exhibited a significant correlation with the clinical anxiety scores. We detected regions with disrupted connectivity relevant to seed primarily within the cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic circuit. Conclusions Amygdaloid atrophy, as well as decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and the cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic circuit, appears to play a role in female MDD, especially in relation to comorbid anxiety.

<li> females: female (biologicalSex)<li> males: male (biologicalSex)<li> female: female (biologicalSex)<li> voxel-based morphometry: Other (technique)<li> gray matter: brain gray matter (UBERONParcellation)<li> insula: insula (UBERONParcellation)<li> putamen: putamen (UBERONParcellation)<li> amygdala: amygdala (UBERONParcellation)<li> lingual gyrus: lingual gyrus (UBERONParcellation)<li> cerebellum: cerebellum (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "brain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nGM: brain gray matter (UBERONParcellation)\r\n \r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 87, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 80 }, { "end": 283, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 276 }, { "end": 411, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 404 }, { "end": 529, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 522 }, { "end": 98, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 93 }, { "end": 119, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 113 }, { "end": 566, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 560 }, { "end": 1957, "label": "biologicalSex", "start": 1951 }, { "end": 948, "label": "technique", "start": 925 }, { "end": 1149, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1138 }, { "end": 1425, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1419 }, { "end": 1434, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1427 }, { "end": 1444, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1436 }, { "end": 1495, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1487 }, { "end": 1872, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1864 }, { "end": 1459, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1446 }, { "end": 1475, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1465 } ]

null

c9579153-01a8-4194-9aa2-8934fee6c45e

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699438

2025-05-27T14:00:44.484666

61843c2f-c86b-4ac5-8891-51bf5137fcd5

Connectivity analyses were performed using SPM8 software and the CONN-fMRI Functional toolbox [25].Briefly, the imaging preprocessing steps included slice-time corrections, realignment, coregistration, normalization into the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space, resampling at 2 mm 3 , and spatial smoothing with a Gaussian kernel of 8 mm 3 full-width at half maximum.White matter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and motion-relevant parameters were taken as confounds, following the component-based noise-correction method to minimize non-neural influences on functional MRI (fMRI) signals.The whole brain BOLD signal was excluded as a regressor to eliminate erroneous anti-correlations [26].The residual timeseries were temporally bandpass filtered (0.01-0.08 Hz) to reduce the effect of low and high frequency physiological noise [27].Then, Pearson correlations were calculated between the time course of seed regions and the time course of all other voxels.The resultant correlation coefficients were converted to normally distributed scores using the Fisher z transformation. Two-sample t-tests were conducted to compare the functional connectivity between the two groups (i.e., female patients with MDD vs female HC), controlling for age.Statistical parametric maps were generated after multiple comparison analysis (AlphaSim, AFNI, signal voxel threshold of p < 0.01 and cluster size >251).Similar to our VBM analysis, the mean Zvalues of functional connectivity were retrieved from regions with abnormal functional connectivity and were used to compute Pearson correlations with anxiety symptoms as measured by the HAM-A summary score in the females with MDD group.

<li> fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging (technique)<li> functional MRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging (technique)<li> White matter: brain white matter (UBERONParcellation)<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)<li> VBM: Other (technique)<li> MRI: magnetic resonance imaging (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "female: female (biologicalSex)\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 74, "label": "technique", "start": 70 }, { "end": 583, "label": "technique", "start": 579 }, { "end": 577, "label": "technique", "start": 563 }, { "end": 387, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 375 }, { "end": 608, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 603 }, { "end": 1417, "label": "technique", "start": 1414 }, { "end": 577, "label": "technique", "start": 574 } ]

null

8eb45317-af00-4c15-a6d2-b37d40627240

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699445

70c936f9-11be-4710-99a6-04e23abd1707

IntroductionSocioeconomic inequalities contribute to poor health. Inequitable access to diverse and healthy foods can be a risk factor for non-communicable diseases, especially in individuals of low socioeconomic status. We examined the extent of socioeconomic inequalities in food purchasing practices, expenditure, and consumption in a resource-poor setting in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of baseline cross-sectional data from a natural experimental study with a sample size of 512 individuals from 376 households in western Kenya. Data were collected on household food sources, expenditure and food consumption. Household socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed using the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) model. Concentration indices (Ci) and multivariable linear regression models were used to establish socioeconomic inequalities.ResultsAbout half (47.9%) of individuals achieved a minimum level of dietary diversity with the majority coming from wealthier households. The two most consumed food groups were grains and roots (97.5%, n = 499) and dark green leafy vegetables (73.8%, n = 378), but these did not vary by SES. The consumption of dark green leafy vegetables was similar across wealth quantiles (Ci = 0.014, p = 0.314). Overall, the wealthier households spent significantly more money on food purchases with a median of USD 50 (IQR = 60) in a month compared to the poorest who spent a median of USD 40 (IQR = 40). Of all the sources of food, the highest amount was spent at open-air markets median of USD 20 (IQR = 30) and the expenditure did not vary significantly by SES (Ci = 0.4, p = 0.684). The higher the socioeconomic status the higher the total amount spent on food purchases. In multivariable regression analysis, household SES was a significant determinant of food expenditure [Adjusted coefficient = 6.09 (95%confidence interval CI = 2.19, 9.99)].ConclusionWealthier households spent more money on food compared to the poorest households, especially on buying food at supermarkets. Individuals from the poorest households were dominant in eating grains and roots and less likely to consume a variety of food groups, including pulses, dairy, eggs and fruits, and vegetables. Individuals from the poorest households were also less likely to achieve adequate dietary diversity. Deliberate policies on diet and nutrition are required to address socioeconomic inequalities in food purchasing practices.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

34888797-09da-4a39-9bcc-9e1e4120b597

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699451

56ea5a01-33e9-4b84-b741-91da203c8567

The sample size for the study for this study has been described in the protocol (19).It was estimated that a minimum sample size of 300 (150 in each site) was adequate to detect a 5% difference in household food expenditure between the two sites (one site designated as intervention m Kisumu county, and the other as comparison in Homabay county, western Kenya), with 80% power and 95% confidence interval and 5% level of precision.The sampling frame was obtained from a list of households registered by community health volunteers (CHVs) in the area.As part of Kenya's health system structure, the CHVs are the first level of care and are mandated to register and maintain a household register for monthly followups (21).We used this list which had about 2,000 households in each of the two sites.From the list, we asked CHVs to classify the households into three SES groups poor, middle or rich based on methods described by Foley et al. and Were et al. (19,22).We also classified these households into three clusters based on the distance from a central predetermined landmark (2, 1.0, and 0.5 km) and further classified the households into four quadrants (NW, NE, SW, and SE).However, during the planning, we had anticipated higher attrition rates and, therefore, we aimed to recruit 50 households in each quadrant totaling 200 per site.We proportionately divided the 50 households between three levels of household SES (low, moderate, and high) and distance to a central landmark (2, 1, and 0.5 km).At the individual levels, we aimed at a maximum of five adults per household (19,22).At the end of the survey, we achieved a higher number of 376 households in both sites (196 in Kisumu and 180 in Homabay).We also recruited 516 individuals in the survey (Kisumu 260 and 256 in Homabay).

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

a06f3544-4807-4f40-a8e0-78f722f9c5cd

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699457

2025-05-27T14:00:44.581717

db62e53f-9564-4c8d-b14f-1850a47c38ac

The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, is an emerging pest of social bee colonies. A. tumida shows a specialized life style for which olfaction seems to play a crucial role. To better understand the olfactory system of the beetle, we used immunohistochemistry and 3-D reconstruction to analyze brain structures, especially the paired antennal lobes (AL), which represent the first integration centers for odor information in the insect brain. The basic neuroarchitecture of the A. tumida brain compares well to the typical beetle and insect brain. In comparison to other insects, the AL are relatively large in relationship to other brain areas, suggesting that olfaction is of major importance for the beetle. The AL of both sexes contain about 70 olfactory glomeruli with no obvious size differences of the glomeruli between sexes. Similar to all other insects including beetles, immunostaining with an antiserum against serotonin revealed a large cell that projects from one AL to the contralateral AL to densely innervate all glomeruli. Immunostaining with an antiserum against tachykinin-related peptides (TKRP) revealed hitherto unknown structures in the AL. Small TKRP-immunoreactive spherical substructures are in both sexes evenly distributed within all glomeruli. The source for these immunoreactive islets is very likely a group of about 80 local AL interneurons. We offer two hypotheses on the function of such structures.

<li> Aethina tumida: Other (species)<li> small hive beetle: Other (species)<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)<li> immunohistochemistry: immunohistochemistry (technique)<li> 3-D reconstruction: 3DComputerGraphicModeling (technique)<li> olfactory glomeruli: olfactory glomerulus (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "A. tumida: Other (species)\n\r\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 37, "label": "species", "start": 23 }, { "end": 21, "label": "species", "start": 4 }, { "end": 299, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 294 }, { "end": 441, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 436 }, { "end": 493, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 488 }, { "end": 546, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 541 }, { "end": 638, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 633 }, { "end": 259, "label": "technique", "start": 239 }, { "end": 282, "label": "technique", "start": 264 }, { "end": 768, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 749 } ]

null

4ed1d7ba-751c-4508-acfa-79fa73848104

pending

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699463

67853a66-469e-41d7-bfa9-b3a7db00c17a

In accordance with legal provisions, BORIS Portal attaches great importance to the accuracy and timeliness of the stored data.However, BORIS Portal does not guarantee that the stored information is correct, up-to-date, complete, and of adequate quality.BORIS Portal reserves the right to correct or delete information.BORIS Portal shall not be liable for any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of accessing, using, or not using the published information.BORIS Portal has not reviewed third party websites, i.e. those that are not on the servers of BORIS Portal or within its sphere of influence, and that are hyperlinked to this website, and assumes no responsibility for their content. 11. Review of these guidelines These guidelines will be reviewed at least annually.Date of last review: August 18, 2021.

None

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "discarded" ]

[]

null

aa6daedc-190d-4e5b-b77e-22f086bd029b

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699469

2025-05-27T14:00:44.691203

1949e728-70c5-44ef-b849-f41d36e7078f

BackgroundPsychological distress affects the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with stroke, affects their long-term functional exercise and quality of life, and increases the risk of stroke recurrence and even death. This is a multi-dimensional and multi-level mental health problem and a dynamic process variable that shows a dynamic development trend with time. However, previous studies have been insufficient to deeply study the change mechanism of psychological distress, and there remains a lack of forward-looking longitudinal studies to analyze its change trajectory. This study aimed to investigate potential categories and how psychological distress changes over time and to examine conversion probability in these transformation processes.MethodsThis prospective longitudinal mixed-method study investigated the potential categories and change trajectories of distress in patients with stroke. A total of 492 participants from three hospitals were recruited for quantitative analysis. Latent class analysis and latent transition analysis (LCA/LTA) were used to identify meaningful subgroups, transitions between those classes across time, and baseline demographic features that help predict and design tailored interventions.DiscussionA comprehensive understanding of the potential category and transformation processes of psychological distress over time, including the impact of the sense of demographic data on the role of shame and loneliness, can lead to the development of psychological distress treatment tailored to the unique needs of patients with stroke. Thus, this study can promote more effective and successful treatment outcomes, reduce the stigma surrounding disease issues among patients, and encourage them to use psychological consultation.

<li> patients with stroke: homoSapiens (species)

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 97, "label": "species", "start": 77 }, { "end": 910, "label": "species", "start": 890 }, { "end": 1582, "label": "species", "start": 1562 } ]

null

d6ff8e68-9090-4541-936e-22f31be32ac9

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699475

2025-05-27T14:00:44.774650

6ff18d1c-0c96-48bc-a261-994f1d500a27

In this study, the Chinese version of the Health Literacy Management Scale (HeLMS) (24) was used to evaluate health literacy (HL) in the patients.This questionnaire consists of 24 items in four dimensions: communication and interaction ability (nine items with a total score of 45 points), information acquisition ability (nine items with a total score of 45 points), willingness to improve health (four items with a total score of 20 points), and willingness to support health financially (two items with a total score of 10 points). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very difficult) to 5 (not at all difficult), with higher scores indicating a more advanced level of HL.The total score was 120 points.An average score of <4 on all scale dimensions was considered inadequate or low level of HL.The internal consistency of the HeLMS scale was good, with a Cronbach's a of 0.874.

<li> patients: homoSapiens (species)

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 145, "label": "species", "start": 137 } ]

null

b9070fd1-40ad-4172-8cb8-3d0065507d88

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699481

2025-05-27T14:00:44.890972

4ee1a6e8-b43f-4ce0-8d30-54d84fa31812

Tissue vibrations in the larynx produce most sounds that comprise vocal communication in mammals. Larynx morphology is thus predicted to be a key target for selection, particularly in species with highly developed vocal communication systems. Here, we present a novel database of digitally modeled scanned larynges from 55 different mammalian species, representing a wide range of body sizes in the primate and carnivoran orders. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we demonstrate that the primate larynx has evolved more rapidly than the carnivoran larynx, resulting in a pattern of larger size and increased deviation from expected allometry with body size. These results imply fundamental differences between primates and carnivorans in the balance of selective forces that constrain larynx size and highlight an evolutionary flexibility in primates that may help explain why we have developed complex and diverse uses of the vocal organ for communication.

<li> mammals: Other (species)<li> mammalian: Other (species)<li> primates: Other (species)<li> carnivorans: Other (species)

[ [] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Incorrect" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

7c32c39c-8247-43d7-bb2e-103ef8f3cc66

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699488

2025-05-27T14:00:44.985915

59401a2a-76ee-4aa7-899f-c266c79f5b22

The specimens used in this study lived and died in zoos throughout northern Europe.Death was followed by a postmortem examination performed by local veterinary staff at the zoo of origin after death, and the cadavers (excluding the digestive system) were frozen at -20˚C.The cadavers were then shipped on ice to National Museums Scotland for processing and preservation.Larynges, from the tongue to below the larynx, were excised during specimen preservation and refrozen for shipment on ice to Vienna, Austria.Upon arrival in Vienna, specimens were unpacked, thawed, and cleaned with saline before being mounted and refrozen in preparation for X-ray CT scanning.Any specimens judged to be in poor condition at this stage (e.g., because of desiccation, decomposition, or insult) were excluded from further consideration.Selected specimens were mounted on polystyrene foam plates with ventral aspects facing upwards, and toothpicks were inserted into the foam on either side to prevent lateral rolling.During mounting, care was taken to avoid distortion and to approximate in vivo posture to the degree possible under the circumstances.The selection of which specific specimens/species to include in our analysis was based on balancing six factors: (1) availability; (2) including a wide range of body sizes in both orders; (3) maximizing phylogenetic variation; (4) maximizing tissue quality; (5)

<li> X-ray CT scanning: computer tomography (technique)

[ [ { "end": 662, "label": "technique", "start": 651 }, { "end": 1079, "label": "preparationType", "start": 1072 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "in vivo: inVivo (preparationType)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 662, "label": "technique", "start": 645 } ]

null

ae22d3cf-0cf5-4fa0-bfae-b415b3255e67

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699494

2025-05-27T14:00:45.075046

959d09e0-9fb7-4cd5-a00c-a24be5d4a72d

To investigate the added diagnostic value of arterial spin labelling (ASL) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to structural MRI for computer-aided classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and controls.This retrospective study used MRI data from 24 early-onset AD and 33 early-onset FTD patients and 34 controls (CN). Classification was based on voxel-wise feature maps derived from structural MRI, ASL, and DTI. Support vector machines (SVMs) were trained to classify AD versus CN (AD-CN), FTD-CN, AD-FTD, and AD-FTD-CN (multi-class). Classification performance was assessed by the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) and accuracy. Using SVM significance maps, we analysed contributions of brain regions.Combining ASL and DTI with structural MRI resulted in higher classification performance for differential diagnosis of AD and FTD (AUC = 84%; p = 0.05) than using structural MRI by itself (AUC = 72%). The performance of ASL and DTI themselves did not improve over structural MRI. The classifications were driven by different brain regions for ASL and DTI than for structural MRI, suggesting complementary information.ASL and DTI are promising additions to structural MRI for classification of early-onset AD, early-onset FTD, and controls, and may improve the computer-aided differential diagnosis on a single-subject level.• Multiparametric MRI is promising for computer-aided diagnosis of early-onset AD and FTD. • Diagnosis is driven by different brain regions when using different MRI methods. • Combining structural MRI, ASL, and DTI may improve differential diagnosis of dementia.

<li> arterial spin labelling: Other (technique)<li> diffusion tensor imaging: Other (technique)<li> MRI: magnetic resonance imaging (technique)<li> structural MRI: magnetic resonance imaging (technique)<li> ASL: Other (technique)<li> DTI: Other (technique)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "\rdiffusion tensor imaging: diffusionTensorImaging (technique)\nDTI: diffusionTensorImaging (technique)\nstructural MRI: structuralMagneticResonanceImaging(technique)\n\rbrain: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n\r\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

ded2ec92-bbce-4a27-b24a-ba8573fb2f92

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699500

2025-05-27T14:00:45.166678

6799dfeb-f4ea-40ff-a2ed-a8c569f6d65e

Figure 2 shows the classification performance using T1w, ASL, and DTI voxel-wise features (Fig. 2a: AUC; 2b: accuracy).Table 3 shows non-parametric testing for significant differences between classifications. For AD-CN classification, mean AUCs were 92% (VBM-GM), 87% (VBM-WM), 94% (VBM-Brain), 89% (CBF), 89% (FA), 95% (GM combination), 91% (WM combination), and 98% (Full combination).Classification accuracy was slightly lower than AUC in general.The performance using CBF and FA features was similar to that of the VBM features.The feature combinations yielded slightly higher performance than the VBM features, but differences were not significant. For FTD-CN classification, AUCs using VBM were somewhat higher than for AD-CN, but combination with FA and CBF did not improve performance.AUCs were 95% (VBM-GM), 96% (VBM-WM), 95% (VBM-Brain), 87% (CBF), 91% (FA), 93% (GM combination), 95% (WM combination), and 96% (Full combination). For differential diagnosis of AD versus FTD, AUCs were 78% (VBM-GM), 76% (VBM-WM), 72% (VBM-Brain), 81% (CBF), 80% (FA), 84% (GM combination), 81% (WM combination), and 84% (Full combination).Combination with CBF and FA features improved performance over the use of VBM features only.For multi-class diagnosis of AD, FTD, and CN, mean AUCs were 85% (VBM-GM), 83% (VBM-WM), 84% (VBM-Brain), 82% (CBF), 83% (FA), 87% (GM combination), 85% (WM combination), and 90% (Full combination).Classification accuracy was lower, but it should be noted that for this three-class diagnosis, the accuracy for random guessing would be only ~33%.For multi-class classification, AUCs were highest for the combination methods.The method that combined VBM-Brain with CBF and FA yielded a significantly higher AUC (90 vs. 84%, p = 0.03) and accuracy (75 vs. 70%, p = 0.05) than VBM-Brain by itself.This is reflected in the examples of confusion matrices for one iteration of the cross-validation (Appendix C; Table C1), which show a higher number of correctly classified patients and controls for Full combination than VBM-Brain.However, combining VBM with ASL or DTI may also reduce the number of correctly classified patients, e.g.GM Combination has a lower number of correctly classified FTD patients than VBM-GM, while accuracy is improved.

<li> T1w: Other (technique)<li> ASL: Other (technique)<li> DTI: Other (technique)<li> VBM: Other (technique)<li> GM: brain gray matter (UBERONParcellation)<li> WM: brain white matter (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

d599cf88-12c9-4086-a36c-f8ea56da624c

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699506

2025-05-27T14:00:45.258400

c78dda5e-ac48-44b5-858e-97099dc40473

Establishing links between experimental data, their models, and the neural substrates presents a permanent challenge for research in timing and time perception. This applies particularly to the problem of internal representation of temporal duration and its neural implementation. In this short communication we will report on progress achieved with the “lossy integration” model (also known as “klepsydra” model; Wackermann and Ehm, 2006) in interpretation of time perception data in the context of neurophysiological and neurobiological findings. In the pacemaker–gate–accumulator model (Zakay and Block, 1997), which is still considered as the standard model in the literature (Grondin, 2010), temporal durations are internally represented by cumulative pulse counts, A=t⋅f (t is the interval duration, f the effective pulse train frequency, and A is the number of pulses accumulated in the counter). Consequently, all variations in timing behavior or in a time perception task response can be accounted for by a change of the frequency f of pulses entering the counter. This gives the model its apparent elegance and universality, but is also its main weakness. Since the two hypothetical components, pacemaker and gate, are arranged serially, it is impossible to disentangle their effects. The effective frequency f may vary due to a change of the pacemaker fundamental frequency fP (e.g., in response to organismic, physiological factors), or due to a change of the gate throughput g (e.g., attentional, cognitive effects): f=fP⋅g (where g is a real number in the range from 0 to 1). By contrast, in the “klepsydra” model, (Wackermann and Ehm, 2006), temporal durations are represented by states of a lossy integrator; written in a differential form dAdt=f−κ⋅A. The inflow rate f corresponds to the pulse train frequency in the “standard” model (that the states are here continuous, rather than discrete quantities, is unimportant). The outflow rate, however, is determined by the momentary state of the accumulator A and a proportionality factor κ. Therefore, there are two loci of possible effects on internal time representation, the inflow and the outflow. The inflows can be studied only in relative terms, e.g., as inflow ratios between different experimental conditions; however, the loss rate κ can be determined numerically in given physical units (sec−1). To apply the model to the two tasks mostly used in our experimental studies – duration reproduction and duration discrimination in the supra-second range – we assume two such inflow–outflow units, each one allocated to one of the two temporal intervals to be compared. [Hence the name “dual klepsydra model” under which the model is known (Wackermann and Ehm, 2006).] Numerical procedures are available for estimating the value of κ directly from (individual or group-based) response functions in the reproduction task (Wackermann and Ehm, 2006), or indirectly, from points of subjective indifference determined by psychometric functions fitted to the data from the discrimination task (Wackermann and Spati, 2006). The lossy character of internal time representation is revealed by the progressive shortening of the reproduction response, or by the presentation order effect in the discrimination response (generally known as “subjective shortening” of past durations). Recent experiments supported the notion of the “loss rate” parameter κ as a stable individual characteristic of the subject, evidenced by the high test–retest reliability of the parameter κ obtained from duration discrimination data (Sysoeva et al., 2010) and duration reproduction data. Moreover, it was shown (Sysoeva et al., 2010) that carriers of genotypic variants related to the activity of the serotonergic (5-HT) transmitter system significantly differ in the “loss rate” parameter κ. These results suggest genetic determination of dynamic parameters of neural representation of time. Higher values of κ were found for the carriers of genotypes characterized by higher potential for 5-HT transmission: (1) lower 5-HT reuptake, known for the 5-HTTLPR SS polymorphism compared with LL, (2) lower 5-HT degradation, described for the “low expression” variant of MAOA VNTR gene compared with “high expression” variant, and (3) higher 5-HT2a receptor density, proposed for the TT polymorphism of 5-HT2a T102C gene compared with CC. Also, they fit well with findings in studies on effects of psychotropic substances affecting the serotonin subsystem. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, psilocybin – a serotonin (5-HT) 2A/1A receptor agonist – significantly increased parameter κ which is indicative of a higher “loss rate” of duration representation, observable by a stronger under-reproduction of temporal intervals (Wackermann et al., 2008). These convergent findings suggest an action path from 5-HT activity-related genes, via activity of 5-HT in the brain, to time perception. The psychopharmacological data also indicate that although the loss rate parameter is genetically determined, it can be temporally modified by influencing the 5-HT system. In a fMRI study, it was shown that parameter κ and the degree of self-rated impulsivity were associated with brain activation during the reproduction phase of the duration reproduction task; the activated brain areas were those related to motor execution as well as to the “core control network.” In particular, activation in these regions was positively correlated with the “loss rate” parameter κ (i.e., more pronounced under-reproduction of intervals), and with the subject's degree of impulsivity (Wittmann et al., 2011). During the encoding of duration in the reproduction task brain activation within bilateral posterior insula showed an accumulating pattern over time which peaked at the end of the interval (Wittmann et al., 2010). Based on the knowledge about insular cortex functioning it has been suggested that the integration of ascending body signals forms the basis for the representation of duration (Craig, 2009; Wittmann, 2009). This hypothesis is supported by recent observations of an association between the decrease of heart-beat frequency – indicative of an increase in parasympathetic activity – during the encoding of duration in individuals performing the duration reproduction task (Meissner and Wittmann, 2011). Interpreting these empirical findings in term of the klepsydra model, the flux of bodily signals into the posterior insular cortex could be interpreted as constituting the inflow component of the model. A more widespread network encompassing the “core control network” (Cole and Schneider, 2007) which would be associated with maintaining the representation of duration over time, can be related to the outflow component of the model, thus representing the “loss rate” of the leaky accumulator. The work reported above focused on effects of the loss component of the klepsydra model, as the “subjective shortening” is a striking phenomenon seen in duration reproduction or duration discrimination data in the supra-second region. Since these effects are omnipresent in the data (whether they are subject matter of study or not) they have to be taken into account to distinguish net effects of experimental manipulations. The klepsydraic model not only disentangles the inflow (accumulation) and outflow (loss) effects conceptually, but it also allows to separate these effects operationally. An example of this analytic strategy is given in the study of brightness–duration interaction in a duration discrimination task (Wackermann and Meyer-Blankenburg, 2009), where the net effect caused by the stimulus variation is superimposed on the main stimulus-independent effect of subjective shortening. Similar strategies should be applicable in studies intending to manipulate the hypothetical “inflows” by varying somatosensory or proprioceptive stimuli to test the “bodily signals flux” hypothesis. Summarizing: in the reported studies effects of natural variations or experimental manipulations on time perception were evaluated by means of a simple “lossy integration” model, which conceptually distinguishes between two components of the mechanism underlying internal representation of temporal durations: accumulation of internal “inflow” in the integrator, and a parallel “loss” of accumulated representation (“outflow”). It is suggested that the inflow is primarily derived from the ongoing stream of intero- and proprioceptive neural signals, while the outflow is related to low-level (synaptic?) mechanisms of neural signals transfer. Converging findings on neurophysiological or neurochemical effectors or correlates of time perception provide cumulative evidence for these working hypotheses. Therefore, we wish to draw the attention of the research community to this fruitful methodology, which promises to obtain new insights into human timing and time perception in experimental research as well as in studies of clinical populations.

<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)<li> posterior insula: insula (UBERONParcellation)<li> human: homoSapiens (species)<li> fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging (technique)<li> insular cortex: insula (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "insular cortex: insularCortex (UBERONParcellation)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

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null

eef28905-fcd6-4414-b467-7420d06a4910

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699512

2025-05-27T14:00:45.349182

3f1a7fa0-a603-4c17-b065-9f3be0afda3a

Cole, M. W., and Schneider, W. ( 2007).The cognitive control network: integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions.Neuroimage 37, 343-360.Craig, A. D. (2009).Emotional moments across time: a possible neural basis for time perception in the under-reproduction of intervals), and with the subject's degree of impulsivity (Wittmann et al., 2011).During the encoding of duration in the reproduction task brain activation within bilateral posterior insula showed an accumulating pattern over time which peaked at the end of the interval (Wittmann et al., 2010).Based on the knowledge about insular cortex functioning it has been suggested that the integration of ascending body signals forms the basis for the representation of duration (Craig, 2009;Wittmann, 2009).This hypothesis is supported by recent observations of an association between the decrease of heart-beat frequency -indicative of an increase in parasympathetic activity -during the encoding of duration in individuals performing the duration reproduction task (Meissner and Wittmann, 2011).Interpreting these empirical findings in term of the klepsydra model, the flux of bodily signals into the posterior insular cortex could be interpreted as constituting the inflow component of the model.A more widespread network encompassing the "core control network" (Cole and Schneider, 2007) which would be associated with maintaining the representation of duration over time, can be related to the outflow component of the model, thus representing the "loss rate" of the leaky accumulator.The work reported above focused on effects of the loss component of the klepsydra model, as the "subjective shortening" is a striking phenomenon seen in duration reproduction or duration discrimination data in the supra-second region.Since these effects are omnipresent in the data (whether they are subject matter of study or not) they have to be taken into account to distinguish net effects of experimental manipulations.The klepsydraic model not only disentangles the inflow (accumulation) and outflow (loss) effects conceptually, but it also allows to separate these effects operationally.An

<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)<li> posterior insula: insula (UBERONParcellation)<li> insular cortex: insula (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "cortical: Other (UBERONParcellation)\r\ninsula: insula (UBERONParcellation)\ninsular cortex: insularCortex (UBERONParcellation)\n\r\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 415, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 410 }, { "end": 460, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 444 }, { "end": 609, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 595 }, { "end": 1191, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1177 } ]

null

2bafd1b1-1820-4c6c-b23c-3cb3b1e61ed7

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699519

2025-05-27T14:00:45.442061

2fdbbcdf-39d9-46a9-ba90-0c46d4fe8625

Since the end of the 1980s and the advent of molecular biology, then the beginning of the 2000s with the sequencing of whole genomes, modern tools have never ceased to amaze us and provide answers to questions that we didn’t even dare ask ourselves before: Why do elephants have fewer cancers than humans? Why do humans have such big brains? How does a eukaryotic cell recognize a “foreign” DNA sequence? Are there molecular crossroads of incompatible functions? Can cells count each other? These fascinating questions have made biology in recent years almost crazy.

<li> humans: homoSapiens (species)<li> brains: brain (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "elephants: Other (species)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 304, "label": "species", "start": 298 }, { "end": 319, "label": "species", "start": 313 }, { "end": 340, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 334 } ]

null

a0e824a9-e4a6-4027-b0dc-96a38b50af6e

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699525

2025-05-27T14:00:45.532791

8cd05d0d-ea86-4a62-9270-fbdbcb7f9a68

Homozygous patchwork mice are characterized by hairs that are either totally white or totally pigmented, leading to a 'salt-and-pepper' appearance of the coat (on a 'non-agouti' genetic background).The absence of melanocytes in the follicles of the white hairs is due to premature apoptosis of melanoblast cells at day 18.5 of foetal development as long as the number of apoptotic cells has not exceeded a threshold [5].Below this threshold, these melanoblast cells commit suicide!One hypothesis could be that the melanoblasts in the hair follicles secrete growth factors, which have a minimum local level that is essential for the survival of these cells (Figure 2).

<li> mice: musMusculus (species)

[ [ { "end": 25, "label": "species", "start": 21 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 25, "label": "species", "start": 21 } ]

null

eda43abd-4c44-4132-bd85-9226b7953249

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699531

2025-05-27T14:00:45.616868

e622f37d-4052-4aef-b9ba-da046a41e51e

The notion of intersubjectivity has achieved a primary status in contemporary psychoanalytic debate, stimulating new theoretical proposals as well as controversies. This paper presents an overview of the main contributions on inter-subjectivity in the field of neurosciences. In humans as well as—probably—in other species, the ability for emotional resonance is guaranteed early in development. Based on this capacity, a primary sense of connectedness is established that can be defined inter-subjective in that it entails sharing affective states and intentions with caregivers. We propose to define such a form of inter-subjectivity ascontingent, since the infant’s early abilities for resonance do not imply the more generalized capacity to permanently conceive of the relationship outside the realm of current interactions and the infant-caregiver’s mutual correspondence of internal states. This form of connection, hence, results in a self-referential, bodily, and affectively codified, context- and time dependent, like-me experience of interactions. The gradual maturation of brain structures and processes as well as interactive experiences allow proper intersubjectivity exchanges, grounded on new intentional and representational capacities, to evolve. In this more mature form of intersubjectivity, the individual is allowed to conceive of her own psychic space both as distinct and as possibly connected with the other’s contents and experience, even in the absence of current behavioral indicators of such correspondence. This multi-layered model of intersubjectivity, which is embraced by current neuroscience research, seems to allow for new interpretations of psychoanalytic models of human relatedness based upon classic clinical observations.

<li> humans: homoSapiens (species)<li> brain: brain (UBERONParcellation)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Partially correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 285, "label": "species", "start": 279 }, { "end": 1090, "label": "UBERONParcellation", "start": 1085 } ]

null

0f71b2f1-3fcd-40ff-8d6c-469b8df05a79

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699538

2025-05-27T14:00:45.700080

22ed29d3-6252-4be4-b680-c83101f0412e

Current neuroscience research is detailing early abilities that support the development of intersubjectivity.A putative and provisional reconstruction of what the human experiences in early social interactions can be obtained, relying on a multidisciplinary perspective (see Figure 1). It appears that, during the first year of life, an infant can have an experience of sharing with others, which we define as "contingent intersubjectivity."This form of connectedness (which can also be postulated in other species) is supported by neural mirror mechanisms and self-monitoring processes that enable the infant to distinguish internal from external sources of experience and to develop a sense of self based upon ownership and agency (at least on the level of interoceptive, tactile and sensory-motor information).We contend that this level of sharing possesses the prerequisites of intentional understanding and can thus be considered as a primary form of intersubjectivity.However, this form of intersubjective sharing seems to have some peculiarities that distinguish it from more mature forms of intersubjectivity. In the first place, contingent intersubjectivity is temporarily limited to the ongoing interactions.At this level, the quality of relational experience is totally shaped by the actual affective and communicative exchanges between the infant and her caregivers, and no integration of such singular experiences can be achieved to establish the stable sense of connectedness that characterize interpersonal relationships.Secondly, contingent forms of sharing can be achieved only through actual correspondences between the infant and the caregiver's intentions.As reported in psychodynamic literature (Weinberg and Tronick, 1997), when no such intentional attunement is reached, the sense of affective connection tends to decline.Furthermore, contingent intersubjectivity is selfreferential, in that the infant, by default, feels the quality of the affective experience that is shared with the other as being hers.This means that, when the other exhibits disruptive or intrusive communicative behaviors, the infant tends to attribute to herself the caregiver's negative internal states (Fotopoulou and Tsakiris, 2017;Lyons-Ruth et al., 2006).Thirdly, and most importantly, the experiential contents of contingent intersubjectivity are not formulated in terms of mentalistic explicit contents such as believes, thoughts, desires, emotions, intentions or goals.More peculiarly, the experience of contingent sharing is codified as a unitary form of experience, modeled by different sources of bodily and emotional information.Finally, it has to be specified that the lack of the capacity for mentalization of such experiences of self-other interactions differentiates the basic form of intersubjective sharing from proper bi-personal connections, which are instead characteristic of more mature forms of human relatedness.

<li> human: homoSapiens (species)

[ [ { "end": 168, "label": "species", "start": 163 }, { "end": 2921, "label": "species", "start": 2916 } ] ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ null ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 168, "label": "species", "start": 163 }, { "end": 2921, "label": "species", "start": 2916 } ]

null

2f5874b9-33c1-41e5-a559-782e0b1183a9

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699544

2025-05-27T14:00:45.808376

5d959965-4383-4e84-8dd7-d0e3d36e9278

A useful measurable property of a neural oscillator is its Phase Response Curve (PRC). PRCs measure the phase-shift resulting from perturbing the oscillator with a brief stimulus at different times of the cycle. They have been extensively used to understand the synchronous activity patterns emerging from a network of weakly coupled oscillators. PRCs have been classified into two types: type I (PRC is always positive) and type II (PRC has positive and negative regions) [1]. Theoretical results [2] have shown that the type of PRC combined with the temporal dynamics of the synapses yield different synchronization properties when two neurons are coupled together (neurons can synchronize in-phase, out of phase or in anti-phase). PRCs are typically measured in vitro, considering only the intrinsic properties of the neuron. However, in vivo neurons constantly receive background synaptic inputs that play an important role sculpting the dynamics of neurons. Indeed experimental data showed that membrane excitability [3] can change in response to variations in background synaptic activity [4]. In this work we study the effects of the background synaptic activity on the shape of the Phase Response Curve, and its synchronization properties. To perform this study, we consider two neuron models: the Wang-Buzsaki model [5] and the Morris-Lecar model [6]. We explore the effect of a constant excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductance input (that can be seen as an average of the background input) on the type of membrane excitability and PRC shape in the spiking regime. We found that changes in the mean background conductances in a biologically plausible range [7] lead to changes in the type of PRC. As we increased the inhibitory conductance, for a constant value of the excitatory one, we observed a switch from type I to type II PRC. We correlated the shape of the PRC with the synchronization properties. We studied the effect of the temporal dynamics of synaptic activation on the synchronization properties of a coupled pair of neurons, as we switched them from type I to type II PRC. We characterized how solutions change with these parameters in a network motif of two reciprocally coupled neurons.

<li> in vitro: inVitro (preparationType)<li> in vivo: inVivo (preparationType)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "neuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 776, "label": "preparationType", "start": 768 }, { "end": 851, "label": "preparationType", "start": 844 } ]

null

07e8362a-cd32-409c-8dfc-de322ee8b420

completed

2025-04-29T14:36:04.699550

2025-05-27T14:00:45.916791

d2cef459-8166-423f-941c-42d05468e1d4

A useful measurable property of a neural oscillator is its Phase Response Curve (PRC).PRCs measure the phaseshift resulting from perturbing the oscillator with a brief stimulus at different times of the cycle.They have been extensively used to understand the synchronous activity patterns emerging from a network of weakly coupled oscillators. PRCs have been classified into two types: type I (PRC is always positive) and type II (PRC has positive and negative regions) [1].Theoretical results [2] have shown that the type of PRC combined with the temporal dynamics of the synapses yield different synchronization properties when two neurons are coupled together (neurons can synchronize in-phase, out of phase or in anti-phase). PRCs are typically measured in vitro, considering only the intrinsic properties of the neuron.However, in vivo neurons constantly receive background synaptic inputs that play an important role sculpting the dynamics of neurons.Indeed experimental data showed that membrane excitability [3] can change in response to variations in background synaptic activity [4]. In this work we study the effects of the background synaptic activity on the shape of the Phase Response Curve, and its synchronization properties.To perform this study, we consider two neuron models: the Wang-Buzsáki model [5] and the Morris-Lecar model [6].We explore the effect of a constant excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductance input (that can be seen as an average of the background input) on the type of membrane excitability and PRC shape in the spiking regime. We found that changes in the mean background conductances in a biologically plausible range [7] lead to changes in the type of PRC.As we increased the inhibitory conductance, for a constant value of the excitatory one, we observed a switch from type I to type II PRC.We correlated the shape of the PRC with the synchronization properties.We studied the effect of the temporal dynamics of synaptic activation on the synchronization properties of a coupled pair of neurons, as we switched them from type I to type II PRC.We characterized how solutions change with these parameters in a network motif of two reciprocally coupled neurons.

<li> in vitro: inVitro (preparationType)<li> in vivo: inVivo (preparationType)

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[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "Correct" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ "synapse: Other (UBERONParcellation)\nneuron: Other (UBERONParcellation)\n" ]

[ "3c769fcb-8d37-41a2-b5e3-943a2a1090ab" ]

[ "submitted" ]

[ { "end": 766, "label": "preparationType", "start": 758 }, { "end": 840, "label": "preparationType", "start": 833 } ]

null