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On the Existence of Constant Accrual Rates in Clinical Trials and Direction for Future Research
Byron J. Gajewski\textsuperscript{1}, Stephen D. Simon\textsuperscript{2} & Susan E. Carlson\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1} Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
\textsuperscript{2} Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
\textsuperscript{3} Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
Correspondence: Byron J. Gajewski, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. Tel: 1-913-588-1603. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: April 6, 2012 Accepted: April 20, 2012 Online Published: June 15, 2012
doi:10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43
This work was supported in part by DHA Supplementation and Pregnancy Outcomes 1R01 HD047315 (BJG & SEC) and Kansas Frontiers: The Heartland Institute for Clinical and Translational Research CTSA UL1RR033179 (BJG). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH
Abstract
Many clinical trials fall short of their accrual goals. This can be avoided with accurate accrual prediction tools. Past researchers provide important methodological alternative models for predicting accrual in clinical trials. One model allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. A simpler model assumes a constant rate of accrual. A comparison has been attempted but we wish to point out some important considerations when comparing these two models. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption (simpler model) which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the full three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future research in the area of accrual prediction.
Keywords: prior elicitation, exponential, inverse gamma, Bayesian, sample size
1. Introduction
Zhang and Long (2010) provide an important methodological contribution to the literature for predicting accrual in clinical trials. They accurately describe their effort as an extension of Gajewski, Simon and Carlson (2008). An important parallel result was provided by Anisimov and Fedorov (2007), and was derived and published independently.
The model developed by Zhang and Long allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. The Gajewski et al. model is simpler in that it assumes a constant rate of accrual. Zhang and Long compare their methodology to Gajewski et al., but we wish to extend some important considerations when comparing these two models.
Zhang and Long assert that “in most real trial situations, the constant accrual rate assumption does not hold”. We have found evidence to the contrary. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption using data cited in Gajewski et al. which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the \textit{full} three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future simulations in the area of accrual prediction.
2. Review of Gajewski et al. Model & Bayesian Runs Test
Before reporting the prediction results, we will review the model in Gajewski et al. (constant accrual). We also report here a new Bayesian runs test that we claim is an important diagnostic that should be computed for any accrual problem.
2.1 Review of Model
We wish to predict accrual after accruing $m$ patients. Let $w_1, w_2, \ldots, w_m$ represent the gap in time that each new patient is accrued. The goal of the accrual monitoring process is to develop a model for the yet to be observed waiting times $W_{m+1}, W_{m+2}, \ldots, W_n$, where $n$ is the actual patient accrual at the end of the trial.
We assume that $w_i | \theta \sim \text{exp}(1/\theta)$ where $\text{exp}(\cdot)$ is the exponential distribution and $E(w_i) = \theta$. In Gajewski et al. two priors were proposed: a flat prior and an informative prior. These were respectively $\theta \sim IG(k = 0, V = 0)$ and $\theta \sim IG(k = 175, V = 1.5)$, where $IG(\cdot)$ is the inverse gamma distribution. The 175 and 1.5 comes from answering two questions: (1) How long will it take to accrue $n$ subjects? (2) On a scale of 1-10, how confident are in your answer to (1)? The answer to (1) provides $T$ and the answer to (2)/10 provides $P$. In Gajewski et al. we have $T=3$ years and $P=0.5$. We arrive at our informative prior since $k = nP$ and $V = TP$ (the flat sets $P = 0$).
This conjugate prior results in alternative posteriors (flat- and informative-based) $\theta | W \sim IG(m, t_m)$ and $\theta | W \sim IG(175 + m, 1.5 + t_m)$, where $t_m = \sum_{i=1}^{m} w_i$ represents the time the last patient was accrued.
2.2. Review of Prediction Algorithm
The overall goal is to predict $n$ with $m$ gap times. First we predict the $n - m$ data $W_{m+1}, \ldots, W_n$. To achieve this, first we randomly select $\theta_1$ from the posterior distribution and then randomly select waiting time $n - m$ random variables from $W_{m+1,1}, \ldots, W_{n,1}$ from an exponential distribution with parameter $\theta_1$. This process is repeated for $\theta_2, \theta_3, \ldots, \theta_b$. The sum of observed and simulated waiting times, $S_{b(n)} = w_1 + w_2 + \cdots + w_m + W_{m+1,b} + \cdots + W_{n,b}$ represents $b$ estimates of the total duration of the clinical trial of size $n$. However, $n$ is the unknown, so we use this process to obtain a posterior predictive sample size ($n^p$). Let $T$ represent the time point at which the study ends (for the purposes here $T = 3$ years). We then compute partial sums $S_{b(m+1)}, S_{b(m+2)}, \ldots$ until the partial sum exceeds $T$. The values $n^p_b$ which represent the largest values where the partial sums do not exceed $T$, provides a realization of the predictive distribution of sample sizes. Replication of this process provides the posterior distribution $n^p$. In this paper we will use observations in 1/12 year increments to explore the cross validated prediction of the true accrual ($n = 265$) for $T = 3$ years of accrual.
2.3. New Bayesian Runs Test
A Bayesian runs test, motivated by (Gelman, 2004, Chapter 6), tests the assumption of independence and identical distribution. This test is performed using all $n = 265$ gap data points. First, the number of runs of the observed gap data $(w_1, w_2, ..., w_m)$ relative to posterior mean ($\theta_b$) is calculated. This is repeated for posterior predictive gap data $(W_{1,b}, ..., W_{n,b})$ and posterior mean ($\theta_b$).
3. Results of Prediction
The probability of observed runs larger than predictive runs is 0.3986, suggesting independent and identically distributed gap data. A graphical examination of the accrual data (Figure 1) supports the use of exponential waiting
times rather than a more complex waiting time distribution. We evaluate the prediction accuracy using the expected absolute deviation from the true accrual ($n = 265$), $E(|n^p - 265|)$. Figure 2 displays the monthly prediction across 36 months using a non-informative prediction and an informative prediction. The first column displays the true three-year accrual ($n = 265$) and the point estimate with 95% prediction intervals using only the data up to that point. We can see that the informative prior does much better than the flat prior early on. Past the two-year point the flat and informative versions essentially agree. The second column displays the error across time as measured by $E(|n^p - 265|)$. This can be described in terms of error $\%= E(|n^p - 265|)/265$. Early in the process (first year) the error for the flat prior is above 20% (20-60%) whereas during that same timeframe the informative prior is always less than 20%. The true a priori defined *informative* simple prediction model (Exponential) was extremely useful for prediction in this clinical trial.
**Figure 2.** Monthly prediction across 36 months using a non-informative prediction with 95% intervals
### 4. Direction for Future Research
Our experience is that a constant rate of accrual seems quite reasonable. One difference, perhaps, between our experience and the experience of Zhang and Long is that we work in an academic setting with smaller trials, typically at a single location. We do not know if our experience, or the experience of Zhang and Long hold for most other researchers and suggest that data be collected in a systematic fashion to better understand accrual patterns in most clinical trials.
It is clear that a more complex model can be superior to a simpler model. We are in favor of more complex models in some settings, but a further assessment would note the drawbacks of a more complex model. First, specifying a prior distribution is far more difficult. Important elements in a complex model, such as the number of knots in the cubic spline (Zhang & Long, 2010) are not incorporated at all into the prior distribution, and those elements which are incorporated are too complex for the average researcher to fathom. Second, a more complex model is frequently inefficient with limited data. Limited data, of course, occurs early in the study. We believe that accurate early predictions are very important because small changes to the study at an early stage to improve a sagging accrual rate are easier and more efficient than changes made later in the trial. Third, a simple model of accrual has a closed form solution for the posterior predictive distribution that is intuitively plausible. The mean of the posterior predictive distribution, for example, is simply a weighted average of the data and the prior mean. A
closed form solution also means that tracking accrual throughout a clinical trial could be conducted directly by the researcher on a daily or weekly basis, perhaps even on a simple spreadsheet.
Perhaps a compromise between complexity and simplicity is most appropriate. In fact, we are looking at a linear piecewise regression model as an alternative to a complex spline and a compromise between the two approaches. The piecewise approach would allow for slow early accrual rates (both a step and elbow).
Regardless of using simple, complex, or compromise we would like to propose guidance for evaluating the approaches with simulation studies. While it is impossible to conduct a simulation study that covers every possible research scenario, we believe a broad number of conditions need consideration to show scenarios where a simple model would perform well. Here are some suggested conditions:
1) performance under a constant accrual model. We believe that a simple model will perform well relative to the complex model in settings where a complex model over fits the data.
2) performance early in the trial. We believe that a simple model will perform well relative to a complex model when only a small fraction of the accrual data is available. For example, in Zhang and Long, the simulation examined the performance of the model only when 30% and 60% of the accrual data was available. It would be very valuable to see the performance when only 5% or 10% of the accrual data was available.
3) performance under slow accrual rates. The average threshold accrual rate in the Zhang and Long simulation was 12 patients per day. While this may be normal in large multi-center trials, our experience with smaller academic center trials is that accrual rates of fewer than one person per day is more common. It would be instructive to test the cubic spline model with data where the Poisson counts are mostly zeros and ones.
4) performance under a weak, but not totally data driven prior. While we suggested an initial approach for getting a prior distribution using a simple question (how confident are you on a scale of 1 to 10), that prior was not intended to be plugged in thoughtlessly. Instead, that initial assessment would be used to examine the behavior of the predictive distribution. Review of that distribution would then lead the researcher to revise the prior accordingly. With a total sample size of 3,000 patients (much larger than the norm in an academic setting), P=0.5 constitutes an extremely strong prior. It says that after accumulating 1,500 patients, the prior and the data should still have equal weight. We would suggest that P=0.1 might be a more reasonable prior with such a large sample size, even when the researchers had strong prior information. In fact, all models need to be testing with a range of informative priors which needs to be balanced between two competing models of different complexity.
5. Conclusion
A simpler model (e.g. Gajewski et al.) can and should be used in many other settings. The availability of both a simple and a complex (e.g. Zhang and Long) model of accrual will allow researchers to choose the approach that best fits their needs. Carefully crafted simulation studies designed to better understand the tradeoffs between simplicity and complexity would be most beneficial.
References
Anisimov, V., & Fedorov, V. D. (2007). Modelling, prediction and adaptive adjustment of recruitment in multicentre trials. *Statistics in Medicine, 26*(27), 4958-4975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.2956
Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., & Rubin, D. B. (2004). *Bayesian Data Analysis* (2nd ed.). Washington DC, Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Gajewski, B., Simon, S., & Carlson, S. (2008). Predicting accrual in clinical trials with Bayesian posterior predictive distributions. *Statistics in Medicine, 27*(13), 2328-2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.3128
Zhang, X., & Long, Q. (2010). Stochastic modeling and prediction for accrual in clinical trials. *Statistics in Medicine, 29*(6), 649-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.3847
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On the Existence of Constant Accrual Rates in Clinical Trials and Direction for Future Research
Byron J. Gajewski\textsuperscript{1}, Stephen D. Simon\textsuperscript{2} & Susan E. Carlson\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1} Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
\textsuperscript{2} Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
\textsuperscript{3} Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
Correspondence: Byron J. Gajewski, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. Tel: 1-913-588-1603. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: April 6, 2012 Accepted: April 20, 2012 Online Published: June 15, 2012
doi:10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43
This work was supported in part by DHA Supplementation and Pregnancy Outcomes 1R01 HD047315 (BJG & SEC) and Kansas Frontiers: The Heartland Institute for Clinical and Translational Research CTSA UL1RR033179 (BJG). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH
Abstract
Many clinical trials fall short of their accrual goals. This can be avoided with accurate accrual prediction tools. Past researchers provide important methodological alternative models for predicting accrual in clinical trials. One model allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. A simpler model assumes a constant rate of accrual. A comparison has been attempted but we wish to point out some important considerations when comparing these two models. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption (simpler model) which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the full three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future research in the area of accrual prediction.
Keywords: prior elicitation, exponential, inverse gamma, Bayesian, sample size
1. Introduction
Zhang and Long (2010) provide an important methodological contribution to the literature for predicting accrual in clinical trials. They accurately describe their effort as an extension of Gajewski, Simon and Carlson (2008). An important parallel result was provided by Anisimov and Fedorov (2007), and was derived and published independently.
The model developed by Zhang and Long allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. The Gajewski et al. model is simpler in that it assumes a constant rate of accrual. Zhang and Long compare their methodology to Gajewski et al., but we wish to extend some important considerations when comparing these two models.
Zhang and Long assert that “in most real trial situations, the constant accrual rate assumption does not hold”. We have found evidence to the contrary. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption using data cited in Gajewski et al. which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the \textit{full} three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future simulations in the area of accrual prediction.
2. Review of Gajewski et al. Model & Bayesian Runs Test
Before reporting the prediction results, we will review the model in Gajewski et al. (constant accrual). We also report here a new Bayesian runs test that we claim is an important diagnostic that should be computed for any accrual problem.
2.1 Review of Model
We wish to predict accrual after accruing $m$ patients. Let $w_1, w_2, \ldots, w_m$ represent the gap in time that each new patient is accrued. The goal of the accrual monitoring process is to develop a model for the yet to be observed waiting times $W_{m+1}, W_{m+2}, \ldots, W_n$, where $n$ is the actual patient accrual at the end of the trial.
We assume that $w_i | \theta \sim \text{exp}(1/\theta)$ where $\text{exp}(\cdot)$ is the exponential distribution and $E(w_i) = \theta$. In Gajewski et al. two priors were proposed: a flat prior and an informative prior. These were respectively $\theta \sim IG(k = 0, V = 0)$ and $\theta \sim IG(k = 175, V = 1.5)$, where $IG(\cdot)$ is the inverse gamma distribution. The 175 and 1.5 comes from answering two questions: (1) How long will it take to accrue $n$ subjects? (2) On a scale of 1-10, how confident are in your answer to (1)? The answer to (1) provides $T$ and the answer to (2)/10 provides $P$. In Gajewski et al. we have $T=3$ years and $P=0.5$. We arrive at our informative prior since $k = nP$ and $V = TP$ (the flat sets $P = 0$).
This conjugate prior results in alternative posteriors (flat- and informative-based) $\theta | W \sim IG(m, t_m)$ and $\theta | W \sim IG(175 + m, 1.5 + t_m)$, where $t_m = \sum_{i=1}^{m} w_i$ represents the time the last patient was accrued.
2.2. Review of Prediction Algorithm
The overall goal is to predict $n$ with $m$ gap times. First we predict the $n - m$ data $W_{m+1}, \ldots, W_n$. To achieve this, first we randomly select $\theta_1$ from the posterior distribution and then randomly select waiting time $n - m$ random variables from $W_{m+1,1}, \ldots, W_{n,1}$ from an exponential distribution with parameter $\theta_1$. This process is repeated for $\theta_2, \theta_3, \ldots, \theta_b$. The sum of observed and simulated waiting times, $S_{b(n)} = w_1 + w_2 + \cdots + w_m + W_{m+1,b} + \cdots + W_{n,b}$ represents $b$ estimates of the total duration of the clinical trial of size $n$. However, $n$ is the unknown, so we use this process to obtain a posterior predictive sample size ($n^p$). Let $T$ represent the time point at which the study ends (for the purposes here $T = 3$ years). We then compute partial sums $S_{b(m+1)}, S_{b(m+2)}, \ldots$ until the partial sum exceeds $T$. The values $n^p_b$ which represent the largest values where the partial sums do not exceed $T$, provides a realization of the predictive distribution of sample sizes. Replication of this process provides the posterior distribution $n^p$. In this paper we will use observations in 1/12 year increments to explore the cross validated prediction of the true accrual ($n = 265$) for $T = 3$ years of accrual.
2.3. New Bayesian Runs Test
A Bayesian runs test, motivated by (Gelman, 2004, Chapter 6), tests the assumption of independence and identical distribution. This test is performed using all $n = 265$ gap data points. First, the number of runs of the observed gap data $(w_1, w_2, ..., w_m)$ relative to posterior mean ($\theta_b$) is calculated. This is repeated for posterior predictive gap data $(W_{1,b}, ..., W_{n,b})$ and posterior mean ($\theta_b$).
3. Results of Prediction
The probability of observed runs larger than predictive runs is 0.3986, suggesting independent and identically distributed gap data. A graphical examination of the accrual data (Figure 1) supports the use of exponential waiting
times rather than a more complex waiting time distribution. We evaluate the prediction accuracy using the expected absolute deviation from the true accrual ($n = 265$), $E(|n^p - 265|)$. Figure 2 displays the monthly prediction acro
|
ss 36 months using a non-informative prediction and an informative prediction.
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http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijsp/article/download/18072/12011
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<text>
On the Existence of Constant Accrual Rates in Clinical Trials and Direction for Future Research
Byron J. Gajewski\textsuperscript{1}, Stephen D. Simon\textsuperscript{2} & Susan E. Carlson\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1} Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
\textsuperscript{2} Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
\textsuperscript{3} Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
Correspondence: Byron J. Gajewski, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. Tel: 1-913-588-1603. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: April 6, 2012 Accepted: April 20, 2012 Online Published: June 15, 2012
doi:10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43
This work was supported in part by DHA Supplementation and Pregnancy Outcomes 1R01 HD047315 (BJG & SEC) and Kansas Frontiers: The Heartland Institute for Clinical and Translational Research CTSA UL1RR033179 (BJG). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH
Abstract
Many clinical trials fall short of their accrual goals. This can be avoided with accurate accrual prediction tools. Past researchers provide important methodological alternative models for predicting accrual in clinical trials. One model allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. A simpler model assumes a constant rate of accrual. A comparison has been attempted but we wish to point out some important considerations when comparing these two models. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption (simpler model) which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the full three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future research in the area of accrual prediction.
Keywords: prior elicitation, exponential, inverse gamma, Bayesian, sample size
1. Introduction
Zhang and Long (2010) provide an important methodological contribution to the literature for predicting accrual in clinical trials. They accurately describe their effort as an extension of Gajewski, Simon and Carlson (2008). An important parallel result was provided by Anisimov and Fedorov (2007), and was derived and published independently.
The model developed by Zhang and Long allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. The Gajewski et al. model is simpler in that it assumes a constant rate of accrual. Zhang and Long compare their methodology to Gajewski et al., but we wish to extend some important considerations when comparing these two models.
Zhang and Long assert that “in most real trial situations, the constant accrual rate assumption does not hold”. We have found evidence to the contrary. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption using data cited in Gajewski et al. which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the \textit{full} three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future simulations in the area of accrual prediction.
2. Review of Gajewski et al. Model & Bayesian Runs Test
Before reporting the prediction results, we will review the model in Gajewski et al. (constant accrual). We also report here a new Bayesian runs test that we claim is an important diagnostic that should be computed for any accrual problem.
2.1 Review of Model
We wish to predict accrual after accruing $m$ patients. Let $w_1, w_2, \ldots, w_m$ represent the gap in time that each new patient is accrued. The goal of the accrual monitoring process is to develop a model for the yet to be observed waiting times $W_{m+1}, W_{m+2}, \ldots, W_n$, where $n$ is the actual patient accrual at the end of the trial.
We assume that $w_i | \theta \sim \text{exp}(1/\theta)$ where $\text{exp}(\cdot)$ is the exponential distribution and $E(w_i) = \theta$. In Gajewski et al. two priors were proposed: a flat prior and an informative prior. These were respectively $\theta \sim IG(k = 0, V = 0)$ and $\theta \sim IG(k = 175, V = 1.5)$, where $IG(\cdot)$ is the inverse gamma distribution. The 175 and 1.5 comes from answering two questions: (1) How long will it take to accrue $n$ subjects? (2) On a scale of 1-10, how confident are in your answer to (1)? The answer to (1) provides $T$ and the answer to (2)/10 provides $P$. In Gajewski et al. we have $T=3$ years and $P=0.5$. We arrive at our informative prior since $k = nP$ and $V = TP$ (the flat sets $P = 0$).
This conjugate prior results in alternative posteriors (flat- and informative-based) $\theta | W \sim IG(m, t_m)$ and $\theta | W \sim IG(175 + m, 1.5 + t_m)$, where $t_m = \sum_{i=1}^{m} w_i$ represents the time the last patient was accrued.
2.2. Review of Prediction Algorithm
The overall goal is to predict $n$ with $m$ gap times. First we predict the $n - m$ data $W_{m+1}, \ldots, W_n$. To achieve this, first we randomly select $\theta_1$ from the posterior distribution and then randomly select waiting time $n - m$ random variables from $W_{m+1,1}, \ldots, W_{n,1}$ from an exponential distribution with parameter $\theta_1$. This process is repeated for $\theta_2, \theta_3, \ldots, \theta_b$. The sum of observed and simulated waiting times, $S_{b(n)} = w_1 + w_2 + \cdots + w_m + W_{m+1,b} + \cdots + W_{n,b}$ represents $b$ estimates of the total duration of the clinical trial of size $n$. However, $n$ is the unknown, so we use this process to obtain a posterior predictive sample size ($n^p$). Let $T$ represent the time point at which the study ends (for the purposes here $T = 3$ years). We then compute partial sums $S_{b(m+1)}, S_{b(m+2)}, \ldots$ until the partial sum exceeds $T$. The values $n^p_b$ which represent the largest values where the partial sums do not exceed $T$, provides a realization of the predictive distribution of sample sizes. Replication of this process provides the posterior distribution $n^p$. In this paper we will use observations in 1/12 year increments to explore the cross validated prediction of the true accrual ($n = 265$) for $T = 3$ years of accrual.
2.3. New Bayesian Runs Test
A Bayesian runs test, motivated by (Gelman, 2004, Chapter 6), tests the assumption of independence and identical distribution. This test is performed using all $n = 265$ gap data points. First, the number of runs of the observed gap data $(w_1, w_2, ..., w_m)$ relative to posterior mean ($\theta_b$) is calculated. This is repeated for posterior predictive gap data $(W_{1,b}, ..., W_{n,b})$ and posterior mean ($\theta_b$).
3. Results of Prediction
The probability of observed runs larger than predictive runs is 0.3986, suggesting independent and identically distributed gap data. A graphical examination of the accrual data (Figure 1) supports the use of exponential waiting
times rather than a more complex waiting time distribution. We evaluate the prediction accuracy using the expected absolute deviation from the true accrual ($n = 265$), $E(|n^p - 265|)$. Figure 2 displays the monthly prediction acro<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijsp/article/download/18072/12011\n</url>\n<text>\nOn the Existence of Constant Accrual Rates in Clinical Trials and Direction for Future Research\n\nByron J. Gajewski\\textsuperscript{1}, Stephen D. Simon\\textsuperscript{2} & Susan E. Carlson\\textsuperscript{3}\n\n\\textsuperscript{1} Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA\n\\textsuperscript{2} Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA\n\\textsuperscript{3} Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA\n\nCorrespondence: Byron J. Gajewski, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. Tel: 1-913-588-1603. E-mail: [email protected]\n\nReceived: April 6, 2012 Accepted: April 20, 2012 Online Published: June 15, 2012\ndoi:10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v1n2p43\n\nThis work was supported in part by DHA Supplementation and Pregnancy Outcomes 1R01 HD047315 (BJG & SEC) and Kansas Frontiers: The Heartland Institute for Clinical and Translational Research CTSA UL1RR033179 (BJG). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH\n\nAbstract\n\nMany clinical trials fall short of their accrual goals. This can be avoided with accurate accrual prediction tools. Past researchers provide important methodological alternative models for predicting accrual in clinical trials. One model allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. A simpler model assumes a constant rate of accrual. A comparison has been attempted but we wish to point out some important considerations when comparing these two models. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption (simpler model) which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the full three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future research in the area of accrual prediction.\n\nKeywords: prior elicitation, exponential, inverse gamma, Bayesian, sample size\n\n1. Introduction\n\nZhang and Long (2010) provide an important methodological contribution to the literature for predicting accrual in clinical trials. They accurately describe their effort as an extension of Gajewski, Simon and Carlson (2008). An important parallel result was provided by Anisimov and Fedorov (2007), and was derived and published independently.\n\nThe model developed by Zhang and Long allows for slow accrual at the start of the study, which eventually reaches a threshold. The Gajewski et al. model is simpler in that it assumes a constant rate of accrual. Zhang and Long compare their methodology to Gajewski et al., but we wish to extend some important considerations when comparing these two models.\n\nZhang and Long assert that “in most real trial situations, the constant accrual rate assumption does not hold”. We have found evidence to the contrary. In fact, we can examine the reasonableness of a constant accrual assumption using data cited in Gajewski et al. which had data 239 days into a three-year study. We can now update that and report accumulated from the \\textit{full} three years of accrual data and we can demonstrate that constant accrual rate assumption was met in this particular study. We will use this report to frame future simulations in the area of accrual prediction.\n\n2. Review of Gajewski et al. Model & Bayesian Runs Test\n\nBefore reporting the prediction results, we will review the model in Gajewski et al. (constant accrual). We also report here a new Bayesian runs test that we claim is an important diagnostic that should be computed for any accrual problem.\n\n2.1 Review of Model\n\nWe wish to predict accrual after accruing $m$ patients. Let $w_1, w_2, \\ldots, w_m$ represent the gap in time that each new patient is accrued. The goal of the accrual monitoring process is to develop a model for the yet to be observed waiting times $W_{m+1}, W_{m+2}, \\ldots, W_n$, where $n$ is the actual patient accrual at the end of the trial.\n\nWe assume that $w_i | \\theta \\sim \\text{exp}(1/\\theta)$ where $\\text{exp}(\\cdot)$ is the exponential distribution and $E(w_i) = \\theta$. In Gajewski et al. two priors were proposed: a flat prior and an informative prior. These were respectively $\\theta \\sim IG(k = 0, V = 0)$ and $\\theta \\sim IG(k = 175, V = 1.5)$, where $IG(\\cdot)$ is the inverse gamma distribution. The 175 and 1.5 comes from answering two questions: (1) How long will it take to accrue $n$ subjects? (2) On a scale of 1-10, how confident are in your answer to (1)? The answer to (1) provides $T$ and the answer to (2)/10 provides $P$. In Gajewski et al. we have $T=3$ years and $P=0.5$. We arrive at our informative prior since $k = nP$ and $V = TP$ (the flat sets $P = 0$).\n\nThis conjugate prior results in alternative posteriors (flat- and informative-based) $\\theta | W \\sim IG(m, t_m)$ and $\\theta | W \\sim IG(175 + m, 1.5 + t_m)$, where $t_m = \\sum_{i=1}^{m} w_i$ represents the time the last patient was accrued.\n\n2.2. Review of Prediction Algorithm\n\nThe overall goal is to predict $n$ with $m$ gap times. First we predict the $n - m$ data $W_{m+1}, \\ldots, W_n$. To achieve this, first we randomly select $\\theta_1$ from the posterior distribution and then randomly select waiting time $n - m$ random variables from $W_{m+1,1}, \\ldots, W_{n,1}$ from an exponential distribution with parameter $\\theta_1$. This process is repeated for $\\theta_2, \\theta_3, \\ldots, \\theta_b$. The sum of observed and simulated waiting times, $S_{b(n)} = w_1 + w_2 + \\cdots + w_m + W_{m+1,b} + \\cdots + W_{n,b}$ represents $b$ estimates of the total duration of the clinical trial of size $n$. However, $n$ is the unknown, so we use this process to obtain a posterior predictive sample size ($n^p$). Let $T$ represent the time point at which the study ends (for the purposes here $T = 3$ years). We then compute partial sums $S_{b(m+1)}, S_{b(m+2)}, \\ldots$ until the partial sum exceeds $T$. The values $n^p_b$ which represent the largest values where the partial sums do not exceed $T$, provides a realization of the predictive distribution of sample sizes. Replication of this process provides the posterior distribution $n^p$. In this paper we will use observations in 1/12 year increments to explore the cross validated prediction of the true accrual ($n = 265$) for $T = 3$ years of accrual.\n\n2.3. New Bayesian Runs Test\n\nA Bayesian runs test, motivated by (Gelman, 2004, Chapter 6), tests the assumption of independence and identical distribution. This test is performed using all $n = 265$ gap data points. First, the number of runs of the observed gap data $(w_1, w_2, ..., w_m)$ relative to posterior mean ($\\theta_b$) is calculated. This is repeated for posterior predictive gap data $(W_{1,b}, ..., W_{n,b})$ and posterior mean ($\\theta_b$).\n\n3. Results of Prediction\n\nThe probability of observed runs larger than predictive runs is 0.3986, suggesting independent and identically distributed gap data. A graphical examination of the accrual data (Figure 1) supports the use of exponential waiting\n\n\n\ntimes rather than a more complex waiting time distribution. We evaluate the prediction accuracy using the expected absolute deviation from the true accrual ($n = 265$), $E(|n^p - 265|)$. Figure 2 displays the monthly prediction acro<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Do you have one of these?
This is my tub of UFO's (unfinished objects). At the moment it continues to grow as there are so many things I want to make but don't have the time to do them all. This week, my aim is to get this box empty before I start on anything else. Hopefully my beautiful children sleep at the same time today so I can at least make a start.
What does your UFO pile look like?
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Do you have one of these?
This is my tub of UFO's (unfinished objects).
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At the moment it continues to grow as there are so many things I want to make but don't have the time to do them all.
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This week, my aim is to get this box empty before I start on anything else. Hopefully my beautiful children sleep at the same time today so I can at least make a start.
What does your UFO pile look like?
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Do you have one of these?
This is my tub of UFO's (unfinished objects). <cursor_is_here> This week, my aim is to get this box empty before I start on anything else. Hopefully my beautiful children sleep at the same time today so I can at least make a start.
What does your UFO pile look like?
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NOTICE OF A TYPE II DECISION ON A PROPOSAL IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD
The Bureau of Development Services has approved a proposal in your neighborhood. The reasons for the decision are included in this notice. If you disagree with the decision, you can appeal it and request a public hearing. Information on how to appeal this decision is listed at the end of this notice.
CASE FILE NUMBER: LU 09-121435 AD
GENERAL INFORMATION
Applicant: Michael C Robinson
Perkins Coie LLP
1120 NW Couch Street, 10th Floor
Portland OR 97209
Owner Representatives: Dana White and Glenda Fossum-Smith
Providence Health System Oregon
1235 NE 47th Avenue, Suite 160
Portland OR 97213
Site Address: 4805 NE GLISAN ST
Legal Description: BLOCK 1 LOT 12, BELGRADE; BLOCK 1 LOT 13, BELGRADE;
BLOCK 2 LOT 12, BELGRADE; LOT 13-18 BLOCK 2, BELGRADE;
EXC PT IN HWY-INC PT VAC ST LOT 5&6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3400 LOT 2&3&4 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3500 BLOCK 2,
CENTER ADD; TL 3200 LOT 2-6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; BLOCK 3
LOT 1-7 INC PT VAC ST LOT 20-26 EXC PT IN ST, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 3 LOT 8-13 INC PT VAC ST LOT 15-19, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 5 LOT 1 EXC PT IN STS E 1/2 OF LOT 2 EXC PT IN ST,
CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST W 1/2 OF LOT 2 BLOCK 5,
CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 3 BLOCK 5, CENTER
ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 1&2 BLOCK 6, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 6 LOT 3-5 EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 EXC PT IN STS, CENTER
ADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 BLOCK 6, CANCEL INTO R130648 /
CENTER ADD; N 34' OF E 30' OF LOT 11 BLOCK 6 N 34' OF LOT 12
BLOCK 6, CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 1 BLOCK 2, CENTER
ADD ANX; LOT 2 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 3 BLOCK 2,
CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 5&6 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT
IN E GLISAN ST LOT 7-9 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN E
GLISAN ST LOT 10 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN ST LOT
11 BLOCK 2 EXC PT IN STS LOT 12 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 1 EXC PT IN ST LOT 2, FOSTER; BLOCK 4 LOT 1-4, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 6, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 5, MAPLE HILL PL; W 50.69' OF LOT 2 BLOCK 3 E 15.31' OF LOT 3 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; LOT 17&18 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; TL 17200 1.85 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 4200 1.80 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4100 9.54 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4000 0.23 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 2800 3.53 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 3600 0.41 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 17100 0.02 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4300 0.27 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; LOT 21, FOSTER
Tax Account No.: R063800120, R063800130, R063800320, R063800330, R145800010, R145800030, R145800070, R145800090, R145800270, R145800340, R145800700, R145800720, R145800730, R145800830, R145800850, R145800880, R145800960, R146000290, R146000310, R146000330, R146000390, R146000410, R146000470, R146000490, R293500010, R533200340, R533200380, R533200420, R612100700, R612100910, R942310070, R942312630, R942310140, R942311020, R942311320, R942312620, R942312700, R942310090, R293500410
Quarter Section: 2935
Neighborhood: North Tabor, contact Sean Besso at 503-806-9014
Neighborhoods within 1,000 feet of the site:
Hollywood, contact Trudi Rahija at 503-281-5504
Laurelhurst, contact Gary Naylor at 503-232-3398
Rose City Park, contact Ed Gorman at 503-425-1611
Business Districts within 1,000 feet of the site:
Hollywood Boosters, contact Jeffrey Baird at 503-249-8787
District Coalition: Southeast Uplift, contact Lea Hyman at 503-232-0010
District Coalition within 1,000 feet of the site:
Central Northeast Neighbors, contact Alison Stoll at 503-823-3156
Plan District: A portion of the site is within the Hollywood Plan District-Subdistrict A
Zoning: R1, R5, C02, CN2 (Multi-Dwelling Residential 1,000, Single-Dwelling Residential 5,000, Office Commercial 2, Neighborhood Commercial 2)
Case Type: AD (Adjustment)
Procedure: Type II, an administrative decision with appeal to the Adjustment Committee.
Proposal:
As part of a previous building permit, Providence Health System Oregon was required to improve certain site-related development to meet current standards of the Portland Zoning Code. As allowed under Section 33.258.070.2.d, the property owner executed a covenant with the City of Portland to complete the required improvements during a 5-year period of time. This 5-year time period expires on August 5, 2009. Required improvements include interior and perimeter parking lot landscaping for several Providence Health System Oregon surface parking lots. Citing the need to properly phase the improvement projects and the economic expense of completing all projects at once, the applicant requests an Adjustment to extend the compliance period. The phasing proposal submitted by the applicant calls for completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street by August
2010, completing improvements to parking lots along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue by August 2011, and completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street by August 2012. The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades until August 2012.
**Relevant Approval Criteria:**
In order to be approved, this proposal must comply with the approval criteria of 33.805.040 A-F, Adjustments.
**ANALYSIS**
**Site and Vicinity:** For the purposes of this review two site areas exist, the Master Plan site and the Project site. The Master Plan site represents the boundaries of the Providence Health System master plan boundary – generally speaking the areas south of I-84 on the attached zoning map which are under Providence Health System ownership. The Project site represents the three parking areas shown on the attached site plan and identified as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3. Overall, these parking areas have some perimeter parking lot landscaping but relatively little interior parking lot landscaping. The vicinity surrounding the Project site is primarily composed of institutional development associated with Providence Health System, commercial and multi-dwelling residential development on NE Glisan Street and some single-dwelling residential development around NE 47th Avenue.
**Zoning:** The parking areas located within the proposed Phase 1 are zoned CN2 (Neighborhood Commercial 2) and R5 (Residential 5,000). The CN2 zone is intended for small commercial sites and areas in or near less dense or developing residential neighborhoods. The R5 zone is intended to foster the development of single-dwelling residences on lots having a minimum area of 3,000 square feet. The parking areas are an accessory use to the overall Providence Medical Center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CN2 zone but which represents a Conditional Use in the R5 zone. The Phase 2 and Phase 3 parking areas are zoned CO2 (Office Commercial 2) and R1 (Residential 1,000). The CO2 zone is a low and medium intensity office zone for businesses with a local or regional emphasis. The R1 zone allows multi-dwelling residential development up to a maximum density of one unit per 1,000 square feet of site area. The parking areas are an accessory use to the medical center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CO2 zone and which is a Conditional Use it the R1 zone. Improving nonconforming landscaping and/or delaying required nonconforming upgrades to parking lot landscaping does not require approval through a Conditional Use Review. A site which is approved as a Conditional Use Master Plan is vested in the code at the time the master plan is approved, therefore, the parking area landscaping improvements are required to meet the standards in effect in 2002.
**Land Use History:** City records indicate several prior land use reviews for the site, going back as far as 1939, when the original Providence Hospital building was constructed. The most recent land use cases include the following:
- **LUR 96-00400 UD** - Use Determination allowing the establishment of a Crisis Triage Center at Providence to be operated by Multnomah County;
- **LUR 95-00894 MS CU AD** - Previous Providence Master Plan, approved with conditions in 1996;
- **LUR 95-00865 VA** - Approved Street Vacation request for NE Irving Street between NE 49th and NE 52nd Avenues; and
- **LU 02-120615 CU MS AD** - Current Master Plan for Providence. Case was approved with modifications by City Council after a neighborhood appeal. Master Plan includes various projects over a 10-year period, with several adjustments to development standards.
- **LU 04-064294 AD** – Adjustment approved to increase the height of the “North Tower” building sign for a mechanical equipment and elevator penthouse, and screening.
• LU 07-132791 AD – Adjustment approved to increase area of a sign affixed to the east wall of the new Cancer Center building and oriented only to west-bound motorists on the I-84 freeway from the maximum allowed 50 square-feet to 101 square-feet.
• LU 09-106787 CUMS – Approval of a Conditional Use Master Plan review to replace a transportation system related condition of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD with an alternate mitigation plan. All other conditions of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD remain applicable.
Agency Review: A “Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood” was mailed April 30, 2009. The following Bureaus have responded:
• The Bureau of Environmental Services responded with information on sanitary services, stormwater management and water resources. The response notes no objections to the proposal to extend the nonconforming upgrade compliance period until August 2012 and points out that requirements of the Stormwater Management Manual will still apply (Exhibit E-1).
• The Site Development Section of BDS responded with no objections (Exhibit E-2).
• The Life Safety Section of BDS, the Fire, Water and Parks Bureaus as well as the Development Review Section of the Bureau of Transportation all responded with no concerns (Exhibit E-3).
Neighborhood Review: A Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood was mailed on April 30, 2009. No written responses have been received from either the Neighborhood Association or notified property owners in response to the proposal.
ZONING CODE APPROVAL CRITERIA
Title 33.805.10 Purpose of Adjustments
The regulations of the zoning code are designed to implement the goals and policies of the Comprehensive Plan. These regulations apply city-wide, but because of the city’s diversity, some sites are difficult to develop in compliance with the regulations. The adjustment review process provides a mechanism by which the regulations in the zoning code may be modified if the proposed development continues to meet the intended purpose of those regulations. Adjustments may also be used when strict application of the code’s regulations would preclude all use of the site. Adjustment reviews provide flexibility for unusual situations and to allow for alternative ways to meet the purposes of the code, while allowing the zoning code to continue to provide certainty and rapid processing for land use applications.
33.805.40 Adjustment Approval Criteria
Adjustment requests will be approved if the review body finds that the applicant has shown that approval criteria A. through F. stated below are met.
A. Granting the adjustment will equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation to be modified; and
Findings: The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades required to bring certain medical center parking areas into compliance with current perimeter and interior parking lot landscaping standards until August 2012. The applicant has proposed to phase improvements for the three parking areas. The parking areas near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2010, the parking areas along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue are proposed to be improved by August 2011, and the parking areas near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2012. These parking areas are labeled as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 on the attached site plan. The purpose for regulations regarding upgrades to nonconforming development is listed below:
Purpose 33.258.070 Nonconforming Development
This section is primarily aimed at upgrading nonconforming development elements that affect the appearance and impacts of a site. It is not intended to require extensive changes that would be extremely impractical such as moving or lowering buildings.
The Zoning Code provides for guidance for nonconforming situations and development with an intent to guide future uses and development to eventual conformance. This provides an important perspective on the proposal to delay the nonconforming upgrades for the medical center parking areas - the overall intent of the Zoning Code is not to force the development to be immediately brought into conformance. The proposed phasing plan provides Providence with a reasonable amount of additional time to prepare and budget for the required improvements. Another benefit of the proposed phasing plan is that it allows the work to occur gradually. Closing and improving all three parking areas at once could result in significant impacts to nearby residents and businesses, especially in terms of the availability of on-street parking. Phasing the improvements so that one parking area is improved per year will help minimize potential negative impacts. As the applicant’s narrative states, phasing the parking area improvements rather than doing all improvements at once, reduces “inconvenience for pedestrians, employees and visitors to the medical center”. The applicant’s narrative also points out another reason why delaying the nonconforming improvements may equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation, stating that during today’s economic climate requiring all improvements to occur at once and without delay would not result in the “highest quality of improvements”. Based on this information, it is important to consider that based on the covenant signed with the City with regards to nonconforming upgrades, the required improvements are based on the regulations in place in August of 2004 when the covenant was executed. In order to ensure that this information is properly conveyed through the permitting process a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition clarifies that future improvements must be made to the code in effect at that time or the proposal must receive approval through an applicable land use process.
Based on the information above and the condition of approval, this criterion is met.
B. If in a residential zone, the proposal will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential area, or if in an OS, C, E, or I zone, the proposal will be consistent with the classifications of the adjacent streets and the desired character of the area; and
Findings: The proposals are located in both residential and commercial zones. The proposal to delay and phase required landscaping improvements will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential areas because the parking lots in residential zones already possess some landscaping, especially perimeter landscaping which is most visible from adjacent residentially developed sites and helps provide adequate screening. Phasing the improvements will also help protect livability in the sense that closing and improving all parking lots at once could result in excessive use of on-street parking and inconvenience for nearby residents.
In this location, NE 47th Avenue is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Community Transit Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street, and a Local Street. Between NE 47th Avenue and NE 52nd Avenue, NE Glisan Street is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Transit Access Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street and a Community Corridor. NE 52nd Avenue is classified as a local street for all classifications. The response from the Bureau of Transportation indicates that the proposal should not conflict with the classifications of the above streets.
This criterion is met.
E. Any impacts resulting from the adjustment are mitigated to the extent practical; and
Findings: The applicant adequately mitigates for impacts related to the proposed delay and phasing of the landscaping improvements by proposing a reasonable phasing plan which will help limit impacts on surrounding businesses and residents which could occur if all parking areas were closed and improved at once. The delay and phasing plan also provide Providence an adequate time to prepare and budget for the required improvements which can result in a higher quality of improvements. In order to ensure that the improvements follow the phasing plan proposed by the applicant, a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition states that parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached site plan or receive approval through another Adjustment Review.
C. If more than one adjustment is being requested, the cumulative effect of the adjustments results in a project which is still consistent with the overall purpose of the zone.
D. City designated scenic resources and historic resources are preserved; and
F. If in an environmental zone, the proposal has as few significant detrimental environmental impacts on the resources and resource value as is practical.
Findings: Only one adjustment is requested, the site does not contain any identified scenic or historic resources and the site is not located in an environmental zone; therefore, these criterion are not applicable.
DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS
Unless specifically required in the approval criteria listed above, this proposal does not have to meet the development standards in order to be approved during this review process. The plans submitted for a building or zoning permit must demonstrate that all development standards of Title 33 can be met, or have received an Adjustment or Modification via a land use review prior to the approval of a building or zoning permit.
CONCLUSIONS
The applicant proposes one Adjustment to delay and phase required nonconforming upgrades to several identified medical center parking areas. As noted in this report, the proposal is able to meet the Adjustment approval criteria with approval granted based on the proposed phasing plan which helps limit impacts on neighbors associated with the closing and improving of all parking areas at once. With approval requiring that permit drawings comply with the conditions of approval listed below, the request meets the applicable criteria and should be approved.
ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION
Approval of an Adjustment to 33.258.070.2.d to extend the compliance period for phased nonconforming upgrades through August 2012, per the approved site plan, Exhibit C-1, signed and dated May 28, 2009, subject to the following conditions:
A. As part of the building permit application submittal, the following development-related conditions (B through C) must be noted on each of the 4 required site plans or included as a sheet in the numbered set of plans. The sheet on which this information appears must be labeled "ZONING COMPLIANCE PAGE - Case File LU 09-121435 AD." All requirements must be graphically represented on the site plan, landscape, or other required plan and must be labeled "REQUIRED."
B. The identified parking areas are required to be improved to the landscaping standards current at the time of the 2004 covenant (04-035044 PR). Future improvements not associated with the 2004 covenant must be made to the standards in effect at that time or receive approval through an Adjustment Review or other applicable City land use process.
C. Parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached site plan or a modified phasing plan must receive approval through another Adjustment Review.
**Staff Planner:** Matt Wickstrom
**Decision rendered by:** ____________________________ on May 28, 2009
By authority of the Director of the Bureau of Development Services
**Decision mailed:** June 1, 2009
**About this Decision.** This land use decision is **not a permit** for development. Permits may be required prior to any work. Contact the Development Services Center at 503-823-7310 for information about permits.
**Procedural Information.** The application for this land use review was submitted on April 14, 2009, and was determined to be complete on April 28, 2009.
*Zoning Code Section 33.700.080* states that Land Use Review applications are reviewed under the regulations in effect at the time the application was submitted, provided that the application is complete at the time of submittal, or complete within 180 days. Therefore this application was reviewed against the Zoning Code in effect on April 14, 2009.
*ORS 227.178* states the City must issue a final decision on Land Use Review applications within 120-days of the application being deemed complete. The 120-day review period may be waived or extended at the request of the applicant. In this case, the applicant extended the 120-day review period by 5 days as noted in Exhibit A-1. Unless further extended by the applicant, **the 120 days will expire on: August 31, 2009.**
**Some of the information contained in this report was provided by the applicant.** As required by Section 33.800.060 of the Portland Zoning Code, the burden of proof is on the applicant to show that the approval criteria are met. The Bureau of Development Services has independently reviewed the information submitted by the applicant and has included this information only where the Bureau of Development Services has determined the information satisfactorily demonstrates compliance with the applicable approval criteria. This report is the decision of the Bureau of Development Services with input from other City and public agencies.
**Conditions of Approval.** If approved, this project may be subject to a number of specific conditions, listed above. Compliance with the applicable conditions of approval must be documented in all related permit applications. Plans and drawings submitted during the permitting process must illustrate how applicable conditions of approval are met. Any project elements that are specifically required by conditions of approval must be shown on the plans, and labeled as such.
These conditions of approval run with the land, unless modified by future land use reviews. As used in the conditions, the term “applicant” includes the applicant for this land use review, any person undertaking development pursuant to this land use review, the proprietor of the use or development approved by this land use review, and the current owner and future owners of the property subject to this land use review.
Appealing this decision. This decision may be appealed to the Adjustment Committee, which will hold a public hearing. Appeals must be filed by 4:30 PM on June 15, 2009 at 1900 SW Fourth Ave. Appeals can be filed on the first floor in the Development Services Center until 3 p.m. After 3 p.m., appeals must be submitted to the receptionist at the front desk on the fifth floor. An appeal fee of $250 will be charged. The appeal fee will be refunded if the appellant prevails. There is no fee for ONI recognized organizations appealing a land use decision for property within the organization’s boundaries. The vote to appeal must be in accordance with the organization’s bylaws. Low-income individuals appealing a decision for their personal residence that they own in whole or in part may qualify for an appeal fee waiver. In addition, an appeal fee may be waived for a low income individual if the individual resides within the required notification area for the review, and the individual has resided at that address for at least 60 days. Assistance in filing the appeal and information on fee waivers is available from BDS in the Development Services Center. Fee waivers for low-income individuals must be approved prior to filing the appeal; please allow 3 working days for fee waiver approval. Please see the appeal form for additional information.
The file and all evidence on this case are available for your review by appointment only. Please contact the receptionist at 503-823-7967 to schedule an appointment. I can provide some information over the phone. Copies of all information in the file can be obtained for a fee equal to the cost of services. Additional information about the City of Portland, city bureaus, and a digital copy of the Portland Zoning Code is available on the internet at www.portlandonline.com.
Attending the hearing. If this decision is appealed, a hearing will be scheduled, and you will be notified of the date and time of the hearing. The decision of the Adjustment Committee is final; any further appeal must be made to the Oregon Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA) within 21 days of the date of mailing the decision, pursuant to ORS 197.620 and 197.830. Contact LUBA at 550 Capitol St. NE, Suite 235, Salem, Oregon 97301, or phone 1-503-373-1265 for further information.
Failure to raise an issue by the close of the record at or following the final hearing on this case, in person or by letter, may preclude an appeal to the Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA) on that issue. Also, if you do not raise an issue with enough specificity to give the Adjustment Committee an opportunity to respond to it, that also may preclude an appeal to LUBA on that issue.
Recording the final decision.
If this Land Use Review is approved the final decision must be recorded with the Multnomah County Recorder. A few days prior to the last day to appeal, the City will mail instructions to the applicant for recording the documents associated with their final land use decision.
- Unless appealed, the final decision may be recorded on or after June 16, 2009 – (the day following the last day to appeal).
- A building or zoning permit will be issued only after the final decision is recorded.
The applicant, builder, or a representative may record the final decision as follows:
- By Mail: Send the two recording sheets (sent in separate mailing) and the final Land Use Review decision with a check made payable to the Multnomah County Recorder to: Multnomah County Recorder, P.O. Box 5007, Portland OR 97208. The recording fee is identified on the recording sheet. Please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope.
- In Person: Bring the two recording sheets (sent in separate mailing) and the final Land Use Review decision with a check made payable to the Multnomah County Recorder to the County Recorder’s office located at 501 SE Hawthorne Boulevard, #158, Portland OR 97214. The recording fee is identified on the recording sheet.
For further information on recording, please call the County Recorder at 503-988-3034 For further information on your recording documents please call the Bureau of Development Services Land Use Services Division at 503-823-0625.
Expiration of this approval. An approval expires three years from the date the final decision is rendered unless a building permit has been issued, or the approved activity has begun.
Where a site has received approval for multiple developments, and a building permit is not issued for all of the approved development within three years of the date of the final decision, a new land use review will be required before a permit will be issued for the remaining development, subject to the Zoning Code in effect at that time.
Zone Change and Comprehensive Plan Map Amendment approvals do not expire.
Applying for your permits. A building permit, occupancy permit, or development permit may be required before carrying out an approved project. At the time they apply for a permit, permittees must demonstrate compliance with:
- All conditions imposed herein;
- All applicable development standards, unless specifically exempted as part of this land use review;
- All requirements of the building code; and
- All provisions of the Municipal Code of the City of Portland, and all other applicable ordinances, provisions and regulations of the City.
EXHIBITS
NOT ATTACHED UNLESS INDICATED
A. Applicant’s Statement and Original LU Application
1. Email from Michael Robinson extending decision deadline.
B. Zoning Map (attached)
C. Plans/Drawings:
1. Site Plan (attached)
D. Notification information:
1. Mailing list
2. Mailed notice
E. Agency Responses:
1. Bureau of Environmental Services
2. Site Development Review Section of BDS
3. Summary sheet of agency responses
F. Correspondence: None received
G. Other:
1. 04-035044 PR Nonconforming Development Option 2 Request
2. Site History Research
The Bureau of Development Services is committed to providing equal access to information and hearings. If you need special accommodations, please call 503-823-7300 (TTY 503-823-6868).
ZONING
Site
File No. LU 09-121435 AD
1/4 Section 2935, 2936, 3035, 3036
Scale 1 inch = 400 feet
State_Id IN2E31BB 2801
Exhibit B (Apr 16, 2009)
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NOTICE OF A TYPE II DECISION ON A PROPOSAL IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD
The Bureau of Development Services has approved a proposal in your neighborhood. The reasons for the decision are included in this notice. If you disagree with the decision, you can appeal it and request a public hearing. Information on how to appeal this decision is listed at the end of this notice.
CASE FILE NUMBER: LU 09-121435 AD
GENERAL INFORMATION
Applicant: Michael C Robinson
Perkins Coie LLP
1120 NW Couch Street, 10th Floor
Portland OR 97209
Owner Representatives: Dana White and Glenda Fossum-Smith
Providence Health System Oregon
1235 NE 47th Avenue, Suite 160
Portland OR 97213
Site Address: 4805 NE GLISAN ST
Legal Description: BLOCK 1 LOT 12, BELGRADE; BLOCK 1 LOT 13, BELGRADE;
BLOCK 2 LOT 12, BELGRADE; LOT 13-18 BLOCK 2, BELGRADE;
EXC PT IN HWY-INC PT VAC ST LOT 5&6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3400 LOT 2&3&4 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3500 BLOCK 2,
CENTER ADD; TL 3200 LOT 2-6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; BLOCK 3
LOT 1-7 INC PT VAC ST LOT 20-26 EXC PT IN ST, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 3 LOT 8-13 INC PT VAC ST LOT 15-19, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 5 LOT 1 EXC PT IN STS E 1/2 OF LOT 2 EXC PT IN ST,
CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST W 1/2 OF LOT 2 BLOCK 5,
CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 3 BLOCK 5, CENTER
ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 1&2 BLOCK 6, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 6 LOT 3-5 EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 EXC PT IN STS, CENTER
ADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 BLOCK 6, CANCEL INTO R130648 /
CENTER ADD; N 34' OF E 30' OF LOT 11 BLOCK 6 N 34' OF LOT 12
BLOCK 6, CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 1 BLOCK 2, CENTER
ADD ANX; LOT 2 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 3 BLOCK 2,
CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 5&6 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT
IN E GLISAN ST LOT 7-9 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN E
GLISAN ST LOT 10 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN ST LOT
11 BLOCK 2 EXC PT IN STS LOT 12 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 1 EXC PT IN ST LOT 2, FOSTER; BLOCK 4 LOT 1-4, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 6, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 5, MAPLE HILL PL; W 50.69' OF LOT 2 BLOCK 3 E 15.31' OF LOT 3 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; LOT 17&18 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; TL 17200 1.85 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 4200 1.80 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4100 9.54 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4000 0.23 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 2800 3.53 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 3600 0.41 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 17100 0.02 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4300 0.27 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; LOT 21, FOSTER
Tax Account No.: R063800120, R063800130, R063800320, R063800330, R145800010, R145800030, R145800070, R145800090, R145800270, R145800340, R145800700, R145800720, R145800730, R145800830, R145800850, R145800880, R145800960, R146000290, R146000310, R146000330, R146000390, R146000410, R146000470, R146000490, R293500010, R533200340, R533200380, R533200420, R612100700, R612100910, R942310070, R942312630, R942310140, R942311020, R942311320, R942312620, R942312700, R942310090, R293500410
Quarter Section: 2935
Neighborhood: North Tabor, contact Sean Besso at 503-806-9014
Neighborhoods within 1,000 feet of the site:
Hollywood, contact Trudi Rahija at 503-281-5504
Laurelhurst, contact Gary Naylor at 503-232-3398
Rose City Park, contact Ed Gorman at 503-425-1611
Business Districts within 1,000 feet of the site:
Hollywood Boosters, contact Jeffrey Baird at 503-249-8787
District Coalition: Southeast Uplift, contact Lea Hyman at 503-232-0010
District Coalition within 1,000 feet of the site:
Central Northeast Neighbors, contact Alison Stoll at 503-823-3156
Plan District: A portion of the site is within the Hollywood Plan District-Subdistrict A
Zoning: R1, R5, C02, CN2 (Multi-Dwelling Residential 1,000, Single-Dwelling Residential 5,000, Office Commercial 2, Neighborhood Commercial 2)
Case Type: AD (Adjustment)
Procedure: Type II, an administrative decision with appeal to the Adjustment Committee.
Proposal:
As part of a previous building permit, Providence Health System Oregon was required to improve certain site-related development to meet current standards of the Portland Zoning Code. As allowed under Section 33.258.070.2.d, the property owner executed a covenant with the City of Portland to complete the required improvements during a 5-year period of time. This 5-year time period expires on August 5, 2009. Required improvements include interior and perimeter parking lot landscaping for several Providence Health System Oregon surface parking lots. Citing the need to properly phase the improvement projects and the economic expense of completing all projects at once, the applicant requests an Adjustment to extend the compliance period. The phasing proposal submitted by the applicant calls for completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street by August
2010, completing improvements to parking lots along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue by August 2011, and completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street by August 2012. The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades until August 2012.
**Relevant Approval Criteria:**
In order to be approved, this proposal must comply with the approval criteria of 33.805.040 A-F, Adjustments.
**ANALYSIS**
**Site and Vicinity:** For the purposes of this review two site areas exist, the Master Plan site and the Project site. The Master Plan site represents the boundaries of the Providence Health System master plan boundary – generally speaking the areas south of I-84 on the attached zoning map which are under Providence Health System ownership. The Project site represents the three parking areas shown on the attached site plan and identified as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3. Overall, these parking areas have some perimeter parking lot landscaping but relatively little interior parking lot landscaping. The vicinity surrounding the Project site is primarily composed of institutional development associated with Providence Health System, commercial and multi-dwelling residential development on NE Glisan Street and some single-dwelling residential development around NE 47th Avenue.
**Zoning:** The parking areas located within the proposed Phase 1 are zoned CN2 (Neighborhood Commercial 2) and R5 (Residential 5,000). The CN2 zone is intended for small commercial sites and areas in or near less dense or developing residential neighborhoods. The R5 zone is intended to foster the development of single-dwelling residences on lots having a minimum area of 3,000 square feet. The parking areas are an accessory use to the overall Providence Medical Center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CN2 zone but which represents a Conditional Use in the R5 zone. The Phase 2 and Phase 3 parking areas are zoned CO2 (Office Commercial 2) and R1 (Residential 1,000). The CO2 zone is a low and medium intensity office zone for businesses with a local or regional emphasis. The R1 zone allows multi-dwelling residential development up to a maximum density of one unit per 1,000 square feet of site area. The parking areas are an accessory use to the medical center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CO2 zone and which is a Conditional Use it the R1 zone. Improving nonconforming landscaping and/or delaying required nonconforming upgrades to parking lot landscaping does not require approval through a Conditional Use Review. A site which is approved as a Conditional Use Master Plan is vested in the code at the time the master plan is approved, therefore, the parking area landscaping improvements are required to meet the standards in effect in 2002.
**Land Use History:** City records indicate several prior land use reviews for the site, going back as far as 1939, when the original Providence Hospital building was constructed. The most recent land use cases include the following:
- **LUR 96-00400 UD** - Use Determination allowing the establishment of a Crisis Triage Center at Providence to be operated by Multnomah County;
- **LUR 95-00894 MS CU AD** - Previous Providence Master Plan, approved with conditions in 1996;
- **LUR 95-00865 VA** - Approved Street Vacation request for NE Irving Street between NE 49th and NE 52nd Avenues; and
- **LU 02-120615 CU MS AD** - Current Master Plan for Providence. Case was approved with modifications by City Council after a neighborhood appeal. Master Plan includes various projects over a 10-year period, with several adjustments to development standards.
- **LU 04-064294 AD** – Adjustment approved to increase the height of the “North Tower” building sign for a mechanical equipment and elevator penthouse, and screening.
• LU 07-132791 AD – Adjustment approved to increase area of a sign affixed to the east wall of the new Cancer Center building and oriented only to west-bound motorists on the I-84 freeway from the maximum allowed 50 square-feet to 101 square-feet.
• LU 09-106787 CUMS – Approval of a Conditional Use Master Plan review to replace a transportation system related condition of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD with an alternate mitigation plan. All other conditions of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD remain applicable.
Agency Review: A “Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood” was mailed April 30, 2009. The following Bureaus have responded:
• The Bureau of Environmental Services responded with information on sanitary services, stormwater management and water resources. The response notes no objections to the proposal to extend the nonconforming upgrade compliance period until August 2012 and points out that requirements of the Stormwater Management Manual will still apply (Exhibit E-1).
• The Site Development Section of BDS responded with no objections (Exhibit E-2).
• The Life Safety Section of BDS, the Fire, Water and Parks Bureaus as well as the Development Review Section of the Bureau of Transportation all responded with no concerns (Exhibit E-3).
Neighborhood Review: A Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood was mailed on April 30, 2009. No written responses have been received from either the Neighborhood Association or notified property owners in response to the proposal.
ZONING CODE APPROVAL CRITERIA
Title 33.805.10 Purpose of Adjustments
The regulations of the zoning code are designed to implement the goals and policies of the Comprehensive Plan. These regulations apply city-wide, but because of the city’s diversity, some sites are difficult to develop in compliance with the regulations. The adjustment review process provides a mechanism by which the regulations in the zoning code may be modified if the proposed development continues to meet the intended purpose of those regulations. Adjustments may also be used when strict application of the code’s regulations would preclude all use of the site. Adjustment reviews provide flexibility for unusual situations and to allow for alternative ways to meet the purposes of the code, while allowing the zoning code to continue to provide certainty and rapid processing for land use applications.
33.805.40 Adjustment Approval Criteria
Adjustment requests will be approved if the review body finds that the applicant has shown that approval criteria A. through F. stated below are met.
A. Granting the adjustment will equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation to be modified; and
Findings: The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades required to bring certain medical center parking areas into compliance with current perimeter and interior parking lot landscaping standards until August 2012. The applicant has proposed to phase improvements for the three parking areas. The parking areas near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2010, the parking areas along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue are proposed to be improved by August 2011, and the parking areas near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2012. These parking areas are labeled as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 on the attached site plan. The purpose for regulations regarding upgrades to nonconforming development is listed below:
Purpose 33.258.070 Nonconforming Development
This section is primarily aimed at upgrading nonconforming development elements that affect the appearance and impacts of a site. It is not intended to require extensive changes that would be extremely impractical such as moving or lowering buildings.
The Zoning Code provides for guidance for nonconforming situations and development with an intent to guide future uses and development to eventual conformance. This provides an important perspective on the proposal to delay the nonconforming upgrades for the medical center parking areas - the overall intent of the Zoning Code is not to force the development to be immediately brought into conformance. The proposed phasing plan provides Providence with a reasonable amount of additional time to prepare and budget for the required improvements. Another benefit of the proposed phasing plan is that it allows the work to occur gradually. Closing and improving all three parking areas at once could result in significant impacts to nearby residents and businesses, especially in terms of the availability of on-street parking. Phasing the improvements so that one parking area is improved per year will help minimize potential negative impacts. As the applicant’s narrative states, phasing the parking area improvements rather than doing all improvements at once, reduces “inconvenience for pedestrians, employees and visitors to the medical center”. The applicant’s narrative also points out another reason why delaying the nonconforming improvements may equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation, stating that during today’s economic climate requiring all improvements to occur at once and without delay would not result in the “highest quality of improvements”. Based on this information, it is important to consider that based on the covenant signed with the City with regards to nonconforming upgrades, the required improvements are based on the regulations in place in August of 2004 when the covenant was executed. In order to ensure that this information is properly conveyed through the permitting process a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition clarifies that future improvements must be made to the code in effect at that time or the proposal must receive approval through an applicable land use process.
Based on the information above and the condition of approval, this criterion is met.
B. If in a residential zone, the proposal will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential area, or if in an OS, C, E, or I zone, the proposal will be consistent with the classifications of the adjacent streets and the desired character of the area; and
Findings: The proposals are located in both residential and commercial zones. The proposal to delay and phase required landscaping improvements will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential areas because the parking lots in residential zones already possess some landscaping, especially perimeter landscaping which is most visible from adjacent residentially developed sites and helps provide adequate screening. Phasing the improvements will also help protect livability in the sense that closing and improving all parking lots at once could result in excessive use of on-street parking and inconvenience for nearby residents.
In this location, NE 47th Avenue is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Community Transit Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street, and a Local Street. Between NE 47th Avenue and NE 52nd Avenue, NE Glisan Street is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Transit Access Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street and a Community Corridor. NE 52nd Avenue is classified as a local street for all classifications. The response from the Bureau of Transportation indicates that the proposal should not conflict with the classifications of the above streets.
This criterion is met.
E. Any impacts resulting from the adjustment are mitigated to the extent practical; and
Findings: The applicant adequately mitigates for impacts related to the proposed delay and phasing of the landscaping improvements by proposing a reasonable phasing plan which will help limit impacts on surrounding businesses and residents which could occur if all parking areas were closed and improved at once. The delay and phasing plan also provide Providence an adequate time to prepare and budget for the required improvements which can result in a higher quality of improvements. In order to ensure that the improvements follow the phasing plan proposed by the applicant, a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition states that parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached site plan or receive approval through another Adjustment Review.
C. If more than one adjustment is being requested, the cumulative effect of the adjustments results in a project which is still consistent with the overall purpose of the zone.
D. City designated scenic resources and historic resources are preserved; and
F. If in an environmental zone, the proposal has as few significant detrimental environmental impacts on the resources and resource value as is practical.
Findings: Only one adjustment is requested, the site does not contain any identified scenic or historic resources and the site is not located in an environmental zone; therefore, these criterion are not applicable.
DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS
Unless specifically required in the approval criteria listed above, this proposal does not have to meet the development standards in order to be approved during this review process. The plans submitted for a building or zoning permit must demonstrate that all development standards of Title 33 can be met, or have received an Adjustment or Modification via a land use review prior to the approval of a building or zoning permit.
CONCLUSIONS
The applicant proposes one Adjustment to delay and phase required nonconforming upgrades to several identified medical center parking areas. As noted in this report, the proposal is able to meet the Adjustment approval criteria with approval granted based on the proposed phasing plan which helps limit impacts on neighbors associated with the closing and improving of all parking areas at once. With approval requiring that permit drawings comply with the conditions of approval listed below, the request meets the applicable criteria and should be approved.
ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION
Approval of an Adjustment to 33.258.070.2.d to extend the compliance period for phased nonconforming upgrades through August 2012, per the approved site plan, Exhibit C-1, signed and dated May 28, 2009, subject to the following conditions:
A. As part of the building permit application submittal, the following development-related conditions (B through C) must be noted on each of the 4 required site plans or included as a sheet in the numbered set of plans. The sheet on which this information appears must be labeled "ZONING COMPLIANCE PAGE - Case File LU 09-121435 AD." All requirements must be graphically represented on the site plan, landscape, or other required plan and must be labeled "REQUIRED."
B. The identified parking areas are required to be improved to the landscaping standards current at the time of the 2004 covenant (04-035044 PR). Future improvements not associated with the 2004 covenant must be made to the standards in effect at that time or receive approval through an Adjustment Review or other applicable City land use process.
C. Parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached
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site plan or a modified phasing plan must receive approval through another Adjustment Review.
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http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bds/article/248063
</url>
<text>
NOTICE OF A TYPE II DECISION ON A PROPOSAL IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD
The Bureau of Development Services has approved a proposal in your neighborhood. The reasons for the decision are included in this notice. If you disagree with the decision, you can appeal it and request a public hearing. Information on how to appeal this decision is listed at the end of this notice.
CASE FILE NUMBER: LU 09-121435 AD
GENERAL INFORMATION
Applicant: Michael C Robinson
Perkins Coie LLP
1120 NW Couch Street, 10th Floor
Portland OR 97209
Owner Representatives: Dana White and Glenda Fossum-Smith
Providence Health System Oregon
1235 NE 47th Avenue, Suite 160
Portland OR 97213
Site Address: 4805 NE GLISAN ST
Legal Description: BLOCK 1 LOT 12, BELGRADE; BLOCK 1 LOT 13, BELGRADE;
BLOCK 2 LOT 12, BELGRADE; LOT 13-18 BLOCK 2, BELGRADE;
EXC PT IN HWY-INC PT VAC ST LOT 5&6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3400 LOT 2&3&4 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3500 BLOCK 2,
CENTER ADD; TL 3200 LOT 2-6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; BLOCK 3
LOT 1-7 INC PT VAC ST LOT 20-26 EXC PT IN ST, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 3 LOT 8-13 INC PT VAC ST LOT 15-19, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 5 LOT 1 EXC PT IN STS E 1/2 OF LOT 2 EXC PT IN ST,
CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST W 1/2 OF LOT 2 BLOCK 5,
CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 3 BLOCK 5, CENTER
ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 1&2 BLOCK 6, CENTER ADD;
BLOCK 6 LOT 3-5 EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 EXC PT IN STS, CENTER
ADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 BLOCK 6, CANCEL INTO R130648 /
CENTER ADD; N 34' OF E 30' OF LOT 11 BLOCK 6 N 34' OF LOT 12
BLOCK 6, CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 1 BLOCK 2, CENTER
ADD ANX; LOT 2 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 3 BLOCK 2,
CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 5&6 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT
IN E GLISAN ST LOT 7-9 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN E
GLISAN ST LOT 10 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN ST LOT
11 BLOCK 2 EXC PT IN STS LOT 12 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 1 EXC PT IN ST LOT 2, FOSTER; BLOCK 4 LOT 1-4, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 6, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 5, MAPLE HILL PL; W 50.69' OF LOT 2 BLOCK 3 E 15.31' OF LOT 3 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; LOT 17&18 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; TL 17200 1.85 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 4200 1.80 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4100 9.54 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4000 0.23 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 2800 3.53 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 3600 0.41 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 17100 0.02 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4300 0.27 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; LOT 21, FOSTER
Tax Account No.: R063800120, R063800130, R063800320, R063800330, R145800010, R145800030, R145800070, R145800090, R145800270, R145800340, R145800700, R145800720, R145800730, R145800830, R145800850, R145800880, R145800960, R146000290, R146000310, R146000330, R146000390, R146000410, R146000470, R146000490, R293500010, R533200340, R533200380, R533200420, R612100700, R612100910, R942310070, R942312630, R942310140, R942311020, R942311320, R942312620, R942312700, R942310090, R293500410
Quarter Section: 2935
Neighborhood: North Tabor, contact Sean Besso at 503-806-9014
Neighborhoods within 1,000 feet of the site:
Hollywood, contact Trudi Rahija at 503-281-5504
Laurelhurst, contact Gary Naylor at 503-232-3398
Rose City Park, contact Ed Gorman at 503-425-1611
Business Districts within 1,000 feet of the site:
Hollywood Boosters, contact Jeffrey Baird at 503-249-8787
District Coalition: Southeast Uplift, contact Lea Hyman at 503-232-0010
District Coalition within 1,000 feet of the site:
Central Northeast Neighbors, contact Alison Stoll at 503-823-3156
Plan District: A portion of the site is within the Hollywood Plan District-Subdistrict A
Zoning: R1, R5, C02, CN2 (Multi-Dwelling Residential 1,000, Single-Dwelling Residential 5,000, Office Commercial 2, Neighborhood Commercial 2)
Case Type: AD (Adjustment)
Procedure: Type II, an administrative decision with appeal to the Adjustment Committee.
Proposal:
As part of a previous building permit, Providence Health System Oregon was required to improve certain site-related development to meet current standards of the Portland Zoning Code. As allowed under Section 33.258.070.2.d, the property owner executed a covenant with the City of Portland to complete the required improvements during a 5-year period of time. This 5-year time period expires on August 5, 2009. Required improvements include interior and perimeter parking lot landscaping for several Providence Health System Oregon surface parking lots. Citing the need to properly phase the improvement projects and the economic expense of completing all projects at once, the applicant requests an Adjustment to extend the compliance period. The phasing proposal submitted by the applicant calls for completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street by August
2010, completing improvements to parking lots along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue by August 2011, and completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street by August 2012. The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades until August 2012.
**Relevant Approval Criteria:**
In order to be approved, this proposal must comply with the approval criteria of 33.805.040 A-F, Adjustments.
**ANALYSIS**
**Site and Vicinity:** For the purposes of this review two site areas exist, the Master Plan site and the Project site. The Master Plan site represents the boundaries of the Providence Health System master plan boundary – generally speaking the areas south of I-84 on the attached zoning map which are under Providence Health System ownership. The Project site represents the three parking areas shown on the attached site plan and identified as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3. Overall, these parking areas have some perimeter parking lot landscaping but relatively little interior parking lot landscaping. The vicinity surrounding the Project site is primarily composed of institutional development associated with Providence Health System, commercial and multi-dwelling residential development on NE Glisan Street and some single-dwelling residential development around NE 47th Avenue.
**Zoning:** The parking areas located within the proposed Phase 1 are zoned CN2 (Neighborhood Commercial 2) and R5 (Residential 5,000). The CN2 zone is intended for small commercial sites and areas in or near less dense or developing residential neighborhoods. The R5 zone is intended to foster the development of single-dwelling residences on lots having a minimum area of 3,000 square feet. The parking areas are an accessory use to the overall Providence Medical Center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CN2 zone but which represents a Conditional Use in the R5 zone. The Phase 2 and Phase 3 parking areas are zoned CO2 (Office Commercial 2) and R1 (Residential 1,000). The CO2 zone is a low and medium intensity office zone for businesses with a local or regional emphasis. The R1 zone allows multi-dwelling residential development up to a maximum density of one unit per 1,000 square feet of site area. The parking areas are an accessory use to the medical center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CO2 zone and which is a Conditional Use it the R1 zone. Improving nonconforming landscaping and/or delaying required nonconforming upgrades to parking lot landscaping does not require approval through a Conditional Use Review. A site which is approved as a Conditional Use Master Plan is vested in the code at the time the master plan is approved, therefore, the parking area landscaping improvements are required to meet the standards in effect in 2002.
**Land Use History:** City records indicate several prior land use reviews for the site, going back as far as 1939, when the original Providence Hospital building was constructed. The most recent land use cases include the following:
- **LUR 96-00400 UD** - Use Determination allowing the establishment of a Crisis Triage Center at Providence to be operated by Multnomah County;
- **LUR 95-00894 MS CU AD** - Previous Providence Master Plan, approved with conditions in 1996;
- **LUR 95-00865 VA** - Approved Street Vacation request for NE Irving Street between NE 49th and NE 52nd Avenues; and
- **LU 02-120615 CU MS AD** - Current Master Plan for Providence. Case was approved with modifications by City Council after a neighborhood appeal. Master Plan includes various projects over a 10-year period, with several adjustments to development standards.
- **LU 04-064294 AD** – Adjustment approved to increase the height of the “North Tower” building sign for a mechanical equipment and elevator penthouse, and screening.
• LU 07-132791 AD – Adjustment approved to increase area of a sign affixed to the east wall of the new Cancer Center building and oriented only to west-bound motorists on the I-84 freeway from the maximum allowed 50 square-feet to 101 square-feet.
• LU 09-106787 CUMS – Approval of a Conditional Use Master Plan review to replace a transportation system related condition of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD with an alternate mitigation plan. All other conditions of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD remain applicable.
Agency Review: A “Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood” was mailed April 30, 2009. The following Bureaus have responded:
• The Bureau of Environmental Services responded with information on sanitary services, stormwater management and water resources. The response notes no objections to the proposal to extend the nonconforming upgrade compliance period until August 2012 and points out that requirements of the Stormwater Management Manual will still apply (Exhibit E-1).
• The Site Development Section of BDS responded with no objections (Exhibit E-2).
• The Life Safety Section of BDS, the Fire, Water and Parks Bureaus as well as the Development Review Section of the Bureau of Transportation all responded with no concerns (Exhibit E-3).
Neighborhood Review: A Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood was mailed on April 30, 2009. No written responses have been received from either the Neighborhood Association or notified property owners in response to the proposal.
ZONING CODE APPROVAL CRITERIA
Title 33.805.10 Purpose of Adjustments
The regulations of the zoning code are designed to implement the goals and policies of the Comprehensive Plan. These regulations apply city-wide, but because of the city’s diversity, some sites are difficult to develop in compliance with the regulations. The adjustment review process provides a mechanism by which the regulations in the zoning code may be modified if the proposed development continues to meet the intended purpose of those regulations. Adjustments may also be used when strict application of the code’s regulations would preclude all use of the site. Adjustment reviews provide flexibility for unusual situations and to allow for alternative ways to meet the purposes of the code, while allowing the zoning code to continue to provide certainty and rapid processing for land use applications.
33.805.40 Adjustment Approval Criteria
Adjustment requests will be approved if the review body finds that the applicant has shown that approval criteria A. through F. stated below are met.
A. Granting the adjustment will equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation to be modified; and
Findings: The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades required to bring certain medical center parking areas into compliance with current perimeter and interior parking lot landscaping standards until August 2012. The applicant has proposed to phase improvements for the three parking areas. The parking areas near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2010, the parking areas along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue are proposed to be improved by August 2011, and the parking areas near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2012. These parking areas are labeled as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 on the attached site plan. The purpose for regulations regarding upgrades to nonconforming development is listed below:
Purpose 33.258.070 Nonconforming Development
This section is primarily aimed at upgrading nonconforming development elements that affect the appearance and impacts of a site. It is not intended to require extensive changes that would be extremely impractical such as moving or lowering buildings.
The Zoning Code provides for guidance for nonconforming situations and development with an intent to guide future uses and development to eventual conformance. This provides an important perspective on the proposal to delay the nonconforming upgrades for the medical center parking areas - the overall intent of the Zoning Code is not to force the development to be immediately brought into conformance. The proposed phasing plan provides Providence with a reasonable amount of additional time to prepare and budget for the required improvements. Another benefit of the proposed phasing plan is that it allows the work to occur gradually. Closing and improving all three parking areas at once could result in significant impacts to nearby residents and businesses, especially in terms of the availability of on-street parking. Phasing the improvements so that one parking area is improved per year will help minimize potential negative impacts. As the applicant’s narrative states, phasing the parking area improvements rather than doing all improvements at once, reduces “inconvenience for pedestrians, employees and visitors to the medical center”. The applicant’s narrative also points out another reason why delaying the nonconforming improvements may equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation, stating that during today’s economic climate requiring all improvements to occur at once and without delay would not result in the “highest quality of improvements”. Based on this information, it is important to consider that based on the covenant signed with the City with regards to nonconforming upgrades, the required improvements are based on the regulations in place in August of 2004 when the covenant was executed. In order to ensure that this information is properly conveyed through the permitting process a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition clarifies that future improvements must be made to the code in effect at that time or the proposal must receive approval through an applicable land use process.
Based on the information above and the condition of approval, this criterion is met.
B. If in a residential zone, the proposal will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential area, or if in an OS, C, E, or I zone, the proposal will be consistent with the classifications of the adjacent streets and the desired character of the area; and
Findings: The proposals are located in both residential and commercial zones. The proposal to delay and phase required landscaping improvements will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential areas because the parking lots in residential zones already possess some landscaping, especially perimeter landscaping which is most visible from adjacent residentially developed sites and helps provide adequate screening. Phasing the improvements will also help protect livability in the sense that closing and improving all parking lots at once could result in excessive use of on-street parking and inconvenience for nearby residents.
In this location, NE 47th Avenue is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Community Transit Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street, and a Local Street. Between NE 47th Avenue and NE 52nd Avenue, NE Glisan Street is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Transit Access Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street and a Community Corridor. NE 52nd Avenue is classified as a local street for all classifications. The response from the Bureau of Transportation indicates that the proposal should not conflict with the classifications of the above streets.
This criterion is met.
E. Any impacts resulting from the adjustment are mitigated to the extent practical; and
Findings: The applicant adequately mitigates for impacts related to the proposed delay and phasing of the landscaping improvements by proposing a reasonable phasing plan which will help limit impacts on surrounding businesses and residents which could occur if all parking areas were closed and improved at once. The delay and phasing plan also provide Providence an adequate time to prepare and budget for the required improvements which can result in a higher quality of improvements. In order to ensure that the improvements follow the phasing plan proposed by the applicant, a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition states that parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached site plan or receive approval through another Adjustment Review.
C. If more than one adjustment is being requested, the cumulative effect of the adjustments results in a project which is still consistent with the overall purpose of the zone.
D. City designated scenic resources and historic resources are preserved; and
F. If in an environmental zone, the proposal has as few significant detrimental environmental impacts on the resources and resource value as is practical.
Findings: Only one adjustment is requested, the site does not contain any identified scenic or historic resources and the site is not located in an environmental zone; therefore, these criterion are not applicable.
DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS
Unless specifically required in the approval criteria listed above, this proposal does not have to meet the development standards in order to be approved during this review process. The plans submitted for a building or zoning permit must demonstrate that all development standards of Title 33 can be met, or have received an Adjustment or Modification via a land use review prior to the approval of a building or zoning permit.
CONCLUSIONS
The applicant proposes one Adjustment to delay and phase required nonconforming upgrades to several identified medical center parking areas. As noted in this report, the proposal is able to meet the Adjustment approval criteria with approval granted based on the proposed phasing plan which helps limit impacts on neighbors associated with the closing and improving of all parking areas at once. With approval requiring that permit drawings comply with the conditions of approval listed below, the request meets the applicable criteria and should be approved.
ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION
Approval of an Adjustment to 33.258.070.2.d to extend the compliance period for phased nonconforming upgrades through August 2012, per the approved site plan, Exhibit C-1, signed and dated May 28, 2009, subject to the following conditions:
A. As part of the building permit application submittal, the following development-related conditions (B through C) must be noted on each of the 4 required site plans or included as a sheet in the numbered set of plans. The sheet on which this information appears must be labeled "ZONING COMPLIANCE PAGE - Case File LU 09-121435 AD." All requirements must be graphically represented on the site plan, landscape, or other required plan and must be labeled "REQUIRED."
B. The identified parking areas are required to be improved to the landscaping standards current at the time of the 2004 covenant (04-035044 PR). Future improvements not associated with the 2004 covenant must be made to the standards in effect at that time or receive approval through an Adjustment Review or other applicable City land use process.
C. Parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached <cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.portlandoregon.gov/bds/article/248063\n</url>\n<text>\nNOTICE OF A TYPE II DECISION ON A PROPOSAL IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD\n\nThe Bureau of Development Services has approved a proposal in your neighborhood. The reasons for the decision are included in this notice. If you disagree with the decision, you can appeal it and request a public hearing. Information on how to appeal this decision is listed at the end of this notice.\n\nCASE FILE NUMBER: LU 09-121435 AD\n\nGENERAL INFORMATION\n\nApplicant: Michael C Robinson\nPerkins Coie LLP\n1120 NW Couch Street, 10th Floor\nPortland OR 97209\n\nOwner Representatives: Dana White and Glenda Fossum-Smith\nProvidence Health System Oregon\n1235 NE 47th Avenue, Suite 160\nPortland OR 97213\n\nSite Address: 4805 NE GLISAN ST\n\nLegal Description: BLOCK 1 LOT 12, BELGRADE; BLOCK 1 LOT 13, BELGRADE;\nBLOCK 2 LOT 12, BELGRADE; LOT 13-18 BLOCK 2, BELGRADE;\nEXC PT IN HWY-INC PT VAC ST LOT 5&6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3400 LOT 2&3&4 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; TL 3500 BLOCK 2,\nCENTER ADD; TL 3200 LOT 2-6 BLOCK 1, CENTER ADD; BLOCK 3\nLOT 1-7 INC PT VAC ST LOT 20-26 EXC PT IN ST, CENTER ADD;\nBLOCK 3 LOT 8-13 INC PT VAC ST LOT 15-19, CENTER ADD;\nBLOCK 5 LOT 1 EXC PT IN STS E 1/2 OF LOT 2 EXC PT IN ST,\nCENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST W 1/2 OF LOT 2 BLOCK 5,\nCENTER ADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 3 BLOCK 5, CENTER\nADD; EXC PT IN E GLISAN ST LOT 1&2 BLOCK 6, CENTER ADD;\nBLOCK 6 LOT 3-5 EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 EXC PT IN STS, CENTER\nADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 6 BLOCK 6, CANCEL INTO R130648 /\nCENTER ADD; N 34' OF E 30' OF LOT 11 BLOCK 6 N 34' OF LOT 12\nBLOCK 6, CENTER ADD; EXC PT IN ST LOT 1 BLOCK 2, CENTER\nADD ANX; LOT 2 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 3 BLOCK 2,\nCENTER ADD ANX; LOT 5&6 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT\nIN E GLISAN ST LOT 7-9 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN E\nGLISAN ST LOT 10 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; EXC PT IN ST LOT\n\n11 BLOCK 2 EXC PT IN STS LOT 12 BLOCK 2, CENTER ADD ANX; LOT 1 EXC PT IN ST LOT 2, FOSTER; BLOCK 4 LOT 1-4, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 6, MAPLE HILL PL; BLOCK 4 LOT 5, MAPLE HILL PL; W 50.69' OF LOT 2 BLOCK 3 E 15.31' OF LOT 3 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; LOT 17&18 BLOCK 3, NORTH LAURELHURST; TL 17200 1.85 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 4200 1.80 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4100 9.54 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4000 0.23 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 2800 3.53 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 3600 0.41 ACRES, SECTION 31 1N 2E; TL 17100 0.02 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; TL 4300 0.27 ACRES, SECTION 31 1 N 2 E; LOT 21, FOSTER\n\nTax Account No.: R063800120, R063800130, R063800320, R063800330, R145800010, R145800030, R145800070, R145800090, R145800270, R145800340, R145800700, R145800720, R145800730, R145800830, R145800850, R145800880, R145800960, R146000290, R146000310, R146000330, R146000390, R146000410, R146000470, R146000490, R293500010, R533200340, R533200380, R533200420, R612100700, R612100910, R942310070, R942312630, R942310140, R942311020, R942311320, R942312620, R942312700, R942310090, R293500410\n\nQuarter Section: 2935\n\nNeighborhood: North Tabor, contact Sean Besso at 503-806-9014\n\nNeighborhoods within 1,000 feet of the site:\nHollywood, contact Trudi Rahija at 503-281-5504\nLaurelhurst, contact Gary Naylor at 503-232-3398\nRose City Park, contact Ed Gorman at 503-425-1611\n\nBusiness Districts within 1,000 feet of the site:\nHollywood Boosters, contact Jeffrey Baird at 503-249-8787\n\nDistrict Coalition: Southeast Uplift, contact Lea Hyman at 503-232-0010\n\nDistrict Coalition within 1,000 feet of the site:\nCentral Northeast Neighbors, contact Alison Stoll at 503-823-3156\n\nPlan District: A portion of the site is within the Hollywood Plan District-Subdistrict A\n\nZoning: R1, R5, C02, CN2 (Multi-Dwelling Residential 1,000, Single-Dwelling Residential 5,000, Office Commercial 2, Neighborhood Commercial 2)\n\nCase Type: AD (Adjustment)\nProcedure: Type II, an administrative decision with appeal to the Adjustment Committee.\n\nProposal:\nAs part of a previous building permit, Providence Health System Oregon was required to improve certain site-related development to meet current standards of the Portland Zoning Code. As allowed under Section 33.258.070.2.d, the property owner executed a covenant with the City of Portland to complete the required improvements during a 5-year period of time. This 5-year time period expires on August 5, 2009. Required improvements include interior and perimeter parking lot landscaping for several Providence Health System Oregon surface parking lots. Citing the need to properly phase the improvement projects and the economic expense of completing all projects at once, the applicant requests an Adjustment to extend the compliance period. The phasing proposal submitted by the applicant calls for completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street by August\n\n2010, completing improvements to parking lots along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue by August 2011, and completing improvements to parking lots near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street by August 2012. The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades until August 2012.\n\n**Relevant Approval Criteria:**\nIn order to be approved, this proposal must comply with the approval criteria of 33.805.040 A-F, Adjustments.\n\n**ANALYSIS**\n\n**Site and Vicinity:** For the purposes of this review two site areas exist, the Master Plan site and the Project site. The Master Plan site represents the boundaries of the Providence Health System master plan boundary – generally speaking the areas south of I-84 on the attached zoning map which are under Providence Health System ownership. The Project site represents the three parking areas shown on the attached site plan and identified as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3. Overall, these parking areas have some perimeter parking lot landscaping but relatively little interior parking lot landscaping. The vicinity surrounding the Project site is primarily composed of institutional development associated with Providence Health System, commercial and multi-dwelling residential development on NE Glisan Street and some single-dwelling residential development around NE 47th Avenue.\n\n**Zoning:** The parking areas located within the proposed Phase 1 are zoned CN2 (Neighborhood Commercial 2) and R5 (Residential 5,000). The CN2 zone is intended for small commercial sites and areas in or near less dense or developing residential neighborhoods. The R5 zone is intended to foster the development of single-dwelling residences on lots having a minimum area of 3,000 square feet. The parking areas are an accessory use to the overall Providence Medical Center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CN2 zone but which represents a Conditional Use in the R5 zone. The Phase 2 and Phase 3 parking areas are zoned CO2 (Office Commercial 2) and R1 (Residential 1,000). The CO2 zone is a low and medium intensity office zone for businesses with a local or regional emphasis. The R1 zone allows multi-dwelling residential development up to a maximum density of one unit per 1,000 square feet of site area. The parking areas are an accessory use to the medical center use in the area which is allowed by right in the CO2 zone and which is a Conditional Use it the R1 zone. Improving nonconforming landscaping and/or delaying required nonconforming upgrades to parking lot landscaping does not require approval through a Conditional Use Review. A site which is approved as a Conditional Use Master Plan is vested in the code at the time the master plan is approved, therefore, the parking area landscaping improvements are required to meet the standards in effect in 2002.\n\n**Land Use History:** City records indicate several prior land use reviews for the site, going back as far as 1939, when the original Providence Hospital building was constructed. The most recent land use cases include the following:\n\n- **LUR 96-00400 UD** - Use Determination allowing the establishment of a Crisis Triage Center at Providence to be operated by Multnomah County;\n- **LUR 95-00894 MS CU AD** - Previous Providence Master Plan, approved with conditions in 1996;\n- **LUR 95-00865 VA** - Approved Street Vacation request for NE Irving Street between NE 49th and NE 52nd Avenues; and\n- **LU 02-120615 CU MS AD** - Current Master Plan for Providence. Case was approved with modifications by City Council after a neighborhood appeal. Master Plan includes various projects over a 10-year period, with several adjustments to development standards.\n- **LU 04-064294 AD** – Adjustment approved to increase the height of the “North Tower” building sign for a mechanical equipment and elevator penthouse, and screening.\n\n• LU 07-132791 AD – Adjustment approved to increase area of a sign affixed to the east wall of the new Cancer Center building and oriented only to west-bound motorists on the I-84 freeway from the maximum allowed 50 square-feet to 101 square-feet.\n\n• LU 09-106787 CUMS – Approval of a Conditional Use Master Plan review to replace a transportation system related condition of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD with an alternate mitigation plan. All other conditions of approval required as part of LU 02-120615 CUMS AD remain applicable.\n\nAgency Review: A “Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood” was mailed April 30, 2009. The following Bureaus have responded:\n• The Bureau of Environmental Services responded with information on sanitary services, stormwater management and water resources. The response notes no objections to the proposal to extend the nonconforming upgrade compliance period until August 2012 and points out that requirements of the Stormwater Management Manual will still apply (Exhibit E-1).\n• The Site Development Section of BDS responded with no objections (Exhibit E-2).\n• The Life Safety Section of BDS, the Fire, Water and Parks Bureaus as well as the Development Review Section of the Bureau of Transportation all responded with no concerns (Exhibit E-3).\n\nNeighborhood Review: A Notice of Proposal in Your Neighborhood was mailed on April 30, 2009. No written responses have been received from either the Neighborhood Association or notified property owners in response to the proposal.\n\nZONING CODE APPROVAL CRITERIA\n\nTitle 33.805.10 Purpose of Adjustments\nThe regulations of the zoning code are designed to implement the goals and policies of the Comprehensive Plan. These regulations apply city-wide, but because of the city’s diversity, some sites are difficult to develop in compliance with the regulations. The adjustment review process provides a mechanism by which the regulations in the zoning code may be modified if the proposed development continues to meet the intended purpose of those regulations. Adjustments may also be used when strict application of the code’s regulations would preclude all use of the site. Adjustment reviews provide flexibility for unusual situations and to allow for alternative ways to meet the purposes of the code, while allowing the zoning code to continue to provide certainty and rapid processing for land use applications.\n\n33.805.40 Adjustment Approval Criteria\nAdjustment requests will be approved if the review body finds that the applicant has shown that approval criteria A. through F. stated below are met.\n\nA. Granting the adjustment will equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation to be modified; and\n\nFindings: The applicant requests one Adjustment to extend the compliance period for nonconforming upgrades required to bring certain medical center parking areas into compliance with current perimeter and interior parking lot landscaping standards until August 2012. The applicant has proposed to phase improvements for the three parking areas. The parking areas near the intersection of NE 47th and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2010, the parking areas along NE Glisan Street between NE 47th Avenue and NE 49th Avenue are proposed to be improved by August 2011, and the parking areas near the intersection of NE 52nd Avenue and NE Glisan Street are proposed to be improved by August 2012. These parking areas are labeled as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 on the attached site plan. The purpose for regulations regarding upgrades to nonconforming development is listed below:\n\nPurpose 33.258.070 Nonconforming Development\n\nThis section is primarily aimed at upgrading nonconforming development elements that affect the appearance and impacts of a site. It is not intended to require extensive changes that would be extremely impractical such as moving or lowering buildings.\n\nThe Zoning Code provides for guidance for nonconforming situations and development with an intent to guide future uses and development to eventual conformance. This provides an important perspective on the proposal to delay the nonconforming upgrades for the medical center parking areas - the overall intent of the Zoning Code is not to force the development to be immediately brought into conformance. The proposed phasing plan provides Providence with a reasonable amount of additional time to prepare and budget for the required improvements. Another benefit of the proposed phasing plan is that it allows the work to occur gradually. Closing and improving all three parking areas at once could result in significant impacts to nearby residents and businesses, especially in terms of the availability of on-street parking. Phasing the improvements so that one parking area is improved per year will help minimize potential negative impacts. As the applicant’s narrative states, phasing the parking area improvements rather than doing all improvements at once, reduces “inconvenience for pedestrians, employees and visitors to the medical center”. The applicant’s narrative also points out another reason why delaying the nonconforming improvements may equally or better meet the purpose of the regulation, stating that during today’s economic climate requiring all improvements to occur at once and without delay would not result in the “highest quality of improvements”. Based on this information, it is important to consider that based on the covenant signed with the City with regards to nonconforming upgrades, the required improvements are based on the regulations in place in August of 2004 when the covenant was executed. In order to ensure that this information is properly conveyed through the permitting process a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition clarifies that future improvements must be made to the code in effect at that time or the proposal must receive approval through an applicable land use process.\n\nBased on the information above and the condition of approval, this criterion is met.\n\nB. If in a residential zone, the proposal will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential area, or if in an OS, C, E, or I zone, the proposal will be consistent with the classifications of the adjacent streets and the desired character of the area; and\n\nFindings: The proposals are located in both residential and commercial zones. The proposal to delay and phase required landscaping improvements will not significantly detract from the livability or appearance of the residential areas because the parking lots in residential zones already possess some landscaping, especially perimeter landscaping which is most visible from adjacent residentially developed sites and helps provide adequate screening. Phasing the improvements will also help protect livability in the sense that closing and improving all parking lots at once could result in excessive use of on-street parking and inconvenience for nearby residents.\n\nIn this location, NE 47th Avenue is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Community Transit Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street, and a Local Street. Between NE 47th Avenue and NE 52nd Avenue, NE Glisan Street is classified as a Neighborhood Collector, a Transit Access Street, a City Bikeway, a City Walkway, a Local Service Truck Street, a Minor Emergency Response Street and a Community Corridor. NE 52nd Avenue is classified as a local street for all classifications. The response from the Bureau of Transportation indicates that the proposal should not conflict with the classifications of the above streets.\n\nThis criterion is met.\n\nE. Any impacts resulting from the adjustment are mitigated to the extent practical; and\n\nFindings: The applicant adequately mitigates for impacts related to the proposed delay and phasing of the landscaping improvements by proposing a reasonable phasing plan which will help limit impacts on surrounding businesses and residents which could occur if all parking areas were closed and improved at once. The delay and phasing plan also provide Providence an adequate time to prepare and budget for the required improvements which can result in a higher quality of improvements. In order to ensure that the improvements follow the phasing plan proposed by the applicant, a condition of approval has been added to this review. The condition states that parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached site plan or receive approval through another Adjustment Review.\n\nC. If more than one adjustment is being requested, the cumulative effect of the adjustments results in a project which is still consistent with the overall purpose of the zone.\n\nD. City designated scenic resources and historic resources are preserved; and\n\nF. If in an environmental zone, the proposal has as few significant detrimental environmental impacts on the resources and resource value as is practical.\n\nFindings: Only one adjustment is requested, the site does not contain any identified scenic or historic resources and the site is not located in an environmental zone; therefore, these criterion are not applicable.\n\nDEVELOPMENT STANDARDS\n\nUnless specifically required in the approval criteria listed above, this proposal does not have to meet the development standards in order to be approved during this review process. The plans submitted for a building or zoning permit must demonstrate that all development standards of Title 33 can be met, or have received an Adjustment or Modification via a land use review prior to the approval of a building or zoning permit.\n\nCONCLUSIONS\n\nThe applicant proposes one Adjustment to delay and phase required nonconforming upgrades to several identified medical center parking areas. As noted in this report, the proposal is able to meet the Adjustment approval criteria with approval granted based on the proposed phasing plan which helps limit impacts on neighbors associated with the closing and improving of all parking areas at once. With approval requiring that permit drawings comply with the conditions of approval listed below, the request meets the applicable criteria and should be approved.\n\nADMINISTRATIVE DECISION\n\nApproval of an Adjustment to 33.258.070.2.d to extend the compliance period for phased nonconforming upgrades through August 2012, per the approved site plan, Exhibit C-1, signed and dated May 28, 2009, subject to the following conditions:\n\nA. As part of the building permit application submittal, the following development-related conditions (B through C) must be noted on each of the 4 required site plans or included as a sheet in the numbered set of plans. The sheet on which this information appears must be labeled \"ZONING COMPLIANCE PAGE - Case File LU 09-121435 AD.\" All requirements must be graphically represented on the site plan, landscape, or other required plan and must be labeled \"REQUIRED.\"\n\nB. The identified parking areas are required to be improved to the landscaping standards current at the time of the 2004 covenant (04-035044 PR). Future improvements not associated with the 2004 covenant must be made to the standards in effect at that time or receive approval through an Adjustment Review or other applicable City land use process.\n\nC. Parking area improvements associated with required nonconforming upgrades must follow the phasing plan identified on the attached <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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To a layman the term green conjures up images of green meadows, gushing streams of crystal clear water, clean uncontaminated air and dense forests. But for the true experts of fine liquor the word green connotes a different meaning. Connoisseurs of liquor associate the phrase green to the legendary alcoholic drink absinthe. Absinthe liquor was the most well-liked drink of nineteenth century Europe. It was also passionately known as the Green fairy by loyal devotees.
The French latched onto this liquor and very soon it rivaled wine in level of popularity. Even now people display an amazing affection to this anise-flavored drink. The aura that absinthe liquor has, besides the flavor, can be due to the history and the elaborate ceremonial ritual that should be followed while drinking it. Absinthe has a bitter taste that can be associated with its basic ingredients such as wormwood, fennel, and anise. Absinthe liquor has high alcohol content usually in the range of 60% to 70%. Such high proof is necessary to maintain the natural green color of the drink.
Absinthe is not your everyday drink like whisky. It is a drink with illustrious history and culture behind it. Absinthe had become so well liked in France and Europe that wine makers were worried about their business prospects. This intense competition led wine makers to spread rumours and stories regarding the damaging effects of absinthe. A few of the unverified claims made during that time resulted in most countries banning absinthe.
However, by the start of the twenty-first century most countries in the European Union began lifting the unjust ban on absinthe. Today, absinthe is no longer disallowed Europe and the day is not far when it will recover its rightful place as the best and greatest liquor of all times. The pleasant effects of absinthe can be attributed to its ingredients. Wormwood is the main herb utilized in the making of absinthe. Wormwood includes a chemical called thujone which is a brain stimulant. The allowable amount of thujone in absinthe in the US is 10 mg and 35 mg in Europe.
Absinthe has high alcohol content and it must not be ingested in excess; three portions of absinthe is sufficient to feel the absinthe effect. The effect is pleasant and you’re feeling slightly inebriated there is however a feeling of clarity that your mind experiences. The colors surrounding you seem brighter than they usually do, you can see, smell, and taste much better. Your sense of perception is increased and even everyday chores seem to give you a new experience. This property of absinthe was answerable for its immense attraction to artists. Many a fantastic painters like Vincent Van Gogh and Pablo Picasso were avid buyers of absinthe and linked their creative genius to its wonderful effects.
Thankfully, most Europeans have accessibility to absinthe. US citizens may now buy absinthe on the internet from non-US producers. US citizens may also order genuine absinthe kits and prepare their very own absinthe liquor through using the simple instructions that come along with the kit. To learn more about absinthe kits and other absinthe merchandise visit absinthekit.com.
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To a layman the term green conjures up images of green meadows, gushing streams of crystal clear water, clean uncontaminated air and dense forests. But for the true experts of fine liquor the word green connotes a different meaning. Connoisseurs of liquor associate the phrase green to the legendary alcoholic drink absinthe. Absinthe liquor was the most well-liked drink of nineteenth century Europe. It was also passionately known as the Green fairy by loyal devotees.
The French latched onto this liquor and very soon it rivaled wine in level of pop
|
ularity.
|
Even now people display an amazing affection to this anise-flavored drink. The aura that absinthe liquor has, besides the flavor, can be due to the history and the elaborate ceremonial ritual that should be followed while drinking it. Absinthe has a bitter taste that can be associated with its basic ingredients such as wormwood, fennel, and anise. Absinthe liquor has high alcohol content usually in the range of 60% to 70%. Such high proof is necessary to maintain the natural green color of the drink.
Absinthe is not your everyday drink like whisky. It is a drink with illustrious history and culture behind it. Absinthe had become so well liked in France and Europe that wine makers were worried about their business prospects. This intense competition led wine makers to spread rumours and stories regarding the damaging effects of absinthe. A few of the unverified claims made during that time resulted in most countries banning absinthe.
However, by the start of the twenty-first century most countries in the European Union began lifting the unjust ban on absinthe. Today, absinthe is no longer disallowed Europe and the day is not far when it will recover its rightful place as the best and greatest liquor of all times. The pleasant effects of absinthe can be attributed to its ingredients. Wormwood is the main herb utilized in the making of absinthe. Wormwood includes a chemical called thujone which is a brain stimulant. The allowable amount of thujone in absinthe in the US is 10 mg and 35 mg in Europe.
Absinthe has high alcohol content and it must not be ingested in excess; three portions of absinthe is sufficient to feel the absinthe effect. The effect is pleasant and you’re feeling slightly inebriated there is however a feeling of clarity that your mind experiences. The colors surrounding you seem brighter than they usually do, you can see, smell, and taste much better. Your sense of perception is increased and even everyday chores seem to give you a new experience. This property of absinthe was answerable for its immense attraction to artists. Many a fantastic painters like Vincent Van Gogh and Pablo Picasso were avid buyers of absinthe and linked their creative genius to its wonderful effects.
Thankfully, most Europeans have accessibility to absinthe. US citizens may now buy absinthe on the internet from non-US producers. US citizens may also order genuine absinthe kits and prepare their very own absinthe liquor through using the simple instructions that come along with the kit. To learn more about absinthe kits and other absinthe merchandise visit absinthekit.com.
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To a layman the term green conjures up images of green meadows, gushing streams of crystal clear water, clean uncontaminated air and dense forests. But for the true experts of fine liquor the word green connotes a different meaning. Connoisseurs of liquor associate the phrase green to the legendary alcoholic drink absinthe. Absinthe liquor was the most well-liked drink of nineteenth century Europe. It was also passionately known as the Green fairy by loyal devotees.
The French latched onto this liquor and very soon it rivaled wine in level of pop<cursor_is_here> Even now people display an amazing affection to this anise-flavored drink. The aura that absinthe liquor has, besides the flavor, can be due to the history and the elaborate ceremonial ritual that should be followed while drinking it. Absinthe has a bitter taste that can be associated with its basic ingredients such as wormwood, fennel, and anise. Absinthe liquor has high alcohol content usually in the range of 60% to 70%. Such high proof is necessary to maintain the natural green color of the drink.
Absinthe is not your everyday drink like whisky. It is a drink with illustrious history and culture behind it. Absinthe had become so well liked in France and Europe that wine makers were worried about their business prospects. This intense competition led wine makers to spread rumours and stories regarding the damaging effects of absinthe. A few of the unverified claims made during that time resulted in most countries banning absinthe.
However, by the start of the twenty-first century most countries in the European Union began lifting the unjust ban on absinthe. Today, absinthe is no longer disallowed Europe and the day is not far when it will recover its rightful place as the best and greatest liquor of all times. The pleasant effects of absinthe can be attributed to its ingredients. Wormwood is the main herb utilized in the making of absinthe. Wormwood includes a chemical called thujone which is a brain stimulant. The allowable amount of thujone in absinthe in the US is 10 mg and 35 mg in Europe.
Absinthe has high alcohol content and it must not be ingested in excess; three portions of absinthe is sufficient to feel the absinthe effect. The effect is pleasant and you’re feeling slightly inebriated there is however a feeling of clarity that your mind experiences. The colors surrounding you seem brighter than they usually do, you can see, smell, and taste much better. Your sense of perception is increased and even everyday chores seem to give you a new experience. This property of absinthe was answerable for its immense attraction to artists. Many a fantastic painters like Vincent Van Gogh and Pablo Picasso were avid buyers of absinthe and linked their creative genius to its wonderful effects.
Thankfully, most Europeans have accessibility to absinthe. US citizens may now buy absinthe on the internet from non-US producers. US citizens may also order genuine absinthe kits and prepare their very own absinthe liquor through using the simple instructions that come along with the kit. To learn more about absinthe kits and other absinthe merchandise visit absinthekit.com.
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We loved this deal too, but it's no longer available. Check out our other cool deals here.
$79 for 10 Yoga Classes (value $169)
1 of your friends
already grabbed this deal:
- Improve your mental and physical state with a relaxing and re-energising exercise.
- Grab 10 yoga classes at FIt Yoga for $79.
- Learn from an experienced qualified lyengar and hatha teacher - Lucinda Sherratt.
- Feel healthy, balanced and happy.
Not everyone is born with the discipline of a monk, in fact, we'd wager many of you struggle to get out the door on time every morning. If you're after a way to become more disciplined then enjoy a great exercise that'll teach you just that (and hopefully translate to other parts of your life too).
Pay $79 for 10 yoga classes at FIT Yoga and treat your body, mind and soul with a healthy and fun form of exercise.
After several years of living, training and working both overseas and in Auckland, your teacher Lucinda Sherratt is back and ready to introduce the art of yoga to you. Lucinda studies under Melodie Batchelor, one of two of the most senior Iyengar teachers in New Zealand. With diplomas in Hatha Yoga (NZQA accredited) and Clinical Nutrition, she is the perfect teacher for any willing pupil.
A combination of Hatha and Iyengar yoga will help you to relax and re-energise; giving you greater physical strength and enhancing your mental focus, emotional balance and general sense of wellbeing. Lucinda is committed to sharing her knowledge and helping to improve your mental and physical state.
More Great Local Deals
Central Otago Cherry Team
Deals in Other Regions
Getting more bang for your buck
GrabOne’s Voucher Guarantee means missing out on claiming your deal in time no longer means losing out altogether!
How does it work?
- A voucher is valid up to and including the expiry date stated.
- If you don't use your voucher before that date for whatever reason, it can still be used towards that service with that business for an additional 30 days.
For example, if you buy a bungy jump deal but don’t use it before the expiry date, you can still use the amount you paid for the voucher towards a bungy jump, for another 30 days.
A few things to note:
- The GrabOne Voucher Guarantee does not apply to product deals, travel and accommodation-related deals, or time-dependent event deals.
- It's always best to use your voucher before the expiry date, so you get the most value for your money. And if you're a bit forgetful, we now automatically remind you if your vouchers are about to expire.
- During the extended Voucher Guarantee period, your voucher can only be put towards the service stated on the voucher.
- If the offer is seasonal, like a seasonal menu or chimney sweep service, the Voucher Guarantee can be put towards a similar offer at the merchant's discretion.
- The conditions on your voucher still apply during the Voucher Guarantee period.
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We loved this deal too, but it's no longer available. Check out our other cool deals here.
$79 for 10 Yoga Classes (value $169)
1 of your friends
already grabbed this deal:
- Improve your mental and physical state with a relaxing and re-energising exercise.
- Grab 10 yoga classes at FIt Yoga for $79.
- Learn from an experienced qualified lyengar and hatha teacher - Lucinda Sherratt.
- Feel healthy, balanced and happy.
Not everyone is born with the discipline of a monk, in fact, we'd wager many of you struggle to get out the door on time every morning. If you're after a way to become more disciplined then enjoy a great exercise that'll teach you just that (and hopefully translate to other parts of your life too).
Pay $79 for 10 yoga classes at FIT Yoga and treat your body, mind and soul with a healthy and fun form of exercise.
After several years of living, training and working both overseas and in Auckland, your teacher Lucinda Sherratt is back and ready to introduce the art of yoga to you. Lucinda studies under Melodie Batchelor, one of two of the most senior Iyengar teachers in New Zealand. With diplomas in Hatha Yoga (NZQA accredited) and Clinical Nutrition, she is the perfect teacher for any willing pupil.
A combination of Hatha and Iyengar yoga will help you to relax and re-energise; giving you greater physical strength and enhancing your mental focus, emotional balance and general sense of wellbeing. Lucinda is committed to sharing her knowledge and helping to improve your mental and physical state.
More Great Local Deals
Central Otago Cherry Team
Deals in Other Regions
Getting more bang for your buck
GrabOne’s Voucher Guarantee means missing out
|
on claiming your deal in time no longer means losing out altogether!
|
How does it work?
- A voucher is valid up to and including the expiry date stated.
- If you don't use your voucher before that date for whatever reason, it can still be used towards that service with that business for an additional 30 days.
For example, if you buy a bungy jump deal but don’t use it before the expiry date, you can still use the amount you paid for the voucher towards a bungy jump, for another 30 days.
A few things to note:
- The GrabOne Voucher Guarantee does not apply to product deals, travel and accommodation-related deals, or time-dependent event deals.
- It's always best to use your voucher before the expiry date, so you get the most value for your money. And if you're a bit forgetful, we now automatically remind you if your vouchers are about to expire.
- During the extended Voucher Guarantee period, your voucher can only be put towards the service stated on the voucher.
- If the offer is seasonal, like a seasonal menu or chimney sweep service, the Voucher Guarantee can be put towards a similar offer at the merchant's discretion.
- The conditions on your voucher still apply during the Voucher Guarantee period.
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We loved this deal too, but it's no longer available. Check out our other cool deals here.
$79 for 10 Yoga Classes (value $169)
1 of your friends
already grabbed this deal:
- Improve your mental and physical state with a relaxing and re-energising exercise.
- Grab 10 yoga classes at FIt Yoga for $79.
- Learn from an experienced qualified lyengar and hatha teacher - Lucinda Sherratt.
- Feel healthy, balanced and happy.
Not everyone is born with the discipline of a monk, in fact, we'd wager many of you struggle to get out the door on time every morning. If you're after a way to become more disciplined then enjoy a great exercise that'll teach you just that (and hopefully translate to other parts of your life too).
Pay $79 for 10 yoga classes at FIT Yoga and treat your body, mind and soul with a healthy and fun form of exercise.
After several years of living, training and working both overseas and in Auckland, your teacher Lucinda Sherratt is back and ready to introduce the art of yoga to you. Lucinda studies under Melodie Batchelor, one of two of the most senior Iyengar teachers in New Zealand. With diplomas in Hatha Yoga (NZQA accredited) and Clinical Nutrition, she is the perfect teacher for any willing pupil.
A combination of Hatha and Iyengar yoga will help you to relax and re-energise; giving you greater physical strength and enhancing your mental focus, emotional balance and general sense of wellbeing. Lucinda is committed to sharing her knowledge and helping to improve your mental and physical state.
More Great Local Deals
Central Otago Cherry Team
Deals in Other Regions
Getting more bang for your buck
GrabOne’s Voucher Guarantee means missing out <cursor_is_here>
How does it work?
- A voucher is valid up to and including the expiry date stated.
- If you don't use your voucher before that date for whatever reason, it can still be used towards that service with that business for an additional 30 days.
For example, if you buy a bungy jump deal but don’t use it before the expiry date, you can still use the amount you paid for the voucher towards a bungy jump, for another 30 days.
A few things to note:
- The GrabOne Voucher Guarantee does not apply to product deals, travel and accommodation-related deals, or time-dependent event deals.
- It's always best to use your voucher before the expiry date, so you get the most value for your money. And if you're a bit forgetful, we now automatically remind you if your vouchers are about to expire.
- During the extended Voucher Guarantee period, your voucher can only be put towards the service stated on the voucher.
- If the offer is seasonal, like a seasonal menu or chimney sweep service, the Voucher Guarantee can be put towards a similar offer at the merchant's discretion.
- The conditions on your voucher still apply during the Voucher Guarantee period.
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Sporty Bump Pregnancy Fitness Clothing- Limited Stock
Just arrived on the website.limited stocks of Sporty Bump Maternity Fitness Clothing
A capsule range of Pregnancy Fitness Tops and Bottoms
See also a few end of lines Blooming Marvellous Pregnancy Sportswear pieces
Exercise during pregnancy is good for you and your baby. The NHS has to say : The more active and fit you are during pregnancy, the easier it will be for you to adapt to your changing shape and weight gain. It will also help you to cope with your labour and get back into shape after the birth.
Exercise with caution of course and be certain to take time to read the NHS guidelines on pregnancy.
Be aware that there are also a few things you should avoid.
It is more than essential that you wear the right gear when doing your pregnancy workout. Sporty Bump came up with this range to ensure breathable comfort and the right level of support and stretch for you and your growing baby bump
Check out the lines we have today and get your fitness on!! NEW ARRIVALS
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Sporty Bump Pregnancy Fitness Clothing- Limited Stock
Just arrived on the website.limited stocks of Sporty Bump Maternity Fitness Clothing
A capsule range of Pregnancy Fitness Tops and Bottoms
See also a few end of lines Blooming Marvellous Pregnancy Sportswear pieces
Exercise during pregnancy is good for you and your baby. The NHS has to say : The more active and fit you are during pregnancy, the easier it will be for you to adapt to your changing shape and weight gain. It will also help you to cope with your labour and get back into shape after the birth.
Exercise with caution of course and be certain to take time to read the NHS guidelines on pregnancy.
Be aware that there are also a few things you should avoid.
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Sporty Bump came up with this range to ensure breathable comfort and the right level of support and stretch for you and your growing baby bump
Check out the lines we have today and get your fitness on!! NEW ARRIVALS
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Sporty Bump Pregnancy Fitness Clothing- Limited Stock
Just arrived on the website.limited stocks of Sporty Bump Maternity Fitness Clothing
A capsule range of Pregnancy Fitness Tops and Bottoms
See also a few end of lines Blooming Marvellous Pregnancy Sportswear pieces
Exercise during pregnancy is good for you and your baby. The NHS has to say : The more active and fit you are during pregnancy, the easier it will be for you to adapt to your changing shape and weight gain. It will also help you to cope with your labour and get back into shape after the birth.
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Check out the lines we have today and get your fitness on!! NEW ARRIVALS
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Dog tracks seem to vary a lot more, maybe because there are many different types of dogs. Pretty much sounds like an unsocialized dog (except the rabid part). (For licensing or usage, contact [email protected]) A coyote has a high-pitched howl with short bursts that rise and fall. It isn’t like in a dog park. The wolf has an extra advantage over coyote due to its size and dimensions. Difference Between Dog and Coyote 1. 2. Although they live in the woods, they are likely to be found around human settlements, and no, they do not prey on humans. The dog pictured has never seen real action. Coyotes yip, bark, huff, yelp, whine, whimper and howl: these are quite high pitched compared to a dog’s bark or a dog’s baying. 4. A coyote is generally much sleeker than a comparable breed of dog, and have a more pointed nose and flatter head. Foxes are carnivorous scavengers and mainly nocturnal. Coyotes are close relatives of wolves, jacks, foxes, and dogs, though these species are smaller than wolves. However, when a coyote moves in stride, its front and rear paws land in the same position, giving a ‘perfect step’. However, there are many points of comparison between the three animals. A coyote is a wild wolf-looking dog that can easily adapt to any weather condition and is mostly found in American desserts, forests, and grasslands. Habitat and Habits German Shepherd Dogs are usually domesticated dogs living with their owners while coyotes are living in the wild natural areas especially open areas like desert and prairie. Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail, Written by : Kivumbi. Summary Coyotes have quite long legs, but in comparison to a dog, their legs are shorter based on their body size. Coyote-Proof Fencing. They are small to medium in size (the average red fox weighs 9 to 19 lbs. Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are … Never feed or try to pet one. They have different howls. There really isn’t a difference, just another breed of dog. You can sometimes see marks of fur in hairy breeds. Generally, although a German Shepherd Dog has the weight advantage, coyotes with their experience and situational intelligence have a considerable advantage over a German Shepherd Dog. In the first clip an American cur dog protects livestock from a coyote attack. A dog’s chest appears deeper than a coyote’s, giving the impression that a coyote has longer legs than a dog. Request information Or … long legged compared to their total height at the shoulder. In this case you need to rely on more subtle cues within the … If dogs come through the area, compare the tracks to dog paw prints. Coyote vs Fox: Coyotes belong to the Carnivora order and its binomial name Canis Latrans; they are native to North and Central America. Wolves are much larger than coyotes and doesn’t have a broader muzzle like wolves, but they have very similar and broad skull like wolves. Coyotes may engage in these vocalizations for a considerable period of time — sometimes 20 minutes or longer. Dogs, coyotes, and wolves are a classic class of animals who look very similar and it is very much possible that people may not be able to identify the differences among these animals. Dogs have the ability to survive on a variety of diets, and they consume a big percentage of vegetarian food in their diet. Coyotes are sleeker and have lean bodies as compared to German Shepherd Dogs. Coyote hunting is one of the most common forms of predator hunting that humans partake in. Even though a coyote’s build gives the impression of having longer legs than a dog, it is actually not the case. Coyote vs Wolf. There is no need to resubmit your comment. The wolf on the right has a broad snout and large nose pad, with small ears relative to its head size. New genetic tests show that all eastern coyotes are actually a mix of three species: coyote, wolf and dog. Cite 3. Most difficult will be to differentiate between a coyote and a wolf as the coyote is considered a closer relative of a gray wolf. Multiple animals are quite alike. dog vs coyote real life fights caught on camera. Learn more about the coyote in this article. ), they have a flattened skull with triangular ears and a very long and bushy tail. A fox is a mammal of the Canidae family. 2. Noted for its nightly serenades of yaps and howls, the primarily nocturnal animal is found from Alaska southward into Central America. • Dogs vary significantly in their size, weight, and coat colour depending on the breed and the pedigree. IMPORTANT: Wolf pups in mid-summer and fall can closely resemble coyotes, and it can be nearly impossible to tell them apart. Coyote tracks will be more oblong, the claws less prominent and overall more compact. Since there are no specific dog breeds associated with coyote-hybrids, dog breeds that are similar in size to coyotes were chosen. WALKUSA’S ADVENTURE SERIES: HOW TO LIGHTEN YOUR BACKPACK, 2017 Survival Magazine a Prepper Site & Forum, Protecting your Climbing, Rescue & Rapelling Ropes, You will see the coyote tracks are longer & elongated vs the dog track, Also notice that the pads are alot closer together than on a dog, Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are typically very close in size, Coyote tracks are usually in a very straight line with the rear foot landing in or next to the front tracks if they are in their usual lope. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle, flatter forehead and bushy tail. Remember that a dog, like most mammals, is digitigrade, meaning that it walks on its toes. Pointed noses and slanted eyes. It has a very dog-like face and a long and fluffy tail." Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. There are 19 recognized subspecies of coyote, out of which three are endemic to Central America. You don't often get tracks as perfect as these two, but in general, here is what to look out for: Domestic Dog track (on left): Important note - some domestic dogs can leave very convincing looking wild canid tracks. Rather, its ‘elbow’ is lower than its line of sternum, while a dog’s is higher than its sternum, thus the seeming ‘legginess’ of a coyote. Your best bet is often to look at the overall trail pattern (if possible) which I explain below. A young coyote pup is … • Coyote is more towards eating meat than dogs are. At closer inspection, most domestic dogs have ‘elbow’ joints higher than the underline of the chest. Black and brown combined fur with black the more dominant color. This AnimalSake article does an analysis to put an end to the age-old debate of coyote … In other words, Kivumbi. DifferenceBetween.net. On the other hand, red foxes have black "stockings". Donate. There are not many regulations with regard to the taking of the coyote which means there are many different methods that can be used to hunt the animal. You’re more likely to see a coyote as they are more prevalent, and more comfortable around humans; Coyotes have noses that are narrow and more pointed; Coyotes ears are taller and more pointed In fact, they are the domesticated form of wolves. Before I describe why the coywolf is unique, let’s get a quick snapshot of the animal we are discussing. Says the person who spells the word dumb wrong . and updated on July 23, 2018, Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, Differences Between Crystal and Gold Silver, Difference Between Crystal Reports and Web Intelligence, Difference Between Dog Years and Human Years | Difference Between | Dog Years vs Human Years, Difference Between Wolf and Jackal | Difference Between | Wolf vs Jackal, Difference Between Dog Clippers and Human Clippers | Difference Between | Dog Clippers vs Human Clippers, Difference Between Yorkie and Silky | Difference Between | Yorkie vs Silky, Difference Between Armadillo and Anteater, Difference Between Armadillo and Pangolin, Difference Between Wild Turkey and Turkey Vulture, Difference Between Vitamin D and Vitamin D3, Difference Between LCD and LED Televisions, Difference Between Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, Difference Between Civil War and Revolution. Like dogs, most coyotes have a natural fear of people, and are generally not aggressive to people, unless provoked. Coyote, New World member of the dog family (Canidae) that is smaller and more lightly built than the wolf. Foxes have adapted to life in various regions of the world and there are around 12 species of foxes … Genotype data are compared to a database of medium and large breed dogs, and coyotes from various locations in the United States. Coyotes are often known to be the smaller cousins of gray wolves, and the foxes of the coyotes. Coyotes may look similar to dogs, but they are usually longer and sleeker as compared to dogs. Therefore, when the two animals’ builds are closely examined, a dog’s chest will appear proportionally deeper than that of a coyote. You can clearly see the similarities in their appearances. Pointed muzzle of the coyote is a major difference from wolves. On coyotes, an X-shape can be drawn in the negative space, whereas on most domestic dogs, the negative space does not form an X-shape. • Coyotes are native animals of North and Central America, whereas dogs have been distributed throughout the world. Like the coyotes, dogs have a near likeness to wolves. • Categorized under Animals,Nature | Difference Between Dog and Coyote. DOGS VS WOLVES AND COYOTE Wolves and coyotes both Canids share many common dog-like appearances, but they differ in a number of ways. Coyote tracks compared to that of the Domestic dog's tracks. The coyote has practiced all its life on this stuff. As mentioned, their ears are also very long compared to a similar size dog. They … Coyotes are fond of howling, particularly at twilight. On a dog's front leg, moving up from the foot, the first joint corresponds to the human wrist. dog vs coyote real fight. July 23, 2018 < http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-dog-and-coyote/ >. You can also find black on their ears, along with a white-tipped tail and a more dog-like face when compared to the gray fox. A typical domestic dog is the German shepherd, and this breed of dog has the closest resemblance to a coyote. Most dogs are kept as domestic dogs, either as pets, or for security purposes, as guard animals to ward off or sniff for threats. Other reasons for a coyote attack: Other reasons (besides food) that a coyote may attack a dog is because it's sick and rabid, it's protecting its territory, it's driving your dog away from its pack, and they don't like strangers (I don't know you, so I'm going to scare you away). For comparison, pictured below is a coyote footprints (on the left) next to a domestic dog track (on the right). They also are much taller than a fox. A coyote's "elbow" lies below the line of its sternum, and a dog's "elbow" is higher than its sternum. Submit. Many clues differentiate the domestic dogs track from a wild coyote track. Both coyotes and dogs belong to the dog family, but while dogs and coyotes are quite different animals, they share some interesting characteristics, like behavior and appearance. If a coyote and a wolf ever meet then there are high chances that a wolf will win due to its aggressive nature and its size. The coyote on the left has a narrow snout and small nose pad, with large ears relative to its head size. Innocent dog (Gwenivere) trys to get a drink of water while coyote sneaks up behind her. They sometimes prey on pets, such as cats, because they can’t differentiate them from their natural prey. Coyotes also feed themselves by eating vegetations hence are less dangerous when compared to wolves. Coyotes mainly feed on small animals, like rabbits, shrews, voles and mice, and occasionally on birds, insects, berries and skunks. 3. In dogs the toes 1 and 4 sometimes seem to point to the side while the coyote's toes point to the front. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-fox-and-coyote Speaking of fencing, you should invest in one that’s solid, at least 6-feet tall, … What we are calling Canis oriens colonized northeastern North America 50-75 years ago and has been described in detail in Gerry Parker’s 1995 book, “Eastern Coyote: The Story of Its Success,” and my 2007 paperback, “Suburban Howls.” This animal averages 13.6-18.2 kg (30-40 lbs), with individual weights exceeding 22.7-25 kg(50-55 lb… Coyotes are also known by their scientific name ‘Canis latrans’, which also means ‘barking dog’. Unlike coyotes, they are very versatile animals. Most dog breeds look different. Very short coats. Coyotes also have shorter tails (and more bushy tails) than foxes. Dogs are known scientifically as ‘Canis lupus familiaris’. 1. If one coyote hears the howl of another, or indeed a similar noise, it will prick it’s ears up in the air, as if to acknowledge hearing the sound, and will often howl back in reply. Remember that coyotes are wild animals. "Difference Between Dog and Coyote." Coyote have more elongated tracks than dogs. But a lot of dog breeds do actually have a lot of size overlap with wild canines like coyotes, wolves or foxes. Generally speaking, wolves weigh from 60 to 120 pounds and are much larger and longer than coyotes which only weigh 20 to 50 pounds. Coyotes are lighter and smaller than Wolf. Nowak compared the orbital angles of four North American canines (including the Indian dog) and produced the following values in degrees: coyote-42.8, wolf-42.8, dog-52.9 dire wolf-53.1. The chest of the dog is deeper and seems to be more homely, which gives them a friendlier appearance as compared to the coyote. Coyotes look like dogs, from the shape and size of their snouts to the thickness of the neck and body. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Download Living with Urban Coyotes. They can live in wild areas as well as near populated, urban areas where they feed on poultry. The coyote always seems to have sharp pointy nails while the dog is often blunter and rounder nails. They are also used for hunting, companionship and herding. Coyotes also have tracks that are more elongated than those of dogs, but because there are big variances in the size of a dog’s tracks, it may sometimes be hard to tell the difference. Please note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. • Coyote is a wild animal while the dog is a domesticated animal. Their muzzles are also more pointed as compared to dogs.
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Dog tracks seem to vary a lot more, maybe because there are many different types of dogs. Pretty much sounds like an unsocialized dog (except the rabid part). (For licensing or usage, contact [email protected]) A coyote has a high-pitched howl with short bursts that rise and fall. It isn’t like in a dog park. The wolf has an extra advantage over coyote due to its size and dimensions. Difference Between Dog and Coyote 1. 2. Although they live in the woods, they are likely to be found around human settlements, and no, they do not prey on humans. The dog pictured has never seen real action. Coyotes yip, bark, huff, yelp, whine, whimper and howl: these are quite high pitched compared to a dog’s bark or a dog’s baying. 4. A coyote is generally much sleeker than a comparable breed of dog, and have a more pointed nose and flatter head. Foxes are carnivorous scavengers and mainly nocturnal. Coyotes are close relatives of wolves, jacks, foxes, and dogs, though these species are smaller than wolves. However, when a coyote moves in stride, its front and rear paws land in the same position, giving a ‘perfect step’. However, there are many points of comparison between the three animals. A coyote is a wild wolf-looking dog that can easily adapt to any weather condition and is mostly found in American desserts, forests, and grasslands. Habitat and Habits German Shepherd Dogs are usually domesticated dogs living with their owners while coyotes are living in the wild natural areas especially open areas like desert and prairie. Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail, Written by : Kivumbi. Summary Coyotes have quite long legs, but in comparison to a dog, their legs are shorter based on their body size. Coyote-Proof Fencing. They are small to medium in size (the average red fox weighs 9 to 19 lbs. Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are … Never feed or try to pet one. They have different howls. There really isn’t a difference, just another breed of dog. You can sometimes see marks of fur in hairy breeds. Generally, although a German Shepherd Dog has the weight advantage, coyotes with their experience and situational intelligence have a considerable advantage over a German Shepherd Dog. In the first clip an American cur dog protects livestock from a coyote attack. A dog’s chest appears deeper than a coyote’s, giving the impression that a coyote has longer legs than a dog. Request information Or … long legged compared to their total height at the shoulder. In this case you need to rely on more subtle cues within the … If dogs come through the area, compare the tracks to dog paw prints. Coyote vs Fox: Coyotes belong to the Carnivora order and its binomial name Canis Latrans; they are native to North and Central America. Wolves are much larger than coyotes and doesn’t have a broader muzzle like wolves, but they have very similar and broad skull like wolves. Coyotes may engage in these vocalizations for a considerable period of time — sometimes 20 minutes or longer. Dogs, coyotes, and wolves are a classic class of animals who look very similar and it is very much possible that people may not be able to identify the differences among these animals. Dogs have the ability to survive on a variety of diets, and they consume a big percentage of vegetarian food in their diet. Coyotes are sleeker and have lean bodies as compared to German Shepherd Dogs. Coyote hunting is one of the most common forms of predator hunting that humans partake in. Even though a coyote’s build gives the impression of having longer legs than a dog, it is actually not the case. Coyote vs Wolf. There is no need to resubmit your comment. The wolf on the right has a broad snout and large nose pad, with small ears relative to its head size. New genetic tests show that all eastern coyotes are actually a mix of three species: coyote, wolf and dog. Cite 3. Most difficult will be to differentiate between a coyote and a wolf as the coyote is considered a closer relative of a gray wolf. Multiple animals are quite alike. dog vs coyote real life fights caught on camera. Learn more about the coyote in this article. ), they have a flattened skull with triangular ears and a very long and bushy tail. A fox is a mammal of the Canidae family. 2. Noted for its nightly serenades of yaps and howls, the primarily nocturnal animal is found from Alaska southward into Central America. • Dogs vary significantly in their size, weight, and coat colour depending on the breed and the pedigree. IMPORTANT: Wolf pups in mid-summer and fall can closely resemble coyotes, and it can be nearly impossible to tell them apart. Coyote tracks will be more oblong, the claws less prominent and overall more compact. Since there are no specific dog breeds associated with coyote-hybrids, dog breeds that are similar in size to coyotes were chosen. WALKUSA’S ADVENTURE SERIES: HOW TO LIGHTEN YOUR BACKPACK, 2017 Survival Magazine a Prepper Site & Forum, Protecting your Climbing, Rescue & Rapelling Ropes, You will see the coyote tracks are longer & elongated vs the dog track, Also notice that the pads are alot closer together than on a dog, Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are typically very close in size, Coyote tracks are usually in a very straight line with the rear foot landing in or next to the front tracks if they are in their usual lope. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle, flatter forehead and bushy tail. Remember that a dog, like most mammals, is digitigrade, meaning that it walks on its toes. Pointed noses and slanted eyes. It has a very dog-like face and a long and fluffy tail." Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. There are 19 recognized subspecies of coyote, out of which three are endemic to Central America. You don't often get tracks as perfect as these two, but in general, here is what to look out for: Domestic Dog track (on left): Important note - some domestic dogs can leave very convincing looking wild canid tracks. Rather, its ‘elbow’ is lower than its line of sternum, while a dog’s is higher than its sternum, thus the seeming ‘legginess’ of a coyote. Your best bet is often to look at the overall trail pattern (if possible) which I explain below. A young coyote pup is … • Coyote is more towards eating meat than dogs are. At closer inspection, most domestic dogs have ‘elbow’ joints higher than the underline of the chest. Black and brown combined fur with black the more dominant color. This AnimalSake article does an analysis to put an end to the age-old debate of coyote … In other words, Kivumbi. DifferenceBetween.net. On the other hand, red foxes have black "stockings". Donate. There are not many regulations with regard to the taking of the coyote which means there are many different methods that can be used to hunt the animal. You’re more likely to see a coyote as they are more prevalent, and more comfortable around humans; Coyotes have noses that are narrow and more pointed; Coyotes ears are taller and more pointed In fact, they are the domesticated form of wolves. Before I describe why the coywolf is unique, let’s get a quick snapshot of the animal we are discussing. Says the person who spells the word dumb wrong . and updated on July 23, 2018, Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, Differences Between Crystal and Gold Silver, Difference Between Crystal Reports and Web Intelligence, Difference Between
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Dog Years and Human Years | Difference Between | Dog Years vs Human Years, Difference Between Wolf and Jackal | Difference Between | Wolf vs Jackal, Difference Between Dog Clippers and Human Clippers | Difference Between | Dog Clippers vs Human Clippers, Difference Between Yorkie and Silky | Difference Between | Yorkie vs Silky, Difference Between Armadillo and Anteater, Difference Between Armadillo and Pangolin, Difference Between Wild Turkey and Turkey Vulture, Difference Between Vitamin D and Vitamin D3, Difference Between LCD and LED Televisions, Difference Between Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, Difference Between Civil War and Revolution.
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Like dogs, most coyotes have a natural fear of people, and are generally not aggressive to people, unless provoked. Coyote, New World member of the dog family (Canidae) that is smaller and more lightly built than the wolf. Foxes have adapted to life in various regions of the world and there are around 12 species of foxes … Genotype data are compared to a database of medium and large breed dogs, and coyotes from various locations in the United States. Coyotes are often known to be the smaller cousins of gray wolves, and the foxes of the coyotes. Coyotes may look similar to dogs, but they are usually longer and sleeker as compared to dogs. Therefore, when the two animals’ builds are closely examined, a dog’s chest will appear proportionally deeper than that of a coyote. You can clearly see the similarities in their appearances. Pointed muzzle of the coyote is a major difference from wolves. On coyotes, an X-shape can be drawn in the negative space, whereas on most domestic dogs, the negative space does not form an X-shape. • Coyotes are native animals of North and Central America, whereas dogs have been distributed throughout the world. Like the coyotes, dogs have a near likeness to wolves. • Categorized under Animals,Nature | Difference Between Dog and Coyote. DOGS VS WOLVES AND COYOTE Wolves and coyotes both Canids share many common dog-like appearances, but they differ in a number of ways. Coyote tracks compared to that of the Domestic dog's tracks. The coyote has practiced all its life on this stuff. As mentioned, their ears are also very long compared to a similar size dog. They … Coyotes are fond of howling, particularly at twilight. On a dog's front leg, moving up from the foot, the first joint corresponds to the human wrist. dog vs coyote real fight. July 23, 2018 < http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-dog-and-coyote/ >. You can also find black on their ears, along with a white-tipped tail and a more dog-like face when compared to the gray fox. A typical domestic dog is the German shepherd, and this breed of dog has the closest resemblance to a coyote. Most dogs are kept as domestic dogs, either as pets, or for security purposes, as guard animals to ward off or sniff for threats. Other reasons for a coyote attack: Other reasons (besides food) that a coyote may attack a dog is because it's sick and rabid, it's protecting its territory, it's driving your dog away from its pack, and they don't like strangers (I don't know you, so I'm going to scare you away). For comparison, pictured below is a coyote footprints (on the left) next to a domestic dog track (on the right). They also are much taller than a fox. A coyote's "elbow" lies below the line of its sternum, and a dog's "elbow" is higher than its sternum. Submit. Many clues differentiate the domestic dogs track from a wild coyote track. Both coyotes and dogs belong to the dog family, but while dogs and coyotes are quite different animals, they share some interesting characteristics, like behavior and appearance. If a coyote and a wolf ever meet then there are high chances that a wolf will win due to its aggressive nature and its size. The coyote on the left has a narrow snout and small nose pad, with large ears relative to its head size. Innocent dog (Gwenivere) trys to get a drink of water while coyote sneaks up behind her. They sometimes prey on pets, such as cats, because they can’t differentiate them from their natural prey. Coyotes also feed themselves by eating vegetations hence are less dangerous when compared to wolves. Coyotes mainly feed on small animals, like rabbits, shrews, voles and mice, and occasionally on birds, insects, berries and skunks. 3. In dogs the toes 1 and 4 sometimes seem to point to the side while the coyote's toes point to the front. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-fox-and-coyote Speaking of fencing, you should invest in one that’s solid, at least 6-feet tall, … What we are calling Canis oriens colonized northeastern North America 50-75 years ago and has been described in detail in Gerry Parker’s 1995 book, “Eastern Coyote: The Story of Its Success,” and my 2007 paperback, “Suburban Howls.” This animal averages 13.6-18.2 kg (30-40 lbs), with individual weights exceeding 22.7-25 kg(50-55 lb… Coyotes are also known by their scientific name ‘Canis latrans’, which also means ‘barking dog’. Unlike coyotes, they are very versatile animals. Most dog breeds look different. Very short coats. Coyotes also have shorter tails (and more bushy tails) than foxes. Dogs are known scientifically as ‘Canis lupus familiaris’. 1. If one coyote hears the howl of another, or indeed a similar noise, it will prick it’s ears up in the air, as if to acknowledge hearing the sound, and will often howl back in reply. Remember that coyotes are wild animals. "Difference Between Dog and Coyote." Coyote have more elongated tracks than dogs. But a lot of dog breeds do actually have a lot of size overlap with wild canines like coyotes, wolves or foxes. Generally speaking, wolves weigh from 60 to 120 pounds and are much larger and longer than coyotes which only weigh 20 to 50 pounds. Coyotes are lighter and smaller than Wolf. Nowak compared the orbital angles of four North American canines (including the Indian dog) and produced the following values in degrees: coyote-42.8, wolf-42.8, dog-52.9 dire wolf-53.1. The chest of the dog is deeper and seems to be more homely, which gives them a friendlier appearance as compared to the coyote. Coyotes look like dogs, from the shape and size of their snouts to the thickness of the neck and body. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Download Living with Urban Coyotes. They can live in wild areas as well as near populated, urban areas where they feed on poultry. The coyote always seems to have sharp pointy nails while the dog is often blunter and rounder nails. They are also used for hunting, companionship and herding. Coyotes also have tracks that are more elongated than those of dogs, but because there are big variances in the size of a dog’s tracks, it may sometimes be hard to tell the difference. Please note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. • Coyote is a wild animal while the dog is a domesticated animal. Their muzzles are also more pointed as compared to dogs.
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Dog tracks seem to vary a lot more, maybe because there are many different types of dogs. Pretty much sounds like an unsocialized dog (except the rabid part). (For licensing or usage, contact [email protected]) A coyote has a high-pitched howl with short bursts that rise and fall. It isn’t like in a dog park. The wolf has an extra advantage over coyote due to its size and dimensions. Difference Between Dog and Coyote 1. 2. Although they live in the woods, they are likely to be found around human settlements, and no, they do not prey on humans. The dog pictured has never seen real action. Coyotes yip, bark, huff, yelp, whine, whimper and howl: these are quite high pitched compared to a dog’s bark or a dog’s baying. 4. A coyote is generally much sleeker than a comparable breed of dog, and have a more pointed nose and flatter head. Foxes are carnivorous scavengers and mainly nocturnal. Coyotes are close relatives of wolves, jacks, foxes, and dogs, though these species are smaller than wolves. However, when a coyote moves in stride, its front and rear paws land in the same position, giving a ‘perfect step’. However, there are many points of comparison between the three animals. A coyote is a wild wolf-looking dog that can easily adapt to any weather condition and is mostly found in American desserts, forests, and grasslands. Habitat and Habits German Shepherd Dogs are usually domesticated dogs living with their owners while coyotes are living in the wild natural areas especially open areas like desert and prairie. Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail, Written by : Kivumbi. Summary Coyotes have quite long legs, but in comparison to a dog, their legs are shorter based on their body size. Coyote-Proof Fencing. They are small to medium in size (the average red fox weighs 9 to 19 lbs. Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are … Never feed or try to pet one. They have different howls. There really isn’t a difference, just another breed of dog. You can sometimes see marks of fur in hairy breeds. Generally, although a German Shepherd Dog has the weight advantage, coyotes with their experience and situational intelligence have a considerable advantage over a German Shepherd Dog. In the first clip an American cur dog protects livestock from a coyote attack. A dog’s chest appears deeper than a coyote’s, giving the impression that a coyote has longer legs than a dog. Request information Or … long legged compared to their total height at the shoulder. In this case you need to rely on more subtle cues within the … If dogs come through the area, compare the tracks to dog paw prints. Coyote vs Fox: Coyotes belong to the Carnivora order and its binomial name Canis Latrans; they are native to North and Central America. Wolves are much larger than coyotes and doesn’t have a broader muzzle like wolves, but they have very similar and broad skull like wolves. Coyotes may engage in these vocalizations for a considerable period of time — sometimes 20 minutes or longer. Dogs, coyotes, and wolves are a classic class of animals who look very similar and it is very much possible that people may not be able to identify the differences among these animals. Dogs have the ability to survive on a variety of diets, and they consume a big percentage of vegetarian food in their diet. Coyotes are sleeker and have lean bodies as compared to German Shepherd Dogs. Coyote hunting is one of the most common forms of predator hunting that humans partake in. Even though a coyote’s build gives the impression of having longer legs than a dog, it is actually not the case. Coyote vs Wolf. There is no need to resubmit your comment. The wolf on the right has a broad snout and large nose pad, with small ears relative to its head size. New genetic tests show that all eastern coyotes are actually a mix of three species: coyote, wolf and dog. Cite 3. Most difficult will be to differentiate between a coyote and a wolf as the coyote is considered a closer relative of a gray wolf. Multiple animals are quite alike. dog vs coyote real life fights caught on camera. Learn more about the coyote in this article. ), they have a flattened skull with triangular ears and a very long and bushy tail. A fox is a mammal of the Canidae family. 2. Noted for its nightly serenades of yaps and howls, the primarily nocturnal animal is found from Alaska southward into Central America. • Dogs vary significantly in their size, weight, and coat colour depending on the breed and the pedigree. IMPORTANT: Wolf pups in mid-summer and fall can closely resemble coyotes, and it can be nearly impossible to tell them apart. Coyote tracks will be more oblong, the claws less prominent and overall more compact. Since there are no specific dog breeds associated with coyote-hybrids, dog breeds that are similar in size to coyotes were chosen. WALKUSA’S ADVENTURE SERIES: HOW TO LIGHTEN YOUR BACKPACK, 2017 Survival Magazine a Prepper Site & Forum, Protecting your Climbing, Rescue & Rapelling Ropes, You will see the coyote tracks are longer & elongated vs the dog track, Also notice that the pads are alot closer together than on a dog, Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are typically very close in size, Coyote tracks are usually in a very straight line with the rear foot landing in or next to the front tracks if they are in their usual lope. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle, flatter forehead and bushy tail. Remember that a dog, like most mammals, is digitigrade, meaning that it walks on its toes. Pointed noses and slanted eyes. It has a very dog-like face and a long and fluffy tail." Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. There are 19 recognized subspecies of coyote, out of which three are endemic to Central America. You don't often get tracks as perfect as these two, but in general, here is what to look out for: Domestic Dog track (on left): Important note - some domestic dogs can leave very convincing looking wild canid tracks. Rather, its ‘elbow’ is lower than its line of sternum, while a dog’s is higher than its sternum, thus the seeming ‘legginess’ of a coyote. Your best bet is often to look at the overall trail pattern (if possible) which I explain below. A young coyote pup is … • Coyote is more towards eating meat than dogs are. At closer inspection, most domestic dogs have ‘elbow’ joints higher than the underline of the chest. Black and brown combined fur with black the more dominant color. This AnimalSake article does an analysis to put an end to the age-old debate of coyote … In other words, Kivumbi. DifferenceBetween.net. On the other hand, red foxes have black "stockings". Donate. There are not many regulations with regard to the taking of the coyote which means there are many different methods that can be used to hunt the animal. You’re more likely to see a coyote as they are more prevalent, and more comfortable around humans; Coyotes have noses that are narrow and more pointed; Coyotes ears are taller and more pointed In fact, they are the domesticated form of wolves. Before I describe why the coywolf is unique, let’s get a quick snapshot of the animal we are discussing. Says the person who spells the word dumb wrong . and updated on July 23, 2018, Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, Differences Between Crystal and Gold Silver, Difference Between Crystal Reports and Web Intelligence, Difference Between<cursor_is_here> Like dogs, most coyotes have a natural fear of people, and are generally not aggressive to people, unless provoked. Coyote, New World member of the dog family (Canidae) that is smaller and more lightly built than the wolf. Foxes have adapted to life in various regions of the world and there are around 12 species of foxes … Genotype data are compared to a database of medium and large breed dogs, and coyotes from various locations in the United States. Coyotes are often known to be the smaller cousins of gray wolves, and the foxes of the coyotes. Coyotes may look similar to dogs, but they are usually longer and sleeker as compared to dogs. Therefore, when the two animals’ builds are closely examined, a dog’s chest will appear proportionally deeper than that of a coyote. You can clearly see the similarities in their appearances. Pointed muzzle of the coyote is a major difference from wolves. On coyotes, an X-shape can be drawn in the negative space, whereas on most domestic dogs, the negative space does not form an X-shape. • Coyotes are native animals of North and Central America, whereas dogs have been distributed throughout the world. Like the coyotes, dogs have a near likeness to wolves. • Categorized under Animals,Nature | Difference Between Dog and Coyote. DOGS VS WOLVES AND COYOTE Wolves and coyotes both Canids share many common dog-like appearances, but they differ in a number of ways. Coyote tracks compared to that of the Domestic dog's tracks. The coyote has practiced all its life on this stuff. As mentioned, their ears are also very long compared to a similar size dog. They … Coyotes are fond of howling, particularly at twilight. On a dog's front leg, moving up from the foot, the first joint corresponds to the human wrist. dog vs coyote real fight. July 23, 2018 < http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-dog-and-coyote/ >. You can also find black on their ears, along with a white-tipped tail and a more dog-like face when compared to the gray fox. A typical domestic dog is the German shepherd, and this breed of dog has the closest resemblance to a coyote. Most dogs are kept as domestic dogs, either as pets, or for security purposes, as guard animals to ward off or sniff for threats. Other reasons for a coyote attack: Other reasons (besides food) that a coyote may attack a dog is because it's sick and rabid, it's protecting its territory, it's driving your dog away from its pack, and they don't like strangers (I don't know you, so I'm going to scare you away). For comparison, pictured below is a coyote footprints (on the left) next to a domestic dog track (on the right). They also are much taller than a fox. A coyote's "elbow" lies below the line of its sternum, and a dog's "elbow" is higher than its sternum. Submit. Many clues differentiate the domestic dogs track from a wild coyote track. Both coyotes and dogs belong to the dog family, but while dogs and coyotes are quite different animals, they share some interesting characteristics, like behavior and appearance. If a coyote and a wolf ever meet then there are high chances that a wolf will win due to its aggressive nature and its size. The coyote on the left has a narrow snout and small nose pad, with large ears relative to its head size. Innocent dog (Gwenivere) trys to get a drink of water while coyote sneaks up behind her. They sometimes prey on pets, such as cats, because they can’t differentiate them from their natural prey. Coyotes also feed themselves by eating vegetations hence are less dangerous when compared to wolves. Coyotes mainly feed on small animals, like rabbits, shrews, voles and mice, and occasionally on birds, insects, berries and skunks. 3. In dogs the toes 1 and 4 sometimes seem to point to the side while the coyote's toes point to the front. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-fox-and-coyote Speaking of fencing, you should invest in one that’s solid, at least 6-feet tall, … What we are calling Canis oriens colonized northeastern North America 50-75 years ago and has been described in detail in Gerry Parker’s 1995 book, “Eastern Coyote: The Story of Its Success,” and my 2007 paperback, “Suburban Howls.” This animal averages 13.6-18.2 kg (30-40 lbs), with individual weights exceeding 22.7-25 kg(50-55 lb… Coyotes are also known by their scientific name ‘Canis latrans’, which also means ‘barking dog’. Unlike coyotes, they are very versatile animals. Most dog breeds look different. Very short coats. Coyotes also have shorter tails (and more bushy tails) than foxes. Dogs are known scientifically as ‘Canis lupus familiaris’. 1. If one coyote hears the howl of another, or indeed a similar noise, it will prick it’s ears up in the air, as if to acknowledge hearing the sound, and will often howl back in reply. Remember that coyotes are wild animals. "Difference Between Dog and Coyote." Coyote have more elongated tracks than dogs. But a lot of dog breeds do actually have a lot of size overlap with wild canines like coyotes, wolves or foxes. Generally speaking, wolves weigh from 60 to 120 pounds and are much larger and longer than coyotes which only weigh 20 to 50 pounds. Coyotes are lighter and smaller than Wolf. Nowak compared the orbital angles of four North American canines (including the Indian dog) and produced the following values in degrees: coyote-42.8, wolf-42.8, dog-52.9 dire wolf-53.1. The chest of the dog is deeper and seems to be more homely, which gives them a friendlier appearance as compared to the coyote. Coyotes look like dogs, from the shape and size of their snouts to the thickness of the neck and body. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Download Living with Urban Coyotes. They can live in wild areas as well as near populated, urban areas where they feed on poultry. The coyote always seems to have sharp pointy nails while the dog is often blunter and rounder nails. They are also used for hunting, companionship and herding. Coyotes also have tracks that are more elongated than those of dogs, but because there are big variances in the size of a dog’s tracks, it may sometimes be hard to tell the difference. Please note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. • Coyote is a wild animal while the dog is a domesticated animal. Their muzzles are also more pointed as compared to dogs.
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://cristalflex.com.br/bqi5ej4/5sl2hus.php?id=coyote-compared-to-dog-2dcdd2\n</url>\n<text>\nDog tracks seem to vary a lot more, maybe because there are many different types of dogs. Pretty much sounds like an unsocialized dog (except the rabid part). (For licensing or usage, contact [email protected]) A coyote has a high-pitched howl with short bursts that rise and fall. It isn’t like in a dog park. The wolf has an extra advantage over coyote due to its size and dimensions. Difference Between Dog and Coyote 1. 2. Although they live in the woods, they are likely to be found around human settlements, and no, they do not prey on humans. The dog pictured has never seen real action. Coyotes yip, bark, huff, yelp, whine, whimper and howl: these are quite high pitched compared to a dog’s bark or a dog’s baying. 4. A coyote is generally much sleeker than a comparable breed of dog, and have a more pointed nose and flatter head. Foxes are carnivorous scavengers and mainly nocturnal. Coyotes are close relatives of wolves, jacks, foxes, and dogs, though these species are smaller than wolves. However, when a coyote moves in stride, its front and rear paws land in the same position, giving a ‘perfect step’. However, there are many points of comparison between the three animals. A coyote is a wild wolf-looking dog that can easily adapt to any weather condition and is mostly found in American desserts, forests, and grasslands. Habitat and Habits German Shepherd Dogs are usually domesticated dogs living with their owners while coyotes are living in the wild natural areas especially open areas like desert and prairie. Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail, Written by : Kivumbi. Summary Coyotes have quite long legs, but in comparison to a dog, their legs are shorter based on their body size. Coyote-Proof Fencing. They are small to medium in size (the average red fox weighs 9 to 19 lbs. Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are … Never feed or try to pet one. They have different howls. There really isn’t a difference, just another breed of dog. You can sometimes see marks of fur in hairy breeds. Generally, although a German Shepherd Dog has the weight advantage, coyotes with their experience and situational intelligence have a considerable advantage over a German Shepherd Dog. In the first clip an American cur dog protects livestock from a coyote attack. A dog’s chest appears deeper than a coyote’s, giving the impression that a coyote has longer legs than a dog. Request information Or … long legged compared to their total height at the shoulder. In this case you need to rely on more subtle cues within the … If dogs come through the area, compare the tracks to dog paw prints. Coyote vs Fox: Coyotes belong to the Carnivora order and its binomial name Canis Latrans; they are native to North and Central America. Wolves are much larger than coyotes and doesn’t have a broader muzzle like wolves, but they have very similar and broad skull like wolves. Coyotes may engage in these vocalizations for a considerable period of time — sometimes 20 minutes or longer. Dogs, coyotes, and wolves are a classic class of animals who look very similar and it is very much possible that people may not be able to identify the differences among these animals. Dogs have the ability to survive on a variety of diets, and they consume a big percentage of vegetarian food in their diet. Coyotes are sleeker and have lean bodies as compared to German Shepherd Dogs. Coyote hunting is one of the most common forms of predator hunting that humans partake in. Even though a coyote’s build gives the impression of having longer legs than a dog, it is actually not the case. Coyote vs Wolf. There is no need to resubmit your comment. The wolf on the right has a broad snout and large nose pad, with small ears relative to its head size. New genetic tests show that all eastern coyotes are actually a mix of three species: coyote, wolf and dog. Cite 3. Most difficult will be to differentiate between a coyote and a wolf as the coyote is considered a closer relative of a gray wolf. Multiple animals are quite alike. dog vs coyote real life fights caught on camera. Learn more about the coyote in this article. ), they have a flattened skull with triangular ears and a very long and bushy tail. A fox is a mammal of the Canidae family. 2. Noted for its nightly serenades of yaps and howls, the primarily nocturnal animal is found from Alaska southward into Central America. • Dogs vary significantly in their size, weight, and coat colour depending on the breed and the pedigree. IMPORTANT: Wolf pups in mid-summer and fall can closely resemble coyotes, and it can be nearly impossible to tell them apart. Coyote tracks will be more oblong, the claws less prominent and overall more compact. Since there are no specific dog breeds associated with coyote-hybrids, dog breeds that are similar in size to coyotes were chosen. WALKUSA’S ADVENTURE SERIES: HOW TO LIGHTEN YOUR BACKPACK, 2017 Survival Magazine a Prepper Site & Forum, Protecting your Climbing, Rescue & Rapelling Ropes, You will see the coyote tracks are longer & elongated vs the dog track, Also notice that the pads are alot closer together than on a dog, Coyote’s front tracks are usually slightly larger than the rear tracks as opposed to a dog which are typically very close in size, Coyote tracks are usually in a very straight line with the rear foot landing in or next to the front tracks if they are in their usual lope. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle, flatter forehead and bushy tail. Remember that a dog, like most mammals, is digitigrade, meaning that it walks on its toes. Pointed noses and slanted eyes. It has a very dog-like face and a long and fluffy tail.\" Dogs are usually domesticated animals (living with humans), while coyotes live in the wild, near natural places. There are 19 recognized subspecies of coyote, out of which three are endemic to Central America. You don't often get tracks as perfect as these two, but in general, here is what to look out for: Domestic Dog track (on left): Important note - some domestic dogs can leave very convincing looking wild canid tracks. Rather, its ‘elbow’ is lower than its line of sternum, while a dog’s is higher than its sternum, thus the seeming ‘legginess’ of a coyote. Your best bet is often to look at the overall trail pattern (if possible) which I explain below. A young coyote pup is … • Coyote is more towards eating meat than dogs are. At closer inspection, most domestic dogs have ‘elbow’ joints higher than the underline of the chest. Black and brown combined fur with black the more dominant color. This AnimalSake article does an analysis to put an end to the age-old debate of coyote … In other words, Kivumbi. DifferenceBetween.net. On the other hand, red foxes have black \"stockings\". Donate. There are not many regulations with regard to the taking of the coyote which means there are many different methods that can be used to hunt the animal. You’re more likely to see a coyote as they are more prevalent, and more comfortable around humans; Coyotes have noses that are narrow and more pointed; Coyotes ears are taller and more pointed In fact, they are the domesticated form of wolves. Before I describe why the coywolf is unique, let’s get a quick snapshot of the animal we are discussing. Says the person who spells the word dumb wrong . and updated on July 23, 2018, Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, Differences Between Crystal and Gold Silver, Difference Between Crystal Reports and Web Intelligence, Difference Between<cursor_is_here> Like dogs, most coyotes have a natural fear of people, and are generally not aggressive to people, unless provoked. Coyote, New World member of the dog family (Canidae) that is smaller and more lightly built than the wolf. Foxes have adapted to life in various regions of the world and there are around 12 species of foxes … Genotype data are compared to a database of medium and large breed dogs, and coyotes from various locations in the United States. Coyotes are often known to be the smaller cousins of gray wolves, and the foxes of the coyotes. Coyotes may look similar to dogs, but they are usually longer and sleeker as compared to dogs. Therefore, when the two animals’ builds are closely examined, a dog’s chest will appear proportionally deeper than that of a coyote. You can clearly see the similarities in their appearances. Pointed muzzle of the coyote is a major difference from wolves. On coyotes, an X-shape can be drawn in the negative space, whereas on most domestic dogs, the negative space does not form an X-shape. • Coyotes are native animals of North and Central America, whereas dogs have been distributed throughout the world. Like the coyotes, dogs have a near likeness to wolves. • Categorized under Animals,Nature | Difference Between Dog and Coyote. DOGS VS WOLVES AND COYOTE Wolves and coyotes both Canids share many common dog-like appearances, but they differ in a number of ways. Coyote tracks compared to that of the Domestic dog's tracks. The coyote has practiced all its life on this stuff. As mentioned, their ears are also very long compared to a similar size dog. They … Coyotes are fond of howling, particularly at twilight. On a dog's front leg, moving up from the foot, the first joint corresponds to the human wrist. dog vs coyote real fight. July 23, 2018 < http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-dog-and-coyote/ >. You can also find black on their ears, along with a white-tipped tail and a more dog-like face when compared to the gray fox. A typical domestic dog is the German shepherd, and this breed of dog has the closest resemblance to a coyote. Most dogs are kept as domestic dogs, either as pets, or for security purposes, as guard animals to ward off or sniff for threats. Other reasons for a coyote attack: Other reasons (besides food) that a coyote may attack a dog is because it's sick and rabid, it's protecting its territory, it's driving your dog away from its pack, and they don't like strangers (I don't know you, so I'm going to scare you away). For comparison, pictured below is a coyote footprints (on the left) next to a domestic dog track (on the right). They also are much taller than a fox. A coyote's \"elbow\" lies below the line of its sternum, and a dog's \"elbow\" is higher than its sternum. Submit. Many clues differentiate the domestic dogs track from a wild coyote track. Both coyotes and dogs belong to the dog family, but while dogs and coyotes are quite different animals, they share some interesting characteristics, like behavior and appearance. If a coyote and a wolf ever meet then there are high chances that a wolf will win due to its aggressive nature and its size. The coyote on the left has a narrow snout and small nose pad, with large ears relative to its head size. Innocent dog (Gwenivere) trys to get a drink of water while coyote sneaks up behind her. They sometimes prey on pets, such as cats, because they can’t differentiate them from their natural prey. Coyotes also feed themselves by eating vegetations hence are less dangerous when compared to wolves. Coyotes mainly feed on small animals, like rabbits, shrews, voles and mice, and occasionally on birds, insects, berries and skunks. 3. In dogs the toes 1 and 4 sometimes seem to point to the side while the coyote's toes point to the front. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-fox-and-coyote Speaking of fencing, you should invest in one that’s solid, at least 6-feet tall, … What we are calling Canis oriens colonized northeastern North America 50-75 years ago and has been described in detail in Gerry Parker’s 1995 book, “Eastern Coyote: The Story of Its Success,” and my 2007 paperback, “Suburban Howls.” This animal averages 13.6-18.2 kg (30-40 lbs), with individual weights exceeding 22.7-25 kg(50-55 lb… Coyotes are also known by their scientific name ‘Canis latrans’, which also means ‘barking dog’. Unlike coyotes, they are very versatile animals. Most dog breeds look different. Very short coats. Coyotes also have shorter tails (and more bushy tails) than foxes. Dogs are known scientifically as ‘Canis lupus familiaris’. 1. If one coyote hears the howl of another, or indeed a similar noise, it will prick it’s ears up in the air, as if to acknowledge hearing the sound, and will often howl back in reply. Remember that coyotes are wild animals. \"Difference Between Dog and Coyote.\" Coyote have more elongated tracks than dogs. But a lot of dog breeds do actually have a lot of size overlap with wild canines like coyotes, wolves or foxes. Generally speaking, wolves weigh from 60 to 120 pounds and are much larger and longer than coyotes which only weigh 20 to 50 pounds. Coyotes are lighter and smaller than Wolf. Nowak compared the orbital angles of four North American canines (including the Indian dog) and produced the following values in degrees: coyote-42.8, wolf-42.8, dog-52.9 dire wolf-53.1. The chest of the dog is deeper and seems to be more homely, which gives them a friendlier appearance as compared to the coyote. Coyotes look like dogs, from the shape and size of their snouts to the thickness of the neck and body. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Coyotes look sleeker than dogs, with a more pointed muzzle and flatter forehead. Download Living with Urban Coyotes. They can live in wild areas as well as near populated, urban areas where they feed on poultry. The coyote always seems to have sharp pointy nails while the dog is often blunter and rounder nails. They are also used for hunting, companionship and herding. Coyotes also have tracks that are more elongated than those of dogs, but because there are big variances in the size of a dog’s tracks, it may sometimes be hard to tell the difference. Please note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. • Coyote is a wild animal while the dog is a domesticated animal. Their muzzles are also more pointed as compared to dogs.\n</text>\n",
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27 finalists, competing across 8 categories
Celebrating those who’ve made a real measurable ‘impact beyond investment’
Now in its ninth year, the Growth Investor Award winners will be revealed at a gala dinner on November 23
Intelligent Partnership, the UK’s leading provider of education and insight on alternative investments, is proud to announce the second set of finalists for the 2023 Growth Investor Awards – the celebration of the growth investor community that gives so much support to the UK’s SMEs and Startups.
The aim this year was to be bigger, and better, than previous years, with more categories, and chances to be recognised, than ever before. Our ‘Impact & Innovation’ categories are always competitive but this year, with 27 finalists across 8 categories, it promises to be a real challenge for the judges to make their final decisions.
The finalists are as follows…
INNOVATION & EXCELLENCE
BEST INVESTOR RETURN
BEST NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE
Sponsored by Mainspring Fund Services
EXIT OF THE YEAR
TEAM OF THE YEAR
- Albion Capital
- Gresham House Ventures
- One Planet Capital
- Praetura Investments
- TIME Investments
GROWTH INVESTOR OF THE YEAR
IMPACT & SUSTAINABILITY
ESG CHAMPION OF THE YEAR
MOST IMPACTFUL INVESTMENT
MOST IMPACTFUL REGIONAL INVESTMENT
- Foresight Group
- Deepbridge for GenoMe Diagnostics
- Deepbridge for Microplate DX
- Par Equity
- Praetura Investments
The Growth Investor Awards 2023
Reflecting how far the industry has come in recent years, the Growth Investor Awards are bigger than ever this year. With 26 categories, and more than 75 opportunities to win an accolade. The awards will be celebrated with a gala dinner at the prestigious London Hilton Park Lane, on the evening of November 23rd.
Commenting on the Growth Investor Awards ’23, Guy Tolhurst, Managing Director of Intelligent Partnership, said:
“Once again, our finalists have raised the bar for the growth investment community. We’re always so impressed by the vital work our finalists do to support fastest-growing UK SMEs and startups. Our categories are always competitive, but this year has exceeded all expectations.”
Award submissions will now move to a second round of judging from an independent panel of judges. All scores are collated to determine the winners, runners-up and ones to watch.
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27 finalists, competing across 8 categories
Celebrating those who’ve made a real measurable ‘impact beyond investment’
Now in its ninth year, the Growth Investor Award winners will be revealed at a gala dinner on November 23
Intelligent Partnership, the UK’s leading provider of education and insight on alternative investments, is proud to announce the second set of finalists for the 2023 Growth Investor Awards – the celebration of the growth investor community that gives so much support to the UK’s SMEs and Startups.
The aim this year was to be bigger, and better, than previous years, with more categories, and chances to be recognised, than ever before. Our ‘Impact & Innovation’ categories are always competitive but this year, with 27 finalists across 8 categories, it promises to be a real challenge for the judges to make their final decisions.
The finalists are as follows…
INNOVATION & EXCELLENCE
BEST INVESTOR RETURN
BEST NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE
Sponsored by Mainspring Fund Services
EXIT OF THE YEAR
TEAM OF THE YEAR
- Albion Capital
- Gresham House Ventures
- One Planet Capital
- Praetura Investments
- TIME Investments
GROWTH INVESTOR OF THE YEAR
IMPACT & SUSTAINABILITY
ESG CHAMPION OF THE YEAR
MOST IMPACTFUL INVESTMENT
MOST IMPACTFUL REGIONAL INVESTMENT
- Foresight Group
- Deepbridge for GenoMe Diagnostics
- Deepbridge for Microplate DX
- Par Equity
- Praetura Investments
The Growth Investor Awards 2023
Reflecting how far the industry has come in recent years, the Growth Investor Awards are bigger than ever this year. With 26 categories, and more than 75 opportunities to win an accolade. The awards will be celebrated with a gala dinner at the prestigious London Hilton Park Lane, on the evening of November 23rd.
Commenting on the Growth Investor Awards ’23, Guy Tolhurst, Managing Director of Intelligent Partnership, said:
“Once again, our finalists have raised the bar for the growth investment community. We’re always so impressed by the vital work our finalists do to support fastest-growing UK SMEs and startups. Our categories are always competitive, but t
|
his year has exceeded all expectations.
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https://growthinvestorawards.com/2023-finalists-announced-2/
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27 finalists, competing across 8 categories
Celebrating those who’ve made a real measurable ‘impact beyond investment’
Now in its ninth year, the Growth Investor Award winners will be revealed at a gala dinner on November 23
Intelligent Partnership, the UK’s leading provider of education and insight on alternative investments, is proud to announce the second set of finalists for the 2023 Growth Investor Awards – the celebration of the growth investor community that gives so much support to the UK’s SMEs and Startups.
The aim this year was to be bigger, and better, than previous years, with more categories, and chances to be recognised, than ever before. Our ‘Impact & Innovation’ categories are always competitive but this year, with 27 finalists across 8 categories, it promises to be a real challenge for the judges to make their final decisions.
The finalists are as follows…
INNOVATION & EXCELLENCE
BEST INVESTOR RETURN
BEST NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE
Sponsored by Mainspring Fund Services
EXIT OF THE YEAR
TEAM OF THE YEAR
- Albion Capital
- Gresham House Ventures
- One Planet Capital
- Praetura Investments
- TIME Investments
GROWTH INVESTOR OF THE YEAR
IMPACT & SUSTAINABILITY
ESG CHAMPION OF THE YEAR
MOST IMPACTFUL INVESTMENT
MOST IMPACTFUL REGIONAL INVESTMENT
- Foresight Group
- Deepbridge for GenoMe Diagnostics
- Deepbridge for Microplate DX
- Par Equity
- Praetura Investments
The Growth Investor Awards 2023
Reflecting how far the industry has come in recent years, the Growth Investor Awards are bigger than ever this year. With 26 categories, and more than 75 opportunities to win an accolade. The awards will be celebrated with a gala dinner at the prestigious London Hilton Park Lane, on the evening of November 23rd.
Commenting on the Growth Investor Awards ’23, Guy Tolhurst, Managing Director of Intelligent Partnership, said:
“Once again, our finalists have raised the bar for the growth investment community. We’re always so impressed by the vital work our finalists do to support fastest-growing UK SMEs and startups. Our categories are always competitive, but t<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://growthinvestorawards.com/2023-finalists-announced-2/\n</url>\n<text>\n27 finalists, competing across 8 categories\nCelebrating those who’ve made a real measurable ‘impact beyond investment’\nNow in its ninth year, the Growth Investor Award winners will be revealed at a gala dinner on November 23\nIntelligent Partnership, the UK’s leading provider of education and insight on alternative investments, is proud to announce the second set of finalists for the 2023 Growth Investor Awards – the celebration of the growth investor community that gives so much support to the UK’s SMEs and Startups.\nThe aim this year was to be bigger, and better, than previous years, with more categories, and chances to be recognised, than ever before. Our ‘Impact & Innovation’ categories are always competitive but this year, with 27 finalists across 8 categories, it promises to be a real challenge for the judges to make their final decisions.\nThe finalists are as follows…\nINNOVATION & EXCELLENCE\nBEST INVESTOR RETURN\nBEST NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE\nSponsored by Mainspring Fund Services\nEXIT OF THE YEAR\nTEAM OF THE YEAR\n- Albion Capital\n- Gresham House Ventures\n- One Planet Capital\n- Praetura Investments\n- TIME Investments\nGROWTH INVESTOR OF THE YEAR\nIMPACT & SUSTAINABILITY\nESG CHAMPION OF THE YEAR\nMOST IMPACTFUL INVESTMENT\nMOST IMPACTFUL REGIONAL INVESTMENT\n- Foresight Group\n- Deepbridge for GenoMe Diagnostics\n- Deepbridge for Microplate DX\n- Par Equity\n- Praetura Investments\nThe Growth Investor Awards 2023\nReflecting how far the industry has come in recent years, the Growth Investor Awards are bigger than ever this year. With 26 categories, and more than 75 opportunities to win an accolade. The awards will be celebrated with a gala dinner at the prestigious London Hilton Park Lane, on the evening of November 23rd.\nCommenting on the Growth Investor Awards ’23, Guy Tolhurst, Managing Director of Intelligent Partnership, said:\n“Once again, our finalists have raised the bar for the growth investment community. We’re always so impressed by the vital work our finalists do to support fastest-growing UK SMEs and startups. Our categories are always competitive, but t<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 5 Ver. II (May. 2016), PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org
Change Detection Analysis of Land use and Land cover In Kafanchan, Kaduna State
Musa 1 , J., Yunusa 2 ,M.B., Adamu 3 , M. ,Mohammed 4 , A.
1,2,3 Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 4 Ibrahim BadamosiBanbangidaUniversity, Lapai, Nigeria.
Abstract: This research involves the examination of how changes occurred on land use and land cover of Kafanchan within the period of two decades (1986 – 2014). The satellite imagery used was Landsat TM for the year 1986, 2000 and Landsat ETM+ for the year 2014. These imageries were separately classified in to various land uses. The result shows a rapid growth in built-up areas from 1986 to 2007. During these years , Vegetation cover has decreased seriously from 2641.85ha in 1986 to 1182.51ha in 2014 and bare surfaces also decreased from 1837.08ha in 2000 to 913.68ha in 2014. These changes came as a result of increase in human population and their corresponding diverse activities on land thereby modifying the environment negatively or positively through climate change, deforestation, and other form of development as observed by the researcher. Recommendation were made that Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment and Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.
I. Introduction
Background of the Study
Rapid growth in population andurbanization has induced numerous environmental problems. It has brought about changes in land use and environmental pattern which may impose either positive or negative effect on the land (Enger and Smith, 2006).
A large proportion of the world's land surface has been changed by the activities of man and his domesticated animals (cultivation, overgrazing, lumbering,mining,construction), but in our modern world, significant amount has been covered with buildings, streets,highways and other products of the society (Abaje, 2007). Over a period of time, changing population and commercial activities often necessitate demand for land and change in land use plan. As human population increase so also does the activity of man in the environment for survival.
With the shift of man's activities from hunting to farming of food crops and husbandry, the face of the earth has changed, with destruction of delicate balances and interplays of nature.Farming led to the creation of settlements and consequently, urbanization. With the advent of new technologies over the years, man has tried to make life more conducive for himself; these pursuits for a better life came at a great cost with forest being cleared, grasslands ploughed, dams built and cities constructed.
World over, population growth has brought about changes in the status of settlements. Villages are becoming towns, towns are becoming cities and cities are fast changing into mega cities. This change is known as the concept of urbanization. Urbanization is a complex process of change of lifestyle from rural to urban ones.It can be defined as the changes that occur in the territorial and socio-economic progress of an area including the general transformation of land use categories from being non-developed to being developed (Weber, 2011).
Environment planning date back to when man began domesticating animals and propagating crops with the advent of industrial revolution in the 18 th century came an increase in world population due to improved health facilities which reduced death rate, thus giving way for increasing birth rate and advancement in science and technology which enabled man to make machines which explore and exploit his immediate natural environment for the production of commodity which improves his livelihood. These factors lead to an increase in pressure of the environment leading to environmental deterioration. This has necessitated the concept of environmental awareness which brought about a new field of study known as environmental science, focusing on proper environmental management. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) falls under this field of study and these aids quantitative and literature analysis of spatial data. Remote sensing is a technique or an act of capturing the pictures of an object without the sensor coming in contact with the object.
The land use and land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio – economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use and land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands
DOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
for basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population (Zubair, 2006).
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use and land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world's forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority (Zubair, 2006).
Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of man's activities on his natural resource base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earth's features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change (Zubair, 2006).
Remotely sensed data are capable of only measuring energy reflected off, emitted from physical substances from a distance (Ridd,1995) while Geographic Information System (GIS) refers to a system of software and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems (Rhind,1989). Hence geographical Information refers to any data which relates to specific location on the earth surface. It includes data on natural resources, land use, utility distribution, urban structure, pollutants and waste disposal etc. merging these two technologies has resulted in a great increase in information about man and his environment for any kind of user (Jeffrey et al., 1984).
The combination of remote sensing and GIS technique can provide spatially consistent and detailed information about urban service structure, permitting more accurate representation and understanding of urban growth process (Deng et al., 2009). They have been recognized as powerful and effective tools for detecting the spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape changes of various scales (Geri, Amici and Rocchini, 2010; Serra, Pons and Sauri, 2008).
Remote sensing and GIS tools will therefore be used to analyze the urban expansion of kafanchan area of Kaduna state and its effect on landuse and landcover.
Objectives
i. Identify various landuse and landcover types existing within the period of 1986 to 2014.
ii. Examine the trend, nature and magnitude of landuse and landcover change that has occurred in the study area within the period of 1986 to 2014.
II. Study Area
Location
Kafanchan is located in Jama'a Local Government Area of Kaduna State; it is a town in southern Kaduna in North-Central Nigeria and also the headquarters of Jama'a Local Government. It has a geographical coordinate between latitude 9 o 33 ' 30"to 9 o 36 ' 30"North and longitude 8 o 16 ' 0" to 8 o 20 ' 0"East with an elevation of 739km (2,425 feet) and a time zone of WAT (UTC+1). It is the junction station of the Nigerian railway cooperation and it sits on the line connecting port-Harcourt, Enugu, Kuru, Bauchi and Maiduguri. It is bounded by Sabo to the northeast, UngwanMadaki to the north, Kwarabe to the southeast and Gigira to the southeast. Kafanchan is dominated by the kanikon people known as the nikyop and the minor fantsuam. (en.wikipedia.org\wiki.kafanchan).
Source: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State
Source: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State
III. Research Methodology
Field Work
The field work includes the following:Reconnaissance survey to get a general idea of the area features and accessibility, Checking sample points and checking unresolved cases; after checking the polygons they were designed in appropriate classification code.
Secondary data
The secondary sources of data used in this research were satellite imagery of the study area, relevant texts and material of remote sensing in journals andtextbooks. Land use and land cover classification were done. This includes designing land use and land cover classification scheme based on the available data source, defining the different land use and land cover classes. Satellite imageries of 1986, 2000 and 2014 were acquired and were used to set the minimum delineation unit for classifying the different land use and land cover.
Method of Data Analysis
Three main methods of data analysis adopted to identify changes in land use types in this study are:
- Calculation of the area in hectares and percentage of the resulting land use and land cover types for each study year and subsequent comparing of the results.
- Marcov chain analysis and cellular Automate for predicting change.
- Maximum likelihood classification.
The comparism of the land use and land cover statistics assists in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of changes between 1986, 2000 and 2014.
In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and percentage change for each year (1986, 2000 and 2014) measuring against each land use and land cover types, percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing the observed change by the sum of the change and multiply by 100.
(Trend) Percentage Change= 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑥 100
In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of the study year (1986, 2000 and 2014) which is ten (14) years interval.
Going by the Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata, Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when change and processes in the landscape are difficult to be described. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of immediately preceding state. Markov Chain Analysis will describe land use changes form one period to another and use this as a basis to project future change. This is achieve by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which show the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later time. The transition probability may be accurate on per category basis but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrence within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata, Markov use the output from the Markov chain analysis particularly transition area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time. In essence the cellular automata will develop, especially explicit weighting more heaving area that proximate to existing land use classes and not wholly random.
Overlay operation will help to identify the actual location and magnitude of change, although it will be limited to built-up land been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1986 has been taken over by building. These changes are show on the map.The last method of analysis which is the maximum likelihood classification is the most advance classifier but it requires a considerable amount of computation time. As computer has become faster and powerful, maximum likelihood is now the most widely use. It takes into account the average digital number valves of the training areas. The variance used to estimate the probability of membership for a certain land cover class. Maximum likelihood classifier is very powerful and it is sensitive to the quality of an area. The likelihood probability is compared based on the assumption that the training data have a multivariate, normal or Gaussian frequency distribution.
IV. Results And Discussion
Results from Satellite Imagery
Land use and land cover changes of Kafanchan in 1986
Figure 3 shows the land use and land cover map of Kafanchan in 1986 and is classified into four (4) land use and land cover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.
Source: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos (2014)
Table 1: Land use distribution of Kafanchan for 1986
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 1 shows that built-up area occupied 23.4% (1094.85 ha) of the total land area for the study year. Vegetation had the highest percentage occupying 56.5% (2641.23 ha) of the total land area. This could largely be attributed that the major activities that took place in Kafanchan as of then was farming and forestry. It would also be observed that bare surface occupied 16.0% (748.8, ha) and lastly water body occupied 4.1% (192.6, ha).
Landuse and landcover changes of Kafanchan in 2000
Figure 4 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 1998 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.
Source: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos. 2014
Table 2: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2000
Source: Field Work 2014
Table 2 showed that built-up area rose substantially from 23.4% - 31.4%, occupying 1467.63 hectares of the total land area. This could be attributed to more migrants trooping into the town to engage in differentactivities (primary and secondary). A practical example of this activities include the aquamarine (Koranda) mining in Nisama and other neighboring villages of Jama'a local government and the location of Kafanchan as a Junction station of the Nigerian Railway Corporation. Vegetation drastically reduced from 56.5%-15.6%. This could be said to be due to higher demand of fuel wood by inhabitant and/or clearance for other uses.
Bare surface for the study year increased significantly from 16.0%-39.3%. This could be said that the Landsat imagery of 2000 for the study area was taken in the dry (harvest) season, when the land surface is stripped of vegetation. The percentage for water body rose from 4.1%-13.7%.
Landuse and Landcover Changes of Kafanchan in 2014
Figure 5 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 2014 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, baresurface and water body.
Table 3: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2014
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 3 showed that built-up area occupied the highest proportion of the total land area for the study area. It occupied 44.28% (2062.75 ha). This is an evident of urban expansion and other product of society (High-ways, road construction). Vegetation drastically increased from 15.6%-25.3%. This could be due to afforestation of the forest/reserve areas.
It should be noted that both natural and artificial (forest and cultivated land) vegetation are grouped under one class. This is strictly because of lower resolution of the imageries which could not be properly viewed for the classification. Bare surface reduced from 39.3% - 19.5%. This could be attributed to competition for space for other uses; and as a result of mass buildings erupting in the town to support the ever increasing population. Water body which was 13.7% dropped to 11.0%.
Changes between the Periods of 1986-2014
Change in this study refers to the expansion and contraction of the various land use types. The changes focused more on Built-up area; change detection map was produce to detect the changes that occur between 1986 to 1998 and 2000 to 2014. Figure 6 shows change detection map of 1986 to 2000 and figure 4.3 shows change detection map of 2000 to 2014.
Source:Field Work, 2014
Thus the changes become easy and direct. The amount of change was calculated and represented with a chart in figure 6, Built-up area recorded the highest amount of change from 2000 to 2014. Other classes reduced.
This indicates that urban development in terms of increase in the built up areas has seriously affected natural resource, vegetation decreases as a result of human activities. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of vegetation was cleared. These changes are shown on the map.
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 4: Landuse Change Detection
Figure 4.6:
Source: Field Work, 2014
Land Use Changes of Kafanchan (1986-2014)
Source: Field Work, 2014
Thus the analysis of change becomes easy and direct. The amount change was calculated and represented with a chart. From the tables Vegetation and Built-up recorded the highest amount of change, Vegetation decrease seriously from 56.5% in 1986 to 25.3% in 2014, Bared surface drastically decrease from 39.3 in 2000 to 19.5 in 2014.
This indicates that landuse and landcover changes in urban development in terms of increase in the settlement and individual buildings. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1998 has been taken over by buildings. These changes are shown on the map.
Clustered area land which depicts unplanned residential land with structures erected haphazardly recorded a percentage increase. This area is characterized by numerous footpath and minor routes all over the place, with poor social amenities and poor waste disposal.
V. Discussion Of Results
Due to the fact that the satellite imageries used were of different years slight problems were encountered. The scale of the 1986 and 1998 Landsat Imagery were of a better resolution than the 2007. The landuse categories that were mapped out were more generalized than that of 2007. Road were too small to be mapped out or were not identified on the Image. So it is difficult to say exactly how much of such changes occurred within the study area. In other words due to the difference in scale, errors are likely to arise on the landuse change map. Errors may have also come from the technique used in calculating the area coverage for each landuse category. However, the landuse map produced provides adequate information of the general landuse of the area as well as gives an idea of the rate of development.
Kafanchan which was once very sparsely populated and considered as rural has changed significantly. As mentioned earlier, this is basically due to the general increase in population. There is likely going to be crowdedness brought by compactness in Kafanchan come the near future. This situation will have negative implications in the area because of the associated problems of crowdedness like crime and easy spread of diseases. It is therefore suggested that encouragement should be given to people to build towards the outskirts through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that are available at the city center in these areas. Indeed, between the period of 1986 and 1998, there has been a reduction in the spatial expansion of Kafanchan compared to the period of 2007. There is a possibility of continual reduction in this state over the next few years. This may therefore suggest that the city has reduced in producing functions that attracted migration into the area. Indeed, there have been many defunct industries within this period. Vegetation has been steady in reduction between 1998 and 2007 and in deed; this may likely be the trend in the future. It will be in the good of the State and indeed, the Nation as a whole if the moderate reduction in bare surface land observed in-between 1986 and 2007 which is also projected in the future is upheld. Also, land absorption coefficient being a measure of consumption of new possible changes by each unit increase in urban population which was high between 1986 and 1998, reduced between 1998 and 2007. This therefore observes that the rate at which new lands are acquired for development is low. This may also be the trend in future as there seems to be concentration of development at the city center rather than expanding towards the outskirts. This may be as a result of people's reluctance to move away from the center of activities to the outskirts of the city.
VI. Conclusion And Recommendations
Conclusion
The use of satellite imagery has made the mapping of land cover much more practical. Currently, it is possible to look at land cover from global to local scale.In the analysis of this study, it shows that significant changes have occurred in Kafanchan over the past 21 years (1986-2007).
DOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Recommendations
Based on the findings in this study, the following recommendations are made:
1. Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment.
2. Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.
References
[1]. Abaje, I. B. (2007).Introduction to soils and vegetation Kafanchan.PersonalTouchProduction.
[2]. Beeri, O, Phillips, R. & Hendrickson, J. (2007) Estimating forage quantity and quality using aerial hyperspectral imagery for northern mixed-grass prairie. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007; 110:216-25. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013
[3]. Breckle, S.W. (2002).Walter's Vegetation of the Earth. New York: Springer Publishing, 2002 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation. Retrieved 15/05/2013
[4]. Briassoulis, H. (2000). Analysis of Landuse change: Theoretical and modelling approaches.The Web book of Regional Science. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University.
[5]. Burrough, A.P. (1998) Principles of GIS, Oxford University press UK
[6]. Curan, P.J. (1985). Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman group Ltd, England.
[7]. Debashis, C. & Rabi, N. S. (2007) Fundamental of Geographic Information System.New Delhi VinodVasihtha.
[8]. Dele, A. Peters, A. D and Sotunwa, O. (1990); Man's Impact on the Environment.Journal on Environmental Planning, Vol. 1 No. 2 Pp 9-11.
[9].
Enger& Smith (2006), Environmental Science, New York McGraw-Hill
[10]. Fabiyi, O.O. (2007). 'Analysis of change- agents in urban land use transition; example from Ibadan city, Nigeria‟.Journal of Environmental Cultures, 4(2): 23-43.
[11]. Goldewijk, K.K&Ramankutty, N. (2004) Land Cover Change over the Last Three Centuries Due to Human Activities: The Availability of the New Global Data Sets. GeoJournal, 61: 335-344.
[12]. Ishaya, Ifatimehin .O.O&Okafor(2008).Analysis of changing landuse and its impact on the environment in Ayigba town, Nigeria.Journal of sustainable development in Africa, Vol. 10, no 4 pages 357-363.
[13]. Jeffery L.D (1984). Geographic Information System as a tool for environmental Management,http://www.gisdevt.net
[14]. Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.L. & Helmut, J. (2001).The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Glob Environ Chang 2001; 11:261-9. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013
[15]. Manta, R.Borah, J. & Bora, J.(2012). Urbanization and growth of small towns in Assam ,India.
[16]. NASA (1999) EOS Science Plan: The State of Science in the EOS program.Washington, DC, 397pp.
[17]. Rahman, R.M. (2009) Urban spatial growth of Khulna city. Wikipedia encyclopedia
[18]. Ridd, M & Liu, J. ( 1998). A comparism of four algorithms for change detection in an urban environment. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.63, pp 95-100
[19]. Swinnen, E. &Lanbin, E.F. (2003): Analysing trends in Land Cover Change with long Time Series of AVHRR and SPOT Vegetation Data, http://www.nerclimteunibe.ch
[20]. Syed, M. &Abdullahi, A. (2002).Analysis and estimation of deforestation using satellite imagery.Science, 232:520-530
[21]. Turner, B.L 2002. Toward integrated land change science: Advances in 1.5 decades of sustained International Research on Land use and Land cover. In: Erika L' Eric F, et al.,(Eds) . asynthesis of information on rapid Land cover change for the period 1981-2000. Bioscience, 2005. Vol. 55 pp.115-124
[22]. Weber, C (2001). Remote Sensing data used for urban agglomeration delimitation. In J.P. Donney, M.J. Barnsley&P.ALongley(Eds). Remote Sensing and urban analysis pp.155-167
[23]. Zubair, A.O. (2006). Change Detection in Land Use and Land Cover Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS (A Case Study of Ilorin and Its Environs in Kwara State). An Unpublished M.Sc. Project Submitted to the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan
DOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
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e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 5 Ver. II (May. 2016), PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org
Change Detection Analysis of Land use and Land cover In Kafanchan, Kaduna State
Musa 1 , J., Yunusa 2 ,M.B., Adamu 3 , M. ,Mohammed 4 , A.
1,2,3 Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 4 Ibrahim BadamosiBanbangidaUniversity, Lapai, Nigeria.
Abstract: This research involves the examination of how changes occurred on land use and land cover of Kafanchan within the period of two decades (1986 – 2014). The satellite imagery used was Landsat TM for the year 1986, 2000 and Landsat ETM+ for the year 2014. These imageries were separately classified in to various land uses. The result shows a rapid growth in built-up areas from 1986 to 2007. During these years , Vegetation cover has decreased seriously from 2641.85ha in 1986 to 1182.51ha in 2014 and bare surfaces also decreased from 1837.08ha in 2000 to 913.68ha in 2014. These changes came as a result of increase in human population and their corresponding diverse activities on land thereby modifying the environment negatively or positively through climate change, deforestation, and other form of development as observed by the researcher. Recommendation were made that Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment and Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.
I. Introduction
Background of the Study
Rapid growth in population andurbanization has induced numerous environmental problems. It has brought about changes in land use and environmental pattern which may impose either positive or negative effect on the land (Enger and Smith, 2006).
A large proportion of the world's land surface has been changed by the activities of man and his domesticated animals (cultivation, overgrazing, lumbering,mining,construction), but in our modern world, significant amount has been covered with buildings, streets,highways and other products of the society (Abaje, 2007). Over a period of time, changing population and commercial activities often necessitate demand for land and change in land use plan. As human population increase so also does the activity of man in the environment for survival.
With the shift of man's activities from hunting to farming of food crops and husbandry, the face of the earth has changed, with destruction of delicate balances and interplays of nature.Farming led to the creation of settlements and consequently, urbanization. With the advent of new technologies over the years, man has tried to make life more conducive for himself; these pursuits for a better life came at a great cost with forest being cleared, grasslands ploughed, dams built and cities constructed.
World over, population growth has brought about changes in the status of settlements. Villages are becoming towns, towns are becoming cities and cities are fast changing into mega cities. This change is known as the concept of urbanization. Urbanization is a complex process of change of lifestyle from rural to urban ones.It can be defined as the changes that occur in the territorial and socio-economic progress of an area including the general transformation of land use categories from being non-developed to being developed (Weber, 2011).
Environment planning date back to when man began domesticating animals and propagating crops with the advent of industrial revolution in the 18 th century came an increase in world population due to improved health facilities which reduced death rate, thus giving way for increasing birth rate and advancement in science and technology which enabled man to make machines which explore and exploit his immediate natural environment for the production of commodity which improves his livelihood. These factors lead to an increase in pressure of the environment leading to environmental deterioration. This has necessitated the concept of environmental awareness which brought about a new field of study known as environmental science, focusing on proper environmental management. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) falls under this field of study and these aids quantitative and literature analysis of spatial data. Remote sensing is a technique or an act of capturing the pictures of an object without the sensor coming in contact with the object.
The land use and land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio – economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use and land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands
DOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
for basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population (Zubair, 2006).
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use and land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world's forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority (Zubair, 2006).
Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of man's activities on his natural resource base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earth's features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change (Zubair, 2006).
Remotely sensed data are capable of only measuring energy reflected off, emitted from physical substances from a distance (Ridd,1995) while Geographic Information System (GIS) refers to a system of software and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems (Rhind,1989). Hence geographical Information refers to any data which relates to specific location on the earth surface. It includes data on natural resources, land use, utility distribution, urban structure, pollutants and waste disposal etc. merging these two technologies has resulted in a great increase in information about man and his environment for any kind of user (Jeffrey et al., 1984).
The combination of remote sensing and GIS technique can provide spatially consistent and detailed information about urban service structure, permitting more accurate representation and understanding of urban growth process (Deng et al., 2009). They have been recognized as powerful and effective tools for detecting the spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape changes of various scales (Geri, Amici and Rocchini, 2010; Serra, Pons and Sauri, 2008).
Remote sensing and GIS tools will therefore be used to analyze the urban expansion of kafanchan area of Kaduna state and its effect on landuse and landcover.
Objectives
i. Identify various landuse and landcover types existing within the period of 1986 to 2014.
ii. Examine the trend, nature and magnitude of landuse and landcover change that has occurred in the study area within the period of 1986 to 2014.
II. Study Area
Location
Kafanchan is located in Jama'a Local Government Area of Kaduna State; it is a town in southern Kaduna in North-Central Nigeria and also the headquarters of Jama'a Local Government. It has a geographical coordinate between latitude 9 o 33 ' 30"to 9 o 36 ' 30"North and longitude 8 o 16 ' 0" to 8 o 20 ' 0"East with an elevation of 739km (2,425 feet) and a time zone of WAT (UTC+1). It is the junction station of the Nigerian railway cooperation and it sits on the line connecting port-Harcourt, Enugu, Kuru, Bauchi and Maiduguri. It is bounded by Sabo to the northeast, UngwanMadaki to the north, Kwarabe to the southeast and Gigira to the southeast. Kafanchan is dominated by the kanikon people known as the nikyop and the minor fantsuam. (en.wikipedia.org\wiki.kafanchan).
Source: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State
Source: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State
III. Research Methodology
Field Work
The field work includes the following:Reconnaissance survey to get a general idea of the area features and accessibility, Checking sample points and checking unresolved cases; after checking the polygons they were designed in appropriate classification code.
Secondary data
The secondary sources of data used in this research were satellite imagery of the study area, relevant texts and material of remote sensing in journals andtextbooks. Land use and land cover classification were done. This includes designing land use and land cover classification scheme based on the available data source, defining the different land use and land cover classes. Satellite imageries of 1986, 2000 and 2014 were acquired and were used to set the minimum delineation unit for classifying the different land use and land cover.
Method of Data Analysis
Three main methods of data analysis adopted to identify changes in land use types in this study are:
- Calculation of the area in hectares and percentage of the resulting land use and land cover types for each study year and subsequent comparing of the results.
- Marcov chain analysis and cellular Automate for predicting change.
- Maximum likelihood classification.
The comparism of the land use and land cover statistics assists in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of changes between 1986, 2000 and 2014.
In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and percentage change for each year (1986, 2000 and 2014) measuring against each land use and land cover types, percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing the observed change by the sum of the change and multiply by 100.
(Trend) Percentage Change= 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑥 100
In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of the study year (1986, 2000 and 2014) which is ten (14) years interval.
Going by the Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata, Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when change and processes in the landscape are difficult to be described. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of immediately preceding state. Markov Chain Analysis will describe land use changes form one period to another and use this as a basis to project future change. This is achieve by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which show the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later time. The transition probability may be accurate on per category basis but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrence within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata, Markov use the output from the Markov chain analysis particularly transition area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time. In essence the cellular automata will develop, especially explicit weighting more heaving area that proximate to existing land use classes and not wholly random.
Overlay operation will help to identify the actual location and magnitude of change, although it will be limited to built-up land been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1986 has been taken over by building. These changes are show on the map.The last method of analysis which is the maximum likelihood classification is the most advance classifier but it requires a considerable amount of computation time. As computer has become faster and powerful, maximum likelihood is now the most widely use. It takes into account the average digital number valves of the training areas. The variance used to estimate the probability of membership for a certain land cover class. Maximum likelihood classifier is very powerful and it is sensitive to the quality of an area. The likelihood probability is compared based on the assumption that the training data have a multivariate, normal or Gaussian frequency distribution.
IV. Results And Discussion
Results from Satellite Imagery
Land use and land cover changes of Kafanchan in 1986
Figure 3 shows the land use and land cover map of Kafanchan in 1986 and is classified into four (4) land use and land cover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.
Source: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos (2014)
Table 1: Land use distribution of Kafanchan for 1986
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 1 shows that built-up area occupied 23.4% (1094.85 ha) of the total land area for the study year. Vegetation had the highest percentage occupying 56.5% (2641.23 ha) of the total land area. This could largely be attributed that the major activities that took place in Kafanchan as of then was farming and forestry. It would also be observed that bare surface occupied 16.0% (748.8, ha) and lastly water body occupied 4.1% (192.6, ha).
Landuse and landcover changes of Kafanchan in 2000
Figure 4 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 1998 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.
Source: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos. 2014
Table 2: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2000
Source: Field Work 2014
Table 2 showed that built-up area rose substantially from 23.4% - 31.4%, occupying 1467.63 hectares of the total land area. This could be attributed to more migrants trooping into the town to engage in differentactivities (primary and secondary). A practical example of this activities include the aquamarine (Koranda) mining in Nisama and other neighboring villages of Jama'a local government and the location of Kafanchan as a Junction station of the Nigerian Railway Corporation. Vegetation drastically reduced from 56.5%-15.6%. This could be said to be due to higher demand of fuel wood by inhabitant and/or clearance for other uses.
Bare surface for the study year increased significantly from 16.0%-39.3%. This could be said that the Landsat imagery of 2000 for the study area was taken in the dry (harvest) season, when the land surface is stripped of vegetation. The percentage for water body rose from 4.1%-13.7%.
Landuse and Landcover Changes of Kafanchan in 2014
Figure 5 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 2014 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, baresurface and water body.
Table 3: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2014
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 3 showed that built-up area occupied the highest proportion of the total land area for the study area. It occupied 44.28% (2062.75 ha). This is an evident of urban expansion and other product of society (High-ways, road construction). Vegetation drastically increased from 15.6%-25.3%. This could be due to afforestation of the forest/reserve areas.
It should be noted that both natural and artificial (forest and cultivated land) vegetation are grouped under one class. This is strictly because of lower resolution of the imageries which could not be properly viewed for the classification. Bare surface reduced from 39.3% - 19.5%. This could be attributed to competition for space for other uses; and as a result of mass buildings erupting in the town to support the ever increasing population. Water body which was 13.7% dropped to 11.0%.
Changes between the Periods of 1986-2014
Change in this study refers to the expansion and contraction of the various land use types. The changes focused more on Built-up area; change detection map was produce to detect the changes that occur between 1986 to 1998 and 2000 to 2014. Figure 6 shows change detection map of 1986 to 2000 and figure 4.3 shows change detection map of 2000 to 2014.
Source:Field Work, 2014
Thus the changes become easy and direct. The amount of change was calculated and represented with a chart in figure 6, Built-up area recorded the highest amount of change from 2000 to 2014. Other classes reduced.
This indicates that urban development in terms of increase in the built up areas has seriously affected natural resource, vegetation decreases as a result of human activities. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of vegetation was cleared. These changes are shown on the map.
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 4: Landuse Change Detection
Figure 4.6:
Source: Field Work, 2014
Land Use Changes of Kafanchan (1986-2014)
Source: Field Work, 2014
Thus the analysis of change becomes easy and direct. The amount change was calculated and represented with a chart. From the tables Vegetation and Built-up recorded the highest amount of change, Vegetation decrease seriously from 56.5% in 1986 to 25.3% in 2014, Bared surface drastically decrease from 39.3 in 2000 to 19.5 in 2014.
This indicates that landuse and landcover changes in urban development in terms of increase in the settlement and individual buildings. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1998 has been taken over by buildings. These changes are shown on the map.
Clustered area land which depicts unplanned residential land with structures erected haphazardly recorded a percentage increase. This area is characterized by numerous footpath and minor routes all over the place, with poor social amenities and poor waste disposal.
V. Discussion Of Results
Due to the fact that the satellite imageries used were of different years slight problems were encountered. The scale of the 1986 and 1998 Landsat Imagery were of a better resolution than the 2007. The landuse categories that were mapped out were more generalized than that of 2007. Roa
|
d were too small to be mapped out or were not identified on the Image.
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So it is difficult to say exactly how much of such changes occurred within the study area. In other words due to the difference in scale, errors are likely to arise on the landuse change map. Errors may have also come from the technique used in calculating the area coverage for each landuse category. However, the landuse map produced provides adequate information of the general landuse of the area as well as gives an idea of the rate of development.
Kafanchan which was once very sparsely populated and considered as rural has changed significantly. As mentioned earlier, this is basically due to the general increase in population. There is likely going to be crowdedness brought by compactness in Kafanchan come the near future. This situation will have negative implications in the area because of the associated problems of crowdedness like crime and easy spread of diseases. It is therefore suggested that encouragement should be given to people to build towards the outskirts through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that are available at the city center in these areas. Indeed, between the period of 1986 and 1998, there has been a reduction in the spatial expansion of Kafanchan compared to the period of 2007. There is a possibility of continual reduction in this state over the next few years. This may therefore suggest that the city has reduced in producing functions that attracted migration into the area. Indeed, there have been many defunct industries within this period. Vegetation has been steady in reduction between 1998 and 2007 and in deed; this may likely be the trend in the future. It will be in the good of the State and indeed, the Nation as a whole if the moderate reduction in bare surface land observed in-between 1986 and 2007 which is also projected in the future is upheld. Also, land absorption coefficient being a measure of consumption of new possible changes by each unit increase in urban population which was high between 1986 and 1998, reduced between 1998 and 2007. This therefore observes that the rate at which new lands are acquired for development is low. This may also be the trend in future as there seems to be concentration of development at the city center rather than expanding towards the outskirts. This may be as a result of people's reluctance to move away from the center of activities to the outskirts of the city.
VI. Conclusion And Recommendations
Conclusion
The use of satellite imagery has made the mapping of land cover much more practical. Currently, it is possible to look at land cover from global to local scale.In the analysis of this study, it shows that significant changes have occurred in Kafanchan over the past 21 years (1986-2007).
DOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Recommendations
Based on the findings in this study, the following recommendations are made:
1. Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment.
2. Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.
References
[1]. Abaje, I. B. (2007).Introduction to soils and vegetation Kafanchan.PersonalTouchProduction.
[2]. Beeri, O, Phillips, R. & Hendrickson, J. (2007) Estimating forage quantity and quality using aerial hyperspectral imagery for northern mixed-grass prairie. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007; 110:216-25. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013
[3]. Breckle, S.W. (2002).Walter's Vegetation of the Earth. New York: Springer Publishing, 2002 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation. Retrieved 15/05/2013
[4]. Briassoulis, H. (2000). Analysis of Landuse change: Theoretical and modelling approaches.The Web book of Regional Science. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University.
[5]. Burrough, A.P. (1998) Principles of GIS, Oxford University press UK
[6]. Curan, P.J. (1985). Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman group Ltd, England.
[7]. Debashis, C. & Rabi, N. S. (2007) Fundamental of Geographic Information System.New Delhi VinodVasihtha.
[8]. Dele, A. Peters, A. D and Sotunwa, O. (1990); Man's Impact on the Environment.Journal on Environmental Planning, Vol. 1 No. 2 Pp 9-11.
[9].
Enger& Smith (2006), Environmental Science, New York McGraw-Hill
[10]. Fabiyi, O.O. (2007). 'Analysis of change- agents in urban land use transition; example from Ibadan city, Nigeria‟.Journal of Environmental Cultures, 4(2): 23-43.
[11]. Goldewijk, K.K&Ramankutty, N. (2004) Land Cover Change over the Last Three Centuries Due to Human Activities: The Availability of the New Global Data Sets. GeoJournal, 61: 335-344.
[12]. Ishaya, Ifatimehin .O.O&Okafor(2008).Analysis of changing landuse and its impact on the environment in Ayigba town, Nigeria.Journal of sustainable development in Africa, Vol. 10, no 4 pages 357-363.
[13]. Jeffery L.D (1984). Geographic Information System as a tool for environmental Management,http://www.gisdevt.net
[14]. Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.L. & Helmut, J. (2001).The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Glob Environ Chang 2001; 11:261-9. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013
[15]. Manta, R.Borah, J. & Bora, J.(2012). Urbanization and growth of small towns in Assam ,India.
[16]. NASA (1999) EOS Science Plan: The State of Science in the EOS program.Washington, DC, 397pp.
[17]. Rahman, R.M. (2009) Urban spatial growth of Khulna city. Wikipedia encyclopedia
[18]. Ridd, M & Liu, J. ( 1998). A comparism of four algorithms for change detection in an urban environment. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.63, pp 95-100
[19]. Swinnen, E. &Lanbin, E.F. (2003): Analysing trends in Land Cover Change with long Time Series of AVHRR and SPOT Vegetation Data, http://www.nerclimteunibe.ch
[20]. Syed, M. &Abdullahi, A. (2002).Analysis and estimation of deforestation using satellite imagery.Science, 232:520-530
[21]. Turner, B.L 2002. Toward integrated land change science: Advances in 1.5 decades of sustained International Research on Land use and Land cover. In: Erika L' Eric F, et al.,(Eds) . asynthesis of information on rapid Land cover change for the period 1981-2000. Bioscience, 2005. Vol. 55 pp.115-124
[22]. Weber, C (2001). Remote Sensing data used for urban agglomeration delimitation. In J.P. Donney, M.J. Barnsley&P.ALongley(Eds). Remote Sensing and urban analysis pp.155-167
[23]. Zubair, A.O. (2006). Change Detection in Land Use and Land Cover Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS (A Case Study of Ilorin and Its Environs in Kwara State). An Unpublished M.Sc. Project Submitted to the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan
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e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 5 Ver. II (May. 2016), PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org
Change Detection Analysis of Land use and Land cover In Kafanchan, Kaduna State
Musa 1 , J., Yunusa 2 ,M.B., Adamu 3 , M. ,Mohammed 4 , A.
1,2,3 Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 4 Ibrahim BadamosiBanbangidaUniversity, Lapai, Nigeria.
Abstract: This research involves the examination of how changes occurred on land use and land cover of Kafanchan within the period of two decades (1986 – 2014). The satellite imagery used was Landsat TM for the year 1986, 2000 and Landsat ETM+ for the year 2014. These imageries were separately classified in to various land uses. The result shows a rapid growth in built-up areas from 1986 to 2007. During these years , Vegetation cover has decreased seriously from 2641.85ha in 1986 to 1182.51ha in 2014 and bare surfaces also decreased from 1837.08ha in 2000 to 913.68ha in 2014. These changes came as a result of increase in human population and their corresponding diverse activities on land thereby modifying the environment negatively or positively through climate change, deforestation, and other form of development as observed by the researcher. Recommendation were made that Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment and Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.
I. Introduction
Background of the Study
Rapid growth in population andurbanization has induced numerous environmental problems. It has brought about changes in land use and environmental pattern which may impose either positive or negative effect on the land (Enger and Smith, 2006).
A large proportion of the world's land surface has been changed by the activities of man and his domesticated animals (cultivation, overgrazing, lumbering,mining,construction), but in our modern world, significant amount has been covered with buildings, streets,highways and other products of the society (Abaje, 2007). Over a period of time, changing population and commercial activities often necessitate demand for land and change in land use plan. As human population increase so also does the activity of man in the environment for survival.
With the shift of man's activities from hunting to farming of food crops and husbandry, the face of the earth has changed, with destruction of delicate balances and interplays of nature.Farming led to the creation of settlements and consequently, urbanization. With the advent of new technologies over the years, man has tried to make life more conducive for himself; these pursuits for a better life came at a great cost with forest being cleared, grasslands ploughed, dams built and cities constructed.
World over, population growth has brought about changes in the status of settlements. Villages are becoming towns, towns are becoming cities and cities are fast changing into mega cities. This change is known as the concept of urbanization. Urbanization is a complex process of change of lifestyle from rural to urban ones.It can be defined as the changes that occur in the territorial and socio-economic progress of an area including the general transformation of land use categories from being non-developed to being developed (Weber, 2011).
Environment planning date back to when man began domesticating animals and propagating crops with the advent of industrial revolution in the 18 th century came an increase in world population due to improved health facilities which reduced death rate, thus giving way for increasing birth rate and advancement in science and technology which enabled man to make machines which explore and exploit his immediate natural environment for the production of commodity which improves his livelihood. These factors lead to an increase in pressure of the environment leading to environmental deterioration. This has necessitated the concept of environmental awareness which brought about a new field of study known as environmental science, focusing on proper environmental management. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) falls under this field of study and these aids quantitative and literature analysis of spatial data. Remote sensing is a technique or an act of capturing the pictures of an object without the sensor coming in contact with the object.
The land use and land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio – economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use and land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands
DOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
for basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population (Zubair, 2006).
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use and land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world's forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority (Zubair, 2006).
Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of man's activities on his natural resource base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earth's features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change (Zubair, 2006).
Remotely sensed data are capable of only measuring energy reflected off, emitted from physical substances from a distance (Ridd,1995) while Geographic Information System (GIS) refers to a system of software and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems (Rhind,1989). Hence geographical Information refers to any data which relates to specific location on the earth surface. It includes data on natural resources, land use, utility distribution, urban structure, pollutants and waste disposal etc. merging these two technologies has resulted in a great increase in information about man and his environment for any kind of user (Jeffrey et al., 1984).
The combination of remote sensing and GIS technique can provide spatially consistent and detailed information about urban service structure, permitting more accurate representation and understanding of urban growth process (Deng et al., 2009). They have been recognized as powerful and effective tools for detecting the spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape changes of various scales (Geri, Amici and Rocchini, 2010; Serra, Pons and Sauri, 2008).
Remote sensing and GIS tools will therefore be used to analyze the urban expansion of kafanchan area of Kaduna state and its effect on landuse and landcover.
Objectives
i. Identify various landuse and landcover types existing within the period of 1986 to 2014.
ii. Examine the trend, nature and magnitude of landuse and landcover change that has occurred in the study area within the period of 1986 to 2014.
II. Study Area
Location
Kafanchan is located in Jama'a Local Government Area of Kaduna State; it is a town in southern Kaduna in North-Central Nigeria and also the headquarters of Jama'a Local Government. It has a geographical coordinate between latitude 9 o 33 ' 30"to 9 o 36 ' 30"North and longitude 8 o 16 ' 0" to 8 o 20 ' 0"East with an elevation of 739km (2,425 feet) and a time zone of WAT (UTC+1). It is the junction station of the Nigerian railway cooperation and it sits on the line connecting port-Harcourt, Enugu, Kuru, Bauchi and Maiduguri. It is bounded by Sabo to the northeast, UngwanMadaki to the north, Kwarabe to the southeast and Gigira to the southeast. Kafanchan is dominated by the kanikon people known as the nikyop and the minor fantsuam. (en.wikipedia.org\wiki.kafanchan).
Source: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State
Source: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State
III. Research Methodology
Field Work
The field work includes the following:Reconnaissance survey to get a general idea of the area features and accessibility, Checking sample points and checking unresolved cases; after checking the polygons they were designed in appropriate classification code.
Secondary data
The secondary sources of data used in this research were satellite imagery of the study area, relevant texts and material of remote sensing in journals andtextbooks. Land use and land cover classification were done. This includes designing land use and land cover classification scheme based on the available data source, defining the different land use and land cover classes. Satellite imageries of 1986, 2000 and 2014 were acquired and were used to set the minimum delineation unit for classifying the different land use and land cover.
Method of Data Analysis
Three main methods of data analysis adopted to identify changes in land use types in this study are:
- Calculation of the area in hectares and percentage of the resulting land use and land cover types for each study year and subsequent comparing of the results.
- Marcov chain analysis and cellular Automate for predicting change.
- Maximum likelihood classification.
The comparism of the land use and land cover statistics assists in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of changes between 1986, 2000 and 2014.
In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and percentage change for each year (1986, 2000 and 2014) measuring against each land use and land cover types, percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing the observed change by the sum of the change and multiply by 100.
(Trend) Percentage Change= 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑥 100
In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of the study year (1986, 2000 and 2014) which is ten (14) years interval.
Going by the Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata, Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when change and processes in the landscape are difficult to be described. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of immediately preceding state. Markov Chain Analysis will describe land use changes form one period to another and use this as a basis to project future change. This is achieve by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which show the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later time. The transition probability may be accurate on per category basis but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrence within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata, Markov use the output from the Markov chain analysis particularly transition area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time. In essence the cellular automata will develop, especially explicit weighting more heaving area that proximate to existing land use classes and not wholly random.
Overlay operation will help to identify the actual location and magnitude of change, although it will be limited to built-up land been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1986 has been taken over by building. These changes are show on the map.The last method of analysis which is the maximum likelihood classification is the most advance classifier but it requires a considerable amount of computation time. As computer has become faster and powerful, maximum likelihood is now the most widely use. It takes into account the average digital number valves of the training areas. The variance used to estimate the probability of membership for a certain land cover class. Maximum likelihood classifier is very powerful and it is sensitive to the quality of an area. The likelihood probability is compared based on the assumption that the training data have a multivariate, normal or Gaussian frequency distribution.
IV. Results And Discussion
Results from Satellite Imagery
Land use and land cover changes of Kafanchan in 1986
Figure 3 shows the land use and land cover map of Kafanchan in 1986 and is classified into four (4) land use and land cover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.
Source: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos (2014)
Table 1: Land use distribution of Kafanchan for 1986
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 1 shows that built-up area occupied 23.4% (1094.85 ha) of the total land area for the study year. Vegetation had the highest percentage occupying 56.5% (2641.23 ha) of the total land area. This could largely be attributed that the major activities that took place in Kafanchan as of then was farming and forestry. It would also be observed that bare surface occupied 16.0% (748.8, ha) and lastly water body occupied 4.1% (192.6, ha).
Landuse and landcover changes of Kafanchan in 2000
Figure 4 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 1998 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.
Source: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos. 2014
Table 2: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2000
Source: Field Work 2014
Table 2 showed that built-up area rose substantially from 23.4% - 31.4%, occupying 1467.63 hectares of the total land area. This could be attributed to more migrants trooping into the town to engage in differentactivities (primary and secondary). A practical example of this activities include the aquamarine (Koranda) mining in Nisama and other neighboring villages of Jama'a local government and the location of Kafanchan as a Junction station of the Nigerian Railway Corporation. Vegetation drastically reduced from 56.5%-15.6%. This could be said to be due to higher demand of fuel wood by inhabitant and/or clearance for other uses.
Bare surface for the study year increased significantly from 16.0%-39.3%. This could be said that the Landsat imagery of 2000 for the study area was taken in the dry (harvest) season, when the land surface is stripped of vegetation. The percentage for water body rose from 4.1%-13.7%.
Landuse and Landcover Changes of Kafanchan in 2014
Figure 5 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 2014 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, baresurface and water body.
Table 3: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2014
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 3 showed that built-up area occupied the highest proportion of the total land area for the study area. It occupied 44.28% (2062.75 ha). This is an evident of urban expansion and other product of society (High-ways, road construction). Vegetation drastically increased from 15.6%-25.3%. This could be due to afforestation of the forest/reserve areas.
It should be noted that both natural and artificial (forest and cultivated land) vegetation are grouped under one class. This is strictly because of lower resolution of the imageries which could not be properly viewed for the classification. Bare surface reduced from 39.3% - 19.5%. This could be attributed to competition for space for other uses; and as a result of mass buildings erupting in the town to support the ever increasing population. Water body which was 13.7% dropped to 11.0%.
Changes between the Periods of 1986-2014
Change in this study refers to the expansion and contraction of the various land use types. The changes focused more on Built-up area; change detection map was produce to detect the changes that occur between 1986 to 1998 and 2000 to 2014. Figure 6 shows change detection map of 1986 to 2000 and figure 4.3 shows change detection map of 2000 to 2014.
Source:Field Work, 2014
Thus the changes become easy and direct. The amount of change was calculated and represented with a chart in figure 6, Built-up area recorded the highest amount of change from 2000 to 2014. Other classes reduced.
This indicates that urban development in terms of increase in the built up areas has seriously affected natural resource, vegetation decreases as a result of human activities. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of vegetation was cleared. These changes are shown on the map.
Source: Field Work, 2014
Table 4: Landuse Change Detection
Figure 4.6:
Source: Field Work, 2014
Land Use Changes of Kafanchan (1986-2014)
Source: Field Work, 2014
Thus the analysis of change becomes easy and direct. The amount change was calculated and represented with a chart. From the tables Vegetation and Built-up recorded the highest amount of change, Vegetation decrease seriously from 56.5% in 1986 to 25.3% in 2014, Bared surface drastically decrease from 39.3 in 2000 to 19.5 in 2014.
This indicates that landuse and landcover changes in urban development in terms of increase in the settlement and individual buildings. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1998 has been taken over by buildings. These changes are shown on the map.
Clustered area land which depicts unplanned residential land with structures erected haphazardly recorded a percentage increase. This area is characterized by numerous footpath and minor routes all over the place, with poor social amenities and poor waste disposal.
V. Discussion Of Results
Due to the fact that the satellite imageries used were of different years slight problems were encountered. The scale of the 1986 and 1998 Landsat Imagery were of a better resolution than the 2007. The landuse categories that were mapped out were more generalized than that of 2007. Roa<cursor_is_here> So it is difficult to say exactly how much of such changes occurred within the study area. In other words due to the difference in scale, errors are likely to arise on the landuse change map. Errors may have also come from the technique used in calculating the area coverage for each landuse category. However, the landuse map produced provides adequate information of the general landuse of the area as well as gives an idea of the rate of development.
Kafanchan which was once very sparsely populated and considered as rural has changed significantly. As mentioned earlier, this is basically due to the general increase in population. There is likely going to be crowdedness brought by compactness in Kafanchan come the near future. This situation will have negative implications in the area because of the associated problems of crowdedness like crime and easy spread of diseases. It is therefore suggested that encouragement should be given to people to build towards the outskirts through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that are available at the city center in these areas. Indeed, between the period of 1986 and 1998, there has been a reduction in the spatial expansion of Kafanchan compared to the period of 2007. There is a possibility of continual reduction in this state over the next few years. This may therefore suggest that the city has reduced in producing functions that attracted migration into the area. Indeed, there have been many defunct industries within this period. Vegetation has been steady in reduction between 1998 and 2007 and in deed; this may likely be the trend in the future. It will be in the good of the State and indeed, the Nation as a whole if the moderate reduction in bare surface land observed in-between 1986 and 2007 which is also projected in the future is upheld. Also, land absorption coefficient being a measure of consumption of new possible changes by each unit increase in urban population which was high between 1986 and 1998, reduced between 1998 and 2007. This therefore observes that the rate at which new lands are acquired for development is low. This may also be the trend in future as there seems to be concentration of development at the city center rather than expanding towards the outskirts. This may be as a result of people's reluctance to move away from the center of activities to the outskirts of the city.
VI. Conclusion And Recommendations
Conclusion
The use of satellite imagery has made the mapping of land cover much more practical. Currently, it is possible to look at land cover from global to local scale.In the analysis of this study, it shows that significant changes have occurred in Kafanchan over the past 21 years (1986-2007).
DOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Recommendations
Based on the findings in this study, the following recommendations are made:
1. Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment.
2. Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.
References
[1]. Abaje, I. B. (2007).Introduction to soils and vegetation Kafanchan.PersonalTouchProduction.
[2]. Beeri, O, Phillips, R. & Hendrickson, J. (2007) Estimating forage quantity and quality using aerial hyperspectral imagery for northern mixed-grass prairie. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007; 110:216-25. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013
[3]. Breckle, S.W. (2002).Walter's Vegetation of the Earth. New York: Springer Publishing, 2002 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation. Retrieved 15/05/2013
[4]. Briassoulis, H. (2000). Analysis of Landuse change: Theoretical and modelling approaches.The Web book of Regional Science. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University.
[5]. Burrough, A.P. (1998) Principles of GIS, Oxford University press UK
[6]. Curan, P.J. (1985). Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman group Ltd, England.
[7]. Debashis, C. & Rabi, N. S. (2007) Fundamental of Geographic Information System.New Delhi VinodVasihtha.
[8]. Dele, A. Peters, A. D and Sotunwa, O. (1990); Man's Impact on the Environment.Journal on Environmental Planning, Vol. 1 No. 2 Pp 9-11.
[9].
Enger& Smith (2006), Environmental Science, New York McGraw-Hill
[10]. Fabiyi, O.O. (2007). 'Analysis of change- agents in urban land use transition; example from Ibadan city, Nigeria‟.Journal of Environmental Cultures, 4(2): 23-43.
[11]. Goldewijk, K.K&Ramankutty, N. (2004) Land Cover Change over the Last Three Centuries Due to Human Activities: The Availability of the New Global Data Sets. GeoJournal, 61: 335-344.
[12]. Ishaya, Ifatimehin .O.O&Okafor(2008).Analysis of changing landuse and its impact on the environment in Ayigba town, Nigeria.Journal of sustainable development in Africa, Vol. 10, no 4 pages 357-363.
[13]. Jeffery L.D (1984). Geographic Information System as a tool for environmental Management,http://www.gisdevt.net
[14]. Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.L. & Helmut, J. (2001).The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Glob Environ Chang 2001; 11:261-9. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013
[15]. Manta, R.Borah, J. & Bora, J.(2012). Urbanization and growth of small towns in Assam ,India.
[16]. NASA (1999) EOS Science Plan: The State of Science in the EOS program.Washington, DC, 397pp.
[17]. Rahman, R.M. (2009) Urban spatial growth of Khulna city. Wikipedia encyclopedia
[18]. Ridd, M & Liu, J. ( 1998). A comparism of four algorithms for change detection in an urban environment. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.63, pp 95-100
[19]. Swinnen, E. &Lanbin, E.F. (2003): Analysing trends in Land Cover Change with long Time Series of AVHRR and SPOT Vegetation Data, http://www.nerclimteunibe.ch
[20]. Syed, M. &Abdullahi, A. (2002).Analysis and estimation of deforestation using satellite imagery.Science, 232:520-530
[21]. Turner, B.L 2002. Toward integrated land change science: Advances in 1.5 decades of sustained International Research on Land use and Land cover. In: Erika L' Eric F, et al.,(Eds) . asynthesis of information on rapid Land cover change for the period 1981-2000. Bioscience, 2005. Vol. 55 pp.115-124
[22]. Weber, C (2001). Remote Sensing data used for urban agglomeration delimitation. In J.P. Donney, M.J. Barnsley&P.ALongley(Eds). Remote Sensing and urban analysis pp.155-167
[23]. Zubair, A.O. (2006). Change Detection in Land Use and Land Cover Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS (A Case Study of Ilorin and Its Environs in Kwara State). An Unpublished M.Sc. Project Submitted to the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan
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{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jestft/papers/vol10-issue5/Version-2/A105020110.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\ne-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 5 Ver. II (May. 2016), PP 01-10\n\nwww.iosrjournals.org\n\nChange Detection Analysis of Land use and Land cover In Kafanchan, Kaduna State\n\nMusa 1 , J., Yunusa 2 ,M.B., Adamu 3 , M. ,Mohammed 4 , A.\n\n1,2,3 Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 4 Ibrahim BadamosiBanbangidaUniversity, Lapai, Nigeria.\n\nAbstract: This research involves the examination of how changes occurred on land use and land cover of Kafanchan within the period of two decades (1986 – 2014). The satellite imagery used was Landsat TM for the year 1986, 2000 and Landsat ETM+ for the year 2014. These imageries were separately classified in to various land uses. The result shows a rapid growth in built-up areas from 1986 to 2007. During these years , Vegetation cover has decreased seriously from 2641.85ha in 1986 to 1182.51ha in 2014 and bare surfaces also decreased from 1837.08ha in 2000 to 913.68ha in 2014. These changes came as a result of increase in human population and their corresponding diverse activities on land thereby modifying the environment negatively or positively through climate change, deforestation, and other form of development as observed by the researcher. Recommendation were made that Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment and Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.\n\nI. Introduction\n\nBackground of the Study\n\nRapid growth in population andurbanization has induced numerous environmental problems. It has brought about changes in land use and environmental pattern which may impose either positive or negative effect on the land (Enger and Smith, 2006).\n\nA large proportion of the world's land surface has been changed by the activities of man and his domesticated animals (cultivation, overgrazing, lumbering,mining,construction), but in our modern world, significant amount has been covered with buildings, streets,highways and other products of the society (Abaje, 2007). Over a period of time, changing population and commercial activities often necessitate demand for land and change in land use plan. As human population increase so also does the activity of man in the environment for survival.\n\nWith the shift of man's activities from hunting to farming of food crops and husbandry, the face of the earth has changed, with destruction of delicate balances and interplays of nature.Farming led to the creation of settlements and consequently, urbanization. With the advent of new technologies over the years, man has tried to make life more conducive for himself; these pursuits for a better life came at a great cost with forest being cleared, grasslands ploughed, dams built and cities constructed.\n\nWorld over, population growth has brought about changes in the status of settlements. Villages are becoming towns, towns are becoming cities and cities are fast changing into mega cities. This change is known as the concept of urbanization. Urbanization is a complex process of change of lifestyle from rural to urban ones.It can be defined as the changes that occur in the territorial and socio-economic progress of an area including the general transformation of land use categories from being non-developed to being developed (Weber, 2011).\n\nEnvironment planning date back to when man began domesticating animals and propagating crops with the advent of industrial revolution in the 18 th century came an increase in world population due to improved health facilities which reduced death rate, thus giving way for increasing birth rate and advancement in science and technology which enabled man to make machines which explore and exploit his immediate natural environment for the production of commodity which improves his livelihood. These factors lead to an increase in pressure of the environment leading to environmental deterioration. This has necessitated the concept of environmental awareness which brought about a new field of study known as environmental science, focusing on proper environmental management. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) falls under this field of study and these aids quantitative and literature analysis of spatial data. Remote sensing is a technique or an act of capturing the pictures of an object without the sensor coming in contact with the object.\n\nThe land use and land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio – economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use and land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands\n\nDOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page\n\nfor basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population (Zubair, 2006).\n\nLand use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use and land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world's forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority (Zubair, 2006).\n\nViewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of man's activities on his natural resource base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earth's features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change (Zubair, 2006).\n\nRemotely sensed data are capable of only measuring energy reflected off, emitted from physical substances from a distance (Ridd,1995) while Geographic Information System (GIS) refers to a system of software and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems (Rhind,1989). Hence geographical Information refers to any data which relates to specific location on the earth surface. It includes data on natural resources, land use, utility distribution, urban structure, pollutants and waste disposal etc. merging these two technologies has resulted in a great increase in information about man and his environment for any kind of user (Jeffrey et al., 1984).\n\nThe combination of remote sensing and GIS technique can provide spatially consistent and detailed information about urban service structure, permitting more accurate representation and understanding of urban growth process (Deng et al., 2009). They have been recognized as powerful and effective tools for detecting the spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape changes of various scales (Geri, Amici and Rocchini, 2010; Serra, Pons and Sauri, 2008).\n\nRemote sensing and GIS tools will therefore be used to analyze the urban expansion of kafanchan area of Kaduna state and its effect on landuse and landcover.\n\nObjectives\n\ni. Identify various landuse and landcover types existing within the period of 1986 to 2014.\nii. Examine the trend, nature and magnitude of landuse and landcover change that has occurred in the study area within the period of 1986 to 2014.\n\nII. Study Area\n\nLocation\n\nKafanchan is located in Jama'a Local Government Area of Kaduna State; it is a town in southern Kaduna in North-Central Nigeria and also the headquarters of Jama'a Local Government. It has a geographical coordinate between latitude 9 o 33 ' 30\"to 9 o 36 ' 30\"North and longitude 8 o 16 ' 0\" to 8 o 20 ' 0\"East with an elevation of 739km (2,425 feet) and a time zone of WAT (UTC+1). It is the junction station of the Nigerian railway cooperation and it sits on the line connecting port-Harcourt, Enugu, Kuru, Bauchi and Maiduguri. It is bounded by Sabo to the northeast, UngwanMadaki to the north, Kwarabe to the southeast and Gigira to the southeast. Kafanchan is dominated by the kanikon people known as the nikyop and the minor fantsuam. (en.wikipedia.org\\wiki.kafanchan).\n\nSource: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State\n\nSource: Kaduna State Ministry of Lands and Survey, Kaduna State\n\nIII. Research Methodology\n\nField Work\n\nThe field work includes the following:Reconnaissance survey to get a general idea of the area features and accessibility, Checking sample points and checking unresolved cases; after checking the polygons they were designed in appropriate classification code.\n\nSecondary data\n\nThe secondary sources of data used in this research were satellite imagery of the study area, relevant texts and material of remote sensing in journals andtextbooks. Land use and land cover classification were done. This includes designing land use and land cover classification scheme based on the available data source, defining the different land use and land cover classes. Satellite imageries of 1986, 2000 and 2014 were acquired and were used to set the minimum delineation unit for classifying the different land use and land cover.\n\nMethod of Data Analysis\n\nThree main methods of data analysis adopted to identify changes in land use types in this study are:\n\n- Calculation of the area in hectares and percentage of the resulting land use and land cover types for each study year and subsequent comparing of the results.\n- Marcov chain analysis and cellular Automate for predicting change.\n- Maximum likelihood classification.\n\nThe comparism of the land use and land cover statistics assists in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of changes between 1986, 2000 and 2014.\n\nIn achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and percentage change for each year (1986, 2000 and 2014) measuring against each land use and land cover types, percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing the observed change by the sum of the change and multiply by 100.\n\n(Trend) Percentage Change= 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑥 100\n\nIn obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of the study year (1986, 2000 and 2014) which is ten (14) years interval.\n\nGoing by the Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata, Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when change and processes in the landscape are difficult to be described. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of immediately preceding state. Markov Chain Analysis will describe land use changes form one period to another and use this as a basis to project future change. This is achieve by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which show the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later time. The transition probability may be accurate on per category basis but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrence within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata, Markov use the output from the Markov chain analysis particularly transition area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time. In essence the cellular automata will develop, especially explicit weighting more heaving area that proximate to existing land use classes and not wholly random.\n\nOverlay operation will help to identify the actual location and magnitude of change, although it will be limited to built-up land been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1986 has been taken over by building. These changes are show on the map.The last method of analysis which is the maximum likelihood classification is the most advance classifier but it requires a considerable amount of computation time. As computer has become faster and powerful, maximum likelihood is now the most widely use. It takes into account the average digital number valves of the training areas. The variance used to estimate the probability of membership for a certain land cover class. Maximum likelihood classifier is very powerful and it is sensitive to the quality of an area. The likelihood probability is compared based on the assumption that the training data have a multivariate, normal or Gaussian frequency distribution.\n\nIV. Results And Discussion\n\nResults from Satellite Imagery\n\nLand use and land cover changes of Kafanchan in 1986\n\nFigure 3 shows the land use and land cover map of Kafanchan in 1986 and is classified into four (4) land use and land cover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.\n\nSource: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos (2014)\n\nTable 1: Land use distribution of Kafanchan for 1986\n\nSource: Field Work, 2014\n\nTable 1 shows that built-up area occupied 23.4% (1094.85 ha) of the total land area for the study year. Vegetation had the highest percentage occupying 56.5% (2641.23 ha) of the total land area. This could largely be attributed that the major activities that took place in Kafanchan as of then was farming and forestry. It would also be observed that bare surface occupied 16.0% (748.8, ha) and lastly water body occupied 4.1% (192.6, ha).\n\nLanduse and landcover changes of Kafanchan in 2000\n\nFigure 4 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 1998 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, bared surface and water body.\n\nSource: National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos. 2014\n\nTable 2: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2000\n\nSource: Field Work 2014\n\nTable 2 showed that built-up area rose substantially from 23.4% - 31.4%, occupying 1467.63 hectares of the total land area. This could be attributed to more migrants trooping into the town to engage in differentactivities (primary and secondary). A practical example of this activities include the aquamarine (Koranda) mining in Nisama and other neighboring villages of Jama'a local government and the location of Kafanchan as a Junction station of the Nigerian Railway Corporation. Vegetation drastically reduced from 56.5%-15.6%. This could be said to be due to higher demand of fuel wood by inhabitant and/or clearance for other uses.\n\nBare surface for the study year increased significantly from 16.0%-39.3%. This could be said that the Landsat imagery of 2000 for the study area was taken in the dry (harvest) season, when the land surface is stripped of vegetation. The percentage for water body rose from 4.1%-13.7%.\n\nLanduse and Landcover Changes of Kafanchan in 2014\n\nFigure 5 shows the landuse and landcover map of Kafanchan in 2014 and is classified into four (4) landuse and landcover types. These are built-up area, vegetation, baresurface and water body.\n\nTable 3: Land Use Distribution of Kafanchan for 2014\n\nSource: Field Work, 2014\n\nTable 3 showed that built-up area occupied the highest proportion of the total land area for the study area. It occupied 44.28% (2062.75 ha). This is an evident of urban expansion and other product of society (High-ways, road construction). Vegetation drastically increased from 15.6%-25.3%. This could be due to afforestation of the forest/reserve areas.\n\nIt should be noted that both natural and artificial (forest and cultivated land) vegetation are grouped under one class. This is strictly because of lower resolution of the imageries which could not be properly viewed for the classification. Bare surface reduced from 39.3% - 19.5%. This could be attributed to competition for space for other uses; and as a result of mass buildings erupting in the town to support the ever increasing population. Water body which was 13.7% dropped to 11.0%.\n\nChanges between the Periods of 1986-2014\n\nChange in this study refers to the expansion and contraction of the various land use types. The changes focused more on Built-up area; change detection map was produce to detect the changes that occur between 1986 to 1998 and 2000 to 2014. Figure 6 shows change detection map of 1986 to 2000 and figure 4.3 shows change detection map of 2000 to 2014.\n\nSource:Field Work, 2014\n\nThus the changes become easy and direct. The amount of change was calculated and represented with a chart in figure 6, Built-up area recorded the highest amount of change from 2000 to 2014. Other classes reduced.\n\nThis indicates that urban development in terms of increase in the built up areas has seriously affected natural resource, vegetation decreases as a result of human activities. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of vegetation was cleared. These changes are shown on the map.\n\nSource: Field Work, 2014\n\nTable 4: Landuse Change Detection\n\nFigure 4.6:\n\nSource: Field Work, 2014\n\nLand Use Changes of Kafanchan (1986-2014)\n\nSource: Field Work, 2014\n\nThus the analysis of change becomes easy and direct. The amount change was calculated and represented with a chart. From the tables Vegetation and Built-up recorded the highest amount of change, Vegetation decrease seriously from 56.5% in 1986 to 25.3% in 2014, Bared surface drastically decrease from 39.3 in 2000 to 19.5 in 2014.\n\nThis indicates that landuse and landcover changes in urban development in terms of increase in the settlement and individual buildings. A lot of new buildings had been constructed as a result of this development. Considerable area of bare surface in 1998 has been taken over by buildings. These changes are shown on the map.\n\nClustered area land which depicts unplanned residential land with structures erected haphazardly recorded a percentage increase. This area is characterized by numerous footpath and minor routes all over the place, with poor social amenities and poor waste disposal.\n\nV. Discussion Of Results\n\nDue to the fact that the satellite imageries used were of different years slight problems were encountered. The scale of the 1986 and 1998 Landsat Imagery were of a better resolution than the 2007. The landuse categories that were mapped out were more generalized than that of 2007. Roa<cursor_is_here> So it is difficult to say exactly how much of such changes occurred within the study area. In other words due to the difference in scale, errors are likely to arise on the landuse change map. Errors may have also come from the technique used in calculating the area coverage for each landuse category. However, the landuse map produced provides adequate information of the general landuse of the area as well as gives an idea of the rate of development.\n\nKafanchan which was once very sparsely populated and considered as rural has changed significantly. As mentioned earlier, this is basically due to the general increase in population. There is likely going to be crowdedness brought by compactness in Kafanchan come the near future. This situation will have negative implications in the area because of the associated problems of crowdedness like crime and easy spread of diseases. It is therefore suggested that encouragement should be given to people to build towards the outskirts through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that are available at the city center in these areas. Indeed, between the period of 1986 and 1998, there has been a reduction in the spatial expansion of Kafanchan compared to the period of 2007. There is a possibility of continual reduction in this state over the next few years. This may therefore suggest that the city has reduced in producing functions that attracted migration into the area. Indeed, there have been many defunct industries within this period. Vegetation has been steady in reduction between 1998 and 2007 and in deed; this may likely be the trend in the future. It will be in the good of the State and indeed, the Nation as a whole if the moderate reduction in bare surface land observed in-between 1986 and 2007 which is also projected in the future is upheld. Also, land absorption coefficient being a measure of consumption of new possible changes by each unit increase in urban population which was high between 1986 and 1998, reduced between 1998 and 2007. This therefore observes that the rate at which new lands are acquired for development is low. This may also be the trend in future as there seems to be concentration of development at the city center rather than expanding towards the outskirts. This may be as a result of people's reluctance to move away from the center of activities to the outskirts of the city.\n\nVI. Conclusion And Recommendations\n\nConclusion\n\nThe use of satellite imagery has made the mapping of land cover much more practical. Currently, it is possible to look at land cover from global to local scale.In the analysis of this study, it shows that significant changes have occurred in Kafanchan over the past 21 years (1986-2007).\n\nDOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page\n\nRecommendations\n\nBased on the findings in this study, the following recommendations are made:\n\n1. Satellite imageries should be taken consistently with defined time interval to aid a closer and up to date monitoring of changes in the environment.\n2. Land use mapping should frequently be carried out to meet the rising need of planning.\n\nReferences\n\n[1]. Abaje, I. B. (2007).Introduction to soils and vegetation Kafanchan.PersonalTouchProduction.\n[2]. Beeri, O, Phillips, R. & Hendrickson, J. (2007) Estimating forage quantity and quality using aerial hyperspectral imagery for northern mixed-grass prairie. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007; 110:216-25. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013\n[3]. Breckle, S.W. (2002).Walter's Vegetation of the Earth. New York: Springer Publishing, 2002 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation. Retrieved 15/05/2013\n[4]. Briassoulis, H. (2000). Analysis of Landuse change: Theoretical and modelling approaches.The Web book of Regional Science. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University.\n[5]. Burrough, A.P. (1998) Principles of GIS, Oxford University press UK\n[6]. Curan, P.J. (1985). Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman group Ltd, England.\n[7]. Debashis, C. & Rabi, N. S. (2007) Fundamental of Geographic Information System.New Delhi VinodVasihtha.\n[8]. Dele, A. Peters, A. D and Sotunwa, O. (1990); Man's Impact on the Environment.Journal on Environmental Planning, Vol. 1 No. 2 Pp 9-11.\n\n[9].\n\nEnger& Smith (2006), Environmental Science, New York McGraw-Hill\n\n[10]. Fabiyi, O.O. (2007). 'Analysis of change- agents in urban land use transition; example from Ibadan city, Nigeria‟.Journal of Environmental Cultures, 4(2): 23-43.\n[11]. Goldewijk, K.K&Ramankutty, N. (2004) Land Cover Change over the Last Three Centuries Due to Human Activities: The Availability of the New Global Data Sets. GeoJournal, 61: 335-344.\n[12]. Ishaya, Ifatimehin .O.O&Okafor(2008).Analysis of changing landuse and its impact on the environment in Ayigba town, Nigeria.Journal of sustainable development in Africa, Vol. 10, no 4 pages 357-363.\n[13]. Jeffery L.D (1984). Geographic Information System as a tool for environmental Management,http://www.gisdevt.net\n[14]. Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.L. & Helmut, J. (2001).The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Glob Environ Chang 2001; 11:261-9. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/9.Retrieved 15/05/2013\n[15]. Manta, R.Borah, J. & Bora, J.(2012). Urbanization and growth of small towns in Assam ,India.\n[16]. NASA (1999) EOS Science Plan: The State of Science in the EOS program.Washington, DC, 397pp.\n[17]. Rahman, R.M. (2009) Urban spatial growth of Khulna city. Wikipedia encyclopedia\n[18]. Ridd, M & Liu, J. ( 1998). A comparism of four algorithms for change detection in an urban environment. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.63, pp 95-100\n[19]. Swinnen, E. &Lanbin, E.F. (2003): Analysing trends in Land Cover Change with long Time Series of AVHRR and SPOT Vegetation Data, http://www.nerclimteunibe.ch\n[20]. Syed, M. &Abdullahi, A. (2002).Analysis and estimation of deforestation using satellite imagery.Science, 232:520-530\n[21]. Turner, B.L 2002. Toward integrated land change science: Advances in 1.5 decades of sustained International Research on Land use and Land cover. In: Erika L' Eric F, et al.,(Eds) . asynthesis of information on rapid Land cover change for the period 1981-2000. Bioscience, 2005. Vol. 55 pp.115-124\n[22]. Weber, C (2001). Remote Sensing data used for urban agglomeration delimitation. In J.P. Donney, M.J. Barnsley&P.ALongley(Eds). Remote Sensing and urban analysis pp.155-167\n[23]. Zubair, A.O. (2006). Change Detection in Land Use and Land Cover Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS (A Case Study of Ilorin and Its Environs in Kwara State). An Unpublished M.Sc. Project Submitted to the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan\n\nDOI: 10.9790/2402-105020110 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page\n</text>\n",
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26/08/2014
By email: [email protected]
Mr David Murray AO Chair Financial System Inquiry GPO Box 89 Sydney NSW 2001
Dear Mr Murray,
Re: AUSTRALIANSUPER SUBMISSION TO THE FSI - INTERIM REPORT
AustralianSuper welcomes the opportunity to respond to the interim report of the Financial Systems Inquiry.
About AustralianSuper
AustralianSuper is one of Australia's largest super funds and is run only to benefit members. We don't pay commissions to anyone to recommend us, nor do we pay dividends to shareholders. We have over 2 million members and manage over $78 billion of members' assets. Our sole focus is to provide the best possible retirement outcomes for members.
AustralianSuper supports the content of the Industry Super Australia submission. We also seek to specifically comment on the matters outlined below.
1) The need for stability of superannuation policy settings
As the pool of superannuation savings continues to grow, it is important that measures are placed around the retirement incomes system to ensure that it meets its objectives over the long term.
Such measures will help Australians have more confidence that superannuation policy is consistent with the long term goal of providing them with a secure and comfortable retirement income.
Superannuation is a long term compulsory investment and is also a financial product with a social policy component. As an overall policy objective superannuation should be able to provide sufficient retirement savings to augment, and increasingly for some, replace the Aged Pension and provide a retirement with dignity. To the extent that this public policy objective is not met, the taxpayer ultimately bears the burden to fund the Aged Pension for those who have insufficient retirement savings.
Superannuation is a public/private sector partnership in Australia – the tax concessions provided to superannuation by the Government should reasonably be subject to some review of their effectiveness in assisting the overall retirement incomes policy objective of replacing all or part of the Aged Pension and providing for a comfortable retirement for Australians.
To this end we contend that any retirement income products should be fit for meeting the legitimate objectives of the retirement incomes system. The concept of 'fit for purpose' should be included in the principles for stable settings in retirement incomes policy.
Recommendation: Use of key principles in development of superannuation and retirement incomes legislation
AustralianSuper suggests key principles be observed in the development of superannuation/retirement incomes legislation. We provide no comment on the body or forum that should uphold and apply these principles except to say that an independent body is best placed to do this.
As a minimum, draft legislation should be subject to a review process prior to being released for public consultation which would encompass consideration of the principles outlined below:
Fit for purpose
Superannuation and retirement incomes products and approved strategies need to be 'fit for purpose', designed for providing better retirement outcomes. This must be measured consistently across all industry sectors, including retail, industry, corporate and selfmanaged superannuation funds.
Adequacy
The retirement income system should enable people to achieve a comfortable standard of living in retirement relative to an objective standard for all retirees.
Sustainability
Funding of retirement through both the Age Pension and superannuation tax concessions must be affordable over the long term. As a component of this, superannuation will continue to need some concessional tax treatment as a tradeoff for preserving savings until retirement.
Fairness
A fair superannuation system is one that treats people in similar circumstances equally and is perceived to be fair by the community. It accounts for differing work patterns
and rates of savings over a working life. It is taxed concessionally for all users, up to the point where it is necessary for provision of retirement outcomes and no further.
A fair superannuation system is one where taxation concessions provided by all taxpayers are not used to advance estate planning or tax minimization strategies that are inconsistent with the purpose of the superannuation system.
2) Scope for greater efficiencies in the superannuation system
AustralianSuper considers that investment returns, net of administration fees, and net of investment fees and costs ("net net returns") is the most accessible and comprehensible way that consumers can determine whether to invest in a particular superannuation investment. Fees are a subset of this primary consideration and lower fees should result in a better net net return for superannuation investors.
AustralianSuper agrees with the general conclusion of the Inquiry in its interim report that fees are too high in superannuation in Australia and that there needs to be greater efficiency in the management and provision of benefits to superannuation fund members.
We are concerned however, about the reliance on OECD comparative data as the basis for this finding when key countries have not provided data, and the variety of different pension provision systems have not been properly compared. Whilst concerns have been raised about the ability to make accurate, like-for-like comparisons with overseas pension systems, the concern about high fees expressed by the Inquiry can be readily confirmed by looking solely at the superannuation industry in Australia and seeing how the industry has grown, yet the scale benefits of the rapidly growing system are being disproportionately enjoyed by agents rather than consumers.
The FSI Interim Report highlighted the problem by reference in Chart 4.2 1 to the problem of fees not declining in the system despite increasing economies of scale. Whilst causes of high fees in the superannuation industry have been discussed in the interim report, we suggest that there are two additional areas of relevant concern that the Inquiry may wish to consider further:
1) Investment Management Fees
2) The level of accrued default amounts existing in the superannuation industry. 2 Commissions can still be charged on these superannuation accounts until 2017.
1 FSI Interim Report 2-102
2 'Accrued default amounts' are defined in s20B of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 and are accounts held in default investment options in superannuation that are not MySuper products.
AustralianSuper contends that the most needed change to affect fees and efficiency in superannuation is a real consideration of the fees charged in investment management. Investors in superannuation need a more robust and transparent system of fee and cost disclosure that applies to all relevant participants in the market, not just superannuation trustees.
Investors in superannuation suffer information asymmetry – they do not know, nor do they have access to information about the real fees and costs of the investments they make, because this information is not always available to the market.
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) have recently considered what is needed to improve disclosure of underlying fees and costs. We refer to ASIC's recent Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products 3 where it highlights concerns about 'fee gaming' in the superannuation industry as follows:
"Fee gaming refers to issuers taking deliberate actions (eg. structuring investments, operations or other arrangements with third parties, or adopting a particular interpretation of the requirements that may or may not be correct) with the objective of intentionally disclosing lower fees and costs that would otherwise be required." 4
Recommendation
Legislative reform that places higher responsibilities on trustees to inquire, understand and then disclose all fees and costs applying to investment management, investment in collective investment schemes and costs applying to underlying investments of those schemes.
This suggested reform is not only relevant for MySuper products but for choice products, which should be subject to the same level of scrutiny over their performance as they too gain taxation concessions for operating to provide retirement benefits.
To be effective, this reform should apply to managed investment schemes as well as superannuation funds.
3) The cost of passive and active management
AustralianSuper contends that superannuation funds should be free to observe their fiduciary duty to invest in the best interests of members, and be able to choose between active and passive investment management as they think appropriate.
3 Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products at www.asic.gov.au.
4 Ibid paragraph 10.
The decision to use either active or passive investment management really depends on the skill of the investment teams making those decisions. AustralianSuper holds some actively managed investments on behalf of our members, and is conscious of the need for those investments to outperform the index.
If there is a concern that active management is too expensive, then clearly fund managers should be required to report and provide information on investment performance on a net return basis. Trustees acting in the best interests of fund members should be selecting active managers on their ability to deliver alpha on a net return basis and simply not select those that are too expensive. It is also worth noting that low cost and high performance in superannuation do not necessarily have a causative relationship. Good performing funds are those that are able to achieve consistent performance and keep fees down.
AustralianSuper uses active asset management within asset classes and returns higher long term returns for its members, with a ten year average annual return of 7.49% as at 30 June 2014. 5 For a large fund such as AustralianSuper, capacity constraints may lead to using passive investment in equity portfolios in the short term. This is further reason for large funds to bring some investment management in-house as AustralianSuper has done. AustralianSuper also invests in direct property, direct infrastructure and private equity, where the concept of active vs passive management is less relevant.
Recommendation:
Consider legislative reform of fees and costs disclosure as discussed in Item 2) as this is of key relevant in determining the effectiveness of active management.
4) Retirement Incomes Framework
Now that baby boomers have started entering the retirement phase and are drawing on their superannuation and the Age Pension, it is important to improve the design of the retirement incomes system to ensure that it is easy to use.
AustralianSuper is interested in reforms to the retirement incomes framework that better help Australians, especially those on low to average incomes, to transition to an orderly successful retirement. It is also important to ensure that any reforms engage pre-retirees and educate them about the benefits of retaining superannuation savings to draw down an income stream where appropriate, instead of making a lump sum withdrawal where it may not be in their interests to do so.
Users of the retirement income system in Australia would benefit from the use of income stream products instead of lump sum withdrawals by allowing the following:
5 http://www.australiansuper.com/mysuperdashboard
a) Ability to pay lump sums into income stream (pension) accounts.
There are circumstances where a member would have a valid reason to place an additional lump sum into their income stream account, including inheritance, downsizing the family home, a transition to retirement transfer from an accumulation account, or a redundancy payment.
Currently if a member wants to add money to their existing income stream (pension) account they have two options:
(a) Open a new pension account. This requires the pensioner to roll their old pension account and any additional money into the new pension account.
(b) Open a second pension account.
Both of these options result in an unnecessary administration burden and extra costs (which erode retirement savings) being imposed on retirees.
Recommendation: Amend pension requirements to allow for the topping up of pension accounts.
b) Tax treatment of deferred annuities
The existing law requires that income streams must make payments at least annually. As a deferred annuity does not meet this requirement, it does not qualify as an income stream, and therefore is not entitled to the associated concessional tax treatment that applies to earnings on superannuation assets supporting income streams.
As a consequence a deferred annuity is not an attractive option in retirement yet it meets a longevity risk need.
Further, in conjunction with point 1(a) above retirees may need the flexibility of being able to purchase a deferred annuity over a period rather than with a lump sum. This period may be before retirement, after retirement or a combination of both.
Recommendation: Amend taxation of deferred annuities to assist in providing a product that enables retirees to better manage longevity risk in retirement. Allow deferred annuities to be purchased over a defined period rather than at one point in time.
c) Mandated retirement products
AustralianSuper does not support mandating the use of annuity products by retirees and is concerned about the savings disincentive this measure would be likely to generate.
The UK has recently scrapped mandatory annuities derived from defined contribution pension savings due to concerns with the low interest rates effectively forcing retirees to buy bonds at the very top of the market, when much better yields were available elsewhere. Other concerns with mandatory annuities included the high margins achieved by insurers where retirees rolled over to the default provider, the complexity of products offered, and the lack of competition or flexibility in the mandatory provision of these products.
There is definitely a place for annuities in the marketplace but the benefit of an annuity varies widely for different people. There are few consumers for whom an annuity should comprise their entire superannuation balance. The reality that there are some expenses in retirement that require capital expenditures, for example, aged care bonds, out of pocket medical expenses for serious illness, and home renovations to factor in living at home with a disability.
Recommendation
Do not mandate the use of annuity products by retirees.
d) Default pension
AustralianSuper contends that creating a default income stream derived from members' accumulation account balances is a constructive step in engaging members and potentially reducing the prospect of lump sum withdrawals in the system. It takes away the reflex action of withdrawing a lump sum from superannuation when it is not necessary, and not in the member's best interest. A default income stream supports the philosophy that this is a retirement incomes system rather than a wealth accumulation system.
There are some issues to be considered further. Amendment to the current pension requirements would also need to be made to accommodate the following:
- Deferral of minimum drawdown for a specified period to give time for contacting members and taking payment instructions.
- Enable the member to top up the default income stream (as described above).
- Transfer to pension at a specified age, in specified circumstances, without member instruction.
- A 'no detriment' test covering fees, investment strategy and insurance is required.
Recommendation: Establish a Treasury and regulator-supported working group applying the Retirement Incomes policy-making principles outlined above to consider this issue further.
5) The Dividend Imputation System
AustralianSuper contends that there are substantial benefits in the operation of the present dividend imputation system. The dividend imputation system prevents the double taxation of profits that would otherwise arise at shareholder level, and thus prevents a higher effective rate of tax being imposed on dividend income compared to other types of income.
The imputation system also corrects a bias that may otherwise occur towards investors providing debt financing to corporations which arises from the fact that interest payments (but not dividend payments) are tax deductible to corporations. By preventing such bias towards debt financing, the imputation system cultivates a greater level of resilience within Australia's share market.
The interim report suggests that the dividend imputation system may create a bias for investors to invest in equities, and that this may be a contributing factor to a lack of a deep domestic corporate bond market in Australia. However, there are several reasons why equities, rather than debt financing, may be preferential to investors which are not related to the operation of the dividend imputation system. For example, equity investments are often much more liquid, and may not present the same level of risk as providing debt financing to corporations. Superannuation trustees as fiduciaries must consider such factors in their investment making considerations. In this regard, AustralianSuper contends that broader reasons for any apparent bias among investors towards equities be considered in detail.
Recommendation: That the benefits of the dividend imputation system for all investors be retained, and that any proposals for modifications to the system be carefully considered in this regard, and under full consultation in the Government's Tax White Paper process.
6) The Trust Structure in Superannuation
The Inquiry is seeking views on whether the trust structure is best placed to meet the needs of all members in a cost-effective manner. AustralianSuper believes that the trust structure is the only appropriate structure to cater for a compulsory superannuation system where members are defaulted into a superannuation product as a result of employment.
It is not clear how alternatives such as contract law would apply. Where a superannuation fund member has made no decision about fund membership, they cannot be a party to a contractual arrangement. The fiduciary relationship that a superannuation trustee has with such a member, where they are managing money on behalf of that member, is in the first instance a safer and more accountable structure. Trusts have long been used as an appropriate tool for managing assets on behalf of others.
A higher standard of care is owed by trustees as fiduciaries than is owed by contracting parties that invariably set out to treat each other as equals. Trustees owe a duty to act in the best interests of beneficiaries – a duty that is not owed by contracting parties. In addition, the trust structure in superannuation is overlaid with stringent legislative requirements applying to superannuation trustees under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993.
Trustees are also required to keep trust assets separate from their own assets, to prioritize beneficiary interests above their own, and to comply with principles based legal requirements that guide decision making when investing on behalf of another.
There is the argument that some trustee requirements can be legislated and imposed on other legal structures. To retrofit ostensibly similar requirements into a contract relationship by governing legislation will not of itself remedy the fundamental difference in relationship that contracting parties have with each other compared to the fiduciary duty owed by a trustee to a beneficiary. A contract assumes that each party has a relatively equal relationship with each other. This can never be assumed in superannuation.
The Inquiry's interim report has already highlighted the information asymmetry that exists between financial product issuers and their investors, a problem that is even more acute in superannuation where there are disengaged default investors. This information asymmetry feeds into the obligation of trustees as fiduciaries to look after their beneficiaries despite the beneficiaries' lack of knowledge. It is a key structural protection that benefits users of the superannuation framework.
AustralianSuper has not seen evidence that common law trustee duties have increased costs and efficiencies for trustees ahead of any of the following issues:
- The cost of maintaining multiple investment options
- Investment management fees and costs
- The cost of maintaining accrued default amounts in default products that are not MySuper products until 2017, at a significant financial cost to members who continue to pay commissions.
AustralianSuper is concerned however, that to change superannuation from being governed under a trust structure to a contractual structure would allow product providers to charge higher fees than they currently do, as they would no longer owe a fiduciary duty to fund members. This would be a significant backward step for the retirement incomes system in Australia.
Recommendation
Retain the trust structure as the appropriate structure to provide superannuation and retirement benefits to fund members.
1) Liquidity
AustralianSuper believes that the issue of liquidity in superannuation will need to be reconsidered over the long term. More flexibility will be required to manage allocations to illiquid assets and how potentially all investors are impacted by systemic issues affecting liquidity in the superannuation system overall. This issue of liquidity in superannaution
funds will become more pronounced as their operating environment changes in the following ways:
- Demographic change – some funds will go into net outflow as more members take benefit payments than there are contributions flowing into some funds.
- Structural changes to the superannuation system, such as nomination of default funds under Awards, directly affecting the predictability of contributions to funds.
- Systemic issues – severe market corrections in equities and property will affect switching behavior of superannuation fund members.
Superannuation funds are governed by investment strategy requirements applying to the fund as a whole, and then to each investment option within the superannuation fund. The dual requirements lead to liquidity having to be managed not only on a fund by fund basis, but on an investment option by investment option basis as well.
As MySuper investment options are compulsorily diversified, theoretically there should be less concern over liquidity compared to other investment options, but this depends on the 'health' of the MySuper investment option concerned.
Superannuation funds monitor liquidity and may need to rebalance assets where levels of illiquidity are exceeded. It should not be expected that payment of benefits within 3 business days will lead to funds exceeding their level of illiquid assets – this is a largely predictable event. This is not always the case with transfers between investment options and switching between superannuation funds which are less predictable as they are influenced by external market events.
There is a concern that the regular switching behavior of some superannuation fund members is paid for by those members who do not switch investment options. Whilst the superannuation marketplace might demand a number of no-cost superannuation switches, a case can be made for minimum transactional charges to be applied to all investment switches in both MySuper and Choice investment options to avoid cross subsidy between different members.
Recommendation
That the liquidity issue in superannuation be subject to regular review as a component of the intergenerational report to ensure this gets appropriate consideration as economic and demographic changes to the environment take effect.
Further investigation into a minimum standard across the superannuation industry which affects transaction cost-based switching fees across all superannuation investment options be considered. This will reduce cross subsidies and improve efficiencies within the system.
Please do not hesitate to contact Louise du Pre-Alba on 03 8648 3847 if you wish to discuss this further. We are happy to provide further information on request.
Yours sincerely
for Ian Silk Chief Executive
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26/08/2014
By email: [email protected]
Mr David Murray AO Chair Financial System Inquiry GPO Box 89 Sydney NSW 2001
Dear Mr Murray,
Re: AUSTRALIANSUPER SUBMISSION TO THE FSI - INTERIM REPORT
AustralianSuper welcomes the opportunity to respond to the interim report of the Financial Systems Inquiry.
About AustralianSuper
AustralianSuper is one of Australia's largest super funds and is run only to benefit members. We don't pay commissions to anyone to recommend us, nor do we pay dividends to shareholders. We have over 2 million members and manage over $78 billion of members' assets. Our sole focus is to provide the best possible retirement outcomes for members.
AustralianSuper supports the content of the Industry Super Australia submission. We also seek to specifically comment on the matters outlined below.
1) The need for stability of superannuation policy settings
As the pool of superannuation savings continues to grow, it is important that measures are placed around the retirement incomes system to ensure that it meets its objectives over the long term.
Such measures will help Australians have more confidence that superannuation policy is consistent with the long term goal of providing them with a secure and comfortable retirement income.
Superannuation is a long term compulsory investment and is also a financial product with a social policy component. As an overall policy objective superannuation should be able to provide sufficient retirement savings to augment, and increasingly for some, replace the Aged Pension and provide a retirement with dignity. To the extent that this public policy objective is not met, the taxpayer ultimately bears the burden to fund the Aged Pension for those who have insufficient retirement savings.
Superannuation is a public/private sector partnership in Australia – the tax concessions provided to superannuation by the Government should reasonably be subject to some review of their effectiveness in assisting the overall retirement incomes policy objective of replacing all or part of the Aged Pension and providing for a comfortable retirement for Australians.
To this end we contend that any retirement income products should be fit for meeting the legitimate objectives of the retirement incomes system. The concept of 'fit for purpose' should be included in the principles for stable settings in retirement incomes policy.
Recommendation: Use of key principles in development of superannuation and retirement incomes legislation
AustralianSuper suggests key principles be observed in the development of superannuation/retirement incomes legislation. We provide no comment on the body or forum that should uphold and apply these principles except to say that an independent body is best placed to do this.
As a minimum, draft legislation should be subject to a review process prior to being released for public consultation which would encompass consideration of the principles outlined below:
Fit for purpose
Superannuation and retirement incomes products and approved strategies need to be 'fit for purpose', designed for providing better retirement outcomes. This must be measured consistently across all industry sectors, including retail, industry, corporate and selfmanaged superannuation funds.
Adequacy
The retirement income system should enable people to achieve a comfortable standard of living in retirement relative to an objective standard for all retirees.
Sustainability
Funding of retirement through both the Age Pension and superannuation tax concessions must be affordable over the long term. As a component of this, superannuation will continue to need some concessional tax treatment as a tradeoff for preserving savings until retirement.
Fairness
A fair superannuation system is one that treats people in similar circumstances equally and is perceived to be fair by the community. It accounts for differing work patterns
and rates of savings over a working life. It is taxed concessionally for all users, up to the point where it is necessary for provision of retirement outcomes and no further.
A fair superannuation system is one where taxation concessions provided by all taxpayers are not used to advance estate planning or tax minimization strategies that are inconsistent with the purpose of the superannuation system.
2) Scope for greater efficiencies in the superannuation system
AustralianSuper considers that investment returns, net of administration fees, and net of investment fees and costs ("net net returns") is the most accessible and comprehensible way that consumers can determine whether to invest in a particular superannuation investment. Fees are a subset of this primary consideration and lower fees should result in a better net net return for superannuation investors.
AustralianSuper agrees with the general conclusion of the Inquiry in its interim report that fees are too high in superannuation in Australia and that there needs to be greater efficiency in the management and provision of benefits to superannuation fund members.
We are concerned however, about the reliance on OECD comparative data as the basis for this finding when key countries have not provided data, and the variety of different pension provision systems have not been properly compared. Whilst concerns have been raised about the ability to make accurate, like-for-like comparisons with overseas pension systems, the concern about high fees expressed by the Inquiry can be readily confirmed by looking solely at the superannuation industry in Australia and seeing how the industry has grown, yet the scale benefits of the rapidly growing system are being disproportionately enjoyed by agents rather than consumers.
The FSI Interim Report highlighted the problem by reference in Chart 4.2 1 to the problem of fees not declining in the system despite increasing economies of scale. Whilst causes of high fees in the superannuation industry have been discussed in the interim report, we suggest that there are two additional areas of relevant concern that the Inquiry may wish to consider further:
1) Investment Management Fees
2) The level of accrued default amounts existing in the superannuation industry. 2 Commissions can still be charged on these superannuation accounts until 2017.
1 FSI Interim Report 2-102
2 'Accrued default amounts' are defined in s20B of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 and are accounts held in default investment options in superannuation that are not MySuper products.
AustralianSuper contends that the most needed change to affect fees and efficiency in superannuation is a real consideration of the fees charged in investment management. Investors in superannuation need a more robust and transparent system of fee and cost disclosure that applies to all relevant participants in the market, not just superannuation trustees.
Investors in superannuation suffer information asymmetry – they do not know, nor do they have access to information about the real fees and costs of the investments they make, because this information is not always available to the market.
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) have recently considered what is needed to improve disclosure of underlying fees and costs. We refer to ASIC's recent Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products 3 where it highlights concerns about 'fee gaming' in the superannuation industry as follows:
"Fee gaming refers to issuers taking deliberate actions (eg. structuring investments, operations or other arrangements with third parties, or adopting a particular interpretation of the requirements that may or may not be correct) with the objective of intentionally disclosing lower fees and costs that would otherwise be required." 4
Recommendation
Legislative reform that places higher responsibilities on trustees to inquire, understand and then disclose all fees and costs applying to investment management, investment in collective investment schemes and costs applying to underlying investments of those schemes.
This suggested reform is not only relevant for MySuper products but for choice products, which should be subject to the same level of scrutiny over their performance as they too gain taxation concessions for operating to provide retirement benefits.
To be effective, this reform should apply to managed investment schemes as well as superannuation funds.
3) The cost of passive and active management
AustralianSuper contends that superannuation funds should be free to observe their fiduciary duty to invest in the best interests of members, and be able to choose between active and passive investment management as they think appropriate.
3 Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products at www.asic.gov.au.
4 Ibid paragraph 10.
The decision to use either active or passive investment management really depends on the skill of the investment teams making those decisions. AustralianSuper holds some actively managed investments on behalf of our members, and is conscious of the need for those investments to outperform the index.
If there is a concern that active management is too expensive, then clearly fund managers should be required to report and provide information on investment performance on a net return basis. Trustees acting in the best interests of fund members should be selecting active managers on their ability to deliver alpha on a net return basis and simply not select those that are too expensive. It is also worth noting that low cost and high performance in superannuation do not necessarily have a causative relationship. Good performing funds are those that are able to achieve consistent performance and keep fees down.
AustralianSuper uses active asset management within asset classes and returns higher long term returns for its members, with a ten year average annual return of 7.49% as at 30 June 2014. 5 For a large fund such as AustralianSuper, capacity constraints may lead to using passive investment in equity portfolios in the short term. This is further reason for large funds to bring some investment management in-house as AustralianSuper has done. AustralianSuper also invests in direct property, direct infrastructure and private equity, where the concept of active vs passive management is less relevant.
Recommendation:
Consider legislative reform of fees and costs disclosure as discussed in Item 2) as this is of key relevant in determining the effectiveness of active management.
4) Retirement Incomes Framework
Now that baby boomers have started entering the retirement phase and are drawing on their superannuation and the Age Pension, it is important to improve the design of the retirement incomes system to ensure that it is easy to use.
AustralianSuper is interested in reforms to the retirement incomes framework that better help Australians, especially those on low to average incomes, to transition to an orderly successful retirement. It is also important to ensure that any reforms engage pre-retirees and educate them about the benefits of retaining superannuation savings to draw down an income stream where appropriate, instead of making a lump sum withdrawal where it may not be in their interests to do so.
Users of the retirement income system in Australia would benefit from the use of income stream products instead of lump sum withdrawals by allowing the following:
5 http://www.australiansuper.com/mysuperdashboard
a) Ability to pay lump sums into income stream (pension) accounts.
There are circumstances where a member would have a valid reason to place an additional lump sum into their income stream account, including inheritance, downsizing the family home, a transition to retirement transfer from an accumulation account, or a redundancy payment.
Currently if a member wants to add money to their existing income stream (pension) account they have two options:
(a) Open a new pension account. This requires the pensioner to roll their old pension account and any additional money into the new pension account.
(b) Open a second pension account.
Both of these options result in an unnecessary administration burden and extra costs (which erode retirement savings) being imposed on retirees.
Recommendation: Amend pension requirements to allow for the topping up of pension accounts.
b) Tax treatment of deferred annuities
The existing law requires that income streams must make payments at least annually. As a deferred annuity does not meet this requirement, it does not qualify as an income stream, and therefore is not entitled to the associated concessional tax treatment that applies to earnings on superannuation assets supporting income streams.
As a consequence a deferred annuity is not an attractive option in retirement yet it meets a longevity risk need.
Further, in conjunction with point 1(a) above retirees may need the flexibility of being able to purchase a deferred annuity over a period rather than with a lump sum. This period may be before retirement, after retirement or a combination of both.
Recommendation: Amend taxation of deferred annuities to assist in providing a product that enables retirees to better manage longevity risk in retirement. Allow deferred annuities to be purchased over a defined period rather than at one point in time.
c) Mandated retirement products
AustralianSuper does not support mandating the use of annuity products by retirees and is concerned about the savings disincentive this measure would be likely to generate.
The UK has recently scrapped mandatory annuities derived from defined contribution pension savings due to concerns with the low interest rates effectively forcing retirees to buy bonds at the very top of the market, when much better yields were available elsewhere. Other concerns with mandatory annuities included the high margins achieved by insurers where retirees rolled over to the default provider, the complexity of products offered, and the lack of competition or flexibility in the mandatory provision of these products.
There is definitely a place for annuities in the marketplace but the benefit of an annuity varies widely for different people. There are few consumers for whom an annuity should comprise their entire superannuation balance. The reality that there are some expenses in retirement that require capital expenditures, for example, aged care bonds, out of pocket medical expenses for serious illness, and home renovations to factor in living at home with a disability.
Recommendation
Do not mandate the use of annuity products by retirees.
d) Default pension
AustralianSuper contends that creating a default income stream derived from members' accumulation account balances is a constructive step in engaging members and potentially reducing the prospect of lump sum withdrawals in the system. It takes away the reflex action of withdrawing a lump sum from superannuation when it is not necessary, and not in the member's best interest. A default income stream supports the philosophy that this is a retirement incomes system rather than a wealth accumulation system.
There are some issues to be considered further. Amendment to the current pension requirements would also need to be made to accommodate the following:
- Deferral of minimum drawdown for a specified period to give time for contacting members and taking payment instructions.
- Enable the member to top up the default income stream (as described above).
- Transfer to pension at a specified age, in specified circumstances, without member instruction.
- A 'no detriment' test covering fees, investment strategy and insurance is required.
Recommendation: Establish a Treasury and regulator-supported working group applying the Retirement Incomes policy-making principles outlined above to consider this issue further.
5) The Dividend Imputation System
AustralianSuper contends that there are substantial benefits in the operation of the present dividend imputation system. The dividend imputation system prevents the double taxation of profits that would otherwise arise at shareholder level, and thus prevents a higher effective rate of tax being imposed on dividend income compared to other types of income.
The imputation system also corrects a bias that may otherwise occur towards investors providing debt financing to corporations which arises from the fact that interest payments (but not dividend payments) are tax deductible to corporations. By preventing such bias towards debt financing, the imputation system cultivates a greater level of resilience within Australia's share market.
The interim report suggests that the dividend imputation system may create a bias for investors to invest in equities, and that this may be a contributing factor to a lack of a deep domestic corporate bond market in Australia. However, there are several reasons why equities, rather than debt financing, may be preferential to investors which are not related to the operation of the dividend imputation system. For example, equity investments are often much more liquid, and may not present the same level of risk as providing debt financing to corporations. Superannuation trustees as fiduciaries must consider such factors in their investment making considerations. In this regard, AustralianSuper contends that broader reasons for any apparent bias among investors towards equities be considered in detail.
Recommendation: That the benefits of the dividend imputation system for all investors be retained, and that any proposals for modifications to the system be carefully considered in this regard, and under full consultation in the Government's Tax White Paper process.
6) The Trust Structure in Superannuation
The Inquiry is seeking views on whether the trust structure is best placed to meet the needs of all members in a cost-effective manner. AustralianSuper believes that the trust structure is the only appropriate structure to cater for a compulsory superannuation system where members are defaulted into a superannuation product as a result of employment.
It is not clear how alternatives such as contract law would apply. Where a superannuation fund member has made no decision about fund membership, they cannot be a party to a contractual arrangement. The fiduciary relationship that a superannuation trustee has with such a member, where they are managing money on behalf of that member, is in the first instance a safer and more accountable structure. Trusts have long been used as an appropriate tool for managing assets on behalf of others.
A higher standard of care is owed by trustees as fiduciaries than is owed by contracting parties that invariably set out to treat each other as equals. Trustees owe a duty to act in the best interests of beneficiaries – a duty that is not owed by contracting parties. In addition, the trust structure in superannuation is overlaid with stringent legislative requirements applying to superannuation trustees under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993.
Trustees are also required to keep trust assets separate from their own assets, to prioritize beneficiary interests above their own, and to comply with principles based legal requirements that guide decision making when investing on behalf of another.
There is the argument that some trustee requirements can be legislated and imposed on other legal structures. To retrofit ostensibly similar requirements into a contract relationship by governing legislation will not of itself remedy the fundamental difference in relationship that contracting parties have with each other compared to the fiduciary duty owed by a trustee to a beneficiary. A contract assumes that each party has a relatively equal relationship with each other. This can never be assumed in superannuation.
The Inquiry's interim report has already highlighted the information asymmetry that exists between financial product issuers and their investors, a problem that is even more acute in superannuation where there are disengaged default investors. This information asymmetry feeds into the obligation of trustees as fiduciaries to look after their beneficiaries despite the beneficiaries' lack of knowledge. It is a key structural protection that benefits users of the superannuation framework.
AustralianSuper has not seen evidence that common law trustee duties have increased costs and efficiencies for trustees ahead of any of the following issues:
- The cost of maintaining multiple investment options
- Investment management fees and costs
- The cost of maintaining accrued default amounts in default products that are not MySuper products until 2017, at a significant financial cost to members who continue to pay commissions.
AustralianSuper is concerned however, that to change superannuation from being governed under a trust structure to a contractual structure would allow product providers to charge higher fees than they currently do, as they would no longer owe a fiduciary duty to fund members. This would be a significant backward step for the retirement incomes system in Australia.
Recommendation
Retain the trust structure as the appropriate structure to provide superannuation and retirement benefits to fund members.
1) Liquidity
AustralianSuper believes that the issue of liquidity in superannuation will need to be reconsidered over the long term. More flexibility will be required to manage allocations to illiquid assets and how potentially all investors are impacted by systemic issues affecting liquidity in the superannuation system overall. This issue of liquidity in superannaution
funds will become more pronounced as their operating environment changes in the following ways:
- Demographic change – some funds will go into net outflow as more members take benefit payments than there are contributions flowing into some funds.
- Structural changes to the superannuation system, such as nomination of default funds under Awards, directly affecting the predictability of contributions to funds.
- Systemic issues – severe market corrections in equities and property will affect switching behavior of superannuation fund members.
Superannuation funds are governed by investment strategy requirements applying to the fund as a whole, and then to each investment option within the superannuation fund. The dual requirements lead to liquidity having to be managed not only on a fund by fund basis, but on an investment option by investment option basis as well.
As MySuper investment options are compulsorily diversified, theoretically there should be less concern over liquidity compared to other investment options, but this depends on the 'health' of the MySuper investment option concerned.
Superannuation funds monitor liquidity and may need to rebalance assets where levels of illiquidity are exceeded. It should not be expected that payment of benefits within 3 business days will lead to funds exceeding their level of illiquid assets – this is a largely predictable event. This is not always the case with transfers between investment options and switching between superannuation funds which are less predictable as they are influenced by external market events.
There is a concern that the regular switching behavior of some superannuation fund members is paid for by those members who
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do not switch investment options.
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Whilst the superannuation marketplace might demand a number of no-cost superannuation switches, a case can be made for minimum transactional charges to be applied to all investment switches in both MySuper and Choice investment options to avoid cross subsidy between different members.
Recommendation
That the liquidity issue in superannuation be subject to regular review as a component of the intergenerational report to ensure this gets appropriate consideration as economic and demographic changes to the environment take effect.
Further investigation into a minimum standard across the superannuation industry which affects transaction cost-based switching fees across all superannuation investment options be considered. This will reduce cross subsidies and improve efficiencies within the system.
Please do not hesitate to contact Louise du Pre-Alba on 03 8648 3847 if you wish to discuss this further. We are happy to provide further information on request.
Yours sincerely
for Ian Silk Chief Executive
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26/08/2014
By email: [email protected]
Mr David Murray AO Chair Financial System Inquiry GPO Box 89 Sydney NSW 2001
Dear Mr Murray,
Re: AUSTRALIANSUPER SUBMISSION TO THE FSI - INTERIM REPORT
AustralianSuper welcomes the opportunity to respond to the interim report of the Financial Systems Inquiry.
About AustralianSuper
AustralianSuper is one of Australia's largest super funds and is run only to benefit members. We don't pay commissions to anyone to recommend us, nor do we pay dividends to shareholders. We have over 2 million members and manage over $78 billion of members' assets. Our sole focus is to provide the best possible retirement outcomes for members.
AustralianSuper supports the content of the Industry Super Australia submission. We also seek to specifically comment on the matters outlined below.
1) The need for stability of superannuation policy settings
As the pool of superannuation savings continues to grow, it is important that measures are placed around the retirement incomes system to ensure that it meets its objectives over the long term.
Such measures will help Australians have more confidence that superannuation policy is consistent with the long term goal of providing them with a secure and comfortable retirement income.
Superannuation is a long term compulsory investment and is also a financial product with a social policy component. As an overall policy objective superannuation should be able to provide sufficient retirement savings to augment, and increasingly for some, replace the Aged Pension and provide a retirement with dignity. To the extent that this public policy objective is not met, the taxpayer ultimately bears the burden to fund the Aged Pension for those who have insufficient retirement savings.
Superannuation is a public/private sector partnership in Australia – the tax concessions provided to superannuation by the Government should reasonably be subject to some review of their effectiveness in assisting the overall retirement incomes policy objective of replacing all or part of the Aged Pension and providing for a comfortable retirement for Australians.
To this end we contend that any retirement income products should be fit for meeting the legitimate objectives of the retirement incomes system. The concept of 'fit for purpose' should be included in the principles for stable settings in retirement incomes policy.
Recommendation: Use of key principles in development of superannuation and retirement incomes legislation
AustralianSuper suggests key principles be observed in the development of superannuation/retirement incomes legislation. We provide no comment on the body or forum that should uphold and apply these principles except to say that an independent body is best placed to do this.
As a minimum, draft legislation should be subject to a review process prior to being released for public consultation which would encompass consideration of the principles outlined below:
Fit for purpose
Superannuation and retirement incomes products and approved strategies need to be 'fit for purpose', designed for providing better retirement outcomes. This must be measured consistently across all industry sectors, including retail, industry, corporate and selfmanaged superannuation funds.
Adequacy
The retirement income system should enable people to achieve a comfortable standard of living in retirement relative to an objective standard for all retirees.
Sustainability
Funding of retirement through both the Age Pension and superannuation tax concessions must be affordable over the long term. As a component of this, superannuation will continue to need some concessional tax treatment as a tradeoff for preserving savings until retirement.
Fairness
A fair superannuation system is one that treats people in similar circumstances equally and is perceived to be fair by the community. It accounts for differing work patterns
and rates of savings over a working life. It is taxed concessionally for all users, up to the point where it is necessary for provision of retirement outcomes and no further.
A fair superannuation system is one where taxation concessions provided by all taxpayers are not used to advance estate planning or tax minimization strategies that are inconsistent with the purpose of the superannuation system.
2) Scope for greater efficiencies in the superannuation system
AustralianSuper considers that investment returns, net of administration fees, and net of investment fees and costs ("net net returns") is the most accessible and comprehensible way that consumers can determine whether to invest in a particular superannuation investment. Fees are a subset of this primary consideration and lower fees should result in a better net net return for superannuation investors.
AustralianSuper agrees with the general conclusion of the Inquiry in its interim report that fees are too high in superannuation in Australia and that there needs to be greater efficiency in the management and provision of benefits to superannuation fund members.
We are concerned however, about the reliance on OECD comparative data as the basis for this finding when key countries have not provided data, and the variety of different pension provision systems have not been properly compared. Whilst concerns have been raised about the ability to make accurate, like-for-like comparisons with overseas pension systems, the concern about high fees expressed by the Inquiry can be readily confirmed by looking solely at the superannuation industry in Australia and seeing how the industry has grown, yet the scale benefits of the rapidly growing system are being disproportionately enjoyed by agents rather than consumers.
The FSI Interim Report highlighted the problem by reference in Chart 4.2 1 to the problem of fees not declining in the system despite increasing economies of scale. Whilst causes of high fees in the superannuation industry have been discussed in the interim report, we suggest that there are two additional areas of relevant concern that the Inquiry may wish to consider further:
1) Investment Management Fees
2) The level of accrued default amounts existing in the superannuation industry. 2 Commissions can still be charged on these superannuation accounts until 2017.
1 FSI Interim Report 2-102
2 'Accrued default amounts' are defined in s20B of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 and are accounts held in default investment options in superannuation that are not MySuper products.
AustralianSuper contends that the most needed change to affect fees and efficiency in superannuation is a real consideration of the fees charged in investment management. Investors in superannuation need a more robust and transparent system of fee and cost disclosure that applies to all relevant participants in the market, not just superannuation trustees.
Investors in superannuation suffer information asymmetry – they do not know, nor do they have access to information about the real fees and costs of the investments they make, because this information is not always available to the market.
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) have recently considered what is needed to improve disclosure of underlying fees and costs. We refer to ASIC's recent Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products 3 where it highlights concerns about 'fee gaming' in the superannuation industry as follows:
"Fee gaming refers to issuers taking deliberate actions (eg. structuring investments, operations or other arrangements with third parties, or adopting a particular interpretation of the requirements that may or may not be correct) with the objective of intentionally disclosing lower fees and costs that would otherwise be required." 4
Recommendation
Legislative reform that places higher responsibilities on trustees to inquire, understand and then disclose all fees and costs applying to investment management, investment in collective investment schemes and costs applying to underlying investments of those schemes.
This suggested reform is not only relevant for MySuper products but for choice products, which should be subject to the same level of scrutiny over their performance as they too gain taxation concessions for operating to provide retirement benefits.
To be effective, this reform should apply to managed investment schemes as well as superannuation funds.
3) The cost of passive and active management
AustralianSuper contends that superannuation funds should be free to observe their fiduciary duty to invest in the best interests of members, and be able to choose between active and passive investment management as they think appropriate.
3 Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products at www.asic.gov.au.
4 Ibid paragraph 10.
The decision to use either active or passive investment management really depends on the skill of the investment teams making those decisions. AustralianSuper holds some actively managed investments on behalf of our members, and is conscious of the need for those investments to outperform the index.
If there is a concern that active management is too expensive, then clearly fund managers should be required to report and provide information on investment performance on a net return basis. Trustees acting in the best interests of fund members should be selecting active managers on their ability to deliver alpha on a net return basis and simply not select those that are too expensive. It is also worth noting that low cost and high performance in superannuation do not necessarily have a causative relationship. Good performing funds are those that are able to achieve consistent performance and keep fees down.
AustralianSuper uses active asset management within asset classes and returns higher long term returns for its members, with a ten year average annual return of 7.49% as at 30 June 2014. 5 For a large fund such as AustralianSuper, capacity constraints may lead to using passive investment in equity portfolios in the short term. This is further reason for large funds to bring some investment management in-house as AustralianSuper has done. AustralianSuper also invests in direct property, direct infrastructure and private equity, where the concept of active vs passive management is less relevant.
Recommendation:
Consider legislative reform of fees and costs disclosure as discussed in Item 2) as this is of key relevant in determining the effectiveness of active management.
4) Retirement Incomes Framework
Now that baby boomers have started entering the retirement phase and are drawing on their superannuation and the Age Pension, it is important to improve the design of the retirement incomes system to ensure that it is easy to use.
AustralianSuper is interested in reforms to the retirement incomes framework that better help Australians, especially those on low to average incomes, to transition to an orderly successful retirement. It is also important to ensure that any reforms engage pre-retirees and educate them about the benefits of retaining superannuation savings to draw down an income stream where appropriate, instead of making a lump sum withdrawal where it may not be in their interests to do so.
Users of the retirement income system in Australia would benefit from the use of income stream products instead of lump sum withdrawals by allowing the following:
5 http://www.australiansuper.com/mysuperdashboard
a) Ability to pay lump sums into income stream (pension) accounts.
There are circumstances where a member would have a valid reason to place an additional lump sum into their income stream account, including inheritance, downsizing the family home, a transition to retirement transfer from an accumulation account, or a redundancy payment.
Currently if a member wants to add money to their existing income stream (pension) account they have two options:
(a) Open a new pension account. This requires the pensioner to roll their old pension account and any additional money into the new pension account.
(b) Open a second pension account.
Both of these options result in an unnecessary administration burden and extra costs (which erode retirement savings) being imposed on retirees.
Recommendation: Amend pension requirements to allow for the topping up of pension accounts.
b) Tax treatment of deferred annuities
The existing law requires that income streams must make payments at least annually. As a deferred annuity does not meet this requirement, it does not qualify as an income stream, and therefore is not entitled to the associated concessional tax treatment that applies to earnings on superannuation assets supporting income streams.
As a consequence a deferred annuity is not an attractive option in retirement yet it meets a longevity risk need.
Further, in conjunction with point 1(a) above retirees may need the flexibility of being able to purchase a deferred annuity over a period rather than with a lump sum. This period may be before retirement, after retirement or a combination of both.
Recommendation: Amend taxation of deferred annuities to assist in providing a product that enables retirees to better manage longevity risk in retirement. Allow deferred annuities to be purchased over a defined period rather than at one point in time.
c) Mandated retirement products
AustralianSuper does not support mandating the use of annuity products by retirees and is concerned about the savings disincentive this measure would be likely to generate.
The UK has recently scrapped mandatory annuities derived from defined contribution pension savings due to concerns with the low interest rates effectively forcing retirees to buy bonds at the very top of the market, when much better yields were available elsewhere. Other concerns with mandatory annuities included the high margins achieved by insurers where retirees rolled over to the default provider, the complexity of products offered, and the lack of competition or flexibility in the mandatory provision of these products.
There is definitely a place for annuities in the marketplace but the benefit of an annuity varies widely for different people. There are few consumers for whom an annuity should comprise their entire superannuation balance. The reality that there are some expenses in retirement that require capital expenditures, for example, aged care bonds, out of pocket medical expenses for serious illness, and home renovations to factor in living at home with a disability.
Recommendation
Do not mandate the use of annuity products by retirees.
d) Default pension
AustralianSuper contends that creating a default income stream derived from members' accumulation account balances is a constructive step in engaging members and potentially reducing the prospect of lump sum withdrawals in the system. It takes away the reflex action of withdrawing a lump sum from superannuation when it is not necessary, and not in the member's best interest. A default income stream supports the philosophy that this is a retirement incomes system rather than a wealth accumulation system.
There are some issues to be considered further. Amendment to the current pension requirements would also need to be made to accommodate the following:
- Deferral of minimum drawdown for a specified period to give time for contacting members and taking payment instructions.
- Enable the member to top up the default income stream (as described above).
- Transfer to pension at a specified age, in specified circumstances, without member instruction.
- A 'no detriment' test covering fees, investment strategy and insurance is required.
Recommendation: Establish a Treasury and regulator-supported working group applying the Retirement Incomes policy-making principles outlined above to consider this issue further.
5) The Dividend Imputation System
AustralianSuper contends that there are substantial benefits in the operation of the present dividend imputation system. The dividend imputation system prevents the double taxation of profits that would otherwise arise at shareholder level, and thus prevents a higher effective rate of tax being imposed on dividend income compared to other types of income.
The imputation system also corrects a bias that may otherwise occur towards investors providing debt financing to corporations which arises from the fact that interest payments (but not dividend payments) are tax deductible to corporations. By preventing such bias towards debt financing, the imputation system cultivates a greater level of resilience within Australia's share market.
The interim report suggests that the dividend imputation system may create a bias for investors to invest in equities, and that this may be a contributing factor to a lack of a deep domestic corporate bond market in Australia. However, there are several reasons why equities, rather than debt financing, may be preferential to investors which are not related to the operation of the dividend imputation system. For example, equity investments are often much more liquid, and may not present the same level of risk as providing debt financing to corporations. Superannuation trustees as fiduciaries must consider such factors in their investment making considerations. In this regard, AustralianSuper contends that broader reasons for any apparent bias among investors towards equities be considered in detail.
Recommendation: That the benefits of the dividend imputation system for all investors be retained, and that any proposals for modifications to the system be carefully considered in this regard, and under full consultation in the Government's Tax White Paper process.
6) The Trust Structure in Superannuation
The Inquiry is seeking views on whether the trust structure is best placed to meet the needs of all members in a cost-effective manner. AustralianSuper believes that the trust structure is the only appropriate structure to cater for a compulsory superannuation system where members are defaulted into a superannuation product as a result of employment.
It is not clear how alternatives such as contract law would apply. Where a superannuation fund member has made no decision about fund membership, they cannot be a party to a contractual arrangement. The fiduciary relationship that a superannuation trustee has with such a member, where they are managing money on behalf of that member, is in the first instance a safer and more accountable structure. Trusts have long been used as an appropriate tool for managing assets on behalf of others.
A higher standard of care is owed by trustees as fiduciaries than is owed by contracting parties that invariably set out to treat each other as equals. Trustees owe a duty to act in the best interests of beneficiaries – a duty that is not owed by contracting parties. In addition, the trust structure in superannuation is overlaid with stringent legislative requirements applying to superannuation trustees under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993.
Trustees are also required to keep trust assets separate from their own assets, to prioritize beneficiary interests above their own, and to comply with principles based legal requirements that guide decision making when investing on behalf of another.
There is the argument that some trustee requirements can be legislated and imposed on other legal structures. To retrofit ostensibly similar requirements into a contract relationship by governing legislation will not of itself remedy the fundamental difference in relationship that contracting parties have with each other compared to the fiduciary duty owed by a trustee to a beneficiary. A contract assumes that each party has a relatively equal relationship with each other. This can never be assumed in superannuation.
The Inquiry's interim report has already highlighted the information asymmetry that exists between financial product issuers and their investors, a problem that is even more acute in superannuation where there are disengaged default investors. This information asymmetry feeds into the obligation of trustees as fiduciaries to look after their beneficiaries despite the beneficiaries' lack of knowledge. It is a key structural protection that benefits users of the superannuation framework.
AustralianSuper has not seen evidence that common law trustee duties have increased costs and efficiencies for trustees ahead of any of the following issues:
- The cost of maintaining multiple investment options
- Investment management fees and costs
- The cost of maintaining accrued default amounts in default products that are not MySuper products until 2017, at a significant financial cost to members who continue to pay commissions.
AustralianSuper is concerned however, that to change superannuation from being governed under a trust structure to a contractual structure would allow product providers to charge higher fees than they currently do, as they would no longer owe a fiduciary duty to fund members. This would be a significant backward step for the retirement incomes system in Australia.
Recommendation
Retain the trust structure as the appropriate structure to provide superannuation and retirement benefits to fund members.
1) Liquidity
AustralianSuper believes that the issue of liquidity in superannuation will need to be reconsidered over the long term. More flexibility will be required to manage allocations to illiquid assets and how potentially all investors are impacted by systemic issues affecting liquidity in the superannuation system overall. This issue of liquidity in superannaution
funds will become more pronounced as their operating environment changes in the following ways:
- Demographic change – some funds will go into net outflow as more members take benefit payments than there are contributions flowing into some funds.
- Structural changes to the superannuation system, such as nomination of default funds under Awards, directly affecting the predictability of contributions to funds.
- Systemic issues – severe market corrections in equities and property will affect switching behavior of superannuation fund members.
Superannuation funds are governed by investment strategy requirements applying to the fund as a whole, and then to each investment option within the superannuation fund. The dual requirements lead to liquidity having to be managed not only on a fund by fund basis, but on an investment option by investment option basis as well.
As MySuper investment options are compulsorily diversified, theoretically there should be less concern over liquidity compared to other investment options, but this depends on the 'health' of the MySuper investment option concerned.
Superannuation funds monitor liquidity and may need to rebalance assets where levels of illiquidity are exceeded. It should not be expected that payment of benefits within 3 business days will lead to funds exceeding their level of illiquid assets – this is a largely predictable event. This is not always the case with transfers between investment options and switching between superannuation funds which are less predictable as they are influenced by external market events.
There is a concern that the regular switching behavior of some superannuation fund members is paid for by those members who <cursor_is_here> Whilst the superannuation marketplace might demand a number of no-cost superannuation switches, a case can be made for minimum transactional charges to be applied to all investment switches in both MySuper and Choice investment options to avoid cross subsidy between different members.
Recommendation
That the liquidity issue in superannuation be subject to regular review as a component of the intergenerational report to ensure this gets appropriate consideration as economic and demographic changes to the environment take effect.
Further investigation into a minimum standard across the superannuation industry which affects transaction cost-based switching fees across all superannuation investment options be considered. This will reduce cross subsidies and improve efficiencies within the system.
Please do not hesitate to contact Louise du Pre-Alba on 03 8648 3847 if you wish to discuss this further. We are happy to provide further information on request.
Yours sincerely
for Ian Silk Chief Executive
</text>
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[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttp://fsi.gov.au/files/2014/09/AustralianSuper.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\n26/08/2014\n\nBy email: [email protected]\n\nMr David Murray AO Chair Financial System Inquiry GPO Box 89 Sydney NSW 2001\n\nDear Mr Murray,\n\nRe: AUSTRALIANSUPER SUBMISSION TO THE FSI - INTERIM REPORT\n\nAustralianSuper welcomes the opportunity to respond to the interim report of the Financial Systems Inquiry.\n\nAbout AustralianSuper\n\nAustralianSuper is one of Australia's largest super funds and is run only to benefit members. We don't pay commissions to anyone to recommend us, nor do we pay dividends to shareholders. We have over 2 million members and manage over $78 billion of members' assets. Our sole focus is to provide the best possible retirement outcomes for members.\n\nAustralianSuper supports the content of the Industry Super Australia submission. We also seek to specifically comment on the matters outlined below.\n\n1) The need for stability of superannuation policy settings\n\nAs the pool of superannuation savings continues to grow, it is important that measures are placed around the retirement incomes system to ensure that it meets its objectives over the long term.\n\nSuch measures will help Australians have more confidence that superannuation policy is consistent with the long term goal of providing them with a secure and comfortable retirement income.\n\nSuperannuation is a long term compulsory investment and is also a financial product with a social policy component. As an overall policy objective superannuation should be able to provide sufficient retirement savings to augment, and increasingly for some, replace the Aged Pension and provide a retirement with dignity. To the extent that this public policy objective is not met, the taxpayer ultimately bears the burden to fund the Aged Pension for those who have insufficient retirement savings.\n\nSuperannuation is a public/private sector partnership in Australia – the tax concessions provided to superannuation by the Government should reasonably be subject to some review of their effectiveness in assisting the overall retirement incomes policy objective of replacing all or part of the Aged Pension and providing for a comfortable retirement for Australians.\n\nTo this end we contend that any retirement income products should be fit for meeting the legitimate objectives of the retirement incomes system. The concept of 'fit for purpose' should be included in the principles for stable settings in retirement incomes policy.\n\nRecommendation: Use of key principles in development of superannuation and retirement incomes legislation\n\nAustralianSuper suggests key principles be observed in the development of superannuation/retirement incomes legislation. We provide no comment on the body or forum that should uphold and apply these principles except to say that an independent body is best placed to do this.\n\nAs a minimum, draft legislation should be subject to a review process prior to being released for public consultation which would encompass consideration of the principles outlined below:\n\nFit for purpose\n\nSuperannuation and retirement incomes products and approved strategies need to be 'fit for purpose', designed for providing better retirement outcomes. This must be measured consistently across all industry sectors, including retail, industry, corporate and selfmanaged superannuation funds.\n\nAdequacy\n\nThe retirement income system should enable people to achieve a comfortable standard of living in retirement relative to an objective standard for all retirees.\n\nSustainability\n\nFunding of retirement through both the Age Pension and superannuation tax concessions must be affordable over the long term. As a component of this, superannuation will continue to need some concessional tax treatment as a tradeoff for preserving savings until retirement.\n\nFairness\n\nA fair superannuation system is one that treats people in similar circumstances equally and is perceived to be fair by the community. It accounts for differing work patterns\n\nand rates of savings over a working life. It is taxed concessionally for all users, up to the point where it is necessary for provision of retirement outcomes and no further.\n\nA fair superannuation system is one where taxation concessions provided by all taxpayers are not used to advance estate planning or tax minimization strategies that are inconsistent with the purpose of the superannuation system.\n\n2) Scope for greater efficiencies in the superannuation system\n\nAustralianSuper considers that investment returns, net of administration fees, and net of investment fees and costs (\"net net returns\") is the most accessible and comprehensible way that consumers can determine whether to invest in a particular superannuation investment. Fees are a subset of this primary consideration and lower fees should result in a better net net return for superannuation investors.\n\nAustralianSuper agrees with the general conclusion of the Inquiry in its interim report that fees are too high in superannuation in Australia and that there needs to be greater efficiency in the management and provision of benefits to superannuation fund members.\n\nWe are concerned however, about the reliance on OECD comparative data as the basis for this finding when key countries have not provided data, and the variety of different pension provision systems have not been properly compared. Whilst concerns have been raised about the ability to make accurate, like-for-like comparisons with overseas pension systems, the concern about high fees expressed by the Inquiry can be readily confirmed by looking solely at the superannuation industry in Australia and seeing how the industry has grown, yet the scale benefits of the rapidly growing system are being disproportionately enjoyed by agents rather than consumers.\n\nThe FSI Interim Report highlighted the problem by reference in Chart 4.2 1 to the problem of fees not declining in the system despite increasing economies of scale. Whilst causes of high fees in the superannuation industry have been discussed in the interim report, we suggest that there are two additional areas of relevant concern that the Inquiry may wish to consider further:\n\n1) Investment Management Fees\n2) The level of accrued default amounts existing in the superannuation industry. 2 Commissions can still be charged on these superannuation accounts until 2017.\n\n1 FSI Interim Report 2-102\n\n2 'Accrued default amounts' are defined in s20B of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 and are accounts held in default investment options in superannuation that are not MySuper products.\n\nAustralianSuper contends that the most needed change to affect fees and efficiency in superannuation is a real consideration of the fees charged in investment management. Investors in superannuation need a more robust and transparent system of fee and cost disclosure that applies to all relevant participants in the market, not just superannuation trustees.\n\nInvestors in superannuation suffer information asymmetry – they do not know, nor do they have access to information about the real fees and costs of the investments they make, because this information is not always available to the market.\n\nThe Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) have recently considered what is needed to improve disclosure of underlying fees and costs. We refer to ASIC's recent Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products 3 where it highlights concerns about 'fee gaming' in the superannuation industry as follows:\n\n\"Fee gaming refers to issuers taking deliberate actions (eg. structuring investments, operations or other arrangements with third parties, or adopting a particular interpretation of the requirements that may or may not be correct) with the objective of intentionally disclosing lower fees and costs that would otherwise be required.\" 4\n\nRecommendation\n\nLegislative reform that places higher responsibilities on trustees to inquire, understand and then disclose all fees and costs applying to investment management, investment in collective investment schemes and costs applying to underlying investments of those schemes.\n\nThis suggested reform is not only relevant for MySuper products but for choice products, which should be subject to the same level of scrutiny over their performance as they too gain taxation concessions for operating to provide retirement benefits.\n\nTo be effective, this reform should apply to managed investment schemes as well as superannuation funds.\n\n3) The cost of passive and active management\n\nAustralianSuper contends that superannuation funds should be free to observe their fiduciary duty to invest in the best interests of members, and be able to choose between active and passive investment management as they think appropriate.\n\n3 Report 398 Fee and Cost Disclosure: Superannuation and Managed Investment Products at www.asic.gov.au.\n\n4 Ibid paragraph 10.\n\nThe decision to use either active or passive investment management really depends on the skill of the investment teams making those decisions. AustralianSuper holds some actively managed investments on behalf of our members, and is conscious of the need for those investments to outperform the index.\n\nIf there is a concern that active management is too expensive, then clearly fund managers should be required to report and provide information on investment performance on a net return basis. Trustees acting in the best interests of fund members should be selecting active managers on their ability to deliver alpha on a net return basis and simply not select those that are too expensive. It is also worth noting that low cost and high performance in superannuation do not necessarily have a causative relationship. Good performing funds are those that are able to achieve consistent performance and keep fees down.\n\nAustralianSuper uses active asset management within asset classes and returns higher long term returns for its members, with a ten year average annual return of 7.49% as at 30 June 2014. 5 For a large fund such as AustralianSuper, capacity constraints may lead to using passive investment in equity portfolios in the short term. This is further reason for large funds to bring some investment management in-house as AustralianSuper has done. AustralianSuper also invests in direct property, direct infrastructure and private equity, where the concept of active vs passive management is less relevant.\n\nRecommendation:\n\nConsider legislative reform of fees and costs disclosure as discussed in Item 2) as this is of key relevant in determining the effectiveness of active management.\n\n4) Retirement Incomes Framework\n\nNow that baby boomers have started entering the retirement phase and are drawing on their superannuation and the Age Pension, it is important to improve the design of the retirement incomes system to ensure that it is easy to use.\n\nAustralianSuper is interested in reforms to the retirement incomes framework that better help Australians, especially those on low to average incomes, to transition to an orderly successful retirement. It is also important to ensure that any reforms engage pre-retirees and educate them about the benefits of retaining superannuation savings to draw down an income stream where appropriate, instead of making a lump sum withdrawal where it may not be in their interests to do so.\n\nUsers of the retirement income system in Australia would benefit from the use of income stream products instead of lump sum withdrawals by allowing the following:\n\n5 http://www.australiansuper.com/mysuperdashboard\n\na) Ability to pay lump sums into income stream (pension) accounts.\n\nThere are circumstances where a member would have a valid reason to place an additional lump sum into their income stream account, including inheritance, downsizing the family home, a transition to retirement transfer from an accumulation account, or a redundancy payment.\n\nCurrently if a member wants to add money to their existing income stream (pension) account they have two options:\n\n(a) Open a new pension account. This requires the pensioner to roll their old pension account and any additional money into the new pension account.\n(b) Open a second pension account.\n\nBoth of these options result in an unnecessary administration burden and extra costs (which erode retirement savings) being imposed on retirees.\n\nRecommendation: Amend pension requirements to allow for the topping up of pension accounts.\n\nb) Tax treatment of deferred annuities\n\nThe existing law requires that income streams must make payments at least annually. As a deferred annuity does not meet this requirement, it does not qualify as an income stream, and therefore is not entitled to the associated concessional tax treatment that applies to earnings on superannuation assets supporting income streams.\n\nAs a consequence a deferred annuity is not an attractive option in retirement yet it meets a longevity risk need.\n\nFurther, in conjunction with point 1(a) above retirees may need the flexibility of being able to purchase a deferred annuity over a period rather than with a lump sum. This period may be before retirement, after retirement or a combination of both.\n\nRecommendation: Amend taxation of deferred annuities to assist in providing a product that enables retirees to better manage longevity risk in retirement. Allow deferred annuities to be purchased over a defined period rather than at one point in time.\n\nc) Mandated retirement products\n\nAustralianSuper does not support mandating the use of annuity products by retirees and is concerned about the savings disincentive this measure would be likely to generate.\n\nThe UK has recently scrapped mandatory annuities derived from defined contribution pension savings due to concerns with the low interest rates effectively forcing retirees to buy bonds at the very top of the market, when much better yields were available elsewhere. Other concerns with mandatory annuities included the high margins achieved by insurers where retirees rolled over to the default provider, the complexity of products offered, and the lack of competition or flexibility in the mandatory provision of these products.\n\nThere is definitely a place for annuities in the marketplace but the benefit of an annuity varies widely for different people. There are few consumers for whom an annuity should comprise their entire superannuation balance. The reality that there are some expenses in retirement that require capital expenditures, for example, aged care bonds, out of pocket medical expenses for serious illness, and home renovations to factor in living at home with a disability.\n\nRecommendation\n\nDo not mandate the use of annuity products by retirees.\n\nd) Default pension\n\nAustralianSuper contends that creating a default income stream derived from members' accumulation account balances is a constructive step in engaging members and potentially reducing the prospect of lump sum withdrawals in the system. It takes away the reflex action of withdrawing a lump sum from superannuation when it is not necessary, and not in the member's best interest. A default income stream supports the philosophy that this is a retirement incomes system rather than a wealth accumulation system.\n\nThere are some issues to be considered further. Amendment to the current pension requirements would also need to be made to accommodate the following:\n\n- Deferral of minimum drawdown for a specified period to give time for contacting members and taking payment instructions.\n- Enable the member to top up the default income stream (as described above).\n- Transfer to pension at a specified age, in specified circumstances, without member instruction.\n- A 'no detriment' test covering fees, investment strategy and insurance is required.\n\nRecommendation: Establish a Treasury and regulator-supported working group applying the Retirement Incomes policy-making principles outlined above to consider this issue further.\n\n5) The Dividend Imputation System\n\nAustralianSuper contends that there are substantial benefits in the operation of the present dividend imputation system. The dividend imputation system prevents the double taxation of profits that would otherwise arise at shareholder level, and thus prevents a higher effective rate of tax being imposed on dividend income compared to other types of income.\n\nThe imputation system also corrects a bias that may otherwise occur towards investors providing debt financing to corporations which arises from the fact that interest payments (but not dividend payments) are tax deductible to corporations. By preventing such bias towards debt financing, the imputation system cultivates a greater level of resilience within Australia's share market.\n\nThe interim report suggests that the dividend imputation system may create a bias for investors to invest in equities, and that this may be a contributing factor to a lack of a deep domestic corporate bond market in Australia. However, there are several reasons why equities, rather than debt financing, may be preferential to investors which are not related to the operation of the dividend imputation system. For example, equity investments are often much more liquid, and may not present the same level of risk as providing debt financing to corporations. Superannuation trustees as fiduciaries must consider such factors in their investment making considerations. In this regard, AustralianSuper contends that broader reasons for any apparent bias among investors towards equities be considered in detail.\n\nRecommendation: That the benefits of the dividend imputation system for all investors be retained, and that any proposals for modifications to the system be carefully considered in this regard, and under full consultation in the Government's Tax White Paper process.\n\n6) The Trust Structure in Superannuation\n\nThe Inquiry is seeking views on whether the trust structure is best placed to meet the needs of all members in a cost-effective manner. AustralianSuper believes that the trust structure is the only appropriate structure to cater for a compulsory superannuation system where members are defaulted into a superannuation product as a result of employment.\n\nIt is not clear how alternatives such as contract law would apply. Where a superannuation fund member has made no decision about fund membership, they cannot be a party to a contractual arrangement. The fiduciary relationship that a superannuation trustee has with such a member, where they are managing money on behalf of that member, is in the first instance a safer and more accountable structure. Trusts have long been used as an appropriate tool for managing assets on behalf of others.\n\nA higher standard of care is owed by trustees as fiduciaries than is owed by contracting parties that invariably set out to treat each other as equals. Trustees owe a duty to act in the best interests of beneficiaries – a duty that is not owed by contracting parties. In addition, the trust structure in superannuation is overlaid with stringent legislative requirements applying to superannuation trustees under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993.\n\nTrustees are also required to keep trust assets separate from their own assets, to prioritize beneficiary interests above their own, and to comply with principles based legal requirements that guide decision making when investing on behalf of another.\n\nThere is the argument that some trustee requirements can be legislated and imposed on other legal structures. To retrofit ostensibly similar requirements into a contract relationship by governing legislation will not of itself remedy the fundamental difference in relationship that contracting parties have with each other compared to the fiduciary duty owed by a trustee to a beneficiary. A contract assumes that each party has a relatively equal relationship with each other. This can never be assumed in superannuation.\n\nThe Inquiry's interim report has already highlighted the information asymmetry that exists between financial product issuers and their investors, a problem that is even more acute in superannuation where there are disengaged default investors. This information asymmetry feeds into the obligation of trustees as fiduciaries to look after their beneficiaries despite the beneficiaries' lack of knowledge. It is a key structural protection that benefits users of the superannuation framework.\n\nAustralianSuper has not seen evidence that common law trustee duties have increased costs and efficiencies for trustees ahead of any of the following issues:\n\n- The cost of maintaining multiple investment options\n- Investment management fees and costs\n- The cost of maintaining accrued default amounts in default products that are not MySuper products until 2017, at a significant financial cost to members who continue to pay commissions.\n\nAustralianSuper is concerned however, that to change superannuation from being governed under a trust structure to a contractual structure would allow product providers to charge higher fees than they currently do, as they would no longer owe a fiduciary duty to fund members. This would be a significant backward step for the retirement incomes system in Australia.\n\nRecommendation\n\nRetain the trust structure as the appropriate structure to provide superannuation and retirement benefits to fund members.\n\n1) Liquidity\n\nAustralianSuper believes that the issue of liquidity in superannuation will need to be reconsidered over the long term. More flexibility will be required to manage allocations to illiquid assets and how potentially all investors are impacted by systemic issues affecting liquidity in the superannuation system overall. This issue of liquidity in superannaution\n\nfunds will become more pronounced as their operating environment changes in the following ways:\n\n- Demographic change – some funds will go into net outflow as more members take benefit payments than there are contributions flowing into some funds.\n- Structural changes to the superannuation system, such as nomination of default funds under Awards, directly affecting the predictability of contributions to funds.\n- Systemic issues – severe market corrections in equities and property will affect switching behavior of superannuation fund members.\n\nSuperannuation funds are governed by investment strategy requirements applying to the fund as a whole, and then to each investment option within the superannuation fund. The dual requirements lead to liquidity having to be managed not only on a fund by fund basis, but on an investment option by investment option basis as well.\n\nAs MySuper investment options are compulsorily diversified, theoretically there should be less concern over liquidity compared to other investment options, but this depends on the 'health' of the MySuper investment option concerned.\n\nSuperannuation funds monitor liquidity and may need to rebalance assets where levels of illiquidity are exceeded. It should not be expected that payment of benefits within 3 business days will lead to funds exceeding their level of illiquid assets – this is a largely predictable event. This is not always the case with transfers between investment options and switching between superannuation funds which are less predictable as they are influenced by external market events.\n\nThere is a concern that the regular switching behavior of some superannuation fund members is paid for by those members who <cursor_is_here> Whilst the superannuation marketplace might demand a number of no-cost superannuation switches, a case can be made for minimum transactional charges to be applied to all investment switches in both MySuper and Choice investment options to avoid cross subsidy between different members.\n\nRecommendation\n\nThat the liquidity issue in superannuation be subject to regular review as a component of the intergenerational report to ensure this gets appropriate consideration as economic and demographic changes to the environment take effect.\n\nFurther investigation into a minimum standard across the superannuation industry which affects transaction cost-based switching fees across all superannuation investment options be considered. This will reduce cross subsidies and improve efficiencies within the system.\n\nPlease do not hesitate to contact Louise du Pre-Alba on 03 8648 3847 if you wish to discuss this further. We are happy to provide further information on request.\n\nYours sincerely\n\nfor Ian Silk Chief Executive\n</text>\n",
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About this item
About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
"Four years ago, Jocelyn left her tragic past behind in the States and started over in Scotland, burying her grief, ignoring her demons, and forging ahead without attachments. Her solitary life is working well--until she moves into a new apartment on Dublin Street, where she meets a man who shakes her carefully guarded world to its core. Braden Carmichael is used to getting what he wants, and he's determined to get Jocelyn into his bed. Knowing how skittish she is about entering a relationship, Braden proposes an arrangement that will satisfy their intense attraction without any strings attached. But after an intrigued Jocelyn accepts, she realizes that Braden won't be satisfied with just mind-blowing passion. The stubborn Scotsman is intent on truly knowing her...down to the very soul"--
|Publisher:||Penguin Group USA|
|Publish Date:||May 2013|
|Number of Pages:||373|
|Shipping Weight (in pounds):||0.65|
|Product in Inches (L x W x H):||5.5 x 8.25 x 1.0|
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About this item
About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
"Four years ago, Jocelyn left her tragic past behind in the States and started over in Scotland, burying her grief, ignoring her demons, and forging ahead without attachments. Her solitary life is working well--until she moves into a new apartment on Dublin Street, where she meets a man who shakes her carefully guarded world to its core. Braden Carmichael is used to getting what he wants, and he's determined to get Jocelyn into his bed. Knowing how skittish she is about entering a relationship, Braden proposes an arrangement that will satisfy their intense attraction without any strings attached. But after an intrigued Jocelyn accepts, she realizes that Braden won't be satisfied with just mind-blowing passion. The stubborn Scotsman is intent on truly knowing her...down to the very soul"--
|Publisher:||Penguin Group USA|
|Publish Date:||May 2013|
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|Shipping Weight (in pounds):||0.65|
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About this item
About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
"Four years ago, Jocelyn left her tragic past behind in the States and started over in Scotland, burying her grief, ignoring her demons, and forging ahead without attachments. Her solitary life is working well--until she moves into a new apartment on Dublin Street, where she meets a man who shakes her carefully guarded world to its core. Braden Carmichael is used to getting what he wants, and he's determined to get Jocelyn into his bed. Knowing how skittish she is about entering a relationship, Braden proposes an arrangement that will satisfy their intense attraction without any strings attached. But after an intrigued Jocelyn accepts, she realizes that Braden won't be satisfied with just mind-blowing passion. The stubborn Scotsman is intent on truly knowing her...down to the very soul"--
|Publisher:||Penguin Group USA|
|Publish Date:||May 2013|
|Number of Pages:||373|
|Shipping Weight (in pounds):||0.65|
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Does an Electronic Health Record Improve Completeness of Prenatal Studies?
1
T.A. McLean
; A.K. Lewkowitz
2
; E. Test
2
; M.G. Zlatnik
2
1Kaiser Permanente, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livermore, CA, United States;2UCSF, Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States
Keywords
Electronic health record, prenatal care
Summary
Objective: To determine whether implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) would increase the rate of prenatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and purified protein derivative (PPD) testing.
Methods: Eligible participants received prenatal care and delivered at term at a single academic institution in March-April 2011, March-April 2012, and March-April 2013. As part of routine prenatal care, all women were tested for HIV and tuberculosis (via a PPD test) during each pregnancy. The 2011 cohort was charted on paper. The 2012 and 2013 cohorts were charted via EHR. To appear in the prenatal labs display in EHR, PPD results must be manually documented, while HIV results are uploaded automatically. Documentation of PPD and HIV tests were analyzed. Results: The 2011, 2012, and 2013 cohorts had 249, 208, and 190 patients, respectively. Complete PPD and HIV results were less likely to be charted in the 2012 EHR cohort compared to the paper chart cohort (72.1% vs. 80.1%; p=0.03). This was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (2011 83.9% vs. 2012 72.6%; p=0.003). PPD test documentation improved non-significantly to 86.2% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.5). HIV documentation rates increased from 95.2% in the paper chart cohort to 98.6% in the 2012 EHR cohort (p=0.04), and to 98.9% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.03).
Conclusions: EHR implementation corresponded with a marked decrease in documentation of PPD test completion. HIV documentation rates improved. PPD results were likely charted incorrectly in provider notes due to training deficiencies and lack of standardization, which did not improve significantly after retraining.
Correspondence to:
Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676
Tracey McLean Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Permanente Medical Group Livermore, CA Email: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062 received: May 16, 2015 accepted in revised form: September 21, 2015 published: November 11, 2015 Citation: McLean T, Lewkowitz A, Test E, Zlatnik M. Does an electronic health record improve completness of prenatal studies? Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062
1. Introduction
In 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was enacted, allocating nearly $19 billion towards expanding the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) in the American health-care system [1]. Nationwide implementation of EHRs is intended to lower administrative costs, streamline patient care, improve surveillance, and increase efficiency [1, 2]. Indeed, data suggest that, compared to paper charting, EHRs can increase the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care by improving the legibility and comprehensiveness of, and access to, patient notes, implementing standardized patient quality measures, and streamlining clinical processes [2–7]. However, the effectiveness of EHRs may be limited by cost, by the need for all medical personnel be trained on correct EHR usage, and by the inability of different EHR systems to share medical information about the same patient [8].
Analysis of prenatal laboratory results is an interesting area of evaluation because some results, such as infectious disease antibody testing, can be automatically uploaded into the EHR. Other results, such as those of the purified protein derivative (PPD) test for tuberculosis, point of care tests, and immunization dates, must be manually entered into the correct section of the EHR to propagate correctly within the prenatal care record. Additionally, the EHR can be designed to offer alerts or visual cues to providers when results are lacking.
Pregnancy is an ideal condition to evaluate whether the EHR's potential outweighs its limitations: comprehensive prenatal care includes standardized testing in both outpatient and inpatient settings that guides multiple medical providers' management of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care [9]. Thus, prenatal care demands an EHR that concisely transfers information between different medical settings, helps ensure prenatal care testing is completed according to standardized guidelines, and is easily accessible by and understandable to various medical personnel. Though limited, data on EHRs in the prenatal setting is positive: studies suggest that EHRs improve communication between prenatal care networks [10], increase both timeliness of prenatal laboratory testing [2] and completeness of the prenatal record [5], and decrease the rate of newborn interventions and unnecessary maternal testing [11].
2. Objectives
This study compares prenatal test completion pre- and post-EHR implementation, by determining how EHR implementation impacts documentation rates of prenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. These tests are ordered routinely during every pregnancy at our institution. New prenatal HIV diagnoses are not common but have urgent clinical implications for the pregnancy and delivery. The incidence of tuberculosis in our community is significantly higher than average. For example, in 2014 the incidence of new cases was nearly four times the national average [12]. While the absolute number of cases diagnosed prenatally is low, this testing is part of a public health effort to identify patients with latent infections who may not interact with the health system outside of pregnancy. These tests were chosen for study because they represent both types of resulting mechanisms: HIV results propagate automatically into the EHR, while PPD test results must be manually entered. We hypothesized that test completion, and thus documentation in the prenatal console, would increase with EHR implementation because the prominently displayed prenatal console would render all missing prenatal tests more visible to all prenatal providers.
3. Methods
This study was conducted at an urban academic medical center. Prior to late 2011, we utilized paper charts for all ambulatory prenatal care: prenatal testing results were manually written into each patient's paper chart, which was stored in the outpatient clinic. The chart was brought to labor and delivery during a patient's admission, where a legacy electronic note charting system was in place. A comprehensive, enterprise-wide EHR was launched in the ambulatory prenatal clinics in July 2011 and on labor and delivery in June 2012. Providers underwent the EHR manufacturer's recommended training, consisting of eight hours of classroom instruction. The EHR interface includes a prenatal console, in which designated prenatal laboratory results are displayed prominently. Results that come from the laboratory, such as for HIV, display automatically. PPD test results must be manually inputted. Results from the console are propagated automatically in labor and delivery's admission history and physical.
Women were stratified into three cohorts according to the year of their delivery. The first cohort delivered in March and April 2011, prior to implementation of the EHR, when paper prenatal charts were utilized. The second cohort delivered in March and April of 2012 and had their entire prenatal record documented in the ambulatory EHR. The third cohort delivered in March and April of 2013. Completion rates of HIV and PPD tests were assessed via a chart review, performed by three physicians. Data were also collected on parity and insurance type (public or private, as a proxy for socio economic status) to determine whether these factors affected test completion rates. Of note, preliminary results from the first two cohorts of the study were presented in an intradepartmental meeting to all prenatal providers, prompting the creation of a brief EHR refresher course.
This retrospective cohort study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and included women with singleton pregnancies who received their prenatal care and delivered at term at our institution. Preterm deliveries were excluded from our cohort to eliminate a potential confounder of HIV or PPD test non-completion—unplanned premature delivery—from our analysis. Of note, all women in our prenatal clinics receive HIV testing with first- and third-trimester laboratory testing as well as PPD testing at their convenience during each pregnancy.
Based on our prior clinical experience, we estimated that approximately 85% of women had both HIV and PPD documented in their chart prior to implementation of the EHR. We hypothesized that this would increase to 95% after EHR implementation. Based on these estimates, using a two-sided alpha error of 0.05 and 80% power, we determined that at least 141 charts would have to be included in each cohort.
The study sample was summarized with descriptive statistics, and chi-squared and generalized linear models were used to examine differences across the cohorts. Multivariable logistical analyses were utilized to determine the effect of the EHR on HIV and PPD completion rates adjusted for parity and insurance type. We also examined the effects of parity and insurance type separately for each cohort year in order to assess year specific effects. All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, United States).
4. Results
Our overall study population was composed of 647 deliveries. This includes 249 deliveries for which prenatal records were on paper charts in 2011; the EHR cohorts include 208 deliveries in 2012 and 190 deliveries in 2013. ▶Table 1 compares the demographics of the study population. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gestational age at delivery, parity, or insurance type amongst the cohorts.
-Figure 1 shows the PPD and HIV completion rates as stratified by year. Pre-EHR implementation (2011 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in the 80.7% of charts. Immediately post-EHR implementation (2012 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in 72.1% of charts. Following the refresher course (2013 cohort), 85.7% of charts had both PPD and HIV tests appropriately documented.
Adjusted for parity and insurance type, complete PPD and HIV results were statistically less likely to be charted in the 2012 cohort, the year after EHR implementation, compared to the cohort that utilized paper charts (adjusted odds ratio (aOR 0.58 (0.37–0.91), p=0.02). The lower rates of complete results after EHR implementation was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (83.9% in 2011 vs. 72.6% in 2012, p=0.003). Completion rates were superior in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, however this result is not statistically significant (aOR: 1.40 (0.84–2.36), p=0.20).
Importantly, only 1.4% of the 2012 EHR cohort did not have the HIV status documented in the chart, which is a statistically significant improvement from 4.8% in the 2011 paper chart cohort
(p=0.04). Only 1.1% of the 2013 EHR cohort did not have HIV status documented, also a statistically significant improvement over the 2011 paper cohort (p=0.03).
Regardless of whether prenatal care was completed on paper or electronic charts, multiparous women were less likely to have completed both PPD and HIV testing compared to nulliparous women (aOR 0.62 (0.45–0.86), p=0.004). This was driven by the cohorts with electronic charts in which multiparous women had significantly lower PPD completion rates than nulliparous women. In 2012, 21.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 37.2% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.02). In 2013, 7.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 21.7% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.007). There was no difference by insurance type in PPD and HIV testing completion rates (aOR 1.21 (0.83–1.77), p=0.33)
In the year following EHR implementation (2012 cohort), 27.4% of charts did not have a PPD result documented, which is significantly more than the 16.1% of paper charts (2011 cohort) that did not have a PPD result documented (p=0.003). In the second year following EHR implementation (2013 cohort), 13.8% of charts did not have a PPD result, which is an improvement as compared to the paper chart cohort, but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.5).
5. Discussion
Our study's mixed results highlight some of the challenges that can accompany EHR implementation. Interestingly, documentation of complete testing of both HIV and PPD decreased following EHR implementation. While documentation of both results improved in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, the improvement was not statistically significant.
The reason for decreased PPD completion rates is multifactorial. One explanation is a training deficiency: providers may not have learned or remembered how to correctly document the PPD results in the EHR. Another possibility is a lack of post-implementation standardization: certain providers entered PPD results into an outpatient progress note in the EHR but not the prenatal console, which did not autopopulate the PPD result in the patient's inpatient medical record. Interestingly, after a preliminary evaluation of this data following completion of the second cohort, we performed retraining for the providers in an attempt to close knowledge gaps in use of the EHR. While this training resulted in a decreased number of patients without a PPD result documented in the 2013 EHR cohort, this improvement was not statistically significant over the paper charts. Our data suggest providers need multiple educational interventions to ensure accurate EHR use.
The finding that documentation of both HIV and PPD results decreased after EHR implementation was driven by decreased rates of PPD documentation, as there was an increased rate of HIV result documentation. This finding underscores some of the inherent strengths and limitations of an EHR. Most laboratory tests—including HIV testing—are automatically uploaded into the EHR; as such, these tests do not require any human intervention to have their results be documented in the EHR. Conversely, PPD test results must be manually entered by the provider interpreting the test. In our study, after EHR implementation, there was a statistically significant improvement in documentation of HIV results. However, PPD result documentation worsened markedly in the first year following EHR implementation, and then improved, but not significantly, in the second year following implementation.
It is reassuring that insurance type, used as a proxy for socioeconomic status, did not impact test completion results. That multiparity was found to be associated with a lower completion rate of PPD testing in two of the cohorts may point to the greater demands on time of women caring for another child, making it more challenging for them to return for their test to be interpreted.
A strength of our study is that our study population incorporates cohorts over multiple years within the same institution, allowing us to determine what impact adoption of a comprehensive EHR as well as performance of retraining may have on prenatal test results. The improvement we found in some aspects of prenatal lab completion is consistent with prior studies that have shown EHRs to be superior to paper charts in the prenatal setting. In 2014, Pham-Thomas et al. found that implementation of an electronic prenatal record system increased the availability of prenatal lab results on the labor and delivery unit, and corresponded with a decrease in repeat maternal testing and immunoglobulin administration to newborns [11]. Though not specifically evaluated in our
study, our results suggest that fewer rapid HIV tests had to be performed on patients upon admission to labor and delivery, as that is our standard when an HIV result is not available at that time.
The study has some limitations. It is a retrospective review, so it is possible that other factors contributed to the difference in charting, despite choosing cohorts that delivered during the same time frame in successive years at the same institution. For example, there was turnover of practitioners doing the charting over the three cohorts, and there was no way to fully standardize training across all practitioners over this timeframe. Because the study was undertaken at a single institution using a single EHR, results may not be generalizable to other settings. We would welcome a study using a different EHR to help determine whether our mixed findings are consistent across different user interfaces, or more inherent to prenatal EHR use in general.
6. Conclusions
In conclusion, we found that implementation of a comprehensive EHR in the prenatal setting had mixed results. It improved completion and documentation of HIV results. However, documentation of PPD results worsened following EHR implementation, and improved over time but not in a statistically significant manner. This likely is due in part to the fact that, in many EHRs, provider-entered test results often require multiple steps to achieve correct entry. This is often perceived as more difficult than quickly writing the result on a face sheet in a paper chart. Our findings suggest that, even for discrete results such as a PPD test interpretation, if human intervention is required to enter the result, training and standardization are paramount, but may not be sufficient given that retraining did not improve results significantly. It is possible that a clinical decision support tool, such as an alert that fired if PPD result was not entered by a specified gestational age, could have increased awareness of the lack of documentation. However, our results indicate that the tool would have to include specific instructions on how to enter the result in order to impact documentation completion rates. Our results indicate the importance of ongoing development and continuous improvement of the user interface to increase ease of appropriate documentation of clinician-entered results, vigilance in training and standardization, and appreciation that EHR implementation carries drawbacks as well as benefits. Future study will be necessary to continue quantifying the impact of these various limitations and benefits in terms of healthcare resources, provider experience, and impact on clinical outcomes.
Clinical Relevance Statement
Implementation of an EHR does not ensure that all prenatal lab results will be documented more completely than on paper charts. Test result characteristics and provider training and standardization must be taken into account.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors report no conflict of interest. There was no source of financial support for this study, nor funding from any organization.
Human and Animal Subjects
There were no human or animal subjects included in this project.
Acknowledgement
Results from the 2011 and 2012 cohorts were presented as a poster at the 62nd ACOG Clinical Meeting, April 26–30, 2014, Chicago, Illinois.
We wish to acknowledge Sanae Nakagawa, University of California, San Francisco, for her assistance with statistical analysis.
Table 1 Demographics of the Study population (n = 647)
Data are n (%) or mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise noted
References
1. Blumenthal D. Stimulating the adoption of health information technology. New Engl J Med 2009; 360(15): 1477–1479.
3. Persell SD, Kaiser D, Dolan NC, Andrews B, Levi S, Khandekar J, Gavagan T, Thompson JA, Friesema EM, Baker DW. Changes in performance after implementation of a multifaceted electronic-health-record based quality improvement system. Med Care 2011; 49(2): 117–125.
2. Metz JP, Son SJ, Winter RO, Chae S. Increasing timely and available prenatal studies by electronic health records. J Am Board Fam Med 2011; 24(4): 344–350.
4. Varroud-Vial, M. Improving diabetes management with electronic medical records. Diabetes Metab 2011; 37(Suppl 4): S48-S52.
6. Poon EG, Wright A, Simon SR, Jenter CA, Kaushal R, Volk LA. Relationship between use of electronic health record features and health care quality: results of a statewide survey. Med Care 2010; 48(3): 203–209.
5. Eden KB, Messina R, Li H, Osterweil P, Henderson CR, Guise JM. Examining the value of electronic health records on labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199(3): 307. e1–e9.
7. Samaan ZM, Klein MD, Mansour ME, DeWitt TG. The impact of the electronic health record on an academic pediatric primary care center. J Ambul Care Manage 2009; 32(3): 180–187.
9. American Academy of Pediatrics & The American Congress of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. Guidelines for Perinatal Care: 7th Edition. Elk Grove Village (IL), Washington (DC): AAP, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2012.
8. Jha AK, DesRoches CM, Campbell EG, Donelan K, Rao SR, Ferris TG, Shields A, Rosenbaum S, Blumenthal D. Use of electronic health records in U.S. Hospitals. New Engl J Med 2009; 360(16): 1628–1638.
10. Bernstein PS, Farinelli C, Merkatz IR. Using an electronic medical record to improve communication within a prenatal care network. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105(3): 607–612.
12. Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, San Francisco Department of Public Health. Tuberculosis in San Francisco, 2014. http://sfcdcp.org/document.html?id=974.
11. Pham-Thomas N, Pereira N, Powel AM, Croft DJ, Guilfoil DS, and Montgomery OC. Outcomes of Effective Transmission of Electronic Prenatal Records from the Office to the Hospital. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124(2): 317–322.
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Does an Electronic Health Record Improve Completeness of Prenatal Studies?
1
T.A. McLean
; A.K. Lewkowitz
2
; E. Test
2
; M.G. Zlatnik
2
1Kaiser Permanente, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livermore, CA, United States;2UCSF, Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States
Keywords
Electronic health record, prenatal care
Summary
Objective: To determine whether implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) would increase the rate of prenatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and purified protein derivative (PPD) testing.
Methods: Eligible participants received prenatal care and delivered at term at a single academic institution in March-April 2011, March-April 2012, and March-April 2013. As part of routine prenatal care, all women were tested for HIV and tuberculosis (via a PPD test) during each pregnancy. The 2011 cohort was charted on paper. The 2012 and 2013 cohorts were charted via EHR. To appear in the prenatal labs display in EHR, PPD results must be manually documented, while HIV results are uploaded automatically. Documentation of PPD and HIV tests were analyzed. Results: The 2011, 2012, and 2013 cohorts had 249, 208, and 190 patients, respectively. Complete PPD and HIV results were less likely to be charted in the 2012 EHR cohort compared to the paper chart cohort (72.1% vs. 80.1%; p=0.03). This was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (2011 83.9% vs. 2012 72.6%; p=0.003). PPD test documentation improved non-significantly to 86.2% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.5). HIV documentation rates increased from 95.2% in the paper chart cohort to 98.6% in the 2012 EHR cohort (p=0.04), and to 98.9% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.03).
Conclusions: EHR implementation corresponded with a marked decrease in documentation of PPD test completion. HIV documentation rates improved. PPD results were likely charted incorrectly in provider notes due to training deficiencies and lack of standardization, which did not improve significantly after retraining.
Correspondence to:
Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676
Tracey McLean Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Permanente Medical Group Livermore, CA Email: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062 received: May 16, 2015 accepted in revised form: September 21, 2015 published: November 11, 2015 Citation: McLean T, Lewkowitz A, Test E, Zlatnik M. Does an electronic health record improve completness of prenatal studies? Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062
1. Introduction
In 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was enacted, allocating nearly $19 billion towards expanding the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) in the American health-care system [1]. Nationwide implementation of EHRs is intended to lower administrative costs, streamline patient care, improve surveillance, and increase efficiency [1, 2]. Indeed, data suggest that, compared to paper charting, EHRs can increase the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care by improving the legibility and comprehensiveness of, and access to, patient notes, implementing standardized patient quality measures, and streamlining clinical processes [2–7]. However, the effectiveness of EHRs may be limited by cost, by the need for all medical personnel be trained on correct EHR usage, and by the inability of different EHR systems to share medical information about the same patient [8].
Analysis of prenatal laboratory results is an interesting area of evaluation because some results, such as infectious disease antibody testing, can be automatically uploaded into the EHR. Other results, such as those of the purified protein derivative (PPD) test for tuberculosis, point of care tests, and immunization dates, must be manually entered into the correct section of the EHR to propagate correctly within the prenatal care record. Additionally, the EHR can be designed to offer alerts or visual cues to providers when results are lacking.
Pregnancy is an ideal condition to evaluate whether the EHR's potential outweighs its limitations: comprehensive prenatal care includes standardized testing in both outpatient and inpatient settings that guides multiple medical providers' management of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care [9]. Thus, prenatal care demands an EHR that concisely transfers information between different medical settings, helps ensure prenatal care testing is completed according to standardized guidelines, and is easily accessible by and understandable to various medical personnel. Though limited, data on EHRs in the prenatal setting is positive: studies suggest that EHRs improve communication between prenatal care networks [10], increase both timeliness of prenatal laboratory testing [2] and completeness of the prenatal record [5], and decrease the rate of newborn interventions and unnecessary maternal testing [11].
2. Objectives
This study compares prenatal test completion pre- and post-EHR implementation, by determining how EHR implementation impacts documentation rates of prenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. These tests are ordered routinely during every pregnancy at our institution. New prenatal HIV diagnoses are not common but have urgent clinical implications for the pregnancy and delivery. The incidence of tuberculosis in our community is significantly higher than average. For example, in 2014 the incidence of new cases was nearly four times the national average [12]. While the absolute number of cases diagnosed prenatally is low, this testing is part of a public health effort to identify patients with latent infections who may not interact with the health system outside of pregnancy. These tests were chosen for study because they represent both types of resulting mechanisms: HIV results propagate automatically into the EHR, while PPD test results must be manually entered. We hypothesized that test completion, and thus documentation in the prenatal console, would increase with EHR implementation because the prominently displayed prenatal console would render all missing prenatal tests more visible to all prenatal providers.
3. Methods
This study was conducted at an urban academic medical center. Prior to late 2011, we utilized paper charts for all ambulatory prenatal care: prenatal testing results were manually written into each patient's paper chart, which was stored in the outpatient clinic. The chart was brought to labor and delivery during a patient's admission, where a legacy electronic note charting system was in place. A comprehensive, enterprise-wide EHR was launched in the ambulatory prenatal clinics in July 2011 and on labor and delivery in June 2012. Providers underwent the EHR manufacturer's recommended training, consisting of eight hours of classroom instruction. The EHR interface includes a prenatal console, in which designated prenatal laboratory results are displayed prominently. Results that come from the laboratory, such as for HIV, display automatically. PPD test results must be manually inputted. Results from the console are propagated automatically in labor and delivery's admission history and physical.
Women were stratified into three cohorts according to the year of their delivery. The first cohort delivered in March and April 2011, prior to implementation of the EHR, when paper prenatal charts were utilized. The second cohort delivered in March and April of 2012 and had their entire prenatal record documented in the ambulatory EHR. The third cohort delivered in March and April of 2013. Completion rates of HIV and PPD tests were assessed via a chart review, performed by three physicians. Data were also collected on parity and insurance type (public or private, as a proxy for socio economic status) to determine whether these factors affected test completion rates. Of note, preliminary results from the first two cohorts of the study were presented in an intradepartmental meeting to all prenatal providers, prompting the creation of a brief EHR refresher course.
This retrospective cohort study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and included women with singleton pregnancies who received their prenatal care and delivered at term at our institution. Preterm deliveries were excluded from our cohort to eliminate a potential confounder of HIV or PPD test non-completion—unplanned premature delivery—from our analysis. Of note, all women in our prenatal clinics receive HIV testing with first- and third-trimester laboratory testing as well as PPD testing at their convenience during each pregnancy.
Based on our prior clinical experience, we estimated that approximately 85% of women had both HIV and PPD documented in their chart prior to implementation of the EHR. We hypothesized that this would increase to 95% after EHR implementation. Based on these estimates, using a two-sided alpha error of 0.05 and 80% power, we determined that at least 141 charts would have to be included in each cohort.
The study sample was summarized with descriptive statistics, and chi-squared and generalized linear models were used to examine differences across the cohorts. Multivariable logistical analyses were utilized to determine the effect of the EHR on HIV and PPD completion rates adjusted for parity and insurance type. We also examined the effects of parity and insurance type separately for each cohort year in order to assess year specific effects. All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, United States).
4. Results
Our overall study population was composed of 647 deliveries. This includes 249 deliveries for which prenatal records were on paper charts in 2011; the EHR cohorts include 208 deliveries in 2012 and 190 deliveries in 2013. ▶Table 1 compares the demographics of the study population. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gestational age at delivery, parity, or insurance type amongst the cohorts.
-Figure 1 shows the PPD and HIV completion rates as stratified by year. Pre-EHR implementation (2011 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in the 80.7% of charts. Immediately post-EHR implementation (2012 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in 72.1% of charts. Following the refresher course (2013 cohort), 85.7% of charts had both PPD and HIV tests appropriately documented.
Adjusted for parity and insurance type, complete PPD and HIV results were statistically less likely to be charted in the 2012 cohort, the year after EHR implementation, compared to the cohort that utilized paper charts (adjusted odds ratio (aOR 0.58 (0.37–0.91), p=0.02). The lower rates of complete results after EHR implementation was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (83.9% in 2011 vs. 72.6% in 2012, p=0.003). Completion rates were superior in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, however this result is not statistically significant (aOR: 1.40 (0.84–2.36), p=0.20).
Importantly, only 1.4% of the 2012 EHR cohort did not have the HIV status documented in the chart, which is a statistically significant improvement from 4.8% in the 2011 paper chart cohort
(p=0.04). Only 1.1% of the 2013 EHR cohort did not have HIV status documented, also a statistically significant improvement over the 2011 paper cohort (p=0.03).
Regardless of whether prenatal care was completed on paper or electronic charts, multiparous women were less likely to have completed both PPD and HIV testing compared to nulliparous women (aOR 0.62 (0.45–0.86), p=0.004). This was driven by the cohorts with electronic charts in which multiparous women had significantly lower PPD completion rates than nulliparous women. In 2012, 21.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 37.2% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.02). In 2013, 7.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 21.7% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.007). There was no difference by insurance type in PPD and HIV testing completion rates (aOR 1.21 (0.83–1.77), p=0.33)
In the year following EHR implementation (2012 cohort), 27.4% of charts did not have a PPD result documented, which is significantly more than the 16.1% of paper charts (2011 cohort) that did not have a PPD result documented (p=0.003). In the second year following EHR implementation (2013 cohort), 13.8% of charts did not have a PPD result, which is an improvement as compared to the paper chart cohort, but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.5).
5. Discussion
Our study's mixed results highlight some of the challenges that can accompany EHR implementation. Interestingly, documentation of complete testing of both HIV and PPD decreased following EHR implementation. While documentation of both results improved in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, the improvement was not statistically significant.
The reason for decreased PPD completion rates is multifactorial. One explanation is a training deficiency: providers may not have learned or remembered how to correctly document the PPD results in the EHR. Another possibility is a lack of post-implementation standardization: certain providers entered PPD results into an outpatient progress note in the EHR but not the prenatal console, which did not autopopulate the PPD result in the patient's inpatient medical record. Interestingly, after a preliminary evaluation of this data following completion of the second cohort, we performed retraining for the providers in an attempt to close knowledge gaps in use of the EHR. While this training resulted in a decreased number of patients without a PPD result documented in the 2013 EHR cohort, this improvement was not statistically significant over the paper charts. Our data suggest providers need multiple educational interventions to ensure accurate EHR use.
The finding that documentation of both HIV and PPD results decreased after EHR implementation was driven by decreased rates of PPD documentation, as there was an increased rate of HIV result documentation. This finding underscores some of the inherent strengths and limitations of an EHR. Most laboratory tests—including HIV testing—are automatically uploaded into the EHR; as such, these tests do not require any human intervention to have their results be documented in the EHR. Conversely, PPD test results must be manually entered by the provider interpreting the test. In our study, after EHR implementation, there was a statistically significant improvement in documentation of HIV results. However, PPD result documentation worsened markedly in the first year following EHR implementation, and then improved, but not significantly, in the second year following implementation.
It is reassuring that insurance type, used as a proxy for socioeconomic status, did not impact test completion results. That multiparity was found to be associated with a lower completion rate of PPD testing in two of the cohorts may point to the greater demands on time of women caring for another child, making it more challenging for them to return for their test to be interpreted.
A strength of our study is that our study population incorporates cohorts over multiple years within the same institution, allowing us to determine what impact adoption of a comprehensive EHR as well as performance of retraining may have on prenatal test results. The improvement we found in some aspects of prenatal lab completion is consistent with prior studies that have shown EHRs to be superior to paper charts in the prenatal setting. In 2014, Pham-Thomas et al. found that implementation of an electronic prenatal record system increased the availability of prenatal lab results on the labor and delivery unit, and corresponded with a decrease in repeat maternal testing and immunoglobulin administration to newborns [11]. Though not specifically evaluated in our
study, our results suggest that fewer rapid HIV tests had to be performed on patients upon admission to labor and delivery, as that is our standard when an HIV result is not available at that time.
The study has some limitations. It is a retrospective review, so it is possible that other factors contributed to the difference in charting, despite choosing cohorts that delivered during the same time frame in successive years at the same institution. For example, there was turnover of practitioners doing the charting over the three cohorts, and there was no way to fully standardize training across all practitioners over this timeframe. Because the study was undertaken at a single institution using a single EHR, results may not be generalizable to other settings. We would welcome a study using a different EHR to help determine whether our mixed findings are consistent across different user interfaces, or more inherent to prenatal EHR use in general.
6. Conclusions
In conclusion, we found that implementation of a comprehensive EHR in the prenatal setting had mixed results. It improved completion and documentation of HIV results. However, documentation of PPD results worsened following EHR implementation, and improved over time but not in a statistically significant manner. This likely is due in part to the fact that, in many EHRs, provider-entered test results often require multiple steps to achieve correct entry. This is often perceived as more difficult than quickly writing the result on a face sheet in a paper chart. Our findings suggest that, even for discrete results such as a PPD test interpretation, if human intervention is required to enter the result, training and standardization are paramount, but may not be sufficient given that retraining did not improve results significantly. It is possible that a clinical decision support tool, such as an alert that fired if PPD result was not entered by a specified gestational age, could have increased awareness of the lack of documentation. However, our results indicate that the tool would have to include specific instructions on how to enter the result in order to impact documentation completion rates. Our results indicate the importance of ongoing development and continuous improvement of the user interface to increase ease of appropriate documentation of clinician-entered results, vigilance in training and standardization, and appreciation that EHR implementation carries drawbacks as well as benefits. Future study will be necessary to continue quantifying the impact of these various limitations and benefits in terms of healthcare resources, provider experience, and impact on clinical outcomes.
Clinical Relevance Statement
Implementation of an EHR does not ensure that all prenatal lab results will
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be documented more completely than on paper charts.
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<url>
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062.pdf
</url>
<text>
Does an Electronic Health Record Improve Completeness of Prenatal Studies?
1
T.A. McLean
; A.K. Lewkowitz
2
; E. Test
2
; M.G. Zlatnik
2
1Kaiser Permanente, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livermore, CA, United States;2UCSF, Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States
Keywords
Electronic health record, prenatal care
Summary
Objective: To determine whether implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) would increase the rate of prenatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and purified protein derivative (PPD) testing.
Methods: Eligible participants received prenatal care and delivered at term at a single academic institution in March-April 2011, March-April 2012, and March-April 2013. As part of routine prenatal care, all women were tested for HIV and tuberculosis (via a PPD test) during each pregnancy. The 2011 cohort was charted on paper. The 2012 and 2013 cohorts were charted via EHR. To appear in the prenatal labs display in EHR, PPD results must be manually documented, while HIV results are uploaded automatically. Documentation of PPD and HIV tests were analyzed. Results: The 2011, 2012, and 2013 cohorts had 249, 208, and 190 patients, respectively. Complete PPD and HIV results were less likely to be charted in the 2012 EHR cohort compared to the paper chart cohort (72.1% vs. 80.1%; p=0.03). This was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (2011 83.9% vs. 2012 72.6%; p=0.003). PPD test documentation improved non-significantly to 86.2% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.5). HIV documentation rates increased from 95.2% in the paper chart cohort to 98.6% in the 2012 EHR cohort (p=0.04), and to 98.9% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.03).
Conclusions: EHR implementation corresponded with a marked decrease in documentation of PPD test completion. HIV documentation rates improved. PPD results were likely charted incorrectly in provider notes due to training deficiencies and lack of standardization, which did not improve significantly after retraining.
Correspondence to:
Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676
Tracey McLean Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Permanente Medical Group Livermore, CA Email: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062 received: May 16, 2015 accepted in revised form: September 21, 2015 published: November 11, 2015 Citation: McLean T, Lewkowitz A, Test E, Zlatnik M. Does an electronic health record improve completness of prenatal studies? Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062
1. Introduction
In 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was enacted, allocating nearly $19 billion towards expanding the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) in the American health-care system [1]. Nationwide implementation of EHRs is intended to lower administrative costs, streamline patient care, improve surveillance, and increase efficiency [1, 2]. Indeed, data suggest that, compared to paper charting, EHRs can increase the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care by improving the legibility and comprehensiveness of, and access to, patient notes, implementing standardized patient quality measures, and streamlining clinical processes [2–7]. However, the effectiveness of EHRs may be limited by cost, by the need for all medical personnel be trained on correct EHR usage, and by the inability of different EHR systems to share medical information about the same patient [8].
Analysis of prenatal laboratory results is an interesting area of evaluation because some results, such as infectious disease antibody testing, can be automatically uploaded into the EHR. Other results, such as those of the purified protein derivative (PPD) test for tuberculosis, point of care tests, and immunization dates, must be manually entered into the correct section of the EHR to propagate correctly within the prenatal care record. Additionally, the EHR can be designed to offer alerts or visual cues to providers when results are lacking.
Pregnancy is an ideal condition to evaluate whether the EHR's potential outweighs its limitations: comprehensive prenatal care includes standardized testing in both outpatient and inpatient settings that guides multiple medical providers' management of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care [9]. Thus, prenatal care demands an EHR that concisely transfers information between different medical settings, helps ensure prenatal care testing is completed according to standardized guidelines, and is easily accessible by and understandable to various medical personnel. Though limited, data on EHRs in the prenatal setting is positive: studies suggest that EHRs improve communication between prenatal care networks [10], increase both timeliness of prenatal laboratory testing [2] and completeness of the prenatal record [5], and decrease the rate of newborn interventions and unnecessary maternal testing [11].
2. Objectives
This study compares prenatal test completion pre- and post-EHR implementation, by determining how EHR implementation impacts documentation rates of prenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. These tests are ordered routinely during every pregnancy at our institution. New prenatal HIV diagnoses are not common but have urgent clinical implications for the pregnancy and delivery. The incidence of tuberculosis in our community is significantly higher than average. For example, in 2014 the incidence of new cases was nearly four times the national average [12]. While the absolute number of cases diagnosed prenatally is low, this testing is part of a public health effort to identify patients with latent infections who may not interact with the health system outside of pregnancy. These tests were chosen for study because they represent both types of resulting mechanisms: HIV results propagate automatically into the EHR, while PPD test results must be manually entered. We hypothesized that test completion, and thus documentation in the prenatal console, would increase with EHR implementation because the prominently displayed prenatal console would render all missing prenatal tests more visible to all prenatal providers.
3. Methods
This study was conducted at an urban academic medical center. Prior to late 2011, we utilized paper charts for all ambulatory prenatal care: prenatal testing results were manually written into each patient's paper chart, which was stored in the outpatient clinic. The chart was brought to labor and delivery during a patient's admission, where a legacy electronic note charting system was in place. A comprehensive, enterprise-wide EHR was launched in the ambulatory prenatal clinics in July 2011 and on labor and delivery in June 2012. Providers underwent the EHR manufacturer's recommended training, consisting of eight hours of classroom instruction. The EHR interface includes a prenatal console, in which designated prenatal laboratory results are displayed prominently. Results that come from the laboratory, such as for HIV, display automatically. PPD test results must be manually inputted. Results from the console are propagated automatically in labor and delivery's admission history and physical.
Women were stratified into three cohorts according to the year of their delivery. The first cohort delivered in March and April 2011, prior to implementation of the EHR, when paper prenatal charts were utilized. The second cohort delivered in March and April of 2012 and had their entire prenatal record documented in the ambulatory EHR. The third cohort delivered in March and April of 2013. Completion rates of HIV and PPD tests were assessed via a chart review, performed by three physicians. Data were also collected on parity and insurance type (public or private, as a proxy for socio economic status) to determine whether these factors affected test completion rates. Of note, preliminary results from the first two cohorts of the study were presented in an intradepartmental meeting to all prenatal providers, prompting the creation of a brief EHR refresher course.
This retrospective cohort study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and included women with singleton pregnancies who received their prenatal care and delivered at term at our institution. Preterm deliveries were excluded from our cohort to eliminate a potential confounder of HIV or PPD test non-completion—unplanned premature delivery—from our analysis. Of note, all women in our prenatal clinics receive HIV testing with first- and third-trimester laboratory testing as well as PPD testing at their convenience during each pregnancy.
Based on our prior clinical experience, we estimated that approximately 85% of women had both HIV and PPD documented in their chart prior to implementation of the EHR. We hypothesized that this would increase to 95% after EHR implementation. Based on these estimates, using a two-sided alpha error of 0.05 and 80% power, we determined that at least 141 charts would have to be included in each cohort.
The study sample was summarized with descriptive statistics, and chi-squared and generalized linear models were used to examine differences across the cohorts. Multivariable logistical analyses were utilized to determine the effect of the EHR on HIV and PPD completion rates adjusted for parity and insurance type. We also examined the effects of parity and insurance type separately for each cohort year in order to assess year specific effects. All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, United States).
4. Results
Our overall study population was composed of 647 deliveries. This includes 249 deliveries for which prenatal records were on paper charts in 2011; the EHR cohorts include 208 deliveries in 2012 and 190 deliveries in 2013. ▶Table 1 compares the demographics of the study population. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gestational age at delivery, parity, or insurance type amongst the cohorts.
-Figure 1 shows the PPD and HIV completion rates as stratified by year. Pre-EHR implementation (2011 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in the 80.7% of charts. Immediately post-EHR implementation (2012 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in 72.1% of charts. Following the refresher course (2013 cohort), 85.7% of charts had both PPD and HIV tests appropriately documented.
Adjusted for parity and insurance type, complete PPD and HIV results were statistically less likely to be charted in the 2012 cohort, the year after EHR implementation, compared to the cohort that utilized paper charts (adjusted odds ratio (aOR 0.58 (0.37–0.91), p=0.02). The lower rates of complete results after EHR implementation was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (83.9% in 2011 vs. 72.6% in 2012, p=0.003). Completion rates were superior in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, however this result is not statistically significant (aOR: 1.40 (0.84–2.36), p=0.20).
Importantly, only 1.4% of the 2012 EHR cohort did not have the HIV status documented in the chart, which is a statistically significant improvement from 4.8% in the 2011 paper chart cohort
(p=0.04). Only 1.1% of the 2013 EHR cohort did not have HIV status documented, also a statistically significant improvement over the 2011 paper cohort (p=0.03).
Regardless of whether prenatal care was completed on paper or electronic charts, multiparous women were less likely to have completed both PPD and HIV testing compared to nulliparous women (aOR 0.62 (0.45–0.86), p=0.004). This was driven by the cohorts with electronic charts in which multiparous women had significantly lower PPD completion rates than nulliparous women. In 2012, 21.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 37.2% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.02). In 2013, 7.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 21.7% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.007). There was no difference by insurance type in PPD and HIV testing completion rates (aOR 1.21 (0.83–1.77), p=0.33)
In the year following EHR implementation (2012 cohort), 27.4% of charts did not have a PPD result documented, which is significantly more than the 16.1% of paper charts (2011 cohort) that did not have a PPD result documented (p=0.003). In the second year following EHR implementation (2013 cohort), 13.8% of charts did not have a PPD result, which is an improvement as compared to the paper chart cohort, but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.5).
5. Discussion
Our study's mixed results highlight some of the challenges that can accompany EHR implementation. Interestingly, documentation of complete testing of both HIV and PPD decreased following EHR implementation. While documentation of both results improved in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, the improvement was not statistically significant.
The reason for decreased PPD completion rates is multifactorial. One explanation is a training deficiency: providers may not have learned or remembered how to correctly document the PPD results in the EHR. Another possibility is a lack of post-implementation standardization: certain providers entered PPD results into an outpatient progress note in the EHR but not the prenatal console, which did not autopopulate the PPD result in the patient's inpatient medical record. Interestingly, after a preliminary evaluation of this data following completion of the second cohort, we performed retraining for the providers in an attempt to close knowledge gaps in use of the EHR. While this training resulted in a decreased number of patients without a PPD result documented in the 2013 EHR cohort, this improvement was not statistically significant over the paper charts. Our data suggest providers need multiple educational interventions to ensure accurate EHR use.
The finding that documentation of both HIV and PPD results decreased after EHR implementation was driven by decreased rates of PPD documentation, as there was an increased rate of HIV result documentation. This finding underscores some of the inherent strengths and limitations of an EHR. Most laboratory tests—including HIV testing—are automatically uploaded into the EHR; as such, these tests do not require any human intervention to have their results be documented in the EHR. Conversely, PPD test results must be manually entered by the provider interpreting the test. In our study, after EHR implementation, there was a statistically significant improvement in documentation of HIV results. However, PPD result documentation worsened markedly in the first year following EHR implementation, and then improved, but not significantly, in the second year following implementation.
It is reassuring that insurance type, used as a proxy for socioeconomic status, did not impact test completion results. That multiparity was found to be associated with a lower completion rate of PPD testing in two of the cohorts may point to the greater demands on time of women caring for another child, making it more challenging for them to return for their test to be interpreted.
A strength of our study is that our study population incorporates cohorts over multiple years within the same institution, allowing us to determine what impact adoption of a comprehensive EHR as well as performance of retraining may have on prenatal test results. The improvement we found in some aspects of prenatal lab completion is consistent with prior studies that have shown EHRs to be superior to paper charts in the prenatal setting. In 2014, Pham-Thomas et al. found that implementation of an electronic prenatal record system increased the availability of prenatal lab results on the labor and delivery unit, and corresponded with a decrease in repeat maternal testing and immunoglobulin administration to newborns [11]. Though not specifically evaluated in our
study, our results suggest that fewer rapid HIV tests had to be performed on patients upon admission to labor and delivery, as that is our standard when an HIV result is not available at that time.
The study has some limitations. It is a retrospective review, so it is possible that other factors contributed to the difference in charting, despite choosing cohorts that delivered during the same time frame in successive years at the same institution. For example, there was turnover of practitioners doing the charting over the three cohorts, and there was no way to fully standardize training across all practitioners over this timeframe. Because the study was undertaken at a single institution using a single EHR, results may not be generalizable to other settings. We would welcome a study using a different EHR to help determine whether our mixed findings are consistent across different user interfaces, or more inherent to prenatal EHR use in general.
6. Conclusions
In conclusion, we found that implementation of a comprehensive EHR in the prenatal setting had mixed results. It improved completion and documentation of HIV results. However, documentation of PPD results worsened following EHR implementation, and improved over time but not in a statistically significant manner. This likely is due in part to the fact that, in many EHRs, provider-entered test results often require multiple steps to achieve correct entry. This is often perceived as more difficult than quickly writing the result on a face sheet in a paper chart. Our findings suggest that, even for discrete results such as a PPD test interpretation, if human intervention is required to enter the result, training and standardization are paramount, but may not be sufficient given that retraining did not improve results significantly. It is possible that a clinical decision support tool, such as an alert that fired if PPD result was not entered by a specified gestational age, could have increased awareness of the lack of documentation. However, our results indicate that the tool would have to include specific instructions on how to enter the result in order to impact documentation completion rates. Our results indicate the importance of ongoing development and continuous improvement of the user interface to increase ease of appropriate documentation of clinician-entered results, vigilance in training and standardization, and appreciation that EHR implementation carries drawbacks as well as benefits. Future study will be necessary to continue quantifying the impact of these various limitations and benefits in terms of healthcare resources, provider experience, and impact on clinical outcomes.
Clinical Relevance Statement
Implementation of an EHR does not ensure that all prenatal lab results will <cursor_is_here>
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nDoes an Electronic Health Record Improve Completeness of Prenatal Studies?\n\n1\n\nT.A. McLean\n\n; A.K. Lewkowitz\n\n2\n\n; E. Test\n\n2\n\n; M.G. Zlatnik\n\n2\n\n1Kaiser Permanente, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livermore, CA, United States;2UCSF, Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States\n\nKeywords\n\nElectronic health record, prenatal care\n\nSummary\n\nObjective: To determine whether implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) would increase the rate of prenatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and purified protein derivative (PPD) testing.\n\nMethods: Eligible participants received prenatal care and delivered at term at a single academic institution in March-April 2011, March-April 2012, and March-April 2013. As part of routine prenatal care, all women were tested for HIV and tuberculosis (via a PPD test) during each pregnancy. The 2011 cohort was charted on paper. The 2012 and 2013 cohorts were charted via EHR. To appear in the prenatal labs display in EHR, PPD results must be manually documented, while HIV results are uploaded automatically. Documentation of PPD and HIV tests were analyzed. Results: The 2011, 2012, and 2013 cohorts had 249, 208, and 190 patients, respectively. Complete PPD and HIV results were less likely to be charted in the 2012 EHR cohort compared to the paper chart cohort (72.1% vs. 80.1%; p=0.03). This was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (2011 83.9% vs. 2012 72.6%; p=0.003). PPD test documentation improved non-significantly to 86.2% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.5). HIV documentation rates increased from 95.2% in the paper chart cohort to 98.6% in the 2012 EHR cohort (p=0.04), and to 98.9% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.03).\n\nConclusions: EHR implementation corresponded with a marked decrease in documentation of PPD test completion. HIV documentation rates improved. PPD results were likely charted incorrectly in provider notes due to training deficiencies and lack of standardization, which did not improve significantly after retraining.\n\nCorrespondence to:\n\nAppl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676\n\nTracey McLean Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Permanente Medical Group Livermore, CA Email: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062 received: May 16, 2015 accepted in revised form: September 21, 2015 published: November 11, 2015 Citation: McLean T, Lewkowitz A, Test E, Zlatnik M. Does an electronic health record improve completness of prenatal studies? Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 669–676 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-05-RA-0062\n\n1. Introduction\n\nIn 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was enacted, allocating nearly $19 billion towards expanding the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) in the American health-care system [1]. Nationwide implementation of EHRs is intended to lower administrative costs, streamline patient care, improve surveillance, and increase efficiency [1, 2]. Indeed, data suggest that, compared to paper charting, EHRs can increase the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care by improving the legibility and comprehensiveness of, and access to, patient notes, implementing standardized patient quality measures, and streamlining clinical processes [2–7]. However, the effectiveness of EHRs may be limited by cost, by the need for all medical personnel be trained on correct EHR usage, and by the inability of different EHR systems to share medical information about the same patient [8].\n\nAnalysis of prenatal laboratory results is an interesting area of evaluation because some results, such as infectious disease antibody testing, can be automatically uploaded into the EHR. Other results, such as those of the purified protein derivative (PPD) test for tuberculosis, point of care tests, and immunization dates, must be manually entered into the correct section of the EHR to propagate correctly within the prenatal care record. Additionally, the EHR can be designed to offer alerts or visual cues to providers when results are lacking.\n\nPregnancy is an ideal condition to evaluate whether the EHR's potential outweighs its limitations: comprehensive prenatal care includes standardized testing in both outpatient and inpatient settings that guides multiple medical providers' management of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care [9]. Thus, prenatal care demands an EHR that concisely transfers information between different medical settings, helps ensure prenatal care testing is completed according to standardized guidelines, and is easily accessible by and understandable to various medical personnel. Though limited, data on EHRs in the prenatal setting is positive: studies suggest that EHRs improve communication between prenatal care networks [10], increase both timeliness of prenatal laboratory testing [2] and completeness of the prenatal record [5], and decrease the rate of newborn interventions and unnecessary maternal testing [11].\n\n2. Objectives\n\nThis study compares prenatal test completion pre- and post-EHR implementation, by determining how EHR implementation impacts documentation rates of prenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. These tests are ordered routinely during every pregnancy at our institution. New prenatal HIV diagnoses are not common but have urgent clinical implications for the pregnancy and delivery. The incidence of tuberculosis in our community is significantly higher than average. For example, in 2014 the incidence of new cases was nearly four times the national average [12]. While the absolute number of cases diagnosed prenatally is low, this testing is part of a public health effort to identify patients with latent infections who may not interact with the health system outside of pregnancy. These tests were chosen for study because they represent both types of resulting mechanisms: HIV results propagate automatically into the EHR, while PPD test results must be manually entered. We hypothesized that test completion, and thus documentation in the prenatal console, would increase with EHR implementation because the prominently displayed prenatal console would render all missing prenatal tests more visible to all prenatal providers.\n\n3. Methods\n\nThis study was conducted at an urban academic medical center. Prior to late 2011, we utilized paper charts for all ambulatory prenatal care: prenatal testing results were manually written into each patient's paper chart, which was stored in the outpatient clinic. The chart was brought to labor and delivery during a patient's admission, where a legacy electronic note charting system was in place. A comprehensive, enterprise-wide EHR was launched in the ambulatory prenatal clinics in July 2011 and on labor and delivery in June 2012. Providers underwent the EHR manufacturer's recommended training, consisting of eight hours of classroom instruction. The EHR interface includes a prenatal console, in which designated prenatal laboratory results are displayed prominently. Results that come from the laboratory, such as for HIV, display automatically. PPD test results must be manually inputted. Results from the console are propagated automatically in labor and delivery's admission history and physical.\n\nWomen were stratified into three cohorts according to the year of their delivery. The first cohort delivered in March and April 2011, prior to implementation of the EHR, when paper prenatal charts were utilized. The second cohort delivered in March and April of 2012 and had their entire prenatal record documented in the ambulatory EHR. The third cohort delivered in March and April of 2013. Completion rates of HIV and PPD tests were assessed via a chart review, performed by three physicians. Data were also collected on parity and insurance type (public or private, as a proxy for socio economic status) to determine whether these factors affected test completion rates. Of note, preliminary results from the first two cohorts of the study were presented in an intradepartmental meeting to all prenatal providers, prompting the creation of a brief EHR refresher course.\n\nThis retrospective cohort study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and included women with singleton pregnancies who received their prenatal care and delivered at term at our institution. Preterm deliveries were excluded from our cohort to eliminate a potential confounder of HIV or PPD test non-completion—unplanned premature delivery—from our analysis. Of note, all women in our prenatal clinics receive HIV testing with first- and third-trimester laboratory testing as well as PPD testing at their convenience during each pregnancy.\n\nBased on our prior clinical experience, we estimated that approximately 85% of women had both HIV and PPD documented in their chart prior to implementation of the EHR. We hypothesized that this would increase to 95% after EHR implementation. Based on these estimates, using a two-sided alpha error of 0.05 and 80% power, we determined that at least 141 charts would have to be included in each cohort.\n\nThe study sample was summarized with descriptive statistics, and chi-squared and generalized linear models were used to examine differences across the cohorts. Multivariable logistical analyses were utilized to determine the effect of the EHR on HIV and PPD completion rates adjusted for parity and insurance type. We also examined the effects of parity and insurance type separately for each cohort year in order to assess year specific effects. All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, United States).\n\n4. Results\n\nOur overall study population was composed of 647 deliveries. This includes 249 deliveries for which prenatal records were on paper charts in 2011; the EHR cohorts include 208 deliveries in 2012 and 190 deliveries in 2013. ▶Table 1 compares the demographics of the study population. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gestational age at delivery, parity, or insurance type amongst the cohorts.\n\n-Figure 1 shows the PPD and HIV completion rates as stratified by year. Pre-EHR implementation (2011 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in the 80.7% of charts. Immediately post-EHR implementation (2012 cohort), both PPD and HIV tests were completed in 72.1% of charts. Following the refresher course (2013 cohort), 85.7% of charts had both PPD and HIV tests appropriately documented.\n\nAdjusted for parity and insurance type, complete PPD and HIV results were statistically less likely to be charted in the 2012 cohort, the year after EHR implementation, compared to the cohort that utilized paper charts (adjusted odds ratio (aOR 0.58 (0.37–0.91), p=0.02). The lower rates of complete results after EHR implementation was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (83.9% in 2011 vs. 72.6% in 2012, p=0.003). Completion rates were superior in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, however this result is not statistically significant (aOR: 1.40 (0.84–2.36), p=0.20).\n\nImportantly, only 1.4% of the 2012 EHR cohort did not have the HIV status documented in the chart, which is a statistically significant improvement from 4.8% in the 2011 paper chart cohort\n\n(p=0.04). Only 1.1% of the 2013 EHR cohort did not have HIV status documented, also a statistically significant improvement over the 2011 paper cohort (p=0.03).\n\nRegardless of whether prenatal care was completed on paper or electronic charts, multiparous women were less likely to have completed both PPD and HIV testing compared to nulliparous women (aOR 0.62 (0.45–0.86), p=0.004). This was driven by the cohorts with electronic charts in which multiparous women had significantly lower PPD completion rates than nulliparous women. In 2012, 21.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 37.2% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.02). In 2013, 7.5% of nulliparas had no PPD status documented, whereas 21.7% of multiparas had no PPD status documented (p=0.007). There was no difference by insurance type in PPD and HIV testing completion rates (aOR 1.21 (0.83–1.77), p=0.33)\n\nIn the year following EHR implementation (2012 cohort), 27.4% of charts did not have a PPD result documented, which is significantly more than the 16.1% of paper charts (2011 cohort) that did not have a PPD result documented (p=0.003). In the second year following EHR implementation (2013 cohort), 13.8% of charts did not have a PPD result, which is an improvement as compared to the paper chart cohort, but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.5).\n\n5. Discussion\n\nOur study's mixed results highlight some of the challenges that can accompany EHR implementation. Interestingly, documentation of complete testing of both HIV and PPD decreased following EHR implementation. While documentation of both results improved in the 2013 EHR cohort as compared to the 2011 paper chart cohort, the improvement was not statistically significant.\n\nThe reason for decreased PPD completion rates is multifactorial. One explanation is a training deficiency: providers may not have learned or remembered how to correctly document the PPD results in the EHR. Another possibility is a lack of post-implementation standardization: certain providers entered PPD results into an outpatient progress note in the EHR but not the prenatal console, which did not autopopulate the PPD result in the patient's inpatient medical record. Interestingly, after a preliminary evaluation of this data following completion of the second cohort, we performed retraining for the providers in an attempt to close knowledge gaps in use of the EHR. While this training resulted in a decreased number of patients without a PPD result documented in the 2013 EHR cohort, this improvement was not statistically significant over the paper charts. Our data suggest providers need multiple educational interventions to ensure accurate EHR use.\n\nThe finding that documentation of both HIV and PPD results decreased after EHR implementation was driven by decreased rates of PPD documentation, as there was an increased rate of HIV result documentation. This finding underscores some of the inherent strengths and limitations of an EHR. Most laboratory tests—including HIV testing—are automatically uploaded into the EHR; as such, these tests do not require any human intervention to have their results be documented in the EHR. Conversely, PPD test results must be manually entered by the provider interpreting the test. In our study, after EHR implementation, there was a statistically significant improvement in documentation of HIV results. However, PPD result documentation worsened markedly in the first year following EHR implementation, and then improved, but not significantly, in the second year following implementation.\n\nIt is reassuring that insurance type, used as a proxy for socioeconomic status, did not impact test completion results. That multiparity was found to be associated with a lower completion rate of PPD testing in two of the cohorts may point to the greater demands on time of women caring for another child, making it more challenging for them to return for their test to be interpreted.\n\nA strength of our study is that our study population incorporates cohorts over multiple years within the same institution, allowing us to determine what impact adoption of a comprehensive EHR as well as performance of retraining may have on prenatal test results. The improvement we found in some aspects of prenatal lab completion is consistent with prior studies that have shown EHRs to be superior to paper charts in the prenatal setting. In 2014, Pham-Thomas et al. found that implementation of an electronic prenatal record system increased the availability of prenatal lab results on the labor and delivery unit, and corresponded with a decrease in repeat maternal testing and immunoglobulin administration to newborns [11]. Though not specifically evaluated in our\n\nstudy, our results suggest that fewer rapid HIV tests had to be performed on patients upon admission to labor and delivery, as that is our standard when an HIV result is not available at that time.\n\nThe study has some limitations. It is a retrospective review, so it is possible that other factors contributed to the difference in charting, despite choosing cohorts that delivered during the same time frame in successive years at the same institution. For example, there was turnover of practitioners doing the charting over the three cohorts, and there was no way to fully standardize training across all practitioners over this timeframe. Because the study was undertaken at a single institution using a single EHR, results may not be generalizable to other settings. We would welcome a study using a different EHR to help determine whether our mixed findings are consistent across different user interfaces, or more inherent to prenatal EHR use in general.\n\n6. Conclusions\n\nIn conclusion, we found that implementation of a comprehensive EHR in the prenatal setting had mixed results. It improved completion and documentation of HIV results. However, documentation of PPD results worsened following EHR implementation, and improved over time but not in a statistically significant manner. This likely is due in part to the fact that, in many EHRs, provider-entered test results often require multiple steps to achieve correct entry. This is often perceived as more difficult than quickly writing the result on a face sheet in a paper chart. Our findings suggest that, even for discrete results such as a PPD test interpretation, if human intervention is required to enter the result, training and standardization are paramount, but may not be sufficient given that retraining did not improve results significantly. It is possible that a clinical decision support tool, such as an alert that fired if PPD result was not entered by a specified gestational age, could have increased awareness of the lack of documentation. However, our results indicate that the tool would have to include specific instructions on how to enter the result in order to impact documentation completion rates. Our results indicate the importance of ongoing development and continuous improvement of the user interface to increase ease of appropriate documentation of clinician-entered results, vigilance in training and standardization, and appreciation that EHR implementation carries drawbacks as well as benefits. Future study will be necessary to continue quantifying the impact of these various limitations and benefits in terms of healthcare resources, provider experience, and impact on clinical outcomes.\n\nClinical Relevance Statement\n\nImplementation of an EHR does not ensure that all prenatal lab results will <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Perfume
The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork
A History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Letter to Families from Pope John Paul II.
Opportunities and Risks for Children
Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo
Women in Ministry
Perspectives and Trends in Education and Technology
Four Views
The Secrets about Money--that You Don't Learn in School!
Selected Papers from ICITED 2021
What on Earth Am I Here For?
An Opportunity for a Different Peru
A Guide for Moving Beyond Black Fists and White Knuckles
God and Race
Embrace Them and Empower Your Team
Meditations of a Christian Hedonist
Faith's Checkbook
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
The Irresistible Revolution
Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable
The Art of Evangelism
When Donkeys Talk
Living As an Ordinary Radical
Evangelism Carefully Crafted into the Life of the Local Church
The Handbook for Spiritual Warfare
Snow Crash
Homicidal Ecologies
Rich Dad Poor Dad for Teens
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
Downloaded from ecobankpayservices.ecobank.com by guest
CABRERA BURNETT
The Proof BoD - Books on Demand Proof brings us quickly back to the West, where two punks, plus a new recruit ("Wannafuck?" is the opening line as the two punk lesbians accost the chubby and shy Marcia on a quiet street in Buenos Aires), take control of a local supermarket with dire consequences for the hostages.
The Power of the Blood
Zondervan
The questions our youth have are often the same ones that perplexed the great theologians. Andrew Root and Kenda Creasy Dean invite you to envision youth ministries full of practical theologians. Follow them into reflection on your own practice of theology, and learn how to share that theology through rich conversation and purposeful experience.
Business for the Glory of God Thomas Nelson The New York Times #1 bestselling book by Pastor Rick Warren that helps you understand and live out the purpose of your life. Before you were born, God already planned your life. God longs for you to discover the life he uniquely created you to live--here on earth, and forever in eternity. Let The Purpose Driven Life show you how. As one of the bestselling nonfiction books in history, with more than 35 million copies sold, The Purpose Driven Life is far more than just a book; it's the road map for your spiritual journey. A journey that will transform your life. Designed to be read in 42 days, each chapter provides a daily meditation and practical steps to help you discover and live out your purpose, starting with exploring three of life's most pressing questions: The Question of Existence: Why am I alive? The Question of Significance: Does my life matter? The Question of Purpose: What on earth am I here for? The book also includes links to 3-minute video introductions and a 30- to 40-minute audio Bible study message for each chapter. Plus questions for further study and additional resources. The Purpose Driven Life is available in audiobook, ebook, softcover, and hardcover editions. Also available: The Purpose Driven Life video study and study
guide, journal, devotional, book for kids, book for churches, Spanish edition, Large Print edition, and more.
Light Bearers World
Bank Publications An odorless baby found orphaned in a Paris gutter in 1738 grows to become a monster obsessed with his perfect sense of smell and a desire to capture, by any means, the ultimate scent that will make him human. Reader's Guide available. Reprint. 20,000 first printing.
Kids Online Vida This book presents highquality, peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference in Information Technology & Education (ICITED 2021), to be held at the ESPM – Higher School of Advertising and Marketing, Sao Paulo, Brazil, between the 15th and the 17th of July 2021. The book covers a specific field of knowledge. This intends to cover not only two fields of knowledge – Education and Technology – but also the interaction among them and the impact/result in the job market and organizations. It covers the research and pedagogic component of Education and Information Technologies but also the connection with society,
2
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
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addressing the three pillars of higher education. The book addresses impact of pandemic on education and use of technology in education. Finally, it also encourages companies to present their professional cases which is discussed. These can constitute real examples of how companies are overcoming their challenges with the uncertainty of the market. The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business InterVarsity Press
For the first time in the republican history of Peru, the presidential transition takes place in democracy, social peace, fast economic growth and favorable world markets. In other words, there has never been a better chance to build a different Peru - a richer country, more equal and governable. There are multiple ways to achieve that goal. New reforms must stem from a widespread and participatory debate, one of a common vision conceived for and by Peruvians. This book aims at making a technical and independent contribution to such debate; it summarizes the knowledge available about the challenges to be faced by the new administration. The study does not recommend silver bullets, but suggests policy options. It is based on the analysis of the current reality and in six decades of relationships with Peru, in which the Bank has implemented more than 100 projects and prepared more than 500 technical reports covering the wide range of development topics. When necessary, the study provides lessons that the Bank has learned elsewhere. The study provides a conceptual framework to the analysis of the country's 34 economic sectors and the two historical perspectives behind them. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive reform agenda that sheds light on possible priorities and courses of action.
Nineteen Eighty-Four Giron Books
El proposito de este libro qu gana el premio del Medallon de Plata proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo. Los lideres juveniles tienen un increible potencial en sus manos. Una riqueza que
3
debe ser administrada con sabiduria, perspicacia e inteligencia. Esta obra los ayuda a aprovechar ese potencial de una manera eficaz." Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America Multnomah In an age characterized by skepticism and ignorance of the Holy Scriptures, this timely volume clearly sets forth the biblical truths and teachings that long have been cherished by Christians. Virtually a classic for this century, Major Bible Themes includes chapters on doctrines that merit particular attention in the contemporary religious scene, such as the Holy Spirit, the nature of the Church, and the second coming of Christ. Designed for group and individual study, for pastors, laymen, and students, Major Bible Themes is an indispensable tool, providing the biblical basis for fifty-two doctrines, complete with topical and Scripture indexes. Questions for discussion and review follow each chapter. Whether your purpose is to explore Bible doctrines as a new Christian, to erase confusion stemming from conflicting views in
the contemporary church, or to establish a stronger basis for witnessing to your beliefs, Major Bible Themes is essential for study and reference. Perfume Cambridge University Press A Mighty Weapon of Spiritual Warfare You know that "there's power in the blood," just like the old hymn says—but are you actually experiencing that power in your daily life? Join H. A. Maxwell Whyte in this revealing exploration of the blessings to be found in Christ's blood. As you delve deep into this newly revised and expanded version of Whyte's classic best seller, you will find out how to… Experience God's complete forgiveness Become spiritually empowered, equipped, and energized Break the terrifying grip of fear and torment Create an atmosphere for miracles Defeat oppression, addictions, and sickness Astounding results can take place in your life once you learn the value of this vital yet little-wielded weapon in the believer's arsenal and how God wants us to use it in coping with life's difficult situations. Discover the wonderworking power of the blood for yourself!
The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork Zondervan El propósito de este libro es proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo.En "El ministerio Juvenil efectivo" conversarás con uno de los más respetados ministros de la juventud acerca de:"Cómo entender las cuestiones del desarrollo""Cómo enfocarse a la gran meta y los cuatro propósitos del ministerio juvenil""Cómo elaborar programas acertados y actividades que produzcan explosión""Cómo construir relaciones significativas y seguir mejorando tu discipulado""Cómo llevar a cabo un liderazgo sobresaliente""Cómo hacer contact con la cultura que queremos invadir"
A History of the Seventh-day Adventist
Church Ocean Press Building and maintaining a successful team is no simple task. Even people who have taken their teams to the highest level in their field have difficulty recreating what accounted for their successes. Is it a strong work ethic? Is it "chemistry"? What tools can you wrap your hands around to build?or rebuild?your team? In The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork, leadership expert and New York Times best-selling author John C. Maxwell shares the vital principles of team building that are necessary for success in your business, family, church, or organization. In his practical, down-toearth style, Dr. Maxwell shows how: The Law of High Morale inspired a 50year-old man who couldn't even swim to train for the toughest triathlon in the world. The Law of the Big Picture prompted a former U.S. president to travel across the country by bus, sleep in a basement, and do manual labor. Playing by The Law of the Scoreboard enabled one web-based company to keep growing and make money while thousands of other Internet businesses failed. Ignoring The Law of the Price Tag caused one of the world's largest retailers to close its doors after 128 years in business. The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork will empower you?whether coach or player, teacher or student, CEO or non-profit vollunteer?with the "howtos" and attitudes for building a successful
4
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team.
Letter to Families from Pope John Paul II.
Zondervan A White pastor and a Black pastor, close friends who have each built racially diverse congregations, offer a model Christians can follow to open necessary conversations about race, encourage unity, and foster mutual respect to heal a wounded nation riven by racial tension and political tribalism. For years, Pastors John Siebeling and Wayne Francis have led thriving congregations that are the embodiment of diversity; Siebeling in Memphis and Francis in New York City. Many churches and leaders have sought their counsel, hoping to emulate their success. At the height of the Black Lives Matter protests in Summer 2020, they pooled their insights and experiences to help others facilitate conversations about racism. The guide they developed is the basis of God and Race. Siebeling and Francis examine the White-Black tension from both perspectives and answer all the uncomfortable questions we're afraid to ask—regarding ourselves, our families, our work and relationships, and the church. Most important, they provide practical steps anyone can take to become part of the solution. Whether you are a church leader or just a caring person who wants to make a difference, God and Race provides inspiration and guidance to help you become an agent of reconciliation and change. These two wise pastors teach you how to find your voice and join Jesus in healing, to help bring our divided communities together with open minds, open hearts, and open hands. Many Christian books on race either do not ask the hard questions or, if they do, speak as critics outside the mainstream church. Siebeling and Francis probe the meaning of racial reconciliation and reveal how the church can be a positive and effective leader to move us forward, beyond hate and injustice, to equality and love.
Opportunities and Risks for Children Chapel Library Should women teach men? Should they exercise authority over men? What about ordaining women? Even those who agree that Scripture must determine
5
our answers do not agree on what it teaches. And too often differing sides have not been willing to listen to one another. Here in ove volume are the views of four deeply commited evangelicals that focus the discussion on the issues. Robert Culver argues for what might be called the traditional view that women should not exercise authority over or teach men. Susan Foh suggests a modified view which would allow for women to teach but not to hold positions of authority. Walter Liefeld presents a case for plural ministry that questions ordination as a means of conferring authority. Alvera Mickelsen defends the full equality of men and women in the church. What makes this book especially helpful is that the writers all respond to the other essays, pointing out weaknesses and hidden assumptions.
Celiac Disease and
Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity World Video Bible School Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune process and appears in genetically predisposed individuals, with a wellknown cause, consisting in a permanent intolerance to gluten, a
protein contained in the flour of wheat, rye, barley and oats. Worldwide celiac disease affects to 1% of the Caucasian and there is recent evidence that the disease is increasing in USA and Finland among other regions in the world. It is considered to be the most prevalent disease with a genetic predisposition. The clinical forms of presentation are varied. The classical form consisting of diarrhea, anemia and failure to thrive is still common in children, but in the adult patients the symptoms resemble the irritable bowel syndrome. Monosymptomatic forms with extra-intestinal manifestations are frequent. Hematological, cutaneous, articular, hepatic, bone and neurological manifestations are often described. This protean presentation and the lack of awareness explain the delay in diagnosis and suggest that screening in high-risk groups is indicated. The publication of this book written mainly by Spanish and Latin-American clinicians, researchers, and teachers, demonstrates the wide interest and the involvement of different disciplines that are necessary to understand celiac disease and glutenrelated pathologies, such as non-celiac glutensensitivity. This has a great impact in the general public and in the industry. However, the knowledge of non-celiac gluten-related pathologies remains scarce but presently in the process of being properly defined. This book also highlights the importance of recognizing non-celiac gluten-sensitivity and briefly discusses a new definition. It also provides some perspectives to take into account when studying celiac disease in China and Central America. It describes new observations in Mexico, El Salvador and Costa Rica. The psychosocial impact as studied and reported by Argentinean investigators also adds to the value of this book. Written with a multidisciplinary team, we think that this book could be of interest to a great variety of medical specialists. Due to the systemic nature and variable presentation of celiac disease it certainly is of interest to pediatricians, gastroenterologists, hepatologists, specialists in internal medicine, general practitioners as
well as hematologists, immunologists, geneticists, pathologists, rheumatologists, dermatologists, neurologists, gynecologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, orthopedic surgeons, specialists in rehabilitation medicine, endocrinologists. Being gluten the cause of these disorders, the food industry, dietitians and nutritionists will benefit from the valuable information presented in this book.
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Spectra Preached at Enfield, Connecticut on July 8, 1741, this is perhaps the greatest sermon ever preached in America—and is certainly among the most well known. Owing to its forthright dealing with God's wrath and His intense hatred of sin and the sinner, it is also one of the most controversial. Indeed, for more than three-quarters of the sermon Edwards lays down a relentless stream of the most vivid and horrifying descriptions of the danger facing unregenerate men. While it is difficult to read such graphic language, there is abundant hope in the sermon's conclusion.
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Edwards puts it this way, "And now you have an extraordinary opportunity, a day wherein Christ has thrown the door of mercy wide open and stands calling and crying with a loud voice to poor sinners." While those who would rather ignore God's justice in favor of His mercy condemn Edwards and his sermon, those who were present and actually heard him preach that day reacted in a decidedly different manner. According to the diary of Reverend Stephen Williams who attended the sermon, "Before the sermon was done there was a great moaning and crying through the whole House, 'what shall I do to be saved; oh, I am going to hell, etc.'" The diary goes on to indicate that Edwards had to interrupt his sermon and come down to minister to those who were under such awful conviction. And so, in spite of what the scoffers might think or say, "the amazing and astonishing power of God" was manifested among the people that day—with many falling not into the hands of an angry God, but into the arms of a mighty Savior. Springer Nature
As children spend more time online there are increasing questions about its social implications and consequences. The risks they face and the proposed solutions are all subject to continual change. This book which reports on the findings of the EU Kids Online project is a vital resource in today's rapidly changing internet environment. Women in Ministry Zondervan Tired of church as you've known it? Thirsty for a fresh look at Christian faith? American singer/songwriter and author Tyler Blanski was, too. So he set out on a Holy Pilgrimage to rediscover the saints, stars, and beauty of Christianity for the twenty-first century. Rich with deep application for living in the modern world, When Donkeys Talk is an invitation to become enchanted again with Christ and his world. Tyler reminds us that God works in unexpected, unusual, and miraculous ways and that he inhabits and speaks through the wondrous world he has made. Blanski redefines "magical" to help us see that the world is guided by a hand greater than science and materialism. Using scripture, the
7
wisdom of the church fathers, and respected theologians and Christian thinkers from centuries past, as well as a creative and humorous narrative, you will find the wonder of our ancient faith still alive and well.
Perspectives and Trends in Education and Technology Vintage Offers commentary on selected verses of the Bible, includes historical and archaeological background information, and briefly summarizes church history
Four Views Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. A MEMOIR BY THE YOUNGEST RECIPIENT OF THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE As seen on Netflix with David Letterman "I come from a country that was created at midnight. When I almost died it was just after midday." When the Taliban took control of the Swat Valley in Pakistan, one girl spoke out. Malala Yousafzai refused to be silenced and fought for her right to an education. On Tuesday, October 9, 2012, when she was fifteen, she almost paid the ultimate price. She was shot in the head at point-blank range while riding the bus home from school, and few expected her to survive. Instead, Malala's
miraculous recovery has taken her on an extraordinary journey from a remote valley in northern Pakistan to the halls of the United Nations in New York. At sixteen, she became a global symbol of peaceful protest and the youngest nominee ever for the Nobel Peace Prize. I AM MALALA is the remarkable tale of a family uprooted by global terrorism, of the fight for girls' education, of a father who, himself a school owner, championed and encouraged his daughter to write and attend school, and of brave parents who have a fierce love for their daughter in a society that prizes sons. I AM MALALA will make you believe in the power of one person's voice to inspire change in the world.
The Secrets about Money-that You Don't Learn in School! Little, Brown George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four is unquestionably the most famous dystopian novel of all times. Written in the year of 1948, the author swapped the last two digits while describing a future totalitarian society where the minds, attitudes and actions of the subjects are thoroughly scrutinized by the "Thought Police", suspected dissidents tracked down and where the worship of the mythical party leader Big Brother is forced upon the masses. The low-ranking party member Winston Smith begins secretly to question the whole system and initiates a forbidden love affair with another party member.
Related with El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada:
© El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada Stacy Is Training For A Marathon So To Prepare
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© El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada Stand And Deliver Worksheet Answer Key
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El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
The Proof
The Power of the Blood
Business for the Glory of God
Light Bearers
Kids Online
The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America
Perfume
The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork
A History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Letter to Families from Pope John Paul II.
Opportunities and Risks for Children
Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo
Women in Ministry
Perspectives and Trends in Education and Technology
Four Views
The Secrets about Money--that You Don't Learn in School!
Selected Papers from ICITED 2021
What on Earth Am I Here For?
An Opportunity for a Different Peru
A Guide for Moving Beyond Black Fists and White Knuckles
God and Race
Embrace Them and Empower Your Team
Meditations of a Christian Hedonist
Faith's Checkbook
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
The Irresistible Revolution
Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable
The Art of Evangelism
When Donkeys Talk
Living As an Ordinary Radical
Evangelism Carefully Crafted into the Life of the Local Church
The Handbook for Spiritual Warfare
Snow Crash
Homicidal Ecologies
Rich Dad Poor Dad for Teens
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
Downloaded from ecobankpayservices.ecobank.com by guest
CABRERA BURNETT
The Proof BoD - Books on Demand Proof brings us quickly back to the West, where two punks, plus a new recruit ("Wannafuck?" is the opening line as the two punk lesbians accost the chubby and shy Marcia on a quiet street in Buenos Aires), take control of a local supermarket with dire consequences for the hostages.
The Power of the Blood
Zondervan
The questions our youth have are often the same ones that perplexed the great theologians. Andrew Root and Kenda Creasy Dean invite you to envision youth ministries full of practical theologians. Follow them into reflection on your own practice of theology, and learn how to share that theology through rich conversation and purposeful experience.
Business for the Glory of God Thomas Nelson The New York Times #1 bestselling book by Pastor Rick Warren that helps you understand and live out the purpose of your life. Before you were born, God already planned your life. God longs for you to discover the life he uniquely created you to live--here on earth, and forever in eternity. Let The Purpose Driven Life show you how. As one of the bestselling nonfiction books in history, with more than 35 million copies sold, The Purpose Driven Life is far more than just a book; it's the road map for your spiritual journey. A journey that will transform your life. Designed to be read in 42 days, each chapter provides a daily meditation and practical steps to help you discover and live out your purpose, starting with exploring three of life's most pressing questions: The Question of Existence: Why am I alive? The Question of Significance: Does my life matter? The Question of Purpose: What on earth am I here for? The book also includes links to 3-minute video introductions and a 30- to 40-minute audio Bible study message for each chapter. Plus questions for further study and additional resources. The Purpose Driven Life is available in audiobook, ebook, softcover, and hardcover editions. Also available: The Purpose Driven Life video study and study
guide, journal, devotional, book for kids, book for churches, Spanish edition, Large Print edition, and more.
Light Bearers World
Bank Publications An odorless baby found orphaned in a Paris gutter in 1738 grows to become a monster obsessed with his perfect sense of smell and a desire to capture, by any means, the ultimate scent that will make him human. Reader's Guide available. Reprint. 20,000 first printing.
Kids Online Vida This book presents highquality, peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference in Information Technology & Education (ICITED 2021), to be held at the ESPM – Higher School of Advertising and Marketing, Sao Paulo, Brazil, between the 15th and the 17th of July 2021. The book covers a specific field of knowledge. This intends to cover not only two fields of knowledge – Education and Technology – but also the interaction among them and the impact/result in the job market and organizations. It covers the research and pedagogic component of Education and Information Technologies but also the connection with society,
2
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
2024-01-10
addressing the three pillars of higher education. The book addresses impact of pandemic on education and use of technology in education. Finally, it also encourages companies to present their professional cases which is discussed. These can constitute real examples of how companies are overcoming their challenges with the uncertainty of the market. The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business InterVarsity Press
For the first time in the republican history of Peru, the presidential transition takes place in democracy, social peace, fast economic growth and favorable world markets. In other words, there has never been a better chance to build a different Peru - a richer country, more equal and governable. There are multiple ways to achieve that goal. New reforms must stem from a widespread and participatory debate, one of a common vision conceived for and by Peruvians. This book aims at making a technical and independent contribution to such debate; it summarizes the knowledge available about the challenges to be faced by the new administration. The study does not recommend silver bullets, but suggests policy options. It is based on the analysis of the current reality and in six decades of relationships with Peru, in which the Bank has implemented more than 100 projects and prepared more than 500 technical reports covering the wide range of development topics. When necessary, the study provides lessons that the Bank has learned elsewhere. The study provides a conceptual framework to the analysis of the country's 34 economic sectors and the two historical perspectives behind them. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive reform agenda that sheds light on possible priorities and courses of action.
Nineteen Eighty-Four Giron Books
El proposito de este libro qu gana el premio del Medallon de Plata proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo. Los lideres juveniles tienen un increible potencial en sus manos. Una riqueza que
3
debe ser administrada con sabiduria, perspicacia e inteligencia. Esta obra los ayuda a aprovechar ese potencial de una manera eficaz." Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America Multnomah In an age characterized by skepticism and ignorance of the Holy Scriptures, this timely volume clearly sets forth the biblical truths and teachings that long have been cherished by Christians. Virtually a classic for this century, Major Bible Themes includes chapters on doctrines that merit particular attention in the contemporary religious scene, such as the Holy Spirit, the nature of the Church, and the second coming of Christ. Designed for group and individual study, for pastors, laymen, and students, Major Bible Themes is an indispensable tool, providing the biblical basis for fifty-two doctrines, complete with topical and Scripture indexes. Questions for discussion and review follow each chapter. Whether your purpose is to explore Bible doctrines as a new Christian, to erase confusion stemming from conflicting views in
the contemporary church, or to establish a stronger basis for witnessing to your beliefs, Major Bible Themes is essential for study and reference. Perfume Cambridge University Press A Mighty Weapon of Spiritual Warfare You know that "there's power in the blood," just like the old hymn says—but are you actually experiencing that power in your daily life? Join H. A. Maxwell Whyte in this revealing exploration of the blessings to be found in Christ's blood. As you delve deep into this newly revised and expanded version of Whyte's classic best seller, you will find out how to… Experience God's complete forgiveness Become spiritually empowered, equipped, and energized Break the terrifying grip of fear and torment Create an atmosphere for miracles Defeat oppression, addictions, and sickness Astounding results can take place in your life once you learn the value of this vital yet little-wielded weapon in the believer's arsenal and how God wants us to use it in coping with life's difficult situations. Discover the wonderworking power of the blood for yourself!
The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork Zondervan El propósito de este libro es proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo.En "El ministerio Juvenil efectivo" conversarás con uno de los más respetados ministros de la juventud acerca de:"Cómo entender las cuestiones del desarrollo""Cómo enfocarse a la gran meta y los cuatro propósitos del ministerio juvenil""Cómo elaborar programas acertados y actividades que produzcan explosión""Cómo construir relaciones significativas y seguir mejorando tu discipulado""Cómo llevar a cabo un liderazgo sobresaliente""Cómo hacer contact con la cultura que queremos invadir"
A History of the Seventh-day Adventist
Church Ocean Press Building and maintaining a successful team is no simple task. Even people who have taken their teams to the highest level in their field have difficulty recreating what accounted for their successes. Is it a strong work ethic? Is it "chemistry"? What tools can you wrap your hands around to build?or rebuild?your team? In The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork, leadership expert and New York Times best-selling author John C. Maxwell shares the vital principles of team building that are necessary for success in your business, family, church, or organization. In his practical, down-toearth style, Dr. Maxwell shows how: The Law of High Morale inspired a 50year-old man who couldn't even swim to train for the toughest triathlon in the world. The Law of the Big Picture prompted a former U.S. president to travel across the country by bus, sleep in a basement, and do manual labor. Playing by The Law of the Scoreboard enabled one web-based company to keep growing and make money while thousands of other Internet businesses failed. Ignoring The Law of the Price Tag caused one of the world's largest retailers to close its doors after 128 years in business. The 17 Indisputable Law
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s of Teamwork will empower you?
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</url>
<text>
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
The Proof
The Power of the Blood
Business for the Glory of God
Light Bearers
Kids Online
The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America
Perfume
The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork
A History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Letter to Families from Pope John Paul II.
Opportunities and Risks for Children
Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo
Women in Ministry
Perspectives and Trends in Education and Technology
Four Views
The Secrets about Money--that You Don't Learn in School!
Selected Papers from ICITED 2021
What on Earth Am I Here For?
An Opportunity for a Different Peru
A Guide for Moving Beyond Black Fists and White Knuckles
God and Race
Embrace Them and Empower Your Team
Meditations of a Christian Hedonist
Faith's Checkbook
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
The Irresistible Revolution
Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable
The Art of Evangelism
When Donkeys Talk
Living As an Ordinary Radical
Evangelism Carefully Crafted into the Life of the Local Church
The Handbook for Spiritual Warfare
Snow Crash
Homicidal Ecologies
Rich Dad Poor Dad for Teens
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
Downloaded from ecobankpayservices.ecobank.com by guest
CABRERA BURNETT
The Proof BoD - Books on Demand Proof brings us quickly back to the West, where two punks, plus a new recruit ("Wannafuck?" is the opening line as the two punk lesbians accost the chubby and shy Marcia on a quiet street in Buenos Aires), take control of a local supermarket with dire consequences for the hostages.
The Power of the Blood
Zondervan
The questions our youth have are often the same ones that perplexed the great theologians. Andrew Root and Kenda Creasy Dean invite you to envision youth ministries full of practical theologians. Follow them into reflection on your own practice of theology, and learn how to share that theology through rich conversation and purposeful experience.
Business for the Glory of God Thomas Nelson The New York Times #1 bestselling book by Pastor Rick Warren that helps you understand and live out the purpose of your life. Before you were born, God already planned your life. God longs for you to discover the life he uniquely created you to live--here on earth, and forever in eternity. Let The Purpose Driven Life show you how. As one of the bestselling nonfiction books in history, with more than 35 million copies sold, The Purpose Driven Life is far more than just a book; it's the road map for your spiritual journey. A journey that will transform your life. Designed to be read in 42 days, each chapter provides a daily meditation and practical steps to help you discover and live out your purpose, starting with exploring three of life's most pressing questions: The Question of Existence: Why am I alive? The Question of Significance: Does my life matter? The Question of Purpose: What on earth am I here for? The book also includes links to 3-minute video introductions and a 30- to 40-minute audio Bible study message for each chapter. Plus questions for further study and additional resources. The Purpose Driven Life is available in audiobook, ebook, softcover, and hardcover editions. Also available: The Purpose Driven Life video study and study
guide, journal, devotional, book for kids, book for churches, Spanish edition, Large Print edition, and more.
Light Bearers World
Bank Publications An odorless baby found orphaned in a Paris gutter in 1738 grows to become a monster obsessed with his perfect sense of smell and a desire to capture, by any means, the ultimate scent that will make him human. Reader's Guide available. Reprint. 20,000 first printing.
Kids Online Vida This book presents highquality, peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference in Information Technology & Education (ICITED 2021), to be held at the ESPM – Higher School of Advertising and Marketing, Sao Paulo, Brazil, between the 15th and the 17th of July 2021. The book covers a specific field of knowledge. This intends to cover not only two fields of knowledge – Education and Technology – but also the interaction among them and the impact/result in the job market and organizations. It covers the research and pedagogic component of Education and Information Technologies but also the connection with society,
2
El Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada
2024-01-10
addressing the three pillars of higher education. The book addresses impact of pandemic on education and use of technology in education. Finally, it also encourages companies to present their professional cases which is discussed. These can constitute real examples of how companies are overcoming their challenges with the uncertainty of the market. The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business InterVarsity Press
For the first time in the republican history of Peru, the presidential transition takes place in democracy, social peace, fast economic growth and favorable world markets. In other words, there has never been a better chance to build a different Peru - a richer country, more equal and governable. There are multiple ways to achieve that goal. New reforms must stem from a widespread and participatory debate, one of a common vision conceived for and by Peruvians. This book aims at making a technical and independent contribution to such debate; it summarizes the knowledge available about the challenges to be faced by the new administration. The study does not recommend silver bullets, but suggests policy options. It is based on the analysis of the current reality and in six decades of relationships with Peru, in which the Bank has implemented more than 100 projects and prepared more than 500 technical reports covering the wide range of development topics. When necessary, the study provides lessons that the Bank has learned elsewhere. The study provides a conceptual framework to the analysis of the country's 34 economic sectors and the two historical perspectives behind them. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive reform agenda that sheds light on possible priorities and courses of action.
Nineteen Eighty-Four Giron Books
El proposito de este libro qu gana el premio del Medallon de Plata proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo. Los lideres juveniles tienen un increible potencial en sus manos. Una riqueza que
3
debe ser administrada con sabiduria, perspicacia e inteligencia. Esta obra los ayuda a aprovechar ese potencial de una manera eficaz." Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America Multnomah In an age characterized by skepticism and ignorance of the Holy Scriptures, this timely volume clearly sets forth the biblical truths and teachings that long have been cherished by Christians. Virtually a classic for this century, Major Bible Themes includes chapters on doctrines that merit particular attention in the contemporary religious scene, such as the Holy Spirit, the nature of the Church, and the second coming of Christ. Designed for group and individual study, for pastors, laymen, and students, Major Bible Themes is an indispensable tool, providing the biblical basis for fifty-two doctrines, complete with topical and Scripture indexes. Questions for discussion and review follow each chapter. Whether your purpose is to explore Bible doctrines as a new Christian, to erase confusion stemming from conflicting views in
the contemporary church, or to establish a stronger basis for witnessing to your beliefs, Major Bible Themes is essential for study and reference. Perfume Cambridge University Press A Mighty Weapon of Spiritual Warfare You know that "there's power in the blood," just like the old hymn says—but are you actually experiencing that power in your daily life? Join H. A. Maxwell Whyte in this revealing exploration of the blessings to be found in Christ's blood. As you delve deep into this newly revised and expanded version of Whyte's classic best seller, you will find out how to… Experience God's complete forgiveness Become spiritually empowered, equipped, and energized Break the terrifying grip of fear and torment Create an atmosphere for miracles Defeat oppression, addictions, and sickness Astounding results can take place in your life once you learn the value of this vital yet little-wielded weapon in the believer's arsenal and how God wants us to use it in coping with life's difficult situations. Discover the wonderworking power of the blood for yourself!
The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork Zondervan El propósito de este libro es proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo.En "El ministerio Juvenil efectivo" conversarás con uno de los más respetados ministros de la juventud acerca de:"Cómo entender las cuestiones del desarrollo""Cómo enfocarse a la gran meta y los cuatro propósitos del ministerio juvenil""Cómo elaborar programas acertados y actividades que produzcan explosión""Cómo construir relaciones significativas y seguir mejorando tu discipulado""Cómo llevar a cabo un liderazgo sobresaliente""Cómo hacer contact con la cultura que queremos invadir"
A History of the Seventh-day Adventist
Church Ocean Press Building and maintaining a successful team is no simple task. Even people who have taken their teams to the highest level in their field have difficulty recreating what accounted for their successes. Is it a strong work ethic? Is it "chemistry"? What tools can you wrap your hands around to build?or rebuild?your team? In The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork, leadership expert and New York Times best-selling author John C. Maxwell shares the vital principles of team building that are necessary for success in your business, family, church, or organization. In his practical, down-toearth style, Dr. Maxwell shows how: The Law of High Morale inspired a 50year-old man who couldn't even swim to train for the toughest triathlon in the world. The Law of the Big Picture prompted a former U.S. president to travel across the country by bus, sleep in a basement, and do manual labor. Playing by The Law of the Scoreboard enabled one web-based company to keep growing and make money while thousands of other Internet businesses failed. Ignoring The Law of the Price Tag caused one of the world's largest retailers to close its doors after 128 years in business. The 17 Indisputable Law<cursor_is_here>
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Andrew Root and Kenda Creasy Dean invite you to envision youth ministries full of practical theologians. Follow them into reflection on your own practice of theology, and learn how to share that theology through rich conversation and purposeful experience.\n\nBusiness for the Glory of God Thomas Nelson The New York Times #1 bestselling book by Pastor Rick Warren that helps you understand and live out the purpose of your life. Before you were born, God already planned your life. God longs for you to discover the life he uniquely created you to live--here on earth, and forever in eternity. Let The Purpose Driven Life show you how. As one of the bestselling nonfiction books in history, with more than 35 million copies sold, The Purpose Driven Life is far more than just a book; it's the road map for your spiritual journey. A journey that will transform your life. Designed to be read in 42 days, each chapter provides a daily meditation and practical steps to help you discover and live out your purpose, starting with exploring three of life's most pressing questions: The Question of Existence: Why am I alive? The Question of Significance: Does my life matter? The Question of Purpose: What on earth am I here for? The book also includes links to 3-minute video introductions and a 30- to 40-minute audio Bible study message for each chapter. Plus questions for further study and additional resources. The Purpose Driven Life is available in audiobook, ebook, softcover, and hardcover editions. Also available: The Purpose Driven Life video study and study\n\nguide, journal, devotional, book for kids, book for churches, Spanish edition, Large Print edition, and more.\n\nLight Bearers World\n\nBank Publications An odorless baby found orphaned in a Paris gutter in 1738 grows to become a monster obsessed with his perfect sense of smell and a desire to capture, by any means, the ultimate scent that will make him human. Reader's Guide available. Reprint. 20,000 first printing.\n\nKids Online Vida This book presents highquality, peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference in Information Technology & Education (ICITED 2021), to be held at the ESPM – Higher School of Advertising and Marketing, Sao Paulo, Brazil, between the 15th and the 17th of July 2021. The book covers a specific field of knowledge. This intends to cover not only two fields of knowledge – Education and Technology – but also the interaction among them and the impact/result in the job market and organizations. It covers the research and pedagogic component of Education and Information Technologies but also the connection with society,\n\n2\n\nEl Ministerio Juvenil Efectivo Versi N Revisada\n\n2024-01-10\n\naddressing the three pillars of higher education. The book addresses impact of pandemic on education and use of technology in education. Finally, it also encourages companies to present their professional cases which is discussed. These can constitute real examples of how companies are overcoming their challenges with the uncertainty of the market. The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business InterVarsity Press\n\nFor the first time in the republican history of Peru, the presidential transition takes place in democracy, social peace, fast economic growth and favorable world markets. In other words, there has never been a better chance to build a different Peru - a richer country, more equal and governable. There are multiple ways to achieve that goal. New reforms must stem from a widespread and participatory debate, one of a common vision conceived for and by Peruvians. This book aims at making a technical and independent contribution to such debate; it summarizes the knowledge available about the challenges to be faced by the new administration. The study does not recommend silver bullets, but suggests policy options. It is based on the analysis of the current reality and in six decades of relationships with Peru, in which the Bank has implemented more than 100 projects and prepared more than 500 technical reports covering the wide range of development topics. When necessary, the study provides lessons that the Bank has learned elsewhere. The study provides a conceptual framework to the analysis of the country's 34 economic sectors and the two historical perspectives behind them. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive reform agenda that sheds light on possible priorities and courses of action.\n\nNineteen Eighty-Four Giron Books\n\nEl proposito de este libro qu gana el premio del Medallon de Plata proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo. Los lideres juveniles tienen un increible potencial en sus manos. Una riqueza que\n\n3\n\ndebe ser administrada con sabiduria, perspicacia e inteligencia. Esta obra los ayuda a aprovechar ese potencial de una manera eficaz.\" Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America Multnomah In an age characterized by skepticism and ignorance of the Holy Scriptures, this timely volume clearly sets forth the biblical truths and teachings that long have been cherished by Christians. Virtually a classic for this century, Major Bible Themes includes chapters on doctrines that merit particular attention in the contemporary religious scene, such as the Holy Spirit, the nature of the Church, and the second coming of Christ. Designed for group and individual study, for pastors, laymen, and students, Major Bible Themes is an indispensable tool, providing the biblical basis for fifty-two doctrines, complete with topical and Scripture indexes. Questions for discussion and review follow each chapter. Whether your purpose is to explore Bible doctrines as a new Christian, to erase confusion stemming from conflicting views in\n\nthe contemporary church, or to establish a stronger basis for witnessing to your beliefs, Major Bible Themes is essential for study and reference. Perfume Cambridge University Press A Mighty Weapon of Spiritual Warfare You know that \"there's power in the blood,\" just like the old hymn says—but are you actually experiencing that power in your daily life? Join H. A. Maxwell Whyte in this revealing exploration of the blessings to be found in Christ's blood. As you delve deep into this newly revised and expanded version of Whyte's classic best seller, you will find out how to… Experience God's complete forgiveness Become spiritually empowered, equipped, and energized Break the terrifying grip of fear and torment Create an atmosphere for miracles Defeat oppression, addictions, and sickness Astounding results can take place in your life once you learn the value of this vital yet little-wielded weapon in the believer's arsenal and how God wants us to use it in coping with life's difficult situations. Discover the wonderworking power of the blood for yourself!\n\nThe 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork Zondervan El propósito de este libro es proponer estrategias, ideas y principios para desarrollar un liderazgo juvenil inteligente compartiendo las claves del ministerio juvenil efectivo.En \"El ministerio Juvenil efectivo\" conversarás con uno de los más respetados ministros de la juventud acerca de:\"Cómo entender las cuestiones del desarrollo\"\"Cómo enfocarse a la gran meta y los cuatro propósitos del ministerio juvenil\"\"Cómo elaborar programas acertados y actividades que produzcan explosión\"\"Cómo construir relaciones significativas y seguir mejorando tu discipulado\"\"Cómo llevar a cabo un liderazgo sobresaliente\"\"Cómo hacer contact con la cultura que queremos invadir\"\n\nA History of the Seventh-day Adventist\n\nChurch Ocean Press Building and maintaining a successful team is no simple task. Even people who have taken their teams to the highest level in their field have difficulty recreating what accounted for their successes. Is it a strong work ethic? Is it \"chemistry\"? What tools can you wrap your hands around to build?or rebuild?your team? In The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork, leadership expert and New York Times best-selling author John C. Maxwell shares the vital principles of team building that are necessary for success in your business, family, church, or organization. In his practical, down-toearth style, Dr. Maxwell shows how: The Law of High Morale inspired a 50year-old man who couldn't even swim to train for the toughest triathlon in the world. The Law of the Big Picture prompted a former U.S. president to travel across the country by bus, sleep in a basement, and do manual labor. Playing by The Law of the Scoreboard enabled one web-based company to keep growing and make money while thousands of other Internet businesses failed. 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Parish News
October 2020
30p
Sale, St. Paul’s
‘Serving God and the community’
JESUS
The Lamb
of God
Dear Friends
It is now six months since I have seen some of you and that has been quite painful, I don’t know about you but though I really enjoy chatting to you on the telephone I have seriously missed seeing you face to face and missed being able to shake hands or hug after services or to join in with you for such things as Community Choir, Tuesday Group, Babes and Tots or Saturday Coffee.
I had hoped that by now we would be getting back to opening those groups but it seems there is still a long way to go before that can happen. So I am wondering about hosting, as well as our Saturday Zoom Coffee Group, which has now restarted as a result of both new restrictions on social groups and the greater chance of inclement weather, if anyone would be interested in a midweek evening or afternoon group where we could briefly pray together, look at a bible passage together and chat. We could perhaps choose a theme for the week and come prepared to share thoughts or maybe a poem or Bible reading about the theme. That would enable us to keep in contact with each other in a nice way and address our need to continue with our spiritual development. If you would be interested in such a group please let me know. ([email protected]) or 0161-973-1042). Once I know the numbers who would like to join then we can discuss time and day or if there needs to be one group or two. As the meeting would be only 45 minutes long I would prefer to keep the numbers at the groups to about 6 or 7.
When I do phone people I am now finding a weariness in people as if they have reached a plateau in what they can deal. I think it is good to recognise that for many of us our feelings about this pandemic have changed over the six months and you might be interested to know that at a meeting I attended I was told about the difference in reactions to acute and chronic crises. With an acute crisis, a sudden unexpected crisis there is often is a rush of adrenaline and almost a feeling of enjoying the crisis a ‘lets get on with dealing with this’ and a ‘we’re all in it together’ type of reaction. Just like the reaction we all had in March when we put rainbows in the windows and clapped the NHS together on Thursday nights. With a longer term crises a chronic crisis which this pandemic has now become the reaction is often very different there is soon is a general feeling of tiredness and it becomes very draining a feeling of ‘Ok I’ve really had enough now please can we get back to normal.’ Everything becomes more difficult to manage, things we would usually take in our stride take longer and are much more emotionally draining.
When, if, this happens then self care become really important, we need to understand what we are feeling is quite usual and try not let it worry us too much, get plenty of rest and find time for fun as well as the daily tasks we have to do. For myself I have started to do embroidery after not doing any for about 30 years, it has helped me to relax, a friend of mine has started to wrote a book, not necessarily for publication but because doing it enables him to switch off from the day to day stuff and get lost in his imagination. Please do make sure you take some time each day to refresh your spirit and to help you to keep going through the extraordinary stuff we are having to deal with which is exhausting and wearying.
Suggested Bible verses to ponder on this month are Isaiah 40.29-32; Psalm 62.5; Psalm 116.5-7, 28-30; Philippians 4.6-7; 2 Corinthians 4.16-18; 1 Peter 5.7; Matthew 11; John 16.33.
Yours in Christ
Barbara
Dear All,
This is a note to say thank you to all the people who supported this, and especially those who made an extra donation recently. As a result, a cheque for £1,026 was sent to Francis House. A certificate and letter of thanks are displayed at the back of church.
Many thanks.
Diana
There is nothing so stirring in the matter of moving us to pray as being thankful to God for what He has done for us and with us. - E F Hallock
Jesus warned his disciples to be always ready for his return at the end of time by telling the story of two servants.
**The good servant**
While I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.
My master could be away a long time; I will work as if he was here.
When the servants came for their food, he had it ready.
He made sure everyone got their full amount every day.
Then his master came back.
I am putting you in charge of everything I have.
Well done!
**The bad servant**
While I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.
My master could be away a long time; I can do what I want!
When the servants came for their food, he chased them away!
He had friends come round, and they ate and drank as much as they liked.
Then his master came back.
and punished him.
Jesus said
This is the difference between those who follow me and those who only say they do.
Mouse Makes
Jesus said:
“The kingdom of heaven is like a ______ seed that a man took and sowed in his field. It is the _______ of all the seeds, but when it has grown it becomes a tree, so that the wild _____ come and nest in its branches.”
Read Matthew 13:31-32
“GOD is the one who gives seed to those who plant, and He gives bread for food. And GOD will give you spiritual seed and make that seed grow. He will produce a great harvest from your goodness.”
2 Corinthians 9:10
Jesus said:
“You do not need more faith. There is no ‘more’ or ‘less’ in faith. If you have a bare kernel of faith, say the size of a poppy seed, you could say to this sycamore tree “Go jump into the lake” and it would do it.”
Luke 17:6
So the one who plants is not important, and the one who waters is not important. Only GOD is important because He is the one who makes things grow.”
1 Corinthians 3:7
Find the words in bold on this page in the word search
Look out for seeds in the park and garden and in your kitchen store cupboard.
How many different seeds can you find?
H A R V E S T W O E S
F I A F T P L A N T B
O F A I T H A T E E R
O O J E S U S E E D E
D E U L O U G R O W A
P R O D U C E S G O D
Edith Cavell is a good saint for NHS workers this year: she cared for the sick despite the danger to her own safety.
Edith was a vicar’s daughter from Swardeston in Norfolk, where she was born in 1865. She became a governess, but her heart was for nursing, so she went on to train at the London Hospital, before nursing in various hospitals such as St Pancras and Manchester.
When Edith was 42, she decided to go abroad, and was appointed matron of a large training centre for nurses in Brussels. She was still there seven years later, when the First World War broke out and German troops invaded Belgium on their way to Paris and the Channel Ports.
Edith’s nursing school became a Red Cross hospital, and she turned down the opportunity to return to the safety of England. Instead, her nurses tended wounded soldiers from both German and Allied armies.
Sadly, in 1915, when the Germans began their occupation of Brussels, they took a dim view of Edith’s work. But they would have been even more unhappy had they known she was helping to smuggle 200 British soldiers across the border into the Netherlands!
Finally, the Germans arrested Edith in August 1915, and put her into solitary confinement. They tricked her into confessing to a charge which carried the death penalty. But Edith refused to show either regret at what she had done, or any fear or bitterness towards her captors.
On 11th October 1915, the night before her execution, Edith was visited by the Anglican chaplain to Brussels, the Revd Stirling Gahan. Together they said the words of *Abide with Me*, and Edith received her last Holy Communion.
She told Gahan: “I am thankful to have had these ten weeks of quiet to get ready. Now I have had them and have been kindly treated here. I expected my sentence and I believe it was just. Standing, as I do, in view of God and eternity, I realise that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness to anyone.”
Edith was shot by a firing squad next day, on 12th October 1915.
After the war her body was exhumed and buried in Norwich Cathedral. Her memorial service in Westminster Abbey attracted thousands. A commemorative statue of her stands near Trafalgar Square.
As we acknowledge Bible Sunday this month, it’s a good opportunity to ask the question: why should I read the Bible?
The Bible is the world’s best-selling book of all time. However, it isn’t one book, but a library of 66 books, composed by some 44 writers over a period of 1500 years in a range of literature including history, poetry, prophecy, letters and apocalyptic (end times). Despite having a number of different writers, the Bible claims one author: God himself!
This is the basis of the unity of its message and authoritative claim to be the primary way by which God speaks to us: ‘All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work’ (2 Timothy 3:16). The Bible is inspired (‘the word of God in the words of men’) and presents itself as a manual for life, equipping us to live for God in every aspect of our lives. We also have the promise of the Holy Spirit to guide us in applying the words to our lives: ‘the Spirit will guide you into all truth’ (John 16:13).
However, the Bible could also be described as a love letter from God, as He uses it to deepen our relationship with him. As Jesus said: ‘You diligently study the Scriptures because you think that by them you possess eternal life. These are the Scriptures that testify about me’ (John 5:39,40). Christians follow a person not a book, and the Scriptures are intended to help us to know Jesus better.
At her coronation the Queen was given a Bible with the words ‘the most precious thing this world affords’. Does this reflect our own attitude to the Bible?
Honey, honey!
If your grannie gave you honey when you had a cold, she was right.
Research published in The British Medical Journal has found that honey is especially good for treating upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) such as the common cold.
Honey has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. These do better at soothing your cough and sniffles than any of the over-the-counter remedies. In fact, URTI sufferers who were given honey suffered their symptoms for up to two days LESS than those who did not use honey.
All good news, especially as honey is cheap, readily available, and has virtually no side effects.
Don’t ‘go it alone’
If you are helping others at this time, remember to still leave space and time for yourself. Going the extra mile for other people all the time will only ensure one thing; your collapse. Work in teams. Even the Good Samaritan did not attempt to help the injured man all on his own; he brought in the innkeeper. By sharing the problem, they solved it!
Saturdays
10am & 11am
Zoom Coffee Meetings
Contact Barbara for the codes for these meetings
Sit and relax at home with a drink and catch up with friends
Keeping in touch
Need for healing
Heavenly Father,
We bring to you all those struggling with their mental health just now.
We pray:
For everyone who is smiling, when inside they’re in pain.
For everyone who is saying they’re fine, when inside they feel drained and empty.
For everyone struggling with fear and worry as the easing of the lockdown brings new anxieties.
Be with them in their suffering, as so much of their world has been stripped back and emptied.
When loved family and friends have been taken by illness,
Or made distant by lockdown.
Pour your healing balm into their pain and sadness.
May you walk with them besides still waters
May you speak to them in a still small voice.
May you heal them, and fill them, and bless them with your abundant love and fullness of life.
And may they know that they are loved by you for the beautiful unique person that they are, created in the image of their heavenly creator and loving Lord.
In the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,
Amen.
By the Revd Peter Crumpler
Fruit of the Spirit
(Gal 5:22,23, Ps 34:8)
Opportunities
To ripen your fruit in our lives,
Lord, give us opportunities.
To grow in your Spirit,
Know your warmth
And your light,
Allow the segments of Self-control, gentleness, Faithfulness, goodness, Kindness, patience, peace and joy To be lubricated and sweetened By love,
Showing the world Your nature transforming Our natures,
In the fruit bowl of our lives In Jesus.
Lord give opportunities For the hungry to taste Your ripening fruit in us, See that you are good And come to you.
By Daphne Kitching
Revd Canon Michael Burgess continues his series on animals and birds as seen in art and scripture... this month he considers ‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’ by Luc-Olivier Merson.
He gave us eyes to see them:
‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’
On 4th October we give thanks for one of the most loved saints in the church - Francis of Assisi. He died in 1226, but his example and witness have lived on to inspire Christians through the centuries.
His was a life focused on the crib and the cross, Lady Poverty and the stigmata, suffering and transfiguration. But also, it was a life marked by a deep love of creation: St Francis had a special nearness to all creatures great and small. As we read the stories of Thomas of Celano, we learn how he tamed a wolf in Gubbio, how swallows would chirp and fly around his head, how lambs would come close and gaze with delight, how his faithful donkey wept as the saint approached death, and in this month’s painting, how fish would come to the shore to hear him preach.
Thomas relates how Francis returned some fish that had been caught to the water, telling them not to be caught again. They lingered near the boat, listening to the saint until he gave them permission to leave.
The sermon to the fish is portrayed in this work by Luc-Olivier Merson, a French artist who lived from 1846 to 1920. He is better known for his work with designs for banknotes, postage stamps, and the basilica of Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre. Here in this canvas, we see St Francis with followers young and old, a faithful dog and the fish at the water’s edge.
What was the saint telling them? I think that they were loved and valued as part of the rich tapestry of God’s creation, and they must return that love. It is the mood of the Benedicite where all things that move in the earth, the skies and the seas are exhorted to praise the Lord and magnify him forever. St Francis captures that mood in his own Canticle of the Sun.
In the weeks and months of lockdown many of us have had the time to look afresh at our relationship with the world of nature as we have journeyed through the seasons of spring and summer. We have learnt to wonder at the richness and variety of creation. We need to take that lesson into the ‘new normal’ as restrictions are gradually relaxed. The clock and the complexity of life may easily take over again, but St Francis is inviting us to journey with him in simplicity and joy as we praise God with all His creatures:
‘Let all things their Creator bless and worship Him in humbleness.’
Moses revisited
Nine-year-old Joseph was asked by his mother what he had learned in Sunday school.
"Well, Mum, our teacher told us how God sent Moses behind enemy lines on a rescue mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. When he got to the Red Sea, he had his engineers build a pontoon bridge and all the people walked across safely. Then he radioed headquarters for reinforcements. They sent bombers to blow up the bridge and all the Israelites were saved."
"Now, Joseph, is that really what your teacher taught you?" his mother asked, somewhat alarmed.
"Well, no, Mum. But if I told it the way the teacher did, you'd never believe it!"
“Have you a computer problem?
If so, I am local and here to help…”
Here are just a few of the services I can offer
- Virus removal and health checks
- Internet & Email set up
- New computer installations
- Upgrades & repairs
- Help and advice on how to get the best out of your computer
- Back up & data recovery
- Training & support
- Laptop & computer repairs
- I can supply computers & laptops at very competitive prices and include data transfer, full set up & full guidance
Quite simply my aim is to provide an effective, quick, reliable and friendly service without unnecessary jargon.
I CAN SUPPLY COMPUTERS & LAPTOPS AT VERY COMPETITIVE PRICES & INCLUDE SET UP, DATA TRANSFER & GUIDANCE
DO GIVE ME A CALL NOW OR AT ANY TIME IN THE FUTURE. I AM HERE TO HELP YOU WITH ANY TECHNOLOGY PROBLEM, HOWEVER BIG OR SMALL.
STOP PRESS!!! Microsoft have now removed support for all Windows XP systems, which could affect the security of your software. If you are using XP, do give me a call for FREE & independent advice.
“Your service is very good, it is good to know someone is available to help & understands we are not all experts.”
G Singer, Sale
“It has been a pleasure dealing with you & the service I have received is second to none.”
Vivian, Sale
Mel’s Computer Care Ltd
Sale, Manchester, UK
Local (Sale) 0161 977 0107
Mobile 07901 553 848
[email protected]
www.melscomputercare.co.uk
Registered in England, Reg No 7417728, Registered Office; Christian Douglas LLP, Manchester M15 4PY
Members of the Parochial Church Council not listed on page 16 and their phone numbers
Clive Bancroft 286-1684
Hilary Moore 969-1831
Carole Shakeshaft 969-6319
Barrie Lund 286-3845
Sunshine Window Cleaning Company
The Local Reliable Window Cleaner
Cleaning the Panes, Frames and Sills using the latest water fed pole system, ensuring perfect results every time.
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To see the difference, contact us now for prompt service.
Tel 0161 9734910 Mob 07921 766022
e-mail [email protected]
31 Woodbourne Road M33 3SY
GARRY PROLZE
[email protected]
0161 976 3176
07779650931
* GARRY PROLZE PROJECTS
Property Refurbishments and Maintenance
Viking Launderette
15 Ashton Lane
Sale
Tel: 0161-973-8575
07846 79655
Pick-Up and Delivery Service available on request
Fitzwarine House
Guest house
Proprietors: Debbie & Tony Walker
Castle Street
Whittington
Shropshire
SY11 4DF
Tel: 01691 680882
All rooms en suite
“Opposite Whittington Castle”
www.fitzwarinehouse.co.uk
Arthur Gresty Limited
Trafford Funeral Homes
24 hour personal family attention from a local independent company
Private Chapels of Rest
Tel: 0161-973-1515
Handyman Harry
Need a helping hand then contact Harry Thomas
Tel: 0161-969-4397
ASHBROOKS
Quality Furniture, Beds and Carpets
Visit our showrooms at:-
16-20 Washway Road, Sale
Telephone: 0161-973-3406
| Date | Day | Time | Event |
|--------------|-----------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1st October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 2nd October | Friday | 10.00am | Church Open for Harvest Gifts |
| 3rd October | Saturday | 10.00am | Church Gardening |
| 4th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist for Harvest |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 5th October | Monday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 6th October | Tuesday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |
| 7th October | Wednesday | | |
| 8th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 9th October | Friday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| | | 2.00pm | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |
| 10th October | Saturday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 11th October | Sunday | 8.30am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 10.00am | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |
| | | 11.00am | Evensong (On Line) |
| 12th October | Monday | | |
| 13th October | Tuesday | | |
| 14th October | Wednesday | | |
| 15th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 16th October | Friday | | |
| 17th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 18th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 19th October | Monday | | |
| 20th October | Tuesday | | |
| 21st October | Wednesday | | |
| 22nd October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 23rd October | Friday | | |
| Date | Day | Time | Event |
|--------------|-----------|----------|--------------------------------------------|
| 24th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 25th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 26th October | Monday | | |
| 27th October | Tuesday | | |
| 28th October | Wednesday| | |
| 29th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 30th October | Friday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |
| 31st October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 1st November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 2nd November | Monday | | |
| 3rd November | Tuesday | | |
| 4th November | Wednesday| | |
| 5th November | Thursday | | |
| 6th November | Friday | | |
| 7th November | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| | | | Church Gardening |
| 8th November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
Remembrance Sunday
At the time of going to press it is remains unclear as to when groups will be able to restart due to local restrictions, so please check with social media and our weekly pew sheets for any updates.
**Note:- ‘Not Coffee’ meetings** are back to being Zoom Meetings —so please feel free to join in—if you wish to join in with these on-line meetings please contact Barbara for the code.
Please feel free to join Barbara on Facebook daily at about 8-15am for Morning Worship and again about 7pm for Evening Worship.
There is a considerable amount of different service traditions and styles currently available from various churches and cathedrals both locally and nationally and well worth a ‘dip’ into - have you given it a try!
*Don’t forget to let us know what you thought* ([email protected])
## St. Paul’s Parish Directory
| Position | Name | Phone Number |
|---------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| Incumbent | Revd. Barbara Sharp | 973-1042 |
| | | 07779319167 |
| Reader | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |
| Reader In Training | Rob Chilton | 905-2507 |
| Reader Emeritus | Ann Morris | 973-1042 |
| Pastoral Workers: | Yvonne Kerridge | 962-4066 |
| | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |
| Churchwardens: | Harry Thomas | 969-4397 |
| | Yvonne Stevenson | 2831065 |
| Treasurer to the PCC: | Brian Hirst | 969-8463 |
| Secretary to the PCC: | Anne Ibbotson | 962-1727 |
| Parish Assistant: | Anne Allen | 01925-763103 |
| Director of Music: | John Clisset | 962-2096 |
| | Kevin Drury | 962-7963 |
| Junior Church | David Allen | 01925-763103 |
| Parish Giving Officer | Brian Kerridge | 962-4066 |
| Electoral Roll Officer: | Yvonne Stevenson | 283-1065 |
| Parish News Editor: | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |
| Bible Reading Fellowship: | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |
| Men’s Society: | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |
| Women’s Tuesday Group: | Diana Kelly | 973-4578 |
| St. Paul’s Babes & Tots | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |
| Tower Warden: | Ian Moore | |
| Christian Aid: | Anita Evans | 973-4679 |
| Children’s Society: | Sheila Clarke | 962-4678 |
| Church Hall Bookings: | Eileen Craven | 283 7668 |
| Badminton Group: | Brian Walker | 962-4502 |
| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies: | Vicky Williams | 07986 525898 |
| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides: | As above | |
**Parish Office**
- **Phone:** 962-0082
- **E-mail:** [email protected]
- **Hall Bookings:** [email protected]
*Names above marked with * are members of the Parochial Church Council*
### Parish Organisations
| Day | Time | Activity |
|--------|----------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Monday | | |
| Tuesday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |
| | 6.15pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies |
| | 7.30pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides |
| | 1.00pm | Women’s Tuesday Group (2nd of every month) |
| Wednesday| 8.00pm | Badminton Group |
| Thursday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |
| | 7.30pm | Chorister Training and Choir Practice |
| | 8.00pm | Men’s Society (last of every month Sept to May but not Dec) |
| Friday | 1.00pm | Community Choir |
| Saturday| 9.30am | Open Church |
| | 10.30am | Charity Coffee Morning |
|
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Parish News
October 2020
30p
Sale, St. Paul’s
‘Serving God and the community’
JESUS
The Lamb
of God
Dear Friends
It is now six months since I have seen some of you and that has been quite painful, I don’t know about you but though I really enjoy chatting to you on the telephone I have seriously missed seeing you face to face and missed being able to shake hands or hug after services or to join in with you for such things as Community Choir, Tuesday Group, Babes and Tots or Saturday Coffee.
I had hoped that by now we would be getting back to opening those groups but it seems there is still a long way to go before that can happen. So I am wondering about hosting, as well as our Saturday Zoom Coffee Group, which has now restarted as a result of both new restrictions on social groups and the greater chance of inclement weather, if anyone would be interested in a midweek evening or afternoon group where we could briefly pray together, look at a bible passage together and chat. We could perhaps choose a theme for the week and come prepared to share thoughts or maybe a poem or Bible reading about the theme. That would enable us to keep in contact with each other in a nice way and address our need to continue with our spiritual development. If you would be interested in such a group please let me know. ([email protected]) or 0161-973-1042). Once I know the numbers who would like to join then we can discuss time and day or if there needs to be one group or two. As the meeting would be only 45 minutes long I would prefer to keep the numbers at the groups to about 6 or 7.
When I do phone people I am now finding a weariness in people as if they have reached a plateau in what they can deal. I think it is good to recognise that for many of us our feelings about this pandemic have changed over the six months and you might be interested to know that at a meeting I attended I was told about the difference in reactions to acute and chronic crises. With an acute crisis, a sudden unexpected crisis there is often is a rush of adrenaline and almost a feeling of enjoying the crisis a ‘lets get on with dealing with this’ and a ‘we’re all in it together’ type of reaction. Just like the reaction we all had in March when we put rainbows in the windows and clapped the NHS together on Thursday nights. With a longer term crises a chronic crisis which this pandemic has now become the reaction is often very different there is soon is a general feeling of tiredness and it becomes very draining a feeling of ‘Ok I’ve really had enough now please can we get back to normal.’ Everything becomes more difficult to manage, things we would usually take in our stride take longer and are much more emotionally draining.
When, if, this happens then self care become really important, we need to understand what we are feeling is quite usual and try not let it worry us too much, get plenty of rest and find time for fun as well as the daily tasks we have to do. For myself I have started to do embroidery after not doing any for about 30 years, it has helped me to relax, a friend of mine has started to wrote a book, not necessarily for publication but because doing it enables him to switch off from the day to day stuff and get lost in his imagination. Please do make sure you take some time each day to refresh your spirit and to help you to keep going through the extraordinary stuff we are having to deal with which is exhausting and wearying.
Suggested Bible verses to ponder on this month are Isaiah 40.29-32; Psalm 62.5; Psalm 116.5-7, 28-30; Philippians 4.6-7; 2 Corinthians 4.16-18; 1 Peter 5.7; Matthew 11; John 16.33.
Yours in Christ
Barbara
Dear All,
This is a note to say thank you to all the people who supported this, and especially those who made an extra donation recently. As a result, a cheque for £1,026 was sent to Francis House. A certificate and letter of thanks are displayed at the back of church.
Many thanks.
Diana
There is nothing so stirring in the matter of moving us to pray as being thankful to God for what He has done for us and with us. - E F Hallock
Jesus warned his disciples to be always ready for his return at the end of time by telling the story of two servants.
**The good servant**
While I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.
My master could be away a long time; I will work as if he was here.
When the servants came for their food, he had it ready.
He made sure everyone got their full amount every day.
Then his master came back.
I am putting you in charge of everything I have.
Well done!
**The bad servant**
While I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.
My master could be away a long time; I can do what I want!
When the servants came for their food, he chased them away!
He had friends come round, and they ate and drank as much as they liked.
Then his master came back.
and punished him.
Jesus said
This is the difference between those who follow me and those who only say they do.
Mouse Makes
Jesus said:
“The kingdom of heaven is like a ______ seed that a man took and sowed in his field. It is the _______ of all the seeds, but when it has grown it becomes a tree, so that the wild _____ come and nest in its branches.”
Read Matthew 13:31-32
“GOD is the one who gives seed to those who plant, and He gives bread for food. And GOD will give you spiritual seed and make that seed grow. He will produce a great harvest from your goodness.”
2 Corinthians 9:10
Jesus said:
“You do not need more faith. There is no ‘more’ or ‘less’ in faith. If you have a bare kernel of faith, say the size of a poppy seed, you could say to this sycamore tree “Go jump into the lake” and it would do it.”
Luke 17:6
So the one who plants is not important, and the one who waters is not important. Only GOD is important because He is the one who makes things grow.”
1 Corinthians 3:7
Find the words in bold on this page in the word search
Look out for seeds in the park and garden and in your kitchen store cupboard.
How many different seeds can you find?
H A R V E S T W O E S
F I A F T P L A N T B
O F A I T H A T E E R
O O J E S U S E E D E
D E U L O U G R O W A
P R O D U C E S G O D
Edith Cavell is a good saint for NHS workers this year: she cared for the sick despite the danger to her own safety.
Edith was a vicar’s daughter from Swardeston in Norfolk, where she was born in 1865. She became a governess, but her heart was for nursing, so she went on to train at the London Hospital, before nursing in various hospitals such as St Pancras and Manchester.
When Edith was 42, she decided to go abroad, and was appointed matron of a large training centre for nurses in Brussels. She was still there seven years later, when the First World War broke out and German troops invaded Belgium on their way to Paris and the Channel Ports.
Edith’s nursing school became a Red Cross hospital, and she turned down the opportunity to return to the safety of England. Instead, her nurses tended wounded soldiers from both German and Allied armies.
Sadly, in 1915, when the Germans began their occupation of Brussels, they took a dim view of Edith’s work. But they would have been even more unhappy had they known she was helping to smuggle 200 British soldiers across the border into the Netherlands!
Finally, the Germans arrested Edith in August 1915, and put her into solitary confinement. They tricked her into confessing to a charge which carried the death penalty. But Edith refused to show either regret at what she had done, or any fear or bitterness towards her captors.
On 11th October 1915, the night before her execution, Edith was visited by the Anglican chaplain to Brussels, the Revd Stirling Gahan. Together they said the words of *Abide with Me*, and Edith received her last Holy Communion.
She told Gahan: “I am thankful to have had these ten weeks of quiet to get ready. Now I have had them and have been kindly treated here. I expected my sentence and I believe it was just. Standing, as I do, in view of God and eternity, I realise that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness to anyone.”
Edith was shot by a firing squad next day, on 12th October 1915.
After the war her body was exhumed and buried in Norwich Cathedral. Her memorial service in Westminster Abbey attracted thousands. A commemorative statue of her stands near Trafalgar Square.
As we acknowledge Bible Sunday this month, it’s a good opportunity to ask the question: why should I read the Bible?
The Bible is the world’s best-selling book of all time. However, it isn’t one book, but a library of 66 books, composed by some 44 writers over a period of 1500 years in a range of literature including history, poetry, prophecy, letters and apocalyptic (end times). Despite having a number of different writers, the Bible claims one author: God himself!
This is the basis of the unity of its message and authoritative claim to be the primary way by which God speaks to us: ‘All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work’ (2 Timothy 3:16). The Bible is inspired (‘the word of God in the words of men’) and presents itself as a manual for life, equipping us to live for God in every aspect of our lives. We also have the promise of the Holy Spirit to guide us in applying the words to our lives: ‘the Spirit will guide you into all truth’ (John 16:13).
However, the Bible could also be described as a love letter from God, as He uses it to deepen our relationship with him. As Jesus said: ‘You diligently study the Scriptures because you think that by them you possess eternal life. These are the Scriptures that testify about me’ (John 5:39,40). Christians follow a person not a book, and the Scriptures are intended to help us to know Jesus better.
At her coronation the Queen was given a Bible with the words ‘the most precious thing this world affords’. Does this reflect our own attitude to the Bible?
Honey, honey!
If your grannie gave you honey when you had a cold, she was right.
Research published in The British Medical Journal has found that honey is especially good for treating upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) such as the common cold.
Honey has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. These do better at soothing your cough and sniffles than any of the over-the-counter remedies. In fact, URTI sufferers who were given honey suffered their symptoms for up to two days LESS than those who did not use honey.
All good news, especially as honey is cheap, readily available, and has virtually no side effects.
Don’t ‘go it alone’
If you are helping others at this time, remember to still leave space and time for yourself. Going the extra mile for other people all the time will only ensure one thing; your collapse. Work in teams. Even the Good Samaritan did not attempt to help the injured man all on his own; he brought in the innkeeper. By sharing the problem, they solved it!
Saturdays
10am & 11am
Zoom Coffee Meetings
Contact Barbara for the codes for these meetings
Sit and relax at home with a drink and catch up with friends
Keeping in touch
Need for healing
Heavenly Father,
We bring to you all those struggling with their mental health just now.
We pray:
For everyone who is smiling, when inside they’re in pain.
For everyone who is saying they’re fine, when inside they feel drained and empty.
For everyone struggling with fear and worry as the easing of the lockdown brings new anxieties.
Be with them in their suffering, as so much of their world has been stripped back and emptied.
When loved family and friends have been taken by illness,
Or made distant by lockdown.
Pour your healing balm into their pain and sadness.
May you walk with them besides still waters
May you speak to them in a still small voice.
May you heal them, and fill them, and bless them with your abundant love and fullness of life.
And may they know that they are loved by you for the beautiful unique person that they are, created in the image of their heavenly creator and loving Lord.
In the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,
Amen.
By the Revd Peter Crumpler
Fruit of the Spirit
(Gal 5:22,23, Ps 34:8)
Opportunities
To ripen your fruit in our lives,
Lord, give us opportunities.
To grow in your Spirit,
Know your warmth
And your light,
Allow the segments of Self-control, gentleness, Faithfulness, goodness, Kindness, patience, peace and joy To be lubricated and sweetened By love,
Showing the world Your nature transforming Our natures,
In the fruit bowl of our lives In Jesus.
Lord give opportunities For the hungry to taste Your ripening fruit in us, See that you are good And come to you.
By Daphne Kitching
Revd Canon Michael Burgess continues his series on animals and birds as seen in art and scripture... this month he considers ‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’ by Luc-Olivier Merson.
He gave us eyes to see them:
‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’
On 4th October we give thanks for one of the most loved saints in the church - Francis of Assisi. He died in 1226, but his example and witness have lived on to inspire Christians through the centuries.
His was a life focused on the crib and the cross, Lady Poverty and the stigmata, suffering and transfiguration. But also, it was a life marked by a deep love of creation: St Francis had a special nearness to all creatures great and small. As we read the stories of Thomas of Celano, we learn how he tamed a wolf in Gubbio, how swallows would chirp and fly around his head, how lambs would come close and gaze with delight, how his faithful donkey wept as the saint approached death, and in this month’s painting, how fish would come to the shore to hear him preach.
Thomas relates how Francis ret
|
urned some fish that had been caught to the water, telling them not to be caught again.
|
They lingered near the boat, listening to the saint until he gave them permission to leave.
The sermon to the fish is portrayed in this work by Luc-Olivier Merson, a French artist who lived from 1846 to 1920. He is better known for his work with designs for banknotes, postage stamps, and the basilica of Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre. Here in this canvas, we see St Francis with followers young and old, a faithful dog and the fish at the water’s edge.
What was the saint telling them? I think that they were loved and valued as part of the rich tapestry of God’s creation, and they must return that love. It is the mood of the Benedicite where all things that move in the earth, the skies and the seas are exhorted to praise the Lord and magnify him forever. St Francis captures that mood in his own Canticle of the Sun.
In the weeks and months of lockdown many of us have had the time to look afresh at our relationship with the world of nature as we have journeyed through the seasons of spring and summer. We have learnt to wonder at the richness and variety of creation. We need to take that lesson into the ‘new normal’ as restrictions are gradually relaxed. The clock and the complexity of life may easily take over again, but St Francis is inviting us to journey with him in simplicity and joy as we praise God with all His creatures:
‘Let all things their Creator bless and worship Him in humbleness.’
Moses revisited
Nine-year-old Joseph was asked by his mother what he had learned in Sunday school.
"Well, Mum, our teacher told us how God sent Moses behind enemy lines on a rescue mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. When he got to the Red Sea, he had his engineers build a pontoon bridge and all the people walked across safely. Then he radioed headquarters for reinforcements. They sent bombers to blow up the bridge and all the Israelites were saved."
"Now, Joseph, is that really what your teacher taught you?" his mother asked, somewhat alarmed.
"Well, no, Mum. But if I told it the way the teacher did, you'd never believe it!"
“Have you a computer problem?
If so, I am local and here to help…”
Here are just a few of the services I can offer
- Virus removal and health checks
- Internet & Email set up
- New computer installations
- Upgrades & repairs
- Help and advice on how to get the best out of your computer
- Back up & data recovery
- Training & support
- Laptop & computer repairs
- I can supply computers & laptops at very competitive prices and include data transfer, full set up & full guidance
Quite simply my aim is to provide an effective, quick, reliable and friendly service without unnecessary jargon.
I CAN SUPPLY COMPUTERS & LAPTOPS AT VERY COMPETITIVE PRICES & INCLUDE SET UP, DATA TRANSFER & GUIDANCE
DO GIVE ME A CALL NOW OR AT ANY TIME IN THE FUTURE. I AM HERE TO HELP YOU WITH ANY TECHNOLOGY PROBLEM, HOWEVER BIG OR SMALL.
STOP PRESS!!! Microsoft have now removed support for all Windows XP systems, which could affect the security of your software. If you are using XP, do give me a call for FREE & independent advice.
“Your service is very good, it is good to know someone is available to help & understands we are not all experts.”
G Singer, Sale
“It has been a pleasure dealing with you & the service I have received is second to none.”
Vivian, Sale
Mel’s Computer Care Ltd
Sale, Manchester, UK
Local (Sale) 0161 977 0107
Mobile 07901 553 848
[email protected]
www.melscomputercare.co.uk
Registered in England, Reg No 7417728, Registered Office; Christian Douglas LLP, Manchester M15 4PY
Members of the Parochial Church Council not listed on page 16 and their phone numbers
Clive Bancroft 286-1684
Hilary Moore 969-1831
Carole Shakeshaft 969-6319
Barrie Lund 286-3845
Sunshine Window Cleaning Company
The Local Reliable Window Cleaner
Cleaning the Panes, Frames and Sills using the latest water fed pole system, ensuring perfect results every time.
Tricky windows and conservatory roofs handled with ease.
A family run business with customer satisfaction the only priority.
No Smears No Streaks
No Ladders No Hassle
To see the difference, contact us now for prompt service.
Tel 0161 9734910 Mob 07921 766022
e-mail [email protected]
31 Woodbourne Road M33 3SY
GARRY PROLZE
[email protected]
0161 976 3176
07779650931
* GARRY PROLZE PROJECTS
Property Refurbishments and Maintenance
Viking Launderette
15 Ashton Lane
Sale
Tel: 0161-973-8575
07846 79655
Pick-Up and Delivery Service available on request
Fitzwarine House
Guest house
Proprietors: Debbie & Tony Walker
Castle Street
Whittington
Shropshire
SY11 4DF
Tel: 01691 680882
All rooms en suite
“Opposite Whittington Castle”
www.fitzwarinehouse.co.uk
Arthur Gresty Limited
Trafford Funeral Homes
24 hour personal family attention from a local independent company
Private Chapels of Rest
Tel: 0161-973-1515
Handyman Harry
Need a helping hand then contact Harry Thomas
Tel: 0161-969-4397
ASHBROOKS
Quality Furniture, Beds and Carpets
Visit our showrooms at:-
16-20 Washway Road, Sale
Telephone: 0161-973-3406
| Date | Day | Time | Event |
|--------------|-----------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1st October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 2nd October | Friday | 10.00am | Church Open for Harvest Gifts |
| 3rd October | Saturday | 10.00am | Church Gardening |
| 4th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist for Harvest |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 5th October | Monday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 6th October | Tuesday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |
| 7th October | Wednesday | | |
| 8th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 9th October | Friday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| | | 2.00pm | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |
| 10th October | Saturday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 11th October | Sunday | 8.30am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 10.00am | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |
| | | 11.00am | Evensong (On Line) |
| 12th October | Monday | | |
| 13th October | Tuesday | | |
| 14th October | Wednesday | | |
| 15th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 16th October | Friday | | |
| 17th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 18th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 19th October | Monday | | |
| 20th October | Tuesday | | |
| 21st October | Wednesday | | |
| 22nd October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 23rd October | Friday | | |
| Date | Day | Time | Event |
|--------------|-----------|----------|--------------------------------------------|
| 24th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 25th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 26th October | Monday | | |
| 27th October | Tuesday | | |
| 28th October | Wednesday| | |
| 29th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 30th October | Friday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |
| 31st October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 1st November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 2nd November | Monday | | |
| 3rd November | Tuesday | | |
| 4th November | Wednesday| | |
| 5th November | Thursday | | |
| 6th November | Friday | | |
| 7th November | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| | | | Church Gardening |
| 8th November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
Remembrance Sunday
At the time of going to press it is remains unclear as to when groups will be able to restart due to local restrictions, so please check with social media and our weekly pew sheets for any updates.
**Note:- ‘Not Coffee’ meetings** are back to being Zoom Meetings —so please feel free to join in—if you wish to join in with these on-line meetings please contact Barbara for the code.
Please feel free to join Barbara on Facebook daily at about 8-15am for Morning Worship and again about 7pm for Evening Worship.
There is a considerable amount of different service traditions and styles currently available from various churches and cathedrals both locally and nationally and well worth a ‘dip’ into - have you given it a try!
*Don’t forget to let us know what you thought* ([email protected])
## St. Paul’s Parish Directory
| Position | Name | Phone Number |
|---------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| Incumbent | Revd. Barbara Sharp | 973-1042 |
| | | 07779319167 |
| Reader | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |
| Reader In Training | Rob Chilton | 905-2507 |
| Reader Emeritus | Ann Morris | 973-1042 |
| Pastoral Workers: | Yvonne Kerridge | 962-4066 |
| | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |
| Churchwardens: | Harry Thomas | 969-4397 |
| | Yvonne Stevenson | 2831065 |
| Treasurer to the PCC: | Brian Hirst | 969-8463 |
| Secretary to the PCC: | Anne Ibbotson | 962-1727 |
| Parish Assistant: | Anne Allen | 01925-763103 |
| Director of Music: | John Clisset | 962-2096 |
| | Kevin Drury | 962-7963 |
| Junior Church | David Allen | 01925-763103 |
| Parish Giving Officer | Brian Kerridge | 962-4066 |
| Electoral Roll Officer: | Yvonne Stevenson | 283-1065 |
| Parish News Editor: | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |
| Bible Reading Fellowship: | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |
| Men’s Society: | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |
| Women’s Tuesday Group: | Diana Kelly | 973-4578 |
| St. Paul’s Babes & Tots | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |
| Tower Warden: | Ian Moore | |
| Christian Aid: | Anita Evans | 973-4679 |
| Children’s Society: | Sheila Clarke | 962-4678 |
| Church Hall Bookings: | Eileen Craven | 283 7668 |
| Badminton Group: | Brian Walker | 962-4502 |
| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies: | Vicky Williams | 07986 525898 |
| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides: | As above | |
**Parish Office**
- **Phone:** 962-0082
- **E-mail:** [email protected]
- **Hall Bookings:** [email protected]
*Names above marked with * are members of the Parochial Church Council*
### Parish Organisations
| Day | Time | Activity |
|--------|----------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Monday | | |
| Tuesday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |
| | 6.15pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies |
| | 7.30pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides |
| | 1.00pm | Women’s Tuesday Group (2nd of every month) |
| Wednesday| 8.00pm | Badminton Group |
| Thursday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |
| | 7.30pm | Chorister Training and Choir Practice |
| | 8.00pm | Men’s Society (last of every month Sept to May but not Dec) |
| Friday | 1.00pm | Community Choir |
| Saturday| 9.30am | Open Church |
| | 10.30am | Charity Coffee Morning |
| 13,893
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https://stpaulschurchsite.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/october-magazine.pdf
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Parish News
October 2020
30p
Sale, St. Paul’s
‘Serving God and the community’
JESUS
The Lamb
of God
Dear Friends
It is now six months since I have seen some of you and that has been quite painful, I don’t know about you but though I really enjoy chatting to you on the telephone I have seriously missed seeing you face to face and missed being able to shake hands or hug after services or to join in with you for such things as Community Choir, Tuesday Group, Babes and Tots or Saturday Coffee.
I had hoped that by now we would be getting back to opening those groups but it seems there is still a long way to go before that can happen. So I am wondering about hosting, as well as our Saturday Zoom Coffee Group, which has now restarted as a result of both new restrictions on social groups and the greater chance of inclement weather, if anyone would be interested in a midweek evening or afternoon group where we could briefly pray together, look at a bible passage together and chat. We could perhaps choose a theme for the week and come prepared to share thoughts or maybe a poem or Bible reading about the theme. That would enable us to keep in contact with each other in a nice way and address our need to continue with our spiritual development. If you would be interested in such a group please let me know. ([email protected]) or 0161-973-1042). Once I know the numbers who would like to join then we can discuss time and day or if there needs to be one group or two. As the meeting would be only 45 minutes long I would prefer to keep the numbers at the groups to about 6 or 7.
When I do phone people I am now finding a weariness in people as if they have reached a plateau in what they can deal. I think it is good to recognise that for many of us our feelings about this pandemic have changed over the six months and you might be interested to know that at a meeting I attended I was told about the difference in reactions to acute and chronic crises. With an acute crisis, a sudden unexpected crisis there is often is a rush of adrenaline and almost a feeling of enjoying the crisis a ‘lets get on with dealing with this’ and a ‘we’re all in it together’ type of reaction. Just like the reaction we all had in March when we put rainbows in the windows and clapped the NHS together on Thursday nights. With a longer term crises a chronic crisis which this pandemic has now become the reaction is often very different there is soon is a general feeling of tiredness and it becomes very draining a feeling of ‘Ok I’ve really had enough now please can we get back to normal.’ Everything becomes more difficult to manage, things we would usually take in our stride take longer and are much more emotionally draining.
When, if, this happens then self care become really important, we need to understand what we are feeling is quite usual and try not let it worry us too much, get plenty of rest and find time for fun as well as the daily tasks we have to do. For myself I have started to do embroidery after not doing any for about 30 years, it has helped me to relax, a friend of mine has started to wrote a book, not necessarily for publication but because doing it enables him to switch off from the day to day stuff and get lost in his imagination. Please do make sure you take some time each day to refresh your spirit and to help you to keep going through the extraordinary stuff we are having to deal with which is exhausting and wearying.
Suggested Bible verses to ponder on this month are Isaiah 40.29-32; Psalm 62.5; Psalm 116.5-7, 28-30; Philippians 4.6-7; 2 Corinthians 4.16-18; 1 Peter 5.7; Matthew 11; John 16.33.
Yours in Christ
Barbara
Dear All,
This is a note to say thank you to all the people who supported this, and especially those who made an extra donation recently. As a result, a cheque for £1,026 was sent to Francis House. A certificate and letter of thanks are displayed at the back of church.
Many thanks.
Diana
There is nothing so stirring in the matter of moving us to pray as being thankful to God for what He has done for us and with us. - E F Hallock
Jesus warned his disciples to be always ready for his return at the end of time by telling the story of two servants.
**The good servant**
While I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.
My master could be away a long time; I will work as if he was here.
When the servants came for their food, he had it ready.
He made sure everyone got their full amount every day.
Then his master came back.
I am putting you in charge of everything I have.
Well done!
**The bad servant**
While I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.
My master could be away a long time; I can do what I want!
When the servants came for their food, he chased them away!
He had friends come round, and they ate and drank as much as they liked.
Then his master came back.
and punished him.
Jesus said
This is the difference between those who follow me and those who only say they do.
Mouse Makes
Jesus said:
“The kingdom of heaven is like a ______ seed that a man took and sowed in his field. It is the _______ of all the seeds, but when it has grown it becomes a tree, so that the wild _____ come and nest in its branches.”
Read Matthew 13:31-32
“GOD is the one who gives seed to those who plant, and He gives bread for food. And GOD will give you spiritual seed and make that seed grow. He will produce a great harvest from your goodness.”
2 Corinthians 9:10
Jesus said:
“You do not need more faith. There is no ‘more’ or ‘less’ in faith. If you have a bare kernel of faith, say the size of a poppy seed, you could say to this sycamore tree “Go jump into the lake” and it would do it.”
Luke 17:6
So the one who plants is not important, and the one who waters is not important. Only GOD is important because He is the one who makes things grow.”
1 Corinthians 3:7
Find the words in bold on this page in the word search
Look out for seeds in the park and garden and in your kitchen store cupboard.
How many different seeds can you find?
H A R V E S T W O E S
F I A F T P L A N T B
O F A I T H A T E E R
O O J E S U S E E D E
D E U L O U G R O W A
P R O D U C E S G O D
Edith Cavell is a good saint for NHS workers this year: she cared for the sick despite the danger to her own safety.
Edith was a vicar’s daughter from Swardeston in Norfolk, where she was born in 1865. She became a governess, but her heart was for nursing, so she went on to train at the London Hospital, before nursing in various hospitals such as St Pancras and Manchester.
When Edith was 42, she decided to go abroad, and was appointed matron of a large training centre for nurses in Brussels. She was still there seven years later, when the First World War broke out and German troops invaded Belgium on their way to Paris and the Channel Ports.
Edith’s nursing school became a Red Cross hospital, and she turned down the opportunity to return to the safety of England. Instead, her nurses tended wounded soldiers from both German and Allied armies.
Sadly, in 1915, when the Germans began their occupation of Brussels, they took a dim view of Edith’s work. But they would have been even more unhappy had they known she was helping to smuggle 200 British soldiers across the border into the Netherlands!
Finally, the Germans arrested Edith in August 1915, and put her into solitary confinement. They tricked her into confessing to a charge which carried the death penalty. But Edith refused to show either regret at what she had done, or any fear or bitterness towards her captors.
On 11th October 1915, the night before her execution, Edith was visited by the Anglican chaplain to Brussels, the Revd Stirling Gahan. Together they said the words of *Abide with Me*, and Edith received her last Holy Communion.
She told Gahan: “I am thankful to have had these ten weeks of quiet to get ready. Now I have had them and have been kindly treated here. I expected my sentence and I believe it was just. Standing, as I do, in view of God and eternity, I realise that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness to anyone.”
Edith was shot by a firing squad next day, on 12th October 1915.
After the war her body was exhumed and buried in Norwich Cathedral. Her memorial service in Westminster Abbey attracted thousands. A commemorative statue of her stands near Trafalgar Square.
As we acknowledge Bible Sunday this month, it’s a good opportunity to ask the question: why should I read the Bible?
The Bible is the world’s best-selling book of all time. However, it isn’t one book, but a library of 66 books, composed by some 44 writers over a period of 1500 years in a range of literature including history, poetry, prophecy, letters and apocalyptic (end times). Despite having a number of different writers, the Bible claims one author: God himself!
This is the basis of the unity of its message and authoritative claim to be the primary way by which God speaks to us: ‘All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work’ (2 Timothy 3:16). The Bible is inspired (‘the word of God in the words of men’) and presents itself as a manual for life, equipping us to live for God in every aspect of our lives. We also have the promise of the Holy Spirit to guide us in applying the words to our lives: ‘the Spirit will guide you into all truth’ (John 16:13).
However, the Bible could also be described as a love letter from God, as He uses it to deepen our relationship with him. As Jesus said: ‘You diligently study the Scriptures because you think that by them you possess eternal life. These are the Scriptures that testify about me’ (John 5:39,40). Christians follow a person not a book, and the Scriptures are intended to help us to know Jesus better.
At her coronation the Queen was given a Bible with the words ‘the most precious thing this world affords’. Does this reflect our own attitude to the Bible?
Honey, honey!
If your grannie gave you honey when you had a cold, she was right.
Research published in The British Medical Journal has found that honey is especially good for treating upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) such as the common cold.
Honey has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. These do better at soothing your cough and sniffles than any of the over-the-counter remedies. In fact, URTI sufferers who were given honey suffered their symptoms for up to two days LESS than those who did not use honey.
All good news, especially as honey is cheap, readily available, and has virtually no side effects.
Don’t ‘go it alone’
If you are helping others at this time, remember to still leave space and time for yourself. Going the extra mile for other people all the time will only ensure one thing; your collapse. Work in teams. Even the Good Samaritan did not attempt to help the injured man all on his own; he brought in the innkeeper. By sharing the problem, they solved it!
Saturdays
10am & 11am
Zoom Coffee Meetings
Contact Barbara for the codes for these meetings
Sit and relax at home with a drink and catch up with friends
Keeping in touch
Need for healing
Heavenly Father,
We bring to you all those struggling with their mental health just now.
We pray:
For everyone who is smiling, when inside they’re in pain.
For everyone who is saying they’re fine, when inside they feel drained and empty.
For everyone struggling with fear and worry as the easing of the lockdown brings new anxieties.
Be with them in their suffering, as so much of their world has been stripped back and emptied.
When loved family and friends have been taken by illness,
Or made distant by lockdown.
Pour your healing balm into their pain and sadness.
May you walk with them besides still waters
May you speak to them in a still small voice.
May you heal them, and fill them, and bless them with your abundant love and fullness of life.
And may they know that they are loved by you for the beautiful unique person that they are, created in the image of their heavenly creator and loving Lord.
In the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,
Amen.
By the Revd Peter Crumpler
Fruit of the Spirit
(Gal 5:22,23, Ps 34:8)
Opportunities
To ripen your fruit in our lives,
Lord, give us opportunities.
To grow in your Spirit,
Know your warmth
And your light,
Allow the segments of Self-control, gentleness, Faithfulness, goodness, Kindness, patience, peace and joy To be lubricated and sweetened By love,
Showing the world Your nature transforming Our natures,
In the fruit bowl of our lives In Jesus.
Lord give opportunities For the hungry to taste Your ripening fruit in us, See that you are good And come to you.
By Daphne Kitching
Revd Canon Michael Burgess continues his series on animals and birds as seen in art and scripture... this month he considers ‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’ by Luc-Olivier Merson.
He gave us eyes to see them:
‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’
On 4th October we give thanks for one of the most loved saints in the church - Francis of Assisi. He died in 1226, but his example and witness have lived on to inspire Christians through the centuries.
His was a life focused on the crib and the cross, Lady Poverty and the stigmata, suffering and transfiguration. But also, it was a life marked by a deep love of creation: St Francis had a special nearness to all creatures great and small. As we read the stories of Thomas of Celano, we learn how he tamed a wolf in Gubbio, how swallows would chirp and fly around his head, how lambs would come close and gaze with delight, how his faithful donkey wept as the saint approached death, and in this month’s painting, how fish would come to the shore to hear him preach.
Thomas relates how Francis ret<cursor_is_here> They lingered near the boat, listening to the saint until he gave them permission to leave.
The sermon to the fish is portrayed in this work by Luc-Olivier Merson, a French artist who lived from 1846 to 1920. He is better known for his work with designs for banknotes, postage stamps, and the basilica of Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre. Here in this canvas, we see St Francis with followers young and old, a faithful dog and the fish at the water’s edge.
What was the saint telling them? I think that they were loved and valued as part of the rich tapestry of God’s creation, and they must return that love. It is the mood of the Benedicite where all things that move in the earth, the skies and the seas are exhorted to praise the Lord and magnify him forever. St Francis captures that mood in his own Canticle of the Sun.
In the weeks and months of lockdown many of us have had the time to look afresh at our relationship with the world of nature as we have journeyed through the seasons of spring and summer. We have learnt to wonder at the richness and variety of creation. We need to take that lesson into the ‘new normal’ as restrictions are gradually relaxed. The clock and the complexity of life may easily take over again, but St Francis is inviting us to journey with him in simplicity and joy as we praise God with all His creatures:
‘Let all things their Creator bless and worship Him in humbleness.’
Moses revisited
Nine-year-old Joseph was asked by his mother what he had learned in Sunday school.
"Well, Mum, our teacher told us how God sent Moses behind enemy lines on a rescue mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. When he got to the Red Sea, he had his engineers build a pontoon bridge and all the people walked across safely. Then he radioed headquarters for reinforcements. They sent bombers to blow up the bridge and all the Israelites were saved."
"Now, Joseph, is that really what your teacher taught you?" his mother asked, somewhat alarmed.
"Well, no, Mum. But if I told it the way the teacher did, you'd never believe it!"
“Have you a computer problem?
If so, I am local and here to help…”
Here are just a few of the services I can offer
- Virus removal and health checks
- Internet & Email set up
- New computer installations
- Upgrades & repairs
- Help and advice on how to get the best out of your computer
- Back up & data recovery
- Training & support
- Laptop & computer repairs
- I can supply computers & laptops at very competitive prices and include data transfer, full set up & full guidance
Quite simply my aim is to provide an effective, quick, reliable and friendly service without unnecessary jargon.
I CAN SUPPLY COMPUTERS & LAPTOPS AT VERY COMPETITIVE PRICES & INCLUDE SET UP, DATA TRANSFER & GUIDANCE
DO GIVE ME A CALL NOW OR AT ANY TIME IN THE FUTURE. I AM HERE TO HELP YOU WITH ANY TECHNOLOGY PROBLEM, HOWEVER BIG OR SMALL.
STOP PRESS!!! Microsoft have now removed support for all Windows XP systems, which could affect the security of your software. If you are using XP, do give me a call for FREE & independent advice.
“Your service is very good, it is good to know someone is available to help & understands we are not all experts.”
G Singer, Sale
“It has been a pleasure dealing with you & the service I have received is second to none.”
Vivian, Sale
Mel’s Computer Care Ltd
Sale, Manchester, UK
Local (Sale) 0161 977 0107
Mobile 07901 553 848
[email protected]
www.melscomputercare.co.uk
Registered in England, Reg No 7417728, Registered Office; Christian Douglas LLP, Manchester M15 4PY
Members of the Parochial Church Council not listed on page 16 and their phone numbers
Clive Bancroft 286-1684
Hilary Moore 969-1831
Carole Shakeshaft 969-6319
Barrie Lund 286-3845
Sunshine Window Cleaning Company
The Local Reliable Window Cleaner
Cleaning the Panes, Frames and Sills using the latest water fed pole system, ensuring perfect results every time.
Tricky windows and conservatory roofs handled with ease.
A family run business with customer satisfaction the only priority.
No Smears No Streaks
No Ladders No Hassle
To see the difference, contact us now for prompt service.
Tel 0161 9734910 Mob 07921 766022
e-mail [email protected]
31 Woodbourne Road M33 3SY
GARRY PROLZE
[email protected]
0161 976 3176
07779650931
* GARRY PROLZE PROJECTS
Property Refurbishments and Maintenance
Viking Launderette
15 Ashton Lane
Sale
Tel: 0161-973-8575
07846 79655
Pick-Up and Delivery Service available on request
Fitzwarine House
Guest house
Proprietors: Debbie & Tony Walker
Castle Street
Whittington
Shropshire
SY11 4DF
Tel: 01691 680882
All rooms en suite
“Opposite Whittington Castle”
www.fitzwarinehouse.co.uk
Arthur Gresty Limited
Trafford Funeral Homes
24 hour personal family attention from a local independent company
Private Chapels of Rest
Tel: 0161-973-1515
Handyman Harry
Need a helping hand then contact Harry Thomas
Tel: 0161-969-4397
ASHBROOKS
Quality Furniture, Beds and Carpets
Visit our showrooms at:-
16-20 Washway Road, Sale
Telephone: 0161-973-3406
| Date | Day | Time | Event |
|--------------|-----------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1st October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 2nd October | Friday | 10.00am | Church Open for Harvest Gifts |
| 3rd October | Saturday | 10.00am | Church Gardening |
| 4th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist for Harvest |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 5th October | Monday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 6th October | Tuesday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |
| 7th October | Wednesday | | |
| 8th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 9th October | Friday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| | | 2.00pm | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |
| 10th October | Saturday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 11th October | Sunday | 8.30am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 10.00am | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |
| | | 11.00am | Evensong (On Line) |
| 12th October | Monday | | |
| 13th October | Tuesday | | |
| 14th October | Wednesday | | |
| 15th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 16th October | Friday | | |
| 17th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 18th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 19th October | Monday | | |
| 20th October | Tuesday | | |
| 21st October | Wednesday | | |
| 22nd October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 23rd October | Friday | | |
| Date | Day | Time | Event |
|--------------|-----------|----------|--------------------------------------------|
| 24th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 25th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 26th October | Monday | | |
| 27th October | Tuesday | | |
| 28th October | Wednesday| | |
| 29th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| 30th October | Friday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |
| 31st October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| 1st November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
| 2nd November | Monday | | |
| 3rd November | Tuesday | | |
| 4th November | Wednesday| | |
| 5th November | Thursday | | |
| 6th November | Friday | | |
| 7th November | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |
| | | | Church Gardening |
| 8th November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |
| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |
| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |
Remembrance Sunday
At the time of going to press it is remains unclear as to when groups will be able to restart due to local restrictions, so please check with social media and our weekly pew sheets for any updates.
**Note:- ‘Not Coffee’ meetings** are back to being Zoom Meetings —so please feel free to join in—if you wish to join in with these on-line meetings please contact Barbara for the code.
Please feel free to join Barbara on Facebook daily at about 8-15am for Morning Worship and again about 7pm for Evening Worship.
There is a considerable amount of different service traditions and styles currently available from various churches and cathedrals both locally and nationally and well worth a ‘dip’ into - have you given it a try!
*Don’t forget to let us know what you thought* ([email protected])
## St. Paul’s Parish Directory
| Position | Name | Phone Number |
|---------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| Incumbent | Revd. Barbara Sharp | 973-1042 |
| | | 07779319167 |
| Reader | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |
| Reader In Training | Rob Chilton | 905-2507 |
| Reader Emeritus | Ann Morris | 973-1042 |
| Pastoral Workers: | Yvonne Kerridge | 962-4066 |
| | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |
| Churchwardens: | Harry Thomas | 969-4397 |
| | Yvonne Stevenson | 2831065 |
| Treasurer to the PCC: | Brian Hirst | 969-8463 |
| Secretary to the PCC: | Anne Ibbotson | 962-1727 |
| Parish Assistant: | Anne Allen | 01925-763103 |
| Director of Music: | John Clisset | 962-2096 |
| | Kevin Drury | 962-7963 |
| Junior Church | David Allen | 01925-763103 |
| Parish Giving Officer | Brian Kerridge | 962-4066 |
| Electoral Roll Officer: | Yvonne Stevenson | 283-1065 |
| Parish News Editor: | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |
| Bible Reading Fellowship: | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |
| Men’s Society: | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |
| Women’s Tuesday Group: | Diana Kelly | 973-4578 |
| St. Paul’s Babes & Tots | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |
| Tower Warden: | Ian Moore | |
| Christian Aid: | Anita Evans | 973-4679 |
| Children’s Society: | Sheila Clarke | 962-4678 |
| Church Hall Bookings: | Eileen Craven | 283 7668 |
| Badminton Group: | Brian Walker | 962-4502 |
| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies: | Vicky Williams | 07986 525898 |
| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides: | As above | |
**Parish Office**
- **Phone:** 962-0082
- **E-mail:** [email protected]
- **Hall Bookings:** [email protected]
*Names above marked with * are members of the Parochial Church Council*
### Parish Organisations
| Day | Time | Activity |
|--------|----------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Monday | | |
| Tuesday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |
| | 6.15pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies |
| | 7.30pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides |
| | 1.00pm | Women’s Tuesday Group (2nd of every month) |
| Wednesday| 8.00pm | Badminton Group |
| Thursday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |
| | 7.30pm | Chorister Training and Choir Practice |
| | 8.00pm | Men’s Society (last of every month Sept to May but not Dec) |
| Friday | 1.00pm | Community Choir |
| Saturday| 9.30am | Open Church |
| | 10.30am | Charity Coffee Morning |
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://stpaulschurchsite.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/october-magazine.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nParish News\n\nOctober 2020\n\n30p\n\nSale, St. Paul’s\n‘Serving God and the community’\n\nJESUS\nThe Lamb\nof God\n\nDear Friends\n\nIt is now six months since I have seen some of you and that has been quite painful, I don’t know about you but though I really enjoy chatting to you on the telephone I have seriously missed seeing you face to face and missed being able to shake hands or hug after services or to join in with you for such things as Community Choir, Tuesday Group, Babes and Tots or Saturday Coffee.\n\nI had hoped that by now we would be getting back to opening those groups but it seems there is still a long way to go before that can happen. So I am wondering about hosting, as well as our Saturday Zoom Coffee Group, which has now restarted as a result of both new restrictions on social groups and the greater chance of inclement weather, if anyone would be interested in a midweek evening or afternoon group where we could briefly pray together, look at a bible passage together and chat. We could perhaps choose a theme for the week and come prepared to share thoughts or maybe a poem or Bible reading about the theme. That would enable us to keep in contact with each other in a nice way and address our need to continue with our spiritual development. If you would be interested in such a group please let me know. ([email protected]) or 0161-973-1042). Once I know the numbers who would like to join then we can discuss time and day or if there needs to be one group or two. As the meeting would be only 45 minutes long I would prefer to keep the numbers at the groups to about 6 or 7.\n\nWhen I do phone people I am now finding a weariness in people as if they have reached a plateau in what they can deal. I think it is good to recognise that for many of us our feelings about this pandemic have changed over the six months and you might be interested to know that at a meeting I attended I was told about the difference in reactions to acute and chronic crises. With an acute crisis, a sudden unexpected crisis there is often is a rush of adrenaline and almost a feeling of enjoying the crisis a ‘lets get on with dealing with this’ and a ‘we’re all in it together’ type of reaction. Just like the reaction we all had in March when we put rainbows in the windows and clapped the NHS together on Thursday nights. With a longer term crises a chronic crisis which this pandemic has now become the reaction is often very different there is soon is a general feeling of tiredness and it becomes very draining a feeling of ‘Ok I’ve really had enough now please can we get back to normal.’ Everything becomes more difficult to manage, things we would usually take in our stride take longer and are much more emotionally draining.\n\nWhen, if, this happens then self care become really important, we need to understand what we are feeling is quite usual and try not let it worry us too much, get plenty of rest and find time for fun as well as the daily tasks we have to do. For myself I have started to do embroidery after not doing any for about 30 years, it has helped me to relax, a friend of mine has started to wrote a book, not necessarily for publication but because doing it enables him to switch off from the day to day stuff and get lost in his imagination. Please do make sure you take some time each day to refresh your spirit and to help you to keep going through the extraordinary stuff we are having to deal with which is exhausting and wearying.\n\nSuggested Bible verses to ponder on this month are Isaiah 40.29-32; Psalm 62.5; Psalm 116.5-7, 28-30; Philippians 4.6-7; 2 Corinthians 4.16-18; 1 Peter 5.7; Matthew 11; John 16.33.\n\nYours in Christ\nBarbara\n\nDear All,\n\nThis is a note to say thank you to all the people who supported this, and especially those who made an extra donation recently. As a result, a cheque for £1,026 was sent to Francis House. A certificate and letter of thanks are displayed at the back of church.\n\nMany thanks.\nDiana\n\nThere is nothing so stirring in the matter of moving us to pray as being thankful to God for what He has done for us and with us. - E F Hallock\n\nJesus warned his disciples to be always ready for his return at the end of time by telling the story of two servants.\n\n**The good servant**\n\nWhile I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.\n\nMy master could be away a long time; I will work as if he was here.\n\nWhen the servants came for their food, he had it ready.\n\nHe made sure everyone got their full amount every day.\n\nThen his master came back.\n\nI am putting you in charge of everything I have.\n\nWell done!\n\n**The bad servant**\n\nWhile I am away, I am putting you in charge of the food.\n\nMy master could be away a long time; I can do what I want!\n\nWhen the servants came for their food, he chased them away!\n\nHe had friends come round, and they ate and drank as much as they liked.\n\nThen his master came back.\n\nand punished him.\n\nJesus said\n\nThis is the difference between those who follow me and those who only say they do.\n\nMouse Makes\n\nJesus said:\n“The kingdom of heaven is like a ______ seed that a man took and sowed in his field. It is the _______ of all the seeds, but when it has grown it becomes a tree, so that the wild _____ come and nest in its branches.”\n\nRead Matthew 13:31-32\n\n“GOD is the one who gives seed to those who plant, and He gives bread for food. And GOD will give you spiritual seed and make that seed grow. He will produce a great harvest from your goodness.”\n\n2 Corinthians 9:10\n\nJesus said:\n“You do not need more faith. There is no ‘more’ or ‘less’ in faith. If you have a bare kernel of faith, say the size of a poppy seed, you could say to this sycamore tree “Go jump into the lake” and it would do it.”\n\nLuke 17:6\n\nSo the one who plants is not important, and the one who waters is not important. Only GOD is important because He is the one who makes things grow.”\n\n1 Corinthians 3:7\n\nFind the words in bold on this page in the word search\n\nLook out for seeds in the park and garden and in your kitchen store cupboard.\n\nHow many different seeds can you find?\n\nH A R V E S T W O E S\nF I A F T P L A N T B\nO F A I T H A T E E R\nO O J E S U S E E D E\nD E U L O U G R O W A\nP R O D U C E S G O D\n\nEdith Cavell is a good saint for NHS workers this year: she cared for the sick despite the danger to her own safety.\n\nEdith was a vicar’s daughter from Swardeston in Norfolk, where she was born in 1865. She became a governess, but her heart was for nursing, so she went on to train at the London Hospital, before nursing in various hospitals such as St Pancras and Manchester.\n\nWhen Edith was 42, she decided to go abroad, and was appointed matron of a large training centre for nurses in Brussels. She was still there seven years later, when the First World War broke out and German troops invaded Belgium on their way to Paris and the Channel Ports.\n\nEdith’s nursing school became a Red Cross hospital, and she turned down the opportunity to return to the safety of England. Instead, her nurses tended wounded soldiers from both German and Allied armies.\n\nSadly, in 1915, when the Germans began their occupation of Brussels, they took a dim view of Edith’s work. But they would have been even more unhappy had they known she was helping to smuggle 200 British soldiers across the border into the Netherlands!\n\nFinally, the Germans arrested Edith in August 1915, and put her into solitary confinement. They tricked her into confessing to a charge which carried the death penalty. But Edith refused to show either regret at what she had done, or any fear or bitterness towards her captors.\n\nOn 11th October 1915, the night before her execution, Edith was visited by the Anglican chaplain to Brussels, the Revd Stirling Gahan. Together they said the words of *Abide with Me*, and Edith received her last Holy Communion.\n\nShe told Gahan: “I am thankful to have had these ten weeks of quiet to get ready. Now I have had them and have been kindly treated here. I expected my sentence and I believe it was just. Standing, as I do, in view of God and eternity, I realise that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness to anyone.”\n\nEdith was shot by a firing squad next day, on 12th October 1915.\n\nAfter the war her body was exhumed and buried in Norwich Cathedral. Her memorial service in Westminster Abbey attracted thousands. A commemorative statue of her stands near Trafalgar Square.\n\nAs we acknowledge Bible Sunday this month, it’s a good opportunity to ask the question: why should I read the Bible?\n\nThe Bible is the world’s best-selling book of all time. However, it isn’t one book, but a library of 66 books, composed by some 44 writers over a period of 1500 years in a range of literature including history, poetry, prophecy, letters and apocalyptic (end times). Despite having a number of different writers, the Bible claims one author: God himself!\n\nThis is the basis of the unity of its message and authoritative claim to be the primary way by which God speaks to us: ‘All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work’ (2 Timothy 3:16). The Bible is inspired (‘the word of God in the words of men’) and presents itself as a manual for life, equipping us to live for God in every aspect of our lives. We also have the promise of the Holy Spirit to guide us in applying the words to our lives: ‘the Spirit will guide you into all truth’ (John 16:13).\n\nHowever, the Bible could also be described as a love letter from God, as He uses it to deepen our relationship with him. As Jesus said: ‘You diligently study the Scriptures because you think that by them you possess eternal life. These are the Scriptures that testify about me’ (John 5:39,40). Christians follow a person not a book, and the Scriptures are intended to help us to know Jesus better.\n\nAt her coronation the Queen was given a Bible with the words ‘the most precious thing this world affords’. Does this reflect our own attitude to the Bible?\n\nHoney, honey!\n\nIf your grannie gave you honey when you had a cold, she was right.\n\nResearch published in The British Medical Journal has found that honey is especially good for treating upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) such as the common cold.\n\nHoney has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. These do better at soothing your cough and sniffles than any of the over-the-counter remedies. In fact, URTI sufferers who were given honey suffered their symptoms for up to two days LESS than those who did not use honey.\n\nAll good news, especially as honey is cheap, readily available, and has virtually no side effects.\n\nDon’t ‘go it alone’\n\nIf you are helping others at this time, remember to still leave space and time for yourself. Going the extra mile for other people all the time will only ensure one thing; your collapse. Work in teams. Even the Good Samaritan did not attempt to help the injured man all on his own; he brought in the innkeeper. By sharing the problem, they solved it!\n\nSaturdays\n10am & 11am\n\nZoom Coffee Meetings\n\nContact Barbara for the codes for these meetings\nSit and relax at home with a drink and catch up with friends\n\nKeeping in touch\n\nNeed for healing\n\nHeavenly Father,\nWe bring to you all those struggling with their mental health just now.\n\nWe pray:\nFor everyone who is smiling, when inside they’re in pain.\nFor everyone who is saying they’re fine, when inside they feel drained and empty.\nFor everyone struggling with fear and worry as the easing of the lockdown brings new anxieties.\n\nBe with them in their suffering, as so much of their world has been stripped back and emptied.\n\nWhen loved family and friends have been taken by illness,\nOr made distant by lockdown.\n\nPour your healing balm into their pain and sadness.\nMay you walk with them besides still waters\nMay you speak to them in a still small voice.\n\nMay you heal them, and fill them, and bless them with your abundant love and fullness of life.\n\nAnd may they know that they are loved by you for the beautiful unique person that they are, created in the image of their heavenly creator and loving Lord.\n\nIn the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,\nAmen.\n\nBy the Revd Peter Crumpler\n\nFruit of the Spirit\n(Gal 5:22,23, Ps 34:8)\n\nOpportunities\nTo ripen your fruit in our lives,\nLord, give us opportunities.\n\nTo grow in your Spirit,\nKnow your warmth\nAnd your light,\nAllow the segments of Self-control, gentleness, Faithfulness, goodness, Kindness, patience, peace and joy To be lubricated and sweetened By love,\nShowing the world Your nature transforming Our natures,\nIn the fruit bowl of our lives In Jesus.\n\nLord give opportunities For the hungry to taste Your ripening fruit in us, See that you are good And come to you.\n\nBy Daphne Kitching\n\nRevd Canon Michael Burgess continues his series on animals and birds as seen in art and scripture... this month he considers ‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’ by Luc-Olivier Merson.\n\nHe gave us eyes to see them:\n‘St Francis of Assisi preaching to the fish’\n\nOn 4th October we give thanks for one of the most loved saints in the church - Francis of Assisi. He died in 1226, but his example and witness have lived on to inspire Christians through the centuries.\n\nHis was a life focused on the crib and the cross, Lady Poverty and the stigmata, suffering and transfiguration. But also, it was a life marked by a deep love of creation: St Francis had a special nearness to all creatures great and small. As we read the stories of Thomas of Celano, we learn how he tamed a wolf in Gubbio, how swallows would chirp and fly around his head, how lambs would come close and gaze with delight, how his faithful donkey wept as the saint approached death, and in this month’s painting, how fish would come to the shore to hear him preach.\n\nThomas relates how Francis ret<cursor_is_here> They lingered near the boat, listening to the saint until he gave them permission to leave.\n\nThe sermon to the fish is portrayed in this work by Luc-Olivier Merson, a French artist who lived from 1846 to 1920. He is better known for his work with designs for banknotes, postage stamps, and the basilica of Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre. Here in this canvas, we see St Francis with followers young and old, a faithful dog and the fish at the water’s edge.\n\nWhat was the saint telling them? I think that they were loved and valued as part of the rich tapestry of God’s creation, and they must return that love. It is the mood of the Benedicite where all things that move in the earth, the skies and the seas are exhorted to praise the Lord and magnify him forever. St Francis captures that mood in his own Canticle of the Sun.\n\nIn the weeks and months of lockdown many of us have had the time to look afresh at our relationship with the world of nature as we have journeyed through the seasons of spring and summer. We have learnt to wonder at the richness and variety of creation. We need to take that lesson into the ‘new normal’ as restrictions are gradually relaxed. The clock and the complexity of life may easily take over again, but St Francis is inviting us to journey with him in simplicity and joy as we praise God with all His creatures:\n\n‘Let all things their Creator bless and worship Him in humbleness.’\n\nMoses revisited\n\nNine-year-old Joseph was asked by his mother what he had learned in Sunday school.\n\n\"Well, Mum, our teacher told us how God sent Moses behind enemy lines on a rescue mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. When he got to the Red Sea, he had his engineers build a pontoon bridge and all the people walked across safely. Then he radioed headquarters for reinforcements. They sent bombers to blow up the bridge and all the Israelites were saved.\"\n\n\"Now, Joseph, is that really what your teacher taught you?\" his mother asked, somewhat alarmed.\n\n\"Well, no, Mum. But if I told it the way the teacher did, you'd never believe it!\"\n\n“Have you a computer problem?\nIf so, I am local and here to help…”\n\nHere are just a few of the services I can offer\n\n- Virus removal and health checks\n- Internet & Email set up\n- New computer installations\n- Upgrades & repairs\n- Help and advice on how to get the best out of your computer\n- Back up & data recovery\n- Training & support\n- Laptop & computer repairs\n- I can supply computers & laptops at very competitive prices and include data transfer, full set up & full guidance\n\nQuite simply my aim is to provide an effective, quick, reliable and friendly service without unnecessary jargon.\n\nI CAN SUPPLY COMPUTERS & LAPTOPS AT VERY COMPETITIVE PRICES & INCLUDE SET UP, DATA TRANSFER & GUIDANCE\n\nDO GIVE ME A CALL NOW OR AT ANY TIME IN THE FUTURE. I AM HERE TO HELP YOU WITH ANY TECHNOLOGY PROBLEM, HOWEVER BIG OR SMALL.\n\nSTOP PRESS!!! Microsoft have now removed support for all Windows XP systems, which could affect the security of your software. If you are using XP, do give me a call for FREE & independent advice.\n\n“Your service is very good, it is good to know someone is available to help & understands we are not all experts.”\nG Singer, Sale\n\n“It has been a pleasure dealing with you & the service I have received is second to none.”\nVivian, Sale\n\nMel’s Computer Care Ltd\nSale, Manchester, UK\nLocal (Sale) 0161 977 0107\nMobile 07901 553 848\[email protected]\nwww.melscomputercare.co.uk\n\nRegistered in England, Reg No 7417728, Registered Office; Christian Douglas LLP, Manchester M15 4PY\n\nMembers of the Parochial Church Council not listed on page 16 and their phone numbers\n\nClive Bancroft 286-1684\nHilary Moore 969-1831\nCarole Shakeshaft 969-6319\nBarrie Lund 286-3845\n\nSunshine Window Cleaning Company\nThe Local Reliable Window Cleaner\n\nCleaning the Panes, Frames and Sills using the latest water fed pole system, ensuring perfect results every time.\n\nTricky windows and conservatory roofs handled with ease.\nA family run business with customer satisfaction the only priority.\n\nNo Smears No Streaks\nNo Ladders No Hassle\n\nTo see the difference, contact us now for prompt service.\nTel 0161 9734910 Mob 07921 766022\ne-mail [email protected]\n31 Woodbourne Road M33 3SY\n\nGARRY PROLZE\[email protected]\n\n0161 976 3176\n07779650931\n\n* GARRY PROLZE PROJECTS\nProperty Refurbishments and Maintenance\n\nViking Launderette\n15 Ashton Lane\nSale\nTel: 0161-973-8575\n07846 79655\nPick-Up and Delivery Service available on request\n\nFitzwarine House\nGuest house\nProprietors: Debbie & Tony Walker\nCastle Street\nWhittington\nShropshire\nSY11 4DF\nTel: 01691 680882\n\nAll rooms en suite\n“Opposite Whittington Castle”\nwww.fitzwarinehouse.co.uk\n\nArthur Gresty Limited\nTrafford Funeral Homes\n24 hour personal family attention from a local independent company\nPrivate Chapels of Rest\nTel: 0161-973-1515\n\nHandyman Harry\nNeed a helping hand then contact Harry Thomas\nTel: 0161-969-4397\n\nASHBROOKS\nQuality Furniture, Beds and Carpets\nVisit our showrooms at:-\n16-20 Washway Road, Sale\nTelephone: 0161-973-3406\n\n| Date | Day | Time | Event |\n|--------------|-----------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1st October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| 2nd October | Friday | 10.00am | Church Open for Harvest Gifts |\n| 3rd October | Saturday | 10.00am | Church Gardening |\n| 4th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist for Harvest |\n| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |\n| 5th October | Monday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| 6th October | Tuesday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |\n| 7th October | Wednesday | | |\n| 8th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| 9th October | Friday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |\n| | | 2.00pm | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |\n| 10th October | Saturday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| 11th October | Sunday | 8.30am | Parish Eucharist |\n| | | 10.00am | Annual Church Meetings (these were postponed from April) |\n| | | 11.00am | Evensong (On Line) |\n| 12th October | Monday | | |\n| 13th October | Tuesday | | |\n| 14th October | Wednesday | | |\n| 15th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| 16th October | Friday | | |\n| 17th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |\n| 18th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |\n| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |\n| 19th October | Monday | | |\n| 20th October | Tuesday | | |\n| 21st October | Wednesday | | |\n| 22nd October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| 23rd October | Friday | | |\n\n| Date | Day | Time | Event |\n|--------------|-----------|----------|--------------------------------------------|\n| 24th October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |\n| 25th October | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |\n| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |\n| 26th October | Monday | | |\n| 27th October | Tuesday | | |\n| 28th October | Wednesday| | |\n| 29th October | Thursday | 10.00am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| 30th October | Friday | 2.00pm | Virtual Community Choir on Facebook |\n| 31st October | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |\n| 1st November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |\n| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |\n| 2nd November | Monday | | |\n| 3rd November | Tuesday | | |\n| 4th November | Wednesday| | |\n| 5th November | Thursday | | |\n| 6th November | Friday | | |\n| 7th November | Saturday | 10.00am | Zoom Coffee Meeting |\n| | | | Church Gardening |\n| 8th November | Sunday | 8.30am | BCP Communion (On Line) |\n| | | 10.00am | Parish Eucharist |\n| | | 6.00pm | Evensong (On Line) |\n\nRemembrance Sunday\n\nAt the time of going to press it is remains unclear as to when groups will be able to restart due to local restrictions, so please check with social media and our weekly pew sheets for any updates.\n\n**Note:- ‘Not Coffee’ meetings** are back to being Zoom Meetings —so please feel free to join in—if you wish to join in with these on-line meetings please contact Barbara for the code.\n\nPlease feel free to join Barbara on Facebook daily at about 8-15am for Morning Worship and again about 7pm for Evening Worship.\n\nThere is a considerable amount of different service traditions and styles currently available from various churches and cathedrals both locally and nationally and well worth a ‘dip’ into - have you given it a try!\n\n*Don’t forget to let us know what you thought* ([email protected])\n\n## St. Paul’s Parish Directory\n\n| Position | Name | Phone Number |\n|---------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|\n| Incumbent | Revd. Barbara Sharp | 973-1042 |\n| | | 07779319167 |\n| Reader | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |\n| Reader In Training | Rob Chilton | 905-2507 |\n| Reader Emeritus | Ann Morris | 973-1042 |\n| Pastoral Workers: | Yvonne Kerridge | 962-4066 |\n| | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |\n| Churchwardens: | Harry Thomas | 969-4397 |\n| | Yvonne Stevenson | 2831065 |\n| Treasurer to the PCC: | Brian Hirst | 969-8463 |\n| Secretary to the PCC: | Anne Ibbotson | 962-1727 |\n| Parish Assistant: | Anne Allen | 01925-763103 |\n| Director of Music: | John Clisset | 962-2096 |\n| | Kevin Drury | 962-7963 |\n| Junior Church | David Allen | 01925-763103 |\n| Parish Giving Officer | Brian Kerridge | 962-4066 |\n| Electoral Roll Officer: | Yvonne Stevenson | 283-1065 |\n| Parish News Editor: | Karen Salisbury | 283-8309 |\n| Bible Reading Fellowship: | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |\n| Men’s Society: | Michael Riley | 969-2795 |\n| Women’s Tuesday Group: | Diana Kelly | 973-4578 |\n| St. Paul’s Babes & Tots | Rachel Lee | 973-1282 |\n| Tower Warden: | Ian Moore | |\n| Christian Aid: | Anita Evans | 973-4679 |\n| Children’s Society: | Sheila Clarke | 962-4678 |\n| Church Hall Bookings: | Eileen Craven | 283 7668 |\n| Badminton Group: | Brian Walker | 962-4502 |\n| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies: | Vicky Williams | 07986 525898 |\n| 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides: | As above | |\n\n**Parish Office**\n\n- **Phone:** 962-0082\n- **E-mail:** [email protected]\n- **Hall Bookings:** [email protected]\n\n*Names above marked with * are members of the Parochial Church Council*\n\n### Parish Organisations\n\n| Day | Time | Activity |\n|--------|----------|-----------------------------------------------|\n| Monday | | |\n| Tuesday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |\n| | 6.15pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Brownies |\n| | 7.30pm | 4th Sale Central (St. Paul’s) Guides |\n| | 1.00pm | Women’s Tuesday Group (2nd of every month) |\n| Wednesday| 8.00pm | Badminton Group |\n| Thursday| 9.30am | St. Paul’s Babes & Tots |\n| | 7.30pm | Chorister Training and Choir Practice |\n| | 8.00pm | Men’s Society (last of every month Sept to May but not Dec) |\n| Friday | 1.00pm | Community Choir |\n| Saturday| 9.30am | Open Church |\n| | 10.30am | Charity Coffee Morning |\n</text>\n",
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"content": "urned some fish that had been caught to the water, telling them not to be caught again.",
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Sundays. Homework - Aaaaaaargh!!! I had my breezy homework voice at the ready today: ‘Alfie, can you get your homework out, please?’ He clutched his head with his hands. ‘OH NO NO NO!’ and threw himself headlong onto the kitchen floor where he remained. ‘Get your bag please.’ I was terse. He didn’t move. ‘Bag Alfie!’ ‘I can’t reach it…oh.. oh..’
Eventually stage one was complete; he got the bag, and I took out the homework out (it’s only fair). We were delighted to find THREE pieces of homework for Alfie to immerse himself in. If he needed a little help, all the better, I could find out what he was up to at school: fantastic!
First up, spellings (heavy phonetic slant (funetick slarnt), but we have to choose our battles). Next, oh joy, make sentences out of them! What with a) thinking-and-coming-up-with-nothing b) writing Mummy’s ‘suggestion’ and c) rubbing it out and then writing it in English (including an interval for throwing it across the room), I was more than happy to let Alfie knock out one long and meaningless sentence with all twenty spellings in it, and if the teacher didn't like it, they could see me outside.
Maddy was slumped in her dressing gown (it was only noon) snipping pancake into one centimetre squares, arranging them in patterns on her plate, sprinkling teensy bits of sugar onto each one, then selecting one at a time to pop into her mouth, an activity designed to make breakfast last until steam came out of my ears, there being no escape from homework today. She’d spent most of the previous day loosely ‘doing her art’, resulting in one single (but very nice) pencil line, several back-episodes of Ugly Betty (‘I’ve got to catch up’), some internet purchases (‘You want me to get Daddy a birthday present, don’t you?’), and a chocolate cake (wholesome activity, wrong time). ‘Maddy, can you finish your art now?’ I ground my teeth. ‘Oh, I rubbed it out’ she said dreamily, ‘I didn’t like it.’ ‘WHAT??? That was a whole day's work!! Well get on with something else, come on! Just tell me if you’re stuck..’ So she called me after a bit: ‘If you mix hydrochloric acid and zinc hydroxide, what do you get?’ ‘Well, let me see..’ I said, ‘Er, hold on..zinc hydroxide..is that..um..I’m sure we can um..have you got a book…?’ but her phone was jingling, and took priority of course, so I returned my attention to Alfie.
The slow, even breaths and closed eyes told me that he was keen to begin his ‘research’ task; ‘find and draw a ‘Sedar Plate’’. ‘Look it up in a book first’ I said (‘We’re not allowed to, my teacher said we had to use the internet’). I dragged him over to Alan’s awful Childrens’ Encyclopedia Brittanica 1952 edition, stacked for easy access behind the old videos. ‘Use the index!’ I chirruped. He half-heartedly nudged at the pages with one hand so he could still suck his thumb. ‘It’s too heavy, it hurts..’ he whined ‘Alfie, make an effort – use two hands you silly boy!’.
I cut my losses and skimmed the Very Lengthy History of Judaism Not Including Sedar Plates while he groaned on the floor (‘Why can’t I use the computer like everyone else?’), interest levels slipping sub-zero, then I rocketed up the stairs to fetch our fancy new ‘Wow’ picture encyclopedia: ‘Ssssssssssssssedar – what letter do you think it starts with….?’ I reminded him how the alphabet went and he managed to find the S’s, when suddenly my heart skipped a beat because there, in the index, was ‘Sedar Plate’ as clear as day! He turned up the colour photo of it, annotated, and I could hold back no more: ‘IT’S THERE! IT’S THERE IN THE BOOK! WE’VE FOUND IT!’ I yelled, hysterical, tearful. Josie came running ‘What’s the matter? What happened?’ ‘Shall we photocopy it?’ shouted Alfie, riding on my brilliant mood. ‘No, your teacher is definitely going to want a drawing of this lovely photo, labelled by hand!’ I said, and galloped off to fetch pen and paper. ‘Take it easy, Mummy’ he said, ‘you need a rest from all this homework!
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Sundays. Homework - Aaaaaaargh!!! I had my breezy homework voice at the ready today: ‘Alfie, can you get your homework out, please?’ He clutched his head with his hands. ‘OH NO NO NO!’ and threw himself headlong onto the kitchen floor where he remained. ‘Get your bag please.’ I was terse. He didn’t move. ‘Bag Alfie!’ ‘I can’t reach it…oh.. oh..’
Eventually stage one was complete; he got the bag, and I took out the homework out (it’s only fair). We were delighted to find THREE pieces of homework for Alfie to immerse himself in. If he needed a little help, all the better, I could find out what he was up to at school: fantastic!
First up, spellings (heavy phonetic slant (funetick slarnt), but we have to choose our battles). Next, oh joy, make sentences out of them! What with a) thinking-and-coming-up-with-nothing b) writing Mummy’s ‘suggestion’ and c) rubbing it out and then writing it in English (including an interval for throwing
|
it across the room), I was more than happy to let Alfie knock out one long and meaningless sentence with all twenty spellings in it, and if the teacher didn't like it, they could see me outside.
|
Maddy was slumped in her dressing gown (it was only noon) snipping pancake into one centimetre squares, arranging them in patterns on her plate, sprinkling teensy bits of sugar onto each one, then selecting one at a time to pop into her mouth, an activity designed to make breakfast last until steam came out of my ears, there being no escape from homework today. She’d spent most of the previous day loosely ‘doing her art’, resulting in one single (but very nice) pencil line, several back-episodes of Ugly Betty (‘I’ve got to catch up’), some internet purchases (‘You want me to get Daddy a birthday present, don’t you?’), and a chocolate cake (wholesome activity, wrong time). ‘Maddy, can you finish your art now?’ I ground my teeth. ‘Oh, I rubbed it out’ she said dreamily, ‘I didn’t like it.’ ‘WHAT??? That was a whole day's work!! Well get on with something else, come on! Just tell me if you’re stuck..’ So she called me after a bit: ‘If you mix hydrochloric acid and zinc hydroxide, what do you get?’ ‘Well, let me see..’ I said, ‘Er, hold on..zinc hydroxide..is that..um..I’m sure we can um..have you got a book…?’ but her phone was jingling, and took priority of course, so I returned my attention to Alfie.
The slow, even breaths and closed eyes told me that he was keen to begin his ‘research’ task; ‘find and draw a ‘Sedar Plate’’. ‘Look it up in a book first’ I said (‘We’re not allowed to, my teacher said we had to use the internet’). I dragged him over to Alan’s awful Childrens’ Encyclopedia Brittanica 1952 edition, stacked for easy access behind the old videos. ‘Use the index!’ I chirruped. He half-heartedly nudged at the pages with one hand so he could still suck his thumb. ‘It’s too heavy, it hurts..’ he whined ‘Alfie, make an effort – use two hands you silly boy!’.
I cut my losses and skimmed the Very Lengthy History of Judaism Not Including Sedar Plates while he groaned on the floor (‘Why can’t I use the computer like everyone else?’), interest levels slipping sub-zero, then I rocketed up the stairs to fetch our fancy new ‘Wow’ picture encyclopedia: ‘Ssssssssssssssedar – what letter do you think it starts with….?’ I reminded him how the alphabet went and he managed to find the S’s, when suddenly my heart skipped a beat because there, in the index, was ‘Sedar Plate’ as clear as day! He turned up the colour photo of it, annotated, and I could hold back no more: ‘IT’S THERE! IT’S THERE IN THE BOOK! WE’VE FOUND IT!’ I yelled, hysterical, tearful. Josie came running ‘What’s the matter? What happened?’ ‘Shall we photocopy it?’ shouted Alfie, riding on my brilliant mood. ‘No, your teacher is definitely going to want a drawing of this lovely photo, labelled by hand!’ I said, and galloped off to fetch pen and paper. ‘Take it easy, Mummy’ he said, ‘you need a rest from all this homework!
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Sundays. Homework - Aaaaaaargh!!! I had my breezy homework voice at the ready today: ‘Alfie, can you get your homework out, please?’ He clutched his head with his hands. ‘OH NO NO NO!’ and threw himself headlong onto the kitchen floor where he remained. ‘Get your bag please.’ I was terse. He didn’t move. ‘Bag Alfie!’ ‘I can’t reach it…oh.. oh..’
Eventually stage one was complete; he got the bag, and I took out the homework out (it’s only fair). We were delighted to find THREE pieces of homework for Alfie to immerse himself in. If he needed a little help, all the better, I could find out what he was up to at school: fantastic!
First up, spellings (heavy phonetic slant (funetick slarnt), but we have to choose our battles). Next, oh joy, make sentences out of them! What with a) thinking-and-coming-up-with-nothing b) writing Mummy’s ‘suggestion’ and c) rubbing it out and then writing it in English (including an interval for throwing <cursor_is_here>
Maddy was slumped in her dressing gown (it was only noon) snipping pancake into one centimetre squares, arranging them in patterns on her plate, sprinkling teensy bits of sugar onto each one, then selecting one at a time to pop into her mouth, an activity designed to make breakfast last until steam came out of my ears, there being no escape from homework today. She’d spent most of the previous day loosely ‘doing her art’, resulting in one single (but very nice) pencil line, several back-episodes of Ugly Betty (‘I’ve got to catch up’), some internet purchases (‘You want me to get Daddy a birthday present, don’t you?’), and a chocolate cake (wholesome activity, wrong time). ‘Maddy, can you finish your art now?’ I ground my teeth. ‘Oh, I rubbed it out’ she said dreamily, ‘I didn’t like it.’ ‘WHAT??? That was a whole day's work!! Well get on with something else, come on! Just tell me if you’re stuck..’ So she called me after a bit: ‘If you mix hydrochloric acid and zinc hydroxide, what do you get?’ ‘Well, let me see..’ I said, ‘Er, hold on..zinc hydroxide..is that..um..I’m sure we can um..have you got a book…?’ but her phone was jingling, and took priority of course, so I returned my attention to Alfie.
The slow, even breaths and closed eyes told me that he was keen to begin his ‘research’ task; ‘find and draw a ‘Sedar Plate’’. ‘Look it up in a book first’ I said (‘We’re not allowed to, my teacher said we had to use the internet’). I dragged him over to Alan’s awful Childrens’ Encyclopedia Brittanica 1952 edition, stacked for easy access behind the old videos. ‘Use the index!’ I chirruped. He half-heartedly nudged at the pages with one hand so he could still suck his thumb. ‘It’s too heavy, it hurts..’ he whined ‘Alfie, make an effort – use two hands you silly boy!’.
I cut my losses and skimmed the Very Lengthy History of Judaism Not Including Sedar Plates while he groaned on the floor (‘Why can’t I use the computer like everyone else?’), interest levels slipping sub-zero, then I rocketed up the stairs to fetch our fancy new ‘Wow’ picture encyclopedia: ‘Ssssssssssssssedar – what letter do you think it starts with….?’ I reminded him how the alphabet went and he managed to find the S’s, when suddenly my heart skipped a beat because there, in the index, was ‘Sedar Plate’ as clear as day! He turned up the colour photo of it, annotated, and I could hold back no more: ‘IT’S THERE! IT’S THERE IN THE BOOK! WE’VE FOUND IT!’ I yelled, hysterical, tearful. Josie came running ‘What’s the matter? What happened?’ ‘Shall we photocopy it?’ shouted Alfie, riding on my brilliant mood. ‘No, your teacher is definitely going to want a drawing of this lovely photo, labelled by hand!’ I said, and galloped off to fetch pen and paper. ‘Take it easy, Mummy’ he said, ‘you need a rest from all this homework!
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As of December 2020, over 600 transitioning WCP-CC SOF Service Members have participated in an unpaid fellowship opportunity through the WCP-CC Career Transition team. These fellowships allow transitioning Service Members to work with a civilian company or organization where they can gain hands on work experience and mentorship, learn a new skill or trade, bridge gaps in their resume, possibly obtain certification, and in many cases gain post-service employment well they are still on active duty.Fellowships are conducted nationwide with companies of all size and across a variety of industries including, but not limited to, agriculture, government contracting, construction, IT, logistics, entertainment, entrepreneurship, real estate, coffee brewing, non-profits, medical, insurance, HVAC, transportation, law enforcement/security, education, distribution, and law.
The Career Transition team works directly with companies, organizations and service members to develop customized fellowship opportunities.
The Career Transition team helps SOF service member who are looking for employment plan for their post-service career through resume assistance, interview preparation, and networking with employers and educational organizations where they can obtain certifications and training within a specific industry.
Education and Retraining
The career transition team assists SOF Service Members who are interested in continuing their education or learning a new skill by connecting them with traditional education opportunities, certification programs, trade schools, entrepreneurial programs or other retraining or educational opportunities. Through these programs SOF Service Members are able to gain degrees, certifications, or skills that will help them in their post-military career.
|The appearance of hyperlinks of non-U.S. Government sites or the information, products, or services does not constitute endorsement by USSOCOM, USSOCOM Warrior Care Program – Care Coalition or the Department of Defense.
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As of December 2020, over 600 transitioning WCP-CC SOF Service Members have participated in an unpaid fellowship opportunity through the WCP-CC Career Transition team. These fellowships allow transitioning Service Members to work with a civilian company or organization where they can gain hands on work experience and mentorship, learn a new skill or trade, bridge gaps in their resume, possibly obtain cert
|
ification, and in many cases gain post-service employment well they are still on active duty.
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Fellowships are conducted nationwide with companies of all size and across a variety of industries including, but not limited to, agriculture, government contracting, construction, IT, logistics, entertainment, entrepreneurship, real estate, coffee brewing, non-profits, medical, insurance, HVAC, transportation, law enforcement/security, education, distribution, and law.
The Career Transition team works directly with companies, organizations and service members to develop customized fellowship opportunities.
The Career Transition team helps SOF service member who are looking for employment plan for their post-service career through resume assistance, interview preparation, and networking with employers and educational organizations where they can obtain certifications and training within a specific industry.
Education and Retraining
The career transition team assists SOF Service Members who are interested in continuing their education or learning a new skill by connecting them with traditional education opportunities, certification programs, trade schools, entrepreneurial programs or other retraining or educational opportunities. Through these programs SOF Service Members are able to gain degrees, certifications, or skills that will help them in their post-military career.
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As of December 2020, over 600 transitioning WCP-CC SOF Service Members have participated in an unpaid fellowship opportunity through the WCP-CC Career Transition team. These fellowships allow transitioning Service Members to work with a civilian company or organization where they can gain hands on work experience and mentorship, learn a new skill or trade, bridge gaps in their resume, possibly obtain cert<cursor_is_here>Fellowships are conducted nationwide with companies of all size and across a variety of industries including, but not limited to, agriculture, government contracting, construction, IT, logistics, entertainment, entrepreneurship, real estate, coffee brewing, non-profits, medical, insurance, HVAC, transportation, law enforcement/security, education, distribution, and law.
The Career Transition team works directly with companies, organizations and service members to develop customized fellowship opportunities.
The Career Transition team helps SOF service member who are looking for employment plan for their post-service career through resume assistance, interview preparation, and networking with employers and educational organizations where they can obtain certifications and training within a specific industry.
Education and Retraining
The career transition team assists SOF Service Members who are interested in continuing their education or learning a new skill by connecting them with traditional education opportunities, certification programs, trade schools, entrepreneurial programs or other retraining or educational opportunities. Through these programs SOF Service Members are able to gain degrees, certifications, or skills that will help them in their post-military career.
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Stress Intensity Factor Interaction in Cracked Cylindrical Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis
Yachika Zacarias, Cabbon Eachan, Gabai Gabor, Iba Jabali, Adalbert Baadal Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the finite element analysis of stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions. Accurate prediction of stresses and stress intensity factors around cracks is essential for fracture mechanics analysis and fatigue life estimation of pressurized cylindrical vessels. Finite element methods provide an efficient way to model the complex geometry and loading conditions of cracked cylindrical vessels and determine the stress intensity factors at crack tips.
KEYWORDS: Semi-elliptical crack, Stress intensity factor, thin-walled cylindrical vessel, Stress intensity factor interaction, Finite element
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cylindrical vessels are widely used in industries to store liquids and gases under pressure. However, cracks can initiate and propagate in such vessels due to various reasons like fatigue loading, corrosion, and manufacturing defects. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack would grow or remain stable. It is critical to accurately determine stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with cracks for structural integrity assessment and failure prevention [1-11].
Cylindrical vessels are widely used in process industries for storage and transportation of fluids. The structural integrity of these pressure vessels is critical to ensure safety and reliability during operation. Cracks can initiate and propagate in cylindrical vessels due to various factors such as fatigue loading, corrosion, manufacturing defects, and mishandling. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack will remain stable or grow, leading to eventual fracture. In order to predict crack growth behavior and design effective inspection and maintenance programs, it is essential to accurately determine the stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions [12-23].
Several parameters influence the stress intensity factors in pressurized cylindrical vessels with cracks, including crack length, crack orientation, vessel geometry, loading conditions, and interactions between stresses due to different sources. Analytical solutions based on linear elastic fracture mechanics have been used to model cracks emanating from weld beads and circumferential cracks under internal pressure loading. However, these solutions are generally limited to simplified geometries and loading. Experimental studies using photoelastic coatings and strain gauges have provided insights into stress fields near crack tips. Nevertheless, experimental investigations can be complex and timeconsuming [24-36].
With the advancement of computational capabilities, finite element analysis has become a practical solution for stress intensity factor determination in complex structural configurations. Finite element models can account for the complex geometry, boundary conditions and loading of cracked cylindrical vessels, providing stress results for accurate stress intensity factor calculation. In addition, the effects of interactions between multiaxial stress fields due to pressure loading, geometric constraints and Poisson's ratio effects can be considered in the finite element models. The development of tailored mesh near crack tips also ensures adequate precision of the results. The finite element approach has been effectively applied to analyze stress intensity factors for various crack orientations, lengths and locations in pressurized cylindrical vessels [37-47].
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Several studies have been performed to analyze stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels
using analytical, experimental and numerical methods. Kishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential cracks subjected to internal pressure. Bayat et al. experimentally investigated stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylinders. Limaye and Binienda used finite element analysis to determine stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells [1-9].
Kishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential through-wall cracks subjected to uniformly distributed internal pressure. The solution considers the Mises membrane theory for thin-walled cylinders and Westergaard's stress functions. The study found that the stress intensity factors increase with crack length and internal pressure, and decrease with cylinder radius [10-19].
Bayat et al. experimentally investigated the mode I stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical shells made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Photoelastic coatings were used to determine the stress intensity factors for various cylinder diameters, crack lengths and internal pressures. The results were compared with existing theoretical and numerical solutions, which showed good agreement [20-26].
Limaye and Binienda used three-dimensional finite element models in ANSYS to determine mode I stress intensity factors for surface cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure. The effects of shell thickness, weld geometry, crack length and location were examined. Stress intensity factors were found to increase with crack length and decrease with shell thickness [27-34].
Olabi et al. carried out numerical simulations using ABAQUS to predict stress intensity factors for cracks of various lengths and orientations in pressurized cylindrical pressure vessels. The finite element results were validated against existing experimental and analytical solutions. Stress intensity factor interaction effects due to Poisson's ratio were observed for some crack orientations [35-39].
Mahmoodi et al. performed finite element analysis of through-wall cracks in pressurized thin-walled cylinders using ANSYS. The models considered cracks at various angles and locations. Stress intensity factors were calculated from the finite element results and compared with analytical and experimental data from the literature. Good agreement was observed, validating the accuracy of the finite element approach [40-49].
In summary, previous studies have applied analytical, experimental and numerical methods to determine stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels. While analytical solutions are limited to simplified cases, experiments can be complex. Finite element analysis provides an efficient means to account for geometric complexities and loading conditions, as well as stress interactions effects.
3.0 RESULT
In this study, finite element models were created in ANSYS to simulate through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical vessels of various sizes. The models were subjected to internal pressure loading and Poisson's ratio effects were also included. Stress intensity factors at various crack lengths and cylinder diameters were calculated from the finite element results. It was observed that the stress intensity factor interaction due to Poisson's ratio effect could be significant depending on the cylinder geometry and crack dimensions.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Finite element analysis is an effective tool for predicting stress intensity factors for cracks in cylindrical vessels subjected to internal pressure and geometric constraints. Poisson's ratio effect can lead to stress intensity factor interaction, which needs to be considered for accurate structural integrity assessment. The finite element models in this study can be extended to investigate more complex loading conditions and crack geometries in pressurized cylindrical vessels.
[19]
REFERENCES
[1] Behseresht, Saeed, and Mehdi Mehdizadeh. "Stress intensity factor interaction between two semi-elliptical cracks in thin-walled cylinder."
[2] Bozkurt, Murat, David Nash, and Asraf Uzzaman. "Calculation of outer crack stress intensity factors for nozzle junctions in cylindrical pressure vessels using FCPAS." Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. Vol. 85321. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021.
[3] Behseresht, Saeed, and Mehdi Mehdizadeh. "Mode I&II SIFs for semi-elliptical crack in a cylinder wrapped with a composite layer.", The 28th Annual International Conference of Iranian Society of Mechanical Engineers-ISME2020 27-29 May, 2020, Tehran, Iran (2020)
[4] Ibrahim, Raafat Nasr, R. Rihan, and RK Singh Raman. "Validity of a new fracture mechanics technique for the determination of the threshold stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking (KIscc) and crack growth rate of engineering materials." Engineering fracture mechanics 75.6 (2008): 1623-1634.
[5] Sharifani, Koosha and Mahyar Amini. "Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A Review of Methods and Applications." World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 10.07 (2023): 3897-3904.
[6] Tafazoli, Sam, et al. "Investigating the behavior of cracks in welded zones of supporting structure of spherical pressure vessel under seismic loading." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 191 (2022): 107194.
[7] Chen, Gaofeng, and Ali Peivandizadeh. "Resilient Supply Chain Planning for the Perishable Products under Different Uncertainty." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (2022).
[8] Farzaneh, Farhad, and Sungmoon Jung. "Experimental and numerical investigation on enhancing cappedend tube energy absorption capacity by orifice effect." In Structures, vol. 53, pp. 1450-1462. Elsevier, 2023.
[9] Emadi, A., and A. Abdi. "A Study of How Abnormalities of the CREB Protein Affect a Neuronal System and Its Signals: Modeling and Analysis Using Experimental Data." In 2022 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2022.
[10] Afshari, F., and M. Maghasedi. "Rhomboidal C 4 C 8 toris which are Cayley graphs." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 11.03 (2019): 1950033.
[11] Afshari, Fatemeh, and Mohammad Maghasedi. "On the eigenvalues of Cayley graphs on generalized dihedral groups." Algebraic Structures and Their Applications 6, no. 2 (2019): 39-45.
[12] Emadi, Ali, Tomasz Lipniacki, Andre Levchenko, and Ali Abdi. "A Decision Making Model Where the Cell Exhibits Maximum Detection Probability: Statistical Signal Detection Theory and Molecular Experimental Data." In 2023 57th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2023.
[13] Nazari Enjedani, Somayeh, and Mandar Khanal. "Development of a Turning Movement Estimator Using CV Data." Future Transportation 3, no. 1 (2023): 349-367.
[14] Eachan, Cabbon, et al. "Investigating the Effect of Stress Intensity Factors on the Failure of Pressure Vessels." International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12.04 (2023): 210-215.
[15]
Paal, Obaid, et al. "Exploring the Consequence of Stress Concentration Elements on the Breakdown of
Pressure Vessels." International Journal of Technology and Scientific Research 13.06 (2023): 4401-4406.
[16] Gabor, Gabai, et al. "Investigating the Effect of Semi-Elliptical Crack on the Failure of Pressure Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis." Asian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.06 (2023): 300-303.
[17] Udichi, Sadavir, et al. "Researching the Influence of Semi-Elliptical Crack on the Failure of Pressure Vessels Operating Finite Element Analysis." European Journal of Scientific and Applied Sciences 10.06 (2023): 1099-1103.
[18]
Jabali, Iba, et al. "Investigating the Interaction of Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels using Finite Element Analysis." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.03 (2023): 740-744.
Waen, Wade, et al. "Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels." American-Eurasian
Journal of Scientific Research 11.06 (2023): 1847-1851.
[20] Zacarias, Yachika, et al. "Stress Intensity Factor Interaction in Cracked Cylindrical Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis." World Journal of Technology and Scientific Research 12.05 (2023): 234-237.
[21] Naagarjun, Label, et al. "Stress Intensity Factor Collaboration in Cylindrical Vessel with Crack By means of Finite Element Methods." World Basic and Applied Sciences Journal 13.05 (2023): 1891-1894.
[22] Baadal, Adalbert , et al. "Pressure Intensity Factor Interface in Cylindrical Vessel through Crack Using Finite Element Approaches ." World Engineering and Applied Sciences Journal 14.04 (2023): 389-392.
[23] Eachan, Cabbon, et al. "Semi-Elliptical Surface Crack in Pressure Vessel: Analysis and Assessment." World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 11.06 (2023): 45-49.
[24] Nazari Enjedani, Somayeh, and Mahyar Amini. "The role of traffic impact effect on transportation planning and sustainable traffic management in metropolitan regions." International Journal of Smart City Planning Research 12, no. 2023 (2023): 688-700.
[25] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "How Strategic Agility Affects the Competitive Capabilities of Private Banks." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.01 (2023): 8397-8406.
[26] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "Achieving Financial Success by Pursuing Environmental and Social Goals: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Research Agenda for Sustainable Investment." World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 10.04 (2023): 1286-1293.
[27] Amini, Mahyar, and Zavareh Bozorgasl. "A Game Theory Method to Cyber-Threat Information Sharing in Cloud Computing Technology." International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Research 11.4
World Journal of Technology and Scientific Research Volume 12, Issue 05 – 2023 (2023): 549-560.
[28] Jahanbakhsh Javidi, Negar, and Mahyar Amini. "Evaluating the effect of supply chain management practice on implementation of halal agroindustry and competitive advantage for small and medium enterprises." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 15.6 (2023): 8997-9008
[29] Amini, Mahyar, and Negar Jahanbakhsh Javidi. "A Multi-Perspective Framework Established on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory and Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) Framework Toward Supply Chain Management System Based on Cloud Computing Technology for Small and Medium Enterprises." International Journal of Information Technology and Innovation Adoption 11.8 (2023): 12171234
[30] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "Agricultural databases evaluation with machine learning procedure." Australian Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 8.6 (2023): 39-50
[31] Amini, Mahyar, and Ali Rahmani. "Machine learning process evaluating damage classification of composites." International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 9.12 (2023): 240-250
[32] Amini, Mahyar, Koosha Sharifani, and Ali Rahmani. "Machine Learning Model Towards Evaluating Data gathering methods in Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering." International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research 15.4 (2023): 349-362.
[33] Sharifani, Koosha and Amini, Mahyar and Akbari, Yaser and Aghajanzadeh Godarzi, Javad. "Operating Machine Learning across Natural Language Processing Techniques for Improvement of Fabricated News Model." International Journal of Science and Information System Research 12.9 (2022): 20-44.
[34] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "MAHAMGOSTAR.COM AS A CASE STUDY FOR ADOPTION OF LARAVEL FRAMEWORK AS THE BEST PROGRAMMING TOOLS FOR PHP BASED WEB DEVELOPMENT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES." Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, ISSN (2021): 100110.
[35] Amini, Mahyar, and Aryati Bakri. "Cloud computing adoption by SMEs in the Malaysia: A multiperspective framework based on DOI theory and TOE framework." Journal of Information Technology & Information Systems Research (JITISR) 9.2 (2015): 121-135.
[36] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "A Dynamic SLA Aware Heuristic Solution for IaaS Cloud Placement Problem Without Migration." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6.11 (2014): 25-30.
[37] Amini, Mahyar. "The factors that influence on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises." (2014).
[38] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "Development of an instrument for assessing the impact of environmental context on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (AJBAS) 8.10 (2014): 129-135.
[39] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "The role of top manager behaviours on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (AJBAS) 8.1 (2014): 490-498.
[40] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "A Dynamic SLA Aware Solution for IaaS Cloud Placement Problem Using Simulated Annealing." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6.11 (2014): 52-57.
[41] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, Nor Hidayati Zakaria, and Mahyar Amini. "The risk analysis of system selection and business process re-engineering towards the success of enterprise resource planning project for small and medium enterprise." World Applied Sciences Journal (WASJ) 31.9 (2014): 1669-1676.
[42] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, Mahyar Amini, and Seyyed AmirAli Javadinia. "The determinant of adoption of enterprise resource planning for small and medium enterprises in Iran." International Journal of Advanced Research in IT and Engineering (IJARIE) 3.1 (2014): 1-8.
[43] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, et al. "An effective model for evaluating organizational risk and cost in ERP implementation by SME." IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 10.6 (2013): 70-75.
[44]
Safavi, Nazli Sadat, et al. "An effective model for evaluating organizational risk and cost in ERP
implementation by SME." IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 10.6 (2013): 61-66.
[45] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "Critical success factors for ERP implementation." International Journal of Information Technology & Information Systems 5.15 (2013): 1-23.
[46] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "Agricultural development in IRAN base on cloud computing theory." International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 2.6 (2013): 796-801.
[47] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "Types of cloud computing (public and private) that transform the organization more effectively." International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 2.5 (2013): 1263-1269.
[48] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "Cloud Computing Transform the Way of IT Delivers Services to the Organizations." International Journal of Innovation & Management Science Research 1.61 (2013): 1-5.
[49] Abdollahzadegan, A., Che Hussin, A. R., Moshfegh Gohary, M., & Amini, M. (2013). The organizational critical success factors for adopting cloud computing in SMEs. Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation (JISRI), 4(1), 67-74.
[50] Khoshraftar, Alireza, et al. "Improving The CRM System In Healthcare Organization." International Journal of Computer Engineering & Sciences (IJCES) 1.2 (2011): 28-35.
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Stress Intensity Factor Interaction in Cracked Cylindrical Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis
Yachika Zacarias, Cabbon Eachan, Gabai Gabor, Iba Jabali, Adalbert Baadal Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the finite element analysis of stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions. Accurate prediction of stresses and stress intensity factors around cracks is essential for fracture mechanics analysis and fatigue life estimation of pressurized cylindrical vessels. Finite element methods provide an efficient way to model the complex geometry and loading conditions of cracked cylindrical vessels and determine the stress intensity factors at crack tips.
KEYWORDS: Semi-elliptical crack, Stress intensity factor, thin-walled cylindrical vessel, Stress intensity factor interaction, Finite element
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cylindrical vessels are widely used in industries to store liquids and gases under pressure. However, cracks can initiate and propagate in such vessels due to various reasons like fatigue loading, corrosion, and manufacturing defects. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack would grow or remain stable. It is critical to accurately determine stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with cracks for structural integrity assessment and failure prevention [1-11].
Cylindrical vessels are widely used in process industries for storage and transportation of fluids. The structural integrity of these pressure vessels is critical to ensure safety and reliability during operation. Cracks can initiate and propagate in cylindrical vessels due to various factors such as fatigue loading, corrosion, manufacturing defects, and mishandling. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack will remain stable or grow, leading to eventual fracture. In order to predict crack growth behavior and design effective inspection and maintenance programs, it is essential to accurately determine the stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions [12-23].
Several parameters influence the stress intensity factors in pressurized cylindrical vessels with cracks, including crack length, crack orientation, vessel geometry, loading conditions, and interactions between stresses due to different sources. Analytical solutions based on linear elastic fracture mechanics have been used to model cracks emanating from weld beads and circumferential cracks under internal pressure loading. However, these solutions are generally limited to simplified geometries and loading. Experimental studies using photoelastic coatings and strain gauges have provided insights into stress fields near crack tips. Nevertheless, experimental investigations can be complex and timeconsuming [24-36].
With the advancement of computational capabilities, finite element analysis has become a practical solution for stress intensity factor determination in complex structural configurations. Finite element models can account for the complex geometry, boundary conditions and loading of cracked cylindrical vessels, providing stress results for accurate stress intensity factor calculation. In addition, the effects of interactions between multiaxial stress fields due to pressure loading, geometric constraints and Poisson's ratio effects can be considered in the finite element models. The development of tailored mesh near crack tips also ensures adequate precision of the results. The finite element approach has been effectively applied to analyze stress intensity factors for various crack orientations, lengths and locations in pressurized cylindrical vessels [37-47].
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Several studies have been performed to analyze stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels
using analytical, experimental and numerical methods. Kishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential cracks subjected to internal pressure. Bayat et al. experimentally investigated stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylinders. Limaye and Binienda used finite element analysis to determine stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells [1-9].
Kishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential through-wall cracks subjected to uniformly distributed internal pressure. The solution considers the Mises membrane theory for thin-walled cylinders and Westergaard's stress functions. The study found that the stress intensity factors increase with crack length and internal pressure, and decrease with cylinder radius [10-19].
Bayat et al. experimentally investigated the mode I stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical shells made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Photoelastic coatings were used to determine the stress intensity factors for various cylinder diameters, crack lengths and internal pressures. The results were compared with existing theoretical and numerical solutions, which showed good agreement [20-26].
Limaye and Binienda used three-dimensional finite element models in ANSYS to determine mode I stress intensity factors for surface cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure. The effects of shell thickness, weld geometry, crack length and location were examined. Stress intensity factors were found to increase with crack length and decrease with shell thickness [27-34].
Olabi et al. carried out numerical simulations using ABAQUS to predict stress intensity factors for cracks of various lengths and orientations in pressurized cylindrical pressure vessels. The finite element results were validated against existing experimental and analytical solutions. Stress intensity factor interaction effects due to Poisson's ratio were observed for some crack orientations [35-39].
Mahmoodi et al. performed finite element analysis of through-wall cracks in pressurized thin-walled cylinders using ANSYS. The models considered cracks at various angles and locations. Stress intensity factors were calculated from the finite ele
|
ment results and compared with analytical and experimental data from the literature.
|
Good agreement was observed, validating the accuracy of the finite element approach [40-49].
In summary, previous studies have applied analytical, experimental and numerical methods to determine stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels. While analytical solutions are limited to simplified cases, experiments can be complex. Finite element analysis provides an efficient means to account for geometric complexities and loading conditions, as well as stress interactions effects.
3.0 RESULT
In this study, finite element models were created in ANSYS to simulate through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical vessels of various sizes. The models were subjected to internal pressure loading and Poisson's ratio effects were also included. Stress intensity factors at various crack lengths and cylinder diameters were calculated from the finite element results. It was observed that the stress intensity factor interaction due to Poisson's ratio effect could be significant depending on the cylinder geometry and crack dimensions.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Finite element analysis is an effective tool for predicting stress intensity factors for cracks in cylindrical vessels subjected to internal pressure and geometric constraints. Poisson's ratio effect can lead to stress intensity factor interaction, which needs to be considered for accurate structural integrity assessment. The finite element models in this study can be extended to investigate more complex loading conditions and crack geometries in pressurized cylindrical vessels.
[19]
REFERENCES
[1] Behseresht, Saeed, and Mehdi Mehdizadeh. "Stress intensity factor interaction between two semi-elliptical cracks in thin-walled cylinder."
[2] Bozkurt, Murat, David Nash, and Asraf Uzzaman. "Calculation of outer crack stress intensity factors for nozzle junctions in cylindrical pressure vessels using FCPAS." Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. Vol. 85321. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021.
[3] Behseresht, Saeed, and Mehdi Mehdizadeh. "Mode I&II SIFs for semi-elliptical crack in a cylinder wrapped with a composite layer.", The 28th Annual International Conference of Iranian Society of Mechanical Engineers-ISME2020 27-29 May, 2020, Tehran, Iran (2020)
[4] Ibrahim, Raafat Nasr, R. Rihan, and RK Singh Raman. "Validity of a new fracture mechanics technique for the determination of the threshold stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking (KIscc) and crack growth rate of engineering materials." Engineering fracture mechanics 75.6 (2008): 1623-1634.
[5] Sharifani, Koosha and Mahyar Amini. "Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A Review of Methods and Applications." World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 10.07 (2023): 3897-3904.
[6] Tafazoli, Sam, et al. "Investigating the behavior of cracks in welded zones of supporting structure of spherical pressure vessel under seismic loading." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 191 (2022): 107194.
[7] Chen, Gaofeng, and Ali Peivandizadeh. "Resilient Supply Chain Planning for the Perishable Products under Different Uncertainty." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (2022).
[8] Farzaneh, Farhad, and Sungmoon Jung. "Experimental and numerical investigation on enhancing cappedend tube energy absorption capacity by orifice effect." In Structures, vol. 53, pp. 1450-1462. Elsevier, 2023.
[9] Emadi, A., and A. Abdi. "A Study of How Abnormalities of the CREB Protein Affect a Neuronal System and Its Signals: Modeling and Analysis Using Experimental Data." In 2022 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2022.
[10] Afshari, F., and M. Maghasedi. "Rhomboidal C 4 C 8 toris which are Cayley graphs." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 11.03 (2019): 1950033.
[11] Afshari, Fatemeh, and Mohammad Maghasedi. "On the eigenvalues of Cayley graphs on generalized dihedral groups." Algebraic Structures and Their Applications 6, no. 2 (2019): 39-45.
[12] Emadi, Ali, Tomasz Lipniacki, Andre Levchenko, and Ali Abdi. "A Decision Making Model Where the Cell Exhibits Maximum Detection Probability: Statistical Signal Detection Theory and Molecular Experimental Data." In 2023 57th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2023.
[13] Nazari Enjedani, Somayeh, and Mandar Khanal. "Development of a Turning Movement Estimator Using CV Data." Future Transportation 3, no. 1 (2023): 349-367.
[14] Eachan, Cabbon, et al. "Investigating the Effect of Stress Intensity Factors on the Failure of Pressure Vessels." International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12.04 (2023): 210-215.
[15]
Paal, Obaid, et al. "Exploring the Consequence of Stress Concentration Elements on the Breakdown of
Pressure Vessels." International Journal of Technology and Scientific Research 13.06 (2023): 4401-4406.
[16] Gabor, Gabai, et al. "Investigating the Effect of Semi-Elliptical Crack on the Failure of Pressure Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis." Asian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.06 (2023): 300-303.
[17] Udichi, Sadavir, et al. "Researching the Influence of Semi-Elliptical Crack on the Failure of Pressure Vessels Operating Finite Element Analysis." European Journal of Scientific and Applied Sciences 10.06 (2023): 1099-1103.
[18]
Jabali, Iba, et al. "Investigating the Interaction of Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels using Finite Element Analysis." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.03 (2023): 740-744.
Waen, Wade, et al. "Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels." American-Eurasian
Journal of Scientific Research 11.06 (2023): 1847-1851.
[20] Zacarias, Yachika, et al. "Stress Intensity Factor Interaction in Cracked Cylindrical Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis." World Journal of Technology and Scientific Research 12.05 (2023): 234-237.
[21] Naagarjun, Label, et al. "Stress Intensity Factor Collaboration in Cylindrical Vessel with Crack By means of Finite Element Methods." World Basic and Applied Sciences Journal 13.05 (2023): 1891-1894.
[22] Baadal, Adalbert , et al. "Pressure Intensity Factor Interface in Cylindrical Vessel through Crack Using Finite Element Approaches ." World Engineering and Applied Sciences Journal 14.04 (2023): 389-392.
[23] Eachan, Cabbon, et al. "Semi-Elliptical Surface Crack in Pressure Vessel: Analysis and Assessment." World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 11.06 (2023): 45-49.
[24] Nazari Enjedani, Somayeh, and Mahyar Amini. "The role of traffic impact effect on transportation planning and sustainable traffic management in metropolitan regions." International Journal of Smart City Planning Research 12, no. 2023 (2023): 688-700.
[25] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "How Strategic Agility Affects the Competitive Capabilities of Private Banks." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.01 (2023): 8397-8406.
[26] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "Achieving Financial Success by Pursuing Environmental and Social Goals: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Research Agenda for Sustainable Investment." World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 10.04 (2023): 1286-1293.
[27] Amini, Mahyar, and Zavareh Bozorgasl. "A Game Theory Method to Cyber-Threat Information Sharing in Cloud Computing Technology." International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Research 11.4
World Journal of Technology and Scientific Research Volume 12, Issue 05 – 2023 (2023): 549-560.
[28] Jahanbakhsh Javidi, Negar, and Mahyar Amini. "Evaluating the effect of supply chain management practice on implementation of halal agroindustry and competitive advantage for small and medium enterprises." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 15.6 (2023): 8997-9008
[29] Amini, Mahyar, and Negar Jahanbakhsh Javidi. "A Multi-Perspective Framework Established on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory and Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) Framework Toward Supply Chain Management System Based on Cloud Computing Technology for Small and Medium Enterprises." International Journal of Information Technology and Innovation Adoption 11.8 (2023): 12171234
[30] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "Agricultural databases evaluation with machine learning procedure." Australian Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 8.6 (2023): 39-50
[31] Amini, Mahyar, and Ali Rahmani. "Machine learning process evaluating damage classification of composites." International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 9.12 (2023): 240-250
[32] Amini, Mahyar, Koosha Sharifani, and Ali Rahmani. "Machine Learning Model Towards Evaluating Data gathering methods in Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering." International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research 15.4 (2023): 349-362.
[33] Sharifani, Koosha and Amini, Mahyar and Akbari, Yaser and Aghajanzadeh Godarzi, Javad. "Operating Machine Learning across Natural Language Processing Techniques for Improvement of Fabricated News Model." International Journal of Science and Information System Research 12.9 (2022): 20-44.
[34] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "MAHAMGOSTAR.COM AS A CASE STUDY FOR ADOPTION OF LARAVEL FRAMEWORK AS THE BEST PROGRAMMING TOOLS FOR PHP BASED WEB DEVELOPMENT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES." Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, ISSN (2021): 100110.
[35] Amini, Mahyar, and Aryati Bakri. "Cloud computing adoption by SMEs in the Malaysia: A multiperspective framework based on DOI theory and TOE framework." Journal of Information Technology & Information Systems Research (JITISR) 9.2 (2015): 121-135.
[36] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "A Dynamic SLA Aware Heuristic Solution for IaaS Cloud Placement Problem Without Migration." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6.11 (2014): 25-30.
[37] Amini, Mahyar. "The factors that influence on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises." (2014).
[38] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "Development of an instrument for assessing the impact of environmental context on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (AJBAS) 8.10 (2014): 129-135.
[39] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "The role of top manager behaviours on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (AJBAS) 8.1 (2014): 490-498.
[40] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "A Dynamic SLA Aware Solution for IaaS Cloud Placement Problem Using Simulated Annealing." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6.11 (2014): 52-57.
[41] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, Nor Hidayati Zakaria, and Mahyar Amini. "The risk analysis of system selection and business process re-engineering towards the success of enterprise resource planning project for small and medium enterprise." World Applied Sciences Journal (WASJ) 31.9 (2014): 1669-1676.
[42] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, Mahyar Amini, and Seyyed AmirAli Javadinia. "The determinant of adoption of enterprise resource planning for small and medium enterprises in Iran." International Journal of Advanced Research in IT and Engineering (IJARIE) 3.1 (2014): 1-8.
[43] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, et al. "An effective model for evaluating organizational risk and cost in ERP implementation by SME." IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 10.6 (2013): 70-75.
[44]
Safavi, Nazli Sadat, et al. "An effective model for evaluating organizational risk and cost in ERP
implementation by SME." IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 10.6 (2013): 61-66.
[45] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "Critical success factors for ERP implementation." International Journal of Information Technology & Information Systems 5.15 (2013): 1-23.
[46] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "Agricultural development in IRAN base on cloud computing theory." International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 2.6 (2013): 796-801.
[47] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "Types of cloud computing (public and private) that transform the organization more effectively." International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 2.5 (2013): 1263-1269.
[48] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "Cloud Computing Transform the Way of IT Delivers Services to the Organizations." International Journal of Innovation & Management Science Research 1.61 (2013): 1-5.
[49] Abdollahzadegan, A., Che Hussin, A. R., Moshfegh Gohary, M., & Amini, M. (2013). The organizational critical success factors for adopting cloud computing in SMEs. Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation (JISRI), 4(1), 67-74.
[50] Khoshraftar, Alireza, et al. "Improving The CRM System In Healthcare Organization." International Journal of Computer Engineering & Sciences (IJCES) 1.2 (2011): 28-35.
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<url>
https://isi.ac/storage/article-files/pXFJGibscKO6dLrjrsytgksEv2sPmpphI1bafXtd.pdf
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<text>
Stress Intensity Factor Interaction in Cracked Cylindrical Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis
Yachika Zacarias, Cabbon Eachan, Gabai Gabor, Iba Jabali, Adalbert Baadal Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the finite element analysis of stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions. Accurate prediction of stresses and stress intensity factors around cracks is essential for fracture mechanics analysis and fatigue life estimation of pressurized cylindrical vessels. Finite element methods provide an efficient way to model the complex geometry and loading conditions of cracked cylindrical vessels and determine the stress intensity factors at crack tips.
KEYWORDS: Semi-elliptical crack, Stress intensity factor, thin-walled cylindrical vessel, Stress intensity factor interaction, Finite element
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cylindrical vessels are widely used in industries to store liquids and gases under pressure. However, cracks can initiate and propagate in such vessels due to various reasons like fatigue loading, corrosion, and manufacturing defects. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack would grow or remain stable. It is critical to accurately determine stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with cracks for structural integrity assessment and failure prevention [1-11].
Cylindrical vessels are widely used in process industries for storage and transportation of fluids. The structural integrity of these pressure vessels is critical to ensure safety and reliability during operation. Cracks can initiate and propagate in cylindrical vessels due to various factors such as fatigue loading, corrosion, manufacturing defects, and mishandling. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack will remain stable or grow, leading to eventual fracture. In order to predict crack growth behavior and design effective inspection and maintenance programs, it is essential to accurately determine the stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions [12-23].
Several parameters influence the stress intensity factors in pressurized cylindrical vessels with cracks, including crack length, crack orientation, vessel geometry, loading conditions, and interactions between stresses due to different sources. Analytical solutions based on linear elastic fracture mechanics have been used to model cracks emanating from weld beads and circumferential cracks under internal pressure loading. However, these solutions are generally limited to simplified geometries and loading. Experimental studies using photoelastic coatings and strain gauges have provided insights into stress fields near crack tips. Nevertheless, experimental investigations can be complex and timeconsuming [24-36].
With the advancement of computational capabilities, finite element analysis has become a practical solution for stress intensity factor determination in complex structural configurations. Finite element models can account for the complex geometry, boundary conditions and loading of cracked cylindrical vessels, providing stress results for accurate stress intensity factor calculation. In addition, the effects of interactions between multiaxial stress fields due to pressure loading, geometric constraints and Poisson's ratio effects can be considered in the finite element models. The development of tailored mesh near crack tips also ensures adequate precision of the results. The finite element approach has been effectively applied to analyze stress intensity factors for various crack orientations, lengths and locations in pressurized cylindrical vessels [37-47].
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Several studies have been performed to analyze stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels
using analytical, experimental and numerical methods. Kishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential cracks subjected to internal pressure. Bayat et al. experimentally investigated stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylinders. Limaye and Binienda used finite element analysis to determine stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells [1-9].
Kishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential through-wall cracks subjected to uniformly distributed internal pressure. The solution considers the Mises membrane theory for thin-walled cylinders and Westergaard's stress functions. The study found that the stress intensity factors increase with crack length and internal pressure, and decrease with cylinder radius [10-19].
Bayat et al. experimentally investigated the mode I stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical shells made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Photoelastic coatings were used to determine the stress intensity factors for various cylinder diameters, crack lengths and internal pressures. The results were compared with existing theoretical and numerical solutions, which showed good agreement [20-26].
Limaye and Binienda used three-dimensional finite element models in ANSYS to determine mode I stress intensity factors for surface cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure. The effects of shell thickness, weld geometry, crack length and location were examined. Stress intensity factors were found to increase with crack length and decrease with shell thickness [27-34].
Olabi et al. carried out numerical simulations using ABAQUS to predict stress intensity factors for cracks of various lengths and orientations in pressurized cylindrical pressure vessels. The finite element results were validated against existing experimental and analytical solutions. Stress intensity factor interaction effects due to Poisson's ratio were observed for some crack orientations [35-39].
Mahmoodi et al. performed finite element analysis of through-wall cracks in pressurized thin-walled cylinders using ANSYS. The models considered cracks at various angles and locations. Stress intensity factors were calculated from the finite ele<cursor_is_here> Good agreement was observed, validating the accuracy of the finite element approach [40-49].
In summary, previous studies have applied analytical, experimental and numerical methods to determine stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels. While analytical solutions are limited to simplified cases, experiments can be complex. Finite element analysis provides an efficient means to account for geometric complexities and loading conditions, as well as stress interactions effects.
3.0 RESULT
In this study, finite element models were created in ANSYS to simulate through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical vessels of various sizes. The models were subjected to internal pressure loading and Poisson's ratio effects were also included. Stress intensity factors at various crack lengths and cylinder diameters were calculated from the finite element results. It was observed that the stress intensity factor interaction due to Poisson's ratio effect could be significant depending on the cylinder geometry and crack dimensions.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Finite element analysis is an effective tool for predicting stress intensity factors for cracks in cylindrical vessels subjected to internal pressure and geometric constraints. Poisson's ratio effect can lead to stress intensity factor interaction, which needs to be considered for accurate structural integrity assessment. The finite element models in this study can be extended to investigate more complex loading conditions and crack geometries in pressurized cylindrical vessels.
[19]
REFERENCES
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[15]
Paal, Obaid, et al. "Exploring the Consequence of Stress Concentration Elements on the Breakdown of
Pressure Vessels." International Journal of Technology and Scientific Research 13.06 (2023): 4401-4406.
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[17] Udichi, Sadavir, et al. "Researching the Influence of Semi-Elliptical Crack on the Failure of Pressure Vessels Operating Finite Element Analysis." European Journal of Scientific and Applied Sciences 10.06 (2023): 1099-1103.
[18]
Jabali, Iba, et al. "Investigating the Interaction of Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels using Finite Element Analysis." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.03 (2023): 740-744.
Waen, Wade, et al. "Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels." American-Eurasian
Journal of Scientific Research 11.06 (2023): 1847-1851.
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[21] Naagarjun, Label, et al. "Stress Intensity Factor Collaboration in Cylindrical Vessel with Crack By means of Finite Element Methods." World Basic and Applied Sciences Journal 13.05 (2023): 1891-1894.
[22] Baadal, Adalbert , et al. "Pressure Intensity Factor Interface in Cylindrical Vessel through Crack Using Finite Element Approaches ." World Engineering and Applied Sciences Journal 14.04 (2023): 389-392.
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[24] Nazari Enjedani, Somayeh, and Mahyar Amini. "The role of traffic impact effect on transportation planning and sustainable traffic management in metropolitan regions." International Journal of Smart City Planning Research 12, no. 2023 (2023): 688-700.
[25] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "How Strategic Agility Affects the Competitive Capabilities of Private Banks." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.01 (2023): 8397-8406.
[26] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. "Achieving Financial Success by Pursuing Environmental and Social Goals: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Research Agenda for Sustainable Investment." World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 10.04 (2023): 1286-1293.
[27] Amini, Mahyar, and Zavareh Bozorgasl. "A Game Theory Method to Cyber-Threat Information Sharing in Cloud Computing Technology." International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Research 11.4
World Journal of Technology and Scientific Research Volume 12, Issue 05 – 2023 (2023): 549-560.
[28] Jahanbakhsh Javidi, Negar, and Mahyar Amini. "Evaluating the effect of supply chain management practice on implementation of halal agroindustry and competitive advantage for small and medium enterprises." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 15.6 (2023): 8997-9008
[29] Amini, Mahyar, and Negar Jahanbakhsh Javidi. "A Multi-Perspective Framework Established on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory and Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) Framework Toward Supply Chain Management System Based on Cloud Computing Technology for Small and Medium Enterprises." International Journal of Information Technology and Innovation Adoption 11.8 (2023): 12171234
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[31] Amini, Mahyar, and Ali Rahmani. "Machine learning process evaluating damage classification of composites." International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 9.12 (2023): 240-250
[32] Amini, Mahyar, Koosha Sharifani, and Ali Rahmani. "Machine Learning Model Towards Evaluating Data gathering methods in Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering." International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research 15.4 (2023): 349-362.
[33] Sharifani, Koosha and Amini, Mahyar and Akbari, Yaser and Aghajanzadeh Godarzi, Javad. "Operating Machine Learning across Natural Language Processing Techniques for Improvement of Fabricated News Model." International Journal of Science and Information System Research 12.9 (2022): 20-44.
[34] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "MAHAMGOSTAR.COM AS A CASE STUDY FOR ADOPTION OF LARAVEL FRAMEWORK AS THE BEST PROGRAMMING TOOLS FOR PHP BASED WEB DEVELOPMENT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES." Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, ISSN (2021): 100110.
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[36] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. "A Dynamic SLA Aware Heuristic Solution for IaaS Cloud Placement Problem Without Migration." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6.11 (2014): 25-30.
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[38] Amini, Mahyar, et al. "Development of an instrument for assessing the impact of environmental context on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (AJBAS) 8.10 (2014): 129-135.
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{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://isi.ac/storage/article-files/pXFJGibscKO6dLrjrsytgksEv2sPmpphI1bafXtd.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nStress Intensity Factor Interaction in Cracked Cylindrical Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis\n\nYachika Zacarias, Cabbon Eachan, Gabai Gabor, Iba Jabali, Adalbert Baadal Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore\n\nABSTRACT\n\nThis article discusses the finite element analysis of stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions. Accurate prediction of stresses and stress intensity factors around cracks is essential for fracture mechanics analysis and fatigue life estimation of pressurized cylindrical vessels. Finite element methods provide an efficient way to model the complex geometry and loading conditions of cracked cylindrical vessels and determine the stress intensity factors at crack tips.\n\nKEYWORDS: Semi-elliptical crack, Stress intensity factor, thin-walled cylindrical vessel, Stress intensity factor interaction, Finite element\n\n1.0 INTRODUCTION\n\nCylindrical vessels are widely used in industries to store liquids and gases under pressure. However, cracks can initiate and propagate in such vessels due to various reasons like fatigue loading, corrosion, and manufacturing defects. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack would grow or remain stable. It is critical to accurately determine stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with cracks for structural integrity assessment and failure prevention [1-11].\n\nCylindrical vessels are widely used in process industries for storage and transportation of fluids. The structural integrity of these pressure vessels is critical to ensure safety and reliability during operation. Cracks can initiate and propagate in cylindrical vessels due to various factors such as fatigue loading, corrosion, manufacturing defects, and mishandling. Once a crack is formed, the stress intensity at the crack tip governs whether the crack will remain stable or grow, leading to eventual fracture. In order to predict crack growth behavior and design effective inspection and maintenance programs, it is essential to accurately determine the stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels subjected to various loading conditions [12-23].\n\nSeveral parameters influence the stress intensity factors in pressurized cylindrical vessels with cracks, including crack length, crack orientation, vessel geometry, loading conditions, and interactions between stresses due to different sources. Analytical solutions based on linear elastic fracture mechanics have been used to model cracks emanating from weld beads and circumferential cracks under internal pressure loading. However, these solutions are generally limited to simplified geometries and loading. Experimental studies using photoelastic coatings and strain gauges have provided insights into stress fields near crack tips. Nevertheless, experimental investigations can be complex and timeconsuming [24-36].\n\nWith the advancement of computational capabilities, finite element analysis has become a practical solution for stress intensity factor determination in complex structural configurations. Finite element models can account for the complex geometry, boundary conditions and loading of cracked cylindrical vessels, providing stress results for accurate stress intensity factor calculation. In addition, the effects of interactions between multiaxial stress fields due to pressure loading, geometric constraints and Poisson's ratio effects can be considered in the finite element models. The development of tailored mesh near crack tips also ensures adequate precision of the results. The finite element approach has been effectively applied to analyze stress intensity factors for various crack orientations, lengths and locations in pressurized cylindrical vessels [37-47].\n\n2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW\n\nSeveral studies have been performed to analyze stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels\n\nusing analytical, experimental and numerical methods. Kishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential cracks subjected to internal pressure. Bayat et al. experimentally investigated stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylinders. Limaye and Binienda used finite element analysis to determine stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells [1-9].\n\nKishore developed an analytical solution for stress intensity factors in cylindrical vessels with circumferential through-wall cracks subjected to uniformly distributed internal pressure. The solution considers the Mises membrane theory for thin-walled cylinders and Westergaard's stress functions. The study found that the stress intensity factors increase with crack length and internal pressure, and decrease with cylinder radius [10-19].\n\nBayat et al. experimentally investigated the mode I stress intensity factors for through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical shells made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Photoelastic coatings were used to determine the stress intensity factors for various cylinder diameters, crack lengths and internal pressures. The results were compared with existing theoretical and numerical solutions, which showed good agreement [20-26].\n\nLimaye and Binienda used three-dimensional finite element models in ANSYS to determine mode I stress intensity factors for surface cracks emanating from longitudinal welds in cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure. The effects of shell thickness, weld geometry, crack length and location were examined. Stress intensity factors were found to increase with crack length and decrease with shell thickness [27-34].\n\nOlabi et al. carried out numerical simulations using ABAQUS to predict stress intensity factors for cracks of various lengths and orientations in pressurized cylindrical pressure vessels. The finite element results were validated against existing experimental and analytical solutions. Stress intensity factor interaction effects due to Poisson's ratio were observed for some crack orientations [35-39].\n\nMahmoodi et al. performed finite element analysis of through-wall cracks in pressurized thin-walled cylinders using ANSYS. The models considered cracks at various angles and locations. Stress intensity factors were calculated from the finite ele<cursor_is_here> Good agreement was observed, validating the accuracy of the finite element approach [40-49].\n\nIn summary, previous studies have applied analytical, experimental and numerical methods to determine stress intensity factors in cracked cylindrical vessels. While analytical solutions are limited to simplified cases, experiments can be complex. Finite element analysis provides an efficient means to account for geometric complexities and loading conditions, as well as stress interactions effects.\n\n3.0 RESULT\n\nIn this study, finite element models were created in ANSYS to simulate through-wall cracks in pressurized cylindrical vessels of various sizes. The models were subjected to internal pressure loading and Poisson's ratio effects were also included. Stress intensity factors at various crack lengths and cylinder diameters were calculated from the finite element results. It was observed that the stress intensity factor interaction due to Poisson's ratio effect could be significant depending on the cylinder geometry and crack dimensions.\n\n4.0 CONCLUSION\n\nFinite element analysis is an effective tool for predicting stress intensity factors for cracks in cylindrical vessels subjected to internal pressure and geometric constraints. Poisson's ratio effect can lead to stress intensity factor interaction, which needs to be considered for accurate structural integrity assessment. The finite element models in this study can be extended to investigate more complex loading conditions and crack geometries in pressurized cylindrical vessels.\n\n[19]\n\nREFERENCES\n\n[1] Behseresht, Saeed, and Mehdi Mehdizadeh. \"Stress intensity factor interaction between two semi-elliptical cracks in thin-walled cylinder.\"\n[2] Bozkurt, Murat, David Nash, and Asraf Uzzaman. \"Calculation of outer crack stress intensity factors for nozzle junctions in cylindrical pressure vessels using FCPAS.\" Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. Vol. 85321. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021.\n[3] Behseresht, Saeed, and Mehdi Mehdizadeh. \"Mode I&II SIFs for semi-elliptical crack in a cylinder wrapped with a composite layer.\", The 28th Annual International Conference of Iranian Society of Mechanical Engineers-ISME2020 27-29 May, 2020, Tehran, Iran (2020)\n[4] Ibrahim, Raafat Nasr, R. Rihan, and RK Singh Raman. \"Validity of a new fracture mechanics technique for the determination of the threshold stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking (KIscc) and crack growth rate of engineering materials.\" Engineering fracture mechanics 75.6 (2008): 1623-1634.\n[5] Sharifani, Koosha and Mahyar Amini. \"Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A Review of Methods and Applications.\" World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 10.07 (2023): 3897-3904.\n[6] Tafazoli, Sam, et al. \"Investigating the behavior of cracks in welded zones of supporting structure of spherical pressure vessel under seismic loading.\" Journal of Constructional Steel Research 191 (2022): 107194.\n[7] Chen, Gaofeng, and Ali Peivandizadeh. \"Resilient Supply Chain Planning for the Perishable Products under Different Uncertainty.\" Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (2022).\n[8] Farzaneh, Farhad, and Sungmoon Jung. \"Experimental and numerical investigation on enhancing cappedend tube energy absorption capacity by orifice effect.\" In Structures, vol. 53, pp. 1450-1462. Elsevier, 2023.\n[9] Emadi, A., and A. Abdi. \"A Study of How Abnormalities of the CREB Protein Affect a Neuronal System and Its Signals: Modeling and Analysis Using Experimental Data.\" In 2022 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2022.\n[10] Afshari, F., and M. Maghasedi. \"Rhomboidal C 4 C 8 toris which are Cayley graphs.\" Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 11.03 (2019): 1950033.\n[11] Afshari, Fatemeh, and Mohammad Maghasedi. \"On the eigenvalues of Cayley graphs on generalized dihedral groups.\" Algebraic Structures and Their Applications 6, no. 2 (2019): 39-45.\n[12] Emadi, Ali, Tomasz Lipniacki, Andre Levchenko, and Ali Abdi. \"A Decision Making Model Where the Cell Exhibits Maximum Detection Probability: Statistical Signal Detection Theory and Molecular Experimental Data.\" In 2023 57th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2023.\n[13] Nazari Enjedani, Somayeh, and Mandar Khanal. \"Development of a Turning Movement Estimator Using CV Data.\" Future Transportation 3, no. 1 (2023): 349-367.\n[14] Eachan, Cabbon, et al. \"Investigating the Effect of Stress Intensity Factors on the Failure of Pressure Vessels.\" International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12.04 (2023): 210-215.\n\n[15]\n\nPaal, Obaid, et al. \"Exploring the Consequence of Stress Concentration Elements on the Breakdown of\n\nPressure Vessels.\" International Journal of Technology and Scientific Research 13.06 (2023): 4401-4406.\n\n[16] Gabor, Gabai, et al. \"Investigating the Effect of Semi-Elliptical Crack on the Failure of Pressure Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis.\" Asian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.06 (2023): 300-303.\n[17] Udichi, Sadavir, et al. \"Researching the Influence of Semi-Elliptical Crack on the Failure of Pressure Vessels Operating Finite Element Analysis.\" European Journal of Scientific and Applied Sciences 10.06 (2023): 1099-1103.\n\n[18]\n\nJabali, Iba, et al. \"Investigating the Interaction of Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels using Finite Element Analysis.\" International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.03 (2023): 740-744.\n\nWaen, Wade, et al. \"Stress Intensity Factors in Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessels.\" American-Eurasian\n\nJournal of Scientific Research 11.06 (2023): 1847-1851.\n\n[20] Zacarias, Yachika, et al. \"Stress Intensity Factor Interaction in Cracked Cylindrical Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis.\" World Journal of Technology and Scientific Research 12.05 (2023): 234-237.\n[21] Naagarjun, Label, et al. \"Stress Intensity Factor Collaboration in Cylindrical Vessel with Crack By means of Finite Element Methods.\" World Basic and Applied Sciences Journal 13.05 (2023): 1891-1894.\n[22] Baadal, Adalbert , et al. \"Pressure Intensity Factor Interface in Cylindrical Vessel through Crack Using Finite Element Approaches .\" World Engineering and Applied Sciences Journal 14.04 (2023): 389-392.\n[23] Eachan, Cabbon, et al. \"Semi-Elliptical Surface Crack in Pressure Vessel: Analysis and Assessment.\" World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 11.06 (2023): 45-49.\n[24] Nazari Enjedani, Somayeh, and Mahyar Amini. \"The role of traffic impact effect on transportation planning and sustainable traffic management in metropolitan regions.\" International Journal of Smart City Planning Research 12, no. 2023 (2023): 688-700.\n[25] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. \"How Strategic Agility Affects the Competitive Capabilities of Private Banks.\" International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10.01 (2023): 8397-8406.\n[26] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. \"Achieving Financial Success by Pursuing Environmental and Social Goals: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Research Agenda for Sustainable Investment.\" World Information Technology and Engineering Journal 10.04 (2023): 1286-1293.\n[27] Amini, Mahyar, and Zavareh Bozorgasl. \"A Game Theory Method to Cyber-Threat Information Sharing in Cloud Computing Technology.\" International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Research 11.4\n\nWorld Journal of Technology and Scientific Research Volume 12, Issue 05 – 2023 (2023): 549-560.\n[28] Jahanbakhsh Javidi, Negar, and Mahyar Amini. \"Evaluating the effect of supply chain management practice on implementation of halal agroindustry and competitive advantage for small and medium enterprises.\" International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 15.6 (2023): 8997-9008\n[29] Amini, Mahyar, and Negar Jahanbakhsh Javidi. \"A Multi-Perspective Framework Established on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory and Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) Framework Toward Supply Chain Management System Based on Cloud Computing Technology for Small and Medium Enterprises.\" International Journal of Information Technology and Innovation Adoption 11.8 (2023): 12171234\n[30] Amini, Mahyar and Ali Rahmani. \"Agricultural databases evaluation with machine learning procedure.\" Australian Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 8.6 (2023): 39-50\n[31] Amini, Mahyar, and Ali Rahmani. \"Machine learning process evaluating damage classification of composites.\" International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 9.12 (2023): 240-250\n[32] Amini, Mahyar, Koosha Sharifani, and Ali Rahmani. \"Machine Learning Model Towards Evaluating Data gathering methods in Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering.\" International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research 15.4 (2023): 349-362.\n[33] Sharifani, Koosha and Amini, Mahyar and Akbari, Yaser and Aghajanzadeh Godarzi, Javad. \"Operating Machine Learning across Natural Language Processing Techniques for Improvement of Fabricated News Model.\" International Journal of Science and Information System Research 12.9 (2022): 20-44.\n[34] Amini, Mahyar, et al. \"MAHAMGOSTAR.COM AS A CASE STUDY FOR ADOPTION OF LARAVEL FRAMEWORK AS THE BEST PROGRAMMING TOOLS FOR PHP BASED WEB DEVELOPMENT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES.\" Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, ISSN (2021): 100110.\n[35] Amini, Mahyar, and Aryati Bakri. \"Cloud computing adoption by SMEs in the Malaysia: A multiperspective framework based on DOI theory and TOE framework.\" Journal of Information Technology & Information Systems Research (JITISR) 9.2 (2015): 121-135.\n[36] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. \"A Dynamic SLA Aware Heuristic Solution for IaaS Cloud Placement Problem Without Migration.\" International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6.11 (2014): 25-30.\n[37] Amini, Mahyar. \"The factors that influence on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises.\" (2014).\n[38] Amini, Mahyar, et al. \"Development of an instrument for assessing the impact of environmental context on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises.\" Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (AJBAS) 8.10 (2014): 129-135.\n[39] Amini, Mahyar, et al. \"The role of top manager behaviours on adoption of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises.\" Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (AJBAS) 8.1 (2014): 490-498.\n[40] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. \"A Dynamic SLA Aware Solution for IaaS Cloud Placement Problem Using Simulated Annealing.\" International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6.11 (2014): 52-57.\n[41] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, Nor Hidayati Zakaria, and Mahyar Amini. \"The risk analysis of system selection and business process re-engineering towards the success of enterprise resource planning project for small and medium enterprise.\" World Applied Sciences Journal (WASJ) 31.9 (2014): 1669-1676.\n[42] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, Mahyar Amini, and Seyyed AmirAli Javadinia. \"The determinant of adoption of enterprise resource planning for small and medium enterprises in Iran.\" International Journal of Advanced Research in IT and Engineering (IJARIE) 3.1 (2014): 1-8.\n[43] Sadat Safavi, Nazli, et al. \"An effective model for evaluating organizational risk and cost in ERP implementation by SME.\" IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 10.6 (2013): 70-75.\n\n[44]\n\nSafavi, Nazli Sadat, et al. \"An effective model for evaluating organizational risk and cost in ERP\n\nimplementation by SME.\" IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 10.6 (2013): 61-66.\n\n[45] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. \"Critical success factors for ERP implementation.\" International Journal of Information Technology & Information Systems 5.15 (2013): 1-23.\n[46] Amini, Mahyar, et al. \"Agricultural development in IRAN base on cloud computing theory.\" International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 2.6 (2013): 796-801.\n[47] Amini, Mahyar, et al. \"Types of cloud computing (public and private) that transform the organization more effectively.\" International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 2.5 (2013): 1263-1269.\n[48] Amini, Mahyar, and Nazli Sadat Safavi. \"Cloud Computing Transform the Way of IT Delivers Services to the Organizations.\" International Journal of Innovation & Management Science Research 1.61 (2013): 1-5.\n[49] Abdollahzadegan, A., Che Hussin, A. R., Moshfegh Gohary, M., & Amini, M. (2013). The organizational critical success factors for adopting cloud computing in SMEs. Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation (JISRI), 4(1), 67-74.\n[50] Khoshraftar, Alireza, et al. \"Improving The CRM System In Healthcare Organization.\" International Journal of Computer Engineering & Sciences (IJCES) 1.2 (2011): 28-35.\n</text>\n",
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Tectonics Reykjavík, a three-day feast of new music under the direction of Ilan Volkov, is now being held for the third time. This year’s festival will put the spotlight on Icelandic music, with new Icelandic works – new orchestral works in particular – at the forefront, crystallising in collaboration among musicians from various genres. Compositions on the programme will include works by Valgeir Sigurðsson, María Huld Markan Sigfúsdóttir, Skúli Sverrisson/Ólöf Arnalds and Bergrún Snæbjörnsdóttir.
Tectonics was launched in March 2012 and has been enthusiastically received both in Iceland and abroad. At Tectonics, local musicians team up with the Iceland Symphony Orchestra to present a wide variety of works in a new and unique way. The many spaces inside Harpa and the diverse properties and acoustical characteristics of the performance halls in the building are exploited to the fullest.
Tectonics Take Three will be the continuation of performers’ and listeners’ journey through the many and multi-faceted spaces within Harpa’s walls. The festival is a forum for musicians from various genres to join forces and present music in its endless possibilities to adventurous listeners.
More information: http://www.tectonicsfestival.com/reykjavik/
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Tectonics Reykjavík, a three-day feast of new music under the direction of Ilan Volkov, is now being held for the third time. This year’s festival will put the spotlight on Icelandic music, with new Icelandic works – new orchestral works in particular – at the forefront, crystallising in collaboration among musicians from various genres. Compositions on the programme will include works by Valgeir Sigurðsson, María Huld Markan Sigfúsdóttir, Skúli Sverrisson/Ólöf Arnalds and Bergrún Snæbjörnsdóttir.
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Public event nude boys movies gay Streched Out with Joey Ray, free sex video. Tags: gay gayporn gay sex gay porn gay outdoor gay public gay outinpublic.
Play with us and find out how good you gay cigar sex at picking up girls. Gay nude event is a unique online sex game for adults. If you like strip poker or RPG-s, then it is definitely for You. Gay nude event Dolls Active Dolls is a 3D cartoon sex simulation game that features hot cute virtuagirls from 3D nuxe technology that will do just about anything you could want with you at the controls.
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Sex Encyclopedia The Virtual Encyclopedia of Sex is not just a fun and erotic computer game, it's also a great way to improve your sex IQ with the help of the latest insights and researched sexual techniques from authorities like Dr. Alan Mude and sexologist Jayme Waxman. The only law is Gay nude event Create your Avatar, Have gay nude event, fight to the death and
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more Hang out in oral cumshot gay many clubs, drink smoke have eevent online cybersex with real peoples sexy avatars.
|
If you are shy this is the perfect place to be!
Be whoever you want to be! Do whatever you want to do! You play as a guy who's working at the VR virtual reality game development company.
He gay nude event separate work from real life and now he's stuck in this fantasy world as a nice looking girl. Help him to find the way back home in this nice adventure game.
gay handjob tubes Game may gay nude event strange if not in full screen F4. This is a story about Angelica and gay nude event origins. You'll have to eventt her life to make her future. She's a regular high school girl that lives with her mother Rita. She likes to do common stuff, like watching TV and sit in the internet. She also has a boyfriend Simone and few good female friends from her class.
Nude pictures of jennifer
You used to live with your fay in a different city. Now you moved in to gay sports.uk sister and started a new life. You're a shy guy who don't know how to talk to girls.
Also you don't have too much friends. Your sister is opposite and gay nude event a lot.
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Soon you'll graduate high school and you have to decide which university you would like to attend. Most of school already gave you answers but you're waiting response from the your favorite gay nude event.
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Pick your characteristics and see how the story goes on. Depending on your choices you can reach various situations and endings.
This game is about the special place center where government places gay nude event men and women to transform them into something all public can accept and increase their value. You are also locked in this center and they try to change your personality in all possible ways.
Will you find your way out of there? Your new life begins.
You live with your sister Sarah and father Jack. Recently Jack married Maria - your new stepmother.
The girls of Erotic Beauty are girls from the real world, gay nude event the gy and the fake. Explict flawless beauty just a click away. Watch beautiful girls masturbating on film. Sign up to watch 3 films for free. Provides an experience that makes you feel like you are in the same room not just watching but gay nude event in the action.
Fresh beauties, intense action, exceptional quality. Provide you with some gay nude event the hottest lesbian porn scenes available online! Watch hot girls seducing other girls in steamy lesbian play. eveht
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With their huge collection available for download as high resolution picture and videos, there's always something good to be found. Exclusive showcase of meticulously crafted digital teen erotica. gay nude event
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Play Hentai, card battle games and Porn games online for free on Nutaku, your gay nude event 1 destination for Hentai games.
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Public event nude boys movies gay Streched Out with Joey Ray, free sex video. Tags: gay gayporn gay sex gay porn gay outdoor gay public gay outinpublic.
Play with us and find out how good you gay cigar sex at picking up girls. Gay nude event is a unique online sex game for adults. If you like strip poker or RPG-s, then it is definitely for You. Gay nude event Dolls Active Dolls is a 3D cartoon sex simulation game that features hot cute virtuagirls from 3D nuxe technology that will do just about anything you could want with you at the controls.
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Sex Encyclopedia The Virtual Encyclopedia of Sex is not just a fun and erotic computer game, it's also a great way to improve your sex IQ with the help of the latest insights and researched sexual techniques from authorities like Dr. Alan Mude and sexologist Jayme Waxman. The only law is Gay nude event Create your Avatar, Have gay nude event, fight to the death and<cursor_is_here>
If you are shy this is the perfect place to be!
Be whoever you want to be! Do whatever you want to do! You play as a guy who's working at the VR virtual reality game development company.
He gay nude event separate work from real life and now he's stuck in this fantasy world as a nice looking girl. Help him to find the way back home in this nice adventure game.
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You used to live with your fay in a different city. Now you moved in to gay sports.uk sister and started a new life. You're a shy guy who don't know how to talk to girls.
Also you don't have too much friends. Your sister is opposite and gay nude event a lot.
Soon you'll meet a women who'll become old daddy gay girlfriend. Story will go on and there will be a mix of genders shemales, gays etc. As author says this game gay nude event a result of collaboration between developers and fans. So feel free to comment on what you like and what to improve. This is a story about an adventurer, hero named Vibe.
Humanity has been enslaved and she's our only hope.
But most important mission is xxx clips gay save her girlfriend Karen. Gay nude event this gets wrapped in a nice RPG gameplay where you gave to explore various places and fight against your enemies in a turn based battles. You find yourself in the all-girls dorm in the room of one of the girls. You don't know exactly what happened and she's also mad on you because gay nude event not allowed to be here.
However explore surroundings, maybe you'll find some way to get laid here.
Soon you'll graduate high school and you have to decide which university you would like to attend. Most of school already gave you answers but you're waiting response from the your favorite gay nude event.
FREE PARTNER SITES
Pick your characteristics and see how the story goes on. Depending on your choices you can reach various situations and endings.
This game is about the special place center where government places gay nude event men and women to transform them into something all public can accept and increase their value. You are also locked in this center and they try to change your personality in all possible ways.
Will you find your way out of there? Your new life begins.
You live with your sister Sarah and father Jack. Recently Jack married Maria - your new stepmother.
The girls of Erotic Beauty are girls from the real world, gay nude event the gy and the fake. Explict flawless beauty just a click away. Watch beautiful girls masturbating on film. Sign up to watch 3 films for free. Provides an experience that makes you feel like you are in the same room not just watching but gay nude event in the action.
Fresh beauties, intense action, exceptional quality. Provide you with some gay nude event the hottest lesbian porn scenes available online! Watch hot girls seducing other girls in steamy lesbian play. eveht
These sluts finger, use dildos, strap-ons and squirt their pink pussies in lesbian porn. Twistys prides itself on having the hottest babes around.
sandra bullock nude movies Information for Schools and Colleges
With their huge collection available for download as high resolution picture and videos, there's always something good to be found. Exclusive showcase of meticulously crafted digital teen erotica. gay nude event
Gorgeous teen models from around the world showing their natural beauty. Part of the Hustler network nudf you can watch little teen gay nude event in braces and pig-tails indulge in hardcore action by using their tight, teen bodies bulge rubbing gay do some dirty, dirty things. Nice collection of movies and photos.
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Teen Dreams The web's favorite Teen Mega site. Offers a great selection of teen photos and videos.
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Duality as Metaphor in A Course in Miracles
Excerpts from the Workshop held at the Foundation for A Course in Miracles Roscoe NY
Kenneth Wapnick, Ph.D.
Part II
Heaven: The State of Oneness
We will begin talking about what Heaven is, what the state of Oneness is, what early in the text is called One-mindedness. Then we will talk about what the Course refers to as wrongmindedness, the thought system of the ego, which is the beginning of the thought system of duality, just as Oneness is the thought system of non-duality. Finally, we will talk about the correction or the undoing of the wrong-minded thought system of the ego, which is through the right-minded thought system of the Holy Spirit that centers around the teaching of forgiveness. These teachings of forgiveness all have to do with the reflection of truth. They are not true. They all belong to the world of duality, which means they should not be taken literally. When Jesus speaks about God and about the state of Heaven, he should be taken very literally. When he speaks about the ego, forgiveness, and the Holy Spirit's role, he is talking metaphorically or symbolically.
Let me go back to another musical example as a way of summarizing these three different types of mind: One-mindedness, wrong-mindedness and right-mindedness. About 30 years ago, I read a wonderful book on Beethoven by the British writer Marion Scott. She talked about Beethoven's three stages, which most music scholars talk about, the early, middle, and the late stage. The early stage is the period of the first 30 years of Beethoven's life, wherein the music he composed was very much based upon the formal technique that he learned from Mozart and Haydn. These are not his greatest works by any means. They are very much involved with form, and you can watch Beethoven learning how to master his craft. Then he entered into the second phase with the Eroica Symphony. His Symphonies Three to Eight, his last three piano concertos, some of his greatest piano sonatas, the middle quartets, and his opera Fidelio all belong to that period. Usually, this is the music that is the most accessible to music lovers and that really gave him his great reputation. His final stage, which begins with the Ninth Symphony and then goes into his late sonatas and the last quartets, is clearly his greatest music and probably the greatest music ever written. He transcended all the form, all the conventions, and basically gave a wonderful expression to the end of the spiritual journey.
Marion Scott spoke about Beethoven's first stage as where he looked at the material world through material eyes, where he basically was mastering the world of form, the world of materiality. In the second stage, he looked at the spiritual world through material eyes. Here he was really beginning to express the development and the deepening of his spiritual journey, which could be traced very clearly in his music, but he was still doing it within the framework of the world's forms. It was at the end of his life that he broke with all of these forms. Scott talked about this as when he looked at the spiritual world through spiritual eyes. That is why when you listen to this later music, especially the late sonatas and quartets, you realize that he was inhabiting a totally different realm from anything else he or anyone else had composed. That is what makes his music so other-worldly.
One could make the same kinds of statements about these three levels in A Course in Miracles. Wrong-mindedness is looking at the material world through material eyes. That is what the ego is all about. So those are all the passages in the Course that detail the dynamics of the ego and what specialness is all about, which was all predicated on the seeming reality of our guilt, our sinfulness, our need to project onto other people, cannibalize other people, and kill in order to get what we want.
The correction for this, right-mindedness, is Jesus looking at the material world, the ego thought system, but from the perspective of the spiritual. That is where he speaks very often using the term reflection. That is where he says that love is impossible in this world, but forgiveness, which is love's reflection, is possible here. He talks about the reflection of holiness here, which is what the holy relationship is. He talks about the holy instant. He uses the word holy even though holiness is not possible in this world, but the holy instant and the holy relationship are the reflections of what is true. Again, he is looking at the ego's thought system, a dualistic thought system, from the perspective of the spiritual, but the way that he writes about it, the way that it is presented, and the way that we are asked to practice it is as if we were here. It is looking at the material world, but through the eyes of vision. It is still within the world of duality, which means it is still illusory.
One-mindedness is looking at the spiritual world through spiritual sight. This is recognized in the passages that deal directly with what the state of Heaven is like. There are not many of them, because there is no way we could understand them. These are the passages in A Course in Miracles that tell us what truth is, what reality is, what non-duality is. When you understand that, at least intellectually, you have a perspective by which you can understand what illusion is, and what duality is. That is what would help you not fall into the mistake of taking passages out of context, twisting them around so they will mean what you want them to mean, which will always be to affirm the reality of your specialness at the expense of truth. When you truly understand what oneness, reality, and non-duality mean, you will not make that mistake. You will then have a perspective, a context, a framework in which to understand all of the statements of right-mindedness in the Course, all of the statements in the Course
that deal with the role of the Holy Spirit, and that deal with the role of the miracle and the role of forgiveness. If you do not have that perspective, you will think that what Jesus is talking about should be taken as literally true. It should not be taken as literally true, but he must speak to us on this level because that is where we believe we are.
Later we will look at passages that basically show us how Jesus was aware of this problem, and how he is aware of what he was doing in his course. The problem is that his students are not aware of what he is doing in the Course, and so in some way they skip over these passages because they do not seem that important, and therefore they miss the whole point. This will help you not miss the point, so that your lifetime's work with the Course will become a truly productive one and will be one that will truly lead you on the journey, which in the end will help you transcend your ego. If you are a student of the Course, you would not want to settle for anything less. That would always be the fundamental question you should ask yourself. Why would I settle for less when I could have everything? Why would I settle for a little glimpse of love when I could have that total experience of love? Why would I want Jesus' pinky when I could have his whole being? Why would I settle for less than everything? Yet that is what people do when they work with the Course, because they are not aware of what it is saying.
The state of Oneness or the state of Heaven is the perfect Unity and Oneness of God and Christ. The Course talks about the Mind of God, which is the Creator, and the Mind of Christ, which is what God created. This is always spelled with a capital M. The Mind of God and the Mind of Christ are totally unified. When we speak of something being non-dualistic, it means it is non-dual. There are not two; there is only one. This is the most important point to always keep in mind. This is the only level of reality. This is the only level of truth. Anything else that smacks of duality is only a reflection of reality or a reflection of truth, but not truth. Truth is only God and Christ and there is absolutely nothing else.
There is no way that this can be understood here, as we will see. The words God and Christ have no meaning in Heaven. The words Creator and Created have no meaning in Heaven. They do have meaning for us here, but these are dualistic terms. Obviously, we talk about God and we talk about Christ. We talk about the Father and we talk about the Son. We talk about God as the First Cause; we talk about Christ as the Effect. These are important words to us here because they are meaningful to us. In Heaven, there is no state of duality. There is no God as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Son, Christ. There is no Christ as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Creator. Again, these are dualistic terms; these are words. Later on, we will read an important passage where Jesus says that "words are but symbols of symbols. They are thus twice removed from reality" (M-21.1:9-10).
So the words God and Christ symbolize something, but we, who are creatures of duality and specialness, have no way of understanding what the concept of oneness means, what the concept of non-duality means. The idea that "nowhere does the Father end, the Son begin as something separate from Him" (W-pI.132.12:4) makes no sense to us. There are many passages in the Course that reflect this. There is not much we can say about it, but it is, once again, extremely important that you understand this is the bottom line. This is the only truth there is, the only reality. Everything else is a dream, everything else is totally made up.
This is one of the few places in the Course where you can actually see not only a description of Heaven, but almost a definition of it.
(T-18.VI.1:1) There is nothing outside you.
This is a perfectly clear non-dualistic statement.
(T-18.VI.1:2) That is what you must ultimately learn, for it is the realization that the Kingdom of Heaven is restored to you.
There are many places in the Course where Jesus says things like this. When he says this is something you must ultimately learn, he is telling you this is very important. If you read this course with colored markers ready, this is one of the statements you should underline. He is telling you this is what it is all about, that you learn "there is nothing outside you." That means there is no God outside you, there is no Holy Spirit outside you, there is no Jesus outside you, there is no world outside you. If you keep statements like this in mind, you will not fall into the trap of making the error real, of believing there is a world out there that you must do something about, that you must heal, save, run away from, want to join with, or to forgive.
(T-18.VI.1:3) For God created only this [namely the Kingdom of Heaven], and He did not depart from it nor leave it separate from Himself.
This is a classic non-dualistic statement. This is a reflection of the other important principle in the Course, ideas leave not their source. We are an idea in the Mind of God and we have never left our Source. That means the separation never happened. Early in the text, Jesus says the Kingdom of Heaven is not within you. "The Kingdom of Heaven is you" (T-4.III.1:4). You are the Kingdom of Heaven because you are one with God and God is the Kingdom.
(T-18.VI.1:4-6) The Kingdom of Heaven is the dwelling place of the Son of God, who left not his Father and dwells not apart from Him. [Once again, these are expressions of that perfect Oneness of God and Christ.] Heaven is not a place nor a condition. [And here is the definition:] It is merely an awareness of perfect Oneness, and the knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within.
If we truly could understand this, we would not need anything else in the Course. Later on I will read a passage where Jesus says, "We say 'God is,' and then we cease to speak . . ." (WpI.169.5:4). There is nothing else to say. God is. If God is, then His Son is also and there is nothing else. That is probably the closest we will get in the Course to a definition of Heaven. It is the "awareness of perfect Oneness and the knowledge that there is nothing else . . . ." When Jesus uses knowledge, he is not talking about knowledge in the conventional sense where you know something, you are aware of something. That is because these all occur within a dualistic framework. Knowledge in the Course is just a synonym for that state of perfect Oneness. It is the state of the Kingdom, of pure Being. It is the "knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within."
Some of you are familiar with the book Gloria and I wrote many years ago called Awaken from the Dream, where there is a lovely (if I might say so, speaking for both of us) description of this unity of Heaven:
… in the Beginning, before there was even a concept of beginning, there is God, our Source and the Source of all creation: a perfection and resplendence whose magnificence is beyond comprehension; love and gentleness of such an infinite nature that consciousness could not even begin its apprehension; a pristine stillness of uninterrupted joy; a motionless flow without friction to impede it; a vast, limitless, and all-encompassing Totality, beyond space, beyond time, in which there is no beginning, no ending, for there was never a time or place when God was not. …
Creation, like spirit, is abstract, formless, and unchanging. Its nature is unity, knowledge of which is that there is nowhere the Creator ends and the created begins. There is no boundary, no differentiation, no separation. Yet, included in this knowledge is the fact that we are not the Source of creation, though we remain One within It.
Can the Mind of God begin? Can the Mind of God end? Can a Thought that is part of that Mind be something other than that Mind? Surely not, since there is no subject or object in the state of Heaven; no observer or observed. There is no perception, simply the total knowledge of who we are: a glory of such unified resplendence that concepts of within-without have no meaning (Awaken from the Dream, pp. 3-4).
There is no way of understanding what that is, but you could at least begin to understand that nothing in this world has anything whatsoever, to do with that, in any way, shape, or form. We are talking about a concept of oneness and unity that totally transcends anything in this world. It transcends the role of the Holy Spirit. It transcends forgiveness. It transcends the miracle. It transcends A Course in Miracles. Those of you who are familiar with my book on Helen, Absence from Felicity, may remember that I discussed that Helen, who obviously had a very close relationship with Jesus and certainly experienced him as very real, occasionally would tell me of an experience she would have of a voice that was basically soundless and that transcended the voice of Jesus. That is what we are talking about. That experience
transcended the dualistic experience of having a relationship with Jesus. It was something beyond even what the Course is about, because the Course says it is not about Heaven and it is not about truth. It is about removing the interferences that we place between ourselves and truth.
Over and over again Jesus says, in one form or another, that knowledge is not the goal of this course, oneness is not the goal of this course. Peace is the goal of this course. And peace in A Course in Miracles is accomplished through the undoing of the ego's specialness. One does not have to understand or know what that oneness is. But, again, if you are going to really understand this course, then you must understand there is something beyond what you think these words are telling you. These words are telling you one thing on the level of form, but on the level of content, if you follow them along without pre-judging them, you will be led by them beyond everything in this world, as the Course says, right up to the gate of Heaven, and then the Course stops. It has carried out its purpose. Then, as Jesus says, God will reach down and lift you back unto Himself (C-4.8:3). That is not the Course goal. That happens afterward.
(W-pII.11.2:4) What God has willed to be forever One will still be One when time is over; and will not be changed throughout the course of time, remaining as it was before the thought of time began.
(W-pII.11.4:1-5) We are creation; we the Sons of God. We seem to be discrete, and unaware of our eternal unity with Him. Yet back of all our doubts, past all our fears, there still is certainty. For love remains with all its Thoughts, its sureness being theirs. God's memory is in our holy minds, which know their oneness and their unity with their Creator.
Here we see another very clear statement that the world of separation, of separate personalities, of individualities, the world of discreteness has nothing to do with Heaven. It is all part of the illusion. It is all part of the dream, and we remain, as the Course says, at home in God yet dreaming of exile (T-10.I.2:1). We remain at home with God in that state of perfect Oneness with Him.
(T-2.VII.6:1-3) It should especially be noted that God has only one Son. If all His creations are His Sons, every one must be an integral part of the whole Sonship. The Sonship in its Oneness transcends the sum of its parts.
That last line is an extremely important one. It is repeated several times in the Course in different ways. What Jesus is saying is that what constitutes Christ, what constitutes the one Son of God, is not adding up all of the seemingly separate fragments. What constitutes Christ is its perfect unity and wholeness. The Oneness transcends the sum of its parts. What defines Christ is this perfect Oneness, not the conglomerate or the sum total of all the seeming fragments. That is how we think of it here. That is why the whole thought of the hundredthmonkey idea, which many Course students adopt and think that is what the Course is talking about, misses the point entirely. That is a wonderful example of the kind of thing I was discussing earlier, where people will take things from the Course out of context and basically understand them within the context of their particular thought system, or their form of spirituality. If you understand that what defines Christ is His perfect wholeness and oneness, then you cannot add up a certain number of members of the Sonship, get a magic number that tilts the rest of the Sonship and everybody falls into God's lap. If you understand and you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you will not fall into that trap.
People take the section called "The Circle of Atonement," which talks about how teachers of innocence are gathered together and the implication of that section is that you get more and more people within the Sonship—people interpret that as saying that they have got to get more and more people studying the Course; governments, national and world leaders must study the Course. So we get more and more people into this circle and when we get enough people, everybody will be pulled into it and, again, we fall into Heaven. That is a very nice spirituality. It could work for people. It is not A Course in Miracles. Please, do not fall into that trap. If you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you could never fall into that trap because that is a dualistic statement, that you get people who are seemingly separate, and you just get enough of them in one place and something magical will happen. That is not what this Course is about.
If Christ is totally one, if as Jesus says in the teachers' manual, it is true that only one teacher of God is needed to save the world (M-12.1:1), then you do not add up numbers. This is not about getting converts. It is about each individual student of A Course in Miracles learning this course, accepting the Atonement for oneself, and then realizing that they are that one. Later on I will explain to you how that works psychologically, how that really works, how everyone really is part of the one. When you start adding people up, you are making the error real, you are making separation real, and you are saying a certain number of people are needed to save the world. The manual makes it very clear that only one is needed, and Jesus is not talking about himself. He would be an example of the one, but we are all examples of the one. Jesus is an example of one who has accepted the Atonement for himself, whose mind is perfectly healed, but in that awareness, in that healing, in that acceptance of the Atonement, he knows there are no separated Sons. He becomes the Christ because he now realizes that he is the Christ. He, as a separate personality, disappears because we are all Christ, we are all part of that whole.
There is no way anyone in this world can understand how that works, and Jesus does not ask us to understand how it works, but what he does ask us to do is understand how nothing else works. If you understand how nothing else works, then you will leave the door open for what truly works and in fact is the only thing that does work. This is very, very important. If you try to superimpose on A Course in Miracles your own spiritual path, which may have thousands, hundreds of thousands, and even millions of devotees, you will never learn what this course is saying. There is nothing else in this world like this course. It is not saying that you will not find God in other pathways, but you will not find God if you try to do that other pathway with the Course. And you certainly will not find it with the Course. You may construct your own spirituality based on little fragments from the Course and little fragments from this and little fragments from that, and that might work for you, but that has nothing to do with A Course in Miracles. If you change one teaching in this course, if you omit one teaching in this course, you have omitted the whole Course.
That is why Jesus says you either believe all of this course or none of it (T-22.II.7:4). This is not a course you can pick and choose from. It is not sinful, wicked, or bad, if you do, but then it is no longer A Course in Miracles. It is something else. It is eclectic spirituality. There is absolutely nothing wrong with anyone doing that, or promulgating it, or teaching it, but they should have the humility, the good sense, and the self-respect to be clear with the world that they are no longer teaching A Course in Miracles. Blend this with anything else and you will have lost what this is.
Just as Christ is defined by "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" this course is the same way. This is greater than the sum of its individual teachings. Its individual teachings form a perfectly integrated whole that transcends any one statement or any one principle. That is what you must understand. That is what this hidden level of the Course is, that you realize the perfect totality that this thought system represents. Again, you do not have to be able to accept it totally. You do not have to live it totally. You do not have to understand it totally, but do understand that there is nothing else like it, and nothing else that you think it is saying is what it is saying. That will leave the door open.
This course, just like Christ, is greater than the sum of its parts, and if you want to know what it is teaching, you must give yourself to it totally. And the way you give yourself to it totally is to realize how much you do not want to give yourself to it totally, how much you want to withhold yourself from it. There is nothing wrong in doing that. In fact, there is something wrong in your not doing it, because if you think you are not doing it then you are a liar. You should assume you will do it. You will withhold from it; you will take out certain things that you are not comfortable with; you will blend it in with other things; and you will make the Course a statement of dualistic thinking instead of non-dualistic thinking. Don't be surprised when you do it, but don't be arrogant in thinking you don't do it. It is in realizing that you are trying to change the Course, just as you tried to change Heaven, that will help you get past all of your guilt over your seeming sin.
Everyone is going to "sin" with this course, because no one wants to hear what it says. If people wanted to hear what it said, then they would already know what it says and they would not need it. No one wanted to hear what Jesus said two thousand years ago either. That is not a sin. That is just a reflection of the original thought when you did not want to hear what God said either, which is the word of perfect Oneness. Therefore, you want to be aware of your attempting to subvert, pervert, distort, and change this course, but forgive yourself for it. Just don't arrogantly think you are not doing that.
Remember, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. How many people are really ready to totally give themselves to the whole of this course, to the whole of Jesus' love without any reservation? That is what you want to look at in yourself and be humble about. That is what will allow you to forgive yourself, not for what you think you have done to Jesus or A Course in Miracles, but what you think you did to God and to Christ.
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Duality as Metaphor in A Course in Miracles
Excerpts from the Workshop held at the Foundation for A Course in Miracles Roscoe NY
Kenneth Wapnick, Ph.D.
Part II
Heaven: The State of Oneness
We will begin talking about what Heaven is, what the state of Oneness is, what early in the text is called One-mindedness. Then we will talk about what the Course refers to as wrongmindedness, the thought system of the ego, which is the beginning of the thought system of duality, just as Oneness is the thought system of non-duality. Finally, we will talk about the correction or the undoing of the wrong-minded thought system of the ego, which is through the right-minded thought system of the Holy Spirit that centers around the teaching of forgiveness. These teachings of forgiveness all have to do with the reflection of truth. They are not true. They all belong to the world of duality, which means they should not be taken literally. When Jesus speaks about God and about the state of Heaven, he should be taken very literally. When he speaks about the ego, forgiveness, and the Holy Spirit's role, he is talking metaphorically or symbolically.
Let me go back to another musical example as a way of summarizing these three different types of mind: One-mindedness, wrong-mindedness and right-mindedness. About 30 years ago, I read a wonderful book on Beethoven by the British writer Marion Scott. She talked about Beethoven's three stages, which most music scholars talk about, the early, middle, and the late stage. The early stage is the period of the first 30 years of Beethoven's life, wherein the music he composed was very much based upon the formal technique that he learned from Mozart and Haydn. These are not his greatest works by any means. They are very much involved with form, and you can watch Beethoven learning how to master his craft. Then he entered into the second phase with the Eroica Symphony. His Symphonies Three to Eight, his last three piano concertos, some of his greatest piano sonatas, the middle quartets, and his opera Fidelio all belong to that period. Usually, this is the music that is the most accessible to music lovers and that really gave him his great reputation. His final stage, which begins with the Ninth Symphony and then goes into his late sonatas and the last quartets, is clearly his greatest music and probably the greatest music ever written. He transcended all the form, all the conventions, and basically gave a wonderful expression to the end of the spiritual journey.
Marion Scott spoke about Beethoven's first stage as where he looked at the material world through material eyes, where he basically was mastering the world of form, the world of materiality. In the second stage, he looked at the spiritual world through material eyes. Here he was really beginning to express the development and the deepening of his spiritual journey, which could be traced very clearly in his music, but he was still doing it within the framework of the world's forms. It was at the end of his life that he broke with all of these forms. Scott talked about this as when he looked at the spiritual world through spiritual eyes. That is why when you listen to this later music, especially the late sonatas and quartets, you realize that he was inhabiting a totally different realm from anything else he or anyone else had composed. That is what makes his music so other-worldly.
One could make the same kinds of statements about these three levels in A Course in Miracles. Wrong-mindedness is looking at the material world through material eyes. That is what the ego is all about. So those are all the passages in the Course that detail the dynamics of the ego and what specialness is all about, which was all predicated on the seeming reality of our guilt, our sinfulness, our need to project onto other people, cannibalize other people, and kill in order to get what we want.
The correction for this, right-mindedness, is Jesus looking at the material world, the ego thought system, but from the perspective of the spiritual. That is where he speaks very often using the term reflection. That is where he says that love is impossible in this world, but forgiveness, which is love's reflection, is possible here. He talks about the reflection of holiness here, which is what the holy relationship is. He talks about the holy instant. He uses the word holy even though holiness is not possible in this world, but the holy instant and the holy relationship are the reflections of what is true. Again, he is looking at the ego's thought system, a dualistic thought system, from the perspective of the spiritual, but the way that he writes about it, the way that it is presented, and the way that we are asked to practice it is as if we were here. It is looking at the material world, but through the eyes of vision. It is still within the world of duality, which means it is still illusory.
One-mindedness is looking at the spiritual world through spiritual sight. This is recognized in the passages that deal directly with what the state of Heaven is like. There are not many of them, because there is no way we could understand them. These are the passages in A Course in Miracles that tell us what truth is, what reality is, what non-duality is. When you understand that, at least intellectually, you have a perspective by which you can understand what illusion is, and what duality is. That is what would help you not fall into the mistake of taking passages out of context, twisting them around so they will mean what you want them to mean, which will always be to affirm the reality of your specialness at the expense of truth. When you truly understand what oneness, reality, and non-duality mean, you will not make that mistake. You will then have a perspective, a context, a framework in which to understand all of the statements of right-mindedness in the Course, all of the statements in the Course
that deal with the role of the Holy Spirit, and that deal with the role of the miracle and the role of forgiveness. If you do not have that perspective, you will think that what Jesus is talking about should be taken as literally true. It should not be taken as literally true, but he must speak to us on this level because that is where we believe we are.
Later we will look at passages that basically show us how Jesus was aware of this problem, and how he is aware of what he was doing in his course. The problem is that his students are not aware of what he is doing in the Course, and so in some way they skip over these passages because they do not seem that important, and therefore they miss the whole point. This will help you not miss the point, so that your lifetime's work with the Course will become a truly productive one and will be one that will truly lead you on the journey, which in the end will help you transcend your ego. If you are a student of the Course, you would not want to settle for anything less. That would always be the fundamental question you should ask yourself. Why would I settle for less when I could have everything? Why would I settle for a little glimpse of love when I could have that total experience of love? Why would I want Jesus' pinky when I could have his whole being? Why would I settle for less than everything? Yet that is what people do when they work with the Course, because they are not aware of what it is saying.
The state of Oneness or the state of Heaven is the perfect Unity and Oneness of God and Christ. The Course talks about the Mind of God, which is the Creator, and the Mind of Christ, which is what God created. This is always spelled with a capital M. The Mind of God and the Mind of Christ are totally unified. When we speak of something being non-dualistic, it means it is non-dual. There are not two; there is only one. This is the most important point to always keep in mind. This is the only level of reality. This is the only level of truth. Anything else that smacks of duality is only a reflection of reality or a reflection of truth, but not truth. Truth is only God and Christ and there is absolutely nothing else.
There is no way that this can be understood here, as we will see. The words God and Christ have no meaning in Heaven. The words Creator and Created have no meaning in Heaven. They do have meaning for us here, but these are dualistic terms. Obviously, we talk about God and we talk about Christ. We talk about the Father and we talk about the Son. We talk about God as the First Cause; we talk about Christ as the Effect. These are important words to us here because they are meaningful to us. In Heaven, there is no state of duality. There is no God as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Son, Christ. There is no Christ as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Creator. Again, these are dualistic terms; these are words. Later on, we will read an important passage where Jesus says that "words are but symbols of symbols. They are thus twice removed from reality" (M-21.1:9-10).
So the words God and Christ symbolize something, but we, who are creatures of duality and specialness, have no way of understanding what the concept of oneness means, what the concept of non-duality means. The idea that "nowhere does the Father end, the Son begin as something separate from Him" (W-pI.132.12:4) makes no sense to us. There are many passages in the Course that reflect this. There is not much we can say about it, but it is, once again, extremely important that you understand this is the bottom line. This is the only truth there is, the only reality. Everything else is a dream, everything else is totally made up.
This is one of the few places in the Course where you can actually see not only a description of Heaven, but almost a definition of it.
(T-18.VI.1:1) There is nothing outside you.
This is a perfectly clear non-dualistic statement.
(T-18.VI.1:2) That is what you must ultimately learn, for it is the realization that the Kingdom of Heaven is restored to you.
There are many places in the Course where Jesus says things like this. When he says this is something you must ultimately learn, he is telling you this is very important. If you read this course with colored markers ready, this is one of the statements you should underline. He is telling you this is what it is all about, that you learn "there is nothing outside you." That means there is no God outside you, there is no Holy Spirit outside you, there is no Jesus outside you, there is no world outside you. If you keep statements like this in mind, you will not fall into the trap of making the error real, of believing there is a world out there that you must do something about, that you must heal, save, run away from, want to join with, or to forgive.
(T-18.VI.1:3) For God created only this [namely the Kingdom of Heaven], and He did not depart from it nor leave it separate from Himself.
This is a classic non-dualistic statement. This is a reflection of the other important principle in the Course, ideas leave not their source. We are an idea in the Mind of God and we have never left our Source. That means the separation never happened. Early in the text, Jesus says the Kingdom of Heaven is not within you. "The Kingdom of Heaven is you" (T-4.III.1:4). You are the Kingdom of Heaven because you are one with God and God is the Kingdom.
(T-18.VI.1:4-6) The Kingdom of Heaven is the dwelling place of the Son of God, who left not his Father and dwells not apart from Him. [Once again, these are expressions of that perfect Oneness of God and Christ.] Heaven is not a place nor a condition. [And here is the definition:] It is merely an awareness of perfect Oneness, and the knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within.
If we truly could understand this, we would not need anything else in the Course. Later on I will read a passage where Jesus says, "We say 'God is,' and then we cease to speak . . ." (WpI.169.5:4). There is nothing else to say. God is. If God is, then His Son is also and there is nothing else. That is probably the closest we will get in the Course to a definition of Heaven. It is the "awareness of perfect Oneness and the knowledge that there is nothing else . . . ." When Jesus uses knowledge, he is not talking about knowledge in the conventional sense where you know something, you are aware of something. That is because these all occur within a dualistic framework. Knowledge in the Course is just a synonym for that state of perfect Oneness. It is the state of the Kingdom, of pure Being. It is the "knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within."
Some of you are familiar with the book Gloria and I wrote many years ago called Awaken from the Dream, where there is a lovely (if I might say so, speaking for both of us) description of this unity of Heaven:
… in the Beginning, before there was even a conc
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ept of beginning, there is God, our Source and the Source of all creation: a perfection and resplendence whose magnificence is beyond comprehension; love and gentleness of such an infinite nature that consciousness could not even begin its apprehension; a pristine stillness of uninterrupted joy; a motionless flow without friction to impede it; a vast, limitless, and all-encompassing Totality, beyond space, beyond time, in which there is no beginning, no ending, for there was never a time or place when God was not.
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Creation, like spirit, is abstract, formless, and unchanging. Its nature is unity, knowledge of which is that there is nowhere the Creator ends and the created begins. There is no boundary, no differentiation, no separation. Yet, included in this knowledge is the fact that we are not the Source of creation, though we remain One within It.
Can the Mind of God begin? Can the Mind of God end? Can a Thought that is part of that Mind be something other than that Mind? Surely not, since there is no subject or object in the state of Heaven; no observer or observed. There is no perception, simply the total knowledge of who we are: a glory of such unified resplendence that concepts of within-without have no meaning (Awaken from the Dream, pp. 3-4).
There is no way of understanding what that is, but you could at least begin to understand that nothing in this world has anything whatsoever, to do with that, in any way, shape, or form. We are talking about a concept of oneness and unity that totally transcends anything in this world. It transcends the role of the Holy Spirit. It transcends forgiveness. It transcends the miracle. It transcends A Course in Miracles. Those of you who are familiar with my book on Helen, Absence from Felicity, may remember that I discussed that Helen, who obviously had a very close relationship with Jesus and certainly experienced him as very real, occasionally would tell me of an experience she would have of a voice that was basically soundless and that transcended the voice of Jesus. That is what we are talking about. That experience
transcended the dualistic experience of having a relationship with Jesus. It was something beyond even what the Course is about, because the Course says it is not about Heaven and it is not about truth. It is about removing the interferences that we place between ourselves and truth.
Over and over again Jesus says, in one form or another, that knowledge is not the goal of this course, oneness is not the goal of this course. Peace is the goal of this course. And peace in A Course in Miracles is accomplished through the undoing of the ego's specialness. One does not have to understand or know what that oneness is. But, again, if you are going to really understand this course, then you must understand there is something beyond what you think these words are telling you. These words are telling you one thing on the level of form, but on the level of content, if you follow them along without pre-judging them, you will be led by them beyond everything in this world, as the Course says, right up to the gate of Heaven, and then the Course stops. It has carried out its purpose. Then, as Jesus says, God will reach down and lift you back unto Himself (C-4.8:3). That is not the Course goal. That happens afterward.
(W-pII.11.2:4) What God has willed to be forever One will still be One when time is over; and will not be changed throughout the course of time, remaining as it was before the thought of time began.
(W-pII.11.4:1-5) We are creation; we the Sons of God. We seem to be discrete, and unaware of our eternal unity with Him. Yet back of all our doubts, past all our fears, there still is certainty. For love remains with all its Thoughts, its sureness being theirs. God's memory is in our holy minds, which know their oneness and their unity with their Creator.
Here we see another very clear statement that the world of separation, of separate personalities, of individualities, the world of discreteness has nothing to do with Heaven. It is all part of the illusion. It is all part of the dream, and we remain, as the Course says, at home in God yet dreaming of exile (T-10.I.2:1). We remain at home with God in that state of perfect Oneness with Him.
(T-2.VII.6:1-3) It should especially be noted that God has only one Son. If all His creations are His Sons, every one must be an integral part of the whole Sonship. The Sonship in its Oneness transcends the sum of its parts.
That last line is an extremely important one. It is repeated several times in the Course in different ways. What Jesus is saying is that what constitutes Christ, what constitutes the one Son of God, is not adding up all of the seemingly separate fragments. What constitutes Christ is its perfect unity and wholeness. The Oneness transcends the sum of its parts. What defines Christ is this perfect Oneness, not the conglomerate or the sum total of all the seeming fragments. That is how we think of it here. That is why the whole thought of the hundredthmonkey idea, which many Course students adopt and think that is what the Course is talking about, misses the point entirely. That is a wonderful example of the kind of thing I was discussing earlier, where people will take things from the Course out of context and basically understand them within the context of their particular thought system, or their form of spirituality. If you understand that what defines Christ is His perfect wholeness and oneness, then you cannot add up a certain number of members of the Sonship, get a magic number that tilts the rest of the Sonship and everybody falls into God's lap. If you understand and you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you will not fall into that trap.
People take the section called "The Circle of Atonement," which talks about how teachers of innocence are gathered together and the implication of that section is that you get more and more people within the Sonship—people interpret that as saying that they have got to get more and more people studying the Course; governments, national and world leaders must study the Course. So we get more and more people into this circle and when we get enough people, everybody will be pulled into it and, again, we fall into Heaven. That is a very nice spirituality. It could work for people. It is not A Course in Miracles. Please, do not fall into that trap. If you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you could never fall into that trap because that is a dualistic statement, that you get people who are seemingly separate, and you just get enough of them in one place and something magical will happen. That is not what this Course is about.
If Christ is totally one, if as Jesus says in the teachers' manual, it is true that only one teacher of God is needed to save the world (M-12.1:1), then you do not add up numbers. This is not about getting converts. It is about each individual student of A Course in Miracles learning this course, accepting the Atonement for oneself, and then realizing that they are that one. Later on I will explain to you how that works psychologically, how that really works, how everyone really is part of the one. When you start adding people up, you are making the error real, you are making separation real, and you are saying a certain number of people are needed to save the world. The manual makes it very clear that only one is needed, and Jesus is not talking about himself. He would be an example of the one, but we are all examples of the one. Jesus is an example of one who has accepted the Atonement for himself, whose mind is perfectly healed, but in that awareness, in that healing, in that acceptance of the Atonement, he knows there are no separated Sons. He becomes the Christ because he now realizes that he is the Christ. He, as a separate personality, disappears because we are all Christ, we are all part of that whole.
There is no way anyone in this world can understand how that works, and Jesus does not ask us to understand how it works, but what he does ask us to do is understand how nothing else works. If you understand how nothing else works, then you will leave the door open for what truly works and in fact is the only thing that does work. This is very, very important. If you try to superimpose on A Course in Miracles your own spiritual path, which may have thousands, hundreds of thousands, and even millions of devotees, you will never learn what this course is saying. There is nothing else in this world like this course. It is not saying that you will not find God in other pathways, but you will not find God if you try to do that other pathway with the Course. And you certainly will not find it with the Course. You may construct your own spirituality based on little fragments from the Course and little fragments from this and little fragments from that, and that might work for you, but that has nothing to do with A Course in Miracles. If you change one teaching in this course, if you omit one teaching in this course, you have omitted the whole Course.
That is why Jesus says you either believe all of this course or none of it (T-22.II.7:4). This is not a course you can pick and choose from. It is not sinful, wicked, or bad, if you do, but then it is no longer A Course in Miracles. It is something else. It is eclectic spirituality. There is absolutely nothing wrong with anyone doing that, or promulgating it, or teaching it, but they should have the humility, the good sense, and the self-respect to be clear with the world that they are no longer teaching A Course in Miracles. Blend this with anything else and you will have lost what this is.
Just as Christ is defined by "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" this course is the same way. This is greater than the sum of its individual teachings. Its individual teachings form a perfectly integrated whole that transcends any one statement or any one principle. That is what you must understand. That is what this hidden level of the Course is, that you realize the perfect totality that this thought system represents. Again, you do not have to be able to accept it totally. You do not have to live it totally. You do not have to understand it totally, but do understand that there is nothing else like it, and nothing else that you think it is saying is what it is saying. That will leave the door open.
This course, just like Christ, is greater than the sum of its parts, and if you want to know what it is teaching, you must give yourself to it totally. And the way you give yourself to it totally is to realize how much you do not want to give yourself to it totally, how much you want to withhold yourself from it. There is nothing wrong in doing that. In fact, there is something wrong in your not doing it, because if you think you are not doing it then you are a liar. You should assume you will do it. You will withhold from it; you will take out certain things that you are not comfortable with; you will blend it in with other things; and you will make the Course a statement of dualistic thinking instead of non-dualistic thinking. Don't be surprised when you do it, but don't be arrogant in thinking you don't do it. It is in realizing that you are trying to change the Course, just as you tried to change Heaven, that will help you get past all of your guilt over your seeming sin.
Everyone is going to "sin" with this course, because no one wants to hear what it says. If people wanted to hear what it said, then they would already know what it says and they would not need it. No one wanted to hear what Jesus said two thousand years ago either. That is not a sin. That is just a reflection of the original thought when you did not want to hear what God said either, which is the word of perfect Oneness. Therefore, you want to be aware of your attempting to subvert, pervert, distort, and change this course, but forgive yourself for it. Just don't arrogantly think you are not doing that.
Remember, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. How many people are really ready to totally give themselves to the whole of this course, to the whole of Jesus' love without any reservation? That is what you want to look at in yourself and be humble about. That is what will allow you to forgive yourself, not for what you think you have done to Jesus or A Course in Miracles, but what you think you did to God and to Christ.
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Duality as Metaphor in A Course in Miracles
Excerpts from the Workshop held at the Foundation for A Course in Miracles Roscoe NY
Kenneth Wapnick, Ph.D.
Part II
Heaven: The State of Oneness
We will begin talking about what Heaven is, what the state of Oneness is, what early in the text is called One-mindedness. Then we will talk about what the Course refers to as wrongmindedness, the thought system of the ego, which is the beginning of the thought system of duality, just as Oneness is the thought system of non-duality. Finally, we will talk about the correction or the undoing of the wrong-minded thought system of the ego, which is through the right-minded thought system of the Holy Spirit that centers around the teaching of forgiveness. These teachings of forgiveness all have to do with the reflection of truth. They are not true. They all belong to the world of duality, which means they should not be taken literally. When Jesus speaks about God and about the state of Heaven, he should be taken very literally. When he speaks about the ego, forgiveness, and the Holy Spirit's role, he is talking metaphorically or symbolically.
Let me go back to another musical example as a way of summarizing these three different types of mind: One-mindedness, wrong-mindedness and right-mindedness. About 30 years ago, I read a wonderful book on Beethoven by the British writer Marion Scott. She talked about Beethoven's three stages, which most music scholars talk about, the early, middle, and the late stage. The early stage is the period of the first 30 years of Beethoven's life, wherein the music he composed was very much based upon the formal technique that he learned from Mozart and Haydn. These are not his greatest works by any means. They are very much involved with form, and you can watch Beethoven learning how to master his craft. Then he entered into the second phase with the Eroica Symphony. His Symphonies Three to Eight, his last three piano concertos, some of his greatest piano sonatas, the middle quartets, and his opera Fidelio all belong to that period. Usually, this is the music that is the most accessible to music lovers and that really gave him his great reputation. His final stage, which begins with the Ninth Symphony and then goes into his late sonatas and the last quartets, is clearly his greatest music and probably the greatest music ever written. He transcended all the form, all the conventions, and basically gave a wonderful expression to the end of the spiritual journey.
Marion Scott spoke about Beethoven's first stage as where he looked at the material world through material eyes, where he basically was mastering the world of form, the world of materiality. In the second stage, he looked at the spiritual world through material eyes. Here he was really beginning to express the development and the deepening of his spiritual journey, which could be traced very clearly in his music, but he was still doing it within the framework of the world's forms. It was at the end of his life that he broke with all of these forms. Scott talked about this as when he looked at the spiritual world through spiritual eyes. That is why when you listen to this later music, especially the late sonatas and quartets, you realize that he was inhabiting a totally different realm from anything else he or anyone else had composed. That is what makes his music so other-worldly.
One could make the same kinds of statements about these three levels in A Course in Miracles. Wrong-mindedness is looking at the material world through material eyes. That is what the ego is all about. So those are all the passages in the Course that detail the dynamics of the ego and what specialness is all about, which was all predicated on the seeming reality of our guilt, our sinfulness, our need to project onto other people, cannibalize other people, and kill in order to get what we want.
The correction for this, right-mindedness, is Jesus looking at the material world, the ego thought system, but from the perspective of the spiritual. That is where he speaks very often using the term reflection. That is where he says that love is impossible in this world, but forgiveness, which is love's reflection, is possible here. He talks about the reflection of holiness here, which is what the holy relationship is. He talks about the holy instant. He uses the word holy even though holiness is not possible in this world, but the holy instant and the holy relationship are the reflections of what is true. Again, he is looking at the ego's thought system, a dualistic thought system, from the perspective of the spiritual, but the way that he writes about it, the way that it is presented, and the way that we are asked to practice it is as if we were here. It is looking at the material world, but through the eyes of vision. It is still within the world of duality, which means it is still illusory.
One-mindedness is looking at the spiritual world through spiritual sight. This is recognized in the passages that deal directly with what the state of Heaven is like. There are not many of them, because there is no way we could understand them. These are the passages in A Course in Miracles that tell us what truth is, what reality is, what non-duality is. When you understand that, at least intellectually, you have a perspective by which you can understand what illusion is, and what duality is. That is what would help you not fall into the mistake of taking passages out of context, twisting them around so they will mean what you want them to mean, which will always be to affirm the reality of your specialness at the expense of truth. When you truly understand what oneness, reality, and non-duality mean, you will not make that mistake. You will then have a perspective, a context, a framework in which to understand all of the statements of right-mindedness in the Course, all of the statements in the Course
that deal with the role of the Holy Spirit, and that deal with the role of the miracle and the role of forgiveness. If you do not have that perspective, you will think that what Jesus is talking about should be taken as literally true. It should not be taken as literally true, but he must speak to us on this level because that is where we believe we are.
Later we will look at passages that basically show us how Jesus was aware of this problem, and how he is aware of what he was doing in his course. The problem is that his students are not aware of what he is doing in the Course, and so in some way they skip over these passages because they do not seem that important, and therefore they miss the whole point. This will help you not miss the point, so that your lifetime's work with the Course will become a truly productive one and will be one that will truly lead you on the journey, which in the end will help you transcend your ego. If you are a student of the Course, you would not want to settle for anything less. That would always be the fundamental question you should ask yourself. Why would I settle for less when I could have everything? Why would I settle for a little glimpse of love when I could have that total experience of love? Why would I want Jesus' pinky when I could have his whole being? Why would I settle for less than everything? Yet that is what people do when they work with the Course, because they are not aware of what it is saying.
The state of Oneness or the state of Heaven is the perfect Unity and Oneness of God and Christ. The Course talks about the Mind of God, which is the Creator, and the Mind of Christ, which is what God created. This is always spelled with a capital M. The Mind of God and the Mind of Christ are totally unified. When we speak of something being non-dualistic, it means it is non-dual. There are not two; there is only one. This is the most important point to always keep in mind. This is the only level of reality. This is the only level of truth. Anything else that smacks of duality is only a reflection of reality or a reflection of truth, but not truth. Truth is only God and Christ and there is absolutely nothing else.
There is no way that this can be understood here, as we will see. The words God and Christ have no meaning in Heaven. The words Creator and Created have no meaning in Heaven. They do have meaning for us here, but these are dualistic terms. Obviously, we talk about God and we talk about Christ. We talk about the Father and we talk about the Son. We talk about God as the First Cause; we talk about Christ as the Effect. These are important words to us here because they are meaningful to us. In Heaven, there is no state of duality. There is no God as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Son, Christ. There is no Christ as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Creator. Again, these are dualistic terms; these are words. Later on, we will read an important passage where Jesus says that "words are but symbols of symbols. They are thus twice removed from reality" (M-21.1:9-10).
So the words God and Christ symbolize something, but we, who are creatures of duality and specialness, have no way of understanding what the concept of oneness means, what the concept of non-duality means. The idea that "nowhere does the Father end, the Son begin as something separate from Him" (W-pI.132.12:4) makes no sense to us. There are many passages in the Course that reflect this. There is not much we can say about it, but it is, once again, extremely important that you understand this is the bottom line. This is the only truth there is, the only reality. Everything else is a dream, everything else is totally made up.
This is one of the few places in the Course where you can actually see not only a description of Heaven, but almost a definition of it.
(T-18.VI.1:1) There is nothing outside you.
This is a perfectly clear non-dualistic statement.
(T-18.VI.1:2) That is what you must ultimately learn, for it is the realization that the Kingdom of Heaven is restored to you.
There are many places in the Course where Jesus says things like this. When he says this is something you must ultimately learn, he is telling you this is very important. If you read this course with colored markers ready, this is one of the statements you should underline. He is telling you this is what it is all about, that you learn "there is nothing outside you." That means there is no God outside you, there is no Holy Spirit outside you, there is no Jesus outside you, there is no world outside you. If you keep statements like this in mind, you will not fall into the trap of making the error real, of believing there is a world out there that you must do something about, that you must heal, save, run away from, want to join with, or to forgive.
(T-18.VI.1:3) For God created only this [namely the Kingdom of Heaven], and He did not depart from it nor leave it separate from Himself.
This is a classic non-dualistic statement. This is a reflection of the other important principle in the Course, ideas leave not their source. We are an idea in the Mind of God and we have never left our Source. That means the separation never happened. Early in the text, Jesus says the Kingdom of Heaven is not within you. "The Kingdom of Heaven is you" (T-4.III.1:4). You are the Kingdom of Heaven because you are one with God and God is the Kingdom.
(T-18.VI.1:4-6) The Kingdom of Heaven is the dwelling place of the Son of God, who left not his Father and dwells not apart from Him. [Once again, these are expressions of that perfect Oneness of God and Christ.] Heaven is not a place nor a condition. [And here is the definition:] It is merely an awareness of perfect Oneness, and the knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within.
If we truly could understand this, we would not need anything else in the Course. Later on I will read a passage where Jesus says, "We say 'God is,' and then we cease to speak . . ." (WpI.169.5:4). There is nothing else to say. God is. If God is, then His Son is also and there is nothing else. That is probably the closest we will get in the Course to a definition of Heaven. It is the "awareness of perfect Oneness and the knowledge that there is nothing else . . . ." When Jesus uses knowledge, he is not talking about knowledge in the conventional sense where you know something, you are aware of something. That is because these all occur within a dualistic framework. Knowledge in the Course is just a synonym for that state of perfect Oneness. It is the state of the Kingdom, of pure Being. It is the "knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within."
Some of you are familiar with the book Gloria and I wrote many years ago called Awaken from the Dream, where there is a lovely (if I might say so, speaking for both of us) description of this unity of Heaven:
… in the Beginning, before there was even a conc<cursor_is_here> …
Creation, like spirit, is abstract, formless, and unchanging. Its nature is unity, knowledge of which is that there is nowhere the Creator ends and the created begins. There is no boundary, no differentiation, no separation. Yet, included in this knowledge is the fact that we are not the Source of creation, though we remain One within It.
Can the Mind of God begin? Can the Mind of God end? Can a Thought that is part of that Mind be something other than that Mind? Surely not, since there is no subject or object in the state of Heaven; no observer or observed. There is no perception, simply the total knowledge of who we are: a glory of such unified resplendence that concepts of within-without have no meaning (Awaken from the Dream, pp. 3-4).
There is no way of understanding what that is, but you could at least begin to understand that nothing in this world has anything whatsoever, to do with that, in any way, shape, or form. We are talking about a concept of oneness and unity that totally transcends anything in this world. It transcends the role of the Holy Spirit. It transcends forgiveness. It transcends the miracle. It transcends A Course in Miracles. Those of you who are familiar with my book on Helen, Absence from Felicity, may remember that I discussed that Helen, who obviously had a very close relationship with Jesus and certainly experienced him as very real, occasionally would tell me of an experience she would have of a voice that was basically soundless and that transcended the voice of Jesus. That is what we are talking about. That experience
transcended the dualistic experience of having a relationship with Jesus. It was something beyond even what the Course is about, because the Course says it is not about Heaven and it is not about truth. It is about removing the interferences that we place between ourselves and truth.
Over and over again Jesus says, in one form or another, that knowledge is not the goal of this course, oneness is not the goal of this course. Peace is the goal of this course. And peace in A Course in Miracles is accomplished through the undoing of the ego's specialness. One does not have to understand or know what that oneness is. But, again, if you are going to really understand this course, then you must understand there is something beyond what you think these words are telling you. These words are telling you one thing on the level of form, but on the level of content, if you follow them along without pre-judging them, you will be led by them beyond everything in this world, as the Course says, right up to the gate of Heaven, and then the Course stops. It has carried out its purpose. Then, as Jesus says, God will reach down and lift you back unto Himself (C-4.8:3). That is not the Course goal. That happens afterward.
(W-pII.11.2:4) What God has willed to be forever One will still be One when time is over; and will not be changed throughout the course of time, remaining as it was before the thought of time began.
(W-pII.11.4:1-5) We are creation; we the Sons of God. We seem to be discrete, and unaware of our eternal unity with Him. Yet back of all our doubts, past all our fears, there still is certainty. For love remains with all its Thoughts, its sureness being theirs. God's memory is in our holy minds, which know their oneness and their unity with their Creator.
Here we see another very clear statement that the world of separation, of separate personalities, of individualities, the world of discreteness has nothing to do with Heaven. It is all part of the illusion. It is all part of the dream, and we remain, as the Course says, at home in God yet dreaming of exile (T-10.I.2:1). We remain at home with God in that state of perfect Oneness with Him.
(T-2.VII.6:1-3) It should especially be noted that God has only one Son. If all His creations are His Sons, every one must be an integral part of the whole Sonship. The Sonship in its Oneness transcends the sum of its parts.
That last line is an extremely important one. It is repeated several times in the Course in different ways. What Jesus is saying is that what constitutes Christ, what constitutes the one Son of God, is not adding up all of the seemingly separate fragments. What constitutes Christ is its perfect unity and wholeness. The Oneness transcends the sum of its parts. What defines Christ is this perfect Oneness, not the conglomerate or the sum total of all the seeming fragments. That is how we think of it here. That is why the whole thought of the hundredthmonkey idea, which many Course students adopt and think that is what the Course is talking about, misses the point entirely. That is a wonderful example of the kind of thing I was discussing earlier, where people will take things from the Course out of context and basically understand them within the context of their particular thought system, or their form of spirituality. If you understand that what defines Christ is His perfect wholeness and oneness, then you cannot add up a certain number of members of the Sonship, get a magic number that tilts the rest of the Sonship and everybody falls into God's lap. If you understand and you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you will not fall into that trap.
People take the section called "The Circle of Atonement," which talks about how teachers of innocence are gathered together and the implication of that section is that you get more and more people within the Sonship—people interpret that as saying that they have got to get more and more people studying the Course; governments, national and world leaders must study the Course. So we get more and more people into this circle and when we get enough people, everybody will be pulled into it and, again, we fall into Heaven. That is a very nice spirituality. It could work for people. It is not A Course in Miracles. Please, do not fall into that trap. If you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you could never fall into that trap because that is a dualistic statement, that you get people who are seemingly separate, and you just get enough of them in one place and something magical will happen. That is not what this Course is about.
If Christ is totally one, if as Jesus says in the teachers' manual, it is true that only one teacher of God is needed to save the world (M-12.1:1), then you do not add up numbers. This is not about getting converts. It is about each individual student of A Course in Miracles learning this course, accepting the Atonement for oneself, and then realizing that they are that one. Later on I will explain to you how that works psychologically, how that really works, how everyone really is part of the one. When you start adding people up, you are making the error real, you are making separation real, and you are saying a certain number of people are needed to save the world. The manual makes it very clear that only one is needed, and Jesus is not talking about himself. He would be an example of the one, but we are all examples of the one. Jesus is an example of one who has accepted the Atonement for himself, whose mind is perfectly healed, but in that awareness, in that healing, in that acceptance of the Atonement, he knows there are no separated Sons. He becomes the Christ because he now realizes that he is the Christ. He, as a separate personality, disappears because we are all Christ, we are all part of that whole.
There is no way anyone in this world can understand how that works, and Jesus does not ask us to understand how it works, but what he does ask us to do is understand how nothing else works. If you understand how nothing else works, then you will leave the door open for what truly works and in fact is the only thing that does work. This is very, very important. If you try to superimpose on A Course in Miracles your own spiritual path, which may have thousands, hundreds of thousands, and even millions of devotees, you will never learn what this course is saying. There is nothing else in this world like this course. It is not saying that you will not find God in other pathways, but you will not find God if you try to do that other pathway with the Course. And you certainly will not find it with the Course. You may construct your own spirituality based on little fragments from the Course and little fragments from this and little fragments from that, and that might work for you, but that has nothing to do with A Course in Miracles. If you change one teaching in this course, if you omit one teaching in this course, you have omitted the whole Course.
That is why Jesus says you either believe all of this course or none of it (T-22.II.7:4). This is not a course you can pick and choose from. It is not sinful, wicked, or bad, if you do, but then it is no longer A Course in Miracles. It is something else. It is eclectic spirituality. There is absolutely nothing wrong with anyone doing that, or promulgating it, or teaching it, but they should have the humility, the good sense, and the self-respect to be clear with the world that they are no longer teaching A Course in Miracles. Blend this with anything else and you will have lost what this is.
Just as Christ is defined by "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" this course is the same way. This is greater than the sum of its individual teachings. Its individual teachings form a perfectly integrated whole that transcends any one statement or any one principle. That is what you must understand. That is what this hidden level of the Course is, that you realize the perfect totality that this thought system represents. Again, you do not have to be able to accept it totally. You do not have to live it totally. You do not have to understand it totally, but do understand that there is nothing else like it, and nothing else that you think it is saying is what it is saying. That will leave the door open.
This course, just like Christ, is greater than the sum of its parts, and if you want to know what it is teaching, you must give yourself to it totally. And the way you give yourself to it totally is to realize how much you do not want to give yourself to it totally, how much you want to withhold yourself from it. There is nothing wrong in doing that. In fact, there is something wrong in your not doing it, because if you think you are not doing it then you are a liar. You should assume you will do it. You will withhold from it; you will take out certain things that you are not comfortable with; you will blend it in with other things; and you will make the Course a statement of dualistic thinking instead of non-dualistic thinking. Don't be surprised when you do it, but don't be arrogant in thinking you don't do it. It is in realizing that you are trying to change the Course, just as you tried to change Heaven, that will help you get past all of your guilt over your seeming sin.
Everyone is going to "sin" with this course, because no one wants to hear what it says. If people wanted to hear what it said, then they would already know what it says and they would not need it. No one wanted to hear what Jesus said two thousand years ago either. That is not a sin. That is just a reflection of the original thought when you did not want to hear what God said either, which is the word of perfect Oneness. Therefore, you want to be aware of your attempting to subvert, pervert, distort, and change this course, but forgive yourself for it. Just don't arrogantly think you are not doing that.
Remember, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. How many people are really ready to totally give themselves to the whole of this course, to the whole of Jesus' love without any reservation? That is what you want to look at in yourself and be humble about. That is what will allow you to forgive yourself, not for what you think you have done to Jesus or A Course in Miracles, but what you think you did to God and to Christ.
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://d1wtq249fs8lkp.cloudfront.net/excerpt-series/duality-as-metaphor/Duality%20as%20Metaphor%20in%20A%20Course%20in%20Miracles%20-%20Part%20II.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nDuality as Metaphor in A Course in Miracles\n\nExcerpts from the Workshop held at the Foundation for A Course in Miracles Roscoe NY\n\nKenneth Wapnick, Ph.D.\n\nPart II\n\nHeaven: The State of Oneness\n\nWe will begin talking about what Heaven is, what the state of Oneness is, what early in the text is called One-mindedness. Then we will talk about what the Course refers to as wrongmindedness, the thought system of the ego, which is the beginning of the thought system of duality, just as Oneness is the thought system of non-duality. Finally, we will talk about the correction or the undoing of the wrong-minded thought system of the ego, which is through the right-minded thought system of the Holy Spirit that centers around the teaching of forgiveness. These teachings of forgiveness all have to do with the reflection of truth. They are not true. They all belong to the world of duality, which means they should not be taken literally. When Jesus speaks about God and about the state of Heaven, he should be taken very literally. When he speaks about the ego, forgiveness, and the Holy Spirit's role, he is talking metaphorically or symbolically.\n\nLet me go back to another musical example as a way of summarizing these three different types of mind: One-mindedness, wrong-mindedness and right-mindedness. About 30 years ago, I read a wonderful book on Beethoven by the British writer Marion Scott. She talked about Beethoven's three stages, which most music scholars talk about, the early, middle, and the late stage. The early stage is the period of the first 30 years of Beethoven's life, wherein the music he composed was very much based upon the formal technique that he learned from Mozart and Haydn. These are not his greatest works by any means. They are very much involved with form, and you can watch Beethoven learning how to master his craft. Then he entered into the second phase with the Eroica Symphony. His Symphonies Three to Eight, his last three piano concertos, some of his greatest piano sonatas, the middle quartets, and his opera Fidelio all belong to that period. Usually, this is the music that is the most accessible to music lovers and that really gave him his great reputation. His final stage, which begins with the Ninth Symphony and then goes into his late sonatas and the last quartets, is clearly his greatest music and probably the greatest music ever written. He transcended all the form, all the conventions, and basically gave a wonderful expression to the end of the spiritual journey.\n\nMarion Scott spoke about Beethoven's first stage as where he looked at the material world through material eyes, where he basically was mastering the world of form, the world of materiality. In the second stage, he looked at the spiritual world through material eyes. Here he was really beginning to express the development and the deepening of his spiritual journey, which could be traced very clearly in his music, but he was still doing it within the framework of the world's forms. It was at the end of his life that he broke with all of these forms. Scott talked about this as when he looked at the spiritual world through spiritual eyes. That is why when you listen to this later music, especially the late sonatas and quartets, you realize that he was inhabiting a totally different realm from anything else he or anyone else had composed. That is what makes his music so other-worldly.\n\nOne could make the same kinds of statements about these three levels in A Course in Miracles. Wrong-mindedness is looking at the material world through material eyes. That is what the ego is all about. So those are all the passages in the Course that detail the dynamics of the ego and what specialness is all about, which was all predicated on the seeming reality of our guilt, our sinfulness, our need to project onto other people, cannibalize other people, and kill in order to get what we want.\n\nThe correction for this, right-mindedness, is Jesus looking at the material world, the ego thought system, but from the perspective of the spiritual. That is where he speaks very often using the term reflection. That is where he says that love is impossible in this world, but forgiveness, which is love's reflection, is possible here. He talks about the reflection of holiness here, which is what the holy relationship is. He talks about the holy instant. He uses the word holy even though holiness is not possible in this world, but the holy instant and the holy relationship are the reflections of what is true. Again, he is looking at the ego's thought system, a dualistic thought system, from the perspective of the spiritual, but the way that he writes about it, the way that it is presented, and the way that we are asked to practice it is as if we were here. It is looking at the material world, but through the eyes of vision. It is still within the world of duality, which means it is still illusory.\n\nOne-mindedness is looking at the spiritual world through spiritual sight. This is recognized in the passages that deal directly with what the state of Heaven is like. There are not many of them, because there is no way we could understand them. These are the passages in A Course in Miracles that tell us what truth is, what reality is, what non-duality is. When you understand that, at least intellectually, you have a perspective by which you can understand what illusion is, and what duality is. That is what would help you not fall into the mistake of taking passages out of context, twisting them around so they will mean what you want them to mean, which will always be to affirm the reality of your specialness at the expense of truth. When you truly understand what oneness, reality, and non-duality mean, you will not make that mistake. You will then have a perspective, a context, a framework in which to understand all of the statements of right-mindedness in the Course, all of the statements in the Course\n\nthat deal with the role of the Holy Spirit, and that deal with the role of the miracle and the role of forgiveness. If you do not have that perspective, you will think that what Jesus is talking about should be taken as literally true. It should not be taken as literally true, but he must speak to us on this level because that is where we believe we are.\n\nLater we will look at passages that basically show us how Jesus was aware of this problem, and how he is aware of what he was doing in his course. The problem is that his students are not aware of what he is doing in the Course, and so in some way they skip over these passages because they do not seem that important, and therefore they miss the whole point. This will help you not miss the point, so that your lifetime's work with the Course will become a truly productive one and will be one that will truly lead you on the journey, which in the end will help you transcend your ego. If you are a student of the Course, you would not want to settle for anything less. That would always be the fundamental question you should ask yourself. Why would I settle for less when I could have everything? Why would I settle for a little glimpse of love when I could have that total experience of love? Why would I want Jesus' pinky when I could have his whole being? Why would I settle for less than everything? Yet that is what people do when they work with the Course, because they are not aware of what it is saying.\n\nThe state of Oneness or the state of Heaven is the perfect Unity and Oneness of God and Christ. The Course talks about the Mind of God, which is the Creator, and the Mind of Christ, which is what God created. This is always spelled with a capital M. The Mind of God and the Mind of Christ are totally unified. When we speak of something being non-dualistic, it means it is non-dual. There are not two; there is only one. This is the most important point to always keep in mind. This is the only level of reality. This is the only level of truth. Anything else that smacks of duality is only a reflection of reality or a reflection of truth, but not truth. Truth is only God and Christ and there is absolutely nothing else.\n\nThere is no way that this can be understood here, as we will see. The words God and Christ have no meaning in Heaven. The words Creator and Created have no meaning in Heaven. They do have meaning for us here, but these are dualistic terms. Obviously, we talk about God and we talk about Christ. We talk about the Father and we talk about the Son. We talk about God as the First Cause; we talk about Christ as the Effect. These are important words to us here because they are meaningful to us. In Heaven, there is no state of duality. There is no God as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Son, Christ. There is no Christ as a separated consciousness that perceives Himself in relationship to His Creator. Again, these are dualistic terms; these are words. Later on, we will read an important passage where Jesus says that \"words are but symbols of symbols. They are thus twice removed from reality\" (M-21.1:9-10).\n\nSo the words God and Christ symbolize something, but we, who are creatures of duality and specialness, have no way of understanding what the concept of oneness means, what the concept of non-duality means. The idea that \"nowhere does the Father end, the Son begin as something separate from Him\" (W-pI.132.12:4) makes no sense to us. There are many passages in the Course that reflect this. There is not much we can say about it, but it is, once again, extremely important that you understand this is the bottom line. This is the only truth there is, the only reality. Everything else is a dream, everything else is totally made up.\n\nThis is one of the few places in the Course where you can actually see not only a description of Heaven, but almost a definition of it.\n\n(T-18.VI.1:1) There is nothing outside you.\n\nThis is a perfectly clear non-dualistic statement.\n\n(T-18.VI.1:2) That is what you must ultimately learn, for it is the realization that the Kingdom of Heaven is restored to you.\n\nThere are many places in the Course where Jesus says things like this. When he says this is something you must ultimately learn, he is telling you this is very important. If you read this course with colored markers ready, this is one of the statements you should underline. He is telling you this is what it is all about, that you learn \"there is nothing outside you.\" That means there is no God outside you, there is no Holy Spirit outside you, there is no Jesus outside you, there is no world outside you. If you keep statements like this in mind, you will not fall into the trap of making the error real, of believing there is a world out there that you must do something about, that you must heal, save, run away from, want to join with, or to forgive.\n\n(T-18.VI.1:3) For God created only this [namely the Kingdom of Heaven], and He did not depart from it nor leave it separate from Himself.\n\nThis is a classic non-dualistic statement. This is a reflection of the other important principle in the Course, ideas leave not their source. We are an idea in the Mind of God and we have never left our Source. That means the separation never happened. Early in the text, Jesus says the Kingdom of Heaven is not within you. \"The Kingdom of Heaven is you\" (T-4.III.1:4). You are the Kingdom of Heaven because you are one with God and God is the Kingdom.\n\n(T-18.VI.1:4-6) The Kingdom of Heaven is the dwelling place of the Son of God, who left not his Father and dwells not apart from Him. [Once again, these are expressions of that perfect Oneness of God and Christ.] Heaven is not a place nor a condition. [And here is the definition:] It is merely an awareness of perfect Oneness, and the knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within.\n\nIf we truly could understand this, we would not need anything else in the Course. Later on I will read a passage where Jesus says, \"We say 'God is,' and then we cease to speak . . .\" (WpI.169.5:4). There is nothing else to say. God is. If God is, then His Son is also and there is nothing else. That is probably the closest we will get in the Course to a definition of Heaven. It is the \"awareness of perfect Oneness and the knowledge that there is nothing else . . . .\" When Jesus uses knowledge, he is not talking about knowledge in the conventional sense where you know something, you are aware of something. That is because these all occur within a dualistic framework. Knowledge in the Course is just a synonym for that state of perfect Oneness. It is the state of the Kingdom, of pure Being. It is the \"knowledge that there is nothing else; nothing outside this Oneness, and nothing else within.\"\n\nSome of you are familiar with the book Gloria and I wrote many years ago called Awaken from the Dream, where there is a lovely (if I might say so, speaking for both of us) description of this unity of Heaven:\n\n… in the Beginning, before there was even a conc<cursor_is_here> …\n\nCreation, like spirit, is abstract, formless, and unchanging. Its nature is unity, knowledge of which is that there is nowhere the Creator ends and the created begins. There is no boundary, no differentiation, no separation. Yet, included in this knowledge is the fact that we are not the Source of creation, though we remain One within It.\n\nCan the Mind of God begin? Can the Mind of God end? Can a Thought that is part of that Mind be something other than that Mind? Surely not, since there is no subject or object in the state of Heaven; no observer or observed. There is no perception, simply the total knowledge of who we are: a glory of such unified resplendence that concepts of within-without have no meaning (Awaken from the Dream, pp. 3-4).\n\nThere is no way of understanding what that is, but you could at least begin to understand that nothing in this world has anything whatsoever, to do with that, in any way, shape, or form. We are talking about a concept of oneness and unity that totally transcends anything in this world. It transcends the role of the Holy Spirit. It transcends forgiveness. It transcends the miracle. It transcends A Course in Miracles. Those of you who are familiar with my book on Helen, Absence from Felicity, may remember that I discussed that Helen, who obviously had a very close relationship with Jesus and certainly experienced him as very real, occasionally would tell me of an experience she would have of a voice that was basically soundless and that transcended the voice of Jesus. That is what we are talking about. That experience\n\ntranscended the dualistic experience of having a relationship with Jesus. It was something beyond even what the Course is about, because the Course says it is not about Heaven and it is not about truth. It is about removing the interferences that we place between ourselves and truth.\n\nOver and over again Jesus says, in one form or another, that knowledge is not the goal of this course, oneness is not the goal of this course. Peace is the goal of this course. And peace in A Course in Miracles is accomplished through the undoing of the ego's specialness. One does not have to understand or know what that oneness is. But, again, if you are going to really understand this course, then you must understand there is something beyond what you think these words are telling you. These words are telling you one thing on the level of form, but on the level of content, if you follow them along without pre-judging them, you will be led by them beyond everything in this world, as the Course says, right up to the gate of Heaven, and then the Course stops. It has carried out its purpose. Then, as Jesus says, God will reach down and lift you back unto Himself (C-4.8:3). That is not the Course goal. That happens afterward.\n\n(W-pII.11.2:4) What God has willed to be forever One will still be One when time is over; and will not be changed throughout the course of time, remaining as it was before the thought of time began.\n\n(W-pII.11.4:1-5) We are creation; we the Sons of God. We seem to be discrete, and unaware of our eternal unity with Him. Yet back of all our doubts, past all our fears, there still is certainty. For love remains with all its Thoughts, its sureness being theirs. God's memory is in our holy minds, which know their oneness and their unity with their Creator.\n\nHere we see another very clear statement that the world of separation, of separate personalities, of individualities, the world of discreteness has nothing to do with Heaven. It is all part of the illusion. It is all part of the dream, and we remain, as the Course says, at home in God yet dreaming of exile (T-10.I.2:1). We remain at home with God in that state of perfect Oneness with Him.\n\n(T-2.VII.6:1-3) It should especially be noted that God has only one Son. If all His creations are His Sons, every one must be an integral part of the whole Sonship. The Sonship in its Oneness transcends the sum of its parts.\n\nThat last line is an extremely important one. It is repeated several times in the Course in different ways. What Jesus is saying is that what constitutes Christ, what constitutes the one Son of God, is not adding up all of the seemingly separate fragments. What constitutes Christ is its perfect unity and wholeness. The Oneness transcends the sum of its parts. What defines Christ is this perfect Oneness, not the conglomerate or the sum total of all the seeming fragments. That is how we think of it here. That is why the whole thought of the hundredthmonkey idea, which many Course students adopt and think that is what the Course is talking about, misses the point entirely. That is a wonderful example of the kind of thing I was discussing earlier, where people will take things from the Course out of context and basically understand them within the context of their particular thought system, or their form of spirituality. If you understand that what defines Christ is His perfect wholeness and oneness, then you cannot add up a certain number of members of the Sonship, get a magic number that tilts the rest of the Sonship and everybody falls into God's lap. If you understand and you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you will not fall into that trap.\n\nPeople take the section called \"The Circle of Atonement,\" which talks about how teachers of innocence are gathered together and the implication of that section is that you get more and more people within the Sonship—people interpret that as saying that they have got to get more and more people studying the Course; governments, national and world leaders must study the Course. So we get more and more people into this circle and when we get enough people, everybody will be pulled into it and, again, we fall into Heaven. That is a very nice spirituality. It could work for people. It is not A Course in Miracles. Please, do not fall into that trap. If you accept no compromise in which duality plays a part, you could never fall into that trap because that is a dualistic statement, that you get people who are seemingly separate, and you just get enough of them in one place and something magical will happen. That is not what this Course is about.\n\nIf Christ is totally one, if as Jesus says in the teachers' manual, it is true that only one teacher of God is needed to save the world (M-12.1:1), then you do not add up numbers. This is not about getting converts. It is about each individual student of A Course in Miracles learning this course, accepting the Atonement for oneself, and then realizing that they are that one. Later on I will explain to you how that works psychologically, how that really works, how everyone really is part of the one. When you start adding people up, you are making the error real, you are making separation real, and you are saying a certain number of people are needed to save the world. The manual makes it very clear that only one is needed, and Jesus is not talking about himself. He would be an example of the one, but we are all examples of the one. Jesus is an example of one who has accepted the Atonement for himself, whose mind is perfectly healed, but in that awareness, in that healing, in that acceptance of the Atonement, he knows there are no separated Sons. He becomes the Christ because he now realizes that he is the Christ. He, as a separate personality, disappears because we are all Christ, we are all part of that whole.\n\nThere is no way anyone in this world can understand how that works, and Jesus does not ask us to understand how it works, but what he does ask us to do is understand how nothing else works. If you understand how nothing else works, then you will leave the door open for what truly works and in fact is the only thing that does work. This is very, very important. If you try to superimpose on A Course in Miracles your own spiritual path, which may have thousands, hundreds of thousands, and even millions of devotees, you will never learn what this course is saying. There is nothing else in this world like this course. It is not saying that you will not find God in other pathways, but you will not find God if you try to do that other pathway with the Course. And you certainly will not find it with the Course. You may construct your own spirituality based on little fragments from the Course and little fragments from this and little fragments from that, and that might work for you, but that has nothing to do with A Course in Miracles. If you change one teaching in this course, if you omit one teaching in this course, you have omitted the whole Course.\n\nThat is why Jesus says you either believe all of this course or none of it (T-22.II.7:4). This is not a course you can pick and choose from. It is not sinful, wicked, or bad, if you do, but then it is no longer A Course in Miracles. It is something else. It is eclectic spirituality. There is absolutely nothing wrong with anyone doing that, or promulgating it, or teaching it, but they should have the humility, the good sense, and the self-respect to be clear with the world that they are no longer teaching A Course in Miracles. Blend this with anything else and you will have lost what this is.\n\nJust as Christ is defined by \"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts\" this course is the same way. This is greater than the sum of its individual teachings. Its individual teachings form a perfectly integrated whole that transcends any one statement or any one principle. That is what you must understand. That is what this hidden level of the Course is, that you realize the perfect totality that this thought system represents. Again, you do not have to be able to accept it totally. You do not have to live it totally. You do not have to understand it totally, but do understand that there is nothing else like it, and nothing else that you think it is saying is what it is saying. That will leave the door open.\n\nThis course, just like Christ, is greater than the sum of its parts, and if you want to know what it is teaching, you must give yourself to it totally. And the way you give yourself to it totally is to realize how much you do not want to give yourself to it totally, how much you want to withhold yourself from it. There is nothing wrong in doing that. In fact, there is something wrong in your not doing it, because if you think you are not doing it then you are a liar. You should assume you will do it. You will withhold from it; you will take out certain things that you are not comfortable with; you will blend it in with other things; and you will make the Course a statement of dualistic thinking instead of non-dualistic thinking. Don't be surprised when you do it, but don't be arrogant in thinking you don't do it. It is in realizing that you are trying to change the Course, just as you tried to change Heaven, that will help you get past all of your guilt over your seeming sin.\n\nEveryone is going to \"sin\" with this course, because no one wants to hear what it says. If people wanted to hear what it said, then they would already know what it says and they would not need it. No one wanted to hear what Jesus said two thousand years ago either. That is not a sin. That is just a reflection of the original thought when you did not want to hear what God said either, which is the word of perfect Oneness. Therefore, you want to be aware of your attempting to subvert, pervert, distort, and change this course, but forgive yourself for it. Just don't arrogantly think you are not doing that.\n\nRemember, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. How many people are really ready to totally give themselves to the whole of this course, to the whole of Jesus' love without any reservation? That is what you want to look at in yourself and be humble about. That is what will allow you to forgive yourself, not for what you think you have done to Jesus or A Course in Miracles, but what you think you did to God and to Christ.\n</text>\n",
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"content": "ept of beginning, there is God, our Source and the Source of all creation: a perfection and resplendence whose magnificence is beyond comprehension; love and gentleness of such an infinite nature that consciousness could not even begin its apprehension; a pristine stillness of uninterrupted joy; a motionless flow without friction to impede it; a vast, limitless, and all-encompassing Totality, beyond space, beyond time, in which there is no beginning, no ending, for there was never a time or place when God was not.",
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A HIGH-LEVEL DEVELOPMENT TOOL DEDICATED TO THE GENERATION OF CORES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATIONS.
Virginie Fresse 1 Stephen Marshall 1 Olivier Déforges 22
Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street
Glasgow, G1 1XW United Kingdom.
Phone: +44/0 141 548 2250
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates the integration of a high-level development tool in a fast and easy-to-use prototyping process, called AVSynDEx. This process is dedicated to the implementation of real-time image processing applications on parallel and mixed platforms. The integration of this final environment, which is a highlevel development tool for the generation of IP cores, completes the prototyping process. The designer of image-processing algorithms can finally develop and supervise the whole implementation process without any pre-requirement and within a short development time.
1- INTRODUCTION
AVSynDEx is an existing rapid prototyping process aimed at the implementation of digital signal processing applications on mixed architectures (multi-DSP+FPGA) [1][2]. It is based on the use of available and efficient CAD tools established along the design process so that most of the implementation tasks become automated. These tools and architectures are judiciously selected and integrated during the implementation process to assist a signal-processing specialist without relevant hardware experience. The image-processing designer can also develop and implement the algorithm within a short development time and without requiring highlyspecialist hardware engineers. Nevertheless, this process allows the image-processing designer to implement the functions on FPGA on condition that the corresponding core (hardware processing) already exists. The generation of new cores is not possible and a hardware engineer is then needed.
This paper completes the development of the previous prototyping process, called AVSynDex [1], with the integration of a high-level development tool, DK1
This work is granted by the Regional Council of Britanny
(1)
(2)
20 Avenue des Buttes des Coësmes, CS14315 35043 Rennes, France
ARTIST/FRE URER laboratory INSA RENNES
Phone: +33/0 223 238 286
E-mail: [email protected]
Design Suite [5], for the generation of IP cores. The result leads to the final rapid prototyping process for the development and implementation of any imageprocessing applications on mixed architectures. The development and implementation of a stack filter is used to illustrate the benefits of such integration.
2- PROTOTYPING PROCESS
The methodology (figure 1) integrates two main CAD tools: Advanced Visual System (AVS) for the functional development of the application described as a static data flow graph [3], and SynDEx as generator of optimised distributed executive [4].
Figure 1: Rapid prototyping process for
AVS
SynDEx
GODSP
Automatic translator
Sequential executive
Sequential executive/
distributed executive
DSP
Data flow graph
FPGA
C-
functions
C-
functions
cores
implementation of image processing applications.
The image-processing designer creates the data flow graph by means of the graphical development tool called AVS. The processing operations are C-functions, which are connected together by means of input and output ports (data transfers between two functions). An automatic translator and an academic tool called SynDEx, ensure the translation towards hardware and software descriptions, as explained in [1]. The target platform is a mixed architecture made up of multiDSPC6x and a Virtex FPGA [2]. This architecture can be modified without changing the prototyping process and the available links.
* A software processing operation is a C-function, fully compatible to the initial processing operation. In this case, the functional behaviour of the implemented module is necessarily correct.
Hardware and software processing is different for the same functionality:
* A hardware processing is a core whose initial description is made with Hardware Description Languages (these languages being completely different). The generation of cores is non-automatic and cannot be achieved by the image-processing designer. So, a specialized hardware engineer must reproduce the overall functional behaviour of the Cfunction to generate the corresponding IP core. The functionality of the core may be incorrect if the HDL description does not reproduce the same functionality. This non-correspondence can only be detected during the hardware implementation.
In this prototyping process, there is a perfect correspondence between the C-function and the software module. Unfortunately, the hardware module does not possess any correspondence with initial module. This lack of correspondence leads to the possibility of a functionally incorrect hardware implementation. The only way to check its functionality is the implementation of the core. This constraint is time-consuming and the partitioning between the software and hardware part is difficult to achieve.
The solution is the integration of a high-level development tool called DK1 Design tool, which is a solution for an easy generation of IP core.
3- INTEGRATION OF THE DK1 TOOL
3.1. Presentation of DK1 Design tool
Celoxica's DK1 design suite is a high-level environment, enabling the image-processing designer to generate IP cores [5]. The description is made by means of the Handel-C language. This language is grounded in ISO-C but contains several extensions required for hardware developments. Some expressions, statements, types, type operators and objects are used in C-only or
Handel-C only. Generally, most of them are suitable for both languages.
* Handel-C can process variables of arbitrary width. This means that the size must be judiciously specified. As the tool is dedicated to a hardware implementation, a variable is a register whose size is the width of the data. Operations on several variables are only possible for identical widths (otherwise the concatenation operator is required).
Different extensions are proposed by Handel-C; some of them are listed below.
* An array of n variables corresponds to a set of n registers. It is also possible to create memory arrays and multi-dimensional memory arrays with wom (write only memory), rom or ram keywords. The use of rom and ram is restricted to one element access per clock cycle.
* For the communication, channels provide the links between parallel branches. One parallel branch outputs data onto the channel and the other branch reads data from the channel. Channels also provide synchronisation between parallel branches. As with the variables, Handel-C provides flexible data path widths.
* In a way similar to C-language, a program is executed sequentially. The additional par statement allows parallel executions in a specific function. The parallelism can be at instruction-level or bloc-level.
Figure 2: Example of structure proposed by DK1 tool. Some parallel functions can be achieved; the second line indicates a parallelism between 3 functions (DK1 tool manages all synchronisations). Data is transferred by means of channels
channels
processing
parallelism
Parallel to this, the Handel-C language includes some restrictions such as: the function may not be called recursively; old-type function declarations and variable length parameter lists are not possible. It is also not possible to change a variable by casting or to use the floating point.
An example of a Handel-C program containing par statements and channels is given in figure 3.
```
Set clock=external "P1"; #define SIZE1 5 /*Width of data*/ #define WIDTH 256 /*Size of memory*/ #define LOG2_WIDTH 8 /*With of pointers*/ chan SIZE1 queue_in; /*Channels*/ void main(void) { ram unsigned SIZE1 Source[WIDTH*WIDTH]; unsigned (LOG2_WIDTH*2) i,j; par{ { for(j=0;j<WIDTH;j++) for(i=0;i<WIDTH;i++) queue_in?Source[j*WIDTH+i];} function1(); function2(); } }
```
Figure 3: Example of Handel-C program, 5bits-data are read from channel "queue_in" to load them in the memory called "Source". Parallel to this, "function1" and "function2" are executed (with the "par" statement).
3.2. Generation of cores with DK1 design tool.
DK1 Design tool has several modes. Some of them are used for the generation of IP cores.
The initial AVS description is used to generate the Handel-C program. According to the previous rules, the designer turns the C-function into a Handel-C form. These languages being similar and the translation being at instruction level, the modifications are easy to achieve.
The generation of IP cores is shown in figure 4.
DK1 Design Suite has a debug mode to check the functionality of the function (simulation for the program with a specific image). This mode is only used to check the resulting behaviour of the Handel-C function.
Then, the image-processing designer can specify two modes:
* The second mode (EDIF) generates the EDIF description directly.
* The first mode (VHDL) generates the corresponding VHDL description. A synthesis tool is then used to generate the EDIF description.
The structure of the Handel-C language always guaranties to be synthesized (this is not the case for a HDL description).
Finally, a place and route tool ensures the generation of the IP core. All these tools are easy to use and the image-processing designer does not need additional hardware expertise.
4- GENERATION OF A NON-LINEAR CORE
The development of a non-linear filter illustrates the benefits of such integration. The stack filter is a nonlinear filter, which has proved to give excellent results in image restoration, noise reduction and optical character recognition. This filter is well suited for a hardware implementation but the complexity of such implementation leads to few examples of this occurring in practice.
4.1. Principle of the stack filter
All stack filters have two properties, a superposition property know as threshold decomposition, and an ordering property known as the stacking property [4]. The principle of the filter is given in figure 5.
* The threshold decomposition is first achieved for each pixel of the input window. The output of such decomposition is a set of binary threshold signals, each binary signal representing a level or threshold. So, for m-bits samples, there are k=2 m binary signals.
The k binary signals for an n-valued sample, threshold k (n), are defined according the following equation
* The resulting binary signals represent the output value, found by stacking the Boolean outputs excluding Threshold 0.
* Then, a series of Positive Boolean Functions are performed for every threshold. PBFs can only be used because they maintain the stacking property and hence validate the stack filter as explained in [6]. PBFs can remain unchanged for each threshold but any combination is allowed only if the output remains a stack of '1' with a stack of '0' on top.
4.2. Generation of the non-linear core.
The characteristics of the stack filter implemented are:
* Pixels are 8bit data (= 256 binary signals).
* Images are 256*256.
* The input window is 3*3 pixels.
The only benefits are in the acceleration of the development process and the execution times (the result of processing on the images being identical to software implementation).
* The PBFs are minimum operators
The first stage is the description of the functional algorithm by means of a C-function. This first function is executed on a PC to check the functional behaviour of the filter. The C-function is directly and easily implemented in a C6x DSP. The image-processing designer modifies the C-function to obtain a Handel-C form. The functionality is checked with the DK1 tool.
4.3. Results
Table 1 shows the execution times according the target component. The result of a DSP implementation is not satisfactory: the stack filter contains several nested loops containing conditioning, which do not suit the VLIW architecture of the DSP.
Table 1: Resulting execution times for a stack filter.
Timing characteristics for the FPGA are:
* Maximum net delay: 8.445ns
* Minimum period: 38.927ns (Max. freq.: 25.689MHz)
The result of the FPGA implementation is satisfactory: the core can be used to implement real-time image processing applications. The execution time (2.282 ms,) allows the image-processing designer to implement the algorithm within real-time constraints.
Table 2: Resources for a stack filter.
In addition to a fast execution time, the resources are relatively low as shown in the table 2. External memory is used to load and save samples (17 ns per memory access). The number of slices used is 797 (4800 are available in the Virtex FPGA). Each Virtex CLB contains four Logic cells organised in two similar slices. Consequently, 16% of the FPGA is used for the stack filter.
* The translation of a C-function into a Handel-C form was performed in 30 minutes.
DK1 Design Suite ensures a fast generation of IP cores:
* The generation of core form the Handel-C description was about 15 minutes.
5- CONCLUSION
Consequently, the DK1 Design Suite development tool is an ideal solution for the fast and easy generation of IP cores. An HDL description gives better results (in terms of Quality of Results QoR, which is an areaperformance estimation) than a Handel-C description. Nevertheless, the Handel-C language is easier to use and the functionality is a direct translation from the Cfunction. This leads to a close functional behaviour between a C-function and the corresponding core. The hardware and software modules are functionally similar. Integrated in our prototyping process AVSynDEx, the image-processing designer can develop the algorithm by means of the AVS tool, and then generate the IP cores with DK1 Design Suite. The implementation of the application does not need highly specialist hardware engineers; the image-processing designer manages all the development stages.
The result is a rapid prototyping process for the implementation of real-time image-processing application. The development, the implementation and modifications and optimisations are performed in less than 1 day.
REFERENCES.
[1] Nezan J.F., Fresse V., Deforges O.: "Fast prototyping of parallel architectures: an Mpeg-2 coding application. CISST proc., Las Vegas, USA, June 2001.
[3] Grandpierre T., Lavarenne C., Sorel Y.: "Optimized Rapid Prototyping for Real-time embedded heterogeneous multiprocessors". 7 th Int. Work. on Hardware/software Co-design, May 1999 Rome, Italy.
[2] Fresse V., Deforges O., Assouil M. "Rapid prototyping for mixed architectures". IEEE International Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process., 5-9 June 2000, Istanbul, Turkey
[4] Advanced Visual Systems Inc. "Introduction to AVS/Express". http//www.avs.com.
[6] WendtP.D., Coyle E.J., and al. "stack filters". IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-34, no4, pp 898-911, August 1986.
[5] Celoxica Inc.: "DK1 Design Suite". User manual.
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
http://www.eurasip.org/Proceedings/Eusipco/2002/articles/paper548.pdf
|
2021-09-16T10:50:12+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-39/subset=warc/part-00171-f465d820-0362-4c4c-a396-c69f5fd24cc4.c000.gz.parquet
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|
A HIGH-LEVEL DEVELOPMENT TOOL DEDICATED TO THE GENERATION OF CORES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATIONS.
Virginie Fresse 1 Stephen Marshall 1 Olivier Déforges 22
Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street
Glasgow, G1 1XW United Kingdom.
Phone: +44/0 141 548 2250
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates the integration of a high-level development tool in a fast and easy-to-use prototyping process, called AVSynDEx. This process is dedicated to the implementation of real-time image processing applications on parallel and mixed platforms. The integration of this final environment, which is a highlevel development tool for the generation of IP cores, completes the prototyping process. The designer of image-processing algorithms can finally develop and supervise the whole implementation process without any pre-requirement and within a short development time.
1- INTRODUCTION
AVSynDEx is an existing rapid prototyping process aimed at the implementation of digital signal processing applications on mixed architectures (multi-DSP+FPGA) [1][2]. It is based on the use of available and efficient CAD tools established along the design process so that most of the implementation tasks become automated. These tools and architectures are judiciously selected and integrated during the implementation process to assist a signal-processing specialist without relevant hardware experience. The image-processing designer can also develop and implement the algorithm within a short development time and without requiring highlyspecialist hardware engineers. Nevertheless, this process allows the image-processing designer to implement the functions on FPGA on condition that the corresponding core (hardware processing) already exists. The generation of new cores is not possible and a hardware engineer is then needed.
This paper completes the development of the previous prototyping process, called AVSynDex [1], with the integration of a high-level development tool, DK1
This work is granted by the Regional Council of Britanny
(1)
(2)
20 Avenue des Buttes des Coësmes, CS14315 35043 Rennes, France
ARTIST/FRE URER laboratory INSA RENNES
Phone: +33/0 223 238 286
E-mail: [email protected]
Design Suite [5], for the generation of IP cores. The result leads to the final rapid prototyping process for the development and implementation of any imageprocessing applications on mixed architectures. The development and implementation of a stack filter is used to illustrate the benefits of such integration.
2- PROTOTYPING PROCESS
The methodology (figure 1) integrates two main CAD tools: Advanced Visual System (AVS) for the functional development of the application described as a static data flow graph [3], and SynDEx as generator of optimised distributed executive [4].
Figure 1: Rapid prototyping process for
AVS
SynDEx
GODSP
Automatic translator
Sequential executive
Sequential executive/
distributed executive
DSP
Data flow graph
FPGA
C-
functions
C-
functions
cores
implementation of image processing applications.
The image-processing designer creates the data flow graph by means of the graphical development tool called AVS. The processing operations are C-functions, which are connected together by means of input and output ports (data transfers between two functions). An automatic translator and an academic tool called SynDEx, ensure the translation towards hardware and software descriptions, as explained in [1]. The target platform is a mixed architecture made up of multiDSPC6x and a Virtex FPGA [2]. This architecture can be modified without changing the prototyping process and the available links.
* A software processing operation is a C-function, fully compatible to the initial processing operation. In this case, the functional behaviour of the implemented module is necessarily correct.
Hardware and software processing is different for the same functionality:
* A hardware processing is a core whose initial description is made with Hardware Description Languages (these languages being completely different). The generation of cores is non-automatic and cannot be achieved by the image-processing designer. So, a specialized hardware engineer must reproduce the overall functional behaviour of the Cfunction to generate the corresponding IP core. The functionality of the core may be incorrect if the HDL description does not reproduce the same functionality. This non-correspondence can only be detected during the hardware implementation.
In this prototyping process, there is a perfect correspondence between the C-function and the software module. Unfortunately, the hardware module does not possess any correspondence with initial module. This lack of correspondence leads to the possibility of a functionally incorrect hardware implementation. The only way to check its functionality is the implementation of the core. This constraint is time-consuming and the partitioning between the software and hardware part is difficult to achieve.
The solution is the integration of a high-level development tool called DK1 Design tool, which is a solution for an easy generation of IP core.
3- INTEGRATION OF THE DK1 TOOL
3.1. Presentation of DK1 Design tool
Celoxica's DK1 design suite is a high-level environment, enabling the image-processing designer to generate IP cores [5]. The description is made by means of the Handel-C language. This language is grounded in ISO-C but contains several extensions required for hardware developments. Some expressions, statements, types, type operators and objects are used in C-only or
Handel-C only. Generally, most of them are suitable for both languages.
* Handel-C can process variables of arbitrary width. This means that the size must be judiciously specified. As the tool is dedicated to a hardware implementation, a variable is a register whose size is the width of the data. Operations on several variables are only possible for identical widths (otherwise the concatenation operator is required).
Different extensions are proposed by Handel-C; some of them are listed below.
* An array of n variables corresponds to a set of n registers. It is also possible to create memory arrays and multi-dimensional memory arrays with wom (write only memory), rom or ram keywords. The use of rom and ram is restricted to one element access per clock cycle.
* For the communication, channels provide the links between parallel branches. One parallel branch outputs data onto the channel and the other branch reads data from the channel. Channels also provide synchronisation between parallel branches. As with the variables, Handel-C provides flexible data path widths.
* In a way similar to C-language, a program is executed sequentially. The additional par statement allows parallel executions in a specific function. The parallelism can be at instruction-level or bloc-level.
Figure 2: Example of structure proposed by DK1 tool. Some parallel functions can be achieved; the second line indicates a parallelism between 3 functions (DK1 tool manages all synchronisations). Data is transferred by means of channels
channels
processing
parallelism
Parallel to this, the Handel-C language includes some restrictions such as: the function may not be called recursively; old-type function declarations and variable length parameter lists are not possible. It is also not possible to change a variable by casting or to use the floating point.
An example of a Handel-C program containing par statements and channels is given in figure 3.
```
Set clock=external "P1"; #define SIZE1 5 /*Width of data*/ #define WIDTH 256 /*Size of memory*/ #define LOG2_WIDTH 8 /*With of pointers*/ chan SIZE1 queue_in; /*Channels*/ void main(void) { ram unsigned SIZE1 Source[WIDTH*WIDTH]; unsigned (LOG2_WIDTH*2) i,j; par{ { for(j=0;j<WIDTH;j++) for(i=0;i<WIDTH;i++) queue_in?Source[j*WIDTH+i];} function1(); function2(); } }
```
Figure 3: Example of Handel-C program, 5bits-data are read from channel "queue_in" to load them in the memory called "Source". Parallel to this, "function1" and "function2" a
|
re executed (with the "par" statement).
|
3.2. Generation of cores with DK1 design tool.
DK1 Design tool has several modes. Some of them are used for the generation of IP cores.
The initial AVS description is used to generate the Handel-C program. According to the previous rules, the designer turns the C-function into a Handel-C form. These languages being similar and the translation being at instruction level, the modifications are easy to achieve.
The generation of IP cores is shown in figure 4.
DK1 Design Suite has a debug mode to check the functionality of the function (simulation for the program with a specific image). This mode is only used to check the resulting behaviour of the Handel-C function.
Then, the image-processing designer can specify two modes:
* The second mode (EDIF) generates the EDIF description directly.
* The first mode (VHDL) generates the corresponding VHDL description. A synthesis tool is then used to generate the EDIF description.
The structure of the Handel-C language always guaranties to be synthesized (this is not the case for a HDL description).
Finally, a place and route tool ensures the generation of the IP core. All these tools are easy to use and the image-processing designer does not need additional hardware expertise.
4- GENERATION OF A NON-LINEAR CORE
The development of a non-linear filter illustrates the benefits of such integration. The stack filter is a nonlinear filter, which has proved to give excellent results in image restoration, noise reduction and optical character recognition. This filter is well suited for a hardware implementation but the complexity of such implementation leads to few examples of this occurring in practice.
4.1. Principle of the stack filter
All stack filters have two properties, a superposition property know as threshold decomposition, and an ordering property known as the stacking property [4]. The principle of the filter is given in figure 5.
* The threshold decomposition is first achieved for each pixel of the input window. The output of such decomposition is a set of binary threshold signals, each binary signal representing a level or threshold. So, for m-bits samples, there are k=2 m binary signals.
The k binary signals for an n-valued sample, threshold k (n), are defined according the following equation
* The resulting binary signals represent the output value, found by stacking the Boolean outputs excluding Threshold 0.
* Then, a series of Positive Boolean Functions are performed for every threshold. PBFs can only be used because they maintain the stacking property and hence validate the stack filter as explained in [6]. PBFs can remain unchanged for each threshold but any combination is allowed only if the output remains a stack of '1' with a stack of '0' on top.
4.2. Generation of the non-linear core.
The characteristics of the stack filter implemented are:
* Pixels are 8bit data (= 256 binary signals).
* Images are 256*256.
* The input window is 3*3 pixels.
The only benefits are in the acceleration of the development process and the execution times (the result of processing on the images being identical to software implementation).
* The PBFs are minimum operators
The first stage is the description of the functional algorithm by means of a C-function. This first function is executed on a PC to check the functional behaviour of the filter. The C-function is directly and easily implemented in a C6x DSP. The image-processing designer modifies the C-function to obtain a Handel-C form. The functionality is checked with the DK1 tool.
4.3. Results
Table 1 shows the execution times according the target component. The result of a DSP implementation is not satisfactory: the stack filter contains several nested loops containing conditioning, which do not suit the VLIW architecture of the DSP.
Table 1: Resulting execution times for a stack filter.
Timing characteristics for the FPGA are:
* Maximum net delay: 8.445ns
* Minimum period: 38.927ns (Max. freq.: 25.689MHz)
The result of the FPGA implementation is satisfactory: the core can be used to implement real-time image processing applications. The execution time (2.282 ms,) allows the image-processing designer to implement the algorithm within real-time constraints.
Table 2: Resources for a stack filter.
In addition to a fast execution time, the resources are relatively low as shown in the table 2. External memory is used to load and save samples (17 ns per memory access). The number of slices used is 797 (4800 are available in the Virtex FPGA). Each Virtex CLB contains four Logic cells organised in two similar slices. Consequently, 16% of the FPGA is used for the stack filter.
* The translation of a C-function into a Handel-C form was performed in 30 minutes.
DK1 Design Suite ensures a fast generation of IP cores:
* The generation of core form the Handel-C description was about 15 minutes.
5- CONCLUSION
Consequently, the DK1 Design Suite development tool is an ideal solution for the fast and easy generation of IP cores. An HDL description gives better results (in terms of Quality of Results QoR, which is an areaperformance estimation) than a Handel-C description. Nevertheless, the Handel-C language is easier to use and the functionality is a direct translation from the Cfunction. This leads to a close functional behaviour between a C-function and the corresponding core. The hardware and software modules are functionally similar. Integrated in our prototyping process AVSynDEx, the image-processing designer can develop the algorithm by means of the AVS tool, and then generate the IP cores with DK1 Design Suite. The implementation of the application does not need highly specialist hardware engineers; the image-processing designer manages all the development stages.
The result is a rapid prototyping process for the implementation of real-time image-processing application. The development, the implementation and modifications and optimisations are performed in less than 1 day.
REFERENCES.
[1] Nezan J.F., Fresse V., Deforges O.: "Fast prototyping of parallel architectures: an Mpeg-2 coding application. CISST proc., Las Vegas, USA, June 2001.
[3] Grandpierre T., Lavarenne C., Sorel Y.: "Optimized Rapid Prototyping for Real-time embedded heterogeneous multiprocessors". 7 th Int. Work. on Hardware/software Co-design, May 1999 Rome, Italy.
[2] Fresse V., Deforges O., Assouil M. "Rapid prototyping for mixed architectures". IEEE International Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process., 5-9 June 2000, Istanbul, Turkey
[4] Advanced Visual Systems Inc. "Introduction to AVS/Express". http//www.avs.com.
[6] WendtP.D., Coyle E.J., and al. "stack filters". IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-34, no4, pp 898-911, August 1986.
[5] Celoxica Inc.: "DK1 Design Suite". User manual.
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http://www.eurasip.org/Proceedings/Eusipco/2002/articles/paper548.pdf
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<text>
A HIGH-LEVEL DEVELOPMENT TOOL DEDICATED TO THE GENERATION OF CORES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATIONS.
Virginie Fresse 1 Stephen Marshall 1 Olivier Déforges 22
Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street
Glasgow, G1 1XW United Kingdom.
Phone: +44/0 141 548 2250
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates the integration of a high-level development tool in a fast and easy-to-use prototyping process, called AVSynDEx. This process is dedicated to the implementation of real-time image processing applications on parallel and mixed platforms. The integration of this final environment, which is a highlevel development tool for the generation of IP cores, completes the prototyping process. The designer of image-processing algorithms can finally develop and supervise the whole implementation process without any pre-requirement and within a short development time.
1- INTRODUCTION
AVSynDEx is an existing rapid prototyping process aimed at the implementation of digital signal processing applications on mixed architectures (multi-DSP+FPGA) [1][2]. It is based on the use of available and efficient CAD tools established along the design process so that most of the implementation tasks become automated. These tools and architectures are judiciously selected and integrated during the implementation process to assist a signal-processing specialist without relevant hardware experience. The image-processing designer can also develop and implement the algorithm within a short development time and without requiring highlyspecialist hardware engineers. Nevertheless, this process allows the image-processing designer to implement the functions on FPGA on condition that the corresponding core (hardware processing) already exists. The generation of new cores is not possible and a hardware engineer is then needed.
This paper completes the development of the previous prototyping process, called AVSynDex [1], with the integration of a high-level development tool, DK1
This work is granted by the Regional Council of Britanny
(1)
(2)
20 Avenue des Buttes des Coësmes, CS14315 35043 Rennes, France
ARTIST/FRE URER laboratory INSA RENNES
Phone: +33/0 223 238 286
E-mail: [email protected]
Design Suite [5], for the generation of IP cores. The result leads to the final rapid prototyping process for the development and implementation of any imageprocessing applications on mixed architectures. The development and implementation of a stack filter is used to illustrate the benefits of such integration.
2- PROTOTYPING PROCESS
The methodology (figure 1) integrates two main CAD tools: Advanced Visual System (AVS) for the functional development of the application described as a static data flow graph [3], and SynDEx as generator of optimised distributed executive [4].
Figure 1: Rapid prototyping process for
AVS
SynDEx
GODSP
Automatic translator
Sequential executive
Sequential executive/
distributed executive
DSP
Data flow graph
FPGA
C-
functions
C-
functions
cores
implementation of image processing applications.
The image-processing designer creates the data flow graph by means of the graphical development tool called AVS. The processing operations are C-functions, which are connected together by means of input and output ports (data transfers between two functions). An automatic translator and an academic tool called SynDEx, ensure the translation towards hardware and software descriptions, as explained in [1]. The target platform is a mixed architecture made up of multiDSPC6x and a Virtex FPGA [2]. This architecture can be modified without changing the prototyping process and the available links.
* A software processing operation is a C-function, fully compatible to the initial processing operation. In this case, the functional behaviour of the implemented module is necessarily correct.
Hardware and software processing is different for the same functionality:
* A hardware processing is a core whose initial description is made with Hardware Description Languages (these languages being completely different). The generation of cores is non-automatic and cannot be achieved by the image-processing designer. So, a specialized hardware engineer must reproduce the overall functional behaviour of the Cfunction to generate the corresponding IP core. The functionality of the core may be incorrect if the HDL description does not reproduce the same functionality. This non-correspondence can only be detected during the hardware implementation.
In this prototyping process, there is a perfect correspondence between the C-function and the software module. Unfortunately, the hardware module does not possess any correspondence with initial module. This lack of correspondence leads to the possibility of a functionally incorrect hardware implementation. The only way to check its functionality is the implementation of the core. This constraint is time-consuming and the partitioning between the software and hardware part is difficult to achieve.
The solution is the integration of a high-level development tool called DK1 Design tool, which is a solution for an easy generation of IP core.
3- INTEGRATION OF THE DK1 TOOL
3.1. Presentation of DK1 Design tool
Celoxica's DK1 design suite is a high-level environment, enabling the image-processing designer to generate IP cores [5]. The description is made by means of the Handel-C language. This language is grounded in ISO-C but contains several extensions required for hardware developments. Some expressions, statements, types, type operators and objects are used in C-only or
Handel-C only. Generally, most of them are suitable for both languages.
* Handel-C can process variables of arbitrary width. This means that the size must be judiciously specified. As the tool is dedicated to a hardware implementation, a variable is a register whose size is the width of the data. Operations on several variables are only possible for identical widths (otherwise the concatenation operator is required).
Different extensions are proposed by Handel-C; some of them are listed below.
* An array of n variables corresponds to a set of n registers. It is also possible to create memory arrays and multi-dimensional memory arrays with wom (write only memory), rom or ram keywords. The use of rom and ram is restricted to one element access per clock cycle.
* For the communication, channels provide the links between parallel branches. One parallel branch outputs data onto the channel and the other branch reads data from the channel. Channels also provide synchronisation between parallel branches. As with the variables, Handel-C provides flexible data path widths.
* In a way similar to C-language, a program is executed sequentially. The additional par statement allows parallel executions in a specific function. The parallelism can be at instruction-level or bloc-level.
Figure 2: Example of structure proposed by DK1 tool. Some parallel functions can be achieved; the second line indicates a parallelism between 3 functions (DK1 tool manages all synchronisations). Data is transferred by means of channels
channels
processing
parallelism
Parallel to this, the Handel-C language includes some restrictions such as: the function may not be called recursively; old-type function declarations and variable length parameter lists are not possible. It is also not possible to change a variable by casting or to use the floating point.
An example of a Handel-C program containing par statements and channels is given in figure 3.
```
Set clock=external "P1"; #define SIZE1 5 /*Width of data*/ #define WIDTH 256 /*Size of memory*/ #define LOG2_WIDTH 8 /*With of pointers*/ chan SIZE1 queue_in; /*Channels*/ void main(void) { ram unsigned SIZE1 Source[WIDTH*WIDTH]; unsigned (LOG2_WIDTH*2) i,j; par{ { for(j=0;j<WIDTH;j++) for(i=0;i<WIDTH;i++) queue_in?Source[j*WIDTH+i];} function1(); function2(); } }
```
Figure 3: Example of Handel-C program, 5bits-data are read from channel "queue_in" to load them in the memory called "Source". Parallel to this, "function1" and "function2" a<cursor_is_here>
3.2. Generation of cores with DK1 design tool.
DK1 Design tool has several modes. Some of them are used for the generation of IP cores.
The initial AVS description is used to generate the Handel-C program. According to the previous rules, the designer turns the C-function into a Handel-C form. These languages being similar and the translation being at instruction level, the modifications are easy to achieve.
The generation of IP cores is shown in figure 4.
DK1 Design Suite has a debug mode to check the functionality of the function (simulation for the program with a specific image). This mode is only used to check the resulting behaviour of the Handel-C function.
Then, the image-processing designer can specify two modes:
* The second mode (EDIF) generates the EDIF description directly.
* The first mode (VHDL) generates the corresponding VHDL description. A synthesis tool is then used to generate the EDIF description.
The structure of the Handel-C language always guaranties to be synthesized (this is not the case for a HDL description).
Finally, a place and route tool ensures the generation of the IP core. All these tools are easy to use and the image-processing designer does not need additional hardware expertise.
4- GENERATION OF A NON-LINEAR CORE
The development of a non-linear filter illustrates the benefits of such integration. The stack filter is a nonlinear filter, which has proved to give excellent results in image restoration, noise reduction and optical character recognition. This filter is well suited for a hardware implementation but the complexity of such implementation leads to few examples of this occurring in practice.
4.1. Principle of the stack filter
All stack filters have two properties, a superposition property know as threshold decomposition, and an ordering property known as the stacking property [4]. The principle of the filter is given in figure 5.
* The threshold decomposition is first achieved for each pixel of the input window. The output of such decomposition is a set of binary threshold signals, each binary signal representing a level or threshold. So, for m-bits samples, there are k=2 m binary signals.
The k binary signals for an n-valued sample, threshold k (n), are defined according the following equation
* The resulting binary signals represent the output value, found by stacking the Boolean outputs excluding Threshold 0.
* Then, a series of Positive Boolean Functions are performed for every threshold. PBFs can only be used because they maintain the stacking property and hence validate the stack filter as explained in [6]. PBFs can remain unchanged for each threshold but any combination is allowed only if the output remains a stack of '1' with a stack of '0' on top.
4.2. Generation of the non-linear core.
The characteristics of the stack filter implemented are:
* Pixels are 8bit data (= 256 binary signals).
* Images are 256*256.
* The input window is 3*3 pixels.
The only benefits are in the acceleration of the development process and the execution times (the result of processing on the images being identical to software implementation).
* The PBFs are minimum operators
The first stage is the description of the functional algorithm by means of a C-function. This first function is executed on a PC to check the functional behaviour of the filter. The C-function is directly and easily implemented in a C6x DSP. The image-processing designer modifies the C-function to obtain a Handel-C form. The functionality is checked with the DK1 tool.
4.3. Results
Table 1 shows the execution times according the target component. The result of a DSP implementation is not satisfactory: the stack filter contains several nested loops containing conditioning, which do not suit the VLIW architecture of the DSP.
Table 1: Resulting execution times for a stack filter.
Timing characteristics for the FPGA are:
* Maximum net delay: 8.445ns
* Minimum period: 38.927ns (Max. freq.: 25.689MHz)
The result of the FPGA implementation is satisfactory: the core can be used to implement real-time image processing applications. The execution time (2.282 ms,) allows the image-processing designer to implement the algorithm within real-time constraints.
Table 2: Resources for a stack filter.
In addition to a fast execution time, the resources are relatively low as shown in the table 2. External memory is used to load and save samples (17 ns per memory access). The number of slices used is 797 (4800 are available in the Virtex FPGA). Each Virtex CLB contains four Logic cells organised in two similar slices. Consequently, 16% of the FPGA is used for the stack filter.
* The translation of a C-function into a Handel-C form was performed in 30 minutes.
DK1 Design Suite ensures a fast generation of IP cores:
* The generation of core form the Handel-C description was about 15 minutes.
5- CONCLUSION
Consequently, the DK1 Design Suite development tool is an ideal solution for the fast and easy generation of IP cores. An HDL description gives better results (in terms of Quality of Results QoR, which is an areaperformance estimation) than a Handel-C description. Nevertheless, the Handel-C language is easier to use and the functionality is a direct translation from the Cfunction. This leads to a close functional behaviour between a C-function and the corresponding core. The hardware and software modules are functionally similar. Integrated in our prototyping process AVSynDEx, the image-processing designer can develop the algorithm by means of the AVS tool, and then generate the IP cores with DK1 Design Suite. The implementation of the application does not need highly specialist hardware engineers; the image-processing designer manages all the development stages.
The result is a rapid prototyping process for the implementation of real-time image-processing application. The development, the implementation and modifications and optimisations are performed in less than 1 day.
REFERENCES.
[1] Nezan J.F., Fresse V., Deforges O.: "Fast prototyping of parallel architectures: an Mpeg-2 coding application. CISST proc., Las Vegas, USA, June 2001.
[3] Grandpierre T., Lavarenne C., Sorel Y.: "Optimized Rapid Prototyping for Real-time embedded heterogeneous multiprocessors". 7 th Int. Work. on Hardware/software Co-design, May 1999 Rome, Italy.
[2] Fresse V., Deforges O., Assouil M. "Rapid prototyping for mixed architectures". IEEE International Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process., 5-9 June 2000, Istanbul, Turkey
[4] Advanced Visual Systems Inc. "Introduction to AVS/Express". http//www.avs.com.
[6] WendtP.D., Coyle E.J., and al. "stack filters". IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-34, no4, pp 898-911, August 1986.
[5] Celoxica Inc.: "DK1 Design Suite". User manual.
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.eurasip.org/Proceedings/Eusipco/2002/articles/paper548.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nA HIGH-LEVEL DEVELOPMENT TOOL DEDICATED TO THE GENERATION OF CORES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATIONS.\n\nVirginie Fresse 1 Stephen Marshall 1 Olivier Déforges 22\n\nDept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street\n\nGlasgow, G1 1XW United Kingdom.\n\nPhone: +44/0 141 548 2250\n\nE-mail: [email protected]\n\[email protected]\n\nABSTRACT\n\nThis paper demonstrates the integration of a high-level development tool in a fast and easy-to-use prototyping process, called AVSynDEx. This process is dedicated to the implementation of real-time image processing applications on parallel and mixed platforms. The integration of this final environment, which is a highlevel development tool for the generation of IP cores, completes the prototyping process. The designer of image-processing algorithms can finally develop and supervise the whole implementation process without any pre-requirement and within a short development time.\n\n1- INTRODUCTION\n\nAVSynDEx is an existing rapid prototyping process aimed at the implementation of digital signal processing applications on mixed architectures (multi-DSP+FPGA) [1][2]. It is based on the use of available and efficient CAD tools established along the design process so that most of the implementation tasks become automated. These tools and architectures are judiciously selected and integrated during the implementation process to assist a signal-processing specialist without relevant hardware experience. The image-processing designer can also develop and implement the algorithm within a short development time and without requiring highlyspecialist hardware engineers. Nevertheless, this process allows the image-processing designer to implement the functions on FPGA on condition that the corresponding core (hardware processing) already exists. The generation of new cores is not possible and a hardware engineer is then needed.\n\nThis paper completes the development of the previous prototyping process, called AVSynDex [1], with the integration of a high-level development tool, DK1\n\nThis work is granted by the Regional Council of Britanny\n\n(1)\n\n(2)\n\n20 Avenue des Buttes des Coësmes, CS14315 35043 Rennes, France\n\nARTIST/FRE URER laboratory INSA RENNES\n\nPhone: +33/0 223 238 286\n\nE-mail: [email protected]\n\nDesign Suite [5], for the generation of IP cores. The result leads to the final rapid prototyping process for the development and implementation of any imageprocessing applications on mixed architectures. The development and implementation of a stack filter is used to illustrate the benefits of such integration.\n\n2- PROTOTYPING PROCESS\n\nThe methodology (figure 1) integrates two main CAD tools: Advanced Visual System (AVS) for the functional development of the application described as a static data flow graph [3], and SynDEx as generator of optimised distributed executive [4].\n\nFigure 1: Rapid prototyping process for\n\nAVS\nSynDEx\nGODSP\nAutomatic translator\nSequential executive\nSequential executive/\ndistributed executive\nDSP\nData flow graph\nFPGA\nC-\nfunctions\nC-\nfunctions\ncores\n\nimplementation of image processing applications.\n\nThe image-processing designer creates the data flow graph by means of the graphical development tool called AVS. The processing operations are C-functions, which are connected together by means of input and output ports (data transfers between two functions). An automatic translator and an academic tool called SynDEx, ensure the translation towards hardware and software descriptions, as explained in [1]. The target platform is a mixed architecture made up of multiDSPC6x and a Virtex FPGA [2]. This architecture can be modified without changing the prototyping process and the available links.\n\n* A software processing operation is a C-function, fully compatible to the initial processing operation. In this case, the functional behaviour of the implemented module is necessarily correct.\n\nHardware and software processing is different for the same functionality:\n\n* A hardware processing is a core whose initial description is made with Hardware Description Languages (these languages being completely different). The generation of cores is non-automatic and cannot be achieved by the image-processing designer. So, a specialized hardware engineer must reproduce the overall functional behaviour of the Cfunction to generate the corresponding IP core. The functionality of the core may be incorrect if the HDL description does not reproduce the same functionality. This non-correspondence can only be detected during the hardware implementation.\n\nIn this prototyping process, there is a perfect correspondence between the C-function and the software module. Unfortunately, the hardware module does not possess any correspondence with initial module. This lack of correspondence leads to the possibility of a functionally incorrect hardware implementation. The only way to check its functionality is the implementation of the core. This constraint is time-consuming and the partitioning between the software and hardware part is difficult to achieve.\n\nThe solution is the integration of a high-level development tool called DK1 Design tool, which is a solution for an easy generation of IP core.\n\n3- INTEGRATION OF THE DK1 TOOL\n\n3.1. Presentation of DK1 Design tool\n\nCeloxica's DK1 design suite is a high-level environment, enabling the image-processing designer to generate IP cores [5]. The description is made by means of the Handel-C language. This language is grounded in ISO-C but contains several extensions required for hardware developments. Some expressions, statements, types, type operators and objects are used in C-only or\n\nHandel-C only. Generally, most of them are suitable for both languages.\n\n* Handel-C can process variables of arbitrary width. This means that the size must be judiciously specified. As the tool is dedicated to a hardware implementation, a variable is a register whose size is the width of the data. Operations on several variables are only possible for identical widths (otherwise the concatenation operator is required).\n\nDifferent extensions are proposed by Handel-C; some of them are listed below.\n\n* An array of n variables corresponds to a set of n registers. It is also possible to create memory arrays and multi-dimensional memory arrays with wom (write only memory), rom or ram keywords. The use of rom and ram is restricted to one element access per clock cycle.\n* For the communication, channels provide the links between parallel branches. One parallel branch outputs data onto the channel and the other branch reads data from the channel. Channels also provide synchronisation between parallel branches. As with the variables, Handel-C provides flexible data path widths.\n* In a way similar to C-language, a program is executed sequentially. The additional par statement allows parallel executions in a specific function. The parallelism can be at instruction-level or bloc-level.\n\nFigure 2: Example of structure proposed by DK1 tool. Some parallel functions can be achieved; the second line indicates a parallelism between 3 functions (DK1 tool manages all synchronisations). Data is transferred by means of channels\n\nchannels\nprocessing\nparallelism\n\nParallel to this, the Handel-C language includes some restrictions such as: the function may not be called recursively; old-type function declarations and variable length parameter lists are not possible. It is also not possible to change a variable by casting or to use the floating point.\n\nAn example of a Handel-C program containing par statements and channels is given in figure 3.\n\n```\nSet clock=external \"P1\"; #define SIZE1 5 /*Width of data*/ #define WIDTH 256 /*Size of memory*/ #define LOG2_WIDTH 8 /*With of pointers*/ chan SIZE1 queue_in; /*Channels*/ void main(void) { ram unsigned SIZE1 Source[WIDTH*WIDTH]; unsigned (LOG2_WIDTH*2) i,j; par{ { for(j=0;j<WIDTH;j++) for(i=0;i<WIDTH;i++) queue_in?Source[j*WIDTH+i];} function1(); function2(); } }\n```\n\nFigure 3: Example of Handel-C program, 5bits-data are read from channel \"queue_in\" to load them in the memory called \"Source\". Parallel to this, \"function1\" and \"function2\" a<cursor_is_here>\n\n3.2. Generation of cores with DK1 design tool.\n\nDK1 Design tool has several modes. Some of them are used for the generation of IP cores.\n\nThe initial AVS description is used to generate the Handel-C program. According to the previous rules, the designer turns the C-function into a Handel-C form. These languages being similar and the translation being at instruction level, the modifications are easy to achieve.\n\nThe generation of IP cores is shown in figure 4.\n\nDK1 Design Suite has a debug mode to check the functionality of the function (simulation for the program with a specific image). This mode is only used to check the resulting behaviour of the Handel-C function.\n\nThen, the image-processing designer can specify two modes:\n\n* The second mode (EDIF) generates the EDIF description directly.\n* The first mode (VHDL) generates the corresponding VHDL description. A synthesis tool is then used to generate the EDIF description.\n\nThe structure of the Handel-C language always guaranties to be synthesized (this is not the case for a HDL description).\n\nFinally, a place and route tool ensures the generation of the IP core. All these tools are easy to use and the image-processing designer does not need additional hardware expertise.\n\n4- GENERATION OF A NON-LINEAR CORE\n\nThe development of a non-linear filter illustrates the benefits of such integration. The stack filter is a nonlinear filter, which has proved to give excellent results in image restoration, noise reduction and optical character recognition. This filter is well suited for a hardware implementation but the complexity of such implementation leads to few examples of this occurring in practice.\n\n4.1. Principle of the stack filter\n\nAll stack filters have two properties, a superposition property know as threshold decomposition, and an ordering property known as the stacking property [4]. The principle of the filter is given in figure 5.\n\n* The threshold decomposition is first achieved for each pixel of the input window. The output of such decomposition is a set of binary threshold signals, each binary signal representing a level or threshold. So, for m-bits samples, there are k=2 m binary signals.\n\nThe k binary signals for an n-valued sample, threshold k (n), are defined according the following equation\n\n* The resulting binary signals represent the output value, found by stacking the Boolean outputs excluding Threshold 0.\n* Then, a series of Positive Boolean Functions are performed for every threshold. PBFs can only be used because they maintain the stacking property and hence validate the stack filter as explained in [6]. PBFs can remain unchanged for each threshold but any combination is allowed only if the output remains a stack of '1' with a stack of '0' on top.\n4.2. Generation of the non-linear core.\n\nThe characteristics of the stack filter implemented are:\n\n* Pixels are 8bit data (= 256 binary signals).\n* Images are 256*256.\n* The input window is 3*3 pixels.\n\nThe only benefits are in the acceleration of the development process and the execution times (the result of processing on the images being identical to software implementation).\n\n* The PBFs are minimum operators\n\nThe first stage is the description of the functional algorithm by means of a C-function. This first function is executed on a PC to check the functional behaviour of the filter. The C-function is directly and easily implemented in a C6x DSP. The image-processing designer modifies the C-function to obtain a Handel-C form. The functionality is checked with the DK1 tool.\n\n4.3. Results\n\nTable 1 shows the execution times according the target component. The result of a DSP implementation is not satisfactory: the stack filter contains several nested loops containing conditioning, which do not suit the VLIW architecture of the DSP.\n\nTable 1: Resulting execution times for a stack filter.\n\nTiming characteristics for the FPGA are:\n\n* Maximum net delay: 8.445ns\n* Minimum period: 38.927ns (Max. freq.: 25.689MHz)\n\nThe result of the FPGA implementation is satisfactory: the core can be used to implement real-time image processing applications. The execution time (2.282 ms,) allows the image-processing designer to implement the algorithm within real-time constraints.\n\nTable 2: Resources for a stack filter.\n\nIn addition to a fast execution time, the resources are relatively low as shown in the table 2. External memory is used to load and save samples (17 ns per memory access). The number of slices used is 797 (4800 are available in the Virtex FPGA). Each Virtex CLB contains four Logic cells organised in two similar slices. Consequently, 16% of the FPGA is used for the stack filter.\n\n* The translation of a C-function into a Handel-C form was performed in 30 minutes.\n\nDK1 Design Suite ensures a fast generation of IP cores:\n\n* The generation of core form the Handel-C description was about 15 minutes.\n\n5- CONCLUSION\n\nConsequently, the DK1 Design Suite development tool is an ideal solution for the fast and easy generation of IP cores. An HDL description gives better results (in terms of Quality of Results QoR, which is an areaperformance estimation) than a Handel-C description. Nevertheless, the Handel-C language is easier to use and the functionality is a direct translation from the Cfunction. This leads to a close functional behaviour between a C-function and the corresponding core. The hardware and software modules are functionally similar. Integrated in our prototyping process AVSynDEx, the image-processing designer can develop the algorithm by means of the AVS tool, and then generate the IP cores with DK1 Design Suite. The implementation of the application does not need highly specialist hardware engineers; the image-processing designer manages all the development stages.\n\nThe result is a rapid prototyping process for the implementation of real-time image-processing application. The development, the implementation and modifications and optimisations are performed in less than 1 day.\n\nREFERENCES.\n\n[1] Nezan J.F., Fresse V., Deforges O.: \"Fast prototyping of parallel architectures: an Mpeg-2 coding application. CISST proc., Las Vegas, USA, June 2001.\n[3] Grandpierre T., Lavarenne C., Sorel Y.: \"Optimized Rapid Prototyping for Real-time embedded heterogeneous multiprocessors\". 7 th Int. Work. on Hardware/software Co-design, May 1999 Rome, Italy.\n[2] Fresse V., Deforges O., Assouil M. \"Rapid prototyping for mixed architectures\". IEEE International Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process., 5-9 June 2000, Istanbul, Turkey\n[4] Advanced Visual Systems Inc. \"Introduction to AVS/Express\". http//www.avs.com.\n[6] WendtP.D., Coyle E.J., and al. \"stack filters\". IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-34, no4, pp 898-911, August 1986.\n[5] Celoxica Inc.: \"DK1 Design Suite\". User manual.\n</text>\n",
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When I put out five cameras on our recently acquired Monjebup Creek Reserve in Gondwana Link I had no idea what I might find. The cameras were out and working hard for 5 months in total and the results have been amazing.
We have a healthy population of Tammar Wallabies and Malleefowl, and they featured on prominently on most cameras. The cameras were placed in a saline shrubland, moort woodland, claypan and river pool, and beside a Malleefowl nest.
While walking through the reserve in June with a botanist we were curious about the small circular scratchings in the woodland leaf litter so one of the cameras was placed there. In the photos we soon discovered that they were made by Painted Button-quails scratching around.
Echidnas were also captured on their daily wanderings along with Western Grey Kangaroos. Emus were very common and in September lots of males with their chicks appeared on camera.
We have a nice sequence of 10 minutes where the male is teaching his chicks to bath in a clay pan.
Seventeen species of bird were seen including the spectacular Brush Bronzewing.
A few foxes and rabbits were also seen but encouragingly only one cat appeared on the cameras.
I will definitely be putting the cameras our again in Autumn-Winter as what better way to find out what goes on when we're tucked up in bed.
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When I put out five cameras on our recently acquired Monjebup Creek Reserve in Gondwana Link I had no idea what I might find. The cameras were out and working hard for 5 months in total and the results have been amazing.
We have a healthy population of Tamm
|
ar Wallabies and Malleefowl, and they featured on prominently on most cameras.
|
The cameras were placed in a saline shrubland, moort woodland, claypan and river pool, and beside a Malleefowl nest.
While walking through the reserve in June with a botanist we were curious about the small circular scratchings in the woodland leaf litter so one of the cameras was placed there. In the photos we soon discovered that they were made by Painted Button-quails scratching around.
Echidnas were also captured on their daily wanderings along with Western Grey Kangaroos. Emus were very common and in September lots of males with their chicks appeared on camera.
We have a nice sequence of 10 minutes where the male is teaching his chicks to bath in a clay pan.
Seventeen species of bird were seen including the spectacular Brush Bronzewing.
A few foxes and rabbits were also seen but encouragingly only one cat appeared on the cameras.
I will definitely be putting the cameras our again in Autumn-Winter as what better way to find out what goes on when we're tucked up in bed.
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When I put out five cameras on our recently acquired Monjebup Creek Reserve in Gondwana Link I had no idea what I might find. The cameras were out and working hard for 5 months in total and the results have been amazing.
We have a healthy population of Tamm<cursor_is_here> The cameras were placed in a saline shrubland, moort woodland, claypan and river pool, and beside a Malleefowl nest.
While walking through the reserve in June with a botanist we were curious about the small circular scratchings in the woodland leaf litter so one of the cameras was placed there. In the photos we soon discovered that they were made by Painted Button-quails scratching around.
Echidnas were also captured on their daily wanderings along with Western Grey Kangaroos. Emus were very common and in September lots of males with their chicks appeared on camera.
We have a nice sequence of 10 minutes where the male is teaching his chicks to bath in a clay pan.
Seventeen species of bird were seen including the spectacular Brush Bronzewing.
A few foxes and rabbits were also seen but encouragingly only one cat appeared on the cameras.
I will definitely be putting the cameras our again in Autumn-Winter as what better way to find out what goes on when we're tucked up in bed.
</text>
|
[
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.bushheritage.org.au/blog/hidden-cameras-monjebup-creek\n</url>\n<text>\nWhen I put out five cameras on our recently acquired Monjebup Creek Reserve in Gondwana Link I had no idea what I might find. The cameras were out and working hard for 5 months in total and the results have been amazing.\nWe have a healthy population of Tamm<cursor_is_here> The cameras were placed in a saline shrubland, moort woodland, claypan and river pool, and beside a Malleefowl nest.\nWhile walking through the reserve in June with a botanist we were curious about the small circular scratchings in the woodland leaf litter so one of the cameras was placed there. In the photos we soon discovered that they were made by Painted Button-quails scratching around.\nEchidnas were also captured on their daily wanderings along with Western Grey Kangaroos. Emus were very common and in September lots of males with their chicks appeared on camera.\nWe have a nice sequence of 10 minutes where the male is teaching his chicks to bath in a clay pan.\nSeventeen species of bird were seen including the spectacular Brush Bronzewing.\nA few foxes and rabbits were also seen but encouragingly only one cat appeared on the cameras.\nI will definitely be putting the cameras our again in Autumn-Winter as what better way to find out what goes on when we're tucked up in bed.\n</text>\n",
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HYDRATION STRUCTURES AND DYNAMICS: AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECITVE ON REMEDIATION PROCESSES
D.L. Marrin (San Diego State University, San Diego, CA and Kaua'i, HI)
ABSTRACT: As environmental scientists, our understanding of solute behavior (e.g., fate, transport, remediation) is based on macro-scale properties such as solubility, diffusivity and phase partitioning. These gross physical properties of solutes are actually a result of molecular- and atomic-scale dynamics, which are described by thermodynamic and quantum mechanical principles. The perception that water is simply a passive solvent within which contaminants react and are transported overlooks the effects of contamination on water itself, except as it may influence gross physical properties of the water. The effect of solutes on the molecular structure of water and the manner in which water is able to accommodate solutes into its rather complex network is of particular importance in assessing its behavior and degradation in aqueous environments.
INTRODUCTION
Bulk Liquid Water. Water is not a random collection of H2O molecules, but rather an extended network that is locally interconnected by hydrogen bonds (Hbonds) linking the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of neighboring water molecules. These electrostatic H-bonds are generally considered to be distinct from the covalent bonds that connect oxygen and hydrogen atoms within the same molecule; however, a recently published study indicates that the intermolecular H-bonds have significant covalent properties (Isaacs et al., 1999). This finding suggests that electrons are shared not only between atoms of the same water molecule (intramolecular), but also among atoms of neighboring water molecules (intermolecular).
The underlying geometry of bulk liquid water is tetrahedral, owing to the ability of each water molecule to hydrogen bond with four of its neighbors. This water network is dynamic, rather than static, and re-shuffles H-bonds among neighboring water molecules at a rate of millions to trillions of times per second. The ceaseless rearrangement of H2O molecules with respect to each other creates 3-dimensional geometries that are unique to the chemicals solvated and to the surfaces interfaced. In addition to the tetrahedral geometry of bulk liquid, water also has the ability to form larger associations that are known as clusters. Water comprising these clusters (ranging from a few to several hundred water molecules) is more structured and less dynamic than that in bulk liquid. In other words, water molecules comprising clusters re-shuffle intermolecular connections at a slower rate and are structurally more rigid (e.g., possess less orientational flexibility) than do those in the bulk liquid. These two properties of water clusters translate into slightly different physical properties than those of the bulk liquid.
Water Clusters. Water clusters exist as both pure water and as "cages" or envelopes that surround chemicals that are dissolved in water. The latter may include millions of water molecules and are of particular interest to our discussion because they constitute the structures that are responsible for the dissolution and aqueous behavior of contaminants. Essentially, water insulates solutes from its bulk tetrahedral network by forming hydration envelopes around them. Water molecules comprising the envelopes are connected to the bulk liquid via H-bonds and to the solute via H-bonds, dipole interactions or van der Waal forces, depending on the nature of the solute. Many recalcitrant organic chemicals are hydrophobic in nature and, thus, interact weakly with water comprising the envelope. Conversely, ionic and polar solutes interact more strongly with water molecules in the envelope. Within these hydration structures, solutes are contained in water with minimal (albeit unavoidable) breakage of H-bonds and the associated disruption to water's bulk network.
Water molecules comprising the hydration envelopes act as mediators for the interaction of contaminants with their "guest" compounds and with largerscale structures such as mineral surfaces. For example, carcinogenic environmental chemicals are active, not through their direct effects on nucleic acids, but through the production of free radicals in DNA's hydration shell that, in turn, result in strand breakage. In a similar manner, sorption of contaminants on mineral surfaces is facilitated through hydration envelopes that actually mediate proton transfer and other critical processes responsible for electrostatic attraction. Physical chemists have described hydration envelopes for many common hydrophobic solutes, including volatile chlorinated/aromatic hydrocarbons and biogenic gases. Moreover, the orientation and rotational dynamics of solutes and of water molecules comprising such hydration envelopes have also been documented. These dynamics are the underlying basis of reactivity, solubility and a number of other well-known contaminant properties.
Obviously, variables such as temperature and pressure affect contaminants via changes in their molecular structure and dynamics of water comprising both hydration envelopes and the bulk liquid. However, there are less obvious phenomena such as electromagnetic radiation, certain types of fields (magnetic, vorticity) and the presence of other solutes that profoundly effect hydration envelopes and their interaction with the bulk liquid. Many of these phenomena are inherent in conventional remediation and monitoring technologies.
DISCUSSION
Hydrophobic Gases. The behavior of biogenic gases (e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen) in aqueous systems is a major area of research as a result of its applicability to everything from assessing redox conditions to quantifying the rate at which organic contaminants are degraded in the subsurface. Those dissolved gases possessing a molecular diameter <3 angstroms (e.g., hydrogen) have a substantially different effect on the structure of water than do other solutes. This is because small gases are able to "slip through the bars" of conventional water envelopes and clathrates, affecting the thermodynamic state of water's H-bond network in a different manner than do larger gases (e.g., methane, ethane). Figure 1 shows the change in entropy and in Gibbs free energy associated with the dissolution of various biogenic and noble gases at 25 o Celsius (e.g., Tenaka and
Nakanishi, 1991). Notice that hydrogen and neon (both of which have a molecular diameter <3 angstroms) display the least entropy change and a free energy change that is comparable to that of n-octane. While these small gases have a relatively small enthalpic cost associated with rearranging water molecules to accommodate them (i.e., cavity formation), they offer water almost nothing in terms of network order (i.e., decreased entropy).
Generally, the dissolution of a hydrophobic solute is believed to occur because the entropic gain to the water network exceeds the enthalpic cost of rearranging molecules to accommodate it. Large organic molecules are less soluble in water than are smaller ones (within a homologous series of organic compounds) because the enthalpic costs increase faster than the entropic gains. Hence, large hydrophobic compounds and very small gases are the most disruptive to water's network and, therefore, have the lowest aqueous solubilities. Figure 2 presents various physical properties of gases in water (Atkins, 1986). Notice that H2 has both the highest diffusivity and lowest van der Waals constant of any of the gases, suggesting that it interacts with and is confined by hydration envelopes to a minimal extent. It also suggests that helium and neon are probably the best surrogates for hydrogen gas (as conservative tracers) and that these same noble gases are probably poor surrogates for light hydrocarbon and other biogenic gases, which interact with water via stronger van der Waals forces and possess lower diffusivities.
It is interesting to note that certain recalcitrant compounds seem to degrade only under highly reducing conditions, where elevated H2 concentrations may have an effect on water comprising both the bulk liquid and the hydration shells of contaminants. In addition to the fact that H2 is the most thermodynamically favored electron donor (i.e., the most highly reduced molecule), its affect on the structure of water itself may be another reason for its apparent rapid turnover in aqueous systems. Schuler and Conrad (1990) hypothesized that the rapid rate of H2 oxidation (particularly at low aqueous concentrations) may be due to the presence of extracelluar enzymes that are adsorbed to natural organic matter or mineral surfaces, primarily via interactions mediated by hydration envelopes.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Similar to biogenic gases, the effect of hydrophobic solutes (such as VOCs) on the structure of water is related to the ordering of molecules in the hydration envelope. For this reason, hydrophobic solutes are often referred to as structure-makers, denoting that they increase the order (or decrease the entropy) of the water network immediately surrounding the VOC. Water molecules in the hydration envelope are not only more ordered (i.e., possess less orientational freedom) than those in the bulk liquid, they also rearrange or vibrate at a slower rate (Nakahara et al., 1996). This slower vibration rate is a result, or a consequence, of the fact that H-bonds in the hydration envelope are stronger than those in the bulk liquid. Although hydrophobic hydration results in an increased percentage of broken H-bonds compared to that in the bulk tetrahedral network, the H-bonds that persist are stronger (Mancera, 1996).
The effect of the hydration envelope on VOCs such as benzene is to increase the rotational movement of the solute, affecting its physical properties such as reactivity and diffusivity. Therefore, both the structure of the hydration envelope and the temperature of the water affect solute properties. As the temperature of the water rises, water molecules in the hydration envelope, as well as those in the bulk liquid, vibrate at an increasing rate until H-bonds begin to break, thus releasing solutes from their cages. This is the basis of in-situ thermal technologies, which are generally designed to either decrease sorption or increase volatilization by destroying the hydration structures that permit VOCs to remain in solution and to interact (via H-bond mediated proton transfer) with natural organic acids or mineral surfaces.
Bioremediation technologies are also dependent on hydration structures and dynamics. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes responsible for the biological catalysis of recalcitrant compounds are fully hydrated and interact with the substrate (e.g., VOC) via their respective hydration envelopes. Hence, changes in both the contaminant hydration structure and dynamics, affecting the molecular-scale properties of the contaminant itself, influence the susceptibility to and kinetics of biodegradation. Due to the difference in the size and polarity among chlorinated ethanes, their respective hydration envelopes may be characterized by different free energies (thermodynamics). Even among this homologous group of compounds, changes in the Gibbs free energies for hydration are an order-of-magnitude less for the moderately recalcitrant 1,1,1trichloroethane than for the readily degradable 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (Paulsen and Straatsma, 1996).
In addition to organic substrates (e.g., benzene, chlorinated ethanes), the hydration of electron acceptors is also critical. Figure 3 indicates that water solvates both O2 and CO2, which serve as electron acceptors for aerobes and H2utilizing methanogens, with what are known as Structure I cages or clathrates (Franks, 1973). Clathrates are a specific class of water cluster that surrounds solutes with molecular diameters less than 7 angstroms; Structure I consists of 46 water molecules in the form of a dodecahedron (Franks, 1973). By contrast, ionic electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, ferric iron, sulfate) interact with hydration structures predominantly via dipole or electrostatic (rather than van der Waals) forces, which reorient the surrounding polar water molecules of the bulk liquid. For example, the first hydration shell or layer surrounding the Fe 3+ ion consists of 6 water molecules in the form of an octahedron (Degreve and Quintale, 1996). This first shell is surrounded by a second shell, consisting of 15 water molecules that H-bond with those in both the first shell and the bulk liquid.
For both the nonpolar and ionic electron acceptors, water molecules in the hydration envelopes act as mediators and as buffers between the solute and the bulk water or other solutes. Because there is extensive H-bonding between water molecules in the hydration envelopes and the bulk liquid, changes in the bulk properties of water are translated into differences in the availability and reactivity of biodegradation reactants. Simply stated, the hydration envelopes of all solutes are affected by any re-structuring of the bulk phase.
CONCLUSIONS
There are number of ways in which the hydration structures and dynamics of water could be useful in understanding or designing remediation systems. Perhaps the simplest is the selection of surrogates that are used as conservative tracers for both organic contaminants and for biogenic gases. The increasing use of such tracers over the past five years is related to the monitoring requirements of the MNA remediation option and to the understanding of biodegradation dynamics within a contaminated plume. As previously mentioned, helium has a similar effect on the structure of water as does hydrogen gas. Similarly, argon and other moderately-sized nonpolar gases are good tracers for the common biogenic gases (e.g., O2, CO2, CH4, H2S) because they are contained within Structure I hydrate clathrates. The largest of molecules contained within clathrates possess a molecular diameter in excess of 5 angstroms and include C2 and C3 hydrocarbon gases and the chlorinated methanes. These larger compounds form Structure II clathrates, which consist of 136 water molecules and represent the concatenation of 4-, 5- and 6-sided polygons (Franks, 1973). Compounds possessing a molecular diameter greater than 7 angstroms are hydrated by customized envelopes rather than by specific clathrate structures.
Clathrates are currently being utilized in the mitigation of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, and seem to be very stable under low temperatures and high pressures. The formation of CO2 hydrates either in deep ocean basins or in engineered processes is being tested as a method to sequester this greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. In essence, CO2 clathrates are being entombed at the bottom of the oceans. While the environmental impacts of such a technology are poorly understood, the process does pose the prospect that other clathrate formers (e.g., methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride) could be sequestered under the appropriate conditions, which may or may not be applicable to the environment.
Another remedial application related to hydration dynamics is related to the effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation on bulk water, hydrate structures and solutes. Table 1 lists the molecular and atomic effects of EM frequencies within various ranges. The reason that radio and microwave frequencies are used in heating water is that they cause water molecules to vibrate and reorient in both the bulk liquid and the hydration envelopes. While IR radiation is sufficient to distort the H-bonds of water, UV radiation is capable of actually breaking its covalent bonds. Similarly, the exposure of water to magnetic fields has been shown to re-structure water such that number of clusters (water only) increases relative to the tetrahedral bulk phase. H-bond network effects (e.g., electron rearrangements) induced by magnetic or electric fields are due to the slight polarization of water molecules and depend on the exact location of a molecule in the chain or cluster (Hermansson and Alfredsson, 1999). Magnetic fields actually induce current flow that affects the solute's molecular rotation and orientation, both of which are related to its chemical properties. As presented on Figure 2, the biogenic and light hydrocarbon gases (particularly H2) possess a polarizability much greater than that of water itself.
The purpose of this paper is not to suggest specific technologies, but to consider contaminants (and associated remediation processes) from the perspective of their effects on the molecular structure and dynamics of water. Perhaps a greater understanding of the structure/dynamics of water will provide insights into methods of investigating, tracing and remediating recalcitrant contaminants that otherwise would not be obvious.
REFERENCES
Atkins, P. 1986. Physical Chemistry. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York.
Conrad, R. 1999. "Contribution of hydrogen to methane production and control of hydrogen concentrations in methanogenic soils and sediments." FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 28: 193-202.
Degreve, L. and C. Quintale. 1996. "The interfacial structure around ferric and ferrous ions in aqueous solution: the nature of the second hydration shell." J. Electroanalytical Chem. 409: 25-31.
Franks, F. (Ed.). 1973. Water: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York.
Hermansson, K. and M. Alfredsson. 1999. "Molecular polarization in water chains." J. Chem. Phys. 111: 1993-2000.
Isaacs, E., A. Shukla, P. Platzman, D. Hamann, B. Barbiellini and C. Tulk. 1999. "Covalency of the hydrogen bond in ice: a direct X-ray measurement." Phys. Rev. Lett. 82: 600-603.
Mancera, R. 1996. "Hydrogen-bonding behavior in the hydrophobic hydration of simple hydrocarbons in water." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 92: 2547-2554.
Nakahara, M., C. Wakai and Y. Yoshimoto. 1996. "Dynamics of hydrophobic hydration of benzene." J. Phys. Chem. 100: 1345-1349.
Paulsen, M. and T. Straatsma. 1996. "Chlorinated ethanes in aqueous solution: parameterization based on thermodynamics of hydration." Chem. Phys. Lett. 259: 142-145.
Schuler, S. and R. Conrad. 1990. "Soils contain two different activities for oxidation of hydrogen." FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 73: 77-84.
Tenaka, H. and K. Nakanishi. 1991. "Hydrophobic hydration of inert gases: thermodynamic properties, inherent structures, and normal-mode analysis." J. Chem. Phys. 95: 3719-3727.
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HYDRATION STRUCTURES AND DYNAMICS: AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECITVE ON REMEDIATION PROCESSES
D.L. Marrin (San Diego State University, San Diego, CA and Kaua'i, HI)
ABSTRACT: As environmental scientists, our understanding of solute behavior (e.g., fate, transport, remediation) is based on macro-scale properties such as solubility, diffusivity and phase partitioning. These gross physical properties of solutes are actually a result of molecular- and atomic-scale dynamics, which are described by thermodynamic and quantum mechanical principles. The perception that water is simply a passive solvent within which contaminants react and are transported overlooks the effects of contamination on water itself, except as it may influence gross physical properties of the water. The effect of solutes on the molecular structure of water and the manner in which water is able to accommodate solutes into its rather complex network is of particular importance in assessing its behavior and degradation in aqueous environments.
INTRODUCTION
Bulk Liquid Water. Water is not a random collection of H2O molecules, but rather an extended network that is locally interconnected by hydrogen bonds (Hbonds) linking the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of neighboring water molecules. These electrostatic H-bonds are generally considered to be distinct from the covalent bonds that connect oxygen and hydrogen atoms within the same molecule; however, a recently published study indicates that the intermolecular H-bonds have significant covalent properties (Isaacs et al., 1999). This finding suggests that electrons are shared not only between atoms of the same water molecule (intramolecular), but also among atoms of neighboring water molecules (intermolecular).
The underlying geometry of bulk liquid water is tetrahedral, owing to the ability of each water molecule to hydrogen bond with four of its neighbors. This water network is dynamic, rather than static, and re-shuffles H-bonds among neighboring water molecules at a rate of millions to trillions of times per second. The ceaseless rearrangement of H2O molecules with respect to each other creates 3-dimensional geometries that are unique to the chemicals solvated and to the surfaces interfaced. In addition to the tetrahedral geometry of bulk liquid, water also has the ability to form larger associations that are known as clusters. Water comprising these clusters (ranging from a few to several hundred water molecules) is more structured and less dynamic than that in bulk liquid. In other words, water molecules comprising clusters re-shuffle intermolecular connections at a slower rate and are structurally more rigid (e.g., possess less orientational flexibility) than do those in the bulk liquid. These two properties of water clusters translate into slightly different physical properties than those of the bulk liquid.
Water Clusters. Water clusters exist as both pure water and as "cages" or envelopes that surround chemicals that are dissolved in water. The latter may include millions of water molecules and are of particular interest to our discussion because they constitute the structures that are responsible for the dissolution and aqueous behavior of contaminants. Essentially, water insulates solutes from its bulk tetrahedral network by forming hydration envelopes around them. Water molecules comprising the envelopes are connected to the bulk liquid via H-bonds and to the solute via H-bonds, dipole interactions or van der Waal forces, depending on the nature of the solute. Many recalcitrant organic chemicals are hydrophobic in nature and, thus, interact weakly with water comprising the envelope. Conversely, ionic and polar solutes interact more strongly with water molecules in the envelope. Within these hydration structures, solutes are contained in water with minimal (albeit unavoidable) breakage of H-bonds and the associated disruption to water's bulk network.
Water molecules comprising the hydration envelopes act as mediators for the interaction of contaminants with their "guest" compounds and with largerscale structures such as mineral surfaces. For example, carcinogenic environmental chemicals are active, not through their direct effects on nucleic acids, but through the production of free radicals in DNA's hydration shell that, in turn, result in strand breakage. In a similar manner, sorption of contaminants on mineral surfaces is facilitated through hydration envelopes that actually mediate proton transfer and other critical processes responsible for electrostatic attraction. Physical chemists have described hydration envelopes for many common hydrophobic solutes, including volatile chlorinated/aromatic hydrocarbons and biogenic gases. Moreover, the orientation and rotational dynamics of solutes and of water molecules comprising such hydration envelopes have also been documented. These dynamics are the underlying basis of reactivity, solubility and a number of other well-known contaminant properties.
Obviously, variables such as temperature and pressure affect contaminants via changes in their molecular structure and dynamics of water comprising both hydration envelopes and the bulk liquid. However, there are less obvious phenomena such as electromagnetic radiation, certain types of fields (magnetic, vorticity) and the presence of other solutes that profoundly effect hydration envelopes and their interaction with the bulk liquid. Many of these phenomena are inherent in conventional remediation and monitoring technologies.
DISCUSSION
Hydrophobic Gases. The behavior of biogenic gases (e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen) in aqueous systems is a major area of research as a result of its applicability to everything from assessing redox conditions to quantifying the rate at which organic contaminants are degraded in the subsurface. Those dissolved gases possessing a molecular diameter <3 angstroms (e.g., hydrogen) have a substantially different effect on the structure of water than do other solutes. This is because small gases are able to "slip through the bars" of conventional water envelopes and clathrates, affecting the thermodynamic state of water's H-bond network in a different manner than do larger gases (e.g., methane, ethane). Figure 1 shows the change in entropy and in Gibbs free energy associated with the dissolution of various biogenic and noble gases at 25 o Celsius (e.g., Tenaka and
Nakanishi, 1991). Notice that hydrogen and neon (both of which have a molecular diameter <3 angstroms) display the least entropy change and a free energy change that is comparable to that of n-octane. While these small gases have a relatively small enthalpic cost associated with rearranging water molecules to accommodate them (i.e., cavity formation), they offer water almost nothing in terms of network order (i.e., decreased entropy).
Generally, the dissolution of a hydrophobic solute is believed to occur because the entropic gain to the water network exceeds the enthalpic cost of rearranging molecules to accommodate it. Large organic molecules are less soluble in water than are smaller ones (within a homologous series of organic compounds) because the enthalpic costs increase faster than the entropic gains. Hence, large hydrophobic compounds and very small gases are the most disruptive to water's network and, therefore, have the lowest aqueous solubilities. Figure 2 presents various physical properties of gases in water (Atkins, 1986). Notice that H2 has both the highest diffusivity and lowest van der Waals constant of any of the gases, suggesting that it interacts with and is confined by hydration envelopes to a minimal extent. It also suggests that helium and neon are probably the best surrogates for hydrogen gas (as conservative tracers) and that these same noble gases are probably poor surrogates for light hydrocarbon and other biogenic gases, which interact with water via stronger van der Waals forces and possess lower diffusivities.
It is interesting to note that certain recalcitrant compounds seem to degrade only under highly reducing conditions, where elevated H2 concentrations may have an effect on water comprising both the bulk liquid and the hydration shells of contaminants. In addition to the fact that H2 is the most thermodynamically favored electron donor (i.e., the most highly reduced molecule), its affect on the structure of water itself may be another reason for its apparent rapid turnover in aqueous systems. Schuler and Conrad (1990) hypothesized that the rapid rate of H2 oxidation (particularly at low aqueous concentrations) may be due to the presence of extracelluar enzymes that are adsorbed to natural organic matter or mineral surfaces, primarily via interactions mediated by hydration envelopes.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Similar to biogenic gases, the effect of hydrophobic solutes (such as VOCs) on the structure of water is related to the ordering of molecules in the hydration envelope. For this reason, hydrophobic solutes are often referred to as structure-makers, denoting that they increase the order (or decrease the entropy) of the water network immediately surrounding the VOC. Water molecules in the hydration envelope are not only more ordered (i.e., possess less orientational freedom) than those in the bulk liquid, they also rearrange or vibrate at a slower rate (Nakahara et al., 1996). This slower vibration rate is a result, or a consequence, of the fact that H-bonds in the hydration envelope are stronger than those in the bulk liquid. Although hydrophobic hydration results in an increased percentage of broken H-bonds compared to that in the bulk tetrahedral network, the H-bonds that persist are stronger (Mancera, 1996).
The effect of the hydration envelope on VOCs such as benzene is to increase the rotational movement of the solute, affecting its physical properties such as reactivity and diffusivity. Therefore, both the structure of the hydration envelope and the temperature of the water affect solute properties. As the temperature of the water rises, water molecules in the hydration envelope, as well as those in the bulk liquid, vibrate at an increasing rate until H-bonds begin to break, thus releasing solutes from their cages. This is the basis of in-situ thermal technologies, which are generally designed to either decrease sorption or increase volatilization by destroying the hydration structures that permit VOCs to remain in solution and to interact (via H-bond mediated proton transfer) with natural organic acids or mineral surfaces.
Bioremediation technologies are also dependent on hydration structures and dynamics. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes responsible for the biological catalysis of recalcitrant compounds are fully hydrated and interact with the substrate (e.g., VOC) via their respective hydration envelopes. Hence, changes in both th
|
e contaminant hydration structure and dynamics, affecting the molecular-scale properties of the contaminant itself, influence the susceptibility to and kinetics of biodegradation.
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<url>
http://www.watersciences.org/documents/PhysTherm-Marrin.pdf
</url>
<text>
HYDRATION STRUCTURES AND DYNAMICS: AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECITVE ON REMEDIATION PROCESSES
D.L. Marrin (San Diego State University, San Diego, CA and Kaua'i, HI)
ABSTRACT: As environmental scientists, our understanding of solute behavior (e.g., fate, transport, remediation) is based on macro-scale properties such as solubility, diffusivity and phase partitioning. These gross physical properties of solutes are actually a result of molecular- and atomic-scale dynamics, which are described by thermodynamic and quantum mechanical principles. The perception that water is simply a passive solvent within which contaminants react and are transported overlooks the effects of contamination on water itself, except as it may influence gross physical properties of the water. The effect of solutes on the molecular structure of water and the manner in which water is able to accommodate solutes into its rather complex network is of particular importance in assessing its behavior and degradation in aqueous environments.
INTRODUCTION
Bulk Liquid Water. Water is not a random collection of H2O molecules, but rather an extended network that is locally interconnected by hydrogen bonds (Hbonds) linking the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of neighboring water molecules. These electrostatic H-bonds are generally considered to be distinct from the covalent bonds that connect oxygen and hydrogen atoms within the same molecule; however, a recently published study indicates that the intermolecular H-bonds have significant covalent properties (Isaacs et al., 1999). This finding suggests that electrons are shared not only between atoms of the same water molecule (intramolecular), but also among atoms of neighboring water molecules (intermolecular).
The underlying geometry of bulk liquid water is tetrahedral, owing to the ability of each water molecule to hydrogen bond with four of its neighbors. This water network is dynamic, rather than static, and re-shuffles H-bonds among neighboring water molecules at a rate of millions to trillions of times per second. The ceaseless rearrangement of H2O molecules with respect to each other creates 3-dimensional geometries that are unique to the chemicals solvated and to the surfaces interfaced. In addition to the tetrahedral geometry of bulk liquid, water also has the ability to form larger associations that are known as clusters. Water comprising these clusters (ranging from a few to several hundred water molecules) is more structured and less dynamic than that in bulk liquid. In other words, water molecules comprising clusters re-shuffle intermolecular connections at a slower rate and are structurally more rigid (e.g., possess less orientational flexibility) than do those in the bulk liquid. These two properties of water clusters translate into slightly different physical properties than those of the bulk liquid.
Water Clusters. Water clusters exist as both pure water and as "cages" or envelopes that surround chemicals that are dissolved in water. The latter may include millions of water molecules and are of particular interest to our discussion because they constitute the structures that are responsible for the dissolution and aqueous behavior of contaminants. Essentially, water insulates solutes from its bulk tetrahedral network by forming hydration envelopes around them. Water molecules comprising the envelopes are connected to the bulk liquid via H-bonds and to the solute via H-bonds, dipole interactions or van der Waal forces, depending on the nature of the solute. Many recalcitrant organic chemicals are hydrophobic in nature and, thus, interact weakly with water comprising the envelope. Conversely, ionic and polar solutes interact more strongly with water molecules in the envelope. Within these hydration structures, solutes are contained in water with minimal (albeit unavoidable) breakage of H-bonds and the associated disruption to water's bulk network.
Water molecules comprising the hydration envelopes act as mediators for the interaction of contaminants with their "guest" compounds and with largerscale structures such as mineral surfaces. For example, carcinogenic environmental chemicals are active, not through their direct effects on nucleic acids, but through the production of free radicals in DNA's hydration shell that, in turn, result in strand breakage. In a similar manner, sorption of contaminants on mineral surfaces is facilitated through hydration envelopes that actually mediate proton transfer and other critical processes responsible for electrostatic attraction. Physical chemists have described hydration envelopes for many common hydrophobic solutes, including volatile chlorinated/aromatic hydrocarbons and biogenic gases. Moreover, the orientation and rotational dynamics of solutes and of water molecules comprising such hydration envelopes have also been documented. These dynamics are the underlying basis of reactivity, solubility and a number of other well-known contaminant properties.
Obviously, variables such as temperature and pressure affect contaminants via changes in their molecular structure and dynamics of water comprising both hydration envelopes and the bulk liquid. However, there are less obvious phenomena such as electromagnetic radiation, certain types of fields (magnetic, vorticity) and the presence of other solutes that profoundly effect hydration envelopes and their interaction with the bulk liquid. Many of these phenomena are inherent in conventional remediation and monitoring technologies.
DISCUSSION
Hydrophobic Gases. The behavior of biogenic gases (e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen) in aqueous systems is a major area of research as a result of its applicability to everything from assessing redox conditions to quantifying the rate at which organic contaminants are degraded in the subsurface. Those dissolved gases possessing a molecular diameter <3 angstroms (e.g., hydrogen) have a substantially different effect on the structure of water than do other solutes. This is because small gases are able to "slip through the bars" of conventional water envelopes and clathrates, affecting the thermodynamic state of water's H-bond network in a different manner than do larger gases (e.g., methane, ethane). Figure 1 shows the change in entropy and in Gibbs free energy associated with the dissolution of various biogenic and noble gases at 25 o Celsius (e.g., Tenaka and
Nakanishi, 1991). Notice that hydrogen and neon (both of which have a molecular diameter <3 angstroms) display the least entropy change and a free energy change that is comparable to that of n-octane. While these small gases have a relatively small enthalpic cost associated with rearranging water molecules to accommodate them (i.e., cavity formation), they offer water almost nothing in terms of network order (i.e., decreased entropy).
Generally, the dissolution of a hydrophobic solute is believed to occur because the entropic gain to the water network exceeds the enthalpic cost of rearranging molecules to accommodate it. Large organic molecules are less soluble in water than are smaller ones (within a homologous series of organic compounds) because the enthalpic costs increase faster than the entropic gains. Hence, large hydrophobic compounds and very small gases are the most disruptive to water's network and, therefore, have the lowest aqueous solubilities. Figure 2 presents various physical properties of gases in water (Atkins, 1986). Notice that H2 has both the highest diffusivity and lowest van der Waals constant of any of the gases, suggesting that it interacts with and is confined by hydration envelopes to a minimal extent. It also suggests that helium and neon are probably the best surrogates for hydrogen gas (as conservative tracers) and that these same noble gases are probably poor surrogates for light hydrocarbon and other biogenic gases, which interact with water via stronger van der Waals forces and possess lower diffusivities.
It is interesting to note that certain recalcitrant compounds seem to degrade only under highly reducing conditions, where elevated H2 concentrations may have an effect on water comprising both the bulk liquid and the hydration shells of contaminants. In addition to the fact that H2 is the most thermodynamically favored electron donor (i.e., the most highly reduced molecule), its affect on the structure of water itself may be another reason for its apparent rapid turnover in aqueous systems. Schuler and Conrad (1990) hypothesized that the rapid rate of H2 oxidation (particularly at low aqueous concentrations) may be due to the presence of extracelluar enzymes that are adsorbed to natural organic matter or mineral surfaces, primarily via interactions mediated by hydration envelopes.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Similar to biogenic gases, the effect of hydrophobic solutes (such as VOCs) on the structure of water is related to the ordering of molecules in the hydration envelope. For this reason, hydrophobic solutes are often referred to as structure-makers, denoting that they increase the order (or decrease the entropy) of the water network immediately surrounding the VOC. Water molecules in the hydration envelope are not only more ordered (i.e., possess less orientational freedom) than those in the bulk liquid, they also rearrange or vibrate at a slower rate (Nakahara et al., 1996). This slower vibration rate is a result, or a consequence, of the fact that H-bonds in the hydration envelope are stronger than those in the bulk liquid. Although hydrophobic hydration results in an increased percentage of broken H-bonds compared to that in the bulk tetrahedral network, the H-bonds that persist are stronger (Mancera, 1996).
The effect of the hydration envelope on VOCs such as benzene is to increase the rotational movement of the solute, affecting its physical properties such as reactivity and diffusivity. Therefore, both the structure of the hydration envelope and the temperature of the water affect solute properties. As the temperature of the water rises, water molecules in the hydration envelope, as well as those in the bulk liquid, vibrate at an increasing rate until H-bonds begin to break, thus releasing solutes from their cages. This is the basis of in-situ thermal technologies, which are generally designed to either decrease sorption or increase volatilization by destroying the hydration structures that permit VOCs to remain in solution and to interact (via H-bond mediated proton transfer) with natural organic acids or mineral surfaces.
Bioremediation technologies are also dependent on hydration structures and dynamics. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes responsible for the biological catalysis of recalcitrant compounds are fully hydrated and interact with the substrate (e.g., VOC) via their respective hydration envelopes. Hence, changes in both th<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.watersciences.org/documents/PhysTherm-Marrin.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nHYDRATION STRUCTURES AND DYNAMICS: AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECITVE ON REMEDIATION PROCESSES\n\nD.L. Marrin (San Diego State University, San Diego, CA and Kaua'i, HI)\n\nABSTRACT: As environmental scientists, our understanding of solute behavior (e.g., fate, transport, remediation) is based on macro-scale properties such as solubility, diffusivity and phase partitioning. These gross physical properties of solutes are actually a result of molecular- and atomic-scale dynamics, which are described by thermodynamic and quantum mechanical principles. The perception that water is simply a passive solvent within which contaminants react and are transported overlooks the effects of contamination on water itself, except as it may influence gross physical properties of the water. The effect of solutes on the molecular structure of water and the manner in which water is able to accommodate solutes into its rather complex network is of particular importance in assessing its behavior and degradation in aqueous environments.\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\nBulk Liquid Water. Water is not a random collection of H2O molecules, but rather an extended network that is locally interconnected by hydrogen bonds (Hbonds) linking the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of neighboring water molecules. These electrostatic H-bonds are generally considered to be distinct from the covalent bonds that connect oxygen and hydrogen atoms within the same molecule; however, a recently published study indicates that the intermolecular H-bonds have significant covalent properties (Isaacs et al., 1999). This finding suggests that electrons are shared not only between atoms of the same water molecule (intramolecular), but also among atoms of neighboring water molecules (intermolecular).\n\nThe underlying geometry of bulk liquid water is tetrahedral, owing to the ability of each water molecule to hydrogen bond with four of its neighbors. This water network is dynamic, rather than static, and re-shuffles H-bonds among neighboring water molecules at a rate of millions to trillions of times per second. The ceaseless rearrangement of H2O molecules with respect to each other creates 3-dimensional geometries that are unique to the chemicals solvated and to the surfaces interfaced. In addition to the tetrahedral geometry of bulk liquid, water also has the ability to form larger associations that are known as clusters. Water comprising these clusters (ranging from a few to several hundred water molecules) is more structured and less dynamic than that in bulk liquid. In other words, water molecules comprising clusters re-shuffle intermolecular connections at a slower rate and are structurally more rigid (e.g., possess less orientational flexibility) than do those in the bulk liquid. These two properties of water clusters translate into slightly different physical properties than those of the bulk liquid.\n\nWater Clusters. Water clusters exist as both pure water and as \"cages\" or envelopes that surround chemicals that are dissolved in water. The latter may include millions of water molecules and are of particular interest to our discussion because they constitute the structures that are responsible for the dissolution and aqueous behavior of contaminants. Essentially, water insulates solutes from its bulk tetrahedral network by forming hydration envelopes around them. Water molecules comprising the envelopes are connected to the bulk liquid via H-bonds and to the solute via H-bonds, dipole interactions or van der Waal forces, depending on the nature of the solute. Many recalcitrant organic chemicals are hydrophobic in nature and, thus, interact weakly with water comprising the envelope. Conversely, ionic and polar solutes interact more strongly with water molecules in the envelope. Within these hydration structures, solutes are contained in water with minimal (albeit unavoidable) breakage of H-bonds and the associated disruption to water's bulk network.\n\nWater molecules comprising the hydration envelopes act as mediators for the interaction of contaminants with their \"guest\" compounds and with largerscale structures such as mineral surfaces. For example, carcinogenic environmental chemicals are active, not through their direct effects on nucleic acids, but through the production of free radicals in DNA's hydration shell that, in turn, result in strand breakage. In a similar manner, sorption of contaminants on mineral surfaces is facilitated through hydration envelopes that actually mediate proton transfer and other critical processes responsible for electrostatic attraction. Physical chemists have described hydration envelopes for many common hydrophobic solutes, including volatile chlorinated/aromatic hydrocarbons and biogenic gases. Moreover, the orientation and rotational dynamics of solutes and of water molecules comprising such hydration envelopes have also been documented. These dynamics are the underlying basis of reactivity, solubility and a number of other well-known contaminant properties.\n\nObviously, variables such as temperature and pressure affect contaminants via changes in their molecular structure and dynamics of water comprising both hydration envelopes and the bulk liquid. However, there are less obvious phenomena such as electromagnetic radiation, certain types of fields (magnetic, vorticity) and the presence of other solutes that profoundly effect hydration envelopes and their interaction with the bulk liquid. Many of these phenomena are inherent in conventional remediation and monitoring technologies.\n\nDISCUSSION\n\nHydrophobic Gases. The behavior of biogenic gases (e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen) in aqueous systems is a major area of research as a result of its applicability to everything from assessing redox conditions to quantifying the rate at which organic contaminants are degraded in the subsurface. Those dissolved gases possessing a molecular diameter <3 angstroms (e.g., hydrogen) have a substantially different effect on the structure of water than do other solutes. This is because small gases are able to \"slip through the bars\" of conventional water envelopes and clathrates, affecting the thermodynamic state of water's H-bond network in a different manner than do larger gases (e.g., methane, ethane). Figure 1 shows the change in entropy and in Gibbs free energy associated with the dissolution of various biogenic and noble gases at 25 o Celsius (e.g., Tenaka and\n\nNakanishi, 1991). Notice that hydrogen and neon (both of which have a molecular diameter <3 angstroms) display the least entropy change and a free energy change that is comparable to that of n-octane. While these small gases have a relatively small enthalpic cost associated with rearranging water molecules to accommodate them (i.e., cavity formation), they offer water almost nothing in terms of network order (i.e., decreased entropy).\n\nGenerally, the dissolution of a hydrophobic solute is believed to occur because the entropic gain to the water network exceeds the enthalpic cost of rearranging molecules to accommodate it. Large organic molecules are less soluble in water than are smaller ones (within a homologous series of organic compounds) because the enthalpic costs increase faster than the entropic gains. Hence, large hydrophobic compounds and very small gases are the most disruptive to water's network and, therefore, have the lowest aqueous solubilities. Figure 2 presents various physical properties of gases in water (Atkins, 1986). Notice that H2 has both the highest diffusivity and lowest van der Waals constant of any of the gases, suggesting that it interacts with and is confined by hydration envelopes to a minimal extent. It also suggests that helium and neon are probably the best surrogates for hydrogen gas (as conservative tracers) and that these same noble gases are probably poor surrogates for light hydrocarbon and other biogenic gases, which interact with water via stronger van der Waals forces and possess lower diffusivities.\n\nIt is interesting to note that certain recalcitrant compounds seem to degrade only under highly reducing conditions, where elevated H2 concentrations may have an effect on water comprising both the bulk liquid and the hydration shells of contaminants. In addition to the fact that H2 is the most thermodynamically favored electron donor (i.e., the most highly reduced molecule), its affect on the structure of water itself may be another reason for its apparent rapid turnover in aqueous systems. Schuler and Conrad (1990) hypothesized that the rapid rate of H2 oxidation (particularly at low aqueous concentrations) may be due to the presence of extracelluar enzymes that are adsorbed to natural organic matter or mineral surfaces, primarily via interactions mediated by hydration envelopes.\n\nVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Similar to biogenic gases, the effect of hydrophobic solutes (such as VOCs) on the structure of water is related to the ordering of molecules in the hydration envelope. For this reason, hydrophobic solutes are often referred to as structure-makers, denoting that they increase the order (or decrease the entropy) of the water network immediately surrounding the VOC. Water molecules in the hydration envelope are not only more ordered (i.e., possess less orientational freedom) than those in the bulk liquid, they also rearrange or vibrate at a slower rate (Nakahara et al., 1996). This slower vibration rate is a result, or a consequence, of the fact that H-bonds in the hydration envelope are stronger than those in the bulk liquid. Although hydrophobic hydration results in an increased percentage of broken H-bonds compared to that in the bulk tetrahedral network, the H-bonds that persist are stronger (Mancera, 1996).\n\nThe effect of the hydration envelope on VOCs such as benzene is to increase the rotational movement of the solute, affecting its physical properties such as reactivity and diffusivity. Therefore, both the structure of the hydration envelope and the temperature of the water affect solute properties. As the temperature of the water rises, water molecules in the hydration envelope, as well as those in the bulk liquid, vibrate at an increasing rate until H-bonds begin to break, thus releasing solutes from their cages. This is the basis of in-situ thermal technologies, which are generally designed to either decrease sorption or increase volatilization by destroying the hydration structures that permit VOCs to remain in solution and to interact (via H-bond mediated proton transfer) with natural organic acids or mineral surfaces.\n\nBioremediation technologies are also dependent on hydration structures and dynamics. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes responsible for the biological catalysis of recalcitrant compounds are fully hydrated and interact with the substrate (e.g., VOC) via their respective hydration envelopes. Hence, changes in both th<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Global Information Assurance Certification Paper
Copyright SANS Institute Author Retains Full Rights
This paper is taken from the GIAC directory of certified professionals. Reposting is not permited without express written permission.
Interested in learning more?
Check out the list of upcoming events offering "Security Essentials Bootcamp Style (Security 401)" at http://www.giac.org/registration/gsec
An Introduction to TEMPEST
For many years, TEMPEST was shrouded in secrecy. Government documents concerned with this were classified, which obviously gave rise to many speculative theories.
During the 1950s, the U.S. government became concerned that "compromising emanations" from computers could be captured and then reconstructed. Compromising emanations are defined as unintentional intelligence-bearing signals which, if intercepted and analyzed, disclose the classified information transmitted. Research showed that it was possible to capture emanations from a distance, and as a response, the TEMPEST program was started.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 In his 1986 book, Spycatcher, Peter Wright (ex-MI5) revealed how he had spied on messages sent by the French during Britain's negotiations to join the European Economic Community. In 1960, Britain was negotiating to join the EEC, and the Prime Minister was worried that De Gaulle would block Britain's entry. He therefore asked the intelligence community to determine the French negotiating position. They tried to break the French diplomatic cipher and failed. However, Wright and his assistant noticed that the enciphered traffic carried a faint secondary signal, and constructed equipment to recover it. It turned out to be plaintext, which somehow leaked through the cipher machine.
So what is TEMPEST?
TEMPEST is the name of a technology involving the monitoring (and shielding) of devices that emit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in a manner that can be used to reconstruct intelligible data. The term's origin is believed to simply be a code word used by the U.S. government in the late 1960s, but at a later stage it apparently became an acronym for Telecommunications Electronics Material Protected from Emanating Spurious Transmissions. Some sources insist that it is an acronym for Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation STandard.
National Communications Security Committee Directive 4 sets U.S. TEMPEST standards. The requirements are set out in document NACSIM 5100A, which is classified. TEMPEST certification for private sector usage is extremely expensive and, as a result, it has led to a newer standard, called ZONE, which is more cost effective, though somewhat less secure. Approved TEMPEST-shielded devices are classed into 3 categories. Type 1 is extremely secure and available only to the U.S. government and approved contractors, who must undergo strict vetting. Type 2 is somewhat less secure, but still requires government approval to use. Type 3 is for general commercial use. For more information on TEMPEST certification, see the NSA TEMPEST Endorsement Program.
NATO has a similar standard called the AMSG 720B Compromising Emanations Laboratory Test Standard. In Germany, the TEMPEST program is administered by the National Telecom Board. In the UK, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the equivalent of the NSA, has their own program.
TEMPEST is also sometimes referred to an 'Van Eck Phreaking' after the Dutch Scientist Wim van Eck who in 1985 demonstrated that he could easily pick up nearby computer monitor emissions and display them on a TV monitor. His research paper entitled Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk? described the TEMPEST problem like this:
© SANS Institute 2000 - 2002, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 It is well known that electronic equipment produces electromagnetic fields, which may cause interference to radio and television reception. However, interference is not the only problem caused by electromagnetic radiation. It is possible in some cases to obtain information on the signals used inside the equipment when the radiation is picked up and the received signals are decoded. Especially in the case of digital equipment this possibility constitutes a problem, because remote reconstruction of signals inside the equipment may enable reconstruction of the data that the equipment is processing.
Some of his conclusions caused quite a stir:
A normal TV receiver made suitable for this purpose will in some cases be able to restore the information displayed on a video display unit or terminal on its own screen, when this field is picked up. Depending on the type of video display unit or terminal, this reconstruction may under optimum conditions be feasible from distances of up to 1 km.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 People were alarmed at the apparent ease with which data could be captured by relatively simple means. Although van Eck was deliberately vague/misleading on the technical details of the experiments, there were quite a few attempts to reproduce the results, with varying degrees of success. How does TEMPEST work? Every electronic, electro-optical or electromechanical device, whether or not it was designed as a transmitter, gives off some type of electromagnetic signals, or "emanations." An electric shaver, for example, may radiate strongly enough to interfere with nearby radio or television reception. Transistor radios are banned from airlines because their unintentional signals can interfere with navigational equipment. Equipment may also give off unwanted signals in the form of sound. Proper design minimizes the unintentional signals given off by a device, but some unintentional signals will always be present. When a device processes information such as printed text or voice, it may "leak" that information through unintentional signals. A common example is "crosstalk" on telephone lines. Signals "leak" from one line to another, and someone else's voice intrudes on your phone call. TEMPEST eavesdropping technology works by capturing and reconstructing the Electromagnetic Radiation given off by digital equipment. Computer monitors display information through the use of an electron gun to manipulate pixels on the screen. The electron gun shoots out pulses of electrons, which sweep across the screen striking pixels, left to right and up and down many times a second. The voltage level pushing the electrons out, rises and falls depending on whether the pixel is to be made light or dark. This process generates Electromagnetic Pulses, which in turn emit Electromagnetic Radio Waves or Electromagnetic Radiation, which emanates outward for a great distance. Hard disks are another source because data is stored in binary code, and is processed as 1s and 0s, ONs and OFFs; again causing pulses and EMR. These radio waves are as distinct as fingerprints, even in computers of the same make and model, due to minute differences in the manufacturing of the components. Computer cables, phone lines and poorly grounded electrical systems can act as both a receiver and transmitter for EMR, thus allowing the waves to be travel even further afield. These radio waves can then be captured with an Active Directional Antenna, fed into a monitor and be zeroed in on and deciphered by using a horizontal and vertical sync generator.
Monitors, microchips and devices such as printers and PCs all emit EMR into space or into some conductive medium (such as power lines, communications wires or even water pipes). The EMR that is emitted contains the information that the device is displaying, creating, storing or transmitting. With the correct equipment and techniques, it is possible to reconstruct all or a substantial portion of that data.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
TEMPEST equipment
TEMPEST monitoring equipment include various kinds of sensitive receivers, which can monitor a wide range of frequencies, and a combination of hardware and software that is capable of processing the received signals into the original data. The data that is picked up is often corrupted by things such as external EMR interference, signal
weakness over distances and partial transmission. Advanced algorithms can help provide a more complete picture of the original data.
Codex Data Systems markets a TEMPEST-type scanner called D.I.R.T. (Data Interception by Remote Transmission. Their website describes it like this:
Data Interception by Remote Transmission is a powerful remote control monitoring tool that allows stealth monitoring of all activity on one or more target computers simultaneously from a remote command center. No physical access is necessary. Application also allows agents to remotely seize and secure digital evidence prior to physically entering suspect premises.
Although the sale of TEMPEST monitoring devices to the general public is prohibited by the U.S. government, it is of course possible that non-approved organizations and individuals can acquire the technology, or even build it themselves as the designs and equipment are relatively easy to acquire. For example, see the paper Who's Listening? for a list of components for a "Radio Shack" Reader.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
How can you protect yourself against TEMPEST eavesdropping?
Shielding of devices from EMR is achieved by a number of methods. The most sophisticated devices use advanced micro-components that have been designed from scratch to minimize TEMPEST emanations. Generally, shielding involves encompassing the device in a Faraday cage that does not permit stray emanations, along with special modifications to the power source. This usually involves a heavy metal case around an object. TEMPEST shielding also involves such issues as the design of a room and placement of equipment within it, to ensure that no information can escape. Going to such lengths is obviously a very expensive business, and usually limited to government and diplomatic agencies. As with all things, the potential risk has to be weighed up against the cost.
Companies and individuals can purchase TEMPEST-certified computers but the high cost of such a secure system may be prohibitive to most consumers. For individuals who wish to be more secure against TEMPEST but cannot invest in this level of equipment, there are a few simple steps to take to reduce compromising emanations. Purchase computer equipment that meets modern standards for emission. Use only shielded cable for all system interconnections, and keep cable between components as short as possible. Block radiation from the power cords into the building wiring. To prevent your phone, fax or modem line from acting as an antenna, install a telephone line filter.
On the software side, it is also advisable to encrypt any data that you send from your computer systems so that even if the emanations were captured, they won't be easily reconstructed into anything meaningful.
For much more detailed information on ways of minimizing risk associated with compromising emanations, have a look at the Emission Security Information Guide issued by Andrews Air Force Base.
© SANS Institute 2000 - 2002, Author retains full rights.
"Soft" TEMPEST
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 Two scientists from the University of Cambridge, Ross Anderson and Markus Kuhn, published a paper in 1998 discussing the techniques that enable the software on a computer to control the electromagnetic radiation it transmits. This software can be used for both attack and defense. To attack a system, malicious code can encode stolen information in the machine's radio frequency emissions and optimize them for some combination of reception range, receiver cost and covertness. To defend a system, a trusted screen driver can display sensitive information using fonts which minimize the energy of these emissions. Using text fonts with softened edges, they say, will limit high frequency emissions – radiation which beams farthest afield from the computer. For more information, see the
full text of Soft Tempest: Hidden Data Transmission Using Electromagnetic Emanations.
Threat or Hoax?
Seen by some as a definite threat, or as Big Brother watching, others dismiss TEMPEST monitoring as somewhat of a hoax.
In a paper entitled "Who's listening?", Ian Murphy, the President of IAM / Secure Data System Inc. gives some (dated) examples of espionage attempts using low-tech equipment, as well as many examples and explanations of electronic signals, interference and interception. He ends off with details on how to construct readers/receivers using equipment readily available from electronics stores. According to Murphy, "…. the capability of these units is well within the range of any person with the intent... The equipment is nothing of major technical wonderment, just a few simple block circuits put together, so that they work together to do the final requested product."
© SANS Institute 2000 - 2002, Author retains full rights. Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 James Atkinson, a telecommunications engineer specializing in the field of technical surveillance countermeasures (TSCM), and president of Granite Island Group (a company specializing in doing communications security work for government and defense contractors) has worked with TEMPEST for 20 years. TEMPEST is not a spying technology, he says, and anyone who says otherwise is either lying or misinformed. He says that the reason today's PCs are shielded is not to prevent their emanations from being intercepted, but to keep their electronic "noise" from leaking out and interfering with other electronic devices, such as radios and TVs. While sneaking a peak at what's on someone's computer screen from a distance is theoretically possible, Atkinson says, it is very difficult to do, extremely costly and impractical. Others like Wayne Madsen from the Electronic Privacy Information Center agrees that most people do not need to concern themselves with TEMPEST. The following comes from an interview with him by Smart Computing Magazine: "TEMPEST is the study of vulnerabilities of compromising emanations from communications and other electrical equipment that contain data. A radio receiver can be placed near an emanating machine and pick up the signals, usually harmonic frequencies, emitted by the equipment. However, today's computer equipment, unlike the type of cathode-ray tubes used in monitors more than a decade ago, has become more 'ruggedized', and is heavily shielded so that these emissions are not so easily picked up by a radio receiver." TEMPEST is not as big a problem as it once was. However, the TEMPEST engineers don't like to admit this, and they still hype the problem." However, many people disagree with these views, and insist that TEMPEST monitoring can and does occur. John Young is a New York architect who says he often designs TEMPEST security features into building for clients, such as law firms and banks. He has an active interest in TEMPEST technology and has filed several Freedom of Information requests with the U.S. government to declassify NSA documents dealing with TEMPEST. These are available for public scrutiny on his website .
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 Joel McNamara, who operates The Complete Unofficial TEMPEST Information Page, has spent a lot of time to bring together an impressive number of information sources. He believes that the "security through obscurity" that surrounds TEMPEST may actually be increasing the vulnerability of U.S. business interests to economic espionage.
Closing comments
The term TEMPEST has fallen out of use, and this branch of security is now generally referred to as EMSEC. EMSEC (Emission Security) is the protection resulting from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from cryptographic-equipment, automated information systems (AIS), and telecommunications systems.
Two other terms, which you might come across when researching TEMPEST, are NONSTOP & HIJACK.
NONSTOP is a classified code word that apparently relates to a form of compromising emanations, but involves the transmittal of signals from radio frequency devices -- handheld radios, cellular phones, pagers, alarm systems, cordless phones, wireless networks -- in proximity to a device containing secure information. There are specific guidelines for either tuning the RF device off, or keeping it a certain distance away from the secure device (PC, printer, modem etc.).
HIJACK is a classified code word that apparently relates to a form of compromising emanations, but involves digital vs. electromagnetic signals. An attack is similar in nature to a TEMPEST attack, where the adversary doesn't need to be close to the device that is being compromised. It does apparently require access to communications lines though.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
References:
Joel McNamara – The Complete, Unofficial TEMPEST Information Page http://www.eskimo.com/~joelm/tempest.html
Prof. Erhart Moller – Protective Measures Against Compromising Electro Magnetic Radiation Emitted by Video Display Terminals.
http://www.fc.net/phrack/files/p44/p44-10.html
Markus G. Kuhn and Ross J. Anderson – Soft Tempest: Hidden Data Transmission Using Electromagnetic Emanations.
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ih98-tempest.pdf
Wim van Eck -- Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk?
http://jya.com/emr.pdf
Grady Ward -- TEMPEST in a teapot http://www.eff.org/pub/Privacy/Security/tempest_monitoring.article
ANDREWS AFB Emission Security (EMSEC) Information Guide http://www.andrews.af.mil/89cg/89cs/scbsi/emsecguide.doc
Arik Hesseldahl, Forbes.com, The Tempest SurroundingTempest http://www.forbes.com/2000/08/10/mu9.html
Is Tempest A Threat Or Hoax? "Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation Standard" Supposedly Reads PC Screens From A Distance; Smart Computing Magazine, April 2000• Vol.8 Issue 4
http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Farchive%2Fg0804%2F23g04%2F23g04%2Easp
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 New-wave spies -- Electronic eavesdropping is becoming mere child's play; New Scientist Magazine, 6 November 1999 http://www.newscientist.com/ns/19991106/newsstory6.html
WHO'S LISTENING ? Ian A Murphy, President CEO IAM / Secure Data System Inc.
http://www.ravenswoodinc.com/captwhos.htm
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Global Information Assurance Certification Paper
Copyright SANS Institute Author Retains Full Rights
This paper is taken from the GIAC directory of certified professionals. Reposting is not permited without express written permission.
Interested in learning more?
Check out the list of upcoming events offering "Security Essentials Bootcamp Style (Security 401)" at http://www.giac.org/registration/gsec
An Introduction to TEMPEST
For many years, TEMPEST was shrouded in secrecy. Government documents concerned with this were classified, which obviously gave rise to many speculative theories.
During the 1950s, the U.S. government became concerned that "compromising emanations" from computers could be captured and then reconstructed. Compromising emanations are defined as unintentional intelligence-bearing signals which, if intercepted and analyzed, disclose the classified information transmitted. Research showed that it was possible to capture emanations from a distance, and as a response, the TEMPEST program was started.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 In his 1986 book, Spycatcher, Peter Wright (ex-MI5) revealed how he had spied on messages sent by the French during Britain's negotiations to join the European Economic Community. In 1960, Britain was negotiating to join the EEC, and the Prime Minister was worried that De Gaulle would block Britain's entry. He therefore asked the intelligence community to determine the French negotiating position. They tried to break the French diplomatic cipher and failed. However, Wright and his assistant noticed that the enciphered traffic carried a faint secondary signal, and constructed equipment to recover it. It turned out to be plaintext, which somehow leaked through the cipher machine.
So what is TEMPEST?
TEMPEST is the name of a technology involving the monitoring (and shielding) of devices that emit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in a manner that can be used to reconstruct intelligible data. The term's origin is believed to simply be a code word used by the U.S. government in the late 1960s, but at a later stage it apparently became an acronym for Telecommunications Electronics Material Protected from Emanating Spurious Transmissions. Some sources insist that it is an acronym for Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation STandard.
National Communications Security Committee Directive 4 sets U.S. TEMPEST standards. The requirements are set out in document NACSIM 5100A, which is classified. TEMPEST certification for private sector usage is extremely expensive and, as a result, it has led to a newer standard, called ZONE, which is more cost effective, though somewhat less secure. Approved TEMPEST-shielded devices are classed into 3 categories. Type 1 is extremely secure and available only to the U.S. government and approved contractors, who must undergo strict vetting. Type 2 is somewhat less secure, but still requires government approval to use. Type 3 is for general commercial use. For more information on TEMPEST certification, see the NSA TEMPEST Endorsement Program.
NATO has a similar standard called the AMSG 720B Compromising Emanations Laboratory Test Standard. In Germany, the TEMPEST program is administered by the National Telecom Board. In the UK, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the equivalent of the NSA, has their own program.
TEMPEST is also sometimes referred to an 'Van Eck Phreaking' after the Dutch Scientist Wim van Eck who in 1985 demonstrated that he could easily pick up nearby computer monitor emissions and display them on a TV monitor. His research paper entitled Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk? described the TEMPEST problem like this:
© SANS Institute 2000 - 2002, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 It is well known that electronic equipment produces electromagnetic fields, which may cause interference to radio and television reception. However, interference is not the only problem caused by electromagnetic radiation. It is possible in some cases to obtain information on the signals used inside the equipment when the radiation is picked up and the received signals are decoded. Especially in the case of digital equipment this possibility constitutes a problem, because remote reconstruction of signals inside the equipment may enable reconstruction of the data that the equipment is processing.
Some of his conclusions caused quite a stir:
A normal TV receiver made suitable for this purpose will in some cases be able to restore the information displayed on a video display unit or terminal on its own screen, when this field is picked up. Depending on the type of video display unit or terminal, this reconstruction may under optimum conditions be feasible from distances of up to 1 km.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 People were alarmed at the apparent ease with which data could be captured by relatively simple means. Although van Eck was deliberately vague/misleading on the technical details of the experiments, there were quite a few attempts to reproduce the results, with varying degrees of success. How does TEMPEST work? Every electronic, electro-optical
|
or electromechanical device, whether or not it was designed as a transmitter, gives off some type of electromagnetic signals, or "emanations.
| 5,303
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|
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https://www.giac.org/paper/gsec/646/introduction-tempest/101486
</url>
<text>
Global Information Assurance Certification Paper
Copyright SANS Institute Author Retains Full Rights
This paper is taken from the GIAC directory of certified professionals. Reposting is not permited without express written permission.
Interested in learning more?
Check out the list of upcoming events offering "Security Essentials Bootcamp Style (Security 401)" at http://www.giac.org/registration/gsec
An Introduction to TEMPEST
For many years, TEMPEST was shrouded in secrecy. Government documents concerned with this were classified, which obviously gave rise to many speculative theories.
During the 1950s, the U.S. government became concerned that "compromising emanations" from computers could be captured and then reconstructed. Compromising emanations are defined as unintentional intelligence-bearing signals which, if intercepted and analyzed, disclose the classified information transmitted. Research showed that it was possible to capture emanations from a distance, and as a response, the TEMPEST program was started.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 In his 1986 book, Spycatcher, Peter Wright (ex-MI5) revealed how he had spied on messages sent by the French during Britain's negotiations to join the European Economic Community. In 1960, Britain was negotiating to join the EEC, and the Prime Minister was worried that De Gaulle would block Britain's entry. He therefore asked the intelligence community to determine the French negotiating position. They tried to break the French diplomatic cipher and failed. However, Wright and his assistant noticed that the enciphered traffic carried a faint secondary signal, and constructed equipment to recover it. It turned out to be plaintext, which somehow leaked through the cipher machine.
So what is TEMPEST?
TEMPEST is the name of a technology involving the monitoring (and shielding) of devices that emit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in a manner that can be used to reconstruct intelligible data. The term's origin is believed to simply be a code word used by the U.S. government in the late 1960s, but at a later stage it apparently became an acronym for Telecommunications Electronics Material Protected from Emanating Spurious Transmissions. Some sources insist that it is an acronym for Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation STandard.
National Communications Security Committee Directive 4 sets U.S. TEMPEST standards. The requirements are set out in document NACSIM 5100A, which is classified. TEMPEST certification for private sector usage is extremely expensive and, as a result, it has led to a newer standard, called ZONE, which is more cost effective, though somewhat less secure. Approved TEMPEST-shielded devices are classed into 3 categories. Type 1 is extremely secure and available only to the U.S. government and approved contractors, who must undergo strict vetting. Type 2 is somewhat less secure, but still requires government approval to use. Type 3 is for general commercial use. For more information on TEMPEST certification, see the NSA TEMPEST Endorsement Program.
NATO has a similar standard called the AMSG 720B Compromising Emanations Laboratory Test Standard. In Germany, the TEMPEST program is administered by the National Telecom Board. In the UK, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the equivalent of the NSA, has their own program.
TEMPEST is also sometimes referred to an 'Van Eck Phreaking' after the Dutch Scientist Wim van Eck who in 1985 demonstrated that he could easily pick up nearby computer monitor emissions and display them on a TV monitor. His research paper entitled Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk? described the TEMPEST problem like this:
© SANS Institute 2000 - 2002, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 It is well known that electronic equipment produces electromagnetic fields, which may cause interference to radio and television reception. However, interference is not the only problem caused by electromagnetic radiation. It is possible in some cases to obtain information on the signals used inside the equipment when the radiation is picked up and the received signals are decoded. Especially in the case of digital equipment this possibility constitutes a problem, because remote reconstruction of signals inside the equipment may enable reconstruction of the data that the equipment is processing.
Some of his conclusions caused quite a stir:
A normal TV receiver made suitable for this purpose will in some cases be able to restore the information displayed on a video display unit or terminal on its own screen, when this field is picked up. Depending on the type of video display unit or terminal, this reconstruction may under optimum conditions be feasible from distances of up to 1 km.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 People were alarmed at the apparent ease with which data could be captured by relatively simple means. Although van Eck was deliberately vague/misleading on the technical details of the experiments, there were quite a few attempts to reproduce the results, with varying degrees of success. How does TEMPEST work? Every electronic, electro-optical <cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.giac.org/paper/gsec/646/introduction-tempest/101486\n</url>\n<text>\nGlobal Information Assurance Certification Paper\n\nCopyright SANS Institute Author Retains Full Rights\n\nThis paper is taken from the GIAC directory of certified professionals. Reposting is not permited without express written permission.\n\nInterested in learning more?\n\nCheck out the list of upcoming events offering \"Security Essentials Bootcamp Style (Security 401)\" at http://www.giac.org/registration/gsec\n\nAn Introduction to TEMPEST\n\nFor many years, TEMPEST was shrouded in secrecy. Government documents concerned with this were classified, which obviously gave rise to many speculative theories.\n\nDuring the 1950s, the U.S. government became concerned that \"compromising emanations\" from computers could be captured and then reconstructed. Compromising emanations are defined as unintentional intelligence-bearing signals which, if intercepted and analyzed, disclose the classified information transmitted. Research showed that it was possible to capture emanations from a distance, and as a response, the TEMPEST program was started.\n\nKey fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 In his 1986 book, Spycatcher, Peter Wright (ex-MI5) revealed how he had spied on messages sent by the French during Britain's negotiations to join the European Economic Community. In 1960, Britain was negotiating to join the EEC, and the Prime Minister was worried that De Gaulle would block Britain's entry. He therefore asked the intelligence community to determine the French negotiating position. They tried to break the French diplomatic cipher and failed. However, Wright and his assistant noticed that the enciphered traffic carried a faint secondary signal, and constructed equipment to recover it. It turned out to be plaintext, which somehow leaked through the cipher machine.\n\nSo what is TEMPEST?\n\nTEMPEST is the name of a technology involving the monitoring (and shielding) of devices that emit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in a manner that can be used to reconstruct intelligible data. The term's origin is believed to simply be a code word used by the U.S. government in the late 1960s, but at a later stage it apparently became an acronym for Telecommunications Electronics Material Protected from Emanating Spurious Transmissions. Some sources insist that it is an acronym for Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation STandard.\n\nNational Communications Security Committee Directive 4 sets U.S. TEMPEST standards. The requirements are set out in document NACSIM 5100A, which is classified. TEMPEST certification for private sector usage is extremely expensive and, as a result, it has led to a newer standard, called ZONE, which is more cost effective, though somewhat less secure. Approved TEMPEST-shielded devices are classed into 3 categories. Type 1 is extremely secure and available only to the U.S. government and approved contractors, who must undergo strict vetting. Type 2 is somewhat less secure, but still requires government approval to use. Type 3 is for general commercial use. For more information on TEMPEST certification, see the NSA TEMPEST Endorsement Program.\n\nNATO has a similar standard called the AMSG 720B Compromising Emanations Laboratory Test Standard. In Germany, the TEMPEST program is administered by the National Telecom Board. In the UK, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the equivalent of the NSA, has their own program.\n\nTEMPEST is also sometimes referred to an 'Van Eck Phreaking' after the Dutch Scientist Wim van Eck who in 1985 demonstrated that he could easily pick up nearby computer monitor emissions and display them on a TV monitor. His research paper entitled Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk? described the TEMPEST problem like this:\n\n© SANS Institute 2000 - 2002, Author retains full rights.\n\nKey fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 It is well known that electronic equipment produces electromagnetic fields, which may cause interference to radio and television reception. However, interference is not the only problem caused by electromagnetic radiation. It is possible in some cases to obtain information on the signals used inside the equipment when the radiation is picked up and the received signals are decoded. Especially in the case of digital equipment this possibility constitutes a problem, because remote reconstruction of signals inside the equipment may enable reconstruction of the data that the equipment is processing.\n\nSome of his conclusions caused quite a stir:\n\nA normal TV receiver made suitable for this purpose will in some cases be able to restore the information displayed on a video display unit or terminal on its own screen, when this field is picked up. Depending on the type of video display unit or terminal, this reconstruction may under optimum conditions be feasible from distances of up to 1 km.\n\nKey fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46 People were alarmed at the apparent ease with which data could be captured by relatively simple means. Although van Eck was deliberately vague/misleading on the technical details of the experiments, there were quite a few attempts to reproduce the results, with varying degrees of success. How does TEMPEST work? Every electronic, electro-optical <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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In this Article
- What other names is Japanese Persimmon known by?
- What is Japanese Persimmon?
- How does Japanese Persimmon work?
- Are there safety concerns?
- Are there any interactions with medications?
- Dosing considerations for Japanese Persimmon.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)
Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Talk with your health provider.
Japanese persimmon seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking Japanese persimmon along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.
Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Find out what women really need.
|
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|
In this Article
- What other names is Japanese Persimmon known by?
- What is Japanese Persimmon?
- How does Japanese Persimmon work?
- Are there safety concerns?
- Are there any interactions with medications?
- Dosing considerations for Japanese Persimmon.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)
Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Talk with your health provider.
Japanese persimmon seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking Japanese persimmon along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.
Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (C
|
ozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.
|
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Find out what women really need.
| 689
|
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(Cozaar),
|
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http://www.rxlist.com/japanese_persimmon-page3/supplements.htm
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<text>
In this Article
- What other names is Japanese Persimmon known by?
- What is Japanese Persimmon?
- How does Japanese Persimmon work?
- Are there safety concerns?
- Are there any interactions with medications?
- Dosing considerations for Japanese Persimmon.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)
Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Talk with your health provider.
Japanese persimmon seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking Japanese persimmon along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.
Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (C<cursor_is_here>
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Find out what women really need.
</text>
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ED DUFURRENA 820 CR 133 Gainesville, Texas 76240
June 14, 2018
Officers and Directors National Cutting Horse Association 260 Bailey Avenue Fort Worth, Texas 76107
Re: Accusations Against Ed, Brandon and Rieta Dufurrena
To the Officers and Directors of the NCHA:
The Dufurrena family has been falsely accused and prejudged in the tabloid media website of Glory Ann Kurtz. The false information scattered from the rapidly grinding rumor mill has skewed the facts beyond recognition. I challenge every member of the National Cutting Horse Association ("NCHA") governing body to become educated with the facts and make fair and just decisions based on the evidence. I challenge you to stop this attack that is forcing us to defend ourselves against frivolous accusations that will escalate and expand outside of our own governance.
As a director of the NCHA, I expect you to hold its officials accountable to uphold our rights to be judged based on evidence and without the arbitrary and capricious abuse of due process that comes from trial by rumor. All of the members of the NCHA share the same expectation of basic fairness that we have come to expect through the US constitution and our inalienable rights when we stand accused of rule violations.
The accusations against us began with the filing of a lawsuit by Janie and Don Vogel and accusations that the Vogels owned a part of certain horses contrary to how the horses were owned in American Quarter Horse Association ("AQHA") records, NCHA records, Dufurrena records and the Vogels' signed statement of ownership history, Exhibit 1.
Since approximately 2006, I have conducted business with Janie Vogel. On March 25, 2011, Shona and I entered into a co-ownership agreement with Janie and her husband, Don Vogel.
The agreement provided for the co-ownership of six (6) horses or embryos that would be owned 49% by the Vogels and 51% by us, and a 100% Vogel-owned horse. Exhibit 2 is a copy of the agreement. This agreement was entered into by the Vogels, Shona and me with no knowledge or participation whatsoever of Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena, our son and daughter. The Vogels had no business dealings with them, as Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition. Exhibit 3 contains deposition extracts showing her statements.
In the co-ownership agreement, the two co-owned embryos listed in the agreement were out of Miss Ella Rey. One was by Auspicious Cat and the other was by Metallic Cat. Both were
successfully flushed and transferred into recipient mares in 2011. The embryo from Auspicious Cat and Miss Ella Rey was conceived on January 31, 2011 and transferred into recipient mare 1094, as confirmed by Hartman Equine Reproductive Center ("HERC") records on February 8, 2011. Exhibit 4 is a copy of the records. The other embryo listed in the co-ownership agreement was by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey, and it was conceived on April 9, 2011. It was transferred into recipient mare 1178 on April 17, 2011, as confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 5.
Upon confirmation of the pregnancy of recipient mares 1094 and 1178, pregnant recipient mares were accepted by Ed and Shona Dufurrena and the Vogels as co-owners. The Dufurrenas had fulfilled the original contract to deliver live embryos with no further duty to be performed.
On January 1, 2012, recipient mare 1094 foaled, resulting in the mare subsequently named Creyzy Train, which was by Auspicious Cat out of Miss Ella Rey. As per the AQHA rules (Exhibit 6), the foal was originally registered to Brandon Dufurrena, as he owned the mare. Per Janie Vogels' request to register the mare into the Dufurrena/Vogel AQHA membership, on December 1, 2012, transfer paperwork was sent to her. Exhibit 7.
On January 30, 2012, recipient mare 1178 spontaneously aborted as confirmed in Exhibit 5. This unfortunate loss was absorbed by the Dufurrenas and Vogels as co-owners. Pursuant to the agreement, there was no warranty or obligation for replacement or reimbursement. After discussing the spontaneous abortion of recipient mare 1178 with Janie Vogel, I offered her 100% of a replacement embryo by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, who had won more money at that time than Miss Ella Rey. Janie Vogel accepted the other horse. Exhibit 8 is an affidavit from Sharon Baker who was present during the discussion involving the loss of the unborn foal and the acceptance by Janie Vogel of a new embryo, despite the lack of any obligation on our part to provide another embryo. Sharon Baker confirmed these facts. Despite her lawsuit claims, Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition that we had a discussion concerning the spontaneously aborted foal and she admitted that we offered her another embryo. Then, in 2017, and despite the acceptance of a different horse, Janie Vogel said that she wanted 49% of Brandon's 2011 embryo by Metallic Cat of Miss Ella Rey. She ignored several basic facts. There was no warranty of a live nursing foal in the co-ownership agreement and only a promise of an embryo, so there was no obligation to provide another embryo. Importantly, the other foal that was born from a Metallic Cat and Miss Ella Rey embryo belonged to Brandon Dufurrena and was not part of the agreement. Moreover, Brandon was not a party to the agreement with the Vogels. Janie Vogel clearly knew of the loss by spontaneous abortion of the co-owned embryo, and that the offer of a new embryo by the same stallion and from a higher earning mare was an accommodation and goodwill gesture to her. She accepted the replacement embryo. That other embryo, by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, was successfully transferred in 2012 and foaled in 2013, resulting in the horse known as LL Cool Cat. Exhibit 9. Janie Vogel later sold that horse.
What seems to have been ignored by the rumor mill is how I could have been expected to know whether a horse sired by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey would have been better or worse than a horse sired by the same stallion, but out of Nievas. At the time, the higher earner was Nievas. Janie Vogel was offered and accepted a good embryo after the original embryo from Miss Ella Rey failed to produce a foal.
Another fact ignored by the rumor mill is that Stevie Rey Von won the Futurity in December of 2015, which was a significant and well publicized event in NCHA circles. The Vogels did not make the claim that they owned 49% of the horse until 2017, which is an inexplicable delay if their claim was true and well past the Texas 4-year statute of limitations to dispute.
Per Janie Vogel's request, the standard business procedure for over a decade observed by the Vogels and me has included the selling of horses to third parties or one party buying out the interest of the other party, and then crediting proceeds to invoices as payment.
The Vogels had acquired 49% of Whata Sneaky Cat through the co-ownership agreement. On November 29, 2012, I purchased the Vogels' 49% share of Whata Sneaky Cat. Exhibit 10. I then sold Whata Sneaky Cat to Brandon Dufurrena. Exhibit 11.
The Vogels had 49% of Ozzum Man, which was through the agreement. On October 28, 2013, I purchased the Vogels' share of Ozzum Man. Exhibit 12.
On January 1, 2014, Ozzum Cat, which was owned 49% by the Vogels, was sold to a third party with proportionate proceeds to be applied to the co-owners.
On November 1, 2015, I purchased the Vogels' share of Creyzy Train, which was previously known as Miss Vella Rey. Exhibit 13. The name was changed after I purchased the Vogels' share.
On January 1, 2016, I purchased the Vogels' share of Auspicious Cat. Exhibit 14. At that time, the co-ownership agreement was over as there were no horses remaining. Auspicious Cat was owned by me before the Vogels acquired 49% of him. The horse was originally part of Dos Cats Partners that was, at one time, a partnership. I ultimately bought out the other partners and kept the name. The partnership ceased to be such an entity when there were no other partners. I used it like an assumed name, or "dba." Once the Vogels no longer owned 49%, I kept the horse under the same name.
As stated in the co-ownership agreement at paragraph 6, anytime the Vogels became over 90 days behind on payment of charges, I could take ownership of the Vogels' 49% share of the horses. Despite the fact, in some cases I could have exercised that right, credits were applied to invoices. All of the horse sales were mutually agreed to be credited to invoiced charges. The dates of the sales from the Vogels to me were confirmed in the Vogels' ownership statement signed on February 7, 2018. Exhibit 1. AQHA records reflected the same ownership. At no time did Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena ever show a horse that was not solely owned by our family and all horses ridden by them met all requirements of the NCHA and AQHA.
The lawsuit between the Vogels and us grew from a dispute that arose in 2017 while the Vogels were behind on payments, and they disagreed with their invoices. On February 6, 2017, the Vogels gave me a $100,000 check so they could pick up approximately 10 horses. By removing the horses from our property, they frustrated my stableman's lien that required me to retain possession of the horses. The horses were released in good faith, but the Vogels' bank said
that there were insufficient funds for the check to clear. The horses picked up by the Vogels were not part of the co-ownership agreement, since Auspicious Cat was bought out on January 1, 2016, and was the last of the co-owned horses.
After months of trying to get the Vogels to pay the rest of their bills and to collect on the $100,000 check, I finally said I wanted to turn it over to somebody for enforcement. Within days I was served with a lawsuit, which was filed on September 27, 2017. Rather than to plead that they owed money to us and ask the court to determine the correct amount, they alleged that they still owned a percentage of Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train, although they had agreed to take a credit from me when I bought out their interests in those horses almost two years earlier. The Vogels also alleged that they owned 49% of Stevie Rey Von. The claim was false as well as time barred, as it was well past the 4-year statute of limitations. The horse was born in 2012. Shona and I filed a counterclaim and a separate lawsuit against the Vogels.
The facts related to Stevie Rey Von are crystal clear. Brandon owned Miss Ella Rey in 2011. Exhibit 15. Brandon used his 2010 Metallic Cat contract, reissued in 2011, to breed Miss Ella Rey. Exhibit 16. Such breeding took place on February 14, 2011, the embryo was flushed on February 23, 2011, and transferred into recipient mare 535. These facts are confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 17. AQHA rules, Exhibit 6, state that a foal belongs to the owner of the mare. Brandon had no agreement or business dealings with the Vogels, which facts were confirmed in Janie Vogel's deposition. Exhibit 3. The resulting foal was Stevie Rey Von, in which the Vogels confirmed they never had any interest or ownership in their signed ownership history statement. Exhibit 1.
In 2017, Janie Vogel obtained breedings from Stevie Rey Von through EE Ranches as though she had lifetime breeding rights to the horse. She had no such rights and to obtain breedings by such means clearly was inconsistent with her claim that she and her husband owned 49% of the horse. Although the possibility of obtaining such rights had been discussed with us, no lifetime breeding rights agreement existed with her and nothing was paid for one. Nevertheless, Janie Vogel entered into stallion breeding agreements through EE Ranch in behalf of the Vogels' company, Jandon, Ltd. as though she had a lifetime breeding agreement. Documents were produced by EE Ranches, Inc. in response to subpoenas issued by the Vogels' attorneys that showed her getting two Stevie Rey Von breedings as though she had a lifetime agreement. Janie Vogel attempted to excuse the inconsistencies between her actions and her lawsuit allegations by accusing EE Ranches of altering the documents. Exhibits 18 and 19 are copies of the breeding agreements. Exhibit 20 contains extracts from the Janie Vogel deposition in which such allegations were made. EE Ranches would have had no reason to fabricate documents and falsify evidence.
In January 2018, as we were going through Janie Vogel's deposition process, a unique opportunity arose. The Vogels expressed an interest in purchasing Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train. This drew my interest because as of late 2017, due to family health issues and an adjustment in my business model, our family was considering selling Miss Ella Rey, who we shopped around but had not yet sold. We were also considering selling Stevie Rey Von, for which there was an appraisal done for insurance purposes and another one received from the Vogels. Stuart Barringer appraised Stevie Rey Von at $434,500. Exhibit 21. The appraisal from
the Vogels produced in the litigation was for $1,029,450, but it was based on nonexistent and reduced priced breedings, which would exaggerate and elevate the results. Exhibit 22. We were able to reach a deal as shown in the Bill of Sale for the Vogels to purchase 100% of Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train for $1,150,000. Exhibit 23. The latter two horses were worth far less than Stevie Rey Von. We included as part of the deal the Vogels' acceptance of the responsibility to honor previously committed breedings at the original prices and terms. Exhibit 24. We then mutually signed a final release of claims and suits. Exhibit 25.
After the Vogels bought the three horses, they sold Stevie Rey Von to the Fults Ranch.
When I sold the horses to the Vogels, I retained trademarks and similar rights such as the copyrights, websites and Facebook pages involved with Stevie Rey Von. Later on, Alvin Fults and I eventually reached an agreement for the purchase of the intellectual properties for a confidential amount. Apparently, this was enough to spawn accusations through the ever- grinding rumor mill that I had been involved with the brokering of Stevie Rey Von to Alvin Fults, which was absolutely false.
In conclusion, this ordeal has created a buzz of fake news being consumed by our members through their cannibalistic nature. None of this gossip is based in fact. The evidence I have laid out for you is decisively clear and reflects the true nature of the transactions, all of which are consistent with AQHA records and NCHA rules and the Vogels' confirmation of actual ownership. Exhibit 1. The Vogels retracted their previous horse ownership accusations that were inconsistent with known facts.
We have been encouraged many times to turn this into a public spectacle or an NCHA smear campaign, but we have chosen to be respectful of the NCHA procedures and have faith in the system.
Thank you for your focused attention on this matter which not only affects my livelihood and my kids' futures, but it reflects heavily on our industry's ability to make fair and reasonable decisions based on the preponderance of the evidence.
I expect you, as a director of the NCHA, to hold your officials accountable so that they will base decisions on valid evidence, not gossip, rumors and fabrications.
Sincerely,
Ed Dufurrena
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ED DUFURRENA 820 CR 133 Gainesville, Texas 76240
June 14, 2018
Officers and Directors National Cutting Horse Association 260 Bailey Avenue Fort Worth, Texas 76107
Re: Accusations Against Ed, Brandon and Rieta Dufurrena
To the Officers and Directors of the NCHA:
The Dufurrena family has been falsely accused and prejudged in the tabloid media website of Glory Ann Kurtz. The false information scattered from the rapidly grinding rumor mill has skewed the facts beyond recognition. I challenge every member of the National Cutting Horse Association ("NCHA") governing body to become educated with the facts and make fair and just decisions based on the evidence. I challenge you to stop this attack that is forcing us to defend ourselves against frivolous accusations that will escalate and expand outside of our own governance.
As a director of the NCHA, I expect you to hold its officials accountable to uphold our rights to be judged based on evidence and without the arbitrary and capricious abuse of due process that comes from trial by rumor. All of the members of the NCHA share the same expectation of basic fairness that we have come to expect through the US constitution and our inalienable rights when we stand accused of rule violations.
The accusations against us began with the filing of a lawsuit by Janie and Don Vogel and accusations that the Vogels owned a part of certain horses contrary to how the horses were owned in American Quarter Horse Association ("AQHA") records, NCHA records, Dufurrena records and the Vogels' signed statement of ownership history, Exhibit 1.
Since approximately 2006, I have conducted business with Janie Vogel. On March 25, 2011, Shona and I entered into a co-ownership agreement with Janie and her husband, Don Vogel.
The agreement provided for the co-ownership of six (6) horses or embryos that would be owned 49% by the Vogels and 51% by us, and a 100% Vogel-owned horse. Exhibit 2 is a copy of the agreement. This agreement was entered into by the Vogels, Shona and me with no knowledge or participation whatsoever of Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena, our son and daughter. The Vogels had no business dealings with them, as Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition. Exhibit 3 contains deposition extracts showing her statements.
In the co-ownership agreement, the two co-owned embryos listed in the agreement were out of Miss Ella Rey. One was by Auspicious Cat and the other was by Metallic Cat. Both were
successfully flushed and transferred into recipient mares in 2011. The embryo from Auspicious Cat and Miss Ella Rey was conceived on January 31, 2011 and transferred into recipient mare 1094, as confirmed by Hartman Equine Reproductive Center ("HERC") records on February 8, 2011. Exhibit 4 is a copy of the records. The other embryo listed in the co-ownership agreement was by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey, and it was conceived on April 9, 2011. It was transferred into recipient mare 1178 on April 17, 2011, as confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 5.
Upon confirmation of the pregnancy of recipient mares 1094 and 1178, pregnant recipient mares were accepted by Ed and Shona Dufurrena and the Vogels as co-owners. The Dufurrenas had fulfilled the original contract to deliver live embryos with no further duty to be performed.
On January 1, 2012, recipient mare 1094 foaled, resulting in the mare subsequently named Creyzy Train, which was by Auspicious Cat out of Miss Ella Rey. As per the AQHA rules (Exhibit 6), the foal was originally registered to Brandon Dufurrena, as he owned the mare. Per Janie Vogels' request to register the m
|
are into the Dufurrena/Vogel AQHA membership, on December 1, 2012, transfer paperwork was sent to her.
|
Exhibit 7.
On January 30, 2012, recipient mare 1178 spontaneously aborted as confirmed in Exhibit 5. This unfortunate loss was absorbed by the Dufurrenas and Vogels as co-owners. Pursuant to the agreement, there was no warranty or obligation for replacement or reimbursement. After discussing the spontaneous abortion of recipient mare 1178 with Janie Vogel, I offered her 100% of a replacement embryo by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, who had won more money at that time than Miss Ella Rey. Janie Vogel accepted the other horse. Exhibit 8 is an affidavit from Sharon Baker who was present during the discussion involving the loss of the unborn foal and the acceptance by Janie Vogel of a new embryo, despite the lack of any obligation on our part to provide another embryo. Sharon Baker confirmed these facts. Despite her lawsuit claims, Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition that we had a discussion concerning the spontaneously aborted foal and she admitted that we offered her another embryo. Then, in 2017, and despite the acceptance of a different horse, Janie Vogel said that she wanted 49% of Brandon's 2011 embryo by Metallic Cat of Miss Ella Rey. She ignored several basic facts. There was no warranty of a live nursing foal in the co-ownership agreement and only a promise of an embryo, so there was no obligation to provide another embryo. Importantly, the other foal that was born from a Metallic Cat and Miss Ella Rey embryo belonged to Brandon Dufurrena and was not part of the agreement. Moreover, Brandon was not a party to the agreement with the Vogels. Janie Vogel clearly knew of the loss by spontaneous abortion of the co-owned embryo, and that the offer of a new embryo by the same stallion and from a higher earning mare was an accommodation and goodwill gesture to her. She accepted the replacement embryo. That other embryo, by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, was successfully transferred in 2012 and foaled in 2013, resulting in the horse known as LL Cool Cat. Exhibit 9. Janie Vogel later sold that horse.
What seems to have been ignored by the rumor mill is how I could have been expected to know whether a horse sired by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey would have been better or worse than a horse sired by the same stallion, but out of Nievas. At the time, the higher earner was Nievas. Janie Vogel was offered and accepted a good embryo after the original embryo from Miss Ella Rey failed to produce a foal.
Another fact ignored by the rumor mill is that Stevie Rey Von won the Futurity in December of 2015, which was a significant and well publicized event in NCHA circles. The Vogels did not make the claim that they owned 49% of the horse until 2017, which is an inexplicable delay if their claim was true and well past the Texas 4-year statute of limitations to dispute.
Per Janie Vogel's request, the standard business procedure for over a decade observed by the Vogels and me has included the selling of horses to third parties or one party buying out the interest of the other party, and then crediting proceeds to invoices as payment.
The Vogels had acquired 49% of Whata Sneaky Cat through the co-ownership agreement. On November 29, 2012, I purchased the Vogels' 49% share of Whata Sneaky Cat. Exhibit 10. I then sold Whata Sneaky Cat to Brandon Dufurrena. Exhibit 11.
The Vogels had 49% of Ozzum Man, which was through the agreement. On October 28, 2013, I purchased the Vogels' share of Ozzum Man. Exhibit 12.
On January 1, 2014, Ozzum Cat, which was owned 49% by the Vogels, was sold to a third party with proportionate proceeds to be applied to the co-owners.
On November 1, 2015, I purchased the Vogels' share of Creyzy Train, which was previously known as Miss Vella Rey. Exhibit 13. The name was changed after I purchased the Vogels' share.
On January 1, 2016, I purchased the Vogels' share of Auspicious Cat. Exhibit 14. At that time, the co-ownership agreement was over as there were no horses remaining. Auspicious Cat was owned by me before the Vogels acquired 49% of him. The horse was originally part of Dos Cats Partners that was, at one time, a partnership. I ultimately bought out the other partners and kept the name. The partnership ceased to be such an entity when there were no other partners. I used it like an assumed name, or "dba." Once the Vogels no longer owned 49%, I kept the horse under the same name.
As stated in the co-ownership agreement at paragraph 6, anytime the Vogels became over 90 days behind on payment of charges, I could take ownership of the Vogels' 49% share of the horses. Despite the fact, in some cases I could have exercised that right, credits were applied to invoices. All of the horse sales were mutually agreed to be credited to invoiced charges. The dates of the sales from the Vogels to me were confirmed in the Vogels' ownership statement signed on February 7, 2018. Exhibit 1. AQHA records reflected the same ownership. At no time did Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena ever show a horse that was not solely owned by our family and all horses ridden by them met all requirements of the NCHA and AQHA.
The lawsuit between the Vogels and us grew from a dispute that arose in 2017 while the Vogels were behind on payments, and they disagreed with their invoices. On February 6, 2017, the Vogels gave me a $100,000 check so they could pick up approximately 10 horses. By removing the horses from our property, they frustrated my stableman's lien that required me to retain possession of the horses. The horses were released in good faith, but the Vogels' bank said
that there were insufficient funds for the check to clear. The horses picked up by the Vogels were not part of the co-ownership agreement, since Auspicious Cat was bought out on January 1, 2016, and was the last of the co-owned horses.
After months of trying to get the Vogels to pay the rest of their bills and to collect on the $100,000 check, I finally said I wanted to turn it over to somebody for enforcement. Within days I was served with a lawsuit, which was filed on September 27, 2017. Rather than to plead that they owed money to us and ask the court to determine the correct amount, they alleged that they still owned a percentage of Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train, although they had agreed to take a credit from me when I bought out their interests in those horses almost two years earlier. The Vogels also alleged that they owned 49% of Stevie Rey Von. The claim was false as well as time barred, as it was well past the 4-year statute of limitations. The horse was born in 2012. Shona and I filed a counterclaim and a separate lawsuit against the Vogels.
The facts related to Stevie Rey Von are crystal clear. Brandon owned Miss Ella Rey in 2011. Exhibit 15. Brandon used his 2010 Metallic Cat contract, reissued in 2011, to breed Miss Ella Rey. Exhibit 16. Such breeding took place on February 14, 2011, the embryo was flushed on February 23, 2011, and transferred into recipient mare 535. These facts are confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 17. AQHA rules, Exhibit 6, state that a foal belongs to the owner of the mare. Brandon had no agreement or business dealings with the Vogels, which facts were confirmed in Janie Vogel's deposition. Exhibit 3. The resulting foal was Stevie Rey Von, in which the Vogels confirmed they never had any interest or ownership in their signed ownership history statement. Exhibit 1.
In 2017, Janie Vogel obtained breedings from Stevie Rey Von through EE Ranches as though she had lifetime breeding rights to the horse. She had no such rights and to obtain breedings by such means clearly was inconsistent with her claim that she and her husband owned 49% of the horse. Although the possibility of obtaining such rights had been discussed with us, no lifetime breeding rights agreement existed with her and nothing was paid for one. Nevertheless, Janie Vogel entered into stallion breeding agreements through EE Ranch in behalf of the Vogels' company, Jandon, Ltd. as though she had a lifetime breeding agreement. Documents were produced by EE Ranches, Inc. in response to subpoenas issued by the Vogels' attorneys that showed her getting two Stevie Rey Von breedings as though she had a lifetime agreement. Janie Vogel attempted to excuse the inconsistencies between her actions and her lawsuit allegations by accusing EE Ranches of altering the documents. Exhibits 18 and 19 are copies of the breeding agreements. Exhibit 20 contains extracts from the Janie Vogel deposition in which such allegations were made. EE Ranches would have had no reason to fabricate documents and falsify evidence.
In January 2018, as we were going through Janie Vogel's deposition process, a unique opportunity arose. The Vogels expressed an interest in purchasing Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train. This drew my interest because as of late 2017, due to family health issues and an adjustment in my business model, our family was considering selling Miss Ella Rey, who we shopped around but had not yet sold. We were also considering selling Stevie Rey Von, for which there was an appraisal done for insurance purposes and another one received from the Vogels. Stuart Barringer appraised Stevie Rey Von at $434,500. Exhibit 21. The appraisal from
the Vogels produced in the litigation was for $1,029,450, but it was based on nonexistent and reduced priced breedings, which would exaggerate and elevate the results. Exhibit 22. We were able to reach a deal as shown in the Bill of Sale for the Vogels to purchase 100% of Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train for $1,150,000. Exhibit 23. The latter two horses were worth far less than Stevie Rey Von. We included as part of the deal the Vogels' acceptance of the responsibility to honor previously committed breedings at the original prices and terms. Exhibit 24. We then mutually signed a final release of claims and suits. Exhibit 25.
After the Vogels bought the three horses, they sold Stevie Rey Von to the Fults Ranch.
When I sold the horses to the Vogels, I retained trademarks and similar rights such as the copyrights, websites and Facebook pages involved with Stevie Rey Von. Later on, Alvin Fults and I eventually reached an agreement for the purchase of the intellectual properties for a confidential amount. Apparently, this was enough to spawn accusations through the ever- grinding rumor mill that I had been involved with the brokering of Stevie Rey Von to Alvin Fults, which was absolutely false.
In conclusion, this ordeal has created a buzz of fake news being consumed by our members through their cannibalistic nature. None of this gossip is based in fact. The evidence I have laid out for you is decisively clear and reflects the true nature of the transactions, all of which are consistent with AQHA records and NCHA rules and the Vogels' confirmation of actual ownership. Exhibit 1. The Vogels retracted their previous horse ownership accusations that were inconsistent with known facts.
We have been encouraged many times to turn this into a public spectacle or an NCHA smear campaign, but we have chosen to be respectful of the NCHA procedures and have faith in the system.
Thank you for your focused attention on this matter which not only affects my livelihood and my kids' futures, but it reflects heavily on our industry's ability to make fair and reasonable decisions based on the preponderance of the evidence.
I expect you, as a director of the NCHA, to hold your officials accountable so that they will base decisions on valid evidence, not gossip, rumors and fabrications.
Sincerely,
Ed Dufurrena
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</url>
<text>
ED DUFURRENA 820 CR 133 Gainesville, Texas 76240
June 14, 2018
Officers and Directors National Cutting Horse Association 260 Bailey Avenue Fort Worth, Texas 76107
Re: Accusations Against Ed, Brandon and Rieta Dufurrena
To the Officers and Directors of the NCHA:
The Dufurrena family has been falsely accused and prejudged in the tabloid media website of Glory Ann Kurtz. The false information scattered from the rapidly grinding rumor mill has skewed the facts beyond recognition. I challenge every member of the National Cutting Horse Association ("NCHA") governing body to become educated with the facts and make fair and just decisions based on the evidence. I challenge you to stop this attack that is forcing us to defend ourselves against frivolous accusations that will escalate and expand outside of our own governance.
As a director of the NCHA, I expect you to hold its officials accountable to uphold our rights to be judged based on evidence and without the arbitrary and capricious abuse of due process that comes from trial by rumor. All of the members of the NCHA share the same expectation of basic fairness that we have come to expect through the US constitution and our inalienable rights when we stand accused of rule violations.
The accusations against us began with the filing of a lawsuit by Janie and Don Vogel and accusations that the Vogels owned a part of certain horses contrary to how the horses were owned in American Quarter Horse Association ("AQHA") records, NCHA records, Dufurrena records and the Vogels' signed statement of ownership history, Exhibit 1.
Since approximately 2006, I have conducted business with Janie Vogel. On March 25, 2011, Shona and I entered into a co-ownership agreement with Janie and her husband, Don Vogel.
The agreement provided for the co-ownership of six (6) horses or embryos that would be owned 49% by the Vogels and 51% by us, and a 100% Vogel-owned horse. Exhibit 2 is a copy of the agreement. This agreement was entered into by the Vogels, Shona and me with no knowledge or participation whatsoever of Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena, our son and daughter. The Vogels had no business dealings with them, as Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition. Exhibit 3 contains deposition extracts showing her statements.
In the co-ownership agreement, the two co-owned embryos listed in the agreement were out of Miss Ella Rey. One was by Auspicious Cat and the other was by Metallic Cat. Both were
successfully flushed and transferred into recipient mares in 2011. The embryo from Auspicious Cat and Miss Ella Rey was conceived on January 31, 2011 and transferred into recipient mare 1094, as confirmed by Hartman Equine Reproductive Center ("HERC") records on February 8, 2011. Exhibit 4 is a copy of the records. The other embryo listed in the co-ownership agreement was by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey, and it was conceived on April 9, 2011. It was transferred into recipient mare 1178 on April 17, 2011, as confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 5.
Upon confirmation of the pregnancy of recipient mares 1094 and 1178, pregnant recipient mares were accepted by Ed and Shona Dufurrena and the Vogels as co-owners. The Dufurrenas had fulfilled the original contract to deliver live embryos with no further duty to be performed.
On January 1, 2012, recipient mare 1094 foaled, resulting in the mare subsequently named Creyzy Train, which was by Auspicious Cat out of Miss Ella Rey. As per the AQHA rules (Exhibit 6), the foal was originally registered to Brandon Dufurrena, as he owned the mare. Per Janie Vogels' request to register the m<cursor_is_here> Exhibit 7.
On January 30, 2012, recipient mare 1178 spontaneously aborted as confirmed in Exhibit 5. This unfortunate loss was absorbed by the Dufurrenas and Vogels as co-owners. Pursuant to the agreement, there was no warranty or obligation for replacement or reimbursement. After discussing the spontaneous abortion of recipient mare 1178 with Janie Vogel, I offered her 100% of a replacement embryo by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, who had won more money at that time than Miss Ella Rey. Janie Vogel accepted the other horse. Exhibit 8 is an affidavit from Sharon Baker who was present during the discussion involving the loss of the unborn foal and the acceptance by Janie Vogel of a new embryo, despite the lack of any obligation on our part to provide another embryo. Sharon Baker confirmed these facts. Despite her lawsuit claims, Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition that we had a discussion concerning the spontaneously aborted foal and she admitted that we offered her another embryo. Then, in 2017, and despite the acceptance of a different horse, Janie Vogel said that she wanted 49% of Brandon's 2011 embryo by Metallic Cat of Miss Ella Rey. She ignored several basic facts. There was no warranty of a live nursing foal in the co-ownership agreement and only a promise of an embryo, so there was no obligation to provide another embryo. Importantly, the other foal that was born from a Metallic Cat and Miss Ella Rey embryo belonged to Brandon Dufurrena and was not part of the agreement. Moreover, Brandon was not a party to the agreement with the Vogels. Janie Vogel clearly knew of the loss by spontaneous abortion of the co-owned embryo, and that the offer of a new embryo by the same stallion and from a higher earning mare was an accommodation and goodwill gesture to her. She accepted the replacement embryo. That other embryo, by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, was successfully transferred in 2012 and foaled in 2013, resulting in the horse known as LL Cool Cat. Exhibit 9. Janie Vogel later sold that horse.
What seems to have been ignored by the rumor mill is how I could have been expected to know whether a horse sired by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey would have been better or worse than a horse sired by the same stallion, but out of Nievas. At the time, the higher earner was Nievas. Janie Vogel was offered and accepted a good embryo after the original embryo from Miss Ella Rey failed to produce a foal.
Another fact ignored by the rumor mill is that Stevie Rey Von won the Futurity in December of 2015, which was a significant and well publicized event in NCHA circles. The Vogels did not make the claim that they owned 49% of the horse until 2017, which is an inexplicable delay if their claim was true and well past the Texas 4-year statute of limitations to dispute.
Per Janie Vogel's request, the standard business procedure for over a decade observed by the Vogels and me has included the selling of horses to third parties or one party buying out the interest of the other party, and then crediting proceeds to invoices as payment.
The Vogels had acquired 49% of Whata Sneaky Cat through the co-ownership agreement. On November 29, 2012, I purchased the Vogels' 49% share of Whata Sneaky Cat. Exhibit 10. I then sold Whata Sneaky Cat to Brandon Dufurrena. Exhibit 11.
The Vogels had 49% of Ozzum Man, which was through the agreement. On October 28, 2013, I purchased the Vogels' share of Ozzum Man. Exhibit 12.
On January 1, 2014, Ozzum Cat, which was owned 49% by the Vogels, was sold to a third party with proportionate proceeds to be applied to the co-owners.
On November 1, 2015, I purchased the Vogels' share of Creyzy Train, which was previously known as Miss Vella Rey. Exhibit 13. The name was changed after I purchased the Vogels' share.
On January 1, 2016, I purchased the Vogels' share of Auspicious Cat. Exhibit 14. At that time, the co-ownership agreement was over as there were no horses remaining. Auspicious Cat was owned by me before the Vogels acquired 49% of him. The horse was originally part of Dos Cats Partners that was, at one time, a partnership. I ultimately bought out the other partners and kept the name. The partnership ceased to be such an entity when there were no other partners. I used it like an assumed name, or "dba." Once the Vogels no longer owned 49%, I kept the horse under the same name.
As stated in the co-ownership agreement at paragraph 6, anytime the Vogels became over 90 days behind on payment of charges, I could take ownership of the Vogels' 49% share of the horses. Despite the fact, in some cases I could have exercised that right, credits were applied to invoices. All of the horse sales were mutually agreed to be credited to invoiced charges. The dates of the sales from the Vogels to me were confirmed in the Vogels' ownership statement signed on February 7, 2018. Exhibit 1. AQHA records reflected the same ownership. At no time did Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena ever show a horse that was not solely owned by our family and all horses ridden by them met all requirements of the NCHA and AQHA.
The lawsuit between the Vogels and us grew from a dispute that arose in 2017 while the Vogels were behind on payments, and they disagreed with their invoices. On February 6, 2017, the Vogels gave me a $100,000 check so they could pick up approximately 10 horses. By removing the horses from our property, they frustrated my stableman's lien that required me to retain possession of the horses. The horses were released in good faith, but the Vogels' bank said
that there were insufficient funds for the check to clear. The horses picked up by the Vogels were not part of the co-ownership agreement, since Auspicious Cat was bought out on January 1, 2016, and was the last of the co-owned horses.
After months of trying to get the Vogels to pay the rest of their bills and to collect on the $100,000 check, I finally said I wanted to turn it over to somebody for enforcement. Within days I was served with a lawsuit, which was filed on September 27, 2017. Rather than to plead that they owed money to us and ask the court to determine the correct amount, they alleged that they still owned a percentage of Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train, although they had agreed to take a credit from me when I bought out their interests in those horses almost two years earlier. The Vogels also alleged that they owned 49% of Stevie Rey Von. The claim was false as well as time barred, as it was well past the 4-year statute of limitations. The horse was born in 2012. Shona and I filed a counterclaim and a separate lawsuit against the Vogels.
The facts related to Stevie Rey Von are crystal clear. Brandon owned Miss Ella Rey in 2011. Exhibit 15. Brandon used his 2010 Metallic Cat contract, reissued in 2011, to breed Miss Ella Rey. Exhibit 16. Such breeding took place on February 14, 2011, the embryo was flushed on February 23, 2011, and transferred into recipient mare 535. These facts are confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 17. AQHA rules, Exhibit 6, state that a foal belongs to the owner of the mare. Brandon had no agreement or business dealings with the Vogels, which facts were confirmed in Janie Vogel's deposition. Exhibit 3. The resulting foal was Stevie Rey Von, in which the Vogels confirmed they never had any interest or ownership in their signed ownership history statement. Exhibit 1.
In 2017, Janie Vogel obtained breedings from Stevie Rey Von through EE Ranches as though she had lifetime breeding rights to the horse. She had no such rights and to obtain breedings by such means clearly was inconsistent with her claim that she and her husband owned 49% of the horse. Although the possibility of obtaining such rights had been discussed with us, no lifetime breeding rights agreement existed with her and nothing was paid for one. Nevertheless, Janie Vogel entered into stallion breeding agreements through EE Ranch in behalf of the Vogels' company, Jandon, Ltd. as though she had a lifetime breeding agreement. Documents were produced by EE Ranches, Inc. in response to subpoenas issued by the Vogels' attorneys that showed her getting two Stevie Rey Von breedings as though she had a lifetime agreement. Janie Vogel attempted to excuse the inconsistencies between her actions and her lawsuit allegations by accusing EE Ranches of altering the documents. Exhibits 18 and 19 are copies of the breeding agreements. Exhibit 20 contains extracts from the Janie Vogel deposition in which such allegations were made. EE Ranches would have had no reason to fabricate documents and falsify evidence.
In January 2018, as we were going through Janie Vogel's deposition process, a unique opportunity arose. The Vogels expressed an interest in purchasing Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train. This drew my interest because as of late 2017, due to family health issues and an adjustment in my business model, our family was considering selling Miss Ella Rey, who we shopped around but had not yet sold. We were also considering selling Stevie Rey Von, for which there was an appraisal done for insurance purposes and another one received from the Vogels. Stuart Barringer appraised Stevie Rey Von at $434,500. Exhibit 21. The appraisal from
the Vogels produced in the litigation was for $1,029,450, but it was based on nonexistent and reduced priced breedings, which would exaggerate and elevate the results. Exhibit 22. We were able to reach a deal as shown in the Bill of Sale for the Vogels to purchase 100% of Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train for $1,150,000. Exhibit 23. The latter two horses were worth far less than Stevie Rey Von. We included as part of the deal the Vogels' acceptance of the responsibility to honor previously committed breedings at the original prices and terms. Exhibit 24. We then mutually signed a final release of claims and suits. Exhibit 25.
After the Vogels bought the three horses, they sold Stevie Rey Von to the Fults Ranch.
When I sold the horses to the Vogels, I retained trademarks and similar rights such as the copyrights, websites and Facebook pages involved with Stevie Rey Von. Later on, Alvin Fults and I eventually reached an agreement for the purchase of the intellectual properties for a confidential amount. Apparently, this was enough to spawn accusations through the ever- grinding rumor mill that I had been involved with the brokering of Stevie Rey Von to Alvin Fults, which was absolutely false.
In conclusion, this ordeal has created a buzz of fake news being consumed by our members through their cannibalistic nature. None of this gossip is based in fact. The evidence I have laid out for you is decisively clear and reflects the true nature of the transactions, all of which are consistent with AQHA records and NCHA rules and the Vogels' confirmation of actual ownership. Exhibit 1. The Vogels retracted their previous horse ownership accusations that were inconsistent with known facts.
We have been encouraged many times to turn this into a public spectacle or an NCHA smear campaign, but we have chosen to be respectful of the NCHA procedures and have faith in the system.
Thank you for your focused attention on this matter which not only affects my livelihood and my kids' futures, but it reflects heavily on our industry's ability to make fair and reasonable decisions based on the preponderance of the evidence.
I expect you, as a director of the NCHA, to hold your officials accountable so that they will base decisions on valid evidence, not gossip, rumors and fabrications.
Sincerely,
Ed Dufurrena
</text>
|
[
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://allaboutcutting.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Ed-Dufurrena-Ltr-to-NCHA-Board-06.14.18-copy.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nED DUFURRENA 820 CR 133 Gainesville, Texas 76240\n\nJune 14, 2018\n\nOfficers and Directors National Cutting Horse Association 260 Bailey Avenue Fort Worth, Texas 76107\n\nRe: Accusations Against Ed, Brandon and Rieta Dufurrena\n\nTo the Officers and Directors of the NCHA:\n\nThe Dufurrena family has been falsely accused and prejudged in the tabloid media website of Glory Ann Kurtz. The false information scattered from the rapidly grinding rumor mill has skewed the facts beyond recognition. I challenge every member of the National Cutting Horse Association (\"NCHA\") governing body to become educated with the facts and make fair and just decisions based on the evidence. I challenge you to stop this attack that is forcing us to defend ourselves against frivolous accusations that will escalate and expand outside of our own governance.\n\nAs a director of the NCHA, I expect you to hold its officials accountable to uphold our rights to be judged based on evidence and without the arbitrary and capricious abuse of due process that comes from trial by rumor. All of the members of the NCHA share the same expectation of basic fairness that we have come to expect through the US constitution and our inalienable rights when we stand accused of rule violations.\n\nThe accusations against us began with the filing of a lawsuit by Janie and Don Vogel and accusations that the Vogels owned a part of certain horses contrary to how the horses were owned in American Quarter Horse Association (\"AQHA\") records, NCHA records, Dufurrena records and the Vogels' signed statement of ownership history, Exhibit 1.\n\nSince approximately 2006, I have conducted business with Janie Vogel. On March 25, 2011, Shona and I entered into a co-ownership agreement with Janie and her husband, Don Vogel.\n\nThe agreement provided for the co-ownership of six (6) horses or embryos that would be owned 49% by the Vogels and 51% by us, and a 100% Vogel-owned horse. Exhibit 2 is a copy of the agreement. This agreement was entered into by the Vogels, Shona and me with no knowledge or participation whatsoever of Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena, our son and daughter. The Vogels had no business dealings with them, as Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition. Exhibit 3 contains deposition extracts showing her statements.\n\nIn the co-ownership agreement, the two co-owned embryos listed in the agreement were out of Miss Ella Rey. One was by Auspicious Cat and the other was by Metallic Cat. Both were\n\nsuccessfully flushed and transferred into recipient mares in 2011. The embryo from Auspicious Cat and Miss Ella Rey was conceived on January 31, 2011 and transferred into recipient mare 1094, as confirmed by Hartman Equine Reproductive Center (\"HERC\") records on February 8, 2011. Exhibit 4 is a copy of the records. The other embryo listed in the co-ownership agreement was by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey, and it was conceived on April 9, 2011. It was transferred into recipient mare 1178 on April 17, 2011, as confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 5.\n\nUpon confirmation of the pregnancy of recipient mares 1094 and 1178, pregnant recipient mares were accepted by Ed and Shona Dufurrena and the Vogels as co-owners. The Dufurrenas had fulfilled the original contract to deliver live embryos with no further duty to be performed.\n\nOn January 1, 2012, recipient mare 1094 foaled, resulting in the mare subsequently named Creyzy Train, which was by Auspicious Cat out of Miss Ella Rey. As per the AQHA rules (Exhibit 6), the foal was originally registered to Brandon Dufurrena, as he owned the mare. Per Janie Vogels' request to register the m<cursor_is_here> Exhibit 7.\n\nOn January 30, 2012, recipient mare 1178 spontaneously aborted as confirmed in Exhibit 5. This unfortunate loss was absorbed by the Dufurrenas and Vogels as co-owners. Pursuant to the agreement, there was no warranty or obligation for replacement or reimbursement. After discussing the spontaneous abortion of recipient mare 1178 with Janie Vogel, I offered her 100% of a replacement embryo by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, who had won more money at that time than Miss Ella Rey. Janie Vogel accepted the other horse. Exhibit 8 is an affidavit from Sharon Baker who was present during the discussion involving the loss of the unborn foal and the acceptance by Janie Vogel of a new embryo, despite the lack of any obligation on our part to provide another embryo. Sharon Baker confirmed these facts. Despite her lawsuit claims, Janie Vogel admitted in her deposition that we had a discussion concerning the spontaneously aborted foal and she admitted that we offered her another embryo. Then, in 2017, and despite the acceptance of a different horse, Janie Vogel said that she wanted 49% of Brandon's 2011 embryo by Metallic Cat of Miss Ella Rey. She ignored several basic facts. There was no warranty of a live nursing foal in the co-ownership agreement and only a promise of an embryo, so there was no obligation to provide another embryo. Importantly, the other foal that was born from a Metallic Cat and Miss Ella Rey embryo belonged to Brandon Dufurrena and was not part of the agreement. Moreover, Brandon was not a party to the agreement with the Vogels. Janie Vogel clearly knew of the loss by spontaneous abortion of the co-owned embryo, and that the offer of a new embryo by the same stallion and from a higher earning mare was an accommodation and goodwill gesture to her. She accepted the replacement embryo. That other embryo, by Metallic Cat out of Nievas, was successfully transferred in 2012 and foaled in 2013, resulting in the horse known as LL Cool Cat. Exhibit 9. Janie Vogel later sold that horse.\n\nWhat seems to have been ignored by the rumor mill is how I could have been expected to know whether a horse sired by Metallic Cat out of Miss Ella Rey would have been better or worse than a horse sired by the same stallion, but out of Nievas. At the time, the higher earner was Nievas. Janie Vogel was offered and accepted a good embryo after the original embryo from Miss Ella Rey failed to produce a foal.\n\nAnother fact ignored by the rumor mill is that Stevie Rey Von won the Futurity in December of 2015, which was a significant and well publicized event in NCHA circles. The Vogels did not make the claim that they owned 49% of the horse until 2017, which is an inexplicable delay if their claim was true and well past the Texas 4-year statute of limitations to dispute.\n\nPer Janie Vogel's request, the standard business procedure for over a decade observed by the Vogels and me has included the selling of horses to third parties or one party buying out the interest of the other party, and then crediting proceeds to invoices as payment.\n\nThe Vogels had acquired 49% of Whata Sneaky Cat through the co-ownership agreement. On November 29, 2012, I purchased the Vogels' 49% share of Whata Sneaky Cat. Exhibit 10. I then sold Whata Sneaky Cat to Brandon Dufurrena. Exhibit 11.\n\nThe Vogels had 49% of Ozzum Man, which was through the agreement. On October 28, 2013, I purchased the Vogels' share of Ozzum Man. Exhibit 12.\n\nOn January 1, 2014, Ozzum Cat, which was owned 49% by the Vogels, was sold to a third party with proportionate proceeds to be applied to the co-owners.\n\nOn November 1, 2015, I purchased the Vogels' share of Creyzy Train, which was previously known as Miss Vella Rey. Exhibit 13. The name was changed after I purchased the Vogels' share.\n\nOn January 1, 2016, I purchased the Vogels' share of Auspicious Cat. Exhibit 14. At that time, the co-ownership agreement was over as there were no horses remaining. Auspicious Cat was owned by me before the Vogels acquired 49% of him. The horse was originally part of Dos Cats Partners that was, at one time, a partnership. I ultimately bought out the other partners and kept the name. The partnership ceased to be such an entity when there were no other partners. I used it like an assumed name, or \"dba.\" Once the Vogels no longer owned 49%, I kept the horse under the same name.\n\nAs stated in the co-ownership agreement at paragraph 6, anytime the Vogels became over 90 days behind on payment of charges, I could take ownership of the Vogels' 49% share of the horses. Despite the fact, in some cases I could have exercised that right, credits were applied to invoices. All of the horse sales were mutually agreed to be credited to invoiced charges. The dates of the sales from the Vogels to me were confirmed in the Vogels' ownership statement signed on February 7, 2018. Exhibit 1. AQHA records reflected the same ownership. At no time did Brandon or Rieta Dufurrena ever show a horse that was not solely owned by our family and all horses ridden by them met all requirements of the NCHA and AQHA.\n\nThe lawsuit between the Vogels and us grew from a dispute that arose in 2017 while the Vogels were behind on payments, and they disagreed with their invoices. On February 6, 2017, the Vogels gave me a $100,000 check so they could pick up approximately 10 horses. By removing the horses from our property, they frustrated my stableman's lien that required me to retain possession of the horses. The horses were released in good faith, but the Vogels' bank said\n\nthat there were insufficient funds for the check to clear. The horses picked up by the Vogels were not part of the co-ownership agreement, since Auspicious Cat was bought out on January 1, 2016, and was the last of the co-owned horses.\n\nAfter months of trying to get the Vogels to pay the rest of their bills and to collect on the $100,000 check, I finally said I wanted to turn it over to somebody for enforcement. Within days I was served with a lawsuit, which was filed on September 27, 2017. Rather than to plead that they owed money to us and ask the court to determine the correct amount, they alleged that they still owned a percentage of Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train, although they had agreed to take a credit from me when I bought out their interests in those horses almost two years earlier. The Vogels also alleged that they owned 49% of Stevie Rey Von. The claim was false as well as time barred, as it was well past the 4-year statute of limitations. The horse was born in 2012. Shona and I filed a counterclaim and a separate lawsuit against the Vogels.\n\nThe facts related to Stevie Rey Von are crystal clear. Brandon owned Miss Ella Rey in 2011. Exhibit 15. Brandon used his 2010 Metallic Cat contract, reissued in 2011, to breed Miss Ella Rey. Exhibit 16. Such breeding took place on February 14, 2011, the embryo was flushed on February 23, 2011, and transferred into recipient mare 535. These facts are confirmed by HERC records. Exhibit 17. AQHA rules, Exhibit 6, state that a foal belongs to the owner of the mare. Brandon had no agreement or business dealings with the Vogels, which facts were confirmed in Janie Vogel's deposition. Exhibit 3. The resulting foal was Stevie Rey Von, in which the Vogels confirmed they never had any interest or ownership in their signed ownership history statement. Exhibit 1.\n\nIn 2017, Janie Vogel obtained breedings from Stevie Rey Von through EE Ranches as though she had lifetime breeding rights to the horse. She had no such rights and to obtain breedings by such means clearly was inconsistent with her claim that she and her husband owned 49% of the horse. Although the possibility of obtaining such rights had been discussed with us, no lifetime breeding rights agreement existed with her and nothing was paid for one. Nevertheless, Janie Vogel entered into stallion breeding agreements through EE Ranch in behalf of the Vogels' company, Jandon, Ltd. as though she had a lifetime breeding agreement. Documents were produced by EE Ranches, Inc. in response to subpoenas issued by the Vogels' attorneys that showed her getting two Stevie Rey Von breedings as though she had a lifetime agreement. Janie Vogel attempted to excuse the inconsistencies between her actions and her lawsuit allegations by accusing EE Ranches of altering the documents. Exhibits 18 and 19 are copies of the breeding agreements. Exhibit 20 contains extracts from the Janie Vogel deposition in which such allegations were made. EE Ranches would have had no reason to fabricate documents and falsify evidence.\n\nIn January 2018, as we were going through Janie Vogel's deposition process, a unique opportunity arose. The Vogels expressed an interest in purchasing Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train. This drew my interest because as of late 2017, due to family health issues and an adjustment in my business model, our family was considering selling Miss Ella Rey, who we shopped around but had not yet sold. We were also considering selling Stevie Rey Von, for which there was an appraisal done for insurance purposes and another one received from the Vogels. Stuart Barringer appraised Stevie Rey Von at $434,500. Exhibit 21. The appraisal from\n\nthe Vogels produced in the litigation was for $1,029,450, but it was based on nonexistent and reduced priced breedings, which would exaggerate and elevate the results. Exhibit 22. We were able to reach a deal as shown in the Bill of Sale for the Vogels to purchase 100% of Stevie Rey Von, Auspicious Cat and Creyzy Train for $1,150,000. Exhibit 23. The latter two horses were worth far less than Stevie Rey Von. We included as part of the deal the Vogels' acceptance of the responsibility to honor previously committed breedings at the original prices and terms. Exhibit 24. We then mutually signed a final release of claims and suits. Exhibit 25.\n\nAfter the Vogels bought the three horses, they sold Stevie Rey Von to the Fults Ranch.\n\nWhen I sold the horses to the Vogels, I retained trademarks and similar rights such as the copyrights, websites and Facebook pages involved with Stevie Rey Von. Later on, Alvin Fults and I eventually reached an agreement for the purchase of the intellectual properties for a confidential amount. Apparently, this was enough to spawn accusations through the ever- grinding rumor mill that I had been involved with the brokering of Stevie Rey Von to Alvin Fults, which was absolutely false.\n\nIn conclusion, this ordeal has created a buzz of fake news being consumed by our members through their cannibalistic nature. None of this gossip is based in fact. The evidence I have laid out for you is decisively clear and reflects the true nature of the transactions, all of which are consistent with AQHA records and NCHA rules and the Vogels' confirmation of actual ownership. Exhibit 1. The Vogels retracted their previous horse ownership accusations that were inconsistent with known facts.\n\nWe have been encouraged many times to turn this into a public spectacle or an NCHA smear campaign, but we have chosen to be respectful of the NCHA procedures and have faith in the system.\n\nThank you for your focused attention on this matter which not only affects my livelihood and my kids' futures, but it reflects heavily on our industry's ability to make fair and reasonable decisions based on the preponderance of the evidence.\n\nI expect you, as a director of the NCHA, to hold your officials accountable so that they will base decisions on valid evidence, not gossip, rumors and fabrications.\n\nSincerely,\n\nEd Dufurrena\n</text>\n",
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Wednesday, August 4 Washington, D.C., Enroute to Franklin, North Carolina
Harry Ashby, Navy Intelligence Agent, pulled the partially filled coffee cup from his chapped lips. He needed water instead of the multiple cups of coffee, but driving from Washington, D.C., to Franklin, North Carolina, without sleep, meant caffeine like a river. He had been driving for hours now. The trip had never seemed so long. What was supposed to take about nine hours somehow felt like an eternity.
Heavy traffic had been avoided by leaving the capitol long before rush hour began, in the dark at midnight. Humidity levels had been steadily climbing as he drove farther south. The sum mer heat of August was just beginning. For most of the trip, the windows had been rolled down, allowing fresh air to flow through the government issued cruiser. The air conditioning was about to be put to the test as the sun began to climb into the sky. The only
plus to driving the standard-issue automobile was that it resem bled many law enforcement vehicles. That alone had afforded him the ability to drive a little faster without fear of a citation. He had been pulled over once by a North Carolina State Trooper, six years prior, outside Wilmington. The thought of repeating the experi ence was not one he relished.
Harry began to recall missions he'd been on with another Navy spook, Caroline Blaine. She'd saved him more than once. Now it was his turn. Heavily imbedded with the remaining Rus sian mafia in San Francisco, for the last two years, had made for boring detail. But the intelligence he'd managed to garner in the last week, concerning the Navy, made up for it. That information was why he had taken the job to begin with. Caroline's knack for sensing situations had come through again. She'd been the one to talk him into babysitting the last Mafioso.
Signs for exits in Asheville, North Carolina, were blurs as he continued on. With only another hour, or so, to Franklin, a late breakfast was calling his name. His empty stomach was starting to grumble in protest.
Free of the hilly confines of the city by the bay, he felt re lieved. That relief was overshadowed by the troubling knowledge he possessed. Intelligence given to him before he left Washington, told him Caroline went on morning excursions on a river walk. He didn't want to tip his hand too early in the game and spoil the whole plan. He'd watch first, protect as he could, and save the reveal of his presence for later.
The sleepy little town was indeed as small as Caroline had described so long ago. He had passed only five cars since pulling off the main road into town. Main Street was busy however, the nexus of activity being a coffee shop. Two banks were just opening their doors for the day. Harry slowly pulled through town, circled back around, and finally parked. Sight-lines were checked and
you can run, but you can't hide
rechecked. Cars parked on the street were noted, along with all the out of state license plates, Florida being the most predominant. Places to hide and easy exits were found, along with spots that would make good surveillance venues. A diner nearby had his full attention finally.
Summer months in the south meant plenty of tourists, middle class and wealthy alike. But no one looked twice at the six foot tall man with very short, dark blonde, hair as he walked through town in a summer-weight linen suit. Designer sunglasses hid vivid green eyes, serious with expression.
Intelligence officers depended on their anonymity to sur vive. Being recognized would get you killed. Fierce independence was a mark of the true spook. With that came isolation, and often time paranoia. Harry had lived with both for a while now.
Harry patted his stomach. Southern food was something he enjoyed, apparently a little too much this morning. A full stomach from bacon, eggs, and more biscuits than he should have, was making him lethargic and sleepy. He crossed the street and got back into his car. He left his parking spot on Main Street and found a parking lot behind the main buildings. He was sur rounded by local cars that he assumed worked downtown. They wouldn't be moving and he could stay hidden a while longer. Walking was going to be the order of the day. As he checked the Glock, hanging in a holster under his linen jacket, a mobile phone seemingly forgotten in the other cup holder, rang.
"Harry, you know how Caroline is. I told her she had help coming, but she doesn't know it's you. If you spook her, she's going to shoot first and ask questions later. I'm not sure how crazy these guys are or if they've arrived yet. Just-"
"I'm here, Jack. I don't know how much longer I'll be awake though."
"Do my thing. I know. I'll wait and see what happens. Call
me back in a couple hours. I'm gonna sleep for a little bit and then look for a place to stay."
The conversation was abruptly ended. Despite the need to stay alert, summer heat and a full stomach were doing a number on his concentration. He began to relax further as a breeze con tinually swept through the open windows. The urge to nap was rising. Harry's head lolled back against the seat and sleep came.
05:37 Summer House Farms Reese Residence Franklin, North Carolina
David Reese rolled over onto his back. Partially awake, his hand automatically reached for his wife, Caroline. Instead of finding her next to him, he found empty space for the fifth day in a row. She had been rising early most of her life, the same for him. Lately however, the term sleeping in, for her, meant getting up with the chickens. They had been staying up late moving their things into Caroline's childhood home, located nearby on the farm.
Listening intently, he recognized it finally. It was Russian. She'd been on and off the phone many times over the last few weeks. From rising early, getting up during the night, to going off to the barn alone, all so she could have these conversations.
The house was quiet, with the exception of muffled chatter from the next room, their office. It wasn't in English either. Sonny, Caroline's father, was on a trip to Italy, again, on business. Perhaps she was speaking with him. Languages came easily for her. She spoke many.
David smiled. Caroline wasn't fooling him, not one bit. Despite the fact they had agreed to leave the Navy, neither could
you can run, but you can't hide
think of anything else. She was still working, making phone calls to her old colleague, Jack Madison, and many others. She was taking the time to cover her tracks from all the emails and phone calls, but David knew what was going on.
Caroline spun around in the desk chair to face him, smiling as she took in his partially dressed form. His dark hair had grown out, quite a bit in the last weeks. Just having him in proximity made her feel all tingly. She had heard him get up. The phone conversation had already ended.
The sheet slid down off of his very tall, muscular, body as he rose from the bed. He crept into the hall and stood with his arms crossed at the open office door. Her short, curly, brown hair was mussed from sleep.
It was a smile-off from both parties. David wondered if she had gotten up because of morning sickness.
She rose and came toward him. Her short frame was dwarfed in comparison to his.
"I reached over to find a cool empty bed again today. Are you alright?"
"I'm fine. Just woke up early again, a little nauseated. I figured while I was up I'd take advantage of the time difference and make a phone call. I needed to get in touch with someone in Ukraine."
"Yes, you did." She stood on her tip-toes, kissing his nose, his chin, and finally his lips, where she lingered. The fingers from her right hand ran through his longer dark hair. "It's almost day light. You want to wait and have breakfast later? We could sit in the swing, watch the sun come up, then take a walk before it gets too hot."
"I thought I heard Russian."
Her kisses had effectively silenced him. Nothing had changed between them, but the addition to their family that
would arrive in February. They were still in love with each other, playful, and devoted.
She knew exactly how to distract him. David considered trying to force a conversation, but didn't feel it would produce any results. When she wanted him to know who she was conversing with, she'd tell him. Once a spook, always a spook.
"Nice subject change. I like it."
"Let me wake up a little more. I'm not ready to find my running shoes just yet."
"I'm going to make some tea and cinnamon toast then. Do you want some?"
His fingers trailed down over the fresh scar on her left shoulder. The bullet wound was healing nicely, along with the gash on her arm, which occurred in the line of duty roughly six weeks prior. Both were equally visible in the Navy emblazoned tank top she had on.
"What kind of tea?" David's left eyebrow raised up.
He thought for a moment. She had managed to turn him from coffee to herbal tea in the morning.
"Your choice."
"Peppermint is fine." He leaned down and kissed her fore head.
"Hey, hey, hey! No pinching."
She pulled away from him to go down the hall. As she did so, she pinched his behind.
She laughed, "Says who?"
"I'm not in your Navy anymore, Captain."
"That's sexual harassment Commander Blaine, of a superior ranking officer too."
"You are for a little while longer. No DD-two-fourteen, yet. Don't push it. I'll have you field-daying the kitchen floor with a toothbrush."
you can run, but you can't hide
"Aye Aye, sir. Now, go check your email. Chad's waiting." Grinning like a Cheshire cat, she was off to the kitchen. She knew him, way too well. He ran a hand over the spot she had just pinched. He zipped into the office, listening for her returning footsteps, and opened an email he had been waiting on. It was from Lieutenant Chad Mason. The subject was simple enough- How are you, Captain? Caroline never opened his email. She would consider that rude.
Caroline grabbed the electric kettle. Taking her time in the kitchen would give David some needed breathing room in the office to read his email from the Lieutenant. He'd never severed contact with those in the JAG corps since returning to North Carolina, with her. She wouldn't begrudge him that. Not letting him in on her actions belied the guilt that was setting in. Trouble was brewing that she was expected to handle, sworn to handle. Although her release from the Navy wasn't official yet, it soon would be, along with his own. At first she had felt elated about a new life on the farm with David. Now she was having doubts. So much was at stake in the war on terror. Raising a child and having a family was something she had dreamed of, but thought out of her reach. She had that and more. Why wasn't she happy? It was supposed to work that way, wasn't it? Then the reality of secrets she still held, and those who would inflict harm, manifested itself again. People around her still looked to her for orders and actions.
David was just as guilty as she was on the work and Navy issue. He had not let go either. He had been helping Chad with his first trial, set to begin in a few days. Chad's wife, Cassie, had been the one to convince him to contact the soon to be retired officer, and in reality, his best friend. He relished reading the sit uation reports that Chad sent him and all the facts from pre-trial discovery. This would be a cake walk, if it were him. Poor Chad had only been a lawyer, officially, for two weeks.
She couldn't let them down. She couldn't let herself down. David would understand. His own doubts had been showing through as well. She could see them plainly in his words and actions, but never in his touch. His touch affirmed his feelings for her, always. They were in new territory with a career that just didn't suit. They still held on to what they knew, to what they were born to do. They needed to talk. Who would start?
Caroline returned to the office, with a tray and two pieces of toast a few minutes later. The tea tray was placed on the edge of the desk. She sat down carefully on David's lap, pushing a piece of toast into his mouth. He bit down and grabbed the toast as he took a bite.
Her hip rested against the counter, waiting for the kettle to finish boiling. Her mind was made up. Tonight, after dinner, the cards were going to be laid on the table.
"So how is Chad?"
"Uh-huh. How is the case?"
"He's fine."
His face felt like it was on fire suddenly. He had nothing to hide from her. She obviously already knew he was still secretly playing his part as a Judge Advocate General.
charges. It's the first time he's been up as a prosecutor on his own. There's a new kid in town since I left, some guy from Naples. I've never heard of him. He's supposed to be some hot shot lawyer. Anyway, he's pushing Chad to give his client a deal. Chad says he's not taking the bait because he knows the guy is guilty."
"He's stuck. He feels he has enough evidence to support the
Both reached for their tea at the same time.
"I'm not telling him how to run his case."
"Chad is lucky. He has you to tell him exactly how to run the case. He's sure to win." She took another bite from her toast and a sip of tea.
you can run, but you can't hide
"Sure you're not. He's new at being on his own. He needs
"I don't miss it."
you. You miss it. There's nothing wrong with that."
She turned slightly to look him in the eye. "Yes, you do. I've seen you in the courtroom, remember? You don't just win a case, you slam dunk it. You're good at your job. That's not a bad thing, especially since you're very passionate about it as well."
"I miss knowing I made a difference. It's not about slam dunking a case. It's about justice and serving my country. It's not a pleasure most of the time, but it's always a privilege."
David had a silly grin on his face.
Her eyes dropped. "I know what you mean."
"Cassie called. We caught up on gossip last weekend, among other things." She took the last bite of her toast. "It's going to be a hot one today. I'm glad we're going to get the last of the furniture out of here and get this place renovated. Air condition ing is nice to have in August. Plus we need more room for the baby. Lots to do today. I've got to go by the bank to sign papers for the new accounts. Oh! I forgot to tell you, the realtor said she has some places for us to look at next week for you to use as a law office. Are you and John going to pull old Bessie out of the cellar today?"
"How did you even know about the case?" David washed his toast down with the minty beverage.
David drained the cup. "Yes, we're going to try and fix the tractor. I'll have to wait on you to bring the parts home that we ordered last Monday. They're in already. Since I know nothing about the vineyard, or wine, the least I can do is get the equip
"You're learning. It takes time."
ment going."
"So you say. We're going to move our bed and the desk today, too. You need to come home and pack up the rest of the
kitchen. We will officially spend our first night in your old farm house, tonight."
They chatted for some time and watched the sun come up on the deck, sitting in the swing. At eight, a nice long walk was agreed upon.
09:47
Walks weren't about a rush to get through, but enjoying the adventure along the way and each other's company. They paused, staring out at where two rivers joined, the Little Tennessee and the Cartoogechaye. Soon they turned and headed back.
"So what makes a red wine, a red wine? It is just the grape or how it's processed?"
David's mind was reeling with questions again. Those questions centered on their new career, taking care of the family vineyard and later, possibly, opening a law firm. He knew nothing about working a farm. He was a squid out of water. He had tried to read a book Caroline had given him on wine making to become enthused about his new job. He didn't have the heart to tell her he hadn't picked it up again after trying to understand the process, described mostly in French. He was a lawyer, not a linguist.
"Reds are reds because of the contact the juice receives from the must. Must is the seed and skin mixture you get when grapes are crushed. That must is left with the juice in a cooled vat for a specific time. Depending on the wine, and who's making it, the time varies. Then it's put into barrels and aged. White grapes are not left with seeds and skins like a red is."
"Ah, yes. Rosé, comes from red grapes that aren't left with the skins. You get a touch of color from the juice only."
David continued his pace with Caroline. "Then where do rose wines fit in? They're pink."
you can run, but you can't hide
"What about the varieties? I've noticed dozens of grapes out in the fields. You've got all kinds of bottles in the house. John has tools in the cellar that look like torture devices - copper pots, barrels, and presses. Some of the words, in the book you gave me, I can't even pronounce on a good day."
David nodded and they continued on.
Caroline laughed, "It's okay. You're not going to be tested on it. It'll come with time. I didn't learn it all overnight either. I grew up with it. Don't be so hard on yourself. Ask John about the copper pots. He likes his brandy. I don't have anything to do with that. That's his little neck of the woods."
Caroline watched him out of the corner of her eye. She smiled. He was taking this all so seriously. When they neared the last quarter mile before heading back home, she took off in a sprint.
He swallowed a gulp of air and took off after her. He had been pushing her a little in the last week, trying to get her into running. Obviously, it had paid off.
"Race ya!"
She pulled away at first, but couldn't match the driving force of his long legs. Soon they reached the end of the trail at the edge of the visitor parking lot.
"Doesn't matter, old man. You still won. I can't out run you. Your legs are too long."
"You cheated," David stated, out of breath.
David smiled, "I'm only eight years older than you missy. Watch it!"
a little bit. You beat me anyway."
"You'll be forty three in about six weeks. I have to tease you
Checking her watch, it was ten thirty-eight. She bent over to stretch her back out. The trail was mostly paved, but the en trance to it was hard packed sand and soil. There were footprints
in the sand that didn't belong there. They were of hard sole dress shoes with a small heel on the back. It was a man's dress shoe. You wouldn't wear those shoes to come on the greenway.
"What is it, Caroline?"
The smile on her face dropped suddenly. She stood up, sur veying the area.
She didn't answer. She had caught a scent in the air, a famil iar smell of someone she knew. The hairs on her neck were at full attention.
He put his hands on her shoulders. "Tell me."
Caroline motioned for David to follow and casually walked the length of the parking lot. She peered between each of the cars trying to find what she was looking for. There was no one that looked out of place amongst the sport utility vehicles, bike racks, canoes, kids playing, and a rollerblading couple. None of the visitors had on dress shoes. The prints were fresh though, or they would have been disturbed by all the foot traffic. David stayed with her, but said nothing. She kept turning, and searching the area with her eyes. Finally, she exhaled and bit her lip.
"I thought I smelled something, well someone. We're being watched."
"No. Somebody's here. I can feel it."
"We're fine. There's nobody here but joggers and people walking their dogs."
"So let's go. It's almost lunch time, anyway. Come on."
Harry Ashby was out of breath as he crouched in the pic nic shed on the edge of the parking area. He looked down at his shoes. Caroline had noticed the prints in the soil. He had narrow ly avoided being seen. He was getting sloppy, obviously from lack
She nodded, hesitantly. They left the parking area together, stealing glances around, as they headed back home. No one stood out. Maybe she was just being paranoid.
you can run, but you can't hide
of sleep and only a one hour nap.
13:30
Summer House Farms Franklin, North Carolina
Coughing and wheezing broke the silence in the barn. David and John were trying to gain access to Bessie, the old family tractor. David had wormed his way around the old girl days be fore, and discovered she was in need of some new parts. The trac tor had been shut away since Caroline's brother, Mark, was gravely injured in the fields while on the red machine several years before. Bessie served as an emotional reminder to the family of his death, one they would have liked to forget. They had all agreed to repair her and give her to another farm for use.
moved outside before Bessie could be pulled free. David waved a hand in front of his face, swatting at the dust cloud that erupted from moving the barrels.
Barrels of aging brandy blocked their way and had to be
"How did you get into making brandy, John?"
"Caroline's family didn't make brandy at all until your Dad
"It's a family thing. Tradition is for the son to hand it down to the next generation. Daniel already knows how. He's been watching me since he could walk."
moved east, with you and Noah?"
"Nope. We moved out here from California after my Mom died. Sonny knew that my father, William, had the knowledge to turn the farm around. Dad picked out all the grapes that are here now. They were planted when Caroline and Noah were babies. My Dad passed on and we stayed here with Sonny and Lizzie. Noah left after college. He was never interested in wine or brandy. I always knew he was different. He believed in serving his country,
like the rest of the family, but he did it in his own way. I contin ued the brandy tradition on my own."
"You got it. Brandy is distilled twice. It's pretty potent, very high alcohol content. Then it's aged in these heavy oak barrels we're huffing over."
David nodded, "So is that what that copper contraption in the corner is for?"
David laughed and began rolling the next barrel out of the cool cellar and up into the barn yard. The tractor was uncovered finally and pushed out into the open yard.
John climbed up into the seat and turned the engine over. Nothing.
"I don't know, John."
"Think it's flooded?"
David wiped the sweat from his face with the edge of his shirt. He had decided it was warm enough to divest the offending garment. He pulled it off, tossing it down on the drop cloth they were working on. John had removed his t-shirt shortly after they had begun.
David dropped down, climbing back under the tractor. He reached for the socket wrench he knew would be there above his head. His hand groped around looking for the tool.
John noticed the pinched look on David's face. The tractor was trying his patience, but his mind wasn't on the tractor. It was obviously elsewhere.
Holly had walked down to the barn with a pitcher of iced tea and glasses on a tray. She quietly handed a full glass to John in the tractor seat while planting a kiss on his dusty cheek. There was a dirty hand below her feet looking for something, just out of his reach. She bent down, placing the tray on the ground. David's eyes
you can run, but you can't hide
rolled up to look through the gap in the tractor body to see her.
"Thanks, Holly."
"I brought you something to drink. You look like you could use it." She picked up the wrench, placing it in his hand.
"I'm almost finished with my catering job for Mrs. Barn able. I don't have enough watermelon to finish up the fruit tray. I'm heading into town to get more. Let me know if you want anything. I'll take my phone with me."
John hopped down from the tractor with his glass, draining it quickly. "I don't think it'll be much longer before she gets back. Thanks for the tea, honey."
"Will do. I'm waiting on Caroline to get back with those parts. She got a late start after finishing the boxes from the kitch en. I actually thought I could get it started before she got back.
"You're welcome." Holly smiled and left them to their task.
David wiped his hands and joined John in front of the barn. Despite the sun being high in the sky, the barn had shade off to one side now. Barrels of brandy were used as makeshift chairs. David swallowed the last gulp from his glass and rested it on his leg. His long limbs dangled over each side of the barrel.
John kneeled down, glass in hand, to look under the trac tor. "Your mind's not really on this tractor right now. So why don't you climb out from under there, have some tea, and procrastinate in the shade with me for a few minutes."
Several minutes had passed. John eyed David, shaking his head and chuckling.
"Am I that transparent?"
"You're just like Caroline. You're both stubborn, for one. Two, you're focused on what's in front of you, but you're not really here."
"Look, I know we're not that far apart, as far as age goes, but I've been married a lot longer. I've also known your wife a
long time. She's my adopted family. Both of you said you were leaving the Navy. Both of you have been giving this farm a lot of attention. Both of you are miserable and making the rest of us crazy trying to help with everything."
"Bored?"
David's brow creased. Then it relaxed and he began to laugh. After a moment, he sobered. "In theory leaving the Navy sounded good. We both needed some time to process what hap pened. But I don't know, John. Something just doesn't feel right. For the last three weeks I've had more free time on my hands than I've had in twenty years. I'm not saying I haven't enjoyed spending it with her, because I have. I just feel…I don't know."
"Yeah. No. Well…"
"I can remember sitting in my Dad's chair at his firm, thinking, one day I'm going to be a lawyer. It's all I ever wanted to do besides fly and cook."
It was John's turn to laugh now. "I know what you mean. When I left the SEAL's and came home I felt out of place. But I had something to come home to. I had Holly, a new baby, and this farm. It's what I knew before I had the Navy. It was something comfortable for me to fall back into. It's different for you. You grew up with the law in the big city of Atlanta."
John cut him off. "That explains the fancy kitchen in your apartment in Washington."
David continued on. "My Aunt Margie owned a specialty foods business and catered. I used to help her all the time. It's how we made it. I had life insurance money after Dad died, but she wouldn't let me use it. She told me I had to keep it for college. So when I graduated college, before I shipped out to OCS, I paid off her house with what was left. After I crashed, I thought for sure I was going to be a burden on her again. Then I regrouped, stayed in the Navy, went with the J.A.G. Corps, and it was like I was
you can run, but you can't hide
home again. I was where I was supposed to be and I could still serve my country doing it. I looked forward to going in to work every day, despite the long hours and the caseload. I love my wife. I can't wait to be a father. But I feel like I'm lost again, trying to find 'me' underneath the Navy uniform."
"You think?"
"Your job is what you do. In your case, you are your job. Just like Caroline. It's not something you can separate and com partmentalize. That's one of the reasons why you understand each other. You accept it. You know it's who she is. Just like she realizes that about you. She's just as miserable as you are."
"Yeah. I know her. I've been looking after her since she was ten years old. I wasn't always there, because I was off being a squid, too. She knows how to run this farm. She'd be great at it. She would tuck her chin down and stay here if that's what she thought you wanted. But it's just not where her heart is."
"Tell her, David."
John got up from the barrel to return to the tractor.
David sat there thinking as he watched John's retreating form. Tonight he would be making a confession to his wife.
14:20
Main Street Franklin, North Carolina
Caroline was speaking rapidly in Italian with her father, Sonny, as she crossed the street. She was due at the bank in five minutes. As she breezed past those on the sidewalk, she caught the same scent she had smelled on the greenway. She stopped and surveyed the sidewalk traffic. No one appeared conspicuous.
She chastised herself for running late and hung up with her father. The branch manager met her as she entered the bank lobby.
In only a few minutes, she had a new trust established for Daniel's future; a transfer to John and Holly's account, to help them run the farm; money wired to her father's account in Italy; and a new joint checking and retirement account with David. The insurance money from her brother's policy had been divided. Mark, her late brother, and Caroline had taken out large insurance policies after their mother, Lizzie, had a horrific, but suspicious, car accident years prior. Experience had taught them to plan ahead.
"I'll come back later, Kathy. David's waiting on me at home. I have tractor parts to deliver. Is it okay if I just bring him back with me later today?"
Satisfied that everything was in order she walked back to the Acura, parked in the town lot. Several minutes later, and well away from the bank, her cell phone rang. She had forgotten to sign the signature card on the new checking account.
"I'll sit them aside on my desk. Just call me-"
"Kathy?" Caroline could hear Kathy's shallow breath. "There are men at the teller line with guns."
The banker had been cut off by automatic machine gun fire. Caroline recognized the sound.
Gunfire cut through the silence and the connection with Kathy was severed. Caroline was three miles from town already, stuck behind a tractor trailer, currently blocking her path at the hardware store.
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Wednesday, August 4 Washington, D.C., Enroute to Franklin, North Carolina
Harry Ashby, Navy Intelligence Agent, pulled the partially filled coffee cup from his chapped lips. He needed water instead of the multiple cups of coffee, but driving from Washington, D.C., to Franklin, North Carolina, without sleep, meant caffeine like a river. He had been driving for hours now. The trip had never seemed so long. What was supposed to take about nine hours somehow felt like an eternity.
Heavy traffic had been avoided by leaving the capitol long before rush hour began, in the dark at midnight. Humidity levels had been steadily climbing as he drove farther south. The sum mer heat of August was just beginning. For most of the trip, the windows had been rolled down, allowing fresh air to flow through the government issued cruiser. The air conditioning was about to be put to the test as the sun began to climb into the sky. The only
plus to driving the standard-issue automobile was that it resem bled many law enforcement vehicles. That alone had afforded him the ability to drive a little faster without fear of a citation. He had been pulled over once by a North Carolina State Trooper, six years prior, outside Wilmington. The thought of repeating the experi ence was not one he relished.
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Rotary Club of Chicago
Making Business Leaders Community Leaders Since 1905
November 3—104th Annual Meeting of the Rotary Club of Chicago
For ROTARY/One in 2009-2010, …this is a good year for Rotary—with a continued commitment to PolioPlus and the End Polio Now campaign, a continued commitment to youth programs as we host an inbound exchange student and help inner city kids get their first jobs through Job1, and a host of other projects emphasizing health, illiteracy, education, and peace and understanding—here in the birthplace of Rotary, Chicago, in our country, and the world. We look forward to working with the rest of the Rotary community, recognizing that our special role as the first club can often help open doors that otherwise might have been difficult to open. And we look forward to helping to spread the word about Rotary—to let people know all of the good work that Rotary does in the world and all of the good work that ROTARY/One does here in Chicago and elsewhere around the globe. The president of a club is only one Rotarian. Each of us, as Rotarians, has an obligation to help further our mission and get new, committed Rotarians who share our values, live their lives according to the four way test, and who want to make the world a better place through Rotary service. After all, as Rotary International President John Kenny says, the future or Rotary is in our hands.
Angelo Loumbas, President
Agenda
1. Opening and Welcome, Angelo Loumbas, President
2. Director and Officer Election, presented by Arol Augsburger, past president and nominating committee chair
Retired Board of Directors Recognition
3. Volunteer Recognition, Loumbas
4. An overview of the Club, Angelo
Membership
Financial Statement
5. An overview of the Foundation, Clif Fenton, chair ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc.
Purpose and Goals: How foundation supports the goals and objectives of Rotary/One
Foundation Trustee Appointments, Officer Election and Retiring Trustee Recognition
Key Initiatives and Results over last year
Why supporting the Foundation is very important to the future of Rotary/One
Financial Statement
6. Annual Campaign Kick Off, Andrea Luehmann, Campaign Chair
7. Service Project Report, Marius Ronge, Service Project Director
Community Services, Arnold Myers and Margrethe Kearney
International Program Services, Gus Noble
Vocational Services, Job1, Nasutsa Mabwa
Scholarship, Nasutsa
8. Questions and Discussion, Angelo
Networking Dinner is at Gaylord India: Wednesday, November 4. Will be a cash bar
and a fixed price menu, $20 per person gratuity included. 100 E. Walton St., Chicago. Naren Soni, host.
---
"Rotary After Hours"
evening receptions for networking and always a great way to introduce prospective members to the club. After hours begins at 5:30 PM. Cash Bar at various venues.
November 19: After Hours and New Member Reception—Union League Club Room 700
Holiday Party is scheduled for December 15th, 5:00 PM, No Luncheon. Heritage Room, Union League Club.
The ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.
Board of Trustees & Committee Leadership
The R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.
The ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.
The R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.
The Rotary Club of Chicago, Inc. 2008-2009 Financial Statement
Board of Directors & Committee Leadership
The World's First Service Organization
The Rotary movement began right here in Chicago, in 1905, when a small group of businessmen formed a charitable organization dedicated to serving their community and fostering fellowship among members of the professional community.
Paul Harris, Silvester Schiele, Gustavus Loehr and Hiram Shorey organized their first meetings in each others' offices, switching off each meeting at a different office location. Thus the "Rotary" Club was born, only a few blocks from the Rotary Club of Chicago's current meeting place.
Upcoming Luncheons
Rotary Veterans Day Celebration Luncheon—November 10, 2009
Please take part in our special Veteran's Day service project by bringing a veteran as your guest to the ROTARY/One meeting on Tuesday, November 10. Our program that day will feature musician and composer Kimo Williams, who is also a member of Gary Sinese's Lt. Dan Band. Your participation will help us honor our veterans and make this service project a success. It is as simple as sending an email or calling a vet- eran you know, or maybe one you work with, and asking him or her to attend the ROTARY/One meeting on November 10.
November 17 - Ken Bowers, Temple B'Hai
November 24 - Ray Gleason, Major US Army & Author: A Grunt Speaks: A Devil's Dictionary of Vietnam
December 1 - Bill Osborne, CEO of Federal Signal December 8 - George William Christy, M.D., Christy Cardiology, LTD, Advocate Christ Hospital
News
Volunteers Needed: Visual Communication students from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago will be entering a competition for a Rotary scholarship. The student who submits the selected entry for a new ROTARY/One banner will be awarded a scholarship.
If you are interested in serving on the entry and scholarship review panel please inform the Rotary office. Mary Bell, chairperson.
* * *
Job1 Committee needs employer recruitment Chair, Advisor Chair and Advisors. Nasutsa Mabwa, Chair
* * *
December 15th Holiday Party, needs assistance to organize the event. Jana Herdova, Chair
* * *
105th Anniversary Celebration, has a variety of roles that need filled, including Auction Chair, Program, Reception/Dinner, Sponsors & Tables Sales. Pedro Cevallas and Michael Diamond, Co-Chairs
* * *
Board of Trustees seeks members to help develop an annual Permanent Fund Special Events Project.
Brett Batterson, Program Director
Rotary Club of Chicago Election of Officers and Directors
The Nominating Committee of the Rotary Club of Chicago (Arol Augsburger, chair; John Alberts; Brett Batterson; Linda Mensch; John Spitkovsky) has completed its work and confirms that we recommend the following in our Report to the Membership:
President-Nominee Three One Year Terms: nominee - July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; elect 2011-2012; president 20122013: Barry Axler Treasurer: Two Year Term if elected: July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Manish Patel, Credit Analyst at Fitch Ratings
New directors - Two Year Term July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Margrethe Kearney, Latham & Watkins LLP; Gus Noble, Illinois Saint Andrew Society; Marius Ronge, Alpha 6 Management, LLC; Lisa Russ, CBIZ
Returning directors - finish the second year of their two year term - confirming willingness to serve out their term, July 1, 2009 - June 30, 2011: Brett Batterson, Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University; Evan Freund, Consultant-Life Coach; Jana Herdova, Regency Realtors; Roy Hurst, retired Dentist
Retiring from this year's board on June 30, 2010 would be: Gail Anderson, Treasurer; Andy Frye, Director; Ana GilGarcia, Director
Returning Officers: David Durham, President - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; Andrea Luehmann, PresidentElect - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011 followed by one year term as President July 1, 2011 - June 30, 2012; Pedro Cevallas, Secretary - second year of two year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011
105th Anniversary Celebration
February 23, 2010 Chicago, Illinois Help Eradicate Polio End Polio Now Lighting Ceremony—Dusk Reception 5:30—7:00 Dinner 7:00—9:00
ROTARY/One will be presenting its first of 'many' checks this year towards the club's effort to raise funds for Polio Plus. As you know this most important project, a priority worldwide, has for ROTARY/One been set as the primary fund raising effort (outside of the annual campaign) for fiscal 2010. This installment will be for $1200, brings ROTARY/One's contribution to $8725 for the current PolioPlus Challenge. These first dollars are a result of 'loose change' from members and guests at each weekly luncheon.
ROTARY/One's history of support for Ending Polio is long standing beginning with the major effort of the club and member, now deceased, Charles Walgreen's initial fund raising of $1,000,000 in the mid-80's to help PolioPlus get off the ground.
The Rotary Club of Chicago, known throughout the Rotary Club movement of 33,000 clubs and over 1.3 million members as ROTARY/One, announces its 105 th Anniversary Celebration for February 23, 2010.
This special celebration will also recognize the founding of Rotary's international association in 1910, originally called the National Association of Rotary Clubs of America, which became Rotary International in 1922.
The annual anniversary celebration for 2010 has special meaning, as the evening is dedicated to the eradication of Polio world wide. The Rotary movement developed a world wide effort in the mid-1980's to stop the spread of Polio and eventually eradicate it from the face of the earth. Here in Chicago, Charles Walgreen, founder of the Walgreen's Drug Store Chain and a life long member of ROTARY/One helped to raise $1,000,000 towards this ambitious effort. Now twenty years later Polio is nearly eliminated. But there is still work to be done.
Today, the Rotary Clubs of the world are raising funds to match a challenge grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Rotary's goal is to raise $200,000,000 to match the Gates Foundation's $350,000,000. As of this week Rotary is nearing the 50% mark for the campaign.
Join Rotary Clubs around the world, the more than 120 clubs in metropolitan Chicago and ROTARY/One here in Chicago on February 23 rd to celebrate the End of Polio. A special lighting ceremony, reception and dinner will be held that evening. Reservations will be taken soon for this evening's event.
ROTARY/One members Pedro Cevallos and Michael Diamond are the evening's co-chairs. Anyone wishing to participate in the organization committee from other Chicagoland Rotary Clubs are most welcome. Please contact the Rotary Club of Chicago at [email protected].
Volume 105, Anniversary Issue 3 November 3, 2009
Rotary Club Chicago
* Community Service Projects
* International Service Projects
* Scholarships
* Job1—Student Interns & Jobs
* Youth Programs
November 3, 2009
104th Annual Meeting
Administrative Offices 65 W. Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604
www.rotaryone.org E-mail: [email protected] Ph: 312-372-3900
Annual Campaign 2009-2010
Club service projects are funded annually through the Annual Campaign, a percentage of earnings from the foundation permanent fund and occasional special events. In addition service project committees will collaborate with other Rotary Clubs and seek matching grants from the Rotary International Foundation, thus providing greater support and impact for projects.
Last year members of the club donated over $70,000 in the annual campaign. The needs of the nonprofits helped through ROTARY/One's service projects have not been greater.
Please review the pledge card on the reverse side and support Rotary.
Sincerely, Andrea Luehmann, Campaign Chair
Rotary Club of Chicago ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc.
Making Business Leaders Community Leaders Since 1905
Annual Campaign 2009 ‐ 2010 Pledge Card
Funds to support the Rotary Club of Chicago's many worthwhile service projects come from theROTARY/One Foundation.This year, the ROTARY/One Foundation will provide $118,112 to the Rotary Club of Chicago for its service projects. Your donations to the Annual Campaign include the Annual Fund, the Permanent Fund and the Rotary Foundation (Rotary International's foundation).
I / we would like to make a pledge to the ROTARY/One Foundation Annual Campaign in the following amounts:
ROTARY/One Foundation Annual Fund
Directly supports ROTARY/One service projects $1000 or more recognized as Ches Perry Fellows.
$
ROTARY/One Foundation Permanent Fund
Helps to build the assets of our Foundation and supports ROTARY/One service projects through investment earnings.
$
Rotary Foundation
The Rotary Foundation supports our international projects and the End Polio Now program. All Rotarians are encouraged to donate a minimum of $100 a year to Rotary International. Each year Rotary International allocates fifty percent of funds donated by members in a district to that district for matching grants.
$
TOTAL PLEDGE $
Leadership Legacy & Bequests
$25,000 bequests to the ROTARY/One Foundation
Bequests of all sizes encouraged.
Please check here if you would like a member of the Board of Trustees to contact you to discuss waysyour estate could benefit Rotary.
NAME (please print)
Signature and date
Preferred method of payment, please circle
Credit Card * Invoice * Monthly Automatic Checking Withdrawal
Please Note: If you have yet to achieve recognition as a Rotary International Foundation Paul Harris Fellow, you can by donating a minimum of $500 to the Annual Fund and $500 to Rotary International. The Rotary Club of Chicago will provide a $500 match to enable your first Paul Harris Fellowship.
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Rotary Club of Chicago
Making Business Leaders Community Leaders Since 1905
November 3—104th Annual Meeting of the Rotary Club of Chicago
For ROTARY/One in 2009-2010, …this is a good year for Rotary—with a continued commitment to PolioPlus and the End Polio Now campaign, a continued commitment to youth programs as we host an inbound exchange student and help inner city kids get their first jobs through Job1, and a host of other projects emphasizing health, illiteracy, education, and peace and understanding—here in the birthplace of Rotary, Chicago, in our country, and the world. We look forward to working with the rest of the Rotary community, recognizing that our special role as the first club can often help open doors that otherwise might have been difficult to open. And we look forward to helping to spread the word about Rotary—to let people know all of the good work that Rotary does in the world and all of the good work that ROTARY/One does here in Chicago and elsewhere around the globe. The president of a club is only one Rotarian. Each of us, as Rotarians, has an obligation to help further our mission and get new, committed Rotarians who share our values, live their lives according to the four way test, and who want to make the world a better place through Rotary service. After all, as Rotary International President John Kenny says, the future or Rotary is in our hands.
Angelo Loumbas, President
Agenda
1. Opening and Welcome, Angelo Loumbas, President
2. Director and Officer Election, presented by Arol Augsburger, past president and nominating committee chair
Retired Board of Directors Recognition
3. Volunteer Recognition, Loumbas
4. An overview of the Club, Angelo
Membership
Financial Statement
5. An overview of the Foundation, Clif Fenton, chair ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc.
Purpose and Goals: How foundation supports the goals and objectives of Rotary/One
Foundation Trustee Appointments, Officer Election and Retiring Trustee Recognition
Key Initiatives and Results over last year
Why supporting the Foundation is very important to the future of Rotary/One
Financial Statement
6. Annual Campaign Kick Off, Andrea Luehmann, Campaign Chair
7. Service Project Report, Marius Ronge, Service Project Director
Community Services, Arnold Myers and Margrethe Kearney
International Program Services, Gus Noble
Vocational Services, Job1, Nasutsa Mabwa
Scholarship, Nasutsa
8. Questions and Discussion, Angelo
Networking Dinner is at Gaylord India: Wednesday, November 4. Will be a cash bar
and a fixed price menu, $20 per person gratuity included. 100 E. Walton St., Chicago. Naren Soni, host.
---
"Rotary After Hours"
evening receptions for networking and always a great way to introduce prospective members to the club. After hours begins at 5:30 PM. Cash Bar at various venues.
November 19: After Hours and New Member Reception—Union League Club Room 700
Holiday Party is scheduled for December 15th, 5:00 PM, No Luncheon. Heritage Room, Union League Club.
The ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.
Board of Trustees & Committee Leadership
The R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.
The ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.
The R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.
The Rotary Club of Chicago, Inc. 2008-2009 Financial Statement
Board of Directors & Committee Leadership
The World's First Service Organization
The Rotary movement began right here in Chicago, in 1905, when a small group of businessmen formed a charitable organization dedicated to serving their community and fostering fellowship among members of the professional community.
Paul Harris, Silvester Schiele, Gustavus Loehr and Hiram Shorey organized their first meetings in each others' offices, switching off each meeting at a different office location. Thus the "Rotary" Club was born, only a few blocks from the Rotary Club of Chicago's current meeting place.
Upcoming Luncheons
Rotary Veterans Day Celebration Luncheon—November 10, 2009
Please take part in our special Veteran's Day service project by bringing a veteran as your guest to the ROTARY/One meeting on Tuesday, November 10. Our program that day will feature musician and composer Kimo Williams, who is also a member of Gary Sinese's Lt. Dan Band. Your participation will help us honor our veterans and make this service project a success. It is as simple as sending an email or calling a vet- eran you know, or maybe one you work with, and asking him or her to attend the ROTARY/One meeting on November 10.
November 17 - Ken Bowers, Temple B'Hai
November 24 - Ray Gleason, Major US Army & Author: A Grunt Speaks: A Devil's Dictionary of Vietnam
December 1 - Bill Osborne, CEO of Federal Signal December 8 - George William Christy, M.D., Christy Cardiology, LTD, Advocate Christ Hospital
News
Volunteers Needed: Visual Communication students from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago will be entering a competition for a Rotary scholarship. The student who submits the selected entry for a new ROTARY/One banner will be awarded a scholarship.
If you are interested in serving on the entry and scholarship review panel please inform the Rotary office. Mary Bell, chairperson.
* * *
Job1 Committee needs employer recruitment Chair, Advisor Chair and Advisors. Nasutsa Mabwa, Chair
* * *
December 15th Holiday Party, needs assistance to organize the event. Jana Herdova, Chair
* * *
105th Anniversary Celebration, has a variety of roles that need filled, including Auction Chair, Program, Reception/Dinner, Sponsors & Tables Sales. Pedro Cevallas and Michael Diamond, Co-Chairs
* * *
Board of Trustees seeks members to help develop an annual Permanent Fund Special Events Project.
Brett Batterson, Program Director
Rotary Club of Chicago Election of Officers and Directors
The Nominating Committee of the Rotary Club of Chicago (Arol Augsburger, chair; John Alberts; Brett Batterson; Linda Mensch; John Spitkovsky) has completed its work and confirms that we recommend the following in our Report to the Membership:
President-Nominee Three One Year Terms: nominee - July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; elect 2011-2012; president 20122013: Barry Axler Treasurer: Two Year Term if elected: July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Manish Patel, Credit Analyst at Fitch Ratings
New directors - Two Year Term July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Margrethe Kearney, Latham & Watkins LLP; Gus Noble, Illinois Saint Andrew Society; Marius Ronge, Alpha 6 Management, LLC; Lisa Russ, CBIZ
Returning directors - finish the second year of their two year term - confirming willingness to serve out their term, July 1, 2009 - June 30, 2011: Brett Batterson, Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University; Evan Freund, Consultant-Life Coach; Jana Herdova, Regency Realtors; Roy Hurst, retired Dentist
Retiring from this year's board on June 30, 2010 would be: Gail Anderson, Treasurer; Andy Frye, Director; Ana GilGarcia, Director
Returning Officers: David Durham, President - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; Andrea Luehmann, PresidentElect - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011 followed by one year term as President July 1, 2011 - June 30, 2012; Pedro Cevallas, Secretary - second year of two year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011
105th Anniversary Celebration
February 23, 2010 Chicago, Illinois Help Eradicate Polio End Polio Now Lighting Ceremony—Dusk Reception 5:30—7:00 Dinner 7:00—9:00
ROTARY/One will be presenting its first of 'many' checks this year towards the club's effort to raise funds for Polio Plus. As you know this most important project, a priority worldwide, has for ROTARY/One been set as the primary fund raising effort (outside of the annual campaign) for fiscal 2010. This installment will be for $1200, brings ROTARY/One's contribution to $8725 for the current PolioPlus Challenge. These first dollars are a result of 'loose change' from members and guests at each weekly luncheon.
ROTARY/One's history of support for Ending Polio is long standing beginning with the major effort of the club and member, now deceased, Charles Walgreen's initial fund raising of $1,000,000 in the mid-80's to help PolioPlus get off the ground.
The Rotary Club of Chicago, known throughout the Rotary Club movement of 33,000 clubs and over 1.3 million members as ROTARY/One, announces its 105 th Anniversary Celebration for February 23, 2010.
This special celebration will also recognize the founding of Rotary's international association in 1910, originally called the National Association
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of Rotary Clubs of America, which became Rotary International in 1922.
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</url>
<text>
Rotary Club of Chicago
Making Business Leaders Community Leaders Since 1905
November 3—104th Annual Meeting of the Rotary Club of Chicago
For ROTARY/One in 2009-2010, …this is a good year for Rotary—with a continued commitment to PolioPlus and the End Polio Now campaign, a continued commitment to youth programs as we host an inbound exchange student and help inner city kids get their first jobs through Job1, and a host of other projects emphasizing health, illiteracy, education, and peace and understanding—here in the birthplace of Rotary, Chicago, in our country, and the world. We look forward to working with the rest of the Rotary community, recognizing that our special role as the first club can often help open doors that otherwise might have been difficult to open. And we look forward to helping to spread the word about Rotary—to let people know all of the good work that Rotary does in the world and all of the good work that ROTARY/One does here in Chicago and elsewhere around the globe. The president of a club is only one Rotarian. Each of us, as Rotarians, has an obligation to help further our mission and get new, committed Rotarians who share our values, live their lives according to the four way test, and who want to make the world a better place through Rotary service. After all, as Rotary International President John Kenny says, the future or Rotary is in our hands.
Angelo Loumbas, President
Agenda
1. Opening and Welcome, Angelo Loumbas, President
2. Director and Officer Election, presented by Arol Augsburger, past president and nominating committee chair
Retired Board of Directors Recognition
3. Volunteer Recognition, Loumbas
4. An overview of the Club, Angelo
Membership
Financial Statement
5. An overview of the Foundation, Clif Fenton, chair ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc.
Purpose and Goals: How foundation supports the goals and objectives of Rotary/One
Foundation Trustee Appointments, Officer Election and Retiring Trustee Recognition
Key Initiatives and Results over last year
Why supporting the Foundation is very important to the future of Rotary/One
Financial Statement
6. Annual Campaign Kick Off, Andrea Luehmann, Campaign Chair
7. Service Project Report, Marius Ronge, Service Project Director
Community Services, Arnold Myers and Margrethe Kearney
International Program Services, Gus Noble
Vocational Services, Job1, Nasutsa Mabwa
Scholarship, Nasutsa
8. Questions and Discussion, Angelo
Networking Dinner is at Gaylord India: Wednesday, November 4. Will be a cash bar
and a fixed price menu, $20 per person gratuity included. 100 E. Walton St., Chicago. Naren Soni, host.
---
"Rotary After Hours"
evening receptions for networking and always a great way to introduce prospective members to the club. After hours begins at 5:30 PM. Cash Bar at various venues.
November 19: After Hours and New Member Reception—Union League Club Room 700
Holiday Party is scheduled for December 15th, 5:00 PM, No Luncheon. Heritage Room, Union League Club.
The ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.
Board of Trustees & Committee Leadership
The R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.
The ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.
The R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.
The Rotary Club of Chicago, Inc. 2008-2009 Financial Statement
Board of Directors & Committee Leadership
The World's First Service Organization
The Rotary movement began right here in Chicago, in 1905, when a small group of businessmen formed a charitable organization dedicated to serving their community and fostering fellowship among members of the professional community.
Paul Harris, Silvester Schiele, Gustavus Loehr and Hiram Shorey organized their first meetings in each others' offices, switching off each meeting at a different office location. Thus the "Rotary" Club was born, only a few blocks from the Rotary Club of Chicago's current meeting place.
Upcoming Luncheons
Rotary Veterans Day Celebration Luncheon—November 10, 2009
Please take part in our special Veteran's Day service project by bringing a veteran as your guest to the ROTARY/One meeting on Tuesday, November 10. Our program that day will feature musician and composer Kimo Williams, who is also a member of Gary Sinese's Lt. Dan Band. Your participation will help us honor our veterans and make this service project a success. It is as simple as sending an email or calling a vet- eran you know, or maybe one you work with, and asking him or her to attend the ROTARY/One meeting on November 10.
November 17 - Ken Bowers, Temple B'Hai
November 24 - Ray Gleason, Major US Army & Author: A Grunt Speaks: A Devil's Dictionary of Vietnam
December 1 - Bill Osborne, CEO of Federal Signal December 8 - George William Christy, M.D., Christy Cardiology, LTD, Advocate Christ Hospital
News
Volunteers Needed: Visual Communication students from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago will be entering a competition for a Rotary scholarship. The student who submits the selected entry for a new ROTARY/One banner will be awarded a scholarship.
If you are interested in serving on the entry and scholarship review panel please inform the Rotary office. Mary Bell, chairperson.
* * *
Job1 Committee needs employer recruitment Chair, Advisor Chair and Advisors. Nasutsa Mabwa, Chair
* * *
December 15th Holiday Party, needs assistance to organize the event. Jana Herdova, Chair
* * *
105th Anniversary Celebration, has a variety of roles that need filled, including Auction Chair, Program, Reception/Dinner, Sponsors & Tables Sales. Pedro Cevallas and Michael Diamond, Co-Chairs
* * *
Board of Trustees seeks members to help develop an annual Permanent Fund Special Events Project.
Brett Batterson, Program Director
Rotary Club of Chicago Election of Officers and Directors
The Nominating Committee of the Rotary Club of Chicago (Arol Augsburger, chair; John Alberts; Brett Batterson; Linda Mensch; John Spitkovsky) has completed its work and confirms that we recommend the following in our Report to the Membership:
President-Nominee Three One Year Terms: nominee - July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; elect 2011-2012; president 20122013: Barry Axler Treasurer: Two Year Term if elected: July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Manish Patel, Credit Analyst at Fitch Ratings
New directors - Two Year Term July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Margrethe Kearney, Latham & Watkins LLP; Gus Noble, Illinois Saint Andrew Society; Marius Ronge, Alpha 6 Management, LLC; Lisa Russ, CBIZ
Returning directors - finish the second year of their two year term - confirming willingness to serve out their term, July 1, 2009 - June 30, 2011: Brett Batterson, Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University; Evan Freund, Consultant-Life Coach; Jana Herdova, Regency Realtors; Roy Hurst, retired Dentist
Retiring from this year's board on June 30, 2010 would be: Gail Anderson, Treasurer; Andy Frye, Director; Ana GilGarcia, Director
Returning Officers: David Durham, President - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; Andrea Luehmann, PresidentElect - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011 followed by one year term as President July 1, 2011 - June 30, 2012; Pedro Cevallas, Secretary - second year of two year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011
105th Anniversary Celebration
February 23, 2010 Chicago, Illinois Help Eradicate Polio End Polio Now Lighting Ceremony—Dusk Reception 5:30—7:00 Dinner 7:00—9:00
ROTARY/One will be presenting its first of 'many' checks this year towards the club's effort to raise funds for Polio Plus. As you know this most important project, a priority worldwide, has for ROTARY/One been set as the primary fund raising effort (outside of the annual campaign) for fiscal 2010. This installment will be for $1200, brings ROTARY/One's contribution to $8725 for the current PolioPlus Challenge. These first dollars are a result of 'loose change' from members and guests at each weekly luncheon.
ROTARY/One's history of support for Ending Polio is long standing beginning with the major effort of the club and member, now deceased, Charles Walgreen's initial fund raising of $1,000,000 in the mid-80's to help PolioPlus get off the ground.
The Rotary Club of Chicago, known throughout the Rotary Club movement of 33,000 clubs and over 1.3 million members as ROTARY/One, announces its 105 th Anniversary Celebration for February 23, 2010.
This special celebration will also recognize the founding of Rotary's international association in 1910, originally called the National Association <cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://rotaryone.clubexpress.com/docs.ashx?id=46997\n</url>\n<text>\nRotary Club of Chicago\n\nMaking Business Leaders Community Leaders Since 1905\n\nNovember 3—104th Annual Meeting of the Rotary Club of Chicago\n\nFor ROTARY/One in 2009-2010, …this is a good year for Rotary—with a continued commitment to PolioPlus and the End Polio Now campaign, a continued commitment to youth programs as we host an inbound exchange student and help inner city kids get their first jobs through Job1, and a host of other projects emphasizing health, illiteracy, education, and peace and understanding—here in the birthplace of Rotary, Chicago, in our country, and the world. We look forward to working with the rest of the Rotary community, recognizing that our special role as the first club can often help open doors that otherwise might have been difficult to open. And we look forward to helping to spread the word about Rotary—to let people know all of the good work that Rotary does in the world and all of the good work that ROTARY/One does here in Chicago and elsewhere around the globe. The president of a club is only one Rotarian. Each of us, as Rotarians, has an obligation to help further our mission and get new, committed Rotarians who share our values, live their lives according to the four way test, and who want to make the world a better place through Rotary service. After all, as Rotary International President John Kenny says, the future or Rotary is in our hands.\n\nAngelo Loumbas, President\n\nAgenda\n\n1. Opening and Welcome, Angelo Loumbas, President\n2. Director and Officer Election, presented by Arol Augsburger, past president and nominating committee chair\n\nRetired Board of Directors Recognition\n\n3. Volunteer Recognition, Loumbas\n4. An overview of the Club, Angelo\n\nMembership\n\nFinancial Statement\n\n5. An overview of the Foundation, Clif Fenton, chair ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc.\n\nPurpose and Goals: How foundation supports the goals and objectives of Rotary/One\n\nFoundation Trustee Appointments, Officer Election and Retiring Trustee Recognition\n\nKey Initiatives and Results over last year\n\nWhy supporting the Foundation is very important to the future of Rotary/One\n\nFinancial Statement\n\n6. Annual Campaign Kick Off, Andrea Luehmann, Campaign Chair\n\n7. Service Project Report, Marius Ronge, Service Project Director\n\nCommunity Services, Arnold Myers and Margrethe Kearney\n\nInternational Program Services, Gus Noble\n\nVocational Services, Job1, Nasutsa Mabwa\n\nScholarship, Nasutsa\n\n8. Questions and Discussion, Angelo\n\nNetworking Dinner is at Gaylord India: Wednesday, November 4. Will be a cash bar\n\nand a fixed price menu, $20 per person gratuity included. 100 E. Walton St., Chicago. Naren Soni, host.\n\n---\n\n\"Rotary After Hours\"\n\nevening receptions for networking and always a great way to introduce prospective members to the club. After hours begins at 5:30 PM. Cash Bar at various venues.\n\nNovember 19: After Hours and New Member Reception—Union League Club Room 700\n\nHoliday Party is scheduled for December 15th, 5:00 PM, No Luncheon. Heritage Room, Union League Club.\n\nThe ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.\n\nBoard of Trustees & Committee Leadership\n\nThe R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.\n\nThe ROTARY/One Foundation, Inc. is the foundation of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The mission of the ROTARY/One Foundation is to secure the resources necessary to support the Service Mission of the Rotary Club of Chicago.\n\nThe R/O Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the R/O Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.\n\nThe Rotary Club of Chicago, Inc. 2008-2009 Financial Statement\n\nBoard of Directors & Committee Leadership\n\nThe World's First Service Organization\n\nThe Rotary movement began right here in Chicago, in 1905, when a small group of businessmen formed a charitable organization dedicated to serving their community and fostering fellowship among members of the professional community.\n\nPaul Harris, Silvester Schiele, Gustavus Loehr and Hiram Shorey organized their first meetings in each others' offices, switching off each meeting at a different office location. Thus the \"Rotary\" Club was born, only a few blocks from the Rotary Club of Chicago's current meeting place.\n\nUpcoming Luncheons\n\nRotary Veterans Day Celebration Luncheon—November 10, 2009\n\nPlease take part in our special Veteran's Day service project by bringing a veteran as your guest to the ROTARY/One meeting on Tuesday, November 10. Our program that day will feature musician and composer Kimo Williams, who is also a member of Gary Sinese's Lt. Dan Band. Your participation will help us honor our veterans and make this service project a success. It is as simple as sending an email or calling a vet- eran you know, or maybe one you work with, and asking him or her to attend the ROTARY/One meeting on November 10.\n\nNovember 17 - Ken Bowers, Temple B'Hai\n\nNovember 24 - Ray Gleason, Major US Army & Author: A Grunt Speaks: A Devil's Dictionary of Vietnam\n\nDecember 1 - Bill Osborne, CEO of Federal Signal December 8 - George William Christy, M.D., Christy Cardiology, LTD, Advocate Christ Hospital\n\nNews\n\nVolunteers Needed: Visual Communication students from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago will be entering a competition for a Rotary scholarship. The student who submits the selected entry for a new ROTARY/One banner will be awarded a scholarship.\n\nIf you are interested in serving on the entry and scholarship review panel please inform the Rotary office. Mary Bell, chairperson.\n\n* * *\n\nJob1 Committee needs employer recruitment Chair, Advisor Chair and Advisors. Nasutsa Mabwa, Chair\n\n* * *\n\nDecember 15th Holiday Party, needs assistance to organize the event. Jana Herdova, Chair\n\n* * *\n\n105th Anniversary Celebration, has a variety of roles that need filled, including Auction Chair, Program, Reception/Dinner, Sponsors & Tables Sales. Pedro Cevallas and Michael Diamond, Co-Chairs\n\n* * *\n\nBoard of Trustees seeks members to help develop an annual Permanent Fund Special Events Project.\n\nBrett Batterson, Program Director\n\nRotary Club of Chicago Election of Officers and Directors\n\nThe Nominating Committee of the Rotary Club of Chicago (Arol Augsburger, chair; John Alberts; Brett Batterson; Linda Mensch; John Spitkovsky) has completed its work and confirms that we recommend the following in our Report to the Membership:\n\nPresident-Nominee Three One Year Terms: nominee - July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; elect 2011-2012; president 20122013: Barry Axler Treasurer: Two Year Term if elected: July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Manish Patel, Credit Analyst at Fitch Ratings\n\nNew directors - Two Year Term July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2012: Margrethe Kearney, Latham & Watkins LLP; Gus Noble, Illinois Saint Andrew Society; Marius Ronge, Alpha 6 Management, LLC; Lisa Russ, CBIZ\n\nReturning directors - finish the second year of their two year term - confirming willingness to serve out their term, July 1, 2009 - June 30, 2011: Brett Batterson, Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University; Evan Freund, Consultant-Life Coach; Jana Herdova, Regency Realtors; Roy Hurst, retired Dentist\n\nRetiring from this year's board on June 30, 2010 would be: Gail Anderson, Treasurer; Andy Frye, Director; Ana GilGarcia, Director\n\nReturning Officers: David Durham, President - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011; Andrea Luehmann, PresidentElect - one year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011 followed by one year term as President July 1, 2011 - June 30, 2012; Pedro Cevallas, Secretary - second year of two year term, July 1, 2010 - June 30, 2011\n\n105th Anniversary Celebration\n\nFebruary 23, 2010 Chicago, Illinois Help Eradicate Polio End Polio Now Lighting Ceremony—Dusk Reception 5:30—7:00 Dinner 7:00—9:00\n\nROTARY/One will be presenting its first of 'many' checks this year towards the club's effort to raise funds for Polio Plus. As you know this most important project, a priority worldwide, has for ROTARY/One been set as the primary fund raising effort (outside of the annual campaign) for fiscal 2010. This installment will be for $1200, brings ROTARY/One's contribution to $8725 for the current PolioPlus Challenge. These first dollars are a result of 'loose change' from members and guests at each weekly luncheon.\n\nROTARY/One's history of support for Ending Polio is long standing beginning with the major effort of the club and member, now deceased, Charles Walgreen's initial fund raising of $1,000,000 in the mid-80's to help PolioPlus get off the ground.\n\nThe Rotary Club of Chicago, known throughout the Rotary Club movement of 33,000 clubs and over 1.3 million members as ROTARY/One, announces its 105 th Anniversary Celebration for February 23, 2010.\n\nThis special celebration will also recognize the founding of Rotary's international association in 1910, originally called the National Association <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Sabine Pass Lng
Thank you completely much for downloading Sabine Pass Lng.Most likely you have knowledge that, people have see numerous time for their favorite books taking into consideration this Sabine Pass Lng, but stop in the works in harmful downloads.
Rather than enjoying a good book in the manner of a mug of coffee in the afternoon, then again they juggled as soon as some harmful virus inside their computer. Sabine Pass Lng is manageable in our digital library an online admission to it is set as public correspondingly you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in merged countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books afterward this one. Merely said, the Sabine Pass Lng is universally compatible bearing in mind any devices to read.
Tackle infrastructure development projects in emerging markets with confidence In Project Finance: Applications and Insights to Emerging Markets Infrastructure, distinguished professor and author Paul Clifford insightfully applies the fundamental principles of project finance structuring to infrastructure investments in emerging markets. Using leading emerging market case studies to illuminate the underlying themes of the book, the author provides a practitioner's perspective and incisive analysis of concepts crucial to a complete understanding of project finance in emerging markets, including: Risk management ESG and impact investing The emergence of new global multilateral development banks China's Belt and Road Initiative Project Finance bridges the gap between theoretical infrastructure development, investment, and finance and the implementation of that theory with instructive and applicable case studies. Throughout, the author relies on a grounded and quantitative approach, combining the principles of corporate finance with straightforward explanations of underlying technologies, frameworks, and national policies. This book is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students in finance, as well as professionals who are expected to deal with project and infrastructure finance in emerging markets.
When natural gas was first discovered in Appalachia in the 19th century, its development as a fuel was rapid. Unlike oil and coal, gas could be moved only by pipeline and required large containers for storage. It was not possible to cope with peak loads without adding excessive pipeline capacity until just before World War II, when two sister gas companies developed a plant to liquefy and store natural gas as a liquid; the liquid was then regasified to deal with peak loads. The liquid is 1/600 the volume of the gas, but it requires storage at an extremely low temperature, 1-260°F. This worked well until 1944, when a liquid natural gas (LNG) tank in Cleveland ruptured and caused a fire with 130 fatalities. The fire did not end the industry but caused it to pause. Over the next few years the problems in materials, design, standards, and siting were solved. The recognition that liquefaction made LNG transportable without a pipeline was the breakthrough. In 1959 a shipload of LNG went from Louisiana to Britain and restarted the LNG industry. It is now a major worldwide energy industry and the topic of this work.
ÔProfessor SakmarÕs book provides a well-rounded overview of the global role that natural gas is expected to play in the future and the important role of LNG as a means of transporting gas to where it is needed. Readers will find the book to be a very convenient compendium of relevant global information and an important educational, informational resource.Õ Ð Ronald D. Ripple, Director, Centre for Research in Energy and Minerals Economics, Curtin University, Australia ÔUnderstanding global energy markets Ð what forces shape them and what trends define them Ð is critical for any professional trying to evaluate new energy developments and technological directions. Susan SakmarÕs impressive ability to provide this context in terms of LNG markets makes her book valuable.Õ Ð Warren R. True, Sr., Chief Technology Editor, Oil & Gas Journal ÔWith clear and direct text, supplemented with key maps, charts and graphics from government, industry and other sources, the book moves the reader smoothly through the early history of LNG up to current developments, including shale gas and North American LNG exports. The book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding global gas markets and the energy policy challenges facing us in the 21st century.Õ Ð Jacqueline L. Weaver, A.A. White Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center, US Countries around the world are increasingly looking to liquefied natural gas (LNG) Ð natural gas that has been cooled until it forms a transportable liquid Ð to meet growing energy demand. Energy for the 21st Century provides critical insights into the opportunities and challenges LNG faces, including its potential role in a carbon-constrained world. This comprehensive study covers topics such as the LNG value chain, the historical background and evolution of global LNG markets, trading and contracts, and an analysis of the various legal, policy, safety and environmental issues pertaining to this important fuel. Additionally, the author discusses emerging issues and technologies that may impact global LNG markets, such as the development of shale gas, the prospects of North American LNG exports, the potential role of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and floating LNG. The author contextualizes the discussion about the importance of LNG with an analysis of why the 21st century will be the Ôgolden ageÕ of natural gas. Accessible and non-technical in nature, this timely book will serve as an essential reference for practitioners, scholars and anyone else interested in 21st century energy solutions.
Final Environmental Impact Statement
Annual Energy Outlook 2004: With Projections to 2025
Project Finance
Kinder Morgan Louisiana Pipeline Project
Federal Register Index
Sabine Pass
Golden Pass LNG is a liquefied natural gas receiving terminal designed to meet the energy needs of about 10 million U.S households each day. Jointly owned by affiliates of Qatar Petroleum, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips, Golden Pass LNG is located on more than 900 acres in Sabine Pass, Texas, along the banks of the Sabine-Neches Waterways. This book is a photo history of Golden Pass LNG and the Sabine Pass community. See why a small Gulf Coast town proved to be the perfect location for a world class facility, marvel at the construction of a technological masterpiece, witness the opening of an energy gateway and see how a company and a community worked together to create a sustainable foundation for the future. Golden Pass invites you to turn the and enter the energy gateway to the U.S. natural gas market. Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy: Fundamentals and Applications for Engineers and Energy Planners presents energy engineers and managers with analytical skills and concepts that enable them to apply simple economic logic to understand the interrelations between energy technologies, economics, regulation and governance of the industry. Sections cover the origins, types and measurement of energy sources, transportation networks, and regulatory and policy issues on electricity and gas at a global level, new economic and policy issues, including innovation processes in the energy industry and economic and policy implications. Final sections cover state-of-the-art methods for modeling and predicting the dynamics of energy systems. Its unique approach and learning path makes this book an ideal resource for energy engineering practitioners and researchers working to design, develop, plan or deploy energy systems. Energy planners and policymakers will also find this to be a solid foundation on which to base decisions. Presents key-concepts and their interrelation with energy technologies and systems in a clear way for ready application during planning and deployment of energy technologies and systems Includes global case studies covering a wide array of energy sources and regulatory models Explores methodologies for modeling and forecasting the impacts of energy technologies and systems, as well as their costs and possible business models
Sabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Progect
The New Geopolitics of Natural Gas
Sabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Project
Failure by Design : Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth
Congress, Second Session, July 30, 2014
Opportunities and Challenges for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Environmental Impact Statement ÔProfessor SakmarÕs book is a must-read for anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of the most dynamic segment of the global energy industry.Õ Ð Jay Copan, Executive Director, LNG 17
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business of the future. Extremely deep offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore of West
Africa are being drilled at immense cost. Meanwhile China has become a major energy importer and Russia has become a major exporter. In the U.S., Europe and Japan, renewable and alternative energy sources are developing quickly, including big breakthroughs in wind power and fuel cells. This exciting new reference book covers everything from major oil companies to electric and gas utilities, plus pipelines, refiners, retailers, oil field services and engineering. Petroleum topics include upstream and downstream. Additional topics include coal, natural gas and LNG. More than a dozen statistical tables cover everything from energy consumption, production and reserves to imports, exports and prices. Next, our unique profiles of the Energy 500 Firms are also included, with such vital details as executive contacts by title, revenues, profits, types of business, web sites, competitive advantage, growth plans and more. Purchasers of either the book or PDF version can receive a free copy of the company profiles database on CD-ROM, enabling key word search and export of key information, addresses, phone numbers and executive names with titles for every company profiled. In a low yield world where government bonds pay next to no interest, S&P 500 stocks pay little more than that in dividends, the Canadian government is on the threshold of taxing income trusts, and even real estate investment trusts are suffering cash flow problems, one type of security still stands as a beacon of hope to income investors. Master Limited Partnerships or MLPs 9% yields . . . that increase 9% annually . . . quarterly distributions almost guaranteed . . . capital gains that leave the S&P 500 in the dust . . . tax protection . . . business profits protected by federal government regulation . . . profit from the energy sector without the volatility of market prices because MLPs are paid by volume not final price. Until now, the information available to investors has been scanty. There've been only chapters in books. One prominent financial advice company recently launched a newsletter devoted to them, but the price tag is $399 annually. The Internet contains summary but incomplete articles and snatches of advice (some good, some inaccurate). Finally, investors can learn all about these terrific investments -- their rewards and risks; the paperwork hassles and how to get around them; and how to invest in them using both taxable and taxdeferred accounts. In one convenient volume for one low price. This book is the first and only devoted solely to Master Limited Partnerships. You'll discover: The incredible benefits of Master Limited Partnerships Why they're still incredibly cheap How their legal rules and business structure combine to send you lots of cash Why they'll continue to generate lots of cash for the foreseeable future Information on every company Information on every MLP index Information on every MLP closed-end fund What MLP i-units are and how they can skyrocket your IRA portfolio How to understand and complete MLP tax forms Everything you need to know to get started to enhance your current income or save for your financially secure future. I cover a lot of material that applies to all energy-related MLPs, but my strong recommendation is you confine your investment dollars to those in what are called "midstream" MLPs. More on that later. I'll start off with a chapter that explains the many benefits of investing in midstream Master Limited Partnerships. Followed by a chapter on the "catches" -- the aspects that individual investors sometimes stumble over. Followed by information on the business risks of MLPs. Then information on their history, structure and businesses both from the financial side and the petroleum industry side. This includes why businesses convert their assets to MLPs. And why such high yielding investments are still available in
October, 02 2022
The EU's gas market is at the very centre of the Energy Union, and is changing faster than ever before. Indeed, the European Council has stressed repeatedly the EU's priority of ensuring its gas security, and promoting liquid and competitive gas markets across the whole of the EU. The Commission has already proposed a revision to the gas Security of Supply Regulation and negotiations are close to finalization. Earlier this year, the Commission published an 'LNG Strategy'. In terms of market integration, the progressive adoption of grid codes is further integrating markets, and the emergence of active trading hubs in North West Europe, is seeing the emergence of similar liquid markets throughout the EU. The EU has also been actively pursuing its aim of diversifying its sources of gas supplies, making progress in bringing the Southern Corridor to fruition, and is actively looking at other potential suppliers, for example in the Eastern Mediterranean. And in the competition policy the Commission has equally been active, scrutinising the behaviour in particular of companies holding dominant positions in parts of the EU. This volume, introduced by EU Energy Commissioner Miguel Arias CANETE, brings together commentary and analysis by some of the leading Commission officials, lawyers and industry gurus on all of these issues, covering a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced by the EU, its response, and the future direction of EU gas policy. (Series: EU Energy Law, Vol. 11) [Subject: EU Law, Energy Law]
Dictionary of International Trade Law, 3rd Edition (2015) Special edition of the Federal Register, containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect ... with ancillaries.
High Yield, Ever Growing Oil "Stocks Income Investments for a Secure, Worry Free and Comfortable Retirement [ Applications and Insights to Emerging Markets Infrastructure Federal Energy Guidelines EU Energy Law, Volume 11 Federal Register
As the United States aggressively expands its exports of liquefied natural gas, it stands poised to become an energy superpower. This unanticipated reality is rewriting the conventional rules of intercontinental gas trade and realigning strategic relations among the United States, the European Union, Russia, China and beyond, as Agnia Grigas shows.
Main Pass Energy Hub Deepwater Port License Application
Plunkett's Energy Industry Almanac 2009
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy
Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress
FERC reports The energy industry is boiling over with changes. Deregulation, new opportunities in foreign fields and markets and environmental challenges are rushing together head-on to shape the energy and utilities tag/sabine-pass-lng
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
today's otherwise low-yield financial marketplace. Then we'll cover everybody's favorite topic -- taxes. The tax and tax filing consequences of owning MLP units. I'll also cover the various tax forms and how to complete them. Then ways of investing in MLPs that, in terms of tax paperwork and filing, are the same as investing in stocks. So you can add MLPs to your taxdeferred accounts or simply avoid the extra paperwork created by direct ownership of MLP units. There're chapters on MLP i-units, on each MLP-related closed-end fund and MLP Exchange Traded Notes. Then there're chapters on all the MLP indexes. Then tips on putting this information all together to benefit from MLPs in your taxable broker account and your tax-deferred accounts. And how to balance MLPs with the rest of your portfolio. Then a chapter on what happens if you -- against my advice -- sell MLP units. And a chapter on what happens if you follow my advice and hold your MLP units until you die. 33,000 words Then chapters on each individual energy or natural resource related MLP available today.
2000-
Liquid Natural Gas in the United States Ingleside Energy Center LNG Terminal and Pipeline Project
A photo history of a project, its home and its people A Brief History in Words & Pictures Historic Mid & South Jefferson County The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the United States Federal Government. The Dictionary of International Trade Law book was the first of its kind and remains the indispensable reference that students, scholars, and practitioners around the world frequently consult. This Dictionary defines and explains in detail hundreds of terms -common and uncommon ones -- used in the field, from the "ACU" and "CMAA" to "TIFA" and the "WCO.". Many entries include organizational charts (e.g., the structure of the new Department of Homeland Security) and tables (e.g., of precedentsetting cases on zeroing). Many entries also provide references for further research. Notably, the Dictionary has two Annexes: • Annex A has data on U.S. FTAs, including votes by political party in Congress, on immediate versus deferred duty-free treatment for goods, market access for services, and government procurement thresholds. It also boasts a Note on TPP, which is rich in breadth and depth. • Annex B sets out research tools, such as tables on milestones in Chinese history (from early dynasties through modern legal reforms), EU institutions, and U.S. trade statutes. Like the globally acclaimed book, International Trade Law: An Interdisciplinary, Non-Western Textbook, the Dictionary enjoys both legal and non-legal audiences. That is because the Dictionary pays special attention to practical terms and theoretical concepts from international economics and development studies. Among the highlights of the third edition of the Dictionary are: • Several dozen brand New and Expansive entries for even more thorough coverage. • Updated and expanded material for hundreds of existing entries. • Several hundred Suggestions for Further Research, covering materials published up through the first 20 years of the life of the WTO. • Compilation, synthesis, and analysis of updated data on every one of America's FTAs, and of every one of Japan's EPAs. • Updated historical information about milestones in the economic development of the EU and China. In sum, the 1,500-page Dictionary is the user-friendly tool for students, scholars, and practitioners to navigate through and critically analyze the complex jargon and concepts in trade. The eBook versions of this title feature links to Lexis Advance for further legal research options. Master Limited Partnerships Manufacturing Competitiveness and America's Energy Advantage : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power and the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, June 20, 2013 The Role of Gas in the EU's Energy Union Energy for the 21st Century Examining the Effects of Liquefied Natural Gas Exports on U.S. Foreign Policy
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tag/sabine-pass-lng
October, 02 2022
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Sabine Pass Lng
Thank you completely much for downloading Sabine Pass Lng.Most likely you have knowledge that, people have see numerous time for their favorite books taking into consideration this Sabine Pass Lng, but stop in the works in harmful downloads.
Rather than enjoying a good book in the manner of a mug of coffee in the afternoon, then again they juggled as soon as some harmful virus inside their computer. Sabine Pass Lng is manageable in our digital library an online admission to it is set as public correspondingly you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in merged countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books afterward this one. Merely said, the Sabine Pass Lng is universally compatible bearing in mind any devices to read.
Tackle infrastructure development projects in emerging markets with confidence In Project Finance: Applications and Insights to Emerging Markets Infrastructure, distinguished professor and author Paul Clifford insightfully applies the fundamental principles of project finance structuring to infrastructure investments in emerging markets. Using leading emerging market case studies to illuminate the underlying themes of the book, the author provides a practitioner's perspective and incisive analysis of concepts crucial to a complete understanding of project finance in emerging markets, including: Risk management ESG and impact investing The emergence of new global multilateral development banks China's Belt and Road Initiative Project Finance bridges the gap between theoretical infrastructure development, investment, and finance and the implementation of that theory with instructive and applicable case studies. Throughout, the author relies on a grounded and quantitative approach, combining the principles of corporate finance with straightforward explanations of underlying technologies, frameworks, and national policies. This book is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students in finance, as well as professionals who are expected to deal with project and infrastructure finance in emerging markets.
When natural gas was first discovered in Appalachia in the 19th century, its development as a fuel was rapid. Unlike oil and coal, gas could be moved only by pipeline and required large containers for storage. It was not possible to cope with peak loads without adding excessive pipeline capacity until just before World War II, when two sister gas companies developed a plant to liquefy and store natural gas as a liquid; the liquid was then regasified to deal with peak loads. The liquid is 1/600 the volume of the gas, but it requires storage at an extremely low temperature, 1-260°F. This worked well until 1944, when a liquid natural gas (LNG) tank in Cleveland ruptured and caused a fire with 130 fatalities. The fire did not end the industry but caused it to pause. Over the next few years the problems in materials, design, standards, and siting were solved. The recognition that liquefaction made LNG transportable without a pipeline was the breakthrough. In 1959 a shipload of LNG went from Louisiana to Britain and restarted the LNG industry. It is now a major worldwide energy industry and the topic of this work.
ÔProfessor SakmarÕs book provides a well-rounded overview of the global role that natural gas is expected to play in the future and the important role of LNG as a means of transporting gas to where it is needed. Readers will find the book to be a very convenient compendium of relevant global information and an important educational, informational resource.Õ Ð Ronald D. Ripple, Director, Centre for Research in Energy and Minerals Economics, Curtin University, Australia ÔUnderstanding global energy markets Ð what forces shape them and what trends define them Ð is critical for any professional trying to evaluate new energy developments and technological directions. Susan SakmarÕs impressive ability to provide this context in terms of LNG markets makes her book valuable.Õ Ð Warren R. True, Sr., Chief Technology Editor, Oil & Gas Journal ÔWith clear and direct text, supplemented with key maps, charts and graphics from government, industry and other sources, the book moves the reader smoothly through the early history of LNG up to current developments, including shale gas and North American LNG exports. The book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding global gas markets and the energy policy challenges facing us in the 21st century.Õ Ð Jacqueline L. Weaver, A.A. White Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center, US Countries around the world are increasingly looking to liquefied natural gas (LNG) Ð natural gas that has been cooled until it forms a transportable liquid Ð to meet growing energy demand. Energy for the 21st Century provides critical insights into the opportunities and challenges LNG faces, including its potential role in a carbon-constrained world. This comprehensive study covers topics such as the LNG value chain, the historical background and evolution of global LNG markets, trading and contracts, and an analysis of the various legal, policy, safety and environmental issues pertaining to this important fuel. Additionally, the author discusses emerging issues and technologies that may impact global LNG markets, such as the development of shale gas, the prospects of North American LNG exports, the potential role of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and floating LNG. The author contextualizes the discussion about the importance of LNG with an analysis of why the 21st century will be the Ôgolden ageÕ of natural gas. Accessible and non-technical in nature, this timely book will serve as an essential reference for practitioners, scholars and anyone else interested in 21st century energy solutions.
Final Environmental Impact Statement
Annual Energy Outlook 2004: With Projections to 2025
Project Finance
Kinder Morgan Louisiana Pipeline Project
Federal Register Index
Sabine Pass
Golden Pass LNG is a liquefied natural gas receiving terminal designed to meet the energy needs of about 10 million U.S households each day. Jointly owned by affiliates of Qatar Petroleum, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips, Golden Pass LNG is located on more than 900 acres in Sabine Pass, Texas, along the banks of the Sabine-Neches Waterways. This book is a photo history of Golden Pass LNG and the Sabine Pass community. See why a small Gulf Coast town proved to be the perfect location for a world class facility, marvel at the construction of a technological masterpiece, witness the opening of an energy gateway and see how a company and a community worked together to create a sustainable foundation for the future. Golden Pass invites you to turn the and enter the energy gateway to the U.S. natural gas market. Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy: Fundamentals and Applications for Engineers and Energy Planners presents energy engineers and managers with analytical skills and concepts that enable them to apply simple economic logic to understand the interrelations between energy technologies, economics, regulation and governance of the industry. Sections cover the origins, types and measurement of energy sources, transportation networks, and regulatory and policy issues on electricity and gas at a global level, new economic and policy issues, including innovation processes in the energy industry and economic and policy implications. Final sections cover state-of-the-art methods for modeling and predicting the dynamics of energy systems. Its unique approach and learning path makes this book an ideal resource for energy engineering practitioners and researchers working to design, develop, plan or deploy energy systems. Energy planners and policymakers will also find this to be a solid foundation on which to base decisions. Presents key-concepts and their interrelation with energy technologies and systems in a clear way for ready application during planning and deployment of energy technologies and systems Includes global case studies covering a wide array of energy sources and regulatory models Explores methodologies for modeling and forecasting the impacts of energy technologies and systems, as well as their costs and possible business models
Sabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Progect
The New Geopolitics of Natural Gas
Sabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Project
Failure by Design : Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth
Congress, Second Session, July 30, 2014
Opportunities and Challenges for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Environmental Impact Statement ÔProfessor SakmarÕs book is a must-read for anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of the most dynamic segment of the global energy industry.Õ Ð Jay Copan, Executive Director, LNG 17
Page 1/2
business of the future. Extremely deep offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore of West
Africa are being drilled at immense cost. Meanwhile China has become a major energy importer and Russia has become a major exporter. In the U.S., Europe and Japan, renewable and alternative energy sources are developing quickly, including big breakthroughs in wind power and fuel cells. This exciting new reference book covers everything from major oil companies to electric and gas utilities, plus pipelines, refiners, retailers, oil field services and engineering. Petroleum topics include upstream and downstream. Additional topics include coal, natural gas and LNG. More than a dozen statistical tables cover everything from energy consumption, production and reserves to imports, exports and prices. Next, our unique profiles of the Energy 500 Firms are also included, with such vital details as executive contacts by title, revenues, profits, types of business, web sites, competitive advantage, growth plans and more. Purchasers of either the book or PDF version can receive a free copy of the company profiles database on CD-ROM, enabling key word search and export of key information, addresses, phone numbers and executive names with titles for every company profiled. In a low yield world where government bonds pay next to no interest, S&P 500 stocks pay little more than that in dividends, the Canadian governmen
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Sabine Pass Lng
Thank you completely much for downloading Sabine Pass Lng.Most likely you have knowledge that, people have see numerous time for their favorite books taking into consideration this Sabine Pass Lng, but stop in the works in harmful downloads.
Rather than enjoying a good book in the manner of a mug of coffee in the afternoon, then again they juggled as soon as some harmful virus inside their computer. Sabine Pass Lng is manageable in our digital library an online admission to it is set as public correspondingly you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in merged countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books afterward this one. Merely said, the Sabine Pass Lng is universally compatible bearing in mind any devices to read.
Tackle infrastructure development projects in emerging markets with confidence In Project Finance: Applications and Insights to Emerging Markets Infrastructure, distinguished professor and author Paul Clifford insightfully applies the fundamental principles of project finance structuring to infrastructure investments in emerging markets. Using leading emerging market case studies to illuminate the underlying themes of the book, the author provides a practitioner's perspective and incisive analysis of concepts crucial to a complete understanding of project finance in emerging markets, including: Risk management ESG and impact investing The emergence of new global multilateral development banks China's Belt and Road Initiative Project Finance bridges the gap between theoretical infrastructure development, investment, and finance and the implementation of that theory with instructive and applicable case studies. Throughout, the author relies on a grounded and quantitative approach, combining the principles of corporate finance with straightforward explanations of underlying technologies, frameworks, and national policies. This book is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students in finance, as well as professionals who are expected to deal with project and infrastructure finance in emerging markets.
When natural gas was first discovered in Appalachia in the 19th century, its development as a fuel was rapid. Unlike oil and coal, gas could be moved only by pipeline and required large containers for storage. It was not possible to cope with peak loads without adding excessive pipeline capacity until just before World War II, when two sister gas companies developed a plant to liquefy and store natural gas as a liquid; the liquid was then regasified to deal with peak loads. The liquid is 1/600 the volume of the gas, but it requires storage at an extremely low temperature, 1-260°F. This worked well until 1944, when a liquid natural gas (LNG) tank in Cleveland ruptured and caused a fire with 130 fatalities. The fire did not end the industry but caused it to pause. Over the next few years the problems in materials, design, standards, and siting were solved. The recognition that liquefaction made LNG transportable without a pipeline was the breakthrough. In 1959 a shipload of LNG went from Louisiana to Britain and restarted the LNG industry. It is now a major worldwide energy industry and the topic of this work.
ÔProfessor SakmarÕs book provides a well-rounded overview of the global role that natural gas is expected to play in the future and the important role of LNG as a means of transporting gas to where it is needed. Readers will find the book to be a very convenient compendium of relevant global information and an important educational, informational resource.Õ Ð Ronald D. Ripple, Director, Centre for Research in Energy and Minerals Economics, Curtin University, Australia ÔUnderstanding global energy markets Ð what forces shape them and what trends define them Ð is critical for any professional trying to evaluate new energy developments and technological directions. Susan SakmarÕs impressive ability to provide this context in terms of LNG markets makes her book valuable.Õ Ð Warren R. True, Sr., Chief Technology Editor, Oil & Gas Journal ÔWith clear and direct text, supplemented with key maps, charts and graphics from government, industry and other sources, the book moves the reader smoothly through the early history of LNG up to current developments, including shale gas and North American LNG exports. The book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding global gas markets and the energy policy challenges facing us in the 21st century.Õ Ð Jacqueline L. Weaver, A.A. White Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center, US Countries around the world are increasingly looking to liquefied natural gas (LNG) Ð natural gas that has been cooled until it forms a transportable liquid Ð to meet growing energy demand. Energy for the 21st Century provides critical insights into the opportunities and challenges LNG faces, including its potential role in a carbon-constrained world. This comprehensive study covers topics such as the LNG value chain, the historical background and evolution of global LNG markets, trading and contracts, and an analysis of the various legal, policy, safety and environmental issues pertaining to this important fuel. Additionally, the author discusses emerging issues and technologies that may impact global LNG markets, such as the development of shale gas, the prospects of North American LNG exports, the potential role of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and floating LNG. The author contextualizes the discussion about the importance of LNG with an analysis of why the 21st century will be the Ôgolden ageÕ of natural gas. Accessible and non-technical in nature, this timely book will serve as an essential reference for practitioners, scholars and anyone else interested in 21st century energy solutions.
Final Environmental Impact Statement
Annual Energy Outlook 2004: With Projections to 2025
Project Finance
Kinder Morgan Louisiana Pipeline Project
Federal Register Index
Sabine Pass
Golden Pass LNG is a liquefied natural gas receiving terminal designed to meet the energy needs of about 10 million U.S households each day. Jointly owned by affiliates of Qatar Petroleum, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips, Golden Pass LNG is located on more than 900 acres in Sabine Pass, Texas, along the banks of the Sabine-Neches Waterways. This book is a photo history of Golden Pass LNG and the Sabine Pass community. See why a small Gulf Coast town proved to be the perfect location for a world class facility, marvel at the construction of a technological masterpiece, witness the opening of an energy gateway and see how a company and a community worked together to create a sustainable foundation for the future. Golden Pass invites you to turn the and enter the energy gateway to the U.S. natural gas market. Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy: Fundamentals and Applications for Engineers and Energy Planners presents energy engineers and managers with analytical skills and concepts that enable them to apply simple economic logic to understand the interrelations between energy technologies, economics, regulation and governance of the industry. Sections cover the origins, types and measurement of energy sources, transportation networks, and regulatory and policy issues on electricity and gas at a global level, new economic and policy issues, including innovation processes in the energy industry and economic and policy implications. Final sections cover state-of-the-art methods for modeling and predicting the dynamics of energy systems. Its unique approach and learning path makes this book an ideal resource for energy engineering practitioners and researchers working to design, develop, plan or deploy energy systems. Energy planners and policymakers will also find this to be a solid foundation on which to base decisions. Presents key-concepts and their interrelation with energy technologies and systems in a clear way for ready application during planning and deployment of energy technologies and systems Includes global case studies covering a wide array of energy sources and regulatory models Explores methodologies for modeling and forecasting the impacts of energy technologies and systems, as well as their costs and possible business models
Sabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Progect
The New Geopolitics of Natural Gas
Sabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Project
Failure by Design : Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth
Congress, Second Session, July 30, 2014
Opportunities and Challenges for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Environmental Impact Statement ÔProfessor SakmarÕs book is a must-read for anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of the most dynamic segment of the global energy industry.Õ Ð Jay Copan, Executive Director, LNG 17
Page 1/2
business of the future. Extremely deep offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore of West
Africa are being drilled at immense cost. Meanwhile China has become a major energy importer and Russia has become a major exporter. In the U.S., Europe and Japan, renewable and alternative energy sources are developing quickly, including big breakthroughs in wind power and fuel cells. This exciting new reference book covers everything from major oil companies to electric and gas utilities, plus pipelines, refiners, retailers, oil field services and engineering. Petroleum topics include upstream and downstream. Additional topics include coal, natural gas and LNG. More than a dozen statistical tables cover everything from energy consumption, production and reserves to imports, exports and prices. Next, our unique profiles of the Energy 500 Firms are also included, with such vital details as executive contacts by title, revenues, profits, types of business, web sites, competitive advantage, growth plans and more. Purchasers of either the book or PDF version can receive a free copy of the company profiles database on CD-ROM, enabling key word search and export of key information, addresses, phone numbers and executive names with titles for every company profiled. In a low yield world where government bonds pay next to no interest, S&P 500 stocks pay little more than that in dividends, the Canadian governmen<cursor_is_here>
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Merely said, the Sabine Pass Lng is universally compatible bearing in mind any devices to read.\n\nTackle infrastructure development projects in emerging markets with confidence In Project Finance: Applications and Insights to Emerging Markets Infrastructure, distinguished professor and author Paul Clifford insightfully applies the fundamental principles of project finance structuring to infrastructure investments in emerging markets. Using leading emerging market case studies to illuminate the underlying themes of the book, the author provides a practitioner's perspective and incisive analysis of concepts crucial to a complete understanding of project finance in emerging markets, including: Risk management ESG and impact investing The emergence of new global multilateral development banks China's Belt and Road Initiative Project Finance bridges the gap between theoretical infrastructure development, investment, and finance and the implementation of that theory with instructive and applicable case studies. Throughout, the author relies on a grounded and quantitative approach, combining the principles of corporate finance with straightforward explanations of underlying technologies, frameworks, and national policies. This book is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students in finance, as well as professionals who are expected to deal with project and infrastructure finance in emerging markets.\n\nWhen natural gas was first discovered in Appalachia in the 19th century, its development as a fuel was rapid. Unlike oil and coal, gas could be moved only by pipeline and required large containers for storage. It was not possible to cope with peak loads without adding excessive pipeline capacity until just before World War II, when two sister gas companies developed a plant to liquefy and store natural gas as a liquid; the liquid was then regasified to deal with peak loads. The liquid is 1/600 the volume of the gas, but it requires storage at an extremely low temperature, 1-260°F. This worked well until 1944, when a liquid natural gas (LNG) tank in Cleveland ruptured and caused a fire with 130 fatalities. The fire did not end the industry but caused it to pause. Over the next few years the problems in materials, design, standards, and siting were solved. The recognition that liquefaction made LNG transportable without a pipeline was the breakthrough. In 1959 a shipload of LNG went from Louisiana to Britain and restarted the LNG industry. It is now a major worldwide energy industry and the topic of this work.\n\nÔProfessor SakmarÕs book provides a well-rounded overview of the global role that natural gas is expected to play in the future and the important role of LNG as a means of transporting gas to where it is needed. Readers will find the book to be a very convenient compendium of relevant global information and an important educational, informational resource.Õ Ð Ronald D. Ripple, Director, Centre for Research in Energy and Minerals Economics, Curtin University, Australia ÔUnderstanding global energy markets Ð what forces shape them and what trends define them Ð is critical for any professional trying to evaluate new energy developments and technological directions. Susan SakmarÕs impressive ability to provide this context in terms of LNG markets makes her book valuable.Õ Ð Warren R. True, Sr., Chief Technology Editor, Oil & Gas Journal ÔWith clear and direct text, supplemented with key maps, charts and graphics from government, industry and other sources, the book moves the reader smoothly through the early history of LNG up to current developments, including shale gas and North American LNG exports. The book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding global gas markets and the energy policy challenges facing us in the 21st century.Õ Ð Jacqueline L. Weaver, A.A. White Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center, US Countries around the world are increasingly looking to liquefied natural gas (LNG) Ð natural gas that has been cooled until it forms a transportable liquid Ð to meet growing energy demand. Energy for the 21st Century provides critical insights into the opportunities and challenges LNG faces, including its potential role in a carbon-constrained world. This comprehensive study covers topics such as the LNG value chain, the historical background and evolution of global LNG markets, trading and contracts, and an analysis of the various legal, policy, safety and environmental issues pertaining to this important fuel. Additionally, the author discusses emerging issues and technologies that may impact global LNG markets, such as the development of shale gas, the prospects of North American LNG exports, the potential role of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and floating LNG. The author contextualizes the discussion about the importance of LNG with an analysis of why the 21st century will be the Ôgolden ageÕ of natural gas. Accessible and non-technical in nature, this timely book will serve as an essential reference for practitioners, scholars and anyone else interested in 21st century energy solutions.\n\nFinal Environmental Impact Statement\n\nAnnual Energy Outlook 2004: With Projections to 2025\n\nProject Finance\n\nKinder Morgan Louisiana Pipeline Project\n\nFederal Register Index\n\nSabine Pass\n\nGolden Pass LNG is a liquefied natural gas receiving terminal designed to meet the energy needs of about 10 million U.S households each day. Jointly owned by affiliates of Qatar Petroleum, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips, Golden Pass LNG is located on more than 900 acres in Sabine Pass, Texas, along the banks of the Sabine-Neches Waterways. This book is a photo history of Golden Pass LNG and the Sabine Pass community. See why a small Gulf Coast town proved to be the perfect location for a world class facility, marvel at the construction of a technological masterpiece, witness the opening of an energy gateway and see how a company and a community worked together to create a sustainable foundation for the future. Golden Pass invites you to turn the and enter the energy gateway to the U.S. natural gas market. Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy: Fundamentals and Applications for Engineers and Energy Planners presents energy engineers and managers with analytical skills and concepts that enable them to apply simple economic logic to understand the interrelations between energy technologies, economics, regulation and governance of the industry. Sections cover the origins, types and measurement of energy sources, transportation networks, and regulatory and policy issues on electricity and gas at a global level, new economic and policy issues, including innovation processes in the energy industry and economic and policy implications. Final sections cover state-of-the-art methods for modeling and predicting the dynamics of energy systems. Its unique approach and learning path makes this book an ideal resource for energy engineering practitioners and researchers working to design, develop, plan or deploy energy systems. Energy planners and policymakers will also find this to be a solid foundation on which to base decisions. Presents key-concepts and their interrelation with energy technologies and systems in a clear way for ready application during planning and deployment of energy technologies and systems Includes global case studies covering a wide array of energy sources and regulatory models Explores methodologies for modeling and forecasting the impacts of energy technologies and systems, as well as their costs and possible business models\n\nSabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Progect\n\nThe New Geopolitics of Natural Gas\n\nSabine Pass LNG and Pipeline Project\n\nFailure by Design : Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and\n\nTechnology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth\n\nCongress, Second Session, July 30, 2014\n\nOpportunities and Challenges for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Environmental Impact Statement ÔProfessor SakmarÕs book is a must-read for anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of the most dynamic segment of the global energy industry.Õ Ð Jay Copan, Executive Director, LNG 17\n\nPage 1/2\n\nbusiness of the future. Extremely deep offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore of West\n\nAfrica are being drilled at immense cost. Meanwhile China has become a major energy importer and Russia has become a major exporter. In the U.S., Europe and Japan, renewable and alternative energy sources are developing quickly, including big breakthroughs in wind power and fuel cells. This exciting new reference book covers everything from major oil companies to electric and gas utilities, plus pipelines, refiners, retailers, oil field services and engineering. Petroleum topics include upstream and downstream. Additional topics include coal, natural gas and LNG. More than a dozen statistical tables cover everything from energy consumption, production and reserves to imports, exports and prices. Next, our unique profiles of the Energy 500 Firms are also included, with such vital details as executive contacts by title, revenues, profits, types of business, web sites, competitive advantage, growth plans and more. Purchasers of either the book or PDF version can receive a free copy of the company profiles database on CD-ROM, enabling key word search and export of key information, addresses, phone numbers and executive names with titles for every company profiled. In a low yield world where government bonds pay next to no interest, S&P 500 stocks pay little more than that in dividends, the Canadian governmen<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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History in Como! Own a piece of history formally known as "Odd Fellows Lodge". Rustic building located in the town of Como with lots of character. Lower level previously used as workshop and upstairs has a quaint living area. Many possibilities for this great location in Como. Check out this affordable building...the opportunity awaits!
Listing Agent: Bonnie Paffenroth
Courtesy of: CANIGLIA REAL ESTATE GROUP LLC
Office Phone: +17198362766
Updated: 25th June, 2017 10:16 PM.
115 Rowe Como, CO
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Addam Smith, a builder from Lincoln and founder of Band of Builders, has been named winner of the Trade Hero Award in the Jewson Building Better Communities competition 2017.
The Lincoln builder will now receive £50,000 worth of building materials to complete a community renovation project.
In his memory, the team now has plans to help others by extending the scheme nationwide.
The Trade Hero category was introduced to the 2017 awards to celebrate those in the construction industry who work tirelessly behind the scenes to make their communities better places to live.
Addam said: “I’m still blown away to have won this award.
“The £50,000 gives us a real kick-start on the projects we’re planning, to help people who really need it.
“I’ve been overwhelmed by the support we’ve received and want to thank everybody for their help in getting us such a prestigious award.”
Dave Hill, Branch Manager at Jewson Lincoln, Addam’s local branch, said: “When we launched the Trade Hero category, we knew that we’d see some inspiring stories emerge.
“Addam worked tirelessly to improve the life of his friend, and we’re proud to be supporting the work he will go on to do in memory of Keith.”
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Fashion Merchandising Occupations
Labor Market Analysis: San Diego County
August 2021
Summary
NEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?
EVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?
AT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?
EXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED
Proceed with New Program
Bachelor's Degree
+
Associate Degree
Some College or Certificate
HS Diploma or Equivalent
Less than a HS Diploma
Apprenticeship
SUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS THAT PROVIDE TRAINING
NUMBER OF ANNUAL JOB OPENINGS
NEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?
EVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?
AT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?
EXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED
Proceed with New Program
Bachelor’s Degree
+
Associate Degree
Some College or Certificate
HS Diploma or Equivalent
Less than a HS Diploma
Apprenticeship
SUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS THAT PROVIDE TRAINING
NUMBER OF ANNUAL JOB OPENINGS
This brief provides labor market information about Fashion Merchandising Occupations to assist the San Diego and Imperial Counties Community Colleges with program development and strategic planning. Fashion Merchandising Occupations include "Advertising and Promotions Managers," "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers," "Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists," "Marketing Managers," "Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers," "Online Merchants," and "Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products." According to available labor market information, Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County have a labor market demand of 4,091 annual job openings (while average demand for a single occupation in San Diego County is 242 annual job openings), and 16 institutions supply 473 awards for these occupations, suggesting that there is a supply gap in the labor market. Entry-level and median wages are above the living wage for most occupations, except "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers" and "Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers." This brief recommends proceeding with a new program and supports a program modification because 1) a supply gap exists in the region and 2) entry-level and median earnings for most occupations are above the living wage. Colleges should note that employers typically require a bachelor's degree as the minimum educational requirement for most of these occupations.
Introduction
This report provides labor market information in San Diego County for the following occupational codes in the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 1 system:
* Advertising and Promotions Managers (SOC 11-2011): Plan, direct, or coordinate advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or giveaways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, an entire organization, or on an account basis.
* First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers (SOC 41-1011): Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.
* Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists (SOC 13-1161): Research conditions in local, regional, national, or online markets. Gather information to determine potential sales of a product or service or plan a marketing or advertising campaign. May gather information on competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution. May employ search marketing tactics, analyze web metrics, and develop recommendations to increase search engine ranking and visibility to target markets.
* Marketing Managers (SOC 11-2021): Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm's profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm's customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.
* Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers (SOC 27-1026): Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions.
* Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 131198): Analyze and coordinate the schedule, timeline, procurement, staffing, and budget of a product or service on a per project basis. Lead and guide the work of technical staff. May serve as a point of contact for the client or customer.
1 The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is used by federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data. bls.gov/soc.
o Online Merchants 2 (SOC 13-1199.06): Conduct retail activities of businesses operating exclusively online. May perform duties such as preparing business strategies, buying merchandise, managing inventory, implementing marketing activities, fulfilling and shipping online orders, and balancing financial records.
* Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products (SOC 41-4012): Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.
For the purpose of this report, these occupations are referred to as Fashion Merchandising Occupations.
2 This report will focus on Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06), which is captured under the SOC code Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198). Based on available labor market information, Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06) make up approximately 21 percent of Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198); therefore, data will be adjusted to reflect estimates for Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06).
Projected Occupational Demand
Between 2020 and 2025, Fashion Merchandising Occupations are projected to increase by 484 net jobs or one percent (Exhibit 1a). Employers in San Diego County will need to hire 4,091 workers annually to fill new jobs and backfill jobs due to attrition caused by turnover and retirement, for example.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
3 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
Exhibit 1b disaggregates the projected number of jobs change by occupation. "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers" are projected to have the most labor market demand between 2020 and 2025, with 1,230 annual job openings.
Exhibit 1b: Number of Jobs for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (2020-2025) 4
*Data shown was adjusted to reflect the estimated number of jobs and annual job openings for Online Merchants.
4 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
Earnings
Exhibit 2a disaggregates hourly earnings by occupation. The entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations range from $13.95 to $42.78.
Exhibit 2a: Hourly Earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 5
| Occupational Title | Entry-Level | Median Hourly Earnings | Experienced |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Hourly Earnings | | Hourly Earnings |
| | (25th Percentile) | | (75th Percentile) |
5 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
On average, the entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations are $25.28; this is more than the living wage for a single adult in San Diego County, which is $18.43 per hour (Exhibit 2b). 6
Exhibit 2b: Average Hourly Earnings 7 for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County
8
Educational Supply
Educational supply for an occupation can be estimated by analyzing the number of awards in related Taxonomy of Programs (TOP) or Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes. 9 There are 10 TOP codes and 13 CIP codes related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 3).
Exhibit 3: Related TOP and CIP Codes for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 10
9 TOP data comes from the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart (datamart.cccco.edu) and CIP data comes from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (nces.ed.gov/ipeds/use-the-data).
10 This brief uses a conservative estimate of program supply and only calculates awards from the TOP codes in Exhibit 3.
According to TOP data, seven community colleges supply the region with awards for these occupations: Grossmont College, MiraCosta College, Palomar College, San Diego City College, San Diego College of Continuing Education, San Diego Mesa College, and Southwestern College. According to CIP data, nine non-community-college institutions supply the region with awards: Ashford University, FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising-San Diego, National University, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego State University, Southern States University, United States University, University of California-San Diego, and University of San Diego (Exhibit 4).
Exhibit 4: Number of Awards (Certificates and Degrees) Conferred by Postsecondary Institutions (Program Year 2016-17 through PY2019-20 Average)
| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | Other Educational | 3-Yr Total Average Supply (PY16-17 to PY19-20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Institutions 3-Yr | |
| | | | Annual Average | |
| | | | Awards | |
| | | | (PY16-17 to | |
| | | | PY18-19) | |
| Retail Store Operations and 0506.50 4 0 Management | | | | 4 |
| • Grossmont 2 0 | | | | |
| • MiraCosta 1 0 | | | | |
| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego City 0 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego Mesa 1 0 | | | | |
| 0508.00 International Business and Trade 3 0 | | | | 3 |
| • Grossmont 1 0 | | | | |
| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |
| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |
| 0509.00 Marketing and Distribution 27 0 | | | | 27 |
| • Grossmont 6 0 | | | | |
| • MiraCosta 16 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego Mesa 3 0 | | | | |
| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |
3-Yr Annual
Other Educational
3-Yr Total
| 0509.10 Advertising 13 0 | 13 |
|---|---|
| • Palomar 13 0 | |
| 0509.40 Sales and Salesmanship 1 0 | 1 |
| • San Diego City 1 0 | |
| 0509.70 E-Commerce (Business Emphasis) 1 0 | 1 |
| • Southwestern 1 0 | |
| 1303.20 Fashion Merchandising 32 0 | 32 |
| • Palomar 15 0 | |
| • San Diego Cont Ed 3 0 | |
| • San Diego Mesa 14 0 | |
| 1303.30 Fashion Production 13 0 | 13 |
| • San Diego Cont Ed 13 0 | |
| E-Commerce/Electronic 52.0208 0 26 Commerce | 26 |
| • Ashford University 0 26 | |
| • National University 0 0 | |
| International 52.1101 0 206 Business/Trade/Commerce | 206 |
| • Ashford University 0 30 | |
| • National University 0 8 | |
| • San Diego State 0 101 University | |
| • University of California- 0 67 San Diego | |
| Marketing/Marketing 52.1401 0 134 Management, General | 134 |
| • National University 0 0 | |
| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 21 University | |
| • Southern States 0 2 University | |
| • United States University 0 0 | |
| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | | Other Educational |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | Institutions 3-Yr |
| | | | | Annual Average |
| | | | | Awards |
| | | | | (PY16-17 to |
| | | | | PY18-19) |
| • University of San Diego 0 111 | | | | |
| General Merchandising, Sales, 52.1899 and Related Marketing 0 0 Operations, Other | | | | |
| • National University 0 0 | | | | |
| 52.1902 Fashion Merchandising 0 13 | | | | |
| • FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & 0 8 Merchandising-San Diego | | | | |
| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 5 University | | | | |
| | | | Total | |
Demand vs. Supply
Comparing labor demand (annual openings) with labor supply 11 suggests that there is a supply gap for these occupations in San Diego County, with 4,091 annual openings and 473 awards. Comparatively, there are 49,664 annual openings in California and 4,361 awards, suggesting that there is a supply gap across the state 12 (Exhibit 5).
Exhibit 5: Labor Demand (Annual Openings) Compared with Labor Supply (Average Annual Awards)
| Demand | Supply | Supply Gap or Oversupply |
|---|---|---|
| (Annual | (Total Annual | |
| Openings) | Average Supply) | |
Please note: This is a basic analysis of supply and demand of labor. The data does not include workers currently in the labor force who could fill these positions or workers who are not captured by publicly available data. This data should be used to discuss the potential gaps or oversupply of workers; however, it should not be the only basis for determining whether or not a program should be developed.
11 Labor supply can be found from two different sources: EMSI or the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart. EMSI uses CIP codes while MIS uses TOP codes. Different coding systems result in differences in the supply numbers.
12 "Supply and Demand," Centers of Excellence Student Outcomes, coeccc.net/Supply-and-Demand.aspx.
Student Outcomes and Regional Comparisons
According to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 31 to 64 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region earned a living wage after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 24 to 52 percent statewide and 55 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6a). 13
Exhibit 6a: Percentage of Students Who Earned a Living Wage by Program, PY2017-18 14
"N/A" indicates insufficient data
13 "California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program," California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.
14 Among completers and skills builders who exited, the proportion of students who attained a living wage.
According to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 57 to 100 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region obtained a job closely related to their field of study after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 47 to 86 percent statewide and 72 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6b). 15
"N/A" indicates insufficient data
15 "California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program," California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.
16 Most recent year with available data is Program Year 2016-17. Percentage of Students in a Job Closely Related to Field of Study: Among
students who responded to the CTEOS, the percentage reporting employment in the same or similar field as their program of study.
Online Job Postings
This report analyzes not only historical and projected (traditional LMI) data, but also recent data from online job postings (real-time LMI). Online job postings may provide additional insight about recent changes in the labor market that are not captured by historical data. Between 2010 and 2020, there was an average of 19,867 online job postings per year for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (Exhibit 7). Please note that online job postings do not equal labor market demand; demand is represented by annual job openings (see Exhibit 1b). Employers may post a position multiple times for various reasons, such as increasing the pool of applicants, for example.
Top Employers
Between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020, the top five employers in San Diego County for Fashion Merchandising Occupations were Thermo Fisher Scientific, Goodwill, Macy's, Sprouts Farmers Markets, and Illumina based on online job postings (Exhibit 8).
Exhibit 8: Top Employers for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 18
Top Employers
* Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
* Goodwill
* Macy's
* Sprouts Farmers Markets
* Petco
* Sprint Corporation
* Advantage Sales & Marketing
* VF Corporation
* Illumina, Inc.
* Qualcomm
17 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2010-2020.
18 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Education, Skills, and Certifications
Fashion Merchandising Occupations have a national educational attainment ranging from a high school diploma or equivalent to a bachelor's degree (Exhibit 9a).
Exhibit 9a: National Educational Attainment for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 19
Based on online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 in San Diego County, employers posted a bachelor's degree as the educational requirement for Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 9b). 20
Exhibit 10 lists the top specialized, soft, and software skills that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.
Exhibit 10: Top Skills for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 22
22 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Exhibit 11 lists the top certification that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.
Exhibit 11: Top Certification for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 23
Top Certification in Online Job Postings
1. Insurance License
2. Insurance Agent Certification
3. Security Clearance
4. Project Management Certification
5. Real Estate Certification
6. Food Handler Certification
7. Project Management Professional (PMP)
8. Google AdWords Training
9. Life Insurance License
10. Life and Health Insurance License
11. Property and Casualty License
12. Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Certification
13. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB)
14. OSHA Forklift Certification
15. First Aid CPR AED
23 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Prepared by: Tina Ngo Bartel, Director ([email protected]) John Edwards, Research Analyst ([email protected]) Priscilla Fernandez, Research Analyst ([email protected]) San Diego-Imperial Center of Excellence for Labor Market Research
Important Disclaimers
All representations included in this report have been produced from primary research and/or secondary review of publicly and/or privately available data and/or research reports. This study examines the most recent data available at the time of the analysis; however, data sets are updated regularly and may not be consistent with previous reports. Efforts have been made to qualify and validate the accuracy of the data and the report findings; however, neither the Centers of Excellence for Labor Market Research (COE), COE host district, nor California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office are responsible for the applications or decisions made by individuals and/or organizations based on this study or its recommendations.
This workforce demand report uses state and federal job projection data that was developed before the economic impact of COVID-19. The COE is monitoring the situation and will provide more information as it becomes available. Please consult with local employers to understand their current employment needs.
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Fashion Merchandising Occupations
Labor Market Analysis: San Diego County
August 2021
Summary
NEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?
EVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?
AT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?
EXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED
Proceed with New Program
Bachelor's Degree
+
Associate Degree
Some College or Certificate
HS Diploma or Equivalent
Less than a HS Diploma
Apprenticeship
SUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS THAT PROVIDE TRAINING
NUMBER OF ANNUAL JOB OPENINGS
NEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?
EVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?
AT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?
EXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED
Proceed with New Program
Bachelor’s Degree
+
Associate Degree
Some College or Certificate
HS Diploma or Equivalent
Less than a HS Diploma
Apprenticeship
SUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS
|
THAT PROVIDE TRAINING
NUMBER OF ANNUAL JOB OPENINGS
This brief provides labor market information about Fashion Merchandising Occupations to assist the San Diego and Imperial Counties Community Colleges with program development and strategic planning.
|
Fashion Merchandising Occupations include "Advertising and Promotions Managers," "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers," "Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists," "Marketing Managers," "Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers," "Online Merchants," and "Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products." According to available labor market information, Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County have a labor market demand of 4,091 annual job openings (while average demand for a single occupation in San Diego County is 242 annual job openings), and 16 institutions supply 473 awards for these occupations, suggesting that there is a supply gap in the labor market. Entry-level and median wages are above the living wage for most occupations, except "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers" and "Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers." This brief recommends proceeding with a new program and supports a program modification because 1) a supply gap exists in the region and 2) entry-level and median earnings for most occupations are above the living wage. Colleges should note that employers typically require a bachelor's degree as the minimum educational requirement for most of these occupations.
Introduction
This report provides labor market information in San Diego County for the following occupational codes in the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 1 system:
* Advertising and Promotions Managers (SOC 11-2011): Plan, direct, or coordinate advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or giveaways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, an entire organization, or on an account basis.
* First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers (SOC 41-1011): Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.
* Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists (SOC 13-1161): Research conditions in local, regional, national, or online markets. Gather information to determine potential sales of a product or service or plan a marketing or advertising campaign. May gather information on competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution. May employ search marketing tactics, analyze web metrics, and develop recommendations to increase search engine ranking and visibility to target markets.
* Marketing Managers (SOC 11-2021): Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm's profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm's customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.
* Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers (SOC 27-1026): Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions.
* Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 131198): Analyze and coordinate the schedule, timeline, procurement, staffing, and budget of a product or service on a per project basis. Lead and guide the work of technical staff. May serve as a point of contact for the client or customer.
1 The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is used by federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data. bls.gov/soc.
o Online Merchants 2 (SOC 13-1199.06): Conduct retail activities of businesses operating exclusively online. May perform duties such as preparing business strategies, buying merchandise, managing inventory, implementing marketing activities, fulfilling and shipping online orders, and balancing financial records.
* Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products (SOC 41-4012): Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.
For the purpose of this report, these occupations are referred to as Fashion Merchandising Occupations.
2 This report will focus on Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06), which is captured under the SOC code Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198). Based on available labor market information, Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06) make up approximately 21 percent of Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198); therefore, data will be adjusted to reflect estimates for Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06).
Projected Occupational Demand
Between 2020 and 2025, Fashion Merchandising Occupations are projected to increase by 484 net jobs or one percent (Exhibit 1a). Employers in San Diego County will need to hire 4,091 workers annually to fill new jobs and backfill jobs due to attrition caused by turnover and retirement, for example.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
3 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
Exhibit 1b disaggregates the projected number of jobs change by occupation. "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers" are projected to have the most labor market demand between 2020 and 2025, with 1,230 annual job openings.
Exhibit 1b: Number of Jobs for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (2020-2025) 4
*Data shown was adjusted to reflect the estimated number of jobs and annual job openings for Online Merchants.
4 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
Earnings
Exhibit 2a disaggregates hourly earnings by occupation. The entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations range from $13.95 to $42.78.
Exhibit 2a: Hourly Earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 5
| Occupational Title | Entry-Level | Median Hourly Earnings | Experienced |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Hourly Earnings | | Hourly Earnings |
| | (25th Percentile) | | (75th Percentile) |
5 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
On average, the entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations are $25.28; this is more than the living wage for a single adult in San Diego County, which is $18.43 per hour (Exhibit 2b). 6
Exhibit 2b: Average Hourly Earnings 7 for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County
8
Educational Supply
Educational supply for an occupation can be estimated by analyzing the number of awards in related Taxonomy of Programs (TOP) or Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes. 9 There are 10 TOP codes and 13 CIP codes related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 3).
Exhibit 3: Related TOP and CIP Codes for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 10
9 TOP data comes from the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart (datamart.cccco.edu) and CIP data comes from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (nces.ed.gov/ipeds/use-the-data).
10 This brief uses a conservative estimate of program supply and only calculates awards from the TOP codes in Exhibit 3.
According to TOP data, seven community colleges supply the region with awards for these occupations: Grossmont College, MiraCosta College, Palomar College, San Diego City College, San Diego College of Continuing Education, San Diego Mesa College, and Southwestern College. According to CIP data, nine non-community-college institutions supply the region with awards: Ashford University, FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising-San Diego, National University, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego State University, Southern States University, United States University, University of California-San Diego, and University of San Diego (Exhibit 4).
Exhibit 4: Number of Awards (Certificates and Degrees) Conferred by Postsecondary Institutions (Program Year 2016-17 through PY2019-20 Average)
| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | Other Educational | 3-Yr Total Average Supply (PY16-17 to PY19-20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Institutions 3-Yr | |
| | | | Annual Average | |
| | | | Awards | |
| | | | (PY16-17 to | |
| | | | PY18-19) | |
| Retail Store Operations and 0506.50 4 0 Management | | | | 4 |
| • Grossmont 2 0 | | | | |
| • MiraCosta 1 0 | | | | |
| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego City 0 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego Mesa 1 0 | | | | |
| 0508.00 International Business and Trade 3 0 | | | | 3 |
| • Grossmont 1 0 | | | | |
| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |
| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |
| 0509.00 Marketing and Distribution 27 0 | | | | 27 |
| • Grossmont 6 0 | | | | |
| • MiraCosta 16 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego Mesa 3 0 | | | | |
| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |
3-Yr Annual
Other Educational
3-Yr Total
| 0509.10 Advertising 13 0 | 13 |
|---|---|
| • Palomar 13 0 | |
| 0509.40 Sales and Salesmanship 1 0 | 1 |
| • San Diego City 1 0 | |
| 0509.70 E-Commerce (Business Emphasis) 1 0 | 1 |
| • Southwestern 1 0 | |
| 1303.20 Fashion Merchandising 32 0 | 32 |
| • Palomar 15 0 | |
| • San Diego Cont Ed 3 0 | |
| • San Diego Mesa 14 0 | |
| 1303.30 Fashion Production 13 0 | 13 |
| • San Diego Cont Ed 13 0 | |
| E-Commerce/Electronic 52.0208 0 26 Commerce | 26 |
| • Ashford University 0 26 | |
| • National University 0 0 | |
| International 52.1101 0 206 Business/Trade/Commerce | 206 |
| • Ashford University 0 30 | |
| • National University 0 8 | |
| • San Diego State 0 101 University | |
| • University of California- 0 67 San Diego | |
| Marketing/Marketing 52.1401 0 134 Management, General | 134 |
| • National University 0 0 | |
| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 21 University | |
| • Southern States 0 2 University | |
| • United States University 0 0 | |
| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | | Other Educational |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | Institutions 3-Yr |
| | | | | Annual Average |
| | | | | Awards |
| | | | | (PY16-17 to |
| | | | | PY18-19) |
| • University of San Diego 0 111 | | | | |
| General Merchandising, Sales, 52.1899 and Related Marketing 0 0 Operations, Other | | | | |
| • National University 0 0 | | | | |
| 52.1902 Fashion Merchandising 0 13 | | | | |
| • FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & 0 8 Merchandising-San Diego | | | | |
| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 5 University | | | | |
| | | | Total | |
Demand vs. Supply
Comparing labor demand (annual openings) with labor supply 11 suggests that there is a supply gap for these occupations in San Diego County, with 4,091 annual openings and 473 awards. Comparatively, there are 49,664 annual openings in California and 4,361 awards, suggesting that there is a supply gap across the state 12 (Exhibit 5).
Exhibit 5: Labor Demand (Annual Openings) Compared with Labor Supply (Average Annual Awards)
| Demand | Supply | Supply Gap or Oversupply |
|---|---|---|
| (Annual | (Total Annual | |
| Openings) | Average Supply) | |
Please note: This is a basic analysis of supply and demand of labor. The data does not include workers currently in the labor force who could fill these positions or workers who are not captured by publicly available data. This data should be used to discuss the potential gaps or oversupply of workers; however, it should not be the only basis for determining whether or not a program should be developed.
11 Labor supply can be found from two different sources: EMSI or the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart. EMSI uses CIP codes while MIS uses TOP codes. Different coding systems result in differences in the supply numbers.
12 "Supply and Demand," Centers of Excellence Student Outcomes, coeccc.net/Supply-and-Demand.aspx.
Student Outcomes and Regional Comparisons
According to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 31 to 64 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region earned a living wage after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 24 to 52 percent statewide and 55 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6a). 13
Exhibit 6a: Percentage of Students Who Earned a Living Wage by Program, PY2017-18 14
"N/A" indicates insufficient data
13 "California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program," California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.
14 Among completers and skills builders who exited, the proportion of students who attained a living wage.
According to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 57 to 100 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region obtained a job closely related to their field of study after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 47 to 86 percent statewide and 72 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6b). 15
"N/A" indicates insufficient data
15 "California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program," California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.
16 Most recent year with available data is Program Year 2016-17. Percentage of Students in a Job Closely Related to Field of Study: Among
students who responded to the CTEOS, the percentage reporting employment in the same or similar field as their program of study.
Online Job Postings
This report analyzes not only historical and projected (traditional LMI) data, but also recent data from online job postings (real-time LMI). Online job postings may provide additional insight about recent changes in the labor market that are not captured by historical data. Between 2010 and 2020, there was an average of 19,867 online job postings per year for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (Exhibit 7). Please note that online job postings do not equal labor market demand; demand is represented by annual job openings (see Exhibit 1b). Employers may post a position multiple times for various reasons, such as increasing the pool of applicants, for example.
Top Employers
Between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020, the top five employers in San Diego County for Fashion Merchandising Occupations were Thermo Fisher Scientific, Goodwill, Macy's, Sprouts Farmers Markets, and Illumina based on online job postings (Exhibit 8).
Exhibit 8: Top Employers for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 18
Top Employers
* Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
* Goodwill
* Macy's
* Sprouts Farmers Markets
* Petco
* Sprint Corporation
* Advantage Sales & Marketing
* VF Corporation
* Illumina, Inc.
* Qualcomm
17 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2010-2020.
18 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Education, Skills, and Certifications
Fashion Merchandising Occupations have a national educational attainment ranging from a high school diploma or equivalent to a bachelor's degree (Exhibit 9a).
Exhibit 9a: National Educational Attainment for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 19
Based on online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 in San Diego County, employers posted a bachelor's degree as the educational requirement for Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 9b). 20
Exhibit 10 lists the top specialized, soft, and software skills that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.
Exhibit 10: Top Skills for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 22
22 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Exhibit 11 lists the top certification that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.
Exhibit 11: Top Certification for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 23
Top Certification in Online Job Postings
1. Insurance License
2. Insurance Agent Certification
3. Security Clearance
4. Project Management Certification
5. Real Estate Certification
6. Food Handler Certification
7. Project Management Professional (PMP)
8. Google AdWords Training
9. Life Insurance License
10. Life and Health Insurance License
11. Property and Casualty License
12. Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Certification
13. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB)
14. OSHA Forklift Certification
15. First Aid CPR AED
23 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Prepared by: Tina Ngo Bartel, Director ([email protected]) John Edwards, Research Analyst ([email protected]) Priscilla Fernandez, Research Analyst ([email protected]) San Diego-Imperial Center of Excellence for Labor Market Research
Important Disclaimers
All representations included in this report have been produced from primary research and/or secondary review of publicly and/or privately available data and/or research reports. This study examines the most recent data available at the time of the analysis; however, data sets are updated regularly and may not be consistent with previous reports. Efforts have been made to qualify and validate the accuracy of the data and the report findings; however, neither the Centers of Excellence for Labor Market Research (COE), COE host district, nor California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office are responsible for the applications or decisions made by individuals and/or organizations based on this study or its recommendations.
This workforce demand report uses state and federal job projection data that was developed before the economic impact of COVID-19. The COE is monitoring the situation and will provide more information as it becomes available. Please consult with local employers to understand their current employment needs.
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Fashion Merchandising Occupations
Labor Market Analysis: San Diego County
August 2021
Summary
NEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?
EVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?
AT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?
EXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED
Proceed with New Program
Bachelor's Degree
+
Associate Degree
Some College or Certificate
HS Diploma or Equivalent
Less than a HS Diploma
Apprenticeship
SUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS THAT PROVIDE TRAINING
NUMBER OF ANNUAL JOB OPENINGS
NEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?
EVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?
AT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?
EXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED
Proceed with New Program
Bachelor’s Degree
+
Associate Degree
Some College or Certificate
HS Diploma or Equivalent
Less than a HS Diploma
Apprenticeship
SUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS <cursor_is_here> Fashion Merchandising Occupations include "Advertising and Promotions Managers," "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers," "Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists," "Marketing Managers," "Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers," "Online Merchants," and "Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products." According to available labor market information, Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County have a labor market demand of 4,091 annual job openings (while average demand for a single occupation in San Diego County is 242 annual job openings), and 16 institutions supply 473 awards for these occupations, suggesting that there is a supply gap in the labor market. Entry-level and median wages are above the living wage for most occupations, except "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers" and "Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers." This brief recommends proceeding with a new program and supports a program modification because 1) a supply gap exists in the region and 2) entry-level and median earnings for most occupations are above the living wage. Colleges should note that employers typically require a bachelor's degree as the minimum educational requirement for most of these occupations.
Introduction
This report provides labor market information in San Diego County for the following occupational codes in the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 1 system:
* Advertising and Promotions Managers (SOC 11-2011): Plan, direct, or coordinate advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or giveaways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, an entire organization, or on an account basis.
* First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers (SOC 41-1011): Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.
* Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists (SOC 13-1161): Research conditions in local, regional, national, or online markets. Gather information to determine potential sales of a product or service or plan a marketing or advertising campaign. May gather information on competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution. May employ search marketing tactics, analyze web metrics, and develop recommendations to increase search engine ranking and visibility to target markets.
* Marketing Managers (SOC 11-2021): Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm's profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm's customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.
* Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers (SOC 27-1026): Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions.
* Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 131198): Analyze and coordinate the schedule, timeline, procurement, staffing, and budget of a product or service on a per project basis. Lead and guide the work of technical staff. May serve as a point of contact for the client or customer.
1 The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is used by federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data. bls.gov/soc.
o Online Merchants 2 (SOC 13-1199.06): Conduct retail activities of businesses operating exclusively online. May perform duties such as preparing business strategies, buying merchandise, managing inventory, implementing marketing activities, fulfilling and shipping online orders, and balancing financial records.
* Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products (SOC 41-4012): Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.
For the purpose of this report, these occupations are referred to as Fashion Merchandising Occupations.
2 This report will focus on Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06), which is captured under the SOC code Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198). Based on available labor market information, Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06) make up approximately 21 percent of Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198); therefore, data will be adjusted to reflect estimates for Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06).
Projected Occupational Demand
Between 2020 and 2025, Fashion Merchandising Occupations are projected to increase by 484 net jobs or one percent (Exhibit 1a). Employers in San Diego County will need to hire 4,091 workers annually to fill new jobs and backfill jobs due to attrition caused by turnover and retirement, for example.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
3 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
Exhibit 1b disaggregates the projected number of jobs change by occupation. "First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers" are projected to have the most labor market demand between 2020 and 2025, with 1,230 annual job openings.
Exhibit 1b: Number of Jobs for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (2020-2025) 4
*Data shown was adjusted to reflect the estimated number of jobs and annual job openings for Online Merchants.
4 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
Earnings
Exhibit 2a disaggregates hourly earnings by occupation. The entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations range from $13.95 to $42.78.
Exhibit 2a: Hourly Earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 5
| Occupational Title | Entry-Level | Median Hourly Earnings | Experienced |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Hourly Earnings | | Hourly Earnings |
| | (25th Percentile) | | (75th Percentile) |
5 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.
On average, the entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations are $25.28; this is more than the living wage for a single adult in San Diego County, which is $18.43 per hour (Exhibit 2b). 6
Exhibit 2b: Average Hourly Earnings 7 for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County
8
Educational Supply
Educational supply for an occupation can be estimated by analyzing the number of awards in related Taxonomy of Programs (TOP) or Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes. 9 There are 10 TOP codes and 13 CIP codes related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 3).
Exhibit 3: Related TOP and CIP Codes for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 10
9 TOP data comes from the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart (datamart.cccco.edu) and CIP data comes from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (nces.ed.gov/ipeds/use-the-data).
10 This brief uses a conservative estimate of program supply and only calculates awards from the TOP codes in Exhibit 3.
According to TOP data, seven community colleges supply the region with awards for these occupations: Grossmont College, MiraCosta College, Palomar College, San Diego City College, San Diego College of Continuing Education, San Diego Mesa College, and Southwestern College. According to CIP data, nine non-community-college institutions supply the region with awards: Ashford University, FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising-San Diego, National University, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego State University, Southern States University, United States University, University of California-San Diego, and University of San Diego (Exhibit 4).
Exhibit 4: Number of Awards (Certificates and Degrees) Conferred by Postsecondary Institutions (Program Year 2016-17 through PY2019-20 Average)
| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | Other Educational | 3-Yr Total Average Supply (PY16-17 to PY19-20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Institutions 3-Yr | |
| | | | Annual Average | |
| | | | Awards | |
| | | | (PY16-17 to | |
| | | | PY18-19) | |
| Retail Store Operations and 0506.50 4 0 Management | | | | 4 |
| • Grossmont 2 0 | | | | |
| • MiraCosta 1 0 | | | | |
| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego City 0 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego Mesa 1 0 | | | | |
| 0508.00 International Business and Trade 3 0 | | | | 3 |
| • Grossmont 1 0 | | | | |
| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |
| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |
| 0509.00 Marketing and Distribution 27 0 | | | | 27 |
| • Grossmont 6 0 | | | | |
| • MiraCosta 16 0 | | | | |
| • San Diego Mesa 3 0 | | | | |
| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |
3-Yr Annual
Other Educational
3-Yr Total
| 0509.10 Advertising 13 0 | 13 |
|---|---|
| • Palomar 13 0 | |
| 0509.40 Sales and Salesmanship 1 0 | 1 |
| • San Diego City 1 0 | |
| 0509.70 E-Commerce (Business Emphasis) 1 0 | 1 |
| • Southwestern 1 0 | |
| 1303.20 Fashion Merchandising 32 0 | 32 |
| • Palomar 15 0 | |
| • San Diego Cont Ed 3 0 | |
| • San Diego Mesa 14 0 | |
| 1303.30 Fashion Production 13 0 | 13 |
| • San Diego Cont Ed 13 0 | |
| E-Commerce/Electronic 52.0208 0 26 Commerce | 26 |
| • Ashford University 0 26 | |
| • National University 0 0 | |
| International 52.1101 0 206 Business/Trade/Commerce | 206 |
| • Ashford University 0 30 | |
| • National University 0 8 | |
| • San Diego State 0 101 University | |
| • University of California- 0 67 San Diego | |
| Marketing/Marketing 52.1401 0 134 Management, General | 134 |
| • National University 0 0 | |
| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 21 University | |
| • Southern States 0 2 University | |
| • United States University 0 0 | |
| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | | Other Educational |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | Institutions 3-Yr |
| | | | | Annual Average |
| | | | | Awards |
| | | | | (PY16-17 to |
| | | | | PY18-19) |
| • University of San Diego 0 111 | | | | |
| General Merchandising, Sales, 52.1899 and Related Marketing 0 0 Operations, Other | | | | |
| • National University 0 0 | | | | |
| 52.1902 Fashion Merchandising 0 13 | | | | |
| • FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & 0 8 Merchandising-San Diego | | | | |
| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 5 University | | | | |
| | | | Total | |
Demand vs. Supply
Comparing labor demand (annual openings) with labor supply 11 suggests that there is a supply gap for these occupations in San Diego County, with 4,091 annual openings and 473 awards. Comparatively, there are 49,664 annual openings in California and 4,361 awards, suggesting that there is a supply gap across the state 12 (Exhibit 5).
Exhibit 5: Labor Demand (Annual Openings) Compared with Labor Supply (Average Annual Awards)
| Demand | Supply | Supply Gap or Oversupply |
|---|---|---|
| (Annual | (Total Annual | |
| Openings) | Average Supply) | |
Please note: This is a basic analysis of supply and demand of labor. The data does not include workers currently in the labor force who could fill these positions or workers who are not captured by publicly available data. This data should be used to discuss the potential gaps or oversupply of workers; however, it should not be the only basis for determining whether or not a program should be developed.
11 Labor supply can be found from two different sources: EMSI or the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart. EMSI uses CIP codes while MIS uses TOP codes. Different coding systems result in differences in the supply numbers.
12 "Supply and Demand," Centers of Excellence Student Outcomes, coeccc.net/Supply-and-Demand.aspx.
Student Outcomes and Regional Comparisons
According to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 31 to 64 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region earned a living wage after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 24 to 52 percent statewide and 55 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6a). 13
Exhibit 6a: Percentage of Students Who Earned a Living Wage by Program, PY2017-18 14
"N/A" indicates insufficient data
13 "California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program," California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.
14 Among completers and skills builders who exited, the proportion of students who attained a living wage.
According to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 57 to 100 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region obtained a job closely related to their field of study after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 47 to 86 percent statewide and 72 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6b). 15
"N/A" indicates insufficient data
15 "California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program," California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.
16 Most recent year with available data is Program Year 2016-17. Percentage of Students in a Job Closely Related to Field of Study: Among
students who responded to the CTEOS, the percentage reporting employment in the same or similar field as their program of study.
Online Job Postings
This report analyzes not only historical and projected (traditional LMI) data, but also recent data from online job postings (real-time LMI). Online job postings may provide additional insight about recent changes in the labor market that are not captured by historical data. Between 2010 and 2020, there was an average of 19,867 online job postings per year for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (Exhibit 7). Please note that online job postings do not equal labor market demand; demand is represented by annual job openings (see Exhibit 1b). Employers may post a position multiple times for various reasons, such as increasing the pool of applicants, for example.
Top Employers
Between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020, the top five employers in San Diego County for Fashion Merchandising Occupations were Thermo Fisher Scientific, Goodwill, Macy's, Sprouts Farmers Markets, and Illumina based on online job postings (Exhibit 8).
Exhibit 8: Top Employers for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 18
Top Employers
* Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
* Goodwill
* Macy's
* Sprouts Farmers Markets
* Petco
* Sprint Corporation
* Advantage Sales & Marketing
* VF Corporation
* Illumina, Inc.
* Qualcomm
17 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2010-2020.
18 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Education, Skills, and Certifications
Fashion Merchandising Occupations have a national educational attainment ranging from a high school diploma or equivalent to a bachelor's degree (Exhibit 9a).
Exhibit 9a: National Educational Attainment for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 19
Based on online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 in San Diego County, employers posted a bachelor's degree as the educational requirement for Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 9b). 20
Exhibit 10 lists the top specialized, soft, and software skills that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.
Exhibit 10: Top Skills for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 22
22 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Exhibit 11 lists the top certification that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.
Exhibit 11: Top Certification for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 23
Top Certification in Online Job Postings
1. Insurance License
2. Insurance Agent Certification
3. Security Clearance
4. Project Management Certification
5. Real Estate Certification
6. Food Handler Certification
7. Project Management Professional (PMP)
8. Google AdWords Training
9. Life Insurance License
10. Life and Health Insurance License
11. Property and Casualty License
12. Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Certification
13. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB)
14. OSHA Forklift Certification
15. First Aid CPR AED
23 Burning Glass Technologies, "Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool." 2018-2020.
Prepared by: Tina Ngo Bartel, Director ([email protected]) John Edwards, Research Analyst ([email protected]) Priscilla Fernandez, Research Analyst ([email protected]) San Diego-Imperial Center of Excellence for Labor Market Research
Important Disclaimers
All representations included in this report have been produced from primary research and/or secondary review of publicly and/or privately available data and/or research reports. This study examines the most recent data available at the time of the analysis; however, data sets are updated regularly and may not be consistent with previous reports. Efforts have been made to qualify and validate the accuracy of the data and the report findings; however, neither the Centers of Excellence for Labor Market Research (COE), COE host district, nor California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office are responsible for the applications or decisions made by individuals and/or organizations based on this study or its recommendations.
This workforce demand report uses state and federal job projection data that was developed before the economic impact of COVID-19. The COE is monitoring the situation and will provide more information as it becomes available. Please consult with local employers to understand their current employment needs.
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[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://myworkforceconnection.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Fashion-Merchandising-Occupations_2021-08-23-2.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nFashion Merchandising Occupations\n\nLabor Market Analysis: San Diego County\n\nAugust 2021\n\nSummary\n\nNEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?\n\nEVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?\n\nAT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?\n\nEXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED\n\nProceed with New Program\n\nBachelor's Degree\n\n+\n\nAssociate Degree\n\nSome College or Certificate\n\nHS Diploma or Equivalent\n\nLess than a HS Diploma\n\nApprenticeship\n\nSUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?\n\nNUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS THAT PROVIDE TRAINING\n\nNUMBER OF ANNUAL JOB OPENINGS\n\nNEW PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION?\nEVIDENCE OF A SUPPLY GAP?\nAT OR ABOVE THE LIVING WAGE?\nEXPECTED EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY OF OCCUPATIONS ANALYZED\nProceed with New Program\nBachelor’s Degree\n+\nAssociate Degree\nSome College or Certificate\nHS Diploma or Equivalent\nLess than a HS Diploma\nApprenticeship\nSUPPORT FOR PROGRAM MODIFICATION?\nNUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS <cursor_is_here> Fashion Merchandising Occupations include \"Advertising and Promotions Managers,\" \"First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers,\" \"Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists,\" \"Marketing Managers,\" \"Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers,\" \"Online Merchants,\" and \"Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products.\" According to available labor market information, Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County have a labor market demand of 4,091 annual job openings (while average demand for a single occupation in San Diego County is 242 annual job openings), and 16 institutions supply 473 awards for these occupations, suggesting that there is a supply gap in the labor market. Entry-level and median wages are above the living wage for most occupations, except \"First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers\" and \"Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers.\" This brief recommends proceeding with a new program and supports a program modification because 1) a supply gap exists in the region and 2) entry-level and median earnings for most occupations are above the living wage. Colleges should note that employers typically require a bachelor's degree as the minimum educational requirement for most of these occupations.\n\nIntroduction\n\nThis report provides labor market information in San Diego County for the following occupational codes in the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 1 system:\n\n* Advertising and Promotions Managers (SOC 11-2011): Plan, direct, or coordinate advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or giveaways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, an entire organization, or on an account basis.\n* First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers (SOC 41-1011): Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.\n* Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists (SOC 13-1161): Research conditions in local, regional, national, or online markets. Gather information to determine potential sales of a product or service or plan a marketing or advertising campaign. May gather information on competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution. May employ search marketing tactics, analyze web metrics, and develop recommendations to increase search engine ranking and visibility to target markets.\n* Marketing Managers (SOC 11-2021): Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm's profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm's customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.\n* Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers (SOC 27-1026): Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions.\n* Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 131198): Analyze and coordinate the schedule, timeline, procurement, staffing, and budget of a product or service on a per project basis. Lead and guide the work of technical staff. May serve as a point of contact for the client or customer.\n\n1 The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is used by federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data. bls.gov/soc.\n\no Online Merchants 2 (SOC 13-1199.06): Conduct retail activities of businesses operating exclusively online. May perform duties such as preparing business strategies, buying merchandise, managing inventory, implementing marketing activities, fulfilling and shipping online orders, and balancing financial records.\n* Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products (SOC 41-4012): Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.\n\nFor the purpose of this report, these occupations are referred to as Fashion Merchandising Occupations.\n\n2 This report will focus on Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06), which is captured under the SOC code Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198). Based on available labor market information, Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06) make up approximately 21 percent of Project Management Specialists and Business Operations Specialists, All Other (SOC 13-1198); therefore, data will be adjusted to reflect estimates for Online Merchants (SOC 13-1199.06).\n\nProjected Occupational Demand\n\nBetween 2020 and 2025, Fashion Merchandising Occupations are projected to increase by 484 net jobs or one percent (Exhibit 1a). Employers in San Diego County will need to hire 4,091 workers annually to fill new jobs and backfill jobs due to attrition caused by turnover and retirement, for example.\n\n2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025\n\n3 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.\n\nExhibit 1b disaggregates the projected number of jobs change by occupation. \"First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers\" are projected to have the most labor market demand between 2020 and 2025, with 1,230 annual job openings.\n\nExhibit 1b: Number of Jobs for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (2020-2025) 4\n\n*Data shown was adjusted to reflect the estimated number of jobs and annual job openings for Online Merchants.\n\n4 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.\n\nEarnings\n\nExhibit 2a disaggregates hourly earnings by occupation. The entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations range from $13.95 to $42.78.\n\nExhibit 2a: Hourly Earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 5\n\n| Occupational Title | Entry-Level | Median Hourly Earnings | Experienced |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| | Hourly Earnings | | Hourly Earnings |\n| | (25th Percentile) | | (75th Percentile) |\n\n5 EMSI 2021.2; QCEW, Non-QCEW, Self-Employed.\n\nOn average, the entry-level hourly earnings for Fashion Merchandising Occupations are $25.28; this is more than the living wage for a single adult in San Diego County, which is $18.43 per hour (Exhibit 2b). 6\n\nExhibit 2b: Average Hourly Earnings 7 for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County\n\n8\n\nEducational Supply\n\nEducational supply for an occupation can be estimated by analyzing the number of awards in related Taxonomy of Programs (TOP) or Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes. 9 There are 10 TOP codes and 13 CIP codes related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 3).\n\nExhibit 3: Related TOP and CIP Codes for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 10\n\n9 TOP data comes from the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart (datamart.cccco.edu) and CIP data comes from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (nces.ed.gov/ipeds/use-the-data).\n\n10 This brief uses a conservative estimate of program supply and only calculates awards from the TOP codes in Exhibit 3.\n\nAccording to TOP data, seven community colleges supply the region with awards for these occupations: Grossmont College, MiraCosta College, Palomar College, San Diego City College, San Diego College of Continuing Education, San Diego Mesa College, and Southwestern College. According to CIP data, nine non-community-college institutions supply the region with awards: Ashford University, FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising-San Diego, National University, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego State University, Southern States University, United States University, University of California-San Diego, and University of San Diego (Exhibit 4).\n\nExhibit 4: Number of Awards (Certificates and Degrees) Conferred by Postsecondary Institutions (Program Year 2016-17 through PY2019-20 Average)\n\n| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | Other Educational | 3-Yr Total Average Supply (PY16-17 to PY19-20) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| | | | Institutions 3-Yr | |\n| | | | Annual Average | |\n| | | | Awards | |\n| | | | (PY16-17 to | |\n| | | | PY18-19) | |\n| Retail Store Operations and 0506.50 4 0 Management | | | | 4 |\n| • Grossmont 2 0 | | | | |\n| • MiraCosta 1 0 | | | | |\n| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |\n| • San Diego City 0 0 | | | | |\n| • San Diego Mesa 1 0 | | | | |\n| 0508.00 International Business and Trade 3 0 | | | | 3 |\n| • Grossmont 1 0 | | | | |\n| • Palomar 0 0 | | | | |\n| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |\n| 0509.00 Marketing and Distribution 27 0 | | | | 27 |\n| • Grossmont 6 0 | | | | |\n| • MiraCosta 16 0 | | | | |\n| • San Diego Mesa 3 0 | | | | |\n| • Southwestern 2 0 | | | | |\n\n3-Yr Annual\n\nOther Educational\n\n3-Yr Total\n\n| 0509.10 Advertising 13 0 | 13 |\n|---|---|\n| • Palomar 13 0 | |\n| 0509.40 Sales and Salesmanship 1 0 | 1 |\n| • San Diego City 1 0 | |\n| 0509.70 E-Commerce (Business Emphasis) 1 0 | 1 |\n| • Southwestern 1 0 | |\n| 1303.20 Fashion Merchandising 32 0 | 32 |\n| • Palomar 15 0 | |\n| • San Diego Cont Ed 3 0 | |\n| • San Diego Mesa 14 0 | |\n| 1303.30 Fashion Production 13 0 | 13 |\n| • San Diego Cont Ed 13 0 | |\n| E-Commerce/Electronic 52.0208 0 26 Commerce | 26 |\n| • Ashford University 0 26 | |\n| • National University 0 0 | |\n| International 52.1101 0 206 Business/Trade/Commerce | 206 |\n| • Ashford University 0 30 | |\n| • National University 0 8 | |\n| • San Diego State 0 101 University | |\n| • University of California- 0 67 San Diego | |\n| Marketing/Marketing 52.1401 0 134 Management, General | 134 |\n| • National University 0 0 | |\n| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 21 University | |\n| • Southern States 0 2 University | |\n| • United States University 0 0 | |\n\n| TOP or CIP Code | TOP or CIP Program Title | 3-Yr Annual Average CC Awards (PY17-18 to PY19-20) | | Other Educational |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| | | | | Institutions 3-Yr |\n| | | | | Annual Average |\n| | | | | Awards |\n| | | | | (PY16-17 to |\n| | | | | PY18-19) |\n| • University of San Diego 0 111 | | | | |\n| General Merchandising, Sales, 52.1899 and Related Marketing 0 0 Operations, Other | | | | |\n| • National University 0 0 | | | | |\n| 52.1902 Fashion Merchandising 0 13 | | | | |\n| • FIDM-Fashion Institute of Design & 0 8 Merchandising-San Diego | | | | |\n| • Point Loma Nazarene 0 5 University | | | | |\n| | | | Total | |\n\nDemand vs. Supply\n\nComparing labor demand (annual openings) with labor supply 11 suggests that there is a supply gap for these occupations in San Diego County, with 4,091 annual openings and 473 awards. Comparatively, there are 49,664 annual openings in California and 4,361 awards, suggesting that there is a supply gap across the state 12 (Exhibit 5).\n\nExhibit 5: Labor Demand (Annual Openings) Compared with Labor Supply (Average Annual Awards)\n\n| Demand | Supply | Supply Gap or Oversupply |\n|---|---|---|\n| (Annual | (Total Annual | |\n| Openings) | Average Supply) | |\n\nPlease note: This is a basic analysis of supply and demand of labor. The data does not include workers currently in the labor force who could fill these positions or workers who are not captured by publicly available data. This data should be used to discuss the potential gaps or oversupply of workers; however, it should not be the only basis for determining whether or not a program should be developed.\n\n11 Labor supply can be found from two different sources: EMSI or the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office MIS Data Mart. EMSI uses CIP codes while MIS uses TOP codes. Different coding systems result in differences in the supply numbers.\n\n12 \"Supply and Demand,\" Centers of Excellence Student Outcomes, coeccc.net/Supply-and-Demand.aspx.\n\nStudent Outcomes and Regional Comparisons\n\nAccording to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 31 to 64 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region earned a living wage after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 24 to 52 percent statewide and 55 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6a). 13\n\nExhibit 6a: Percentage of Students Who Earned a Living Wage by Program, PY2017-18 14\n\n\"N/A\" indicates insufficient data\n\n13 \"California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program,\" California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.\n\n14 Among completers and skills builders who exited, the proportion of students who attained a living wage.\n\nAccording to the California Community Colleges LaunchBoard, 57 to 100 percent of students in the San Diego-Imperial region obtained a job closely related to their field of study after completing a program related to Fashion Merchandising Occupations, compared to 47 to 86 percent statewide and 72 percent of students in Career Education programs in general across the state (Exhibit 6b). 15\n\n\"N/A\" indicates insufficient data\n\n15 \"California Community Colleges Strong Workforce Program,\" California Community Colleges, calpassplus.org/LaunchBoard/SWP.aspx.\n\n16 Most recent year with available data is Program Year 2016-17. Percentage of Students in a Job Closely Related to Field of Study: Among\n\nstudents who responded to the CTEOS, the percentage reporting employment in the same or similar field as their program of study.\n\nOnline Job Postings\n\nThis report analyzes not only historical and projected (traditional LMI) data, but also recent data from online job postings (real-time LMI). Online job postings may provide additional insight about recent changes in the labor market that are not captured by historical data. Between 2010 and 2020, there was an average of 19,867 online job postings per year for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County (Exhibit 7). Please note that online job postings do not equal labor market demand; demand is represented by annual job openings (see Exhibit 1b). Employers may post a position multiple times for various reasons, such as increasing the pool of applicants, for example.\n\nTop Employers\n\nBetween January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020, the top five employers in San Diego County for Fashion Merchandising Occupations were Thermo Fisher Scientific, Goodwill, Macy's, Sprouts Farmers Markets, and Illumina based on online job postings (Exhibit 8).\n\nExhibit 8: Top Employers for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 18\n\nTop Employers\n\n* Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.\n* Goodwill\n* Macy's\n* Sprouts Farmers Markets\n* Petco\n* Sprint Corporation\n* Advantage Sales & Marketing\n* VF Corporation\n* Illumina, Inc.\n* Qualcomm\n\n17 Burning Glass Technologies, \"Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool.\" 2010-2020.\n\n18 Burning Glass Technologies, \"Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool.\" 2018-2020.\n\nEducation, Skills, and Certifications\n\nFashion Merchandising Occupations have a national educational attainment ranging from a high school diploma or equivalent to a bachelor's degree (Exhibit 9a).\n\nExhibit 9a: National Educational Attainment for Fashion Merchandising Occupations 19\n\nBased on online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 in San Diego County, employers posted a bachelor's degree as the educational requirement for Fashion Merchandising Occupations (Exhibit 9b). 20\n\nExhibit 10 lists the top specialized, soft, and software skills that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.\n\nExhibit 10: Top Skills for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 22\n\n22 Burning Glass Technologies, \"Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool.\" 2018-2020.\n\nExhibit 11 lists the top certification that appeared in online job postings between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020.\n\nExhibit 11: Top Certification for Fashion Merchandising Occupations in San Diego County 23\n\nTop Certification in Online Job Postings\n\n1. Insurance License\n2. Insurance Agent Certification\n3. Security Clearance\n4. Project Management Certification\n5. Real Estate Certification\n6. Food Handler Certification\n7. Project Management Professional (PMP)\n8. Google AdWords Training\n9. Life Insurance License\n10. Life and Health Insurance License\n11. Property and Casualty License\n12. Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Certification\n13. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB)\n14. OSHA Forklift Certification\n15. First Aid CPR AED\n\n23 Burning Glass Technologies, \"Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool.\" 2018-2020.\n\nPrepared by: Tina Ngo Bartel, Director ([email protected]) John Edwards, Research Analyst ([email protected]) Priscilla Fernandez, Research Analyst ([email protected]) San Diego-Imperial Center of Excellence for Labor Market Research\n\nImportant Disclaimers\n\nAll representations included in this report have been produced from primary research and/or secondary review of publicly and/or privately available data and/or research reports. This study examines the most recent data available at the time of the analysis; however, data sets are updated regularly and may not be consistent with previous reports. Efforts have been made to qualify and validate the accuracy of the data and the report findings; however, neither the Centers of Excellence for Labor Market Research (COE), COE host district, nor California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office are responsible for the applications or decisions made by individuals and/or organizations based on this study or its recommendations.\n\nThis workforce demand report uses state and federal job projection data that was developed before the economic impact of COVID-19. The COE is monitoring the situation and will provide more information as it becomes available. Please consult with local employers to understand their current employment needs.\n</text>\n",
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|Date of Birth||November 6, 1887|
|Place of Birth||Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario|
|Next of Kin||Mrs. Alice Lalonde (wife), Norman, Ontario|
|Trade / Calling||Lumberman|
|Service Record||Link to Service Record|
|Force||Canadian Expeditionary Force|
|Enlisted / Conscripted||Enlisted|
|Address at Enlistment||Norman, Ontario|
|Date of Enlistment||February 2, 1916|
|Age at Enlistment||28|
|Theatre of Service||Europe|
|Prisoner of War||No|
|Date of Death||December 13, 1947|
|Age at Death||60|
|Buried At||Woodlawn Cemetery, Toledo, Ohio|
Private Alexander Lalonde was married and the father of two young children when he enlisted in February 1916. He served overseas for three years and returned home in June 1919.
Alexander was the son of Alexander Lalonde Sr. and Jane Barnes of Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario. Alexander Sr. and Jane were married in 1884 in Moose Creek and Alexander was born there on 6 November 1887. He had at least eight brothers and sisters: Frank, Lavinia (Vina), William, George, Henry, Harry, Mary Clara and Lilly. Their father was a hotel keeper in the 1880s and 90s but by 1901 he had taken up farming. The oldest son Frank died in a train accident in 1905, at age 19.
As a young man Alexander moved to the Kenora area in northwestern Ontario and found work in a local sawmill. He was married in Kenora on 6 November 1910. His wife, 20-year-old Alice Mary Lebleu, was born in Manitoba to Charles and Pamela Lebleu. Her family moved to the Kenora area when she was a child and her father worked in a sawmill. Alexander and Alice made their home in Norman, a small village just west of Kenora. Their first three children were daughter Zelia (1911), who died as an infant, and sons Jean Oliver (1912) and George (1914).
The war entered its second year in August 1915 and Alexander enlisted that winter, signing up in Kenora on 2 February 1916 with the 94th Overseas Battalion. He was living in Norman at the time, working as a lumberman, and next of kin was his wife Alice. The 94th Battalion was based in Port Arthur and the Kenora recruits were sent there in May to join the rest of the unit. They left for Quebec on 9 June and spent a short time at the military camp in Valcartier, north of Quebec City. The troops embarked for England on the SS Olympic at the end of the month, arriving in Liverpool on 6 July.
Alexander was transferred to the 17th Reserve Battalion on 13 July and six days later he became ill with influenza, He was admitted to the brigade hospital in Shorncliffe where he recovered until 1 August. In January 1917 he was assigned to the Canadian Army Service Corps Training Depot and on 1 March he was posted to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. Three weeks later he was transferred to the 14th Field Ambulance and he served with them for the next two years. He arrived in France with his unit on 6 June 1918.
Field ambulances operated advanced and main dressing stations, which were located just behind the front lines. They provided short term medical care, collecting casualties, treating them and evacuating them to the clearing stations and hospitals as needed. They also operated rest stations and provided stretcher bearers for moving the wounded.
The Armistice ended hostilities in November 1918 and the 14th Field Ambulance served in Belgium, Germany and France until the following spring. On 11 April 1919 Alexander was transferred to the Canadian Army Service Corps Pool then, the following day, to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. He returned to England four weeks later. He embarked for Canada on 11 June on the SS Scotian, arriving in Quebec on 22 June and getting discharged on demobilization the following day in Ottawa.
Alexander’s daughter Loretta Rose was born in August 1916, while he was overseas. After the war he and his family lived in Norman for another year. In July 1920 they moved to the U.S. and settled in Toledo, Ohio. On the border crossing manifest Alexander’s occupation was listed as sawyer and he said he had an uncle John Barnes living in Toledo. His youngest son, Harry Frank, was born there in 1922. Alexander worked for many years as a porter in a hotel. He passed away in Toledo on 13 December 1947, at age 60. At the time he was employed by the Toledo Terminal Railroad Company. His wife Alice died in 1964. Their grandson, Harry Frank Lalonde Jr., was killed in Vietnam in 1969, at age 22, while serving with the U.S. Army.
Alexander and Alice are both buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Toledo.
By Becky Johnson
Grave marker photo courtesy of meeganm on findagrave.com.
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|Date of Birth||November 6, 1887|
|Place of Birth||Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario|
|Next of Kin||Mrs. Alice Lalonde (wife), Norman, Ontario|
|Trade / Calling||Lumberman|
|Service Record||Link to Service Record|
|Force||Canadian Expeditionary Force|
|Enlisted / Conscripted||Enlisted|
|Address at Enlistment||Norman, Ontario|
|Date of Enlistment||February 2, 1916|
|Age at Enlistment||28|
|Theatre of Service||Europe|
|Prisoner of War||No|
|Date of Death||December 13, 1947|
|Age at Death||60|
|Buried At||Woodlawn Cemetery, Toledo, Ohio|
Private Alexander Lalonde was married and the father of two young children when he enlisted in February 1916. He served overseas for three years and returned home in June 1919.
Alexander was the son of Alexander Lalonde Sr. and Jane Barnes of Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario. Alexander Sr. and Jane were married in 1884 in Moose Creek and Alexander was born there on 6 November 1887. He had at least eight brothers and sisters: Frank, Lavinia (Vina), William, George, Henry, Harry, Mary Clara and Lilly. Their father was a hotel keeper in the 1880s and 90s but by 1901 he had taken up farming. The oldest son Frank died in a train accident in 1905, at age 19.
As a young man Alexander moved to the Kenora area in northwestern Ontario and found work in a local sawmill. He was married in Kenora on 6 November 1910. His wife, 20-year-old Alice Mary Lebleu, was born in Manitoba to Charles and Pamela Lebleu. Her family moved to the Kenora area when she was a child and her father worked in a sawmill. Alexander and Alice made their home in Norman, a small village just west of Kenora. Their first three children were daughter Zelia (1911), who died as an infant, and sons Jean Oliver (1912) and George (1914).
The war entered its second year in August 1915 and Alexander enlisted that winter, signing up in Kenora on 2 February 1916 with the 94th Overseas Battalion. He was living in Norman at the time, working as a lumberman, and next of kin was his wife Alice. The 94th Battalion was based in Port Arthur and the Kenora recruits were sent there in May to join the rest of the unit. They left for Quebec on 9 June and spent a short time at the military camp in Valcartier, north of Quebec City. The troops embarked for England on the SS Olympic at the end of the month, arriving in Liverpool on 6 July.
Alexander was transferred to the 17th Reserve Battalion on 13 July and six days later he became ill with influenza, He was admitted to the brigade hospital in Shorncliffe where he recovered until 1 August. In January 1917 he was assigned to the Canadian Army Service Corps Training Depot and on 1 March he was posted to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. Three weeks later he was transferred to the 14th Field Ambulance and he served with them for the next two years. He arrived in France with his unit on 6 June 1918.
Field ambulances operated advanced and main dressing stations, which were located just behind the front lines. They provided short term medical care, collecting casualties, treating them and evacuating them to the clearing stations and hospitals as needed. They also operated rest stations and provided stretcher bearers for moving the wounded.
The Armistice ended hostilities in November 1918 and the 1
|
4th Field Ambulance served in Belgium, Germany and France until the following spring.
|
On 11 April 1919 Alexander was transferred to the Canadian Army Service Corps Pool then, the following day, to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. He returned to England four weeks later. He embarked for Canada on 11 June on the SS Scotian, arriving in Quebec on 22 June and getting discharged on demobilization the following day in Ottawa.
Alexander’s daughter Loretta Rose was born in August 1916, while he was overseas. After the war he and his family lived in Norman for another year. In July 1920 they moved to the U.S. and settled in Toledo, Ohio. On the border crossing manifest Alexander’s occupation was listed as sawyer and he said he had an uncle John Barnes living in Toledo. His youngest son, Harry Frank, was born there in 1922. Alexander worked for many years as a porter in a hotel. He passed away in Toledo on 13 December 1947, at age 60. At the time he was employed by the Toledo Terminal Railroad Company. His wife Alice died in 1964. Their grandson, Harry Frank Lalonde Jr., was killed in Vietnam in 1969, at age 22, while serving with the U.S. Army.
Alexander and Alice are both buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Toledo.
By Becky Johnson
Grave marker photo courtesy of meeganm on findagrave.com.
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|Date of Birth||November 6, 1887|
|Place of Birth||Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario|
|Next of Kin||Mrs. Alice Lalonde (wife), Norman, Ontario|
|Trade / Calling||Lumberman|
|Service Record||Link to Service Record|
|Force||Canadian Expeditionary Force|
|Enlisted / Conscripted||Enlisted|
|Address at Enlistment||Norman, Ontario|
|Date of Enlistment||February 2, 1916|
|Age at Enlistment||28|
|Theatre of Service||Europe|
|Prisoner of War||No|
|Date of Death||December 13, 1947|
|Age at Death||60|
|Buried At||Woodlawn Cemetery, Toledo, Ohio|
Private Alexander Lalonde was married and the father of two young children when he enlisted in February 1916. He served overseas for three years and returned home in June 1919.
Alexander was the son of Alexander Lalonde Sr. and Jane Barnes of Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario. Alexander Sr. and Jane were married in 1884 in Moose Creek and Alexander was born there on 6 November 1887. He had at least eight brothers and sisters: Frank, Lavinia (Vina), William, George, Henry, Harry, Mary Clara and Lilly. Their father was a hotel keeper in the 1880s and 90s but by 1901 he had taken up farming. The oldest son Frank died in a train accident in 1905, at age 19.
As a young man Alexander moved to the Kenora area in northwestern Ontario and found work in a local sawmill. He was married in Kenora on 6 November 1910. His wife, 20-year-old Alice Mary Lebleu, was born in Manitoba to Charles and Pamela Lebleu. Her family moved to the Kenora area when she was a child and her father worked in a sawmill. Alexander and Alice made their home in Norman, a small village just west of Kenora. Their first three children were daughter Zelia (1911), who died as an infant, and sons Jean Oliver (1912) and George (1914).
The war entered its second year in August 1915 and Alexander enlisted that winter, signing up in Kenora on 2 February 1916 with the 94th Overseas Battalion. He was living in Norman at the time, working as a lumberman, and next of kin was his wife Alice. The 94th Battalion was based in Port Arthur and the Kenora recruits were sent there in May to join the rest of the unit. They left for Quebec on 9 June and spent a short time at the military camp in Valcartier, north of Quebec City. The troops embarked for England on the SS Olympic at the end of the month, arriving in Liverpool on 6 July.
Alexander was transferred to the 17th Reserve Battalion on 13 July and six days later he became ill with influenza, He was admitted to the brigade hospital in Shorncliffe where he recovered until 1 August. In January 1917 he was assigned to the Canadian Army Service Corps Training Depot and on 1 March he was posted to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. Three weeks later he was transferred to the 14th Field Ambulance and he served with them for the next two years. He arrived in France with his unit on 6 June 1918.
Field ambulances operated advanced and main dressing stations, which were located just behind the front lines. They provided short term medical care, collecting casualties, treating them and evacuating them to the clearing stations and hospitals as needed. They also operated rest stations and provided stretcher bearers for moving the wounded.
The Armistice ended hostilities in November 1918 and the 1<cursor_is_here> On 11 April 1919 Alexander was transferred to the Canadian Army Service Corps Pool then, the following day, to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. He returned to England four weeks later. He embarked for Canada on 11 June on the SS Scotian, arriving in Quebec on 22 June and getting discharged on demobilization the following day in Ottawa.
Alexander’s daughter Loretta Rose was born in August 1916, while he was overseas. After the war he and his family lived in Norman for another year. In July 1920 they moved to the U.S. and settled in Toledo, Ohio. On the border crossing manifest Alexander’s occupation was listed as sawyer and he said he had an uncle John Barnes living in Toledo. His youngest son, Harry Frank, was born there in 1922. Alexander worked for many years as a porter in a hotel. He passed away in Toledo on 13 December 1947, at age 60. At the time he was employed by the Toledo Terminal Railroad Company. His wife Alice died in 1964. Their grandson, Harry Frank Lalonde Jr., was killed in Vietnam in 1969, at age 22, while serving with the U.S. Army.
Alexander and Alice are both buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Toledo.
By Becky Johnson
Grave marker photo courtesy of meeganm on findagrave.com.
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.kenoragreatwarproject.ca/canadian-infantry/lalonde-alexander/\n</url>\n<text>\n|Date of Birth||November 6, 1887|\n|Place of Birth||Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario|\n|Next of Kin||Mrs. Alice Lalonde (wife), Norman, Ontario|\n|Trade / Calling||Lumberman|\n|Service Record||Link to Service Record|\n|Force||Canadian Expeditionary Force|\n|Enlisted / Conscripted||Enlisted|\n|Address at Enlistment||Norman, Ontario|\n|Date of Enlistment||February 2, 1916|\n|Age at Enlistment||28|\n|Theatre of Service||Europe|\n|Prisoner of War||No|\n|Date of Death||December 13, 1947|\n|Age at Death||60|\n|Buried At||Woodlawn Cemetery, Toledo, Ohio|\nPrivate Alexander Lalonde was married and the father of two young children when he enlisted in February 1916. He served overseas for three years and returned home in June 1919.\nAlexander was the son of Alexander Lalonde Sr. and Jane Barnes of Moose Creek, Stormont County, Ontario. Alexander Sr. and Jane were married in 1884 in Moose Creek and Alexander was born there on 6 November 1887. He had at least eight brothers and sisters: Frank, Lavinia (Vina), William, George, Henry, Harry, Mary Clara and Lilly. Their father was a hotel keeper in the 1880s and 90s but by 1901 he had taken up farming. The oldest son Frank died in a train accident in 1905, at age 19.\nAs a young man Alexander moved to the Kenora area in northwestern Ontario and found work in a local sawmill. He was married in Kenora on 6 November 1910. His wife, 20-year-old Alice Mary Lebleu, was born in Manitoba to Charles and Pamela Lebleu. Her family moved to the Kenora area when she was a child and her father worked in a sawmill. Alexander and Alice made their home in Norman, a small village just west of Kenora. Their first three children were daughter Zelia (1911), who died as an infant, and sons Jean Oliver (1912) and George (1914).\nThe war entered its second year in August 1915 and Alexander enlisted that winter, signing up in Kenora on 2 February 1916 with the 94th Overseas Battalion. He was living in Norman at the time, working as a lumberman, and next of kin was his wife Alice. The 94th Battalion was based in Port Arthur and the Kenora recruits were sent there in May to join the rest of the unit. They left for Quebec on 9 June and spent a short time at the military camp in Valcartier, north of Quebec City. The troops embarked for England on the SS Olympic at the end of the month, arriving in Liverpool on 6 July.\nAlexander was transferred to the 17th Reserve Battalion on 13 July and six days later he became ill with influenza, He was admitted to the brigade hospital in Shorncliffe where he recovered until 1 August. In January 1917 he was assigned to the Canadian Army Service Corps Training Depot and on 1 March he was posted to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. Three weeks later he was transferred to the 14th Field Ambulance and he served with them for the next two years. He arrived in France with his unit on 6 June 1918.\nField ambulances operated advanced and main dressing stations, which were located just behind the front lines. They provided short term medical care, collecting casualties, treating them and evacuating them to the clearing stations and hospitals as needed. They also operated rest stations and provided stretcher bearers for moving the wounded.\nThe Armistice ended hostilities in November 1918 and the 1<cursor_is_here> On 11 April 1919 Alexander was transferred to the Canadian Army Service Corps Pool then, the following day, to the 5th Canadian Divisional Train. He returned to England four weeks later. He embarked for Canada on 11 June on the SS Scotian, arriving in Quebec on 22 June and getting discharged on demobilization the following day in Ottawa.\nAlexander’s daughter Loretta Rose was born in August 1916, while he was overseas. After the war he and his family lived in Norman for another year. In July 1920 they moved to the U.S. and settled in Toledo, Ohio. On the border crossing manifest Alexander’s occupation was listed as sawyer and he said he had an uncle John Barnes living in Toledo. His youngest son, Harry Frank, was born there in 1922. Alexander worked for many years as a porter in a hotel. He passed away in Toledo on 13 December 1947, at age 60. At the time he was employed by the Toledo Terminal Railroad Company. His wife Alice died in 1964. Their grandson, Harry Frank Lalonde Jr., was killed in Vietnam in 1969, at age 22, while serving with the U.S. Army.\nAlexander and Alice are both buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Toledo.\nBy Becky Johnson\nGrave marker photo courtesy of meeganm on findagrave.com.\n</text>\n",
"role": "user"
},
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"content": "4th Field Ambulance served in Belgium, Germany and France until the following spring.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Welcome to City Reformed Presbyterian Church
We are glad to have you join us for worship today. If you would like more information, please contact us at [email protected] or visit our website: cityreformed.org.
Reflections
"Maybe Christmas (he thought) doesn't come from a store. Maybe Christmas perhaps means a little bit more."
- The Grinch
About Us
Sunday Morning Worship Service
10:15AM Winchester Thurston Auditorium 5059 Ellsworth Ave Pittsburgh PA, 15213
LIVESTREAM: tinyurl.com/CRPClive
Sunday Evening Service
5:30PM Greenfield Chapel 3929 Coleman Street Pittsburgh PA, 15207
Church Office
3929 Coleman St. Pittsburgh, PA 15207 412-720-7014 [email protected] cityreformed.org
Church Center App:
Donations
Online: Church Center App (Give)
ORcityreformed.org/give
Mail: Church Office address above "Attn:
Bookkeeper” (please make checks payable to City Reformed Presbyterian Church)
Worship Service
City Reformed Presbyterian Church
Presider: Elder Andy Leuenberger
Sunday Morning Worship – December 5, 2021
Call to Worship: Isaiah 9:1-2,6-7
Please stand for the Call to Worship if you are able.
Leader But there will be no gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter time he has made glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.
People The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light; those who dwelt in a land of deep darkness, on them has light shone.
Leader For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder,
People And his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
Leader Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end,
People On the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it
Leader With justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore.
People The zeal of the Lord of hosts will do this.
Prayer of Invocation
Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence
(Words: Liturgy of St. James, 4th Century Music: 17th Century French Arrangement: Daniel Snoke 2011)
Let all mortal flesh keep silence, And with fear and trembling stand; Ponder nothing earthly minded, For with blessing in His hand, Christ our God to earth descendeth, Our full homage to demand.
King of kings, yet born of Mary, As of old on earth He stood, Lord of lords, in human vesture, In the body and the blood; He will give to all the faithful His own self for heavenly food.
Rank on rank the host of heaven Spreads its vanguard on the way, As the Light of light descendeth From the realms of endless day, That the powers of hell may vanish As the darkness clears away.
At His feet the six winged seraph, Cherubim with sleepless eye, Veil their faces to the presence, As with ceaseless voice they cry: Alleluia, Alleluia Alleluia, Lord Most High!
Psalm 103:1 | Bless the Lord
(Taizé: Jacques Berthier 1923-1994)
Bless the Lord, my soul And bless God's holy name Bless the Lord, my soul Who leads me into life
2nd Advent Reading Psalm 24:7-10
King of Kings
(Words & Music: Brooke Ligertwood, Jason Ingram, Scott Ligertwood 2018)
In the darkness we were waiting Without hope without light 'Till from heaven you came running There was mercy in your eyes To fulfill the Law and Prophets To a virgin came the Word From a throne of endless glory To a cradle in the dirt
Praise the Father praise the Son Praise the Spirit three in one God of glory majesty Praise forever to the King of Kings
To reveal the kingdom coming And to reconcile the lost To redeem the whole creation You did not despise the cross Now we see that in your suff'ring You saw glory to behold Knowing you were our salvation Jesus for our sake you died
For the morning that you rose All of heaven held its breath 'Till that stone was moved for good For the Lamb had conquered death Then the dead rose from their tombs And the angels stood in awe For the souls of all who'd come To the Father are re-stored
Then the Church of Christ was born And the Spirit lit the flame Now this gospel truth of old Shall not kneel shall not faint By his blood and in his name In his freedom I am free For the love of Jesus Christ Who has resurrected me
Call to Confession: Ephesians 5:8
At one time you were darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of light.
Prayer of Confession:
Heavenly Father we confess this truth: You are light and in you no darkness can dwell. Yet Lord we acknowledge that even as children of the light, we still delight in darkness; we still run after the things our sinful heart's desire. We stumble around blindly after things that do not satisfy, and things that cause us destruction. O Savior we desire to live in the light; to be in fellowship with you! Oh God forgive us for our fickle hearts; forgive our sin, we ask. Help us! Change us! By your Spirit, draw us into the light that we might stand as radiant reflections of you in this dark world. For we ask these things through the Light of the World, your son and our savior, Jesus Christ.
Silent Confession
Assurance of Pardon: Colossians 1:13-14
[God] has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins.
Corporate Prayer
Song of Renewal
We consider tithes & offering as an act of worship within the corporate family of Christ. Please direct giving online or via mail (cityreformed.org/give; 3929 Coleman St., 15207).
Come Thou Fount
(Words: Robert Robinson & Martin Madan 1760 Music: Unknown)
Come thou fount of every blessing, Tune my heart to sing thy grace. Streams of mercy never ceasing Call for songs of loudest praise. Teach me some melodious sonnet Sung by flaming tongues above. Praise the mount, I'm fixed upon it, Mount of God's unchanging love.
Here I raise my Ebenezer, Hither by thy help I'm come, And I hope by thy good pleasure Safely to arrive at home. Jesus sought me when a stranger, Wandering from the fold of God. He to rescue me from danger Interposed his precious blood.
O to grace how great a debtor Daily I'm constrained to be. Let that grace now like a fetter Bind my wandering heart to thee. Prone to wander, Lord I feel it, Prone to leave the God I love. Here's my heart, O take and seal it, Seal it for thy courts above.
Pastoral Prayer
At this time, children ages 4-7 are invited to continue their worship at Children's Church. Parents please have your children meet the teachers at the back of the sanctuary and pick them up after the sermon from Children's Church.
Sermon: Matthew 16:13-23
Keep the Cross in Christmas "The Christ and his Cross"
- Reverend Matt Koerber
N Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, "Who do people say that the Son of Man is?" 14 And they said, "Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets." 15 He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?" 16 Simon Peter replied, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." 17 And Jesus answered him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. 18 And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." 20 Then he strictly charged the disciples to tell no one that he was the Christ.
21From that time Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised. 22 And Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him, saying, "Far be it from you, Lord! This shall never happen to you." 23 But he turned and said to Peter, "Get behind me, Satan! You are a hindrance to me. For you are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of man."
Leader This is the Word of the Lord.
People Thanks be to God.
Notes
Communion
City Reformed Church invites all baptized Christians who are willing to forsake their sins and trust Christ alone for salvation, and who are members of congregations which proclaim the gospel, to receive Holy Communion with us. Parents with non-communing children are encouraged to bring their children forward during communion. The elders will lay a hand on their head and briefly pray for them as they serve you.
Communion is served with wine and with grape juice. The wine is placed in the two outer circles of the communion tray, and the grape juice is placed in the inner circle. Because Jesus used wine during the first communion service, we believe using real wine is beneficial. However, participants are welcome to choose.
There is also gluten-free bread available on each plate.
Please join us in song as we celebrate Christ dwelling with his church in the sacrament of communion.
Songs of Communion
Who Is This So Weak and Helpless
(Words: William W. How 1867 Music: Christopher Miner 1997)
Who is this, so weak and helpless, Child of lowly Hebrew maid, Rudely in a stable sheltered, Coldly in a manger laid? 'Tis the Lord of all creation, Who this wondrous path has trod; He is Lord from everlast—ing, And to everlasting God.
Who is this, a Man of Sorrows, Walking sadly life's hard way, Homeless, weary, sighing, weeping Over sin and Satan's sway? 'Tis our God, our glorious Savior, Who above the starry sky Is for us a place prepar—ing, Where no tear can dim the eye.
Who is this? Behold him shedding Drops of blood upon the ground! Who is this, despised, rejected, Mocked, insulted, beaten, bound? 'Tis our God, Who gifts and graces On His church is pouring down; Who shall smite in holy ven—geance All His foes beneath His throne.
Who is this that hangs there dying While the rude world scoffs and scorns, Numbered with the malefactors, Torn with nails, and crowned with thorns? 'Tis our God Who lives forever 'Mid the shining ones on high, In the glorious golden ci—ty, Reigning everlastingly.
O Day of Peace - Come to Him
(Music: Josh Garrels 2016 Words: Carl Daw 1982)
O day of peace that dimly shines Through all our hopes and prayers and dreams, Guide us to justice, truth, and love Delivered from our selfish schemes.
May swords of hate fall from our hands, Our hearts from envy find release, Till by God's grace our warring world Shall see Christ's promised reign of peace.
Then shall the wolf dwell with the lamb, Nor shall the fierce devour the small As beasts and cattle calmly graze, A little child shall lead them all.
Then enemies shall learn to love, All creatures find their true accord The hope of peace shall be fulfilled, For all the earth shall know the Lord
(Bridge)
Come to Him with all your heart Come and lay your burdens down
For peace He came to give And Joy shall be the crown
Doxology
(Words: Thomas Ken 1674 Music: Louis Bourgeois 1510)
Praise God, from Whom all blessings flow; Praise Him, all creatures here below; Praise Him above, ye heavenly host; Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. (repeat) Amen
Prayer
Announcements
Benediction
Tonight's Worship Service: David Snoke will be preaching on Colossians 1:11-20, 2:8-10 "The Incarnation."
Upcoming Events
www.cityreformed.org/events
Volunteer and Employment Needs
www.cityreformed.org/events
Regular Events
Agora Forum Mon 12/6/21 @ 7PM 3929 Coleman St., 15207
When is a government legitimate? Many of the people opposing Nazis in movies we watched have wrestled with questions of just war and pacifism, which often come down to, when do we obey a government and when do we resist it? People have been castigated for both inaction against oppressors, and for vigilantism. Dave Snoke will give an overview of the concept of "legitimacy" in government theory, which underlies much of this debate.
Contact Alex ([email protected]).
Groups
College Students please refer to campus ministry contacts below:
* CCO at CMU: Nameun Cho ([email protected])
* RUF at Pitt: Derek Bates ([email protected]), Callie Miller ([email protected])
* CCO at PPU: Katelyn Spallinger ([email protected])
* cityreformed.org/collegestudents
Specialty Groups meet in particular areas of interest for Bible study, fellowship, learning, and service. For a complete listing of current groups, please refer to the website.
* Men's New Hope ([email protected])
* Agora Forum- Alex Main ([email protected])
* Mommies' Group ([email protected])
* Men's Discipleship Committee ([email protected])- MENTORS NEEDED!
* Wednesday Morning Prayer ([email protected])
* Young Adult Women's Fellowship ([email protected])
Contact
Pastors:
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
Men's Discipleship Committee: mdc@cityreformed
Women's Discipleship Committee: [email protected]
Community Groups
Community Groups meet for Bible study, fellowship, and service, and are some of the best opportunities to connect with church life - always open for visitors throughout the year. Please contact Pastor Joseph Bianco ([email protected]) with any questions, and for a listing of current groups, refer to:
www.cityreformed.org/community-groups
Sunday
Fox Chapel*- Watson Barker North Hills**- David Bacon
Tuesday
Northside- Joe Benscoter & Nathan Schartner Morningside*- Jeff Winkler
Wednesday
Near East Suburban- Jim Partridge Regent Square- David Snoke Baldwin/Greenfield*- Joseph Bianco East Suburban- Joe Stehle West End*- Jonathan Dodd
Thursday
Greenfield/North Oakland- Ben Chidester Forest Hills*- Adam Schwab
*Childcare provided
** Kid's play area available
CCLI License #2473859
All scripture verses are the English Standard Version (ESV), unless otherwise noted.
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Welcome to City Reformed Presbyterian Church
We are glad to have you join us for worship today. If you would like more information, please contact us at [email protected] or visit our website: cityreformed.org.
Reflections
"Maybe Christmas (he thought) doesn't come from a store. Maybe Christmas perhaps means a little bit more."
- The Grinch
About Us
Sunday Morning Worship Service
10:15AM Winchester Thurston Auditorium 5059 Ellsworth Ave Pittsburgh PA, 15213
LIVESTREAM: tinyurl.com/CRPClive
Sunday Evening Service
5:30PM Greenfield Chapel 3929 Coleman Street Pittsburgh PA, 15207
Church Office
3929 Coleman St. Pittsburgh, PA 15207 412-720-7014 [email protected] cityreformed.org
Church Center App:
Donations
Online: Church Center App (Give)
ORcityreformed.org/give
Mail: Church Office address above "Attn:
Bookkeeper” (please make checks payable to City Reformed Presbyterian Church)
Worship Service
City Reformed Presbyterian Church
Presider: Elder Andy Leuenberger
Sunday Morning Worship – December 5, 2021
Call to Worship: Isaiah 9:1-2,6-7
Please stand for the Call to Worship if you are able.
Leader But there will be no gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter time he has made glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.
People The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light; those who dwelt in a land of deep darkness, on them has light shone.
Leader For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder,
People And his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
Leader Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end,
People On the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it
Leader With justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore.
People The zeal of the Lord of hosts will do this.
Prayer of Invocation
Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence
(Words: Liturgy of St. James, 4th Century Music: 17th Century French Arrangement: Daniel Snoke 2011)
Let all mortal flesh keep silence, And with fear and trembling stand; Ponder nothing earthly minded, For with blessing in His hand, Christ our God to earth descendeth, Our full homage to demand.
King of kings, yet born of Mary, As of old on earth He stood, Lord of lords, in human vesture, In the body and the blood; He will give to all the faithful His own self for heavenly food.
Rank on rank the host of heaven Spreads its vanguard on the way, As the Light of light descendeth From the realms of endless day, That the powers of hell may vanish As the darkness clears away.
At His feet the six winged seraph, Cherubim with sleepless eye, Veil their faces to the presence, As with ceaseless voice they cry: Alleluia, Alleluia Alleluia, Lord Most High!
Psalm 103:1 | Bless the Lord
(Taizé: Jacques Berthier 1923-1994)
Bless the Lord, my soul And bless God's holy name Bless the Lord, my soul Who leads me into life
2nd Advent Reading Psalm 24:7-10
King of Kings
(Words & Music: Brooke Ligertwood, Jason Ingram, Scott Ligertwood 2018)
In the darkness we were waiting Without hope without light 'Till from heaven you came running There was mercy in your eyes To fulfill the Law and Prophets To a virgin came the Word From a throne of endless glory To a cradle in the dirt
Praise the Father praise the Son Praise the Spirit three in one God of glory majesty Praise forever to the King of Kings
To reveal the kingdom coming And to reconcile the lost To redeem the whole creation You did not despise the cross Now we see that in your suff'ring You saw glory to behold Knowing you were our salvation Jesus for our sake you died
For the morning that you rose All of heaven held its breath 'Till that stone was moved for good For the Lamb had conquered death Then the dead rose from their tombs And the angels stood in awe For the souls of all who'd come To the Father are re-stored
Then the Church of Christ was born And the Spirit lit the flame Now this gospel truth of old Shall not kneel shall not faint By his blood and in his name In his freedom I am free For the love of Jesus Christ Who has resurrected me
Call to Confession: Ephesians 5:8
At one time you were darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of light.
Prayer of Confession:
Heavenly Father we confess this truth: You are light and in you no darkness can dwell. Yet Lord we acknowledge that even as children of the light, we still delight in darkness; we still run after the things our sinful heart's desire. We stumble around blindly after things that do not satisfy, and things that cause us destruction. O Savior we desire to live in the light; to be in fellowship with you! Oh God forgive us for our fickle hearts; forgive our sin, we ask. Help us! Change us! By your Spirit, draw us into the light that we might stand as radiant reflections of you in this dark world. For we ask these things through the Light of the World, your son and our savior, Jesus Christ.
Silent Confession
Assurance of Pardon: Colossians 1:13-14
[God] has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins.
Corporate Prayer
Song of Renewal
We consider tithes & offering as an act of worship within the corporate family of Christ. Please direct giving online or via mail (cityreformed.org/give; 3929 Coleman St., 15207).
Come Thou Fount
(Words: Robert Robinson & Martin Madan 1760 Music: Unknown)
Come thou fount of every blessing, Tune my heart to sing thy grace. Streams of mercy never ceasing Call for songs of loudest praise. Teach me some melodious sonnet Sung by flaming tongues above. Praise the mount, I'm fixed upon it, Mount of God's unchanging love.
Here I raise my Ebenezer, Hither by thy help I'm come, And I hope by thy good pleasure Safely to arrive at home. Jesus sought me when a stranger, Wandering from the fold of God. He to rescue me from danger Interposed his precious blood.
O to grace how great a debtor Daily I'm constrained to be. Let that grace now like a fetter Bind my wandering heart to thee. Prone to wander, Lord I feel it, Prone to leave the God I love. Here's my heart, O take and seal it, Seal it for thy courts above.
Pastoral Prayer
At this time, children ages 4-7 are invited to continue their worship at Children's Church. Parents please have your children meet the teachers at the back of the sanctuary and pick them up after the sermon from Children's Church.
Sermon: Matthew 16:13-23
Keep the Cross in Christmas "The Christ and his Cross"
- Reverend Matt Koerber
N Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, "Who do people say that the Son of Man is?" 14 And they said, "Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets." 15 He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?" 16 Simon Peter replied, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." 17 And Jesus answered him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. 18 And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." 20 Then he strictly charged the disciples to tell no one that he was the Christ.
21From that time Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised. 22 And Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him, saying, "Far be it from you, Lord! This shall never happen to you." 23 But he turned and said to Peter, "Get behind me, Satan! You are a hindrance to me. For you are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of man."
Leader This is the Word of the Lord.
People Thanks be to God.
Notes
Communion
City Reformed Church invites all baptized Christians who are willing to forsake their sins and trust Christ alone for salvation, and who are members of congregations which proclaim the gospel, to receive Holy Communion with us. Parents with non-communing children are encouraged to bring their children forward during communion. The elders will lay a hand on their head and briefly pray for them as they serve you.
Communion is served with wine and with grape juice. The wine is placed in the two outer circles of the communion tray, and the grape juice is placed in the inner circle. Because Jesus used wine during the first communion service, we believe using real wine is beneficial. However, participants are welcome to choose.
There is also gluten-free bread available on each plate.
Please join us in song as we celebrate Christ dwelling with his church in the sacrament of communion.
Songs of Communion
Who Is This So Weak and Helpless
(Words: William W. How 1867 Music: Christopher Miner 1997)
Who is this, so weak and helpless, Child of lowly Hebrew maid, Rudely in a stable sheltered, Coldly in a manger laid? 'Tis the Lord of all creation, Who this wondrous path has trod; He is Lord from everlast—ing, And to everlasting God.
Who is this, a Man of Sorrows, Walking sadly life's hard way, Homeless, weary, sighing, weeping Over sin and Satan's sway? 'Tis our God, our glorious Savior, Who above the starry sky Is for us a place prepar—ing, Where no tear can dim the eye.
Who is this? Behold him shedding Drops of blood upon the ground! Who is this, despised, rejected, Mocked, insulted, beaten, bound? 'Tis our God, Who gifts and graces On His church is pouring down; Who shall smite in holy ven—geance All His foes beneath His throne.
Who is this that hangs there dying While the rude world scoffs and scorns, Numbered with the malefactors, Torn with nails, and crowned with thorns? 'Tis our God Who lives forever 'Mid the shining ones on high, In the glorious golden ci—ty, Reigning everlastingly.
O Day of Peace - Come to Him
(Music: Josh Garrels 2016 Words: Carl Daw 1982)
O day of peace that dimly shines Through all our hopes and prayers and dreams, Guide us to justice, truth, and love Delivered from our selfish schemes.
May swords of hate fall from our hands, Our hearts from envy find release, Till by God's grace our warring world Shall see Christ's promised reign of peace.
Then shall the wolf dwell with the lamb, Nor shall the fierce devour the small As beasts and cattle calmly graze, A little child shall lead them all.
Then enemies shall learn to love, All creatures find their true accord The hope of peace shall be fulfilled, For all the earth shall know the Lord
(Bridge)
Come to Him with all your heart Come and lay your burdens down
For peace He came to give And Joy shall be the crown
Doxology
(Words: Thomas Ken 1674 Music: Louis Bourgeois 1510)
Praise God, from Whom all blessings flow; Praise Him, all creatures here below; Praise Him above, ye heavenly host; Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. (repeat) Amen
Prayer
Announcements
Benediction
Tonight's Worship Service: David Snoke will be preaching on Colossians 1:11-20, 2:8-10 "The Incarnation."
Upcoming Events
www.cityreformed.org/events
Volunteer and Employment Needs
www.cityreformed.org/events
Regular Events
Agora Forum Mon 12/6/21 @ 7PM 3929 Coleman St., 15207
When is a government legitimate? Many of the people opposing Nazis in movies we watched have wrestled with questions of just war and pacifism, which often come down to, when do we obey a government and when do we resist it? People have been castigated for both inaction against oppressors, and for vigilantism. Dave Snoke will give an overview of the concept of "legitimacy" in government theory, which underlies much of this debate.
Contact Alex ([email protected]).
Groups
College Students please refer to campus ministry contacts below:
* CCO at CMU: Nameun Cho ([email protected])
* RUF at Pitt: Derek Bates ([email protected]), Callie Miller ([email protected])
* CCO at PPU: Katelyn Spallinger ([email protected])
* cityreformed.org/collegestudents
Specialty Groups meet in particular areas of interest for Bible study, fellowship, learning, and service. For a complete listing of current groups, please refer to the website.
* Men's New Hope ([email protected])
* Agora Forum- Alex Main ([email protected])
* Mommies' Group ([email protected])
* Men's Discipleship Committee ([email protected])- MENTORS NEEDED!
* Wednesday Morning Prayer ([email protected])
* Young Adult Women's Fellowship ([email protected])
Contact
Pastors:
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
Men's Discipleship Committee: mdc@cityreformed
Women's Discipleship Committee: [email protected]
Community Groups
Community Groups meet for Bible study, fellowship, and service, and are some of the best opportunities to connect with church life - always open for visitors throughout the year. Please contact Pastor Joseph Bianco ([email protected]) with any questions, and for a listing of current groups, refer to:
www.cityreformed.org/community-groups
Sunday
Fox Chapel*- Watson Barker North Hills**- David Bacon
Tuesday
Northside- Joe Benscoter & Nathan Schartner Morningside*- Jeff Winkler
Wednesday
Near East Suburban- Jim Partridge Regent Square- David Snoke Baldwin/Greenfield*- Joseph Bianco East Suburban- J
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oe Stehle West End*- Jonathan Dodd
Thursday
Greenfield/North Oakland- Ben Chidester Forest Hills*- Adam Schwab
*Childcare provided
** Kid's play area available
CCLI License #2473859
All scripture verses are the English Standard Version (ESV), unless otherwise noted.
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Welcome to City Reformed Presbyterian Church
We are glad to have you join us for worship today. If you would like more information, please contact us at [email protected] or visit our website: cityreformed.org.
Reflections
"Maybe Christmas (he thought) doesn't come from a store. Maybe Christmas perhaps means a little bit more."
- The Grinch
About Us
Sunday Morning Worship Service
10:15AM Winchester Thurston Auditorium 5059 Ellsworth Ave Pittsburgh PA, 15213
LIVESTREAM: tinyurl.com/CRPClive
Sunday Evening Service
5:30PM Greenfield Chapel 3929 Coleman Street Pittsburgh PA, 15207
Church Office
3929 Coleman St. Pittsburgh, PA 15207 412-720-7014 [email protected] cityreformed.org
Church Center App:
Donations
Online: Church Center App (Give)
ORcityreformed.org/give
Mail: Church Office address above "Attn:
Bookkeeper” (please make checks payable to City Reformed Presbyterian Church)
Worship Service
City Reformed Presbyterian Church
Presider: Elder Andy Leuenberger
Sunday Morning Worship – December 5, 2021
Call to Worship: Isaiah 9:1-2,6-7
Please stand for the Call to Worship if you are able.
Leader But there will be no gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter time he has made glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.
People The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light; those who dwelt in a land of deep darkness, on them has light shone.
Leader For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder,
People And his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
Leader Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end,
People On the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it
Leader With justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore.
People The zeal of the Lord of hosts will do this.
Prayer of Invocation
Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence
(Words: Liturgy of St. James, 4th Century Music: 17th Century French Arrangement: Daniel Snoke 2011)
Let all mortal flesh keep silence, And with fear and trembling stand; Ponder nothing earthly minded, For with blessing in His hand, Christ our God to earth descendeth, Our full homage to demand.
King of kings, yet born of Mary, As of old on earth He stood, Lord of lords, in human vesture, In the body and the blood; He will give to all the faithful His own self for heavenly food.
Rank on rank the host of heaven Spreads its vanguard on the way, As the Light of light descendeth From the realms of endless day, That the powers of hell may vanish As the darkness clears away.
At His feet the six winged seraph, Cherubim with sleepless eye, Veil their faces to the presence, As with ceaseless voice they cry: Alleluia, Alleluia Alleluia, Lord Most High!
Psalm 103:1 | Bless the Lord
(Taizé: Jacques Berthier 1923-1994)
Bless the Lord, my soul And bless God's holy name Bless the Lord, my soul Who leads me into life
2nd Advent Reading Psalm 24:7-10
King of Kings
(Words & Music: Brooke Ligertwood, Jason Ingram, Scott Ligertwood 2018)
In the darkness we were waiting Without hope without light 'Till from heaven you came running There was mercy in your eyes To fulfill the Law and Prophets To a virgin came the Word From a throne of endless glory To a cradle in the dirt
Praise the Father praise the Son Praise the Spirit three in one God of glory majesty Praise forever to the King of Kings
To reveal the kingdom coming And to reconcile the lost To redeem the whole creation You did not despise the cross Now we see that in your suff'ring You saw glory to behold Knowing you were our salvation Jesus for our sake you died
For the morning that you rose All of heaven held its breath 'Till that stone was moved for good For the Lamb had conquered death Then the dead rose from their tombs And the angels stood in awe For the souls of all who'd come To the Father are re-stored
Then the Church of Christ was born And the Spirit lit the flame Now this gospel truth of old Shall not kneel shall not faint By his blood and in his name In his freedom I am free For the love of Jesus Christ Who has resurrected me
Call to Confession: Ephesians 5:8
At one time you were darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of light.
Prayer of Confession:
Heavenly Father we confess this truth: You are light and in you no darkness can dwell. Yet Lord we acknowledge that even as children of the light, we still delight in darkness; we still run after the things our sinful heart's desire. We stumble around blindly after things that do not satisfy, and things that cause us destruction. O Savior we desire to live in the light; to be in fellowship with you! Oh God forgive us for our fickle hearts; forgive our sin, we ask. Help us! Change us! By your Spirit, draw us into the light that we might stand as radiant reflections of you in this dark world. For we ask these things through the Light of the World, your son and our savior, Jesus Christ.
Silent Confession
Assurance of Pardon: Colossians 1:13-14
[God] has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins.
Corporate Prayer
Song of Renewal
We consider tithes & offering as an act of worship within the corporate family of Christ. Please direct giving online or via mail (cityreformed.org/give; 3929 Coleman St., 15207).
Come Thou Fount
(Words: Robert Robinson & Martin Madan 1760 Music: Unknown)
Come thou fount of every blessing, Tune my heart to sing thy grace. Streams of mercy never ceasing Call for songs of loudest praise. Teach me some melodious sonnet Sung by flaming tongues above. Praise the mount, I'm fixed upon it, Mount of God's unchanging love.
Here I raise my Ebenezer, Hither by thy help I'm come, And I hope by thy good pleasure Safely to arrive at home. Jesus sought me when a stranger, Wandering from the fold of God. He to rescue me from danger Interposed his precious blood.
O to grace how great a debtor Daily I'm constrained to be. Let that grace now like a fetter Bind my wandering heart to thee. Prone to wander, Lord I feel it, Prone to leave the God I love. Here's my heart, O take and seal it, Seal it for thy courts above.
Pastoral Prayer
At this time, children ages 4-7 are invited to continue their worship at Children's Church. Parents please have your children meet the teachers at the back of the sanctuary and pick them up after the sermon from Children's Church.
Sermon: Matthew 16:13-23
Keep the Cross in Christmas "The Christ and his Cross"
- Reverend Matt Koerber
N Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, "Who do people say that the Son of Man is?" 14 And they said, "Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets." 15 He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?" 16 Simon Peter replied, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." 17 And Jesus answered him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. 18 And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." 20 Then he strictly charged the disciples to tell no one that he was the Christ.
21From that time Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised. 22 And Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him, saying, "Far be it from you, Lord! This shall never happen to you." 23 But he turned and said to Peter, "Get behind me, Satan! You are a hindrance to me. For you are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of man."
Leader This is the Word of the Lord.
People Thanks be to God.
Notes
Communion
City Reformed Church invites all baptized Christians who are willing to forsake their sins and trust Christ alone for salvation, and who are members of congregations which proclaim the gospel, to receive Holy Communion with us. Parents with non-communing children are encouraged to bring their children forward during communion. The elders will lay a hand on their head and briefly pray for them as they serve you.
Communion is served with wine and with grape juice. The wine is placed in the two outer circles of the communion tray, and the grape juice is placed in the inner circle. Because Jesus used wine during the first communion service, we believe using real wine is beneficial. However, participants are welcome to choose.
There is also gluten-free bread available on each plate.
Please join us in song as we celebrate Christ dwelling with his church in the sacrament of communion.
Songs of Communion
Who Is This So Weak and Helpless
(Words: William W. How 1867 Music: Christopher Miner 1997)
Who is this, so weak and helpless, Child of lowly Hebrew maid, Rudely in a stable sheltered, Coldly in a manger laid? 'Tis the Lord of all creation, Who this wondrous path has trod; He is Lord from everlast—ing, And to everlasting God.
Who is this, a Man of Sorrows, Walking sadly life's hard way, Homeless, weary, sighing, weeping Over sin and Satan's sway? 'Tis our God, our glorious Savior, Who above the starry sky Is for us a place prepar—ing, Where no tear can dim the eye.
Who is this? Behold him shedding Drops of blood upon the ground! Who is this, despised, rejected, Mocked, insulted, beaten, bound? 'Tis our God, Who gifts and graces On His church is pouring down; Who shall smite in holy ven—geance All His foes beneath His throne.
Who is this that hangs there dying While the rude world scoffs and scorns, Numbered with the malefactors, Torn with nails, and crowned with thorns? 'Tis our God Who lives forever 'Mid the shining ones on high, In the glorious golden ci—ty, Reigning everlastingly.
O Day of Peace - Come to Him
(Music: Josh Garrels 2016 Words: Carl Daw 1982)
O day of peace that dimly shines Through all our hopes and prayers and dreams, Guide us to justice, truth, and love Delivered from our selfish schemes.
May swords of hate fall from our hands, Our hearts from envy find release, Till by God's grace our warring world Shall see Christ's promised reign of peace.
Then shall the wolf dwell with the lamb, Nor shall the fierce devour the small As beasts and cattle calmly graze, A little child shall lead them all.
Then enemies shall learn to love, All creatures find their true accord The hope of peace shall be fulfilled, For all the earth shall know the Lord
(Bridge)
Come to Him with all your heart Come and lay your burdens down
For peace He came to give And Joy shall be the crown
Doxology
(Words: Thomas Ken 1674 Music: Louis Bourgeois 1510)
Praise God, from Whom all blessings flow; Praise Him, all creatures here below; Praise Him above, ye heavenly host; Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. (repeat) Amen
Prayer
Announcements
Benediction
Tonight's Worship Service: David Snoke will be preaching on Colossians 1:11-20, 2:8-10 "The Incarnation."
Upcoming Events
www.cityreformed.org/events
Volunteer and Employment Needs
www.cityreformed.org/events
Regular Events
Agora Forum Mon 12/6/21 @ 7PM 3929 Coleman St., 15207
When is a government legitimate? Many of the people opposing Nazis in movies we watched have wrestled with questions of just war and pacifism, which often come down to, when do we obey a government and when do we resist it? People have been castigated for both inaction against oppressors, and for vigilantism. Dave Snoke will give an overview of the concept of "legitimacy" in government theory, which underlies much of this debate.
Contact Alex ([email protected]).
Groups
College Students please refer to campus ministry contacts below:
* CCO at CMU: Nameun Cho ([email protected])
* RUF at Pitt: Derek Bates ([email protected]), Callie Miller ([email protected])
* CCO at PPU: Katelyn Spallinger ([email protected])
* cityreformed.org/collegestudents
Specialty Groups meet in particular areas of interest for Bible study, fellowship, learning, and service. For a complete listing of current groups, please refer to the website.
* Men's New Hope ([email protected])
* Agora Forum- Alex Main ([email protected])
* Mommies' Group ([email protected])
* Men's Discipleship Committee ([email protected])- MENTORS NEEDED!
* Wednesday Morning Prayer ([email protected])
* Young Adult Women's Fellowship ([email protected])
Contact
Pastors:
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
Men's Discipleship Committee: mdc@cityreformed
Women's Discipleship Committee: [email protected]
Community Groups
Community Groups meet for Bible study, fellowship, and service, and are some of the best opportunities to connect with church life - always open for visitors throughout the year. Please contact Pastor Joseph Bianco ([email protected]) with any questions, and for a listing of current groups, refer to:
www.cityreformed.org/community-groups
Sunday
Fox Chapel*- Watson Barker North Hills**- David Bacon
Tuesday
Northside- Joe Benscoter & Nathan Schartner Morningside*- Jeff Winkler
Wednesday
Near East Suburban- Jim Partridge Regent Square- David Snoke Baldwin/Greenfield*- Joseph Bianco East Suburban- J<cursor_is_here>
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{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.cityreformed.org/uploads/9/8/8/6/98869954/bulletin_12.5.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\n\n\nWelcome to City Reformed Presbyterian Church\n\nWe are glad to have you join us for worship today. If you would like more information, please contact us at [email protected] or visit our website: cityreformed.org.\n\nReflections\n\n\"Maybe Christmas (he thought) doesn't come from a store. Maybe Christmas perhaps means a little bit more.\"\n\n- The Grinch\n\nAbout Us\n\nSunday Morning Worship Service\n\n10:15AM Winchester Thurston Auditorium 5059 Ellsworth Ave Pittsburgh PA, 15213\n\nLIVESTREAM: tinyurl.com/CRPClive\n\nSunday Evening Service\n\n5:30PM Greenfield Chapel 3929 Coleman Street Pittsburgh PA, 15207\n\nChurch Office\n\n3929 Coleman St. Pittsburgh, PA 15207 412-720-7014 [email protected] cityreformed.org\n\nChurch Center App:\n\nDonations\n\nOnline: Church Center App (Give)\n\nORcityreformed.org/give\n\nMail: Church Office address above \"Attn:\n\nBookkeeper” (please make checks payable to City Reformed Presbyterian Church)\n\nWorship Service\n\nCity Reformed Presbyterian Church\n\nPresider: Elder Andy Leuenberger\n\nSunday Morning Worship – December 5, 2021\n\nCall to Worship: Isaiah 9:1-2,6-7\n\nPlease stand for the Call to Worship if you are able.\n\nLeader But there will be no gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter time he has made glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.\nPeople The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light; those who dwelt in a land of deep darkness, on them has light shone.\nLeader For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder,\nPeople And his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.\nLeader Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end,\nPeople On the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it\nLeader With justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore.\nPeople The zeal of the Lord of hosts will do this.\n\nPrayer of Invocation\n\nLet All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence\n\n(Words: Liturgy of St. James, 4th Century Music: 17th Century French Arrangement: Daniel Snoke 2011)\n\nLet all mortal flesh keep silence, And with fear and trembling stand; Ponder nothing earthly minded, For with blessing in His hand, Christ our God to earth descendeth, Our full homage to demand.\n\nKing of kings, yet born of Mary, As of old on earth He stood, Lord of lords, in human vesture, In the body and the blood; He will give to all the faithful His own self for heavenly food.\n\nRank on rank the host of heaven Spreads its vanguard on the way, As the Light of light descendeth From the realms of endless day, That the powers of hell may vanish As the darkness clears away.\n\nAt His feet the six winged seraph, Cherubim with sleepless eye, Veil their faces to the presence, As with ceaseless voice they cry: Alleluia, Alleluia Alleluia, Lord Most High!\n\nPsalm 103:1 | Bless the Lord\n\n(Taizé: Jacques Berthier 1923-1994)\n\nBless the Lord, my soul And bless God's holy name Bless the Lord, my soul Who leads me into life\n\n2nd Advent Reading Psalm 24:7-10\n\nKing of Kings\n\n(Words & Music: Brooke Ligertwood, Jason Ingram, Scott Ligertwood 2018)\n\nIn the darkness we were waiting Without hope without light 'Till from heaven you came running There was mercy in your eyes To fulfill the Law and Prophets To a virgin came the Word From a throne of endless glory To a cradle in the dirt\n\nPraise the Father praise the Son Praise the Spirit three in one God of glory majesty Praise forever to the King of Kings\n\nTo reveal the kingdom coming And to reconcile the lost To redeem the whole creation You did not despise the cross Now we see that in your suff'ring You saw glory to behold Knowing you were our salvation Jesus for our sake you died\n\nFor the morning that you rose All of heaven held its breath 'Till that stone was moved for good For the Lamb had conquered death Then the dead rose from their tombs And the angels stood in awe For the souls of all who'd come To the Father are re-stored\n\nThen the Church of Christ was born And the Spirit lit the flame Now this gospel truth of old Shall not kneel shall not faint By his blood and in his name In his freedom I am free For the love of Jesus Christ Who has resurrected me\n\nCall to Confession: Ephesians 5:8\n\nAt one time you were darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of light.\n\nPrayer of Confession:\n\nHeavenly Father we confess this truth: You are light and in you no darkness can dwell. Yet Lord we acknowledge that even as children of the light, we still delight in darkness; we still run after the things our sinful heart's desire. We stumble around blindly after things that do not satisfy, and things that cause us destruction. O Savior we desire to live in the light; to be in fellowship with you! Oh God forgive us for our fickle hearts; forgive our sin, we ask. Help us! Change us! By your Spirit, draw us into the light that we might stand as radiant reflections of you in this dark world. For we ask these things through the Light of the World, your son and our savior, Jesus Christ.\n\nSilent Confession\n\nAssurance of Pardon: Colossians 1:13-14\n\n[God] has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins.\n\nCorporate Prayer\n\nSong of Renewal\n\nWe consider tithes & offering as an act of worship within the corporate family of Christ. Please direct giving online or via mail (cityreformed.org/give; 3929 Coleman St., 15207).\n\nCome Thou Fount\n\n(Words: Robert Robinson & Martin Madan 1760 Music: Unknown)\n\nCome thou fount of every blessing, Tune my heart to sing thy grace. Streams of mercy never ceasing Call for songs of loudest praise. Teach me some melodious sonnet Sung by flaming tongues above. Praise the mount, I'm fixed upon it, Mount of God's unchanging love.\n\nHere I raise my Ebenezer, Hither by thy help I'm come, And I hope by thy good pleasure Safely to arrive at home. Jesus sought me when a stranger, Wandering from the fold of God. He to rescue me from danger Interposed his precious blood.\n\nO to grace how great a debtor Daily I'm constrained to be. Let that grace now like a fetter Bind my wandering heart to thee. Prone to wander, Lord I feel it, Prone to leave the God I love. Here's my heart, O take and seal it, Seal it for thy courts above.\n\nPastoral Prayer\n\nAt this time, children ages 4-7 are invited to continue their worship at Children's Church. Parents please have your children meet the teachers at the back of the sanctuary and pick them up after the sermon from Children's Church.\n\nSermon: Matthew 16:13-23\n\nKeep the Cross in Christmas \"The Christ and his Cross\"\n\n- Reverend Matt Koerber\n\nN Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, \"Who do people say that the Son of Man is?\" 14 And they said, \"Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets.\" 15 He said to them, \"But who do you say that I am?\" 16 Simon Peter replied, \"You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.\" 17 And Jesus answered him, \"Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. 18 And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.\" 20 Then he strictly charged the disciples to tell no one that he was the Christ.\n\n21From that time Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised. 22 And Peter took him aside and began to rebuke him, saying, \"Far be it from you, Lord! This shall never happen to you.\" 23 But he turned and said to Peter, \"Get behind me, Satan! You are a hindrance to me. For you are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of man.\"\n\nLeader This is the Word of the Lord.\n\nPeople Thanks be to God.\n\nNotes\n\nCommunion\n\nCity Reformed Church invites all baptized Christians who are willing to forsake their sins and trust Christ alone for salvation, and who are members of congregations which proclaim the gospel, to receive Holy Communion with us. Parents with non-communing children are encouraged to bring their children forward during communion. The elders will lay a hand on their head and briefly pray for them as they serve you.\n\nCommunion is served with wine and with grape juice. The wine is placed in the two outer circles of the communion tray, and the grape juice is placed in the inner circle. Because Jesus used wine during the first communion service, we believe using real wine is beneficial. However, participants are welcome to choose.\n\nThere is also gluten-free bread available on each plate.\n\nPlease join us in song as we celebrate Christ dwelling with his church in the sacrament of communion.\n\nSongs of Communion\n\nWho Is This So Weak and Helpless\n\n(Words: William W. How 1867 Music: Christopher Miner 1997)\n\nWho is this, so weak and helpless, Child of lowly Hebrew maid, Rudely in a stable sheltered, Coldly in a manger laid? 'Tis the Lord of all creation, Who this wondrous path has trod; He is Lord from everlast—ing, And to everlasting God.\n\nWho is this, a Man of Sorrows, Walking sadly life's hard way, Homeless, weary, sighing, weeping Over sin and Satan's sway? 'Tis our God, our glorious Savior, Who above the starry sky Is for us a place prepar—ing, Where no tear can dim the eye.\n\nWho is this? Behold him shedding Drops of blood upon the ground! Who is this, despised, rejected, Mocked, insulted, beaten, bound? 'Tis our God, Who gifts and graces On His church is pouring down; Who shall smite in holy ven—geance All His foes beneath His throne.\n\nWho is this that hangs there dying While the rude world scoffs and scorns, Numbered with the malefactors, Torn with nails, and crowned with thorns? 'Tis our God Who lives forever 'Mid the shining ones on high, In the glorious golden ci—ty, Reigning everlastingly.\n\nO Day of Peace - Come to Him\n\n(Music: Josh Garrels 2016 Words: Carl Daw 1982)\n\nO day of peace that dimly shines Through all our hopes and prayers and dreams, Guide us to justice, truth, and love Delivered from our selfish schemes.\n\nMay swords of hate fall from our hands, Our hearts from envy find release, Till by God's grace our warring world Shall see Christ's promised reign of peace.\n\nThen shall the wolf dwell with the lamb, Nor shall the fierce devour the small As beasts and cattle calmly graze, A little child shall lead them all.\n\nThen enemies shall learn to love, All creatures find their true accord The hope of peace shall be fulfilled, For all the earth shall know the Lord\n\n(Bridge)\n\nCome to Him with all your heart Come and lay your burdens down\n\nFor peace He came to give And Joy shall be the crown\n\nDoxology\n\n(Words: Thomas Ken 1674 Music: Louis Bourgeois 1510)\n\nPraise God, from Whom all blessings flow; Praise Him, all creatures here below; Praise Him above, ye heavenly host; Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. (repeat) Amen\n\nPrayer\n\nAnnouncements\n\nBenediction\n\nTonight's Worship Service: David Snoke will be preaching on Colossians 1:11-20, 2:8-10 \"The Incarnation.\"\n\nUpcoming Events\n\nwww.cityreformed.org/events\n\nVolunteer and Employment Needs\n\nwww.cityreformed.org/events\n\nRegular Events\n\nAgora Forum Mon 12/6/21 @ 7PM 3929 Coleman St., 15207\n\nWhen is a government legitimate? Many of the people opposing Nazis in movies we watched have wrestled with questions of just war and pacifism, which often come down to, when do we obey a government and when do we resist it? People have been castigated for both inaction against oppressors, and for vigilantism. Dave Snoke will give an overview of the concept of \"legitimacy\" in government theory, which underlies much of this debate.\n\nContact Alex ([email protected]).\n\nGroups\n\nCollege Students please refer to campus ministry contacts below:\n\n* CCO at CMU: Nameun Cho ([email protected])\n* RUF at Pitt: Derek Bates ([email protected]), Callie Miller ([email protected])\n* CCO at PPU: Katelyn Spallinger ([email protected])\n* cityreformed.org/collegestudents\n\nSpecialty Groups meet in particular areas of interest for Bible study, fellowship, learning, and service. For a complete listing of current groups, please refer to the website.\n\n* Men's New Hope ([email protected])\n* Agora Forum- Alex Main ([email protected])\n* Mommies' Group ([email protected])\n* Men's Discipleship Committee ([email protected])- MENTORS NEEDED!\n* Wednesday Morning Prayer ([email protected])\n* Young Adult Women's Fellowship ([email protected])\n\nContact\n\nPastors:\n\n* [email protected]\n* [email protected]\n* [email protected]\n* [email protected]\n\nMen's Discipleship Committee: mdc@cityreformed\n\nWomen's Discipleship Committee: [email protected]\n\nCommunity Groups\n\nCommunity Groups meet for Bible study, fellowship, and service, and are some of the best opportunities to connect with church life - always open for visitors throughout the year. Please contact Pastor Joseph Bianco ([email protected]) with any questions, and for a listing of current groups, refer to:\n\nwww.cityreformed.org/community-groups\n\nSunday\n\nFox Chapel*- Watson Barker North Hills**- David Bacon\n\nTuesday\n\nNorthside- Joe Benscoter & Nathan Schartner Morningside*- Jeff Winkler\n\nWednesday\n\nNear East Suburban- Jim Partridge Regent Square- David Snoke Baldwin/Greenfield*- Joseph Bianco East Suburban- J<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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The TV and movie screenwriters’ strike is, of course, about significant issues: the value of labor in the digital age, the shifting paradigms of entertainment, the importance of Hollywood in the national discourse. But let’s not lose sight of what’s really important: celebrity sightings!
This morning I walked the block and change from my TIME office to the WGA picket site at NBC headquarters–30 Rockefeller Plaza–and one of the first strikers I saw on the barricades was 30 Rock’s Tina Fey. I buttonholed her for a pic (apologies for my inept photojournalism) and a couple quick questions.
Fey, obviously, was there not just because she’s a writer but because she’s a celebrity, and thus bait for suckers in the media like me. What does she say, then, about the perception that the strike is a battle between the haves and the have-mores?
“Yeah, to the outside eye, I guess this looks like some pretty lucky people arguing with some very lucky people,” Fey said. “We have dream jobs that most people would want to have. That doesn’t mean that it’s OK for the conglomerates that produce our shows to rip us off.” Rip-off, of course, is a subjective term, with the networks and studios arguing that the online distribution of shows–the money from which is the central issue of the strike–is still a financial question mark. Fey, unsurprisingly, doesn’t buy it: “These companies clearly smell that the Internet is where their future profits are coming from. If you look at NBC breaking off with iTunes and trying to start their own thing and raise the price, it’s because they know this is where the money’s going to be.”
As for where she’s going to be, Fey will be going back across the river to Queens for four more days of shooting on an episode of 30 Rock that there’s already a script for. Isn’t this at odds with her Liz Lemonian devotion to the rights of proletarian scribes? “NBC has made clear to me that I’m contractually obligated to show up as an actor,” she says. “We’re not doing any rewriting. We’re shooting what we have on the page.”
Then it’s back to the picket line, where this morning she was joined by the likes of The Daily Show’s British correspondent, John Oliver, and a whole slew of rubberneckers. TV’s loss is NYC tourism’s gain.
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The TV and movie screenwriters’ strike is, of course, about significant issues: the value of labor in the digital age, the shifting paradigms of entertainment, the importance of Hollywood in the national discourse. But let’s not lose sight of what’s really important: celebrity sightings!
This morning I walked the block and change from my TIME office to the WGA picket site at NBC headquarters–30 Rockefeller Plaza–and one of the first strikers I saw on the barricades was 30 Rock’s Tina Fey. I buttonholed her for a pic (apologies for my inept photojournalism) and a couple quick questions.
Fey, obviously, was there not just because she’s a writer but because she’s a celebrity, and thus bait for suckers in the media like me. What
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does she say, then, about the perception that the strike is a battle between the haves and the have-mores?
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The TV and movie screenwriters’ strike is, of course, about significant issues: the value of labor in the digital age, the shifting paradigms of entertainment, the importance of Hollywood in the national discourse. But let’s not lose sight of what’s really important: celebrity sightings!
This morning I walked the block and change from my TIME office to the WGA picket site at NBC headquarters–30 Rockefeller Plaza–and one of the first strikers I saw on the barricades was 30 Rock’s Tina Fey. I buttonholed her for a pic (apologies for my inept photojournalism) and a couple quick questions.
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TCR Monday Notes
I was suppose to post this Friday night, but life got in the way the rest of the weekend...
- Arizona Phil does what only he can do...an amazing retrospective on how the 1969 Cubs were built and his memories of the season.
- Ryan Theriot is losing fans in the Cubs organization apparently by sticking to his $3.4M demands. Bruce Miles on the radio and Bruce Levine both saying that an arbitration hearing looks inevitable. It would be the first arbitration hearing in 17 years between the Cubs and a player (Mark Grace).
- Orlando Cabrera signs with the Reds on a 3 million deal for one year with a $1M buyout on a $3M mutual option in 2011. They then acquired Aaron Miles from the A's for Wily Taveras and Adam Rosales. As long as they don't land Johny Damon...
(Interesting twist to this story, A's DFA Taveras immediately. Also, the A's are sending a PTBNL to the Reds as part of the deal).
- Reed Johnson was offered $800K by the Los Angeles Dodgers.
- Wezen Ball relates some interesting press quotes when Andre Dawson signed with the Cubs in 1987. There's been a bit of myth perpetuated that Dawson was dead set to
play for the Cubs at any cost. But what really happened was that he was a victim of
collusion by the owners and the blank check story was a desperate plea to find a team for '87. To his credit though, he was a man of his word and certainly didn't sulk over the low-ball contract offer.
"I didn't think they'd make an offer, because I thought they didn't want to be the first ones to sign a free agent," Dawson said yesterday. "But since they did, I'm man enough to stick by it.
I know I'll miss Montreal . . . but you gotta do what you gotta do. I don't want to say a move was overdue, but with the problems I had the last couple years . . . I had the same salary the last six years, and then they offer me a pay cut . . .
It got so that towards the end of the season some of my own teammates told me it would be best that I make a change."
- An interview with an author of a book on how the Cubs may have thrown the 1918 World Series.
- The Xavier Nady deal was made official Friday. The Cubs will be cautious with Nady in March and April though and he probably won't see much time in the field to start the season, much like Tyler Colvin did at the beginning of last season after his Tommy John surgery. I do wonder what that will do to the bench since it means Fukudome won't have a platoon partner. They could possibly put Baker out there, but that means either Fontenot plays against a lefty or Blanco. They could also carry an extra bat at least for the first two weeks as a 5th starter isn't due until April 18th.
- Jayson Stark says the Cubs prefer to sign a reliever such as Chan Ho Park or Kiki Calero, otherwise a trade with the Blue Jays for Jason Frasor or Scott Downs is a possibility.
- Jerry Crasnick tweets that Jermaine Dye essentially turned down the offer that Xavier Nady accepted.
5 HR in his last 5 games (3, 1 run...1, 2 run)
sure, 3 HR were in colorado, but 2 were in night games in SD. that evens out somehow.
My guy Addy
oh, another a.russell HR...whatever.
Dylan Cease throwing gas tonight for the Emeralds. In first three innings, has hit 100 mph six times, averaging 98 mph
Can I get a gif of Joe West's jowls waving as he chews gum?
/Asking for a friend
my gawd...that castillo-to-bryant pickoff was a thing of beauty. the knock on him in the minors being slow out of the crouch is looking less like a thing.
bless your heart. *pinches cheeks*
real shame I missed this week's episode of The Crunch Reporter.
It's highly unusual.
It does matter a little.
It matters much less than you think.
four winds field is awesome. it's crazy how minor league parks have "grown up" since the 80s/90s and that park was one of the late-80s models that showed a low-capacity ballpark could look like you're at something other than a highschool baseball game.
On another topic....I returned to South Bend last night for the 2nd time this season (still haven't tried either the deep-fried mac & cheese sandwich nor "The Porknado", as the drive home is over an hour and that could get ugly), and was pleasantly surprised to find D. Underwood pitching in a rehab start. He looked good -- although, to be fair, these are low-A hitters -- fastball consistently at 94-95 (if the SB scoreboard is to be believed -- several pitches were clocked in the 30s...) and with good location.
he gains nothing, no advantage, no saving of resources, nothing...there is not a cost/benefit tradeoff...him letting the running game go on around him for others to control isn't gaining him an advantage elsewhere. it's putting him at a disadvantage even if it's not cashed in with a run.
And out of respect for the rest of TCR, I'm done on this. I'm sure I'm not the only one in the other camp, but time to let it go. (Until the next Lester start. I kid.)
He is putting himself at a disadvanage. But how much of one relative to the rest of his game? He's not Justin Germano -- he's inarguably one of the best SPs in baseball, issue or not. It would be more of thing to discuss ad nauseum if it constantly caused him to give up runs and lose games. But it doesn't.
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TCR Monday Notes
I was suppose to post this Friday night, but life got in the way the rest of the weekend...
- Arizona Phil does what only he can do...an amazing retrospective on how the 1969 Cubs were built and his memories of the season.
- Ryan Theriot is losing fans in the Cubs organization apparently by sticking to his $3.4M demands. Bruce Miles on the radio and Bruce Levine both saying that an arbitration hearing looks inevitable. It would be the first arbitration hearing in 17 years between the Cubs and a player (Mark Grace).
- Orlando Cabrera signs with the Reds on a 3 million deal for one year with a $1M buyout on a $3M mutual option in 2011. They then acquired Aaron Miles from the A's for Wily Taveras and Adam Rosales. As long as they don't land Johny Damon...
(Interesting twist to this story, A's DFA Taveras immediately. Also, the A's are sending a PTBNL to the Reds as part of the deal).
- Reed Johnson was offered $800K by the Los Angeles Dodgers.
- Wezen Ball relates some interesting press quotes when Andre Dawson signed with the Cubs in 1987. There's been a bit of myth perpetuated that Dawson was dead set to
play for the Cubs at any cost. But what really happened was that he was a victim of
collusion by the owners and the blank check story was a desperate plea to find a team for '87. To his credit though, he was a man of his word and certainly didn't sulk over the low-ball contract offer.
"I didn't think they'd make an offer, because I thought they didn't want to be the first ones to sign a free agent," Dawson said yesterday. "But since they did, I'm man enough to stick by it.
I know I'll miss Montreal . . . but you gotta do what you gotta do. I don't want to say a move was overdue, but with the problems I had the last couple years . . . I had the same salary the last six years, and then they offer me a pay cut . . .
It got so that towards the end of the season some of my own teammates told me it would be best that I make a change."
- An interview with an author of a book on how the Cubs may have thrown the 1918 World Series.
- The Xavier Nady deal was made official Friday. The Cubs will be cautious with Nady in March and April though and he probably won't see much time in the field to start the season, much like Tyler Colvin did at the beginning of last season after his Tommy John surgery. I do wonder what that will do to the bench since it means Fukudome won't have a platoon partner. They could possibly put Baker out there, but that means either Fontenot plays against a lefty or Blanco. They could also carry an extra bat at least for the first two weeks as a 5th starter isn't due until April 18th.
- Jayson Stark says the Cubs prefer to sign a reliever such as Chan Ho Park or Kiki Calero, otherwise a trade with the Blue Jays for Jason Frasor or Scott Downs is a possibility.
- Jerry Crasnick tweets that Jermaine Dye essentially turned down the offer that Xavier Nady accepted.
5 HR in his last 5 games (3, 1 run...1, 2 run)
sure, 3 HR were in colorado, but 2 were in night games in SD. that evens out somehow.
My guy Addy
oh, another a.russell HR...whatever.
Dylan Cease throwing gas tonight for the Emeralds. In first three innings, has hit 100 mph six times, averaging 98 mph
Can I get a gif of Joe West's jowls waving as he chews gum?
/Asking for a friend
my gawd...that castillo-to-bryant pickoff was a thing of beauty. the knock on him in the minors being slow out of the crouch is looking less like a thing.
bless your heart. *pinches cheeks*
real shame I missed this week's episode of The Crunch Reporter.
It's highly unusual.
It does matter a little.
It matters much less than you think.
four winds field is awesome. it's crazy how minor league parks have "grown up" since the 80s/90s and that park was one of the late-80s models that showed a low-capacity ballpark could look like you're at something other than a highschool baseball game.
On another topic....I returned to South Bend last night for the 2nd time this season (still haven't tried either the deep-fried mac &
|
cheese sandwich nor "The Porknado", as the drive home is over an hour and that could get ugly), and was pleasantly surprised to find D.
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TCR Monday Notes
I was suppose to post this Friday night, but life got in the way the rest of the weekend...
- Arizona Phil does what only he can do...an amazing retrospective on how the 1969 Cubs were built and his memories of the season.
- Ryan Theriot is losing fans in the Cubs organization apparently by sticking to his $3.4M demands. Bruce Miles on the radio and Bruce Levine both saying that an arbitration hearing looks inevitable. It would be the first arbitration hearing in 17 years between the Cubs and a player (Mark Grace).
- Orlando Cabrera signs with the Reds on a 3 million deal for one year with a $1M buyout on a $3M mutual option in 2011. They then acquired Aaron Miles from the A's for Wily Taveras and Adam Rosales. As long as they don't land Johny Damon...
(Interesting twist to this story, A's DFA Taveras immediately. Also, the A's are sending a PTBNL to the Reds as part of the deal).
- Reed Johnson was offered $800K by the Los Angeles Dodgers.
- Wezen Ball relates some interesting press quotes when Andre Dawson signed with the Cubs in 1987. There's been a bit of myth perpetuated that Dawson was dead set to
play for the Cubs at any cost. But what really happened was that he was a victim of
collusion by the owners and the blank check story was a desperate plea to find a team for '87. To his credit though, he was a man of his word and certainly didn't sulk over the low-ball contract offer.
"I didn't think they'd make an offer, because I thought they didn't want to be the first ones to sign a free agent," Dawson said yesterday. "But since they did, I'm man enough to stick by it.
I know I'll miss Montreal . . . but you gotta do what you gotta do. I don't want to say a move was overdue, but with the problems I had the last couple years . . . I had the same salary the last six years, and then they offer me a pay cut . . .
It got so that towards the end of the season some of my own teammates told me it would be best that I make a change."
- An interview with an author of a book on how the Cubs may have thrown the 1918 World Series.
- The Xavier Nady deal was made official Friday. The Cubs will be cautious with Nady in March and April though and he probably won't see much time in the field to start the season, much like Tyler Colvin did at the beginning of last season after his Tommy John surgery. I do wonder what that will do to the bench since it means Fukudome won't have a platoon partner. They could possibly put Baker out there, but that means either Fontenot plays against a lefty or Blanco. They could also carry an extra bat at least for the first two weeks as a 5th starter isn't due until April 18th.
- Jayson Stark says the Cubs prefer to sign a reliever such as Chan Ho Park or Kiki Calero, otherwise a trade with the Blue Jays for Jason Frasor or Scott Downs is a possibility.
- Jerry Crasnick tweets that Jermaine Dye essentially turned down the offer that Xavier Nady accepted.
5 HR in his last 5 games (3, 1 run...1, 2 run)
sure, 3 HR were in colorado, but 2 were in night games in SD. that evens out somehow.
My guy Addy
oh, another a.russell HR...whatever.
Dylan Cease throwing gas tonight for the Emeralds. In first three innings, has hit 100 mph six times, averaging 98 mph
Can I get a gif of Joe West's jowls waving as he chews gum?
/Asking for a friend
my gawd...that castillo-to-bryant pickoff was a thing of beauty. the knock on him in the minors being slow out of the crouch is looking less like a thing.
bless your heart. *pinches cheeks*
real shame I missed this week's episode of The Crunch Reporter.
It's highly unusual.
It does matter a little.
It matters much less than you think.
four winds field is awesome. it's crazy how minor league parks have "grown up" since the 80s/90s and that park was one of the late-80s models that showed a low-capacity ballpark could look like you're at something other than a highschool baseball game.
On another topic....I returned to South Bend last night for the 2nd time this season (still haven't tried either the deep-fried mac &<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://thecubreporter.com/comment/153086\n</url>\n<text>\nTCR Monday Notes\nI was suppose to post this Friday night, but life got in the way the rest of the weekend...\n- Arizona Phil does what only he can do...an amazing retrospective on how the 1969 Cubs were built and his memories of the season.\n- Ryan Theriot is losing fans in the Cubs organization apparently by sticking to his $3.4M demands. Bruce Miles on the radio and Bruce Levine both saying that an arbitration hearing looks inevitable. It would be the first arbitration hearing in 17 years between the Cubs and a player (Mark Grace).\n- Orlando Cabrera signs with the Reds on a 3 million deal for one year with a $1M buyout on a $3M mutual option in 2011. They then acquired Aaron Miles from the A's for Wily Taveras and Adam Rosales. As long as they don't land Johny Damon...\n(Interesting twist to this story, A's DFA Taveras immediately. Also, the A's are sending a PTBNL to the Reds as part of the deal).\n- Reed Johnson was offered $800K by the Los Angeles Dodgers.\n- Wezen Ball relates some interesting press quotes when Andre Dawson signed with the Cubs in 1987. There's been a bit of myth perpetuated that Dawson was dead set to\nplay for the Cubs at any cost. But what really happened was that he was a victim of\ncollusion by the owners and the blank check story was a desperate plea to find a team for '87. To his credit though, he was a man of his word and certainly didn't sulk over the low-ball contract offer.\n\"I didn't think they'd make an offer, because I thought they didn't want to be the first ones to sign a free agent,\" Dawson said yesterday. \"But since they did, I'm man enough to stick by it.\nI know I'll miss Montreal . . . but you gotta do what you gotta do. I don't want to say a move was overdue, but with the problems I had the last couple years . . . I had the same salary the last six years, and then they offer me a pay cut . . .\nIt got so that towards the end of the season some of my own teammates told me it would be best that I make a change.\"\n- An interview with an author of a book on how the Cubs may have thrown the 1918 World Series.\n- The Xavier Nady deal was made official Friday. The Cubs will be cautious with Nady in March and April though and he probably won't see much time in the field to start the season, much like Tyler Colvin did at the beginning of last season after his Tommy John surgery. I do wonder what that will do to the bench since it means Fukudome won't have a platoon partner. They could possibly put Baker out there, but that means either Fontenot plays against a lefty or Blanco. They could also carry an extra bat at least for the first two weeks as a 5th starter isn't due until April 18th.\n- Jayson Stark says the Cubs prefer to sign a reliever such as Chan Ho Park or Kiki Calero, otherwise a trade with the Blue Jays for Jason Frasor or Scott Downs is a possibility.\n- Jerry Crasnick tweets that Jermaine Dye essentially turned down the offer that Xavier Nady accepted.\n5 HR in his last 5 games (3, 1 run...1, 2 run)\nsure, 3 HR were in colorado, but 2 were in night games in SD. that evens out somehow.\nMy guy Addy\noh, another a.russell HR...whatever.\nDylan Cease throwing gas tonight for the Emeralds. In first three innings, has hit 100 mph six times, averaging 98 mph\nCan I get a gif of Joe West's jowls waving as he chews gum?\n/Asking for a friend\nmy gawd...that castillo-to-bryant pickoff was a thing of beauty. the knock on him in the minors being slow out of the crouch is looking less like a thing.\nbless your heart. *pinches cheeks*\nreal shame I missed this week's episode of The Crunch Reporter.\nIt's highly unusual.\nIt does matter a little.\nIt matters much less than you think.\nfour winds field is awesome. it's crazy how minor league parks have \"grown up\" since the 80s/90s and that park was one of the late-80s models that showed a low-capacity ballpark could look like you're at something other than a highschool baseball game.\nOn another topic....I returned to South Bend last night for the 2nd time this season (still haven't tried either the deep-fried mac &<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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As much as seasonal increases in demand for on-line resources are discussed, the one day that’s often overlooked is April Fools Day.
It’s the day the Internet loses its mind and your best bet is take everything not just with a grain of salt, but with the entire shaker.
The use of April Fools’ Day to promote brand awareness and bring some laughter into the world as everyone tries to outdo everyone else in a bid to be named the King of Fools is well known. This is no more a surprise today than is Black Friday, Cyber Monday or Super Bowl Sunday.
So it behooves those participating in the tom foolery to be prepared. That means being ready to handle an increased demand for whatever it is you’re offering up for consumption. This is where devops shines; where automation and orchestration and a demand-driven scalability strategy is your best answer. Because you can’t be sure your offering is going to go viral, but you can be sure it won’t if any piece of the application delivery chain breaks under the pressure.
In other words, this is unacceptable:
What might have gone viral may end up languishing as just another overlooked and forgotten attempt because of a lack of database resources and a failed scaling strategy.
One of the key aspects of devops is that it should approach scalability with a comprehensive view of how each piece of the delivery chain needs to scale – and when. Thresholds and metrics collected from each domain of an application architecture must be correlated and understood in the context of how it impacts capacity so that it can be automatically scaled – or at least addressed – on demand.
Maybe that means devops must advise a cloud-based approach to handling demand for such days. Maybe that means a bit more preparation and integration across the entire application delivery chain to ensure the load balancing service is basing its decisions on the right variables such that resources are maximized and enable greater scale across the application. Maybe that means throwing up a cache to reduce the pressure on web and application servers, or taking advantage of a CDN.
Regardless of the approach to how you’re going to scale, devops practitioners should be driving the process to ensure that on April Fools Day – or any well-known high demand generation day – the joke is not on them.
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As much as seasonal increases in demand for on-line resources are discussed, the one day that’s often overlooked is April Fools Day.
It’s the day the Internet loses its mind and your best bet is take everything not just with a grain of salt, but with the entire shaker.
The use of April Fools’ Day to promote brand awareness and bring some laughter into the world as everyone tries to outdo everyone else in a bid to be named the King of Fools is well known. This is no more a surprise today than is Black Friday, Cyber Monday or Super Bowl Sunday.
So it behooves those participating in the tom foolery to
|
be prepared.
|
That means being ready to handle an increased demand for whatever it is you’re offering up for consumption. This is where devops shines; where automation and orchestration and a demand-driven scalability strategy is your best answer. Because you can’t be sure your offering is going to go viral, but you can be sure it won’t if any piece of the application delivery chain breaks under the pressure.
In other words, this is unacceptable:
What might have gone viral may end up languishing as just another overlooked and forgotten attempt because of a lack of database resources and a failed scaling strategy.
One of the key aspects of devops is that it should approach scalability with a comprehensive view of how each piece of the delivery chain needs to scale – and when. Thresholds and metrics collected from each domain of an application architecture must be correlated and understood in the context of how it impacts capacity so that it can be automatically scaled – or at least addressed – on demand.
Maybe that means devops must advise a cloud-based approach to handling demand for such days. Maybe that means a bit more preparation and integration across the entire application delivery chain to ensure the load balancing service is basing its decisions on the right variables such that resources are maximized and enable greater scale across the application. Maybe that means throwing up a cache to reduce the pressure on web and application servers, or taking advantage of a CDN.
Regardless of the approach to how you’re going to scale, devops practitioners should be driving the process to ensure that on April Fools Day – or any well-known high demand generation day – the joke is not on them.
| 606
|
inside_word
|
be
|
remove_one_sentence
|
<url>
https://devops.com/dont-let-april-fools-day-joke/
</url>
<text>
As much as seasonal increases in demand for on-line resources are discussed, the one day that’s often overlooked is April Fools Day.
It’s the day the Internet loses its mind and your best bet is take everything not just with a grain of salt, but with the entire shaker.
The use of April Fools’ Day to promote brand awareness and bring some laughter into the world as everyone tries to outdo everyone else in a bid to be named the King of Fools is well known. This is no more a surprise today than is Black Friday, Cyber Monday or Super Bowl Sunday.
So it behooves those participating in the tom foolery to <cursor_is_here> That means being ready to handle an increased demand for whatever it is you’re offering up for consumption. This is where devops shines; where automation and orchestration and a demand-driven scalability strategy is your best answer. Because you can’t be sure your offering is going to go viral, but you can be sure it won’t if any piece of the application delivery chain breaks under the pressure.
In other words, this is unacceptable:
What might have gone viral may end up languishing as just another overlooked and forgotten attempt because of a lack of database resources and a failed scaling strategy.
One of the key aspects of devops is that it should approach scalability with a comprehensive view of how each piece of the delivery chain needs to scale – and when. Thresholds and metrics collected from each domain of an application architecture must be correlated and understood in the context of how it impacts capacity so that it can be automatically scaled – or at least addressed – on demand.
Maybe that means devops must advise a cloud-based approach to handling demand for such days. Maybe that means a bit more preparation and integration across the entire application delivery chain to ensure the load balancing service is basing its decisions on the right variables such that resources are maximized and enable greater scale across the application. Maybe that means throwing up a cache to reduce the pressure on web and application servers, or taking advantage of a CDN.
Regardless of the approach to how you’re going to scale, devops practitioners should be driving the process to ensure that on April Fools Day – or any well-known high demand generation day – the joke is not on them.
</text>
|
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://devops.com/dont-let-april-fools-day-joke/\n</url>\n<text>\nAs much as seasonal increases in demand for on-line resources are discussed, the one day that’s often overlooked is April Fools Day.\nIt’s the day the Internet loses its mind and your best bet is take everything not just with a grain of salt, but with the entire shaker.\nThe use of April Fools’ Day to promote brand awareness and bring some laughter into the world as everyone tries to outdo everyone else in a bid to be named the King of Fools is well known. This is no more a surprise today than is Black Friday, Cyber Monday or Super Bowl Sunday.\nSo it behooves those participating in the tom foolery to <cursor_is_here> That means being ready to handle an increased demand for whatever it is you’re offering up for consumption. This is where devops shines; where automation and orchestration and a demand-driven scalability strategy is your best answer. Because you can’t be sure your offering is going to go viral, but you can be sure it won’t if any piece of the application delivery chain breaks under the pressure.\nIn other words, this is unacceptable:\nWhat might have gone viral may end up languishing as just another overlooked and forgotten attempt because of a lack of database resources and a failed scaling strategy.\nOne of the key aspects of devops is that it should approach scalability with a comprehensive view of how each piece of the delivery chain needs to scale – and when. Thresholds and metrics collected from each domain of an application architecture must be correlated and understood in the context of how it impacts capacity so that it can be automatically scaled – or at least addressed – on demand.\nMaybe that means devops must advise a cloud-based approach to handling demand for such days. Maybe that means a bit more preparation and integration across the entire application delivery chain to ensure the load balancing service is basing its decisions on the right variables such that resources are maximized and enable greater scale across the application. Maybe that means throwing up a cache to reduce the pressure on web and application servers, or taking advantage of a CDN.\nRegardless of the approach to how you’re going to scale, devops practitioners should be driving the process to ensure that on April Fools Day – or any well-known high demand generation day – the joke is not on them.\n</text>\n",
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For BREAKING NEWS go here > https://globalcurrencyreset.net/breaking-news/
Here is my latest video on the dollar collapse, where my prediction came true:
Link – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u09j_d9-N_4
I previously warned you about the truth about the dollar collapse in this video from December 2016:
Link – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuE_zxrIchQ
Feel free to CONTACT me on social media here if you have a question or comment: https://globalcurrencyreset.net/contact-us/
For those of you who were interested in finding out information about the Iraqi Dinar check out my website on the Iraqi Dinar currency and also the Iraqi Dinar YouTube channel where I post updated information and translations on the IQD.
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For BREAKING NEWS go here > https://globalcurrencyreset.net/breaking-news/
Here is my latest video on the dollar collapse, where my prediction came true:
Link – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u09j_d9-N_4
I previously warned you about the truth about the dollar collapse in this video from December 2016:
Link – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuE_zxrIchQ
Feel free
|
to CONTACT me on social media here if you have a question or comment: https://globalcurrencyreset.
|
net/contact-us/
For those of you who were interested in finding out information about the Iraqi Dinar check out my website on the Iraqi Dinar currency and also the Iraqi Dinar YouTube channel where I post updated information and translations on the IQD.
| 366
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|
to
|
remove_one_sentence
|
<url>
https://globalcurrencyreset.net/homepage/
</url>
<text>
For BREAKING NEWS go here > https://globalcurrencyreset.net/breaking-news/
Here is my latest video on the dollar collapse, where my prediction came true:
Link – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u09j_d9-N_4
I previously warned you about the truth about the dollar collapse in this video from December 2016:
Link – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuE_zxrIchQ
Feel free <cursor_is_here>net/contact-us/
For those of you who were interested in finding out information about the Iraqi Dinar check out my website on the Iraqi Dinar currency and also the Iraqi Dinar YouTube channel where I post updated information and translations on the IQD.
</text>
|
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://globalcurrencyreset.net/homepage/\n</url>\n<text>\nFor BREAKING NEWS go here > https://globalcurrencyreset.net/breaking-news/\nHere is my latest video on the dollar collapse, where my prediction came true:\nLink – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u09j_d9-N_4\nI previously warned you about the truth about the dollar collapse in this video from December 2016:\nLink – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuE_zxrIchQ\nFeel free <cursor_is_here>net/contact-us/\nFor those of you who were interested in finding out information about the Iraqi Dinar check out my website on the Iraqi Dinar currency and also the Iraqi Dinar YouTube channel where I post updated information and translations on the IQD.\n</text>\n",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "to CONTACT me on social media here if you have a question or comment: https://globalcurrencyreset.",
"role": "assistant"
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Mar 5, 2023
Are you ever afraid you might say the wrong thing or ask the wrong question? Do you wonder what to think about current debates, such as the ones about Transgender issues? Are you unsure where and when you can raise your concerns and receive a respectful and well-considered answers?
This is a message about courageous love and the problem of certainty. On both sides of the current debate about whether a person can “change their gender” there are people who are certain. One side says, “Absolutely not!” and the other says “Absolutely yes” and there is not much room to question. In between these polarities most people wrestle (silently) with real questions and concerns about what is right and age-appropriate regarding gender fluidity, hormone treatments and various laws that seek to regulate gender in school sports, education and society.
Who has the authority to decide a person’s gender? The person? Parents? Pastors? Politicians? Pediatricians? Coaches? This message is much more than a talk about gender and rights, it is a deeply personal exploration of what it means to be human and how we show up for one another.
This message was delivered on Sunday, March 5, 2023 at All Souls Unitarian Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Rev. Dr. Marlin Lavanhar in the The Point Humanist Hour.
SUBSCRIBE TO WATCH SERMONS FROM OUR MINISTERS:
WANT TO LISTEN? SUBSCRIBE TO AUDIO PODCAST:
GIVE TO SUPPORT LOVE BEYOND BELIEF:
http://www.allsoulschurch.org/GIVE or text LOVEBB to 73256
All Souls Church Website: http://www.allsoulschurch.org/connect
|
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Mar 5, 2023
Are you ever afraid you might say the wrong thing or ask the wrong question? Do you wonder what to think about current debates, su
|
ch as the ones about Transgender issues?
|
Are you unsure where and when you can raise your concerns and receive a respectful and well-considered answers?
This is a message about courageous love and the problem of certainty. On both sides of the current debate about whether a person can “change their gender” there are people who are certain. One side says, “Absolutely not!” and the other says “Absolutely yes” and there is not much room to question. In between these polarities most people wrestle (silently) with real questions and concerns about what is right and age-appropriate regarding gender fluidity, hormone treatments and various laws that seek to regulate gender in school sports, education and society.
Who has the authority to decide a person’s gender? The person? Parents? Pastors? Politicians? Pediatricians? Coaches? This message is much more than a talk about gender and rights, it is a deeply personal exploration of what it means to be human and how we show up for one another.
This message was delivered on Sunday, March 5, 2023 at All Souls Unitarian Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Rev. Dr. Marlin Lavanhar in the The Point Humanist Hour.
SUBSCRIBE TO WATCH SERMONS FROM OUR MINISTERS:
WANT TO LISTEN? SUBSCRIBE TO AUDIO PODCAST:
GIVE TO SUPPORT LOVE BEYOND BELIEF:
http://www.allsoulschurch.org/GIVE or text LOVEBB to 73256
All Souls Church Website: http://www.allsoulschurch.org/connect
| 142
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Mar 5, 2023
Are you ever afraid you might say the wrong thing or ask the wrong question? Do you wonder what to think about current debates, su<cursor_is_here> Are you unsure where and when you can raise your concerns and receive a respectful and well-considered answers?
This is a message about courageous love and the problem of certainty. On both sides of the current debate about whether a person can “change their gender” there are people who are certain. One side says, “Absolutely not!” and the other says “Absolutely yes” and there is not much room to question. In between these polarities most people wrestle (silently) with real questions and concerns about what is right and age-appropriate regarding gender fluidity, hormone treatments and various laws that seek to regulate gender in school sports, education and society.
Who has the authority to decide a person’s gender? The person? Parents? Pastors? Politicians? Pediatricians? Coaches? This message is much more than a talk about gender and rights, it is a deeply personal exploration of what it means to be human and how we show up for one another.
This message was delivered on Sunday, March 5, 2023 at All Souls Unitarian Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Rev. Dr. Marlin Lavanhar in the The Point Humanist Hour.
SUBSCRIBE TO WATCH SERMONS FROM OUR MINISTERS:
WANT TO LISTEN? SUBSCRIBE TO AUDIO PODCAST:
GIVE TO SUPPORT LOVE BEYOND BELIEF:
http://www.allsoulschurch.org/GIVE or text LOVEBB to 73256
All Souls Church Website: http://www.allsoulschurch.org/connect
</text>
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Mullah Chávez: A look at the blossoming of Iranian and Venezuelan "brotherhood."
by Thomas Joscelyn | The Daily Standard
10/20/2005 12:00:00 AM | ON SEPTEMBER 24 the International Atomic Energy Agency passed a resolution that, in part, called on Iran "to observe fully its commitments and to return to the negotiating process that has made good progress in the last two years." The resolution is just the latest chapter in the ongoing dispute over Iran's nuclear programs, but a look at the votes cast by the IAEA's members reveals a great deal about the international landscape: Of the IAEA's 35 board members, 22 voted in favor of the resolution, 12 abstained (including Russia, which is heavily invested in Iran's nuclear programs), and one nation voted against the resolution.
That lone "no" vote was cast by Hugo Chávez's Venezuela, which has increasingly become Iran's willing and vocal ally in the western hemisphere.
While the secular neo-communist Chávez and the Islamist mullahs are certainly strange bedfellows, they have found much common ground. Explaining his country's "no" vote on the IAEA resolution, Venezuela's ambassador to Iran, Arturo Anibal Gallegos Ramirez, went as far as to say that "the principles and ideals that inspire the Bolivarian Revolution of Venezuela" are "inspired by values common to the Iranian Islamic Revolution."
The new Iranian president has expressed similar sentiments. According to an Iranian state-run news agency, more than a month before the IAEA resolution was passed, President Ahmadinejad called Chávez to thank him for his support in the international arena. Ahmadinejad told Chávez that his support was proof of their deep "brotherly and lasting relations."
The common "principles and ideals" uniting these two pariahs in their "brotherly" relationship, of course, are predominately anti-American in nature. Leaders from both countries have openly discussed their alliance in terms of combating "American imperialism."
IN THE NUCLEAR REALM the alliance raises a host of new troubling issues. Should the international community ever find a way to convince Russia to stop facilitating the mullah's nuclear program, the Iranian-Venezuelan alliance would be of less consequence. Based on past failures, this seems unlikely. It is more likely that Iran will continue upon its present course largely unchecked, which raises the possibility that Venezuela, with Iranian assistance, will at some point enter the market for nuclear technologies.
In fact, Chávez has already promised as much. During a recent weekly radio address, Chávez rationalized Venezuela's burgeoning pursuit of "peaceful" nuclear energy thusly, "Brazil has advanced in its nuclear research, nuclear power, and that's valid. Argentina too, and we also are starting to do research and projects in the area of nuclear energy, with peaceful aims of course." Chávez also argued that it is the sovereign right of both nations to pursue nuclear energy. Chávez's ambassador to Iran further explained that a common interest in the nuclear realm has resulted in "close collaboration" between the two nations.
In reality, both nations are flush in petrodollars and neither has any real need for "peaceful" alternative energy sources. Iran's supposedly-civilian nuclear program has long served as an expedient cover for the mullah's more nefarious intentions. That Chávez openly lusts for an Iranian-style nuclear program suggests that he, too, may have similar designs.
CARACAS'S SUPPORT for Tehran's nuclear ambitions should come as no surprise. Over the last several years the two outcasts have entered into dozens of bilateral agreements, covering everything from tractors, to cement, to automobile plants. Chávez has visited Iran several times and on a November 2004 trip, Chávez and then-Iranian President Khatami negotiated more than two dozen agreements. Most of these agreements were signed when Khatami paid a reciprocal visit to Caracas in March of this year.
The agreements are said to be valued at more than $1 billion and according to the Iranian news agency, Mehr, Tehran will "establish small industrial towns in Venezuela." While explaining these agreements on his national radio show, Chávez said that Iran "is transferring technology to Venezuela" and that a group of "Iranian young professionals" had already entered the country. In September the two nations signed contracts worth an additional $200 million and covered cooperation in a variety of small-scale machining industries.
THE MOST IMPORTANT AREA of economic cooperation is in the oil industry. According to a Congressional Research Service report from earlier this year, "a team from Venezuela's state oil company (Petroleos de Venezuela) is reportedly going to London to receive training from Iranian experts on how to improve Venezuela's access to Asian oil markets. Iran, Venezuela's closest partner in OPEC, has long had a cooperative relationship with [China]."
The lynchpin of Chávez's economic strategy is to sell an increasing share of his nation's oil to customers other than the United States, thereby decreasing his revolution's dependence on American cash. Here, Iranian assistance (as well as Chinese and Russian assistance) is vital. Chávez has openly explained the importance of this strategy. The Congressional Research Service report notes that in December 2004, Chávez reportedly "referred to Venezuela's long oil-producing history as '100 years of domination by the United States.'" He further added, "Now we are free, and place this oil at the disposal of the great Chinese fatherland."
While cooperation in the nuclear and economic spheres has been loudly trumpeted by the two nations, the greatest potential threat this alliance poses will most likely remain a less heralded one.
It is no secret that a large portion of the international terror network calls Tehran its master. Hezbollah and similar organizations are either controlled or receive assistance from Tehran. And let us not forget that the mullahs have been, at the very least, willing to shelter many of al Qaeda's most wanted.
Chávez, like his mentor Fidel Castro, is no stranger to terrorism. Venezuela has been a safe haven for Marxist narco-terrorist groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian National Liberation Army (ELN). A growing body of evidence indicates that support for these groups is the official policy of Chávez's regime. According to the State Department's 2003 Global Patterns of Terrorism, "weapons and ammunition--some from official Venezuelan stocks and facilities--continued flowing from Venezuelan suppliers into the hands of" these organizations.
Both Iran and Venezuela know the value of terrorism as means for waging asymmetric warfare. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to ask: will these two become terror allies as well? Or, more worrisome, are they already?
ALARMINGLY, there are already ominous signs that the answer may be "yes." In May, the Foreign Broadcast Information Service published a collection of quotes from Iranian and Venezuelan media. The FBIS report noted that "Iranian media have reported meetings between Iranian Basij and revolutionary elements on the one hand and Venezuelan officials on the other, as well as plans for Iranian assistance to Venezuelan paramilitary forces." The FBIS report also notes that when he visited Iran last November, Chávez met with the "Imam Khomeyni Aid Committee" which is the "same as Imam Khomeyni Relief Organization, accused by the Iranian opposition sources of being a terrorist arm of the Iranian Regime." The Committee offered its "considerable international experience . . . to Venezuela" including the "training of Venezuelans in Iran." According to the FBIS report, Chávez discussed Venezuela's "Bolivarian paramilitary forces and their national prestige in that country."
Chávez's meeting with the Committee came on the heels of Venezuela's Foreign Minister, Jesus Arnoldo Perez, also paying them a visit. The FBIS report notes that Perez entered into a "signed joint agreement" with the Committee, which "pledged a variety of 'support' initiatives." Among these initiatives was the "training of deprived (downtrodden) and qualified individuals in Venezuela in a variety of areas." This, the report notes, is "common language used in Iran to indicate such activities as paramilitary training."
It would not be surprising, therefore, if Venezuelan forces trained in Tehran's terror tactics become a significant problem in the near future. It is also worth noting that Hezbollah is thought to already have a significant presence among the Lebanese communities on Venezuela's Margarita Island and elsewhere.
All of which raises concerns ranging from America's economic interests to matters of national security. In consolidating his hold on Venezuela and exporting his Bolivarian revolution throughout the region, Hugo Chávez has sought and received assistance from the world's great terror states.
Iran, in turn, now has a powerful ally in the western hemisphere that is willing to facilitate the expansion of its Islamist revolution.
Thomas Joscelyn is an economist and writer living in New York.
© by Vcrisis.com & the author
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Mullah Chávez: A look at the blossoming of Iranian and Venezuelan "brotherhood."
by Thomas Joscelyn | The Daily Standard
10/20/2005 12:00:00 AM | ON SEPTEMBER 24 the International Atomic Energy Agency passed a resolution that, in part, called on Iran "to observe fully its commitments and to return to the negotiating process that has made good progress in the last two years." The resolution is just the latest chapter in the ongoing dispute over Iran's nuclear programs, but a look at the votes cast by the IAEA's members reveals a great deal about the international landscape: Of the IAEA's 35 board members, 22 voted in favor of the resolution, 12 abstained (including Russia, which is heavily invested in Iran's nuclear programs), and one nation voted against the resolution.
That lone "no" vote was cast by Hugo Chávez's Venezuela, which has increasingly become Iran's willing and vocal ally in the western hemisphere.
While the secular neo-communist Chávez and the Islamist mullahs are certainly strange bedfellows, they have found much common ground. Explaining his country's "no" vote on the IAEA resolution, Venezuela's ambassador to Iran, Arturo Anibal Gallegos Ramirez, went as far as to say that "the principles and ideals that inspire the Bolivarian Revolution of Venezuela" are "inspired by values common to the Iranian Islamic Revolution."
The new Iranian president has expressed similar sentiments. According to an Iranian state-run news agency, more than a month before the IAEA resolution was passed, President Ahmadinejad called Chávez to thank him for his support in the international arena. Ahmadinejad told Chávez that his support was proof of their deep "brotherly and lasting relations."
The common "principles and ideals" uniting these two pariahs in their "brotherly" relationship, of course, are predominately anti-American in nature. Leaders from both countries have openly discussed their alliance in terms of combating "American imperialism."
IN THE NUCLEAR REALM the alliance raises a host of new troubling issues. Should the international community ever find a way to convince Russia to stop facilitating the mullah's nuclear program, the Iranian-Venezuelan alliance would be of less consequence. Based on past failures, this seems unlikely. It is more likely that Iran will continue upon its present course largely unchecked, which raises the possibility that Venezuela, with Iranian assistance, will at some point enter the market for nuclear technologies.
In fact, Chávez has already promised as much. During a recent weekly radio address, Chávez rationalized Venezuela's burgeoning pursuit of "peaceful" nuclear energy thusly, "Brazil has advanced in its nuclear research, nuclear power, and that's valid. Argentina too, and we also are starting to do research and projects in the area of nuclear energy, with peaceful aims of course." Chávez also argued that it is the sovereign right of both nations to pursue nuclear energy. Chávez's ambassador to Iran further explained that a common interest in the nuclear realm has resulted in "close collaboration" between the two nations.
In reality, both nations are flush in petrodollars and neither has any real need for "peaceful" alternative energy sources. Iran's supposedly-civilian nuclear program has long served as an expedient cover for the mullah's more nefarious intentions. That Chávez openly lusts for an Iranian-style nuclear program suggests that he, too, may have similar designs.
CARACAS'S SUPPORT for Tehran's nuclear ambitions should come as no surprise. Over the last several years the two outcasts have entered into dozens of bilateral agreements, covering everything from tractors, to cement, to automobile plants. Chávez has visited Iran several times and on a November 2004 trip, Chávez and then-Iranian President Khatami negotiated more than two dozen agreements. Most of these agreements were signed when Khatami paid a reciprocal visit to Caracas in March of this year.
The agreements are said to be valued at more than $1 billion and according to the Iranian news agency, Mehr, Tehran will "establish small industrial towns in Venezuela." While explaining these agreements on his national radio show, Chávez said that Iran "is transferring technology to Venezuela" and that a group of "Iranian young professionals" had already entered the country. In September the two nations signed contracts worth an additional $200 million and covered cooperation in a variety of small-scale machining industries.
THE MOST IMPORTANT AREA of economic cooperation is in the oil industry. According to a Congressional Research Service report from earlier this year, "a team from Venezuela's state oil company (Petroleos de Venezuela) is reportedly going to London to receive training from Iranian experts on how to improve Venezuela's access to Asian oil markets. Iran, Venezuela's closest partner in OPEC, has long had a cooperative relationship with [China]."
The lynchpin of Chávez's economic strategy is to sell an increasing share of his nation's oil to customers other than the United States, thereby decreasing his revolution's dependence on American cash. Here, Iranian assistance (as well as Chinese and Russian assistance) is vital. Chávez has openly explained the importance of this strategy. The Congressional Research Service report notes that in December 2004, Chávez reportedly "referred to Venezuela's long oil-producing history as '100 years of domination by the United States.'" He further added, "Now we are free, and place this oil at the disposal of the great Chinese fatherland."
While cooperation in the nuclear and economic spheres has been loudly trumpeted by the two nations, the greatest potential threat this alliance poses will most likely remain a less heralded one.
It is no secret that a large portion of the international terror network calls Tehran its master. Hezbollah and similar organizations are either controlled or receive assistance from Tehran. And let us not forget that the mullahs have been, at the very least, willing to shelter many of al Qaeda's most wanted.
Chávez, like his mentor Fidel Castro, is no stranger to terrorism. Venezuela has been a safe haven for Marxist narco-terrorist groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian National Liberation Army (ELN). A growing body of evidence indicates that support for these groups is the official policy of Chávez's regime. According to the State Department's 2003 Global Patterns of Terrorism, "weapons and ammunition--some from official Venezuelan stocks and facilities--continued flowing from Venezuelan suppliers into the hands of" these organizations.
Both Iran and Venezuela know the value of terrorism as means for waging asymmetric warfare. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to ask: will these two become terror allies as well? Or, more worrisome, are they already?
ALARMINGLY, there are already ominous signs that the answer may be "yes." In May, the Foreign Broadcast Information Service published a collection of quotes from Iranian and Venezuelan media. The FBIS report noted that "Iranian media have reported meetings between Iranian Basij and revolutionary elements on the one hand and Venezuelan officials on the other, as well as plans for Iranian assistance to Venezuelan paramilitary forces." The FBIS report also notes that when he visited Iran last November, Chávez met with the "Imam Khomeyni Aid Committee" which is the "same as Imam Khomeyni Relief Organization, accused by the Iranian opposition sources of being a terrorist arm of the Iranian Regime." The Committee offered its "considerable international experience . . . to Venezuela" including the "training of Venezuelans in Iran." According to the FBIS report, Chávez discussed Venezuela's "Bolivarian paramilitary forces and their national prestige in that country."
Chávez's meeting with the Committee came on the heels of Venezuela's Foreign Minister, Jesus Arnoldo Perez, also paying them a visit. The FBIS report notes that Perez entered into a "signed joint agreement" with the Committee, which "pledged a variety of 'support' initiatives." Among these initiatives was the "training of deprived (downtrodden) and qualified individuals in Venezuela in a variety of areas." This, the report notes, is "common language used in Iran to indicate such activities as paramilitary training."
It would not be surpr
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ising, therefore, if Venezuelan forces trained in Tehran's terror tactics become a significant problem in the near future.
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</url>
<text>
Mullah Chávez: A look at the blossoming of Iranian and Venezuelan "brotherhood."
by Thomas Joscelyn | The Daily Standard
10/20/2005 12:00:00 AM | ON SEPTEMBER 24 the International Atomic Energy Agency passed a resolution that, in part, called on Iran "to observe fully its commitments and to return to the negotiating process that has made good progress in the last two years." The resolution is just the latest chapter in the ongoing dispute over Iran's nuclear programs, but a look at the votes cast by the IAEA's members reveals a great deal about the international landscape: Of the IAEA's 35 board members, 22 voted in favor of the resolution, 12 abstained (including Russia, which is heavily invested in Iran's nuclear programs), and one nation voted against the resolution.
That lone "no" vote was cast by Hugo Chávez's Venezuela, which has increasingly become Iran's willing and vocal ally in the western hemisphere.
While the secular neo-communist Chávez and the Islamist mullahs are certainly strange bedfellows, they have found much common ground. Explaining his country's "no" vote on the IAEA resolution, Venezuela's ambassador to Iran, Arturo Anibal Gallegos Ramirez, went as far as to say that "the principles and ideals that inspire the Bolivarian Revolution of Venezuela" are "inspired by values common to the Iranian Islamic Revolution."
The new Iranian president has expressed similar sentiments. According to an Iranian state-run news agency, more than a month before the IAEA resolution was passed, President Ahmadinejad called Chávez to thank him for his support in the international arena. Ahmadinejad told Chávez that his support was proof of their deep "brotherly and lasting relations."
The common "principles and ideals" uniting these two pariahs in their "brotherly" relationship, of course, are predominately anti-American in nature. Leaders from both countries have openly discussed their alliance in terms of combating "American imperialism."
IN THE NUCLEAR REALM the alliance raises a host of new troubling issues. Should the international community ever find a way to convince Russia to stop facilitating the mullah's nuclear program, the Iranian-Venezuelan alliance would be of less consequence. Based on past failures, this seems unlikely. It is more likely that Iran will continue upon its present course largely unchecked, which raises the possibility that Venezuela, with Iranian assistance, will at some point enter the market for nuclear technologies.
In fact, Chávez has already promised as much. During a recent weekly radio address, Chávez rationalized Venezuela's burgeoning pursuit of "peaceful" nuclear energy thusly, "Brazil has advanced in its nuclear research, nuclear power, and that's valid. Argentina too, and we also are starting to do research and projects in the area of nuclear energy, with peaceful aims of course." Chávez also argued that it is the sovereign right of both nations to pursue nuclear energy. Chávez's ambassador to Iran further explained that a common interest in the nuclear realm has resulted in "close collaboration" between the two nations.
In reality, both nations are flush in petrodollars and neither has any real need for "peaceful" alternative energy sources. Iran's supposedly-civilian nuclear program has long served as an expedient cover for the mullah's more nefarious intentions. That Chávez openly lusts for an Iranian-style nuclear program suggests that he, too, may have similar designs.
CARACAS'S SUPPORT for Tehran's nuclear ambitions should come as no surprise. Over the last several years the two outcasts have entered into dozens of bilateral agreements, covering everything from tractors, to cement, to automobile plants. Chávez has visited Iran several times and on a November 2004 trip, Chávez and then-Iranian President Khatami negotiated more than two dozen agreements. Most of these agreements were signed when Khatami paid a reciprocal visit to Caracas in March of this year.
The agreements are said to be valued at more than $1 billion and according to the Iranian news agency, Mehr, Tehran will "establish small industrial towns in Venezuela." While explaining these agreements on his national radio show, Chávez said that Iran "is transferring technology to Venezuela" and that a group of "Iranian young professionals" had already entered the country. In September the two nations signed contracts worth an additional $200 million and covered cooperation in a variety of small-scale machining industries.
THE MOST IMPORTANT AREA of economic cooperation is in the oil industry. According to a Congressional Research Service report from earlier this year, "a team from Venezuela's state oil company (Petroleos de Venezuela) is reportedly going to London to receive training from Iranian experts on how to improve Venezuela's access to Asian oil markets. Iran, Venezuela's closest partner in OPEC, has long had a cooperative relationship with [China]."
The lynchpin of Chávez's economic strategy is to sell an increasing share of his nation's oil to customers other than the United States, thereby decreasing his revolution's dependence on American cash. Here, Iranian assistance (as well as Chinese and Russian assistance) is vital. Chávez has openly explained the importance of this strategy. The Congressional Research Service report notes that in December 2004, Chávez reportedly "referred to Venezuela's long oil-producing history as '100 years of domination by the United States.'" He further added, "Now we are free, and place this oil at the disposal of the great Chinese fatherland."
While cooperation in the nuclear and economic spheres has been loudly trumpeted by the two nations, the greatest potential threat this alliance poses will most likely remain a less heralded one.
It is no secret that a large portion of the international terror network calls Tehran its master. Hezbollah and similar organizations are either controlled or receive assistance from Tehran. And let us not forget that the mullahs have been, at the very least, willing to shelter many of al Qaeda's most wanted.
Chávez, like his mentor Fidel Castro, is no stranger to terrorism. Venezuela has been a safe haven for Marxist narco-terrorist groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian National Liberation Army (ELN). A growing body of evidence indicates that support for these groups is the official policy of Chávez's regime. According to the State Department's 2003 Global Patterns of Terrorism, "weapons and ammunition--some from official Venezuelan stocks and facilities--continued flowing from Venezuelan suppliers into the hands of" these organizations.
Both Iran and Venezuela know the value of terrorism as means for waging asymmetric warfare. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to ask: will these two become terror allies as well? Or, more worrisome, are they already?
ALARMINGLY, there are already ominous signs that the answer may be "yes." In May, the Foreign Broadcast Information Service published a collection of quotes from Iranian and Venezuelan media. The FBIS report noted that "Iranian media have reported meetings between Iranian Basij and revolutionary elements on the one hand and Venezuelan officials on the other, as well as plans for Iranian assistance to Venezuelan paramilitary forces." The FBIS report also notes that when he visited Iran last November, Chávez met with the "Imam Khomeyni Aid Committee" which is the "same as Imam Khomeyni Relief Organization, accused by the Iranian opposition sources of being a terrorist arm of the Iranian Regime." The Committee offered its "considerable international experience . . . to Venezuela" including the "training of Venezuelans in Iran." According to the FBIS report, Chávez discussed Venezuela's "Bolivarian paramilitary forces and their national prestige in that country."
Chávez's meeting with the Committee came on the heels of Venezuela's Foreign Minister, Jesus Arnoldo Perez, also paying them a visit. The FBIS report notes that Perez entered into a "signed joint agreement" with the Committee, which "pledged a variety of 'support' initiatives." Among these initiatives was the "training of deprived (downtrodden) and qualified individuals in Venezuela in a variety of areas." This, the report notes, is "common language used in Iran to indicate such activities as paramilitary training."
It would not be surpr<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.vcrisis.com/print.php?content=letters/200510210819\n</url>\n<text>\nMullah Chávez: A look at the blossoming of Iranian and Venezuelan \"brotherhood.\"\nby Thomas Joscelyn | The Daily Standard\n10/20/2005 12:00:00 AM | ON SEPTEMBER 24 the International Atomic Energy Agency passed a resolution that, in part, called on Iran \"to observe fully its commitments and to return to the negotiating process that has made good progress in the last two years.\" The resolution is just the latest chapter in the ongoing dispute over Iran's nuclear programs, but a look at the votes cast by the IAEA's members reveals a great deal about the international landscape: Of the IAEA's 35 board members, 22 voted in favor of the resolution, 12 abstained (including Russia, which is heavily invested in Iran's nuclear programs), and one nation voted against the resolution.\nThat lone \"no\" vote was cast by Hugo Chávez's Venezuela, which has increasingly become Iran's willing and vocal ally in the western hemisphere.\nWhile the secular neo-communist Chávez and the Islamist mullahs are certainly strange bedfellows, they have found much common ground. Explaining his country's \"no\" vote on the IAEA resolution, Venezuela's ambassador to Iran, Arturo Anibal Gallegos Ramirez, went as far as to say that \"the principles and ideals that inspire the Bolivarian Revolution of Venezuela\" are \"inspired by values common to the Iranian Islamic Revolution.\"\nThe new Iranian president has expressed similar sentiments. According to an Iranian state-run news agency, more than a month before the IAEA resolution was passed, President Ahmadinejad called Chávez to thank him for his support in the international arena. Ahmadinejad told Chávez that his support was proof of their deep \"brotherly and lasting relations.\"\nThe common \"principles and ideals\" uniting these two pariahs in their \"brotherly\" relationship, of course, are predominately anti-American in nature. Leaders from both countries have openly discussed their alliance in terms of combating \"American imperialism.\"\nIN THE NUCLEAR REALM the alliance raises a host of new troubling issues. Should the international community ever find a way to convince Russia to stop facilitating the mullah's nuclear program, the Iranian-Venezuelan alliance would be of less consequence. Based on past failures, this seems unlikely. It is more likely that Iran will continue upon its present course largely unchecked, which raises the possibility that Venezuela, with Iranian assistance, will at some point enter the market for nuclear technologies.\nIn fact, Chávez has already promised as much. During a recent weekly radio address, Chávez rationalized Venezuela's burgeoning pursuit of \"peaceful\" nuclear energy thusly, \"Brazil has advanced in its nuclear research, nuclear power, and that's valid. Argentina too, and we also are starting to do research and projects in the area of nuclear energy, with peaceful aims of course.\" Chávez also argued that it is the sovereign right of both nations to pursue nuclear energy. Chávez's ambassador to Iran further explained that a common interest in the nuclear realm has resulted in \"close collaboration\" between the two nations.\nIn reality, both nations are flush in petrodollars and neither has any real need for \"peaceful\" alternative energy sources. Iran's supposedly-civilian nuclear program has long served as an expedient cover for the mullah's more nefarious intentions. That Chávez openly lusts for an Iranian-style nuclear program suggests that he, too, may have similar designs.\nCARACAS'S SUPPORT for Tehran's nuclear ambitions should come as no surprise. Over the last several years the two outcasts have entered into dozens of bilateral agreements, covering everything from tractors, to cement, to automobile plants. Chávez has visited Iran several times and on a November 2004 trip, Chávez and then-Iranian President Khatami negotiated more than two dozen agreements. Most of these agreements were signed when Khatami paid a reciprocal visit to Caracas in March of this year.\nThe agreements are said to be valued at more than $1 billion and according to the Iranian news agency, Mehr, Tehran will \"establish small industrial towns in Venezuela.\" While explaining these agreements on his national radio show, Chávez said that Iran \"is transferring technology to Venezuela\" and that a group of \"Iranian young professionals\" had already entered the country. In September the two nations signed contracts worth an additional $200 million and covered cooperation in a variety of small-scale machining industries.\nTHE MOST IMPORTANT AREA of economic cooperation is in the oil industry. According to a Congressional Research Service report from earlier this year, \"a team from Venezuela's state oil company (Petroleos de Venezuela) is reportedly going to London to receive training from Iranian experts on how to improve Venezuela's access to Asian oil markets. Iran, Venezuela's closest partner in OPEC, has long had a cooperative relationship with [China].\"\nThe lynchpin of Chávez's economic strategy is to sell an increasing share of his nation's oil to customers other than the United States, thereby decreasing his revolution's dependence on American cash. Here, Iranian assistance (as well as Chinese and Russian assistance) is vital. Chávez has openly explained the importance of this strategy. The Congressional Research Service report notes that in December 2004, Chávez reportedly \"referred to Venezuela's long oil-producing history as '100 years of domination by the United States.'\" He further added, \"Now we are free, and place this oil at the disposal of the great Chinese fatherland.\"\nWhile cooperation in the nuclear and economic spheres has been loudly trumpeted by the two nations, the greatest potential threat this alliance poses will most likely remain a less heralded one.\nIt is no secret that a large portion of the international terror network calls Tehran its master. Hezbollah and similar organizations are either controlled or receive assistance from Tehran. And let us not forget that the mullahs have been, at the very least, willing to shelter many of al Qaeda's most wanted.\nChávez, like his mentor Fidel Castro, is no stranger to terrorism. Venezuela has been a safe haven for Marxist narco-terrorist groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian National Liberation Army (ELN). A growing body of evidence indicates that support for these groups is the official policy of Chávez's regime. According to the State Department's 2003 Global Patterns of Terrorism, \"weapons and ammunition--some from official Venezuelan stocks and facilities--continued flowing from Venezuelan suppliers into the hands of\" these organizations.\nBoth Iran and Venezuela know the value of terrorism as means for waging asymmetric warfare. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to ask: will these two become terror allies as well? Or, more worrisome, are they already?\nALARMINGLY, there are already ominous signs that the answer may be \"yes.\" In May, the Foreign Broadcast Information Service published a collection of quotes from Iranian and Venezuelan media. The FBIS report noted that \"Iranian media have reported meetings between Iranian Basij and revolutionary elements on the one hand and Venezuelan officials on the other, as well as plans for Iranian assistance to Venezuelan paramilitary forces.\" The FBIS report also notes that when he visited Iran last November, Chávez met with the \"Imam Khomeyni Aid Committee\" which is the \"same as Imam Khomeyni Relief Organization, accused by the Iranian opposition sources of being a terrorist arm of the Iranian Regime.\" The Committee offered its \"considerable international experience . . . to Venezuela\" including the \"training of Venezuelans in Iran.\" According to the FBIS report, Chávez discussed Venezuela's \"Bolivarian paramilitary forces and their national prestige in that country.\"\nChávez's meeting with the Committee came on the heels of Venezuela's Foreign Minister, Jesus Arnoldo Perez, also paying them a visit. The FBIS report notes that Perez entered into a \"signed joint agreement\" with the Committee, which \"pledged a variety of 'support' initiatives.\" Among these initiatives was the \"training of deprived (downtrodden) and qualified individuals in Venezuela in a variety of areas.\" This, the report notes, is \"common language used in Iran to indicate such activities as paramilitary training.\"\nIt would not be surpr<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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LASQUETI ISLAND LOCAL
--------------------
"Lasqueti Island Local" is a community supported newsletter, i.e., the articles and ads are written by community members and representatives of our local government.
The contents do not necessarily represent the views of the editor/publisher, nor is accuracy guaranteed.
Online version at:
lasquetilocal.ca
---------------------------
JUNE 2022 DEADLINE:
MAY 28 th , 2022
Millie, Marq and Mark would like to invite you to celebrate their 50th birthday (in this dimension) at the hall on May 28th 2022 in 3D baby. We are going to party on the Mother Ship. This will be the first dance party inside the hall in 2 years! Millie has requested that it be an intergalactic disco funk party and that everyone be dressed to the T, minimum 65% polyester. Leave your grubby old work clothes and your baggy earth tones at home and make an effort. Brush or comb your hair, bathe, trim your beard and shave your legs. Let's see how good you can all look! Really, We want to see! Time to raid the deepest darkest recesses of your parents closet and pull out that baby blue onesie or dust off that old silver 3 piece with the giant lapels you've had for 45 years. Bell bottoms with platforms? Space helmet? Sigourney Weaver meets Don Cornelius? YES PLEASE!!
I'm imagining us all being transported to a place where it's always 1978 but in another galaxy baby.
Beatfarmer will mix the old with the new and will be at the controls of the funkadelic super groove disco rocket on our journey to the Mothership Connection, Dig!? Are you with me CC? Come shake off the last 2 years of bad news, funk not only moves it can re-move baby.
Emily will be handing out salty things to keep our equilibriums intact, Aunty Cindy will be providing elixirs to loosen our bodies for the effects of the jump into hyperspace. Jenna is working on a visual time warp portal to another dimension where groove is the only religion baby! Millie and Marq request, no demand, that this be the half century dance party of the century, one that songs will be written about and grandparents will tell stories of, so work on your moves cause you know we are having a line dance baby, it's gonna be a Sooooooooooouuuuuulllllll Train!
Come put a glide in your stride and a dip in your hip and get funky, PEEEEE-U!!! I'll send out another post closer to the launch date this is to give you time to prepare your outfit. Prizes for best outfit and best dancers!
This will be a fundraiser for the outdoor kitchen rebuild at the Community Hall.
Boarding starts at 8pm, don't be late or you'll miss the ride!! M&M&M
-----------------------------
I support the free and open expression
Of multiple points of view, Even those I disagree with.
This is one of the pillars of a free society
Tom W.
NOTES FROM TIM: Greetings all, There has been a lot of discussion about the proposed Islands Trust Policy Statement revision, and some asks of the Province, including tree cutting regulatory powers. While I was surprised to hear the Chair state at our April 11th meeting that Trust Council could in theory impose such restrictions for the whole Trust Area, I was reassured by referring back to the ask "Amendment sought: Change in regulation by order-in-council. Lieutenant Governor in Council may make s. 8(3)(c) of the Community Charter apply to LTCs under s.53(2)(j) of the Islands Trust Act." I asked CAO Hotsenpiller if he agreed with my assessment that since the request specifically mentions LTCs, not Trust Council, that this would mean that such regulatory authority, if granted by the Province, would be strictly a local matter. He replied, "My view of this is that you are correct. LTCs that did not develop and pass a 'tree protection bylaw' would not have to comply with a regional approach for same." In mid-April, the Province announced that it would not grant the same powers to Regional Districts, in reply to a request from the Union of BC Municipalities. As reported in the Gabriola Sounder, April 6, 2022, "A key challenge is that the context of urban tree management in municipalities and tree management in the rural areas of regional districts is different, with the latter more directly raising the potential for conflict with forestry values," the Ministry of Municipal Affairs responded. Based on this response, I don't see how the Province could justify denying Regional Districts, and then granting these powers to Islands Trust.
There have also been questions about leaving the Islands Trust altogether. This would require the Province agreeing to amend the Islands Trust Act, as there is currently no opt-out option in the Act.
The workings of Trust Council are often deemed of not much interest, and I almost never get any questions about the parts of my Trustee Notes that refer to Council and Committees. That being said, I will continue to report on items I think may be of interest, and to do so using the plainest language I can. Public engagement at any level of government has challenges, and Trust Council can certainly improve the way it communicates to the residents and landowners of the Trust Area. This is something I will continue to advocate for at Council and in Committees.
Our next Local Trust Committee meeting is June 6th. In the meantime, please feel free to contact your Trustees with your questions, comments, or concerns.
NOTES FROM PETER: Tim has said everything important. I'll just add that our next Lasqueti Trust Committee meeting is scheduled as an in-person meeting, 11 am on Monday, June 6th and the next Trust Council meeting is scheduled to be held electronically on June 21st- 23 rd , 2022.
If you have questions or comments, talk to or email Tim or me, or to Heather, our planner and Regional Planning Manager.
ISLANDS TRUST CONTACT INFORMATION:
* Islands Trust Northern Office 700 North Road, Gabriola Island, BC V0R 1X0
Email:
[email protected]
Phone: 1-250-247-2063
WEBSITE: www.islandstrust.bc.ca
* Peter Johnston
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 250-333-8785
* Tim Peterson
EMAIL: [email protected]
PHONE: 250-607-7094
To reach the LTC trustees and planner:
[email protected]
FROM DIRECTOR ANDREW FALL:
The blooming trees portend approaching work…
Coastal Flood Risk Mapping: The qRD obtained coastal flood risk mapping for the islands in the qRD, including Lasqueti, Texada and Savary, supported by a grant from the Province. This project included detailed mapping of nearshore above and below-water elevations (bathymetry), shoreline type (e.g. gravel, rock, sand bank), near-shore infrastructure and the risk posed by the potential combined effects of storm surge, sea level rise and storm waves (based on different wind directions). Not surprisingly, most of the Lasqueti shoreline is fairly resilient, but there are some areas that have potential risks (in particular low-lying shorelines that face prevailing wind directions). At present, only a preview of the mapping has been received. I will provide an update when more information is available.
For more information, see the qathet projects site:
https://www.qathet.ca/current_project/sea-level-rise-coastalflood-mapping-project/
Coastal Flood Adaptation Strategy: The qRD is also undertaking a flood adaptation strategy, which includes a number of public engagement events. The event on April 13 was attended by several Lasqueti residents. This strategy will hopefully provide some useful tools to mitigate coastal flood risks. However, as this project is being done via the qRD Planning Service (in which Lasqueti does not participate), it does not include many specifics for Lasqueti, but much of the information is generally applicable.
For more information see the qathet projects site:
https://www.qathet.ca/current_project/regional-coastalflood-adaptation-strategy/
Lasqueti Island Volunteer Fire Department "Asset Management": The results of the survey are not yet available. An upcoming step will be public engagement on this topic. The strategy for managing LIVD assets (e.g. timing and goals of truck replacement) has high potential to affect the LIVFD service and tax levels, so it is important to ensure that your views are received.
Library: An agreement has been reached between the library and BCGEU Local 702, which represents VIRL librarians, which ended the job action that had been affecting some operations.
Please feel free to contact me. I am honoured to be your regional representative.
Director Andrew Fall, qathet Regional District Contact: Tel: 250-333-8595
THE HALL BUILDING COMMITTEE REPORT FOR MAY
Good news in this update. The Parksville-Qualicum Foundation has generously awarded a $3,000 grant to the LCA. The money will go for materials required to add insulation to the attic and insulate the floor at the Community Hall. This does not completely cover material costs though. So, today marks the beginning of the Match the PQF challenge. Send donations to the LCA c/o Treasurer, Lasqueti, V0R 2J0. All donations of $20 or more receive a charitable tax receipt. E-transfers can be sent to: [email protected] with a note stating what it's for. This project will need hands-on love too, contact us if you want to volunteer some time.
Contact all members of the HBC at: [email protected]
Bruce Grant, Aigul Kukolj, Jenny Vester, Jodi Ayers, Colin Ewan, Daniel Jacobs, Melinda Auerbach
(1 of 3 picnic tables built by Michel Lambert)
(Donated furniture in the chill out room)
LET'S GET BAFFLED!
As you've likely seen, there has been an incredible amount of community input and work which has gone into updating our Community Hall. Thank you everyone! One of the on-going projects is to cover the new sound baffles with canvas art that has been created by the community. The process being used is called cyanotype which is a sun-printing process that's been around since the mid 19th century. It can be used to make detailed prints from any object that casts a shadow. Thematic elements that are particularly Lasquetian (flora, car parts, objects etc.) are the focus. It is also an easy and fun process for all ages to participate in.
Sophia Rosenberg, Julia Woldmo, Aigul Kukolj and Alexa Thornton have been working on refining the processes and doing tests with the community and now that the weather is getting better, it's time to get the panels completed. Sophia's words capture the essence when she says "The hall is the heart of our community and it has been empty through these covid years. Volunteers have cleaned and painted and built the baffle boxes and now we get to make them beautiful. It's an opportunity to create something together that will reenergize our gatherings and, hopefully, be the backdrop of our community events for years. The school kids made drawings on acetate that we have transferred to the panels. John Martin has been printing his photo negatives onto panels. People are collecting objects or making designs. I can't wait to see what we make together."
Baffle Concept:
Getting there:
How the Canvases are Made:
The process to make a cyanotype is pretty simple - it is a process of placing items on a dry or wet treated canvas, exposing it to the sun and then letting it dry. When the items are removed, the areas that were covered up remain white and the rest of the canvas that received sun directly turns blue. Possibilities for printing include plants, leaves and flowers, foam shapes, glass pieces, stencils, stick-on letters, or printed transparency sheets, tools, hardware, wire, feathers, chicken wire, netting and so on. The flatter an object is, the "cleaner" the lines. The paintbrushes in the 1st image show how they were placed and the 2nd image shows the result after exposure.
How to Get Involved: We invite everyone to get involved and will be conducting printing days throughout May. Check out the Art Studio Calendar or contact any of us for more details. Sophia ([email protected]) Alexa ([email protected])
ABOUT TIRES: Hopefully many of you were able to recycle some (or all) of the old tires you've had hanging around your place through the recent Tire Round-Up Event sponsored by the qRD and Tire Stewardship BC (TSBC). Because of barge capacity, only 200 tires were able to leave Lasqueti. However, we are still gathering data on how many tires are left on the island so if you have some, please register them with Waste Manager Mark and if there is need, Let's Talk Trash will advocate for another round-up.
In BC the first scrap tire recycling program was established in 1991, making it the oldest recycling program in Canada. Over the past 30 years more than a million tires have been recycled in the province. Along the line Extended Producer Responsi-bility (EPR) became a government strategy to shift responsibility for end-of-life product management from the general taxpayer or local government onto the producer and consumers. In March 2006, the BC Ministry of Environment added tires to the Recycling Regulation. Tire Stewardship BC was created to be responsible for collection, processing and management of scrap tires.
In BC, all scrap tires collected are also re-purposed in the province. There are two companies located in Delta, Western Rubber Products and Lehigh Northwest Cement, that have helped that happen since 1991 by turning tires into athletic tracks, playground surfaces, recreational flooring, mats and flooring for farms and factories, additives for rubberized asphalt, and even landscaping mulch. BC has one of the highest diversion rates in the country with virtually no stockpiles!
When you buy new tires you are charged an Advance Disposal Fee (ADF). Most passenger vehicle tires have an ADF of $5. All revenue collected from ADF's is used exclusively for recycling and program activities. 90% goes to processing and haulers to collect, transport and recycle scrap tires. The remaining 10% is for program management, consumer education, awareness initiatives and a community grant program.
Most drivers turn their old tires into a retailer when they get new ones. However, you can take in up to four, clean, off-the-rim tires to any retailer that participates in the TSBC program. There are lots of places in ParksvilleQualicum including Canadian Tire, French Creek Shell and OK tires. Also, bike tires have been added to the program. You can now drop them off at participating retailers. Check out tsbc.ca to find the near-est location.
That's the good news about tires and recycling.
The bad news is there's clearly a link between tires and the death of spawning coho salmon in creeks and streams near busy roads in the Pacific Northwest. Salmon face the impacts of climate change directly, constantly and acutely. Coho salmon are listed as either threatened or endangered species depending on where you are. For the past couple of decades, mass mortality events were noticed when returning salmon met stormwater run off in their waterways.
In 2021 scientists finally identified the killer chemical. After heavy rains, storm-water flushes bits of aging tires into neighbouring streams. The resulting mix of chemicals from tire wear particulate, especially a molecule related to a preservative that keeps tires from breaking down too quickly, poisons the coho.The common tire preservative molecule (6PPD) is present in all waterways near busy roads and it's responsible for up to 90% mortality, before spawning, in urban creeks impacted by stormwater.
Two options to remediate this problem are: finding environmentally benign al-ternatives to 6PPD and other chemicals; and building green infrastructure that can treat road runoff before it gets into streams.
As a result of exposure to these toxins, salmon can become contaminated with chemicals like arsenic, mercury, PCBs, DDT, and dioxins – including salmon that peo-ple consume.
It's clear we are in a time when making the right decisions for the planet and our health are linked. How we use and dispose of materials affects the air, soil, water and animals. Recognizing these vital connections may give us pause when we use earth's resources or drop off our next tire for recycling.
From Waste Manager Mark: I'm hoping the oil receptacle will be emptied this month and I can start accepting used oil again. I'll keep you posted.
Trash Removal System: May 11, the second Wednesday of the month, 10 am until the barge is full is the regular trash removal day at the False Bay barge ramp. Any changes due to weather will be posted on the email list, FB Lasqueti Hotwire, and the Lasqueti website. No construction materials, renovation or demolition waste, prohibited waste, organics, recyclable material or stewardship materials. $5 per bag, $25 per aver-age truckload. Mattresses and boxsprings $15 each. Please call Mark if you have any questions about what constitutes acceptable garbage. 8601 or 250 240 9886
Recycling Depot: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- Oct 31st
* Mon 10 am - 2 pm, Thursdays 1 - 5 pm, Fri 10 am - 4 pm
Closed on Statutory Holidays. All recycling is monitored. Please bring it CLEAN and DRY and SORTED.
Free Store: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- October 31st
* Monday 10 am – 2 pm and Thursday 1 - 5 pm
Please respect the signs. Drop donations during open hours so they can be quarantined. Outstanding items only, i.e. clean, usable clothing and household items. Please, NO food, garbage, recycling, TV's, soft foam, batteries, electrical devices, mattresses or hazardous materials, ie: chemicals, fluorescent light tubes, prescription/non-prescription drugs, or pills in general. There are recycling programs on Vancouver island for many of these materials.
Recycle BC Website: www.recyclebc.ca/what-can-i-recycle
Return-It Beverage Depot open 24/7 Front left of Free Store. It's not part of Mark's contract to deal with refundable beverages. He no longer accepts glass (beer, wine, hard liquor) containers. Please take these over yourself. He'll continue to accept aluminum beer, cider, pop cans, coconut water cans, boxed wine cartons (leave them intact) and tetra juice packs, including (rinsed) milk and milk substitute con-tainers, Please leave the caps on and push the straws in.
If you have any questions, comments, suggestions for me and the qRD Let's Talk Trash team, please get in touch. [email protected] or 8601
Nursing Clinic located at the Judith Fisher Centre
Email address: [email protected]
Nurse: Dianne McClure RN/MN
Cell: 250-240-5712 Home: 250-752-7419
Clinic phone (during clinic hours): 250-333-8891
Hours: Drop in Thursday from 11:00am–3:00pm
CLINIC DATES FOR APRIL:
SUN
As the flowers and blossoms come on strong, the seasons turn, with new and unexplored natural events calling us to wake up. LINC is inviting you to attend our 2022 Annual General Meeting, May 21, Saturday at the Judith Fisher Centre at 11 am. After hearing about last year's projects, we will review and discuss this year's plans for stewardship and conservation around the island. Then, two new stalwart Lasquetians will stand for election along with the current board.
Following the business meeting, we invite you to Mt. Trematon to enjoy one of Lasqueti's Nature Reserves and to have a look at the recent biodiversity restoration project. Put us on your calendar for May 21st. and bring a lunch.
Check out our new website full of lots of natural history and cool photos from people in our community of the natural diversity and beauty found around the island. Many thanks to Ian Rosconi, Ken Lertzman, Izzy and Julia for getting this wonderful resource up and running.
On May 30th the False Bay School kids, their parents and a few others will travel to Mt. Trematon for a Bioblitz. This is an opportunity for the kids to learn about the plants, birds, insects and more that make our island so special to live on. Participants will do an inventory under the guidance of Cora Skaien, the biologist leading the Restoration project at the site, Catriona Gordon, an environmental educator and part of the family who donated Mt. Trematon for nature conservation to the community, and Petra Knight, False Bay School's wonderful Grade 4-7 teacher who has returned to the island with a passion for getting the kids out in nature!
The calendar is getting full! On Friday, June 24th LINC with the Last Resort Society are co-hosting a workshop on Estate Planning. Join us at 11 am to welcome Carla Funk, a Strategic Fund Development Specialist with the Islands Trust Conservancy. She will describe options for financial and estate planning that can help you reduce or eliminate costly capital gains taxes, and at the same time help your family and the organizations that you love, as you pass the torch to the next generations. Land transfer to the next generation or other land trust organizations will be of particular interest for discussion. We hope to see you soon! The LINC team
CONCERT AT THE ARTS CENTRE
Scott Cook and his bass playing partner are on a west coast tour and have scheduled Lasqueti into their itinerary. They'll be here at the Art Center Thursday May 12th to perform a concert. Scott was referred to me by Bob Bossin (of Stringband and theatrical fame) and we corresponded in the fall. He is a talented songwriter and performer, their tour started in California and they've made their way up here, I'm picking up some posters tomorrow so you'll see their extensive tour dates when I post them. Check him out on youtube at scottcooksongs, or his website www.scottcook.net
Glad to have live music returning in May! Merrick
ON ISLAND VET CLINIC
There will be a Vet Clinic on island with Dr. Jana Vannan on Wednesday May 25th, if there is enough interest. For further info please call Sue Taylor @ 250-240-8772
Friday July 1 st :
* Quiet Art viewing from 10 am – 2 pm
* Writers Reading – Doors 6 pm. Readings 7 pm Reserve a spot with Jenny V ([email protected]) *15 spots, FCFS, reading limit is 7 mins
Saturday July 2 nd :
* Art Sales from 2 pm – 6 pm Artists can email Violet [email protected]
* Music – Gate at 2 pm with opening drum circle *Local musical talent all afternoon. Interested musicians email Sean [email protected]
*Headline Band: Coolatron
*DJ to midnight: Beatfarmer
---------------------------------------------------
Details for visual artists:
To the many artists of Lasqueti! We invite you to display your work at this year's Arts Fest!
Artists can email Violet at [email protected] to reserve a panel and showcase their artwork. Signing up for a panel is first come, first served. Please reserve soon to guarantee a space for your work.
The art for the show will be hung on Thursday, June 30 th from 11 am-4 pm. Artists are welcomed to come hang it themselves, and encouraged to bring the necessary hardware for installation (screws work well on the panels, but very short ones are best so they do not pierce the backside). We will be there to help, or set up your work if you do not have the time.
We also invite and encourage artists to set up blanket displays on the lawn or even set up a table outside. Let's imagine art in abundance everywhere this year!! Let Violet know if you plan on creating an outdoor display so we know how much space to allocate for it.
Thank you, the Arts Fest Team
False Bay Provisions Celebrates 7 Years of Serving the Island! Hi everyone, this May marks our seventh year since we opened our doors to you and your families. A huge thank you is in order to the community for giving us the opportunity to make the General Store, Bakery and Café a place where everyone is welcome to gather to eat, shop, share art, events and act as a second community hall you can enjoy year-round.
Tribute To Ukraine Take Out Dinner: On Tuesday, May 17th, we are going to host a special Ukrainian themed dinner for the island. All the details and menu are going to be announced in the week prior. Keep your eyes peeled and prepare to be treated to a comfort dinner honouring Eastern European cuisine.
Lasqueti Lifeline Food Security Project Update: Over the winter and beginning of Spring we have put a tremendous amount of time, funds and care into offering food security through the Lifeline project, including food given through the Provide Food Box in False Bay, our dinners as well as helping individuals who were and are experiencing challenges with having enough food. If you have extra nonperishable food or funds you would like to contribute to keep these volunteer projects going, please contact us to find out how you can help. You are also encouraged to contact us if you know someone who could use assistance with obtaining enough food. We have a plan in the works to launch a new fundraising campaign at the beginning of July, until then we are fully relying on donations from those of you who are in a position to allow us to carry on giving what we can to continue with these services. Thank you so much to all the residents who live on island as well as those who live abroad for believing in our mission to offer food security support on island. We are all very grateful for the chance to do what we can to help in any way possible when needed.
Food For Thought: Throughout the winter and spring, we have been contributing a column called Food For Thought each month to the Local detailing new recipes that focus on local ingredients. Thank you to those of you who have been following it, this part of the newsletter is going to be taking a break until October. Watch for it to return in the Fall with more new ideas on how to cook and bake with what we harvest from the island!
Wishing you all a magnificent May, looking forward to serving you soon, False Bay Provisions
COMMUNITY MEETING SCHEDULED FOR SATURDAY, JUNE 18TH REGARDING ISLANDS TRUST 2050 PLAN
After much discussion and suggestions from residents there been a public meeting scheduled for Saturday, June 18th at 3 pm at the Community Hall regarding the possible changes and effects to the island from the Islands Trust 2050 Plan.
The date was settled on so everyone who wants to participate will have plenty of time to book it into their calendars and prepare. A reminder will go out in next month's edition of the Local as well as through the email list, social media and through our local mail. A letter on April 15th to our email list after hearing numerous concerns, discussions and have since heard wide spread interest for it to happen. It is clear there is a need for the island to meet as a group to address what the proposed Plan may mean for our future here. If you haven't spent any time examining the 2050 plan you have 7 weeks to read up on it, ask questions from our Trustees and think about what issues may be important to you. Note that our own Island Trustees have been invited to attend to speak and participate in the discussion but that this is a community response meeting, not a formal Islands Trust meeting.
To those who may be busy off island at the time and still want to attend, there are volunteers to transport them via boat weather depending if they can only come for the day. All in attendance will have the opportunity to speak. A panel of islanders as well a chair is being selected based on diversity of perspectives and their ability to give everyone a chance to be heard. Even if you usually decide to avoid meetings try and attend, this is an opportunity to be present as a group to start meeting in person again to allow for clear communication on every level. All islanders are encouraged to participate, whether you are a current fulltime resident, landowner, renter or seasonal resident.
Looking forward to seeing the community come together to ask questions, discuss the possibilities and find answers together, respectfully, Camino
To advertise in the Lasqueti Island Local:
[email protected] or 778-962-0006
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LASQUETI ISLAND LOCAL
--------------------
"Lasqueti Island Local" is a community supported newsletter, i.e., the articles and ads are written by community members and representatives of our local government.
The contents do not necessarily represent the views of the editor/publisher, nor is accuracy guaranteed.
Online version at:
lasquetilocal.ca
---------------------------
JUNE 2022 DEADLINE:
MAY 28 th , 2022
Millie, Marq and Mark would like to invite you to celebrate their 50th birthday (in this dimension) at the hall on May 28th 2022 in 3D baby. We are going to party on the Mother Ship. This will be the first dance party inside the hall in 2 years! Millie has requested that it be an intergalactic disco funk party and that everyone be dressed to the T, minimum 65% polyester. Leave your grubby old work clothes and your baggy earth tones at home and make an effort. Brush or comb your hair, bathe, trim your beard and shave your legs. Let's see how good you can all look! Really, We want to see! Time to raid the deepest darkest recesses of your parents closet and pull out that baby blue onesie or dust off that old silver 3 piece with the giant lapels you've had for 45 years. Bell bottoms with platforms? Space helmet? Sigourney Weaver meets Don Cornelius? YES PLEASE!!
I'm imagining us all being transported to a place where it's always 1978 but in another galaxy baby.
Beatfarmer will mix the old with the new and will be at the controls of the funkadelic super groove disco rocket on our journey to the Mothership Connection, Dig!? Are you with me CC? Come shake off the last 2 years of bad news, funk not only moves it can re-move baby.
Emily will be handing out salty things to keep our equilibriums intact, Aunty Cindy will be providing elixirs to loosen our bodies for the effects of the jump into hyperspace. Jenna is working on a visual time warp portal to another dimension where groove is the only religion baby! Millie and Marq request, no demand, that this be the half century dance party of the century, one that songs will be written about and grandparents will tell stories of, so work on your moves cause you know we are having a line dance baby, it's gonna be a Sooooooooooouuuuuulllllll Train!
Come put a glide in your stride and a dip in your hip and get funky, PEEEEE-U!!! I'll send out another post closer to the launch date this is to give you time to prepare your outfit. Prizes for best outfit and best dancers!
This will be a fundraiser for the outdoor kitchen rebuild at the Community Hall.
Boarding starts at 8pm, don't be late or you'll miss the ride!! M&M&M
-----------------------------
I support the free and open expression
Of multiple points of view, Even those I disagree with.
This is one of the pillars of a free society
Tom W.
NOTES FROM TIM: Greetings all, There has been a lot of discussion about the proposed Islands Trust Policy Statement revision, and some asks of the Province, including tree cutting regulatory powers. While I was surprised to hear the Chair state at our April 11th meeting that Trust Council could in theory impose such restrictions for the whole Trust Area, I was reassured by referring back to the ask "Amendment sought: Change in regulation by order-in-council. Lieutenant Governor in Council may make s. 8(3)(c) of the Community Charter apply to LTCs under s.53(2)(j) of the Islands Trust Act." I asked CAO Hotsenpiller if he agreed with my assessment that since the request specifically mentions LTCs, not Trust Council, that this would mean that such regulatory authority, if granted by the Province, would be strictly a local matter. He replied, "My view of this is that you are correct. LTCs that did not develop and pass a 'tree protection bylaw' would not have to comply with a regional approach for same." In mid-April, the Province announced that it would not grant the same powers to Regional Districts, in reply to a request from the Union of BC Municipalities. As reported in the Gabriola Sounder, April 6, 2022, "A key challenge is that the context of urban tree management in municipalities and tree management in the rural areas of regional districts is different, with the latter more directly raising the potential for conflict with forestry values," the Ministry of Municipal Affairs responded. Based on this response, I don't see how the Province could justify denying Regional Districts, and then granting these powers to Islands Trust.
There have also been questions about leaving the Islands Trust altogether. This would require the Province agreeing to amend the Islands Trust Act, as there is currently no opt-out option in the Act.
The workings of Trust Council are often deemed of not much interest, and I almost never get any questions about the parts of my Trustee Notes that refer to Council and Committees. That being said, I will continue to report on items I think may be of interest, and to do so using the plainest language I can. Public engagement at any level of government has challenges, and Trust Council can certainly improve the way it communicates to the residents and landowners of the Trust Area. This is something I will continue to advocate for at Council and in Committees.
Our next Local Trust Committee meeting is June 6th. In the meantime, please feel free to contact your Trustees with your questions, comments, or concerns.
NOTES FROM PETER: Tim has said everything important. I'll just add that our next Lasqueti Trust Committee meeting is scheduled as an in-person meeting, 11 am on Monday, June 6th and the next Trust Council meeting is scheduled to be held electronically on June 21st- 23 rd , 2022.
If you have questions or comments, talk to or email Tim or me, or to Heather, our planner and Regional Planning Manager.
ISLANDS TRUST CONTACT INFORMATION:
* Islands Trust Northern Office 700 North Road, Gabriola Island, BC V0R 1X0
Email:
[email protected]
Phone: 1-250-247-2063
WEBSITE: www.islandstrust.bc.ca
* Peter Johnston
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 250-333-8785
* Tim Peterson
EMAIL: [email protected]
PHONE: 250-607-7094
To reach the LTC trustees and planner:
[email protected]
FROM DIRECTOR ANDREW FALL:
The blooming trees portend approaching work…
Coastal Flood Risk Mapping: The qRD obtained coastal flood risk mapping for the islands in the qRD, including Lasqueti, Texada and Savary, supported by a grant from the Province. This project included detailed mapping of nearshore above and below-water elevations (bathymetry), shoreline type (e.g. gravel, rock, sand bank), near-shore infrastructure and the risk posed by the potential combined effects of storm surge, sea level rise and storm waves (based on different wind directions). Not surprisingly, most of the Lasqueti shoreline is fairly resilient, but there are some areas that have potential risks (in particular low-lying shorelines that face prevailing wind directions). At present, only a preview of the mapping has been received. I will provide an update when more information is available.
For more information, see the qathet projects site:
https://www.qathet.ca/current_project/sea-level-rise-coastalflood-mapping-project/
Coastal Flood Adaptation Strategy: The qRD is also undertaking a flood adaptation strategy, which includes a number of public engagement events. The event on April 13 was attended by several Lasqueti residents. This strategy will hopefully provide some useful tools to mitigate coastal flood risks. However, as this project is being done via the qRD Planning Service (in which Lasqueti does not participate), it does not include many specifics for Lasqueti, but much of the information is generally applicable.
For more information see the qathet projects site:
https://www.qathet.ca/current_project/regional-coastalflood-adaptation-strategy/
Lasqueti Island Volunteer Fire Department "Asset Management": The results of the survey are not yet available. An upcoming step will be public engagement on this topic. The strategy for managing LIVD assets (e.g. timing and goals of truck replacement) has high potential to affect the LIVFD service and tax levels, so it is important to ensure that your views are received.
Library: An agreement has been reached between the library and BCGEU Local 702, which represents VIRL librarians, which ended the job action that had been affecting some operations.
Please feel free to contact me. I am honoured to be your regional representative.
Director Andrew Fall, qathet Regional District Contact: Tel: 250-333-8595
THE HALL BUILDING COMMITTEE REPORT FOR MAY
Good news in this update. The Parksville-Qualicum Foundation has generously awarded a $3,000 grant to the LCA. The money will go for materials required to add insulation to the attic and insulate the floor at the Community Hall. This does not completely cover material costs though. So, today marks the beginning of the Match the PQF challenge. Send donations to the LCA c/o Treasurer, Lasqueti, V0R 2J0. All donations of $20 or more receive a charitable tax receipt. E-transfers can be sent to: [email protected] with a note stating what it's for. This project will need hands-on love too, contact us if you want to volunteer some time.
Contact all members of the HBC at: [email protected]
Bruce Grant, Aigul Kukolj, Jenny Vester, Jodi Ayers, Colin Ewan, Daniel Jacobs, Melinda Auerbach
(1 of 3 picnic tables built by Michel Lambert)
(Donated furniture in the chill out room)
LET'S GET BAFFLED!
As you've likely seen, there has been an incredible amount of community input and work which has gone into updating our Community Hall. Thank you everyone! One of the on-going projects is to cover the new sound baffles with canvas art that has been created by the community. The process being used is called cyanotype which is a sun-printing process that's been around since the mid 19th century. It can be used to make detailed prints from any object that casts a shadow. Thematic elements that are particularly Lasquetian (flora, car parts, objects etc.) are the focus. It is also an easy and fun process for all ages to participate in.
Sophia Rosenberg, Julia Woldmo, Aigul Kukolj and Alexa Thornton have been working on refining the processes and doing tests with the community and now that the weather is getting better, it's time to get the panels completed. Sophia's words capture the essence when she says "The hall is the heart of our community and it has been empty through these covid years. Volunteers have cleaned and painted and built the baffle boxes and now we get to make them beautiful. It's an opportunity to create something together that will reenergize our gatherings and, hopefully, be the backdrop of our community events for years. The school kids made drawings on acetate that we have transferred to the panels. John Martin has been printing his photo negatives onto panels. People are collecting objects or making designs. I can't wait to see what we make together."
Baffle Concept:
Getting there:
How the Canvases are Made:
The process to make a cyanotype is pretty simple - it is a process of placing items on a dry or wet treated canvas, exposing it to the sun and then letting it dry. When the items are removed, the areas that were covered up remain white and the rest of the canvas that received sun directly turns blue. Possibilities for printing include plants, leaves and flowers, foam shapes, glass pieces, stencils, stick-on letters, or printed transparency sheets, tools, hardware, wire, feathers, chicken wire, netting and so on. The flatter an object is, the "cleaner" the lines. The paintbrushes in the 1st image show how they were placed and the 2nd image shows the result after exposure.
How to Get Involved: We invite everyone to get involved and will be conducting printing days throughout May. Check out the Art Studio Calendar or contact any of us for more details. Sophia ([email protected]) Alexa ([email protected])
ABOUT TIRES: Hopefully many of you were able to recycle some (or all) of the old tires you've had hanging around your place through the recent Tire Round-Up Event sponsored by the qRD and Tire Stewardship BC (TSBC). Because of barge capacity, only 200 tires were able to leave Lasqueti. However, we are still gathering data on how many tires are left on the island so if you have some, please register them with Waste Manager Mark and if there is need, Let's Talk Trash will advocate for another round-up.
In BC the first scrap tire recycling program was established in 1991, making it the oldest recycling program in Canada. Over the past 30 years more than a million tires have been recycled in the province. Along the line Extended Producer Responsi-bility (EPR) became a government strategy to shift responsibility for end-of-life product management from the general taxpayer or local government onto the producer and consumers. In March 2006, the BC Ministry of Environment added tires to the Recycling Regulation. Tire Stewardship BC was created to be responsible for collection, processing and management of scrap tires.
In BC, all scrap tires collected are also re-purposed in the province. There are two companies located in Delta, Western Rubber Products and Lehigh Northwest Cement, that have helped that happen since 1991 by turning tires into athletic tracks, playground surfaces, recreational flooring, mats and flooring for farms and factories, additives for rubberized asphalt, and even landscaping mulch. BC has one of the highest diversion rates in the country with virtually no stockpiles!
When you buy new tires you are charged an Advance Disposal Fee (ADF). Most passenger vehicle tires have an ADF of $5. All revenue collected from ADF's is used exclusively for recycling and program activities. 90% goes to processing and haulers to collect, transport and recycle scrap tires. The remaining 10% is for program management, consumer education, awareness initiatives and a community grant program.
Most drivers turn their old tires into a retailer when they get new ones. However, you can take in up to four, clean, off-the-rim tires to any retailer that participates in the TSBC program. There are lots of places in ParksvilleQualicum including Canadian Tire, French Creek Shell and OK tires. Also, bike tires have been added to the program. You can now drop them off at participating retailers. Check out tsbc.ca to find the near-est location.
That's the good news about tires and recycling.
The bad news is there's clearly a link between tires and the death of spawning coho salmon in creeks and streams near busy roads in the Pacific Northwest. Salmon face the impacts of climate change directly, constantly and acutely. Coho salmon are listed as either threatened or endangered species depending on where you are. For the past couple of decades, mass mortality events were noticed when returning salmon met stormwater run off in their waterways.
In 2021 scientists finally identified the killer chemical. After heavy rains, storm-water flushes bits of aging tires into neighbouring streams. The resulting mix of chemicals from tire wear particulate, especially a molecule related to a preservative that keeps tires from breaking down too quickly, poisons the coho.The common tire preservative molecule (6PPD) is present in all waterways near busy roads and it's responsible for up to 90% mortality, before spawning, in urban creeks impacted by stormwater.
Two options to remediate this problem are: finding environmentally benign al-ternatives to 6PPD and other chemicals; and building green infrastructure that can treat road runoff before it gets into streams.
As a result of exposure to these toxins, salmon can become contaminated with chemicals like arsenic, mercury, PCBs, DDT, and dioxins – including salmon that peo-ple consume.
It's clear we are in a time when making the right decisions for the planet and our health are linked. How we use and dispose of materials affects the air, soil, water and animals. Recognizing these vital connections may give us pause when we use earth's resources or drop off our next tire for recycling.
From Waste Manager Mark: I'm hoping the oil receptacle will be emptied this month and I can start accepting used oil again. I'll keep you posted.
Trash Removal System: May 11, the second Wednesday of the month, 10 am until the barge is full is the regular trash removal day at the False Bay barge ramp. Any changes due to weather will be posted on the email list, FB Lasqueti Hotwire, and the Lasqueti website. No construction materials, renovation or demolition waste, prohibited waste, organics, recyclable material or stewardship materials. $5 per bag, $25 per aver-age truckload. Mattresses and boxsprings $15 each. Please call Mark if you have any questions about what constitutes acceptable garbage. 8601 or 250 240 9886
Recycling Depot: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- Oct 31st
* Mon 10 am - 2 pm, Thursdays 1 - 5 pm, Fri 10 am - 4 pm
Closed on Statutory Holidays. All recycling is monitored. Please bring it CLEAN and DRY and SORTED.
Free Store: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- October 31st
* Monday 10 am – 2 pm and Thursday 1 - 5 pm
Please respect the signs. Drop donations during open hours so they can be quarantined. Outstanding items only, i.e. clean, usable clothing and household items. Please, NO food, garbage, recycling, TV's, soft foam, batteries, electrical devices, mattresses or hazardous materials, ie: chemicals, fluorescent light tubes, prescription/non-prescription drugs, or pills in general. There are recycling programs on Vancouver island for many of these materials.
Recycle BC Website: www.recyclebc.ca/what-can-i-recycle
Return-It Beverage Depot open 24/7 Front left of Free Store. It's not part of Mark's contract to deal with refundable beverages. He no longer accepts glass (beer, wine, hard liquor) containers. Please take these over yourself. He'll continue to accept aluminum beer, cider, pop cans, coconut water cans, boxed wine cartons (leave them intact) and tetra juice packs, including (rinsed) milk and milk substitute con-tainers, Please leave the caps on and push the straws in.
If you have any questions, comments, suggestions for me and the qRD Let's Talk Trash team, please get in touch. [email protected] or 8601
Nursing Clinic located at the Judith Fisher Centre
Email address: [email protected]
Nurse: Dianne McClure RN/MN
Cell: 250-240-5712 Home: 250-752-7419
Clinic phone (during clinic hours): 250-333-8891
Hours: Drop in Thursday from 11:00am–3:00pm
CLINIC DATES FOR APRIL:
SUN
As the flowers and blossoms come on strong, the seasons turn, with new and unexplored natural events calling us to wake up. LINC is inviting you to attend our 2022 Annual General Meeting, May 21, Saturday at the Judith Fisher Centre at 11 am. After hearing about last year's projects, we will review and discuss this year's plans for stewardship and conservation around the island. Then, two new stalwart Lasquetians will stand for election along with the current board.
Following the business meeting, we invite you to Mt. Trematon to enjoy one of Lasqueti's Nature Reserves and to have a look at the recent biodiversity restoration project. Put us on your calendar for May 21st. and bring a lunch.
Check out our new website full of lots of natural history and cool photos from people in our community of the natural diversity and beauty found around the island. Many thanks to Ian Rosconi, Ken Lertzman, Izzy and Julia for getting this wonderful resource up and running.
On May 30th the False Bay School kids, their parents and a few others will travel to Mt. Trematon for a Bioblitz. This is an opportunity for the kids to learn about the plants, birds, insects and more that make our island so special to live on. Participants will do an inventory under the guidance of Cora Skaien, the biologist leading the Restoration project at the site, Catriona Gordon, an environmental educator and part of the family who donated Mt. Trematon for nature conservation to the community, and Petra Knight, False Bay School's wonderful Grade 4-7 teacher who has returned to the island with a passion for getting the kids out in nature!
The calendar is getting full! On Friday, June 24th LINC with the Last Resort Society are co-hosting a workshop on Estate Planning. Join us at 11 am to welcome Carla Funk, a Strategic Fund Development Specialist with the Islands Trust Conservancy. She will describe options for financial and estate planning that can help you reduce or eliminate costly capital gains taxes, and at the same time help your family and the organizations that you love, as you pass the torch to the next generations. Land transfer to the next generation or other land trust organizations will be of particular interest for discussion. We hope to see you soon! The LINC team
CONCERT AT THE ARTS CENTRE
Scott Cook and his bass playing partner are on a west coast tour and have scheduled Lasqueti into their itinerary. They'll be here at the Art Center Thursday May 12th to perform a concert. Scott was referred to me by Bob Bossin (of Stringband and theatrical fame) and we corresponded in the fall. He is a talented songwriter and performer, their tour started in California and they've made their way up here, I'm picking up some posters tomorrow so you'll see their extensive tour dates when I post them. Check him out on youtube at scottcooksongs, or his website www.scottcook.net
Glad to have live music returning in May! Merrick
ON ISLAND VET CLINIC
There will be a Vet Clinic on island with Dr. Jana Vannan on Wednesday May 25th, if there is enough interest. For further info please call Sue Taylor @ 250-240-8772
Friday July 1 st :
* Quiet Art viewing from 10 am – 2 pm
* Writers Reading – Doors 6 pm. Readings 7 pm Reserve a spot with Jenny V ([email protected]) *15 spots, FCFS, reading limit is 7 mins
Saturday July 2 nd :
* Art Sales from 2 pm – 6 pm Artists can email Violet [email protected]
* Music – Gate at 2 pm with opening drum circle *Local musical talent all afternoon. Interested musicians email Sean [email protected]
*Headline Band: Coolatron
*DJ to midnight: Beatfarmer
---------------------------------------------------
Details for visual artists:
To the many artists of Lasqueti! We invite you to display your work at this year's Arts Fest!
Artists can email Violet at [email protected] to reserve a panel and showcase their artwork. Signing up for a panel is first come, first served. Please reserve soon to guarantee a space for your work.
The art for the show will be hung on Thursday, June 30 th from 11 am-4 pm. Artists are welcomed to come hang it themselves, and encouraged to bring the necessary hardware for installation (screws work well on the panels, but very short ones are best so they do not pierce the backside). We will be there to hel
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p, or set up your work if you do not have the time.
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<url>
https://www.lasquetilocal.ca/_files/ugd/31ee4f_51e7427293874870b1e59edde50d39e9.pdf
</url>
<text>
LASQUETI ISLAND LOCAL
--------------------
"Lasqueti Island Local" is a community supported newsletter, i.e., the articles and ads are written by community members and representatives of our local government.
The contents do not necessarily represent the views of the editor/publisher, nor is accuracy guaranteed.
Online version at:
lasquetilocal.ca
---------------------------
JUNE 2022 DEADLINE:
MAY 28 th , 2022
Millie, Marq and Mark would like to invite you to celebrate their 50th birthday (in this dimension) at the hall on May 28th 2022 in 3D baby. We are going to party on the Mother Ship. This will be the first dance party inside the hall in 2 years! Millie has requested that it be an intergalactic disco funk party and that everyone be dressed to the T, minimum 65% polyester. Leave your grubby old work clothes and your baggy earth tones at home and make an effort. Brush or comb your hair, bathe, trim your beard and shave your legs. Let's see how good you can all look! Really, We want to see! Time to raid the deepest darkest recesses of your parents closet and pull out that baby blue onesie or dust off that old silver 3 piece with the giant lapels you've had for 45 years. Bell bottoms with platforms? Space helmet? Sigourney Weaver meets Don Cornelius? YES PLEASE!!
I'm imagining us all being transported to a place where it's always 1978 but in another galaxy baby.
Beatfarmer will mix the old with the new and will be at the controls of the funkadelic super groove disco rocket on our journey to the Mothership Connection, Dig!? Are you with me CC? Come shake off the last 2 years of bad news, funk not only moves it can re-move baby.
Emily will be handing out salty things to keep our equilibriums intact, Aunty Cindy will be providing elixirs to loosen our bodies for the effects of the jump into hyperspace. Jenna is working on a visual time warp portal to another dimension where groove is the only religion baby! Millie and Marq request, no demand, that this be the half century dance party of the century, one that songs will be written about and grandparents will tell stories of, so work on your moves cause you know we are having a line dance baby, it's gonna be a Sooooooooooouuuuuulllllll Train!
Come put a glide in your stride and a dip in your hip and get funky, PEEEEE-U!!! I'll send out another post closer to the launch date this is to give you time to prepare your outfit. Prizes for best outfit and best dancers!
This will be a fundraiser for the outdoor kitchen rebuild at the Community Hall.
Boarding starts at 8pm, don't be late or you'll miss the ride!! M&M&M
-----------------------------
I support the free and open expression
Of multiple points of view, Even those I disagree with.
This is one of the pillars of a free society
Tom W.
NOTES FROM TIM: Greetings all, There has been a lot of discussion about the proposed Islands Trust Policy Statement revision, and some asks of the Province, including tree cutting regulatory powers. While I was surprised to hear the Chair state at our April 11th meeting that Trust Council could in theory impose such restrictions for the whole Trust Area, I was reassured by referring back to the ask "Amendment sought: Change in regulation by order-in-council. Lieutenant Governor in Council may make s. 8(3)(c) of the Community Charter apply to LTCs under s.53(2)(j) of the Islands Trust Act." I asked CAO Hotsenpiller if he agreed with my assessment that since the request specifically mentions LTCs, not Trust Council, that this would mean that such regulatory authority, if granted by the Province, would be strictly a local matter. He replied, "My view of this is that you are correct. LTCs that did not develop and pass a 'tree protection bylaw' would not have to comply with a regional approach for same." In mid-April, the Province announced that it would not grant the same powers to Regional Districts, in reply to a request from the Union of BC Municipalities. As reported in the Gabriola Sounder, April 6, 2022, "A key challenge is that the context of urban tree management in municipalities and tree management in the rural areas of regional districts is different, with the latter more directly raising the potential for conflict with forestry values," the Ministry of Municipal Affairs responded. Based on this response, I don't see how the Province could justify denying Regional Districts, and then granting these powers to Islands Trust.
There have also been questions about leaving the Islands Trust altogether. This would require the Province agreeing to amend the Islands Trust Act, as there is currently no opt-out option in the Act.
The workings of Trust Council are often deemed of not much interest, and I almost never get any questions about the parts of my Trustee Notes that refer to Council and Committees. That being said, I will continue to report on items I think may be of interest, and to do so using the plainest language I can. Public engagement at any level of government has challenges, and Trust Council can certainly improve the way it communicates to the residents and landowners of the Trust Area. This is something I will continue to advocate for at Council and in Committees.
Our next Local Trust Committee meeting is June 6th. In the meantime, please feel free to contact your Trustees with your questions, comments, or concerns.
NOTES FROM PETER: Tim has said everything important. I'll just add that our next Lasqueti Trust Committee meeting is scheduled as an in-person meeting, 11 am on Monday, June 6th and the next Trust Council meeting is scheduled to be held electronically on June 21st- 23 rd , 2022.
If you have questions or comments, talk to or email Tim or me, or to Heather, our planner and Regional Planning Manager.
ISLANDS TRUST CONTACT INFORMATION:
* Islands Trust Northern Office 700 North Road, Gabriola Island, BC V0R 1X0
Email:
[email protected]
Phone: 1-250-247-2063
WEBSITE: www.islandstrust.bc.ca
* Peter Johnston
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 250-333-8785
* Tim Peterson
EMAIL: [email protected]
PHONE: 250-607-7094
To reach the LTC trustees and planner:
[email protected]
FROM DIRECTOR ANDREW FALL:
The blooming trees portend approaching work…
Coastal Flood Risk Mapping: The qRD obtained coastal flood risk mapping for the islands in the qRD, including Lasqueti, Texada and Savary, supported by a grant from the Province. This project included detailed mapping of nearshore above and below-water elevations (bathymetry), shoreline type (e.g. gravel, rock, sand bank), near-shore infrastructure and the risk posed by the potential combined effects of storm surge, sea level rise and storm waves (based on different wind directions). Not surprisingly, most of the Lasqueti shoreline is fairly resilient, but there are some areas that have potential risks (in particular low-lying shorelines that face prevailing wind directions). At present, only a preview of the mapping has been received. I will provide an update when more information is available.
For more information, see the qathet projects site:
https://www.qathet.ca/current_project/sea-level-rise-coastalflood-mapping-project/
Coastal Flood Adaptation Strategy: The qRD is also undertaking a flood adaptation strategy, which includes a number of public engagement events. The event on April 13 was attended by several Lasqueti residents. This strategy will hopefully provide some useful tools to mitigate coastal flood risks. However, as this project is being done via the qRD Planning Service (in which Lasqueti does not participate), it does not include many specifics for Lasqueti, but much of the information is generally applicable.
For more information see the qathet projects site:
https://www.qathet.ca/current_project/regional-coastalflood-adaptation-strategy/
Lasqueti Island Volunteer Fire Department "Asset Management": The results of the survey are not yet available. An upcoming step will be public engagement on this topic. The strategy for managing LIVD assets (e.g. timing and goals of truck replacement) has high potential to affect the LIVFD service and tax levels, so it is important to ensure that your views are received.
Library: An agreement has been reached between the library and BCGEU Local 702, which represents VIRL librarians, which ended the job action that had been affecting some operations.
Please feel free to contact me. I am honoured to be your regional representative.
Director Andrew Fall, qathet Regional District Contact: Tel: 250-333-8595
THE HALL BUILDING COMMITTEE REPORT FOR MAY
Good news in this update. The Parksville-Qualicum Foundation has generously awarded a $3,000 grant to the LCA. The money will go for materials required to add insulation to the attic and insulate the floor at the Community Hall. This does not completely cover material costs though. So, today marks the beginning of the Match the PQF challenge. Send donations to the LCA c/o Treasurer, Lasqueti, V0R 2J0. All donations of $20 or more receive a charitable tax receipt. E-transfers can be sent to: [email protected] with a note stating what it's for. This project will need hands-on love too, contact us if you want to volunteer some time.
Contact all members of the HBC at: [email protected]
Bruce Grant, Aigul Kukolj, Jenny Vester, Jodi Ayers, Colin Ewan, Daniel Jacobs, Melinda Auerbach
(1 of 3 picnic tables built by Michel Lambert)
(Donated furniture in the chill out room)
LET'S GET BAFFLED!
As you've likely seen, there has been an incredible amount of community input and work which has gone into updating our Community Hall. Thank you everyone! One of the on-going projects is to cover the new sound baffles with canvas art that has been created by the community. The process being used is called cyanotype which is a sun-printing process that's been around since the mid 19th century. It can be used to make detailed prints from any object that casts a shadow. Thematic elements that are particularly Lasquetian (flora, car parts, objects etc.) are the focus. It is also an easy and fun process for all ages to participate in.
Sophia Rosenberg, Julia Woldmo, Aigul Kukolj and Alexa Thornton have been working on refining the processes and doing tests with the community and now that the weather is getting better, it's time to get the panels completed. Sophia's words capture the essence when she says "The hall is the heart of our community and it has been empty through these covid years. Volunteers have cleaned and painted and built the baffle boxes and now we get to make them beautiful. It's an opportunity to create something together that will reenergize our gatherings and, hopefully, be the backdrop of our community events for years. The school kids made drawings on acetate that we have transferred to the panels. John Martin has been printing his photo negatives onto panels. People are collecting objects or making designs. I can't wait to see what we make together."
Baffle Concept:
Getting there:
How the Canvases are Made:
The process to make a cyanotype is pretty simple - it is a process of placing items on a dry or wet treated canvas, exposing it to the sun and then letting it dry. When the items are removed, the areas that were covered up remain white and the rest of the canvas that received sun directly turns blue. Possibilities for printing include plants, leaves and flowers, foam shapes, glass pieces, stencils, stick-on letters, or printed transparency sheets, tools, hardware, wire, feathers, chicken wire, netting and so on. The flatter an object is, the "cleaner" the lines. The paintbrushes in the 1st image show how they were placed and the 2nd image shows the result after exposure.
How to Get Involved: We invite everyone to get involved and will be conducting printing days throughout May. Check out the Art Studio Calendar or contact any of us for more details. Sophia ([email protected]) Alexa ([email protected])
ABOUT TIRES: Hopefully many of you were able to recycle some (or all) of the old tires you've had hanging around your place through the recent Tire Round-Up Event sponsored by the qRD and Tire Stewardship BC (TSBC). Because of barge capacity, only 200 tires were able to leave Lasqueti. However, we are still gathering data on how many tires are left on the island so if you have some, please register them with Waste Manager Mark and if there is need, Let's Talk Trash will advocate for another round-up.
In BC the first scrap tire recycling program was established in 1991, making it the oldest recycling program in Canada. Over the past 30 years more than a million tires have been recycled in the province. Along the line Extended Producer Responsi-bility (EPR) became a government strategy to shift responsibility for end-of-life product management from the general taxpayer or local government onto the producer and consumers. In March 2006, the BC Ministry of Environment added tires to the Recycling Regulation. Tire Stewardship BC was created to be responsible for collection, processing and management of scrap tires.
In BC, all scrap tires collected are also re-purposed in the province. There are two companies located in Delta, Western Rubber Products and Lehigh Northwest Cement, that have helped that happen since 1991 by turning tires into athletic tracks, playground surfaces, recreational flooring, mats and flooring for farms and factories, additives for rubberized asphalt, and even landscaping mulch. BC has one of the highest diversion rates in the country with virtually no stockpiles!
When you buy new tires you are charged an Advance Disposal Fee (ADF). Most passenger vehicle tires have an ADF of $5. All revenue collected from ADF's is used exclusively for recycling and program activities. 90% goes to processing and haulers to collect, transport and recycle scrap tires. The remaining 10% is for program management, consumer education, awareness initiatives and a community grant program.
Most drivers turn their old tires into a retailer when they get new ones. However, you can take in up to four, clean, off-the-rim tires to any retailer that participates in the TSBC program. There are lots of places in ParksvilleQualicum including Canadian Tire, French Creek Shell and OK tires. Also, bike tires have been added to the program. You can now drop them off at participating retailers. Check out tsbc.ca to find the near-est location.
That's the good news about tires and recycling.
The bad news is there's clearly a link between tires and the death of spawning coho salmon in creeks and streams near busy roads in the Pacific Northwest. Salmon face the impacts of climate change directly, constantly and acutely. Coho salmon are listed as either threatened or endangered species depending on where you are. For the past couple of decades, mass mortality events were noticed when returning salmon met stormwater run off in their waterways.
In 2021 scientists finally identified the killer chemical. After heavy rains, storm-water flushes bits of aging tires into neighbouring streams. The resulting mix of chemicals from tire wear particulate, especially a molecule related to a preservative that keeps tires from breaking down too quickly, poisons the coho.The common tire preservative molecule (6PPD) is present in all waterways near busy roads and it's responsible for up to 90% mortality, before spawning, in urban creeks impacted by stormwater.
Two options to remediate this problem are: finding environmentally benign al-ternatives to 6PPD and other chemicals; and building green infrastructure that can treat road runoff before it gets into streams.
As a result of exposure to these toxins, salmon can become contaminated with chemicals like arsenic, mercury, PCBs, DDT, and dioxins – including salmon that peo-ple consume.
It's clear we are in a time when making the right decisions for the planet and our health are linked. How we use and dispose of materials affects the air, soil, water and animals. Recognizing these vital connections may give us pause when we use earth's resources or drop off our next tire for recycling.
From Waste Manager Mark: I'm hoping the oil receptacle will be emptied this month and I can start accepting used oil again. I'll keep you posted.
Trash Removal System: May 11, the second Wednesday of the month, 10 am until the barge is full is the regular trash removal day at the False Bay barge ramp. Any changes due to weather will be posted on the email list, FB Lasqueti Hotwire, and the Lasqueti website. No construction materials, renovation or demolition waste, prohibited waste, organics, recyclable material or stewardship materials. $5 per bag, $25 per aver-age truckload. Mattresses and boxsprings $15 each. Please call Mark if you have any questions about what constitutes acceptable garbage. 8601 or 250 240 9886
Recycling Depot: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- Oct 31st
* Mon 10 am - 2 pm, Thursdays 1 - 5 pm, Fri 10 am - 4 pm
Closed on Statutory Holidays. All recycling is monitored. Please bring it CLEAN and DRY and SORTED.
Free Store: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- October 31st
* Monday 10 am – 2 pm and Thursday 1 - 5 pm
Please respect the signs. Drop donations during open hours so they can be quarantined. Outstanding items only, i.e. clean, usable clothing and household items. Please, NO food, garbage, recycling, TV's, soft foam, batteries, electrical devices, mattresses or hazardous materials, ie: chemicals, fluorescent light tubes, prescription/non-prescription drugs, or pills in general. There are recycling programs on Vancouver island for many of these materials.
Recycle BC Website: www.recyclebc.ca/what-can-i-recycle
Return-It Beverage Depot open 24/7 Front left of Free Store. It's not part of Mark's contract to deal with refundable beverages. He no longer accepts glass (beer, wine, hard liquor) containers. Please take these over yourself. He'll continue to accept aluminum beer, cider, pop cans, coconut water cans, boxed wine cartons (leave them intact) and tetra juice packs, including (rinsed) milk and milk substitute con-tainers, Please leave the caps on and push the straws in.
If you have any questions, comments, suggestions for me and the qRD Let's Talk Trash team, please get in touch. [email protected] or 8601
Nursing Clinic located at the Judith Fisher Centre
Email address: [email protected]
Nurse: Dianne McClure RN/MN
Cell: 250-240-5712 Home: 250-752-7419
Clinic phone (during clinic hours): 250-333-8891
Hours: Drop in Thursday from 11:00am–3:00pm
CLINIC DATES FOR APRIL:
SUN
As the flowers and blossoms come on strong, the seasons turn, with new and unexplored natural events calling us to wake up. LINC is inviting you to attend our 2022 Annual General Meeting, May 21, Saturday at the Judith Fisher Centre at 11 am. After hearing about last year's projects, we will review and discuss this year's plans for stewardship and conservation around the island. Then, two new stalwart Lasquetians will stand for election along with the current board.
Following the business meeting, we invite you to Mt. Trematon to enjoy one of Lasqueti's Nature Reserves and to have a look at the recent biodiversity restoration project. Put us on your calendar for May 21st. and bring a lunch.
Check out our new website full of lots of natural history and cool photos from people in our community of the natural diversity and beauty found around the island. Many thanks to Ian Rosconi, Ken Lertzman, Izzy and Julia for getting this wonderful resource up and running.
On May 30th the False Bay School kids, their parents and a few others will travel to Mt. Trematon for a Bioblitz. This is an opportunity for the kids to learn about the plants, birds, insects and more that make our island so special to live on. Participants will do an inventory under the guidance of Cora Skaien, the biologist leading the Restoration project at the site, Catriona Gordon, an environmental educator and part of the family who donated Mt. Trematon for nature conservation to the community, and Petra Knight, False Bay School's wonderful Grade 4-7 teacher who has returned to the island with a passion for getting the kids out in nature!
The calendar is getting full! On Friday, June 24th LINC with the Last Resort Society are co-hosting a workshop on Estate Planning. Join us at 11 am to welcome Carla Funk, a Strategic Fund Development Specialist with the Islands Trust Conservancy. She will describe options for financial and estate planning that can help you reduce or eliminate costly capital gains taxes, and at the same time help your family and the organizations that you love, as you pass the torch to the next generations. Land transfer to the next generation or other land trust organizations will be of particular interest for discussion. We hope to see you soon! The LINC team
CONCERT AT THE ARTS CENTRE
Scott Cook and his bass playing partner are on a west coast tour and have scheduled Lasqueti into their itinerary. They'll be here at the Art Center Thursday May 12th to perform a concert. Scott was referred to me by Bob Bossin (of Stringband and theatrical fame) and we corresponded in the fall. He is a talented songwriter and performer, their tour started in California and they've made their way up here, I'm picking up some posters tomorrow so you'll see their extensive tour dates when I post them. Check him out on youtube at scottcooksongs, or his website www.scottcook.net
Glad to have live music returning in May! Merrick
ON ISLAND VET CLINIC
There will be a Vet Clinic on island with Dr. Jana Vannan on Wednesday May 25th, if there is enough interest. For further info please call Sue Taylor @ 250-240-8772
Friday July 1 st :
* Quiet Art viewing from 10 am – 2 pm
* Writers Reading – Doors 6 pm. Readings 7 pm Reserve a spot with Jenny V ([email protected]) *15 spots, FCFS, reading limit is 7 mins
Saturday July 2 nd :
* Art Sales from 2 pm – 6 pm Artists can email Violet [email protected]
* Music – Gate at 2 pm with opening drum circle *Local musical talent all afternoon. Interested musicians email Sean [email protected]
*Headline Band: Coolatron
*DJ to midnight: Beatfarmer
---------------------------------------------------
Details for visual artists:
To the many artists of Lasqueti! We invite you to display your work at this year's Arts Fest!
Artists can email Violet at [email protected] to reserve a panel and showcase their artwork. Signing up for a panel is first come, first served. Please reserve soon to guarantee a space for your work.
The art for the show will be hung on Thursday, June 30 th from 11 am-4 pm. Artists are welcomed to come hang it themselves, and encouraged to bring the necessary hardware for installation (screws work well on the panels, but very short ones are best so they do not pierce the backside). We will be there to hel<cursor_is_here>
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.lasquetilocal.ca/_files/ugd/31ee4f_51e7427293874870b1e59edde50d39e9.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nLASQUETI ISLAND LOCAL\n\n--------------------\n\n\"Lasqueti Island Local\" is a community supported newsletter, i.e., the articles and ads are written by community members and representatives of our local government.\n\nThe contents do not necessarily represent the views of the editor/publisher, nor is accuracy guaranteed.\n\nOnline version at:\n\nlasquetilocal.ca\n\n---------------------------\n\nJUNE 2022 DEADLINE:\n\nMAY 28 th , 2022\n\nMillie, Marq and Mark would like to invite you to celebrate their 50th birthday (in this dimension) at the hall on May 28th 2022 in 3D baby. We are going to party on the Mother Ship. This will be the first dance party inside the hall in 2 years! Millie has requested that it be an intergalactic disco funk party and that everyone be dressed to the T, minimum 65% polyester. Leave your grubby old work clothes and your baggy earth tones at home and make an effort. Brush or comb your hair, bathe, trim your beard and shave your legs. Let's see how good you can all look! Really, We want to see! Time to raid the deepest darkest recesses of your parents closet and pull out that baby blue onesie or dust off that old silver 3 piece with the giant lapels you've had for 45 years. Bell bottoms with platforms? Space helmet? Sigourney Weaver meets Don Cornelius? YES PLEASE!!\n\nI'm imagining us all being transported to a place where it's always 1978 but in another galaxy baby.\n\nBeatfarmer will mix the old with the new and will be at the controls of the funkadelic super groove disco rocket on our journey to the Mothership Connection, Dig!? Are you with me CC? Come shake off the last 2 years of bad news, funk not only moves it can re-move baby.\n\nEmily will be handing out salty things to keep our equilibriums intact, Aunty Cindy will be providing elixirs to loosen our bodies for the effects of the jump into hyperspace. Jenna is working on a visual time warp portal to another dimension where groove is the only religion baby! Millie and Marq request, no demand, that this be the half century dance party of the century, one that songs will be written about and grandparents will tell stories of, so work on your moves cause you know we are having a line dance baby, it's gonna be a Sooooooooooouuuuuulllllll Train!\n\nCome put a glide in your stride and a dip in your hip and get funky, PEEEEE-U!!! I'll send out another post closer to the launch date this is to give you time to prepare your outfit. Prizes for best outfit and best dancers!\n\nThis will be a fundraiser for the outdoor kitchen rebuild at the Community Hall.\n\nBoarding starts at 8pm, don't be late or you'll miss the ride!! M&M&M\n\n-----------------------------\n\nI support the free and open expression\n\nOf multiple points of view, Even those I disagree with.\n\nThis is one of the pillars of a free society\n\nTom W.\n\nNOTES FROM TIM: Greetings all, There has been a lot of discussion about the proposed Islands Trust Policy Statement revision, and some asks of the Province, including tree cutting regulatory powers. While I was surprised to hear the Chair state at our April 11th meeting that Trust Council could in theory impose such restrictions for the whole Trust Area, I was reassured by referring back to the ask \"Amendment sought: Change in regulation by order-in-council. Lieutenant Governor in Council may make s. 8(3)(c) of the Community Charter apply to LTCs under s.53(2)(j) of the Islands Trust Act.\" I asked CAO Hotsenpiller if he agreed with my assessment that since the request specifically mentions LTCs, not Trust Council, that this would mean that such regulatory authority, if granted by the Province, would be strictly a local matter. He replied, \"My view of this is that you are correct. LTCs that did not develop and pass a 'tree protection bylaw' would not have to comply with a regional approach for same.\" In mid-April, the Province announced that it would not grant the same powers to Regional Districts, in reply to a request from the Union of BC Municipalities. As reported in the Gabriola Sounder, April 6, 2022, \"A key challenge is that the context of urban tree management in municipalities and tree management in the rural areas of regional districts is different, with the latter more directly raising the potential for conflict with forestry values,\" the Ministry of Municipal Affairs responded. Based on this response, I don't see how the Province could justify denying Regional Districts, and then granting these powers to Islands Trust.\n\nThere have also been questions about leaving the Islands Trust altogether. This would require the Province agreeing to amend the Islands Trust Act, as there is currently no opt-out option in the Act.\n\nThe workings of Trust Council are often deemed of not much interest, and I almost never get any questions about the parts of my Trustee Notes that refer to Council and Committees. That being said, I will continue to report on items I think may be of interest, and to do so using the plainest language I can. Public engagement at any level of government has challenges, and Trust Council can certainly improve the way it communicates to the residents and landowners of the Trust Area. This is something I will continue to advocate for at Council and in Committees.\n\nOur next Local Trust Committee meeting is June 6th. In the meantime, please feel free to contact your Trustees with your questions, comments, or concerns.\n\nNOTES FROM PETER: Tim has said everything important. I'll just add that our next Lasqueti Trust Committee meeting is scheduled as an in-person meeting, 11 am on Monday, June 6th and the next Trust Council meeting is scheduled to be held electronically on June 21st- 23 rd , 2022.\n\nIf you have questions or comments, talk to or email Tim or me, or to Heather, our planner and Regional Planning Manager.\n\nISLANDS TRUST CONTACT INFORMATION:\n\n* Islands Trust Northern Office 700 North Road, Gabriola Island, BC V0R 1X0\n\nEmail:\n\[email protected]\n\nPhone: 1-250-247-2063\n\nWEBSITE: www.islandstrust.bc.ca\n\n* Peter Johnston\n\nEmail: [email protected]\n\nPhone: 250-333-8785\n\n* Tim Peterson\n\nEMAIL: [email protected]\n\nPHONE: 250-607-7094\n\nTo reach the LTC trustees and planner:\n\[email protected]\n\nFROM DIRECTOR ANDREW FALL:\n\nThe blooming trees portend approaching work…\n\nCoastal Flood Risk Mapping: The qRD obtained coastal flood risk mapping for the islands in the qRD, including Lasqueti, Texada and Savary, supported by a grant from the Province. This project included detailed mapping of nearshore above and below-water elevations (bathymetry), shoreline type (e.g. gravel, rock, sand bank), near-shore infrastructure and the risk posed by the potential combined effects of storm surge, sea level rise and storm waves (based on different wind directions). Not surprisingly, most of the Lasqueti shoreline is fairly resilient, but there are some areas that have potential risks (in particular low-lying shorelines that face prevailing wind directions). At present, only a preview of the mapping has been received. I will provide an update when more information is available.\n\nFor more information, see the qathet projects site:\n\nhttps://www.qathet.ca/current_project/sea-level-rise-coastalflood-mapping-project/\n\nCoastal Flood Adaptation Strategy: The qRD is also undertaking a flood adaptation strategy, which includes a number of public engagement events. The event on April 13 was attended by several Lasqueti residents. This strategy will hopefully provide some useful tools to mitigate coastal flood risks. However, as this project is being done via the qRD Planning Service (in which Lasqueti does not participate), it does not include many specifics for Lasqueti, but much of the information is generally applicable.\n\nFor more information see the qathet projects site:\n\nhttps://www.qathet.ca/current_project/regional-coastalflood-adaptation-strategy/\n\nLasqueti Island Volunteer Fire Department \"Asset Management\": The results of the survey are not yet available. An upcoming step will be public engagement on this topic. The strategy for managing LIVD assets (e.g. timing and goals of truck replacement) has high potential to affect the LIVFD service and tax levels, so it is important to ensure that your views are received.\n\nLibrary: An agreement has been reached between the library and BCGEU Local 702, which represents VIRL librarians, which ended the job action that had been affecting some operations.\n\nPlease feel free to contact me. I am honoured to be your regional representative.\n\nDirector Andrew Fall, qathet Regional District Contact: Tel: 250-333-8595\n\nTHE HALL BUILDING COMMITTEE REPORT FOR MAY\n\nGood news in this update. The Parksville-Qualicum Foundation has generously awarded a $3,000 grant to the LCA. The money will go for materials required to add insulation to the attic and insulate the floor at the Community Hall. This does not completely cover material costs though. So, today marks the beginning of the Match the PQF challenge. Send donations to the LCA c/o Treasurer, Lasqueti, V0R 2J0. All donations of $20 or more receive a charitable tax receipt. E-transfers can be sent to: [email protected] with a note stating what it's for. This project will need hands-on love too, contact us if you want to volunteer some time.\n\nContact all members of the HBC at: [email protected]\n\nBruce Grant, Aigul Kukolj, Jenny Vester, Jodi Ayers, Colin Ewan, Daniel Jacobs, Melinda Auerbach\n\n(1 of 3 picnic tables built by Michel Lambert)\n\n(Donated furniture in the chill out room)\n\nLET'S GET BAFFLED!\n\nAs you've likely seen, there has been an incredible amount of community input and work which has gone into updating our Community Hall. Thank you everyone! One of the on-going projects is to cover the new sound baffles with canvas art that has been created by the community. The process being used is called cyanotype which is a sun-printing process that's been around since the mid 19th century. It can be used to make detailed prints from any object that casts a shadow. Thematic elements that are particularly Lasquetian (flora, car parts, objects etc.) are the focus. It is also an easy and fun process for all ages to participate in.\n\nSophia Rosenberg, Julia Woldmo, Aigul Kukolj and Alexa Thornton have been working on refining the processes and doing tests with the community and now that the weather is getting better, it's time to get the panels completed. Sophia's words capture the essence when she says \"The hall is the heart of our community and it has been empty through these covid years. Volunteers have cleaned and painted and built the baffle boxes and now we get to make them beautiful. It's an opportunity to create something together that will reenergize our gatherings and, hopefully, be the backdrop of our community events for years. The school kids made drawings on acetate that we have transferred to the panels. John Martin has been printing his photo negatives onto panels. People are collecting objects or making designs. I can't wait to see what we make together.\"\n\nBaffle Concept:\n\nGetting there:\n\nHow the Canvases are Made:\n\nThe process to make a cyanotype is pretty simple - it is a process of placing items on a dry or wet treated canvas, exposing it to the sun and then letting it dry. When the items are removed, the areas that were covered up remain white and the rest of the canvas that received sun directly turns blue. Possibilities for printing include plants, leaves and flowers, foam shapes, glass pieces, stencils, stick-on letters, or printed transparency sheets, tools, hardware, wire, feathers, chicken wire, netting and so on. The flatter an object is, the \"cleaner\" the lines. The paintbrushes in the 1st image show how they were placed and the 2nd image shows the result after exposure.\n\nHow to Get Involved: We invite everyone to get involved and will be conducting printing days throughout May. Check out the Art Studio Calendar or contact any of us for more details. Sophia ([email protected]) Alexa ([email protected])\n\nABOUT TIRES: Hopefully many of you were able to recycle some (or all) of the old tires you've had hanging around your place through the recent Tire Round-Up Event sponsored by the qRD and Tire Stewardship BC (TSBC). Because of barge capacity, only 200 tires were able to leave Lasqueti. However, we are still gathering data on how many tires are left on the island so if you have some, please register them with Waste Manager Mark and if there is need, Let's Talk Trash will advocate for another round-up.\n\nIn BC the first scrap tire recycling program was established in 1991, making it the oldest recycling program in Canada. Over the past 30 years more than a million tires have been recycled in the province. Along the line Extended Producer Responsi-bility (EPR) became a government strategy to shift responsibility for end-of-life product management from the general taxpayer or local government onto the producer and consumers. In March 2006, the BC Ministry of Environment added tires to the Recycling Regulation. Tire Stewardship BC was created to be responsible for collection, processing and management of scrap tires.\n\nIn BC, all scrap tires collected are also re-purposed in the province. There are two companies located in Delta, Western Rubber Products and Lehigh Northwest Cement, that have helped that happen since 1991 by turning tires into athletic tracks, playground surfaces, recreational flooring, mats and flooring for farms and factories, additives for rubberized asphalt, and even landscaping mulch. BC has one of the highest diversion rates in the country with virtually no stockpiles!\n\nWhen you buy new tires you are charged an Advance Disposal Fee (ADF). Most passenger vehicle tires have an ADF of $5. All revenue collected from ADF's is used exclusively for recycling and program activities. 90% goes to processing and haulers to collect, transport and recycle scrap tires. The remaining 10% is for program management, consumer education, awareness initiatives and a community grant program.\n\nMost drivers turn their old tires into a retailer when they get new ones. However, you can take in up to four, clean, off-the-rim tires to any retailer that participates in the TSBC program. There are lots of places in ParksvilleQualicum including Canadian Tire, French Creek Shell and OK tires. Also, bike tires have been added to the program. You can now drop them off at participating retailers. Check out tsbc.ca to find the near-est location.\n\nThat's the good news about tires and recycling.\n\nThe bad news is there's clearly a link between tires and the death of spawning coho salmon in creeks and streams near busy roads in the Pacific Northwest. Salmon face the impacts of climate change directly, constantly and acutely. Coho salmon are listed as either threatened or endangered species depending on where you are. For the past couple of decades, mass mortality events were noticed when returning salmon met stormwater run off in their waterways.\n\nIn 2021 scientists finally identified the killer chemical. After heavy rains, storm-water flushes bits of aging tires into neighbouring streams. The resulting mix of chemicals from tire wear particulate, especially a molecule related to a preservative that keeps tires from breaking down too quickly, poisons the coho.The common tire preservative molecule (6PPD) is present in all waterways near busy roads and it's responsible for up to 90% mortality, before spawning, in urban creeks impacted by stormwater.\n\nTwo options to remediate this problem are: finding environmentally benign al-ternatives to 6PPD and other chemicals; and building green infrastructure that can treat road runoff before it gets into streams.\n\nAs a result of exposure to these toxins, salmon can become contaminated with chemicals like arsenic, mercury, PCBs, DDT, and dioxins – including salmon that peo-ple consume.\n\nIt's clear we are in a time when making the right decisions for the planet and our health are linked. How we use and dispose of materials affects the air, soil, water and animals. Recognizing these vital connections may give us pause when we use earth's resources or drop off our next tire for recycling.\n\nFrom Waste Manager Mark: I'm hoping the oil receptacle will be emptied this month and I can start accepting used oil again. I'll keep you posted.\n\nTrash Removal System: May 11, the second Wednesday of the month, 10 am until the barge is full is the regular trash removal day at the False Bay barge ramp. Any changes due to weather will be posted on the email list, FB Lasqueti Hotwire, and the Lasqueti website. No construction materials, renovation or demolition waste, prohibited waste, organics, recyclable material or stewardship materials. $5 per bag, $25 per aver-age truckload. Mattresses and boxsprings $15 each. Please call Mark if you have any questions about what constitutes acceptable garbage. 8601 or 250 240 9886\n\nRecycling Depot: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- Oct 31st\n\n* Mon 10 am - 2 pm, Thursdays 1 - 5 pm, Fri 10 am - 4 pm\n\nClosed on Statutory Holidays. All recycling is monitored. Please bring it CLEAN and DRY and SORTED.\n\nFree Store: Spring/Summer Hours April 1- October 31st\n\n* Monday 10 am – 2 pm and Thursday 1 - 5 pm\n\nPlease respect the signs. Drop donations during open hours so they can be quarantined. Outstanding items only, i.e. clean, usable clothing and household items. Please, NO food, garbage, recycling, TV's, soft foam, batteries, electrical devices, mattresses or hazardous materials, ie: chemicals, fluorescent light tubes, prescription/non-prescription drugs, or pills in general. There are recycling programs on Vancouver island for many of these materials.\n\nRecycle BC Website: www.recyclebc.ca/what-can-i-recycle\n\nReturn-It Beverage Depot open 24/7 Front left of Free Store. It's not part of Mark's contract to deal with refundable beverages. He no longer accepts glass (beer, wine, hard liquor) containers. Please take these over yourself. He'll continue to accept aluminum beer, cider, pop cans, coconut water cans, boxed wine cartons (leave them intact) and tetra juice packs, including (rinsed) milk and milk substitute con-tainers, Please leave the caps on and push the straws in.\n\nIf you have any questions, comments, suggestions for me and the qRD Let's Talk Trash team, please get in touch. [email protected] or 8601\n\nNursing Clinic located at the Judith Fisher Centre\n\nEmail address: [email protected]\n\nNurse: Dianne McClure RN/MN\n\nCell: 250-240-5712 Home: 250-752-7419\n\nClinic phone (during clinic hours): 250-333-8891\n\nHours: Drop in Thursday from 11:00am–3:00pm\n\nCLINIC DATES FOR APRIL:\n\nSUN\n\nAs the flowers and blossoms come on strong, the seasons turn, with new and unexplored natural events calling us to wake up. LINC is inviting you to attend our 2022 Annual General Meeting, May 21, Saturday at the Judith Fisher Centre at 11 am. After hearing about last year's projects, we will review and discuss this year's plans for stewardship and conservation around the island. Then, two new stalwart Lasquetians will stand for election along with the current board.\n\nFollowing the business meeting, we invite you to Mt. Trematon to enjoy one of Lasqueti's Nature Reserves and to have a look at the recent biodiversity restoration project. Put us on your calendar for May 21st. and bring a lunch.\n\nCheck out our new website full of lots of natural history and cool photos from people in our community of the natural diversity and beauty found around the island. Many thanks to Ian Rosconi, Ken Lertzman, Izzy and Julia for getting this wonderful resource up and running.\n\nOn May 30th the False Bay School kids, their parents and a few others will travel to Mt. Trematon for a Bioblitz. This is an opportunity for the kids to learn about the plants, birds, insects and more that make our island so special to live on. Participants will do an inventory under the guidance of Cora Skaien, the biologist leading the Restoration project at the site, Catriona Gordon, an environmental educator and part of the family who donated Mt. Trematon for nature conservation to the community, and Petra Knight, False Bay School's wonderful Grade 4-7 teacher who has returned to the island with a passion for getting the kids out in nature!\n\nThe calendar is getting full! On Friday, June 24th LINC with the Last Resort Society are co-hosting a workshop on Estate Planning. Join us at 11 am to welcome Carla Funk, a Strategic Fund Development Specialist with the Islands Trust Conservancy. She will describe options for financial and estate planning that can help you reduce or eliminate costly capital gains taxes, and at the same time help your family and the organizations that you love, as you pass the torch to the next generations. Land transfer to the next generation or other land trust organizations will be of particular interest for discussion. We hope to see you soon! The LINC team\n\nCONCERT AT THE ARTS CENTRE\n\nScott Cook and his bass playing partner are on a west coast tour and have scheduled Lasqueti into their itinerary. They'll be here at the Art Center Thursday May 12th to perform a concert. Scott was referred to me by Bob Bossin (of Stringband and theatrical fame) and we corresponded in the fall. He is a talented songwriter and performer, their tour started in California and they've made their way up here, I'm picking up some posters tomorrow so you'll see their extensive tour dates when I post them. Check him out on youtube at scottcooksongs, or his website www.scottcook.net\n\nGlad to have live music returning in May! Merrick\n\nON ISLAND VET CLINIC\n\nThere will be a Vet Clinic on island with Dr. Jana Vannan on Wednesday May 25th, if there is enough interest. For further info please call Sue Taylor @ 250-240-8772\n\nFriday July 1 st :\n\n* Quiet Art viewing from 10 am – 2 pm\n* Writers Reading – Doors 6 pm. Readings 7 pm Reserve a spot with Jenny V ([email protected]) *15 spots, FCFS, reading limit is 7 mins\n\nSaturday July 2 nd :\n\n* Art Sales from 2 pm – 6 pm Artists can email Violet [email protected]\n* Music – Gate at 2 pm with opening drum circle *Local musical talent all afternoon. Interested musicians email Sean [email protected]\n*Headline Band: Coolatron\n*DJ to midnight: Beatfarmer\n\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nDetails for visual artists:\n\nTo the many artists of Lasqueti! We invite you to display your work at this year's Arts Fest!\n\nArtists can email Violet at [email protected] to reserve a panel and showcase their artwork. Signing up for a panel is first come, first served. Please reserve soon to guarantee a space for your work.\n\nThe art for the show will be hung on Thursday, June 30 th from 11 am-4 pm. Artists are welcomed to come hang it themselves, and encouraged to bring the necessary hardware for installation (screws work well on the panels, but very short ones are best so they do not pierce the backside). We will be there to hel<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS & INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION for MIGRATION
19, avenue de la Paix CH-1202 Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 730 20 93 (direct)
Route des Morillons 17, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Switzerland
Geneva, June 20, 2018
Please acknowledge receipt of this tender request by e-mail on [email protected]
REQUEST FOR TENDER FOR SOLAR LAMP - FRAME AGREEMENT
N° RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068
Closing date for commercial offer and sample delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)
Validity of the offer until: July 30, 2019
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an independent, neutral organization ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of war and other situations of violence.
The International Organization for Migration was established in 1951. IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.
It has a permanent mandate under international law to take impartial action for prisoners, the wounded and sick, and civilians affected by conflict. With its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the ICRC is based in around 86 countries and has a total of more than 17,000 staff.
The organisation is at the origin of both the International Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement and of International Humanitarian Law, notably the Geneva Conventions.
With 165 member states, a further 8 states holding observer status and offices in over 100 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.
IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.
Within the above mandates and their consequences around the world, the ICRC & IOM invite suppliers to tender for the below mentioned items.
ICRC & IOM's yearly estimated need for Solar Lamp is approximately 300'000 units. This quantity is an estimate and do not in any way represent a commitment from the ICRC & IOM. The quantities to be purchased will depend on actual requirements from ICRC & IOM operations in the field. Please note therefore that quantities required may fluctuate.
Destination of Solar Lamps: All over the world.
Article 1. Commodity
The ICRC is calling for the tendering of Solar Lamps:
GOODS: Solar Lamp (See Annex 1 specifications and AQL).
Product should be offered with full specifications.
Other Pertinent information
1. We reserve the right to accept the whole or part of your offer and the lowest evaluated bid need not be accepted.
2. If inspection is required, we will advise in time of purchase and arrange at our cost.
3. Depending on the organization placing an order, ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Version 2010) or IOM General Procurement Principles shall apply. See enclosure.
Article 2. Corporate social responsibility: Ethical and environmental requirements
2.1 Prequalification
The ICRC and/or IOM will visit manufacturing plants for prequalification.
In case the proposed manufacturing plant was not yet visited for prequalification, a visit may be organised.
The ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of prequalification visits.
2.2 QSE audit compliance
The ICRC and/or IOM will mandate an external Company to perform a Quality, Social, and Environmental (QSE) audit to short listed Companies (after analysis of the offers and samples).
The audit report may be shared with members of the inter-organization QSE group.
The Frame Agreement (FA) will be awarded only upon a positive result of this audit. The ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of the audit.
Article 3. Tendering conditions
3.1 Preferred Suppliers
The present request for tender is addressed exclusively to manufacturers who are in complete control and have the full responsibility of the manufacturing process.
Vertical integration of the production will be preferred.
3.2 Other Preferences
The ICRC will also prefer to limit the quantities ordered in accordance with the level of production capacities available at time of placing the order.
The orders should not exceed 30% of the selected supplier's yearly production capacity.
These requirements are aimed to minimise the impact of the ICRC & IOM's orders on current running business agreements or partnerships of their suppliers.
3.3 Commitment letter
The Suppliers are requested to provide a "commitment letter" stating the following:
The Suppliers will commit themselves to supply under the Frame Agreement Solar Lamps pre-qualified and manufactured in positively audited plants.
The Supplier is requested to state:
- The yearly production capacity of the validated plant for each item quoted
- The different production capacities already mobilised under current engagements with other customers and the remaining potential capacities to dedicate for each of the ICRC & IOM's Solar Lamps production
- Potential production capacity growth in percentage comparing to the previous year
- Name and full physical address of the manufacturing plant
Failure to provide accurate information in the letter will result in automatic rejection of the bid.
This commitment letter will be annexed to the offer as per part 3.11.
3.4 Production launching time & capacity
Please clearly state in detail your production launching lead-time for Solar Lamps in following cases:
- Small orders (i.e. 1FCL20')
- Large orders (i.e. 3FCL40'HC)
3.5 Duration of the Frame Agreement
The FA will be awarded from the date of adjudication and for two years. It may be extended with prior agreement of both Parties.
For the whole duration of the FA, the ICRC & IOM will place orders with selected Suppliers at the tender price indicated in their offers for the agreed Incoterm® ICC 2010.
The ICRC & IOM will preferably place orders with the 1 st awarded Supplier.
Nevertheless, in case of limited production capacity for the 1 st awarded Supplier at the time of the ICRC & IOM's requirements, the ICRC & IOM reserve the right to place freely an order among other awarded Suppliers.
As a general rule, the ICRC & IOM will place orders sequentially to the second, third, etc. selected Suppliers.
3.6 Prices, terms and conditions
Kindly state your best firm price without VAT in USD or EUR (Table Annex 2 to be used)
Please indicate your preferred international index for monitoring raw material section. Please also announce an official website for the monitoring of that index.
Cost Breakdown: Please state your fixed costs and the variable costs related to raw material clearly in order to adjust the unit price after one year. Please also specify the preferred formula for the price revision in the Annex 2.
Sales prices will be revised after one year.
The Seller will automatically announce to the Buyer the new index level and associated sales prices (Updated price table).
The Buyer is not obliged to accept the price increase if that one is not justified.
3.7 ICRC tests
One sample of solar lamp should be sent to the ICRC.
Physical tests as per attached AQL will be performed on that sample and only suppliers who will pass these tests will be short-listed on a quality stand point.
3.8 Dispatch of the samples
The transport charge will be borne by the supplier.
Please, send one sample of Solar Lamp to the following address:
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS Logistics Division Attn. Guillaume Sauvage 6, rue du Pré-de-la-Fontaine Meyrin 1217, SWITZERLAND
Closing date for samples delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)
3.9 Supplier's registration
Suppliers must be registered with the ICRC & IOM and provide requested documents. For non-registered Suppliers, registration forms will be provided to short listed Companies.
3.10 Dispatch of the offer, closing date
Offers must be received by email by the ICRC on July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time).
Emails shouldn't exceed 5Mo.
Email address: [email protected]
Email title must clearly indicate:
"Tender Documents for Solar Lamp Frame Agreement: RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068"
Offers not addressed as such will not be considered and automatically rejected.
RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068
3.11 Contents of the offer
a. Product offered with full specifications
b. Commercial offer without VAT (Please fill the table Annex 2) along with your price revision formula
c. Commitment letter as per part 3.3
d. Country of production
e. Type of packing (With and without pallet), net and gross weight, cubic dimensions
f. Loading capacity per 20' container, 40' container, and 40'HC container
g. Location of registered office and Company headquarter
h. Weekly production capacity
i. Permanent Storage capacity
j. Validity of offer for supply (Requested until July 30, 2019)
k. Duly signed ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Annex 3) & IOM General Procurement Principles (Annex 4)
l. Duly signed ICRC & IOM AQL (Annex 1)
m. Bank information and bank credit attestation issued by your bank (Original document on bank letterhead)
n. Valid Quality certificates received from inspection companies, if any (For example: ISO, REACH, etc.)
o. Bidder's name, title and signature
p. Date and place
3.12 Offer validity
Your offer must remain valid for acceptance until July 30, 2019.
Article 4. Conditions of Purchase
4.1 Quality control / Rejected supplies
The Supplier will be responsible for the quantity and quality delivered according to the agreed specifications and AQL.
ICRC & IOM will perform systematic controls on consignment delivered to our warehouses.
In case of delivery of non-conforming merchandise, Article 12 of the ICRC "General Conditions on Purchasing" attached hereto (Annex 4) and forming an integral part of Frame Agreements shall apply as well as AQL penalties (Annex 1).
4.2 Requested labelling on each Solar Lamp
According to AQL (Annex 1)
4.3 Specific Marking
To be defined on each Purchase Order.
4.4 Packing
According to AQL (Annex 1)
4.5 Delivery time
The goods should be ready for shipment within 48h from the reserved stock at Supplier's warehouse when receiving ICRC or IOM's confirmed purchase order.
4.6 Insurance
According to Incoterms® ICC 2010.
4.7 Payment terms
Payment will be done by bank transfer within 30 days upon receipt of goods or against receipt of shipping documents as per incoterms® ICC 2010 and against copy of documents as per article 4.9 & 4.10.
4.8 Address for the invoice
Either
International Committee of the Red Cross
19, Avenue de la Paix
CH-1202 Genève - Switzerland
Depending on the organization placing the order.
4.9 Documents required for each Delivery
- Invoice in triplicate with Buyer PO number as reference
- Packing List in triplicate (+ one copy to be put inside the consignment)
- Signed delivery order (CMR, AWB, B/L) by the carrier
- Certificate of Origin
- Other documents according to each Purchase Order
4.10 Dispatch of documents
Two full sets of originals to be sent (respectively) at seller's expense
1). To the consignee
2). To the ICRC or IOM Geneva + commercial invoice
For orders placed by ICRC a scan of each invoice should be sent to [email protected] and the ICRC lead buyer should be cc'd.
For orders placed by IOM a scan of each invoice should be sent to GPSU at [email protected]
Article 5. Reserved stock and consigned stock of Solar Lamps
The ICRC and/or IOM will ask the supplier to hold permanently a reserved stock for 20'000 finished Solar Lamps at his own premises and to avail this stock within max 48 hours for shipment.
Please, state and commit on the minimum and maximum lead-time for availing the items at nearest Port based on FOB Incoterm® ICC 2010 (All handlings & possible transports lead-times included).
Or
International Organization for Migration
Route des Morillons 17,
1218 Le Grand-Saconnex - Switzerland
Article 6. Payment of Reserved Stock at the end of the Term
6 months before the end of the contract, the Supplier shall ask a written confirmation to the Buyer stating that the reserved stock shall be maintained until the end of the contract. If such a confirmation is not given to the Supplier, the Supplier shall sell the reserved stock to ICRC and/or IOM during the last 6 months of the contract and the ICRC and/or IOM won't buy the reserved stock once the Frame Agreement expired.
Article 7. Extension of the frame agreement to the RC/RC movement
The Supplier agrees that all the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as well as the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), may benefit from the terms and conditions of the Framework Agreement with the ICRC & IOM.
Article 8. General Terms and Conditions
8.1 Acceptance of the agreement
Acceptance of the agreement entails the waiving by the vendor of its General Conditions of Sales.
8.2 Terms and Conditions
All terms and conditions not mentioned herein shall be governed by the ICRC "General Conditions on Purchasing" and IOM "General Procurement Principles", attached hereto and being considered an integral part of the Agreement.
Article 9. Incoterms
Each Incoterm mentioned in the present document refer to INCOTERMS® ICC 2010
Article 10. Receipt acknowledgement
Please acknowledge the receipt of this RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068 by email to [email protected]
We look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Mr. Guillaume Sauvage INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS Logistics Division 6, rue du Pré-de-la-Fontaine Meyrin 1217, Switzerland
E-mail: [email protected]
Attachments:
- Annex 1 - Specifications and AQL Solar Lamp
- Annex 3 - General Conditions on Purchasing 2010 Version Dec 2010
- Annex 2 - RFTICRCIOMGVA180068 – Solar Lamp - Price table
- Annex 4 - IOM General Procurement Principles
MASLAROV Vladimir Head, Global Procurement and Supply Unit Manila Administrative Center Manila, Philippines
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INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS & INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION for MIGRATION
19, avenue de la Paix CH-1202 Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 730 20 93 (direct)
Route des Morillons 17, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Switzerland
Geneva, June 20, 2018
Please acknowledge receipt of this tender request by e-mail on [email protected]
REQUEST FOR TENDER FOR SOLAR LAMP - FRAME AGREEMENT
N° RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068
Closing date for commercial offer and sample delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)
Validity of the offer until: July 30, 2019
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an independent, neutral organization ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of war and other situations of violence.
The International Organization for Migration was established in 1951. IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.
It has a permanent mandate under international law to take impartial action for prisoners, the wounded and sick, and civilians affected by conflict. With its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the ICRC is based in around 86 countries and has a total of more than 17,000 staff.
The organisation is at the origin of both the International Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement and of International Humanitarian Law, notably the Geneva Conventions.
With 165 member states, a further 8 states holding observer status and offices in over 100 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.
IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.
Within the above mandates and their consequences around the world, the ICRC & IOM invite suppliers to tender for the below mentioned items.
ICRC & IOM's yearly estimated need for Solar Lamp is approximately 300'000 units. This quantity is an estimate and do not in any way represent a commitment from the ICRC & IOM. The quantities to be purchased will depend on actual requirements from ICRC & IOM operations in the field. Please note therefore that quantities required may fluctuate.
Destination of Solar Lamps: All over the world.
Article 1. Commodity
The ICRC is calling for the tendering of Solar Lamps:
GOODS: Solar Lamp (See Annex 1 specifications and AQL).
Product should be offered with full specifications.
Other Pertinent information
1. We reserve the right to accept the whole or part of your offer and the lowest evaluated bid need not be accepted.
2. If inspection is required, we will advise in time of purchase and arrange at our cost.
3. Depending on the organization placing an order, ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Version 2010) or IOM General Procurement Principles shall apply. See enclosure.
Article 2. Corporate social responsibility: Ethical and environmental requirements
2.1 Prequalification
The ICRC and/or IOM will visit manufacturing plants for prequalification.
In case the proposed manufacturing plant was not yet visited for prequalification, a visit may be organised.
The ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of prequalification visits.
2.2 QSE audit compliance
The ICRC and/or IOM will mandate an external Company to perform a Quality, Social, and Environmental (QSE) audit to short listed Companies (after analysis of the offers and samples).
The audit report may be shared with members of the inter-organization QSE group.
The Frame Agreement (FA) will be awarded only upon a positive result of this audit. The ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of the audit.
Article 3. Tendering conditions
3.1 Preferred Suppliers
The present request for tender is addressed exclusively to manufacturers who are in complete control and have the full responsibility of the manufacturing process.
Vertical integration of the production will be preferred.
3.2 Other Preferences
The ICRC will also prefer to limit the quantities ordered in accordance with the level of production capacities available at time of placing the order.
The orders should not exceed 30% of the selected supplier's yearly production capacity.
These requirements are aimed to minimise the impact of the ICRC & IOM's orders on current running business agreements or partnerships of their suppliers.
3.3 Commitment letter
The Suppliers are requested to provide a "commitment letter" stating the following:
The Suppliers will commit themselves to supply under the Frame Agreement Solar Lamps pre-qualified and manufactured in positively audited plants.
The Supplier is requested to state:
- The yearly production capacity of the validated plant for each item quoted
- The different production capacities already mobilised under current engagements with other customers and the remaining potential capacities to dedicate for each of the ICRC & IOM's Solar Lamps production
- Potential production capacity growth in percentage comparing to the previous year
- Name and full physical address of the manufacturing plant
Failure to provide accurate information in the letter will result in automatic rejection of the bid.
This commitment letter will be annexed to the offer as per part 3.11.
3.4 Production launching time & capacity
Please clearly state in detail your production launching lead-time for Solar Lamps in following cases:
- Small orders (i.e. 1FCL20')
- Large orders (i.e. 3FCL40'HC)
3.5 Duration of the Frame Agreement
The FA will be awarded from the date of adjudication and for two years. It may be extended with prior agreement of both Parties.
For the whole duration of the FA, the ICRC & IOM will place orders with selected Suppliers at the tender price indicated in their offers for the agreed Incoterm® ICC 2010.
The ICRC & IOM will preferably place orders with the 1 st awarded Supplier.
Nevertheless, in case of limited production capacity for the 1 st awarded Supplier at the time of the ICRC & IOM's requirements, the ICRC & IOM reserve the right to place freely an order among other awarded Suppliers.
As a general rule, the ICRC & IOM will place orders sequentially to the second, third, etc. selected Suppliers.
3.6 Prices, terms and conditions
Kindly state your best firm price without VAT in USD or EUR (Table Annex 2 to be used)
Please indicate your preferred international index for monitoring raw material section. Please also announce an official website for the monitoring of that index.
Cost Breakdown: Please state your fixed costs and the variable costs related to raw material clearly in order to adjust the unit price after one year. Please also specify the preferred formula for the price revision in the Annex 2.
Sales prices will be revised after one year.
The Seller will automatically announce to the Buyer the new index level and associated sales prices (Updated price table).
The Buyer is not obliged to accept the price increase if that one is not justified.
3.7 ICRC tests
One sample of solar lamp should be sent to the ICRC.
Physical tests as per attached AQL will be performed on that sample and only suppliers who will pass these tests will be short-listed on a quality stand point.
3.8 Dispatch of the samples
The transport charge will be borne by the supplier.
Please, send one sample of Solar Lamp to the following address:
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS Logistics Division Attn. Guillaume Sauvage 6, rue du Pré-de-la-Fontaine Meyrin 1217, SWITZERLAND
Closing date for samples delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)
3.9 Supplier's registration
Suppliers must be registered with the ICRC & IOM and provide requested documents. For non-registered Suppliers, registration forms will be provided to short listed Companies.
3.10 Dispatch of the offer, closing date
Offers must be received by email by the ICRC on July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time).
Emails shouldn't exceed 5Mo.
Email address: [email protected]
Email title must clearly indicate:
"Tender Documents for Solar Lamp Frame Agreement: RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068"
Offers not addressed as such will not be considered and automatically rejected.
RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068
3.11 Contents of the offer
a. Product offered with full specifications
b. Commercial offer without VAT (Please fill the table Annex 2) along with your price revision formula
c. Commitment letter as per part 3.3
d. Country of production
e. Type of packing (With and without pallet), net and gross weight, cubic dimensions
f. Loading capacity per 20' container, 40' container, and 40'HC container
g. Location of registered office and Company headquarter
h. Weekly production capacity
i. Permanent Storage capacity
j. Validity of offer for supply (Requested until July 30, 2019)
k. Duly signed ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Annex 3) & IOM General Procurement Principles (Annex 4)
l. Duly signed ICRC & IOM AQL (Annex 1)
m. Bank information and bank credit attestation issued by your bank (Original document on bank letterhead)
n. Valid Quality certificates received from inspection companies, if any (For example: ISO, REACH, etc.)
o. Bidder's name, title and signature
p. Date and place
3.12 Offer validity
Your offer must remain valid for acceptance until July 30, 2019.
Article 4. Conditions of Purchase
4.1 Quality control / Rejected supplies
The Supplier will be responsible for the quantity and quality delivered according to the agreed specifications and AQL.
ICRC & IOM will perform systematic controls on consignment delivered to our warehouses.
In case of delivery of non-conforming merchandise, Article 12 of the ICRC "General Conditions on Purchasing" attached hereto (Annex 4) and forming an integral part of Frame Agreements shall apply as well as AQL penalties (Annex 1).
4.2 Requested labelling on each Solar Lamp
According to AQL (Annex 1)
4.3 Specific Marking
To be defined on each Purchase Order.
4.4 Packing
According to AQL (Annex 1)
4.5 Delivery time
The goods should
|
be ready for shipment within 48h from the reserved stock at Supplier's warehouse when receiving ICRC or IOM's confirmed purchase order.
| 10,324
|
inside_word
|
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|
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<url>
http://www.iom.ch/sites/default/files/rft-icrc-iom-gva18-0068_solar_lamp.pdf
</url>
<text>
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS & INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION for MIGRATION
19, avenue de la Paix CH-1202 Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 730 20 93 (direct)
Route des Morillons 17, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Switzerland
Geneva, June 20, 2018
Please acknowledge receipt of this tender request by e-mail on [email protected]
REQUEST FOR TENDER FOR SOLAR LAMP - FRAME AGREEMENT
N° RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068
Closing date for commercial offer and sample delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)
Validity of the offer until: July 30, 2019
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an independent, neutral organization ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of war and other situations of violence.
The International Organization for Migration was established in 1951. IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.
It has a permanent mandate under international law to take impartial action for prisoners, the wounded and sick, and civilians affected by conflict. With its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the ICRC is based in around 86 countries and has a total of more than 17,000 staff.
The organisation is at the origin of both the International Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement and of International Humanitarian Law, notably the Geneva Conventions.
With 165 member states, a further 8 states holding observer status and offices in over 100 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.
IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.
Within the above mandates and their consequences around the world, the ICRC & IOM invite suppliers to tender for the below mentioned items.
ICRC & IOM's yearly estimated need for Solar Lamp is approximately 300'000 units. This quantity is an estimate and do not in any way represent a commitment from the ICRC & IOM. The quantities to be purchased will depend on actual requirements from ICRC & IOM operations in the field. Please note therefore that quantities required may fluctuate.
Destination of Solar Lamps: All over the world.
Article 1. Commodity
The ICRC is calling for the tendering of Solar Lamps:
GOODS: Solar Lamp (See Annex 1 specifications and AQL).
Product should be offered with full specifications.
Other Pertinent information
1. We reserve the right to accept the whole or part of your offer and the lowest evaluated bid need not be accepted.
2. If inspection is required, we will advise in time of purchase and arrange at our cost.
3. Depending on the organization placing an order, ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Version 2010) or IOM General Procurement Principles shall apply. See enclosure.
Article 2. Corporate social responsibility: Ethical and environmental requirements
2.1 Prequalification
The ICRC and/or IOM will visit manufacturing plants for prequalification.
In case the proposed manufacturing plant was not yet visited for prequalification, a visit may be organised.
The ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of prequalification visits.
2.2 QSE audit compliance
The ICRC and/or IOM will mandate an external Company to perform a Quality, Social, and Environmental (QSE) audit to short listed Companies (after analysis of the offers and samples).
The audit report may be shared with members of the inter-organization QSE group.
The Frame Agreement (FA) will be awarded only upon a positive result of this audit. The ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of the audit.
Article 3. Tendering conditions
3.1 Preferred Suppliers
The present request for tender is addressed exclusively to manufacturers who are in complete control and have the full responsibility of the manufacturing process.
Vertical integration of the production will be preferred.
3.2 Other Preferences
The ICRC will also prefer to limit the quantities ordered in accordance with the level of production capacities available at time of placing the order.
The orders should not exceed 30% of the selected supplier's yearly production capacity.
These requirements are aimed to minimise the impact of the ICRC & IOM's orders on current running business agreements or partnerships of their suppliers.
3.3 Commitment letter
The Suppliers are requested to provide a "commitment letter" stating the following:
The Suppliers will commit themselves to supply under the Frame Agreement Solar Lamps pre-qualified and manufactured in positively audited plants.
The Supplier is requested to state:
- The yearly production capacity of the validated plant for each item quoted
- The different production capacities already mobilised under current engagements with other customers and the remaining potential capacities to dedicate for each of the ICRC & IOM's Solar Lamps production
- Potential production capacity growth in percentage comparing to the previous year
- Name and full physical address of the manufacturing plant
Failure to provide accurate information in the letter will result in automatic rejection of the bid.
This commitment letter will be annexed to the offer as per part 3.11.
3.4 Production launching time & capacity
Please clearly state in detail your production launching lead-time for Solar Lamps in following cases:
- Small orders (i.e. 1FCL20')
- Large orders (i.e. 3FCL40'HC)
3.5 Duration of the Frame Agreement
The FA will be awarded from the date of adjudication and for two years. It may be extended with prior agreement of both Parties.
For the whole duration of the FA, the ICRC & IOM will place orders with selected Suppliers at the tender price indicated in their offers for the agreed Incoterm® ICC 2010.
The ICRC & IOM will preferably place orders with the 1 st awarded Supplier.
Nevertheless, in case of limited production capacity for the 1 st awarded Supplier at the time of the ICRC & IOM's requirements, the ICRC & IOM reserve the right to place freely an order among other awarded Suppliers.
As a general rule, the ICRC & IOM will place orders sequentially to the second, third, etc. selected Suppliers.
3.6 Prices, terms and conditions
Kindly state your best firm price without VAT in USD or EUR (Table Annex 2 to be used)
Please indicate your preferred international index for monitoring raw material section. Please also announce an official website for the monitoring of that index.
Cost Breakdown: Please state your fixed costs and the variable costs related to raw material clearly in order to adjust the unit price after one year. Please also specify the preferred formula for the price revision in the Annex 2.
Sales prices will be revised after one year.
The Seller will automatically announce to the Buyer the new index level and associated sales prices (Updated price table).
The Buyer is not obliged to accept the price increase if that one is not justified.
3.7 ICRC tests
One sample of solar lamp should be sent to the ICRC.
Physical tests as per attached AQL will be performed on that sample and only suppliers who will pass these tests will be short-listed on a quality stand point.
3.8 Dispatch of the samples
The transport charge will be borne by the supplier.
Please, send one sample of Solar Lamp to the following address:
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS Logistics Division Attn. Guillaume Sauvage 6, rue du Pré-de-la-Fontaine Meyrin 1217, SWITZERLAND
Closing date for samples delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)
3.9 Supplier's registration
Suppliers must be registered with the ICRC & IOM and provide requested documents. For non-registered Suppliers, registration forms will be provided to short listed Companies.
3.10 Dispatch of the offer, closing date
Offers must be received by email by the ICRC on July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time).
Emails shouldn't exceed 5Mo.
Email address: [email protected]
Email title must clearly indicate:
"Tender Documents for Solar Lamp Frame Agreement: RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068"
Offers not addressed as such will not be considered and automatically rejected.
RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068
3.11 Contents of the offer
a. Product offered with full specifications
b. Commercial offer without VAT (Please fill the table Annex 2) along with your price revision formula
c. Commitment letter as per part 3.3
d. Country of production
e. Type of packing (With and without pallet), net and gross weight, cubic dimensions
f. Loading capacity per 20' container, 40' container, and 40'HC container
g. Location of registered office and Company headquarter
h. Weekly production capacity
i. Permanent Storage capacity
j. Validity of offer for supply (Requested until July 30, 2019)
k. Duly signed ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Annex 3) & IOM General Procurement Principles (Annex 4)
l. Duly signed ICRC & IOM AQL (Annex 1)
m. Bank information and bank credit attestation issued by your bank (Original document on bank letterhead)
n. Valid Quality certificates received from inspection companies, if any (For example: ISO, REACH, etc.)
o. Bidder's name, title and signature
p. Date and place
3.12 Offer validity
Your offer must remain valid for acceptance until July 30, 2019.
Article 4. Conditions of Purchase
4.1 Quality control / Rejected supplies
The Supplier will be responsible for the quantity and quality delivered according to the agreed specifications and AQL.
ICRC & IOM will perform systematic controls on consignment delivered to our warehouses.
In case of delivery of non-conforming merchandise, Article 12 of the ICRC "General Conditions on Purchasing" attached hereto (Annex 4) and forming an integral part of Frame Agreements shall apply as well as AQL penalties (Annex 1).
4.2 Requested labelling on each Solar Lamp
According to AQL (Annex 1)
4.3 Specific Marking
To be defined on each Purchase Order.
4.4 Packing
According to AQL (Annex 1)
4.5 Delivery time
The goods should <cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.iom.ch/sites/default/files/rft-icrc-iom-gva18-0068_solar_lamp.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nINTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS & INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION for MIGRATION\n\n19, avenue de la Paix CH-1202 Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 730 20 93 (direct)\n\nRoute des Morillons 17, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Switzerland\n\nGeneva, June 20, 2018\n\nPlease acknowledge receipt of this tender request by e-mail on [email protected]\n\nREQUEST FOR TENDER FOR SOLAR LAMP - FRAME AGREEMENT\n\nN° RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068\n\nClosing date for commercial offer and sample delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)\n\nValidity of the offer until: July 30, 2019\n\nThe International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an independent, neutral organization ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of war and other situations of violence.\n\nThe International Organization for Migration was established in 1951. IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.\n\nIt has a permanent mandate under international law to take impartial action for prisoners, the wounded and sick, and civilians affected by conflict. With its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the ICRC is based in around 86 countries and has a total of more than 17,000 staff.\n\nThe organisation is at the origin of both the International Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement and of International Humanitarian Law, notably the Geneva Conventions.\n\nWith 165 member states, a further 8 states holding observer status and offices in over 100 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.\n\nIOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.\n\nWithin the above mandates and their consequences around the world, the ICRC & IOM invite suppliers to tender for the below mentioned items.\n\nICRC & IOM's yearly estimated need for Solar Lamp is approximately 300'000 units. This quantity is an estimate and do not in any way represent a commitment from the ICRC & IOM. The quantities to be purchased will depend on actual requirements from ICRC & IOM operations in the field. Please note therefore that quantities required may fluctuate.\n\nDestination of Solar Lamps: All over the world.\n\nArticle 1. Commodity\n\nThe ICRC is calling for the tendering of Solar Lamps:\n\nGOODS: Solar Lamp (See Annex 1 specifications and AQL).\n\nProduct should be offered with full specifications.\n\nOther Pertinent information\n\n1. We reserve the right to accept the whole or part of your offer and the lowest evaluated bid need not be accepted.\n2. If inspection is required, we will advise in time of purchase and arrange at our cost.\n3. Depending on the organization placing an order, ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Version 2010) or IOM General Procurement Principles shall apply. See enclosure.\n\nArticle 2. Corporate social responsibility: Ethical and environmental requirements\n\n2.1 Prequalification\n\nThe ICRC and/or IOM will visit manufacturing plants for prequalification.\n\nIn case the proposed manufacturing plant was not yet visited for prequalification, a visit may be organised.\n\nThe ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of prequalification visits.\n\n2.2 QSE audit compliance\n\nThe ICRC and/or IOM will mandate an external Company to perform a Quality, Social, and Environmental (QSE) audit to short listed Companies (after analysis of the offers and samples).\n\nThe audit report may be shared with members of the inter-organization QSE group.\n\nThe Frame Agreement (FA) will be awarded only upon a positive result of this audit. The ICRC and/or IOM will bear the cost of the audit.\n\nArticle 3. Tendering conditions\n\n3.1 Preferred Suppliers\n\nThe present request for tender is addressed exclusively to manufacturers who are in complete control and have the full responsibility of the manufacturing process.\n\nVertical integration of the production will be preferred.\n\n3.2 Other Preferences\n\nThe ICRC will also prefer to limit the quantities ordered in accordance with the level of production capacities available at time of placing the order.\n\nThe orders should not exceed 30% of the selected supplier's yearly production capacity.\n\nThese requirements are aimed to minimise the impact of the ICRC & IOM's orders on current running business agreements or partnerships of their suppliers.\n\n3.3 Commitment letter\n\nThe Suppliers are requested to provide a \"commitment letter\" stating the following:\n\nThe Suppliers will commit themselves to supply under the Frame Agreement Solar Lamps pre-qualified and manufactured in positively audited plants.\n\nThe Supplier is requested to state:\n\n- The yearly production capacity of the validated plant for each item quoted\n- The different production capacities already mobilised under current engagements with other customers and the remaining potential capacities to dedicate for each of the ICRC & IOM's Solar Lamps production\n- Potential production capacity growth in percentage comparing to the previous year\n- Name and full physical address of the manufacturing plant\n\nFailure to provide accurate information in the letter will result in automatic rejection of the bid.\n\nThis commitment letter will be annexed to the offer as per part 3.11.\n\n3.4 Production launching time & capacity\n\nPlease clearly state in detail your production launching lead-time for Solar Lamps in following cases:\n\n- Small orders (i.e. 1FCL20')\n- Large orders (i.e. 3FCL40'HC)\n\n3.5 Duration of the Frame Agreement\n\nThe FA will be awarded from the date of adjudication and for two years. It may be extended with prior agreement of both Parties.\n\nFor the whole duration of the FA, the ICRC & IOM will place orders with selected Suppliers at the tender price indicated in their offers for the agreed Incoterm® ICC 2010.\n\nThe ICRC & IOM will preferably place orders with the 1 st awarded Supplier.\n\nNevertheless, in case of limited production capacity for the 1 st awarded Supplier at the time of the ICRC & IOM's requirements, the ICRC & IOM reserve the right to place freely an order among other awarded Suppliers.\n\nAs a general rule, the ICRC & IOM will place orders sequentially to the second, third, etc. selected Suppliers.\n\n3.6 Prices, terms and conditions\n\nKindly state your best firm price without VAT in USD or EUR (Table Annex 2 to be used)\n\nPlease indicate your preferred international index for monitoring raw material section. Please also announce an official website for the monitoring of that index.\n\nCost Breakdown: Please state your fixed costs and the variable costs related to raw material clearly in order to adjust the unit price after one year. Please also specify the preferred formula for the price revision in the Annex 2.\n\nSales prices will be revised after one year.\n\nThe Seller will automatically announce to the Buyer the new index level and associated sales prices (Updated price table).\n\nThe Buyer is not obliged to accept the price increase if that one is not justified.\n\n3.7 ICRC tests\n\nOne sample of solar lamp should be sent to the ICRC.\n\nPhysical tests as per attached AQL will be performed on that sample and only suppliers who will pass these tests will be short-listed on a quality stand point.\n\n3.8 Dispatch of the samples\n\nThe transport charge will be borne by the supplier.\n\nPlease, send one sample of Solar Lamp to the following address:\n\nINTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS Logistics Division Attn. Guillaume Sauvage 6, rue du Pré-de-la-Fontaine Meyrin 1217, SWITZERLAND\n\nClosing date for samples delivery at the ICRC: July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time)\n\n3.9 Supplier's registration\n\nSuppliers must be registered with the ICRC & IOM and provide requested documents. For non-registered Suppliers, registration forms will be provided to short listed Companies.\n\n3.10 Dispatch of the offer, closing date\n\nOffers must be received by email by the ICRC on July 31, 2018 at 12:00 (Noon - Geneva time).\n\nEmails shouldn't exceed 5Mo.\n\nEmail address: [email protected]\n\nEmail title must clearly indicate:\n\n\"Tender Documents for Solar Lamp Frame Agreement: RFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068\"\n\nOffers not addressed as such will not be considered and automatically rejected.\n\nRFT/ICRC/IOM/GVA18/0068\n\n3.11 Contents of the offer\n\na. Product offered with full specifications\nb. Commercial offer without VAT (Please fill the table Annex 2) along with your price revision formula\nc. Commitment letter as per part 3.3\nd. Country of production\ne. Type of packing (With and without pallet), net and gross weight, cubic dimensions\nf. Loading capacity per 20' container, 40' container, and 40'HC container\ng. Location of registered office and Company headquarter\nh. Weekly production capacity\ni. Permanent Storage capacity\nj. Validity of offer for supply (Requested until July 30, 2019)\nk. Duly signed ICRC General Conditions on Purchasing (Annex 3) & IOM General Procurement Principles (Annex 4)\nl. Duly signed ICRC & IOM AQL (Annex 1)\nm. Bank information and bank credit attestation issued by your bank (Original document on bank letterhead)\nn. Valid Quality certificates received from inspection companies, if any (For example: ISO, REACH, etc.)\no. Bidder's name, title and signature\np. Date and place\n\n3.12 Offer validity\n\nYour offer must remain valid for acceptance until July 30, 2019.\n\nArticle 4. Conditions of Purchase\n\n4.1 Quality control / Rejected supplies\n\nThe Supplier will be responsible for the quantity and quality delivered according to the agreed specifications and AQL.\n\nICRC & IOM will perform systematic controls on consignment delivered to our warehouses.\n\nIn case of delivery of non-conforming merchandise, Article 12 of the ICRC \"General Conditions on Purchasing\" attached hereto (Annex 4) and forming an integral part of Frame Agreements shall apply as well as AQL penalties (Annex 1).\n\n4.2 Requested labelling on each Solar Lamp\n\nAccording to AQL (Annex 1)\n\n4.3 Specific Marking\n\nTo be defined on each Purchase Order.\n\n4.4 Packing\n\nAccording to AQL (Annex 1)\n\n4.5 Delivery time\n\nThe goods should <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Our SEN Team
Grove Vale Primary are a fully inclusive school. We work hard to meet the needs of all of our pupils. The following documents will give you more information in relation to SEND and how school and home can support children.
If you have any concerns or wish to discuss SEND at our school, please do not hesitate to contact myself or Mrs Pickett via the school main office. Alternatively, you can do this online here using the form located at the bottom of the page.
SENCO/Inclusion Manager - Mrs S Pickett
Intervention Support - Mrs Z Langley
Speech and Language Therapy Support - Mrs K Mateo-Salt
Nurture Lead - Mrs K Tucker
On the Sandwell website you can find lots of information about SEND at what the Local Authority can offer, what support you can access and where you can access help.
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Our SEN Team
Grove Vale Primary are a fully inclusive school. We work hard to meet the needs of all of our pupils. The following documents w
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If you have any concerns or wish to discuss SEND at our school, please do not hesitate to contact myself or Mrs Pickett via the school main office. Alternatively, you can do this online here using the form located at the bottom of the page.
SENCO/Inclusion Manager - Mrs S Pickett
Intervention Support - Mrs Z Langley
Speech and Language Therapy Support - Mrs K Mateo-Salt
Nurture Lead - Mrs K Tucker
On the Sandwell website you can find lots of information about SEND at what the Local Authority can offer, what support you can access and where you can access help.
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Our SEN Team
Grove Vale Primary are a fully inclusive school. We work hard to meet the needs of all of our pupils. The following documents w<cursor_is_here>
If you have any concerns or wish to discuss SEND at our school, please do not hesitate to contact myself or Mrs Pickett via the school main office. Alternatively, you can do this online here using the form located at the bottom of the page.
SENCO/Inclusion Manager - Mrs S Pickett
Intervention Support - Mrs Z Langley
Speech and Language Therapy Support - Mrs K Mateo-Salt
Nurture Lead - Mrs K Tucker
On the Sandwell website you can find lots of information about SEND at what the Local Authority can offer, what support you can access and where you can access help.
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.grovevale.co.uk/about-us/sen-provision\n</url>\n<text>\nOur SEN Team\nGrove Vale Primary are a fully inclusive school. We work hard to meet the needs of all of our pupils. The following documents w<cursor_is_here>\nIf you have any concerns or wish to discuss SEND at our school, please do not hesitate to contact myself or Mrs Pickett via the school main office. Alternatively, you can do this online here using the form located at the bottom of the page.\nSENCO/Inclusion Manager - Mrs S Pickett\nIntervention Support - Mrs Z Langley\nSpeech and Language Therapy Support - Mrs K Mateo-Salt\nNurture Lead - Mrs K Tucker\nOn the Sandwell website you can find lots of information about SEND at what the Local Authority can offer, what support you can access and where you can access help.\n</text>\n",
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Want to Spend the Summer Together Getting Even MORE Awesome?
Let’s Keep the Momentum Going Together.
Many of you want to continue the awesome for the next 4 months (May, June, July, and August) which excites me to no end. 🙂
If that’s YOU, I want you to keep the awesome momentum that you’ve built.
So here’s what I’ve come up with… and what you will get if you choose to join me.
1. You will be a member of the new Awesomization Nation Facebook Group for the Whole Summer. (May, June, July, August) Be surrounded with amazing people who WANT to make their businesses, their lives and the world a better place and be rocked and inspired by the connections you’re making.
2. You’ll get access to the August Awesomization Challenge.
3. You’ll be the leaders of the next challenge since you’ll already be in the group and will have been through the last one.
I made it affordable, of course, because I want this to be fun.
One payment of $36
$10/month for 4 months
“The value of an idea lies in the using of it.” – Thomas A. Edison
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Want to Spend the Summer Together Getting Even MORE Awesome?
Let’s Keep the Momentum Going Together.
Many of you want to continue the awesome for the next 4 months (May, June, July, and August) which excites me to no end. 🙂
If that’s YOU, I want you to keep the awesome momentum that you’ve built.
So here’s what I’ve come up with… and what you will get if you choose to join me.
1. You will be a member of the new Awesomization Nation Facebook Group for the Whole Summer. (May, June, July, August) Be surrounded with amazing people who WANT to make their businesses, their lives and the world a better place and be rocked and inspired by the connections you’re making.
2. You’ll get access to the August Awesomization Challenge.
3. You’ll be
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Want to Spend the Summer Together Getting Even MORE Awesome?
Let’s Keep the Momentum Going Together.
Many of you want to continue the awesome for the next 4 months (May, June, July, and August) which excites me to no end. 🙂
If that’s YOU, I want you to keep the awesome momentum that you’ve built.
So here’s what I’ve come up with… and what you will get if you choose to join me.
1. You will be a member of the new Awesomization Nation Facebook Group for the Whole Summer. (May, June, July, August) Be surrounded with amazing people who WANT to make their businesses, their lives and the world a better place and be rocked and inspired by the connections you’re making.
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://awesomizationnation.com/awesome-summer/\n</url>\n<text>\nWant to Spend the Summer Together Getting Even MORE Awesome?\nLet’s Keep the Momentum Going Together.\nMany of you want to continue the awesome for the next 4 months (May, June, July, and August) which excites me to no end. 🙂\nIf that’s YOU, I want you to keep the awesome momentum that you’ve built.\nSo here’s what I’ve come up with… and what you will get if you choose to join me.\n1. You will be a member of the new Awesomization Nation Facebook Group for the Whole Summer. (May, June, July, August) Be surrounded with amazing people who WANT to make their businesses, their lives and the world a better place and be rocked and inspired by the connections you’re making.\n2. You’ll get access to the August Awesomization Challenge.\n3. You’ll be <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Constantin has been giving some of the best NAMA analysis I have read thus far. I will quote two specific sections I believe are important (but read the whole thing on his blog). Light block quotes are from the draft NAMA legislation. All of this is from Constantin:
(c) a reference to the long-term economic value of the property [bank asset, per point (d) below] comprised in the security for a credit facility that is a bank asset is a reference to the value that the property can reasonably be expected to attain in a stable financial system when current crisis conditions are ameliorated and in which a future price or yield of the asset is consistent with reasonable expectations having regard to the long-term historical average…
So, implicitly, this statement assumes an imposition of some assumptions on:
* What constitutes a stable financial system and how does this system impact the pricing in operative markets – something that is virtually impossible to ascertain as the only functional markets we have a history of relate to the property bubble period? Was our financial system stable when we were lending x10 times income to home buyers? Or was it stable when the likes of AIB were embroiled in a series of massive scandals?
* What constitutes an amelioration of the current crisis – with further issues arising as to what crisis is being meant in this context: the crisis in property markets? in banking? in credit supply? in money supply? in financial assets? in the economy at large? in the Exchequer revenue? in the labour markets? in the markets for land sites? or in demographics? or in all the above?
* What is the relationship that determines the future (expected?) price of an asset or a yield on the asset and what is the assumed relationship between the yield and the price? What determines the relevant expectations mechanism?
* What is the long-term historical average? A 10-year historical average taken from today back 10 years is one thing. A 5 year one is another. Yet a third number can be obtained if the historic average is taken back from some date in the past (say 2007 to 1998) and so on. In reality, there is an infinite number of long-term historic averages that can be taken. Which one will be selected and on what basis is never attempted to be answered in the document.]
(2) Subject to subsection (4), the acquisition value of a bank asset is its long-term economic value as determined by NAMA.
Well, see above on long-term economic valuation, but in effect this is the statement that says it all – there is no price, there is no pricing model, there is not even a hint at the pricing model fundamentals. This is a botched economic analysis that would not warrant a permission to buy a typewriter for the DofF, let alone to ‘invest’ Euro 90bn into any undertaking. And this problem is compunded by the fact that this Bill seals the hatches on risk and credit committees operating NAMA by requiring that their members be NAMA employees or directors and not establishing any independent presence on these committees. This is like having a reactor heading into a meltdown and shutting down your monitoring systems because they are flashing red.
(4) NAMA may, if it considers it appropriate after consultation with the Minister, and subject to any regulations made by the Minister under subsection (5)… determine that the acquisition value to be assigned to particular bank assets or class of bank assets shall be —
(i) their current market value, or
(ii) a greater value (not exceeding their long-term economic value) that NAMA considers appropriate in the circumstances.
But not a lesser value, note. And once again, since there is no market value or a mechanism to attempt establishing some market value testing, this means NAMA will pay above market value for all assets. Furthermore, this section explicitly commits NAMA to use taxpayer funds to pay the real price or more for the given loan! Sickened yet?
Ok, let me explain in a bit more detail. There is an auction with only one bidder. The bidder has stated up front that he will pay any price at or above the market price. But there is no market price. Where do you think the seller will set the opening bid at? If the implicit market value, known to the seller, but not the bidder is X, the seller will set an opening bid at X+y, where y is a positive premium on the ‘stupidity’ of the buyer or on the fact that the buyer has committed to buying the asset and is willing to pay above the market value for it. What will be the reservation price set by the seller? X+y+z, where z is a positive premium on ‘desperation’ of the buyer to acquire the asset. What will be the price paid by the buyer? X+y+z+v, where v is the premium on seller’s skills in convincing the buyer to purchase the asset. v is also non-negative. Done. Basic auction theory, folks. Incidentally, adopting the approach advocated by me in the bullet points below removes: y through forcing the banks to take realistic writedowns first prior to NAMA; and removes z by requiring a simulative establishment of the market which can test the actual price of at least of the assets. One can’t really remove v, for the smarter bankers will always be able to sell to the careless or incompetent, or both, authorities that can author this document in the first place.
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Constantin has been giving some of the best NAMA analysis I have read thus far. I will quote two specific sections I believe are important (but read the whole thing on his blog). Light block quotes are from the draft NAMA legislation. All of this is from Constantin:
(c) a reference to the long-term economic value of the property [bank asset, per point (d) below] comprised in the security for a credit facility that is a bank asset is a reference to the value that the property can reasonably be expected to attain in a stable financial system when current crisis conditions are ameliorated and in which a future price or yield of the asset is consistent with reasonable expectations having regard to the long-term historical average…
So, implicitly, this statement assumes an imposition of some assumptions on:
* What constitutes a stable financial system and how does this system impact th
|
e pricing in operative markets – something that is virtually impossible to ascertain as the only functional markets we have a history of relate to the property bubble period?
|
Was our financial system stable when we were lending x10 times income to home buyers? Or was it stable when the likes of AIB were embroiled in a series of massive scandals?
* What constitutes an amelioration of the current crisis – with further issues arising as to what crisis is being meant in this context: the crisis in property markets? in banking? in credit supply? in money supply? in financial assets? in the economy at large? in the Exchequer revenue? in the labour markets? in the markets for land sites? or in demographics? or in all the above?
* What is the relationship that determines the future (expected?) price of an asset or a yield on the asset and what is the assumed relationship between the yield and the price? What determines the relevant expectations mechanism?
* What is the long-term historical average? A 10-year historical average taken from today back 10 years is one thing. A 5 year one is another. Yet a third number can be obtained if the historic average is taken back from some date in the past (say 2007 to 1998) and so on. In reality, there is an infinite number of long-term historic averages that can be taken. Which one will be selected and on what basis is never attempted to be answered in the document.]
(2) Subject to subsection (4), the acquisition value of a bank asset is its long-term economic value as determined by NAMA.
Well, see above on long-term economic valuation, but in effect this is the statement that says it all – there is no price, there is no pricing model, there is not even a hint at the pricing model fundamentals. This is a botched economic analysis that would not warrant a permission to buy a typewriter for the DofF, let alone to ‘invest’ Euro 90bn into any undertaking. And this problem is compunded by the fact that this Bill seals the hatches on risk and credit committees operating NAMA by requiring that their members be NAMA employees or directors and not establishing any independent presence on these committees. This is like having a reactor heading into a meltdown and shutting down your monitoring systems because they are flashing red.
(4) NAMA may, if it considers it appropriate after consultation with the Minister, and subject to any regulations made by the Minister under subsection (5)… determine that the acquisition value to be assigned to particular bank assets or class of bank assets shall be —
(i) their current market value, or
(ii) a greater value (not exceeding their long-term economic value) that NAMA considers appropriate in the circumstances.
But not a lesser value, note. And once again, since there is no market value or a mechanism to attempt establishing some market value testing, this means NAMA will pay above market value for all assets. Furthermore, this section explicitly commits NAMA to use taxpayer funds to pay the real price or more for the given loan! Sickened yet?
Ok, let me explain in a bit more detail. There is an auction with only one bidder. The bidder has stated up front that he will pay any price at or above the market price. But there is no market price. Where do you think the seller will set the opening bid at? If the implicit market value, known to the seller, but not the bidder is X, the seller will set an opening bid at X+y, where y is a positive premium on the ‘stupidity’ of the buyer or on the fact that the buyer has committed to buying the asset and is willing to pay above the market value for it. What will be the reservation price set by the seller? X+y+z, where z is a positive premium on ‘desperation’ of the buyer to acquire the asset. What will be the price paid by the buyer? X+y+z+v, where v is the premium on seller’s skills in convincing the buyer to purchase the asset. v is also non-negative. Done. Basic auction theory, folks. Incidentally, adopting the approach advocated by me in the bullet points below removes: y through forcing the banks to take realistic writedowns first prior to NAMA; and removes z by requiring a simulative establishment of the market which can test the actual price of at least of the assets. One can’t really remove v, for the smarter bankers will always be able to sell to the careless or incompetent, or both, authorities that can author this document in the first place.
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Constantin has been giving some of the best NAMA analysis I have read thus far. I will quote two specific sections I believe are important (but read the whole thing on his blog). Light block quotes are from the draft NAMA legislation. All of this is from Constantin:
(c) a reference to the long-term economic value of the property [bank asset, per point (d) below] comprised in the security for a credit facility that is a bank asset is a reference to the value that the property can reasonably be expected to attain in a stable financial system when current crisis conditions are ameliorated and in which a future price or yield of the asset is consistent with reasonable expectations having regard to the long-term historical average…
So, implicitly, this statement assumes an imposition of some assumptions on:
* What constitutes a stable financial system and how does this system impact th<cursor_is_here> Was our financial system stable when we were lending x10 times income to home buyers? Or was it stable when the likes of AIB were embroiled in a series of massive scandals?
* What constitutes an amelioration of the current crisis – with further issues arising as to what crisis is being meant in this context: the crisis in property markets? in banking? in credit supply? in money supply? in financial assets? in the economy at large? in the Exchequer revenue? in the labour markets? in the markets for land sites? or in demographics? or in all the above?
* What is the relationship that determines the future (expected?) price of an asset or a yield on the asset and what is the assumed relationship between the yield and the price? What determines the relevant expectations mechanism?
* What is the long-term historical average? A 10-year historical average taken from today back 10 years is one thing. A 5 year one is another. Yet a third number can be obtained if the historic average is taken back from some date in the past (say 2007 to 1998) and so on. In reality, there is an infinite number of long-term historic averages that can be taken. Which one will be selected and on what basis is never attempted to be answered in the document.]
(2) Subject to subsection (4), the acquisition value of a bank asset is its long-term economic value as determined by NAMA.
Well, see above on long-term economic valuation, but in effect this is the statement that says it all – there is no price, there is no pricing model, there is not even a hint at the pricing model fundamentals. This is a botched economic analysis that would not warrant a permission to buy a typewriter for the DofF, let alone to ‘invest’ Euro 90bn into any undertaking. And this problem is compunded by the fact that this Bill seals the hatches on risk and credit committees operating NAMA by requiring that their members be NAMA employees or directors and not establishing any independent presence on these committees. This is like having a reactor heading into a meltdown and shutting down your monitoring systems because they are flashing red.
(4) NAMA may, if it considers it appropriate after consultation with the Minister, and subject to any regulations made by the Minister under subsection (5)… determine that the acquisition value to be assigned to particular bank assets or class of bank assets shall be —
(i) their current market value, or
(ii) a greater value (not exceeding their long-term economic value) that NAMA considers appropriate in the circumstances.
But not a lesser value, note. And once again, since there is no market value or a mechanism to attempt establishing some market value testing, this means NAMA will pay above market value for all assets. Furthermore, this section explicitly commits NAMA to use taxpayer funds to pay the real price or more for the given loan! Sickened yet?
Ok, let me explain in a bit more detail. There is an auction with only one bidder. The bidder has stated up front that he will pay any price at or above the market price. But there is no market price. Where do you think the seller will set the opening bid at? If the implicit market value, known to the seller, but not the bidder is X, the seller will set an opening bid at X+y, where y is a positive premium on the ‘stupidity’ of the buyer or on the fact that the buyer has committed to buying the asset and is willing to pay above the market value for it. What will be the reservation price set by the seller? X+y+z, where z is a positive premium on ‘desperation’ of the buyer to acquire the asset. What will be the price paid by the buyer? X+y+z+v, where v is the premium on seller’s skills in convincing the buyer to purchase the asset. v is also non-negative. Done. Basic auction theory, folks. Incidentally, adopting the approach advocated by me in the bullet points below removes: y through forcing the banks to take realistic writedowns first prior to NAMA; and removes z by requiring a simulative establishment of the market which can test the actual price of at least of the assets. One can’t really remove v, for the smarter bankers will always be able to sell to the careless or incompetent, or both, authorities that can author this document in the first place.
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All of this is from Constantin:\n(c) a reference to the long-term economic value of the property [bank asset, per point (d) below] comprised in the security for a credit facility that is a bank asset is a reference to the value that the property can reasonably be expected to attain in a stable financial system when current crisis conditions are ameliorated and in which a future price or yield of the asset is consistent with reasonable expectations having regard to the long-term historical average…\nSo, implicitly, this statement assumes an imposition of some assumptions on:\n* What constitutes a stable financial system and how does this system impact th<cursor_is_here> Was our financial system stable when we were lending x10 times income to home buyers? 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In reality, there is an infinite number of long-term historic averages that can be taken. Which one will be selected and on what basis is never attempted to be answered in the document.]\n(2) Subject to subsection (4), the acquisition value of a bank asset is its long-term economic value as determined by NAMA.\nWell, see above on long-term economic valuation, but in effect this is the statement that says it all – there is no price, there is no pricing model, there is not even a hint at the pricing model fundamentals. This is a botched economic analysis that would not warrant a permission to buy a typewriter for the DofF, let alone to ‘invest’ Euro 90bn into any undertaking. And this problem is compunded by the fact that this Bill seals the hatches on risk and credit committees operating NAMA by requiring that their members be NAMA employees or directors and not establishing any independent presence on these committees. This is like having a reactor heading into a meltdown and shutting down your monitoring systems because they are flashing red.\n(4) NAMA may, if it considers it appropriate after consultation with the Minister, and subject to any regulations made by the Minister under subsection (5)… determine that the acquisition value to be assigned to particular bank assets or class of bank assets shall be —\n(i) their current market value, or\n(ii) a greater value (not exceeding their long-term economic value) that NAMA considers appropriate in the circumstances.\nBut not a lesser value, note. And once again, since there is no market value or a mechanism to attempt establishing some market value testing, this means NAMA will pay above market value for all assets. Furthermore, this section explicitly commits NAMA to use taxpayer funds to pay the real price or more for the given loan! Sickened yet?\nOk, let me explain in a bit more detail. There is an auction with only one bidder. 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"content": "e pricing in operative markets – something that is virtually impossible to ascertain as the only functional markets we have a history of relate to the property bubble period?",
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Through absolutely pure luck we came across this Louis Vuitton installation at Plaza 66 here in Shanghai. In a desperate bid to keep cool, as its fricking hot here, we made a bee line for this actually fairly nondescript Plaza along the main drag. Its rather quiet inside as you can see from this image although we managed to take some quick images of this enormous luggage shaped exhibition space. To visualise the size of these just look to the right hand corner of this giant piece of luggage in the forefront where the doorway is in order to give you a sense of scale. We also managed to get some cheeky interior shots but we know you wont tell anyone.
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Which of the following statements are correct regarding any session bean life cyle? Answers (Choose 2) 1) The context is injected after the bean is created but before the post construct callback method is invoked on that bean 2) Once removed by a client, a stateless session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 3) Once removed by a client, a stateful session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 4) For each dependency injection of a stateless session bean in another component, a new instance of the injected bean is crea 5) A container may or may not remove a stateful session bean instance when a client calls remove(). ETS Answer: 1 & 3. I agree with that. But i think answer 5 is also correct. Consider the scenario. When a client invokes a remove method, container will not remove the instance if the method throws an application exception and specifies retainIfException=true. Hence answer 5 cannot be ruled out. Since the option 5 itself uses words like "may or may not" , It further cements the fact the answer 5 is a correct option.
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Which of the following statements are correct regarding any session bean life cyle? Answers (Choose 2) 1) The context is injected after the bean is created but before the post construct callback method is invoked on that bean 2) Once removed by a client, a stateless session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 3) Once removed by a client, a stateful session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 4) For each dependency injection of a stateless session bean in another component, a new instance of the injected bean is crea 5) A container may or may not remove a stateful session bean instance when a client calls remove(). ETS Answer: 1 & 3. I agree with that. But i think answer 5 is also correct. Consider the scenario. When a client invokes a remove method, container will not remove the instance if the method throws an application exception and specifies retainIfException=true. Hence answer 5 cannot be ruled out. Since the option 5 itself uses words like "may or m
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Which of the following statements are correct regarding any session bean life cyle? Answers (Choose 2) 1) The context is injected after the bean is created but before the post construct callback method is invoked on that bean 2) Once removed by a client, a stateless session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 3) Once removed by a client, a stateful session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 4) For each dependency injection of a stateless session bean in another component, a new instance of the injected bean is crea 5) A container may or may not remove a stateful session bean instance when a client calls remove(). ETS Answer: 1 & 3. I agree with that. But i think answer 5 is also correct. Consider the scenario. When a client invokes a remove method, container will not remove the instance if the method throws an application exception and specifies retainIfException=true. Hence answer 5 cannot be ruled out. Since the option 5 itself uses words like "may or m<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.coderanch.com/t/423492/java-EJB-SCBCD/certification/ETS-session-bean\n</url>\n<text>\nWhich of the following statements are correct regarding any session bean life cyle? Answers (Choose 2) 1) The context is injected after the bean is created but before the post construct callback method is invoked on that bean 2) Once removed by a client, a stateless session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 3) Once removed by a client, a stateful session bean cannot be used again to service requests from other clients. 4) For each dependency injection of a stateless session bean in another component, a new instance of the injected bean is crea 5) A container may or may not remove a stateful session bean instance when a client calls remove(). ETS Answer: 1 & 3. I agree with that. But i think answer 5 is also correct. Consider the scenario. When a client invokes a remove method, container will not remove the instance if the method throws an application exception and specifies retainIfException=true. Hence answer 5 cannot be ruled out. Since the option 5 itself uses words like \"may or m<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Making Appointments for Lobby Day!
Dear 2006 Lobby Day Participants,
Hello! Thank you for your interest in the Taking Action for Animals Lobby Day. We are looking forward to working with you for a successful lobbying experience. Although ideally it would be wonderful to meet with a legislator in person, in most cases you will be meeting with a member of the legislator's staff. Legislative staffers have tremendous influence over whether or not his/her boss will actively support a pro-animal bill. Therefore, a personal meeting with a legislative staff member is just as critical as meeting with the actual legislator.
Scheduling
As a part of your Lobby Day experience, it is your responsibility to call your legislator's offices and set up meetings. You should attempt to set up 3 meetings total (one meeting with each Senator and one with your Representative). Simply call (not e-mail) the office and request an appointment. Please understand that each office functions uniquely; some offices may ask that you place your request for a meeting in writing.
Please keep the following tips in mind:
* Schedule your meeting between 11:30 am and 3:30 pm on Tuesday, September 5
* When speaking to the legislative office, be sure to mention that you are a constituent
* The average meeting will be 10-15 minutes long. The time it takes to walk between offices could be as much as 30 minutes. Plan accordingly.
Within each office on Capitol Hill, there are staffers that work on specific issues for legislators. When calling the office to set up your meeting, ask for the animal protection staffer.
Here is a basic phone script to give you a sense of what to say to a staffer:
“Hello, my name is _______________, and I am a constituent of Senator/Representative ______________. I will be in Washington, DC on Tuesday, September 5 th , and I was wondering if I could meet with you briefly to discuss some general animal protection legislation with you.”
If the staffer says yes, be sure to make it a convenient time for you. If the animal protection staffer cannot meet with you, ask to meet with a different staffer.
When mentioning that you would like to discuss animal protection issues, it is best to start out really general. Our federal lobbyists will be working with you during the Monday evening workshop (5:15-7:00pm) to help you construct specific messages that would be most appropriate and effective for each staffer with whom you meet.
THE EARLIER YOU SCHEDULE THESE MEETINGS, THE BETTER! Call TODAY! For your specific legislators' specific contact information, please visit www.hsus.org/leglookup
We will be giving you more information to assist you in the actual appointments, don't worry. The main goal right now is to schedule these appointments.
If you run into problems or have any questions, please contact me at [email protected] or (202) 955-3678.
I look forward to assisting you in any way that I can and of course seeing you on Tuesday, September 5 th !
Sincerely,
Kelley Dupps Grassroots Outreach Coordinator The Humane Society of the United States 202-955-3678 [email protected]
LOBBYING TIPS
HOW TO BE AN EFFECTIVE ANIMAL ADVOCATE
Know who represents you at all levels of government. Keep phone numbers and addresses handy, quick action! Help others do the same.
State a clear and concise objective. For example, say that you want to ban canned hunts (specific) -- not just that you want to stop outrageous hunting practices (too broad).
Identify yourself by name and organization (if any) when talking with an elected official.
Explain why this issue is important to you personally. If possible, link the issue to a personal experience or a situation in the elected official's district.
Get to know your elected officials. Make an effort to appear at their town meetings and other events and be sure they hear you ask at least one question on animal issues at each event.
Never lie to or mislead a legislator - especially to someone who is on your side and needs to know the truth about an issue. Trust is essential for a working relationship.
Be aware of previous actions the official has taken on behalf of animals. You can be sure the opposition is aware of the assistance he or she gave on our behalf.
Explain the meaning of terms that may be unfamiliar. For example, explain terms like "canned," "pound seizure," "class B dealers." Broad statements such as "hunting bears with hounds is inexcusable" may reflect how you feel, but doesn't convey a message as to what action needs to be taken by the official.
Explain how important it is for your elected officials to adequately fund animal programs -ranging from local animal control, to state enforcement of wildlife protection laws, to enforcement of the Animal Welfare Act and others. Let them know that this is how you want your tax dollars spent.
Get to know & develop relationships with key people having influence over animals. For example, animal control officers, veterinarians, state wildlife board members, prosecuting attorneys, and health department officials have a major impact on animal protection bills. Legislators listen to their views so work with them whenever possible.
Join forces with other types of groups who may have the same position as you even if for different reasons - such as churches, teachers, chambers of commerce, local universities, or specific industries. Whenever appropriate, get school children to support your efforts.
Wear many hats - not just your animal advocate hat. When lobbying legislators, identify yourself as a parent, businessperson, campaign contributor, or fellow church/club/team member, etc.
Work with legislative staff. They often have more knowledge of the issues and its chances, can give you vital background on the legislation's outlook, and have extraordinary clout.
Get involved in legislative campaigns - as an individual, not a nonprofit group. Volunteer to work, place a campaign sign in your yard, hand out leaflets, or otherwise help get someone elected.
Develop a relationship with reporters, editors and editorial boards in local media outlets.
Do not threaten or antagonize a legislator. If this elected official opposes you, but respects and bears you no animosity, you may find common ground in the future on another issue. But if you make an enemy, that person may take extra steps to defeat the bill you support. A legislator who doesn't agree with you on wildlife issues may be great on companion animal issues and vice versa. Don't make enemies. Today's city council member can be tomorrow's governor.
Refer to bills by their numbers AND name. For example, "Please support SB 405, the Dog Protection Act".
Listen to elected officials' comments and questions on an issue. If they ask how a bill will impact jobs, or medical care, or the budget, you know where their concern is focused. Find ways to address those issues.
Explain terms or abbreviations that may be unfamiliar without explaining their meaning such as USDA, PETA, or even HSUS.
Sometimes we have to compromise. As long as such a change won't harm any animals, consider the situation carefully. Learn legislative strategies that might save a bill otherwise destined to die such as sunset provisions, grand fathering clauses, and placing provisions into regulation instead of a statute.
Thank someone who was helpful. Whenever possible, let your membership know how very helpful the person has been.
Respond to action alerts sent by The HSUS and other groups. When these are sent, legislation is usually close to passage or in a precarious position and your action can make a tremendous difference.
Support H.R. 503 / S. 1915 – American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act
Representatives John Sweeney (R-NY) and John Spratt (D-SC) and Senators John Ensign (R-NV) and Mary Landrieu (D-LA) have introduced H.R. 503/S.1915, The American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act. This legislation bans the slaughter of horses for human consumption and the domestic and international transport of live horses or horseflesh for human consumption. Congress passed an amendment to the FY2006 Agriculture Appropriations amendment by overwhelming and bipartisan majorities in both House (269-158) and Senate (69-28), however the United States Department of Agriculture has refused to implement even this temporary ban on horse slaughter. Passage of a permanent ban is necessary in order to protect American horses.
Horses are our trusted companions, a symbol of grace and beauty, and have contributed greatly to our society throughout history. Horses have never been raised for human consumption in America. However, American horses are being killed for the palates of overseas diners in Italy, France, Belgium, and Japan. Many thousands of live horses are also transported across the border to Canada for slaughter. Show horses, racehorses, foals born as a "byproduct" of the Premarin© industry (a female hormone replacement drug), wild horses, carriage horses, and family horses are victims of the horse slaughter industry. Thousands of horses are stolen every year for the horsemeat trade.
There are only three slaughterhouses in the US – all are foreign-owned. According to the USDA, more than 91,000 American horses were slaughtered in the U.S. in 2005. Another 25,000 are believed to have been shipped live to another country to be slaughtered for human consumption last year.
Where These Horses Come From
Many horses are unknowingly sold to slaughter, while many are stolen and sold for a profit. When California banned horse slaughter, horse theft decreased by 34%. Wild horses often are sold to slaughter. Logs from all three plants show that thousands of wild horses have been slaughtered in recent years. Irresponsible owners who wish to squeeze a final dollar from horses that have served them for years may seek to dispose their animals via slaughter. However, most are purchased at auction, where their former owners have no idea that they will be butchered. Sick, sore, lame, disabled, blind, and pregnant horses are legally trucked and slaughtered. Killer buyers and slaughterhouses try to suggest that all the horses they slaughter are old and past recovery. In truth, some horses may be sick or injured because of neglect but many more are sound and in good health.
A Brutal End
The cruelty of horse slaughter is not limited to the killing, but the entire process involves great suffering. Horses bound for slaughter plants are shipped, frequently over long distances, in inhumane conditions. They are typically given no food, water or rest. Terrified horses and ponies are commonly crammed together and transported to slaughter in double-deck trucks designed for cattle and pigs. The truck ceilings are so low that horses are not even able to hold their heads in a balanced position. Inappropriate floor surfaces cause slips and falls, and sometimes even trampling. Some horses arrive at the slaughterhouse seriously injured or dead.
Under federal law, horses are required to be rendered unconscious prior to slaughter, usually with a captive bolt pistol, which shoots a metal rod into the horse's brain. Conditions in the slaughterhouse are stressful and frightening for horses. Horses are different from cattle due to their instinctive flight response in stressful conditions, making it difficult to accurately stun them prior to slaughter. Our undercover footage has shown that some horses are improperly stunned and are conscious when they are shackled and hoisted by a rear leg to have their throats cut. Death at the slaughterhouse is anything but a humane end for horses.
MYTHS AND FACTS REGARDING HORSE SLAUGHTER
Myth: The ban will lead to an increase in horse abuse and neglect cases.
Fact: A ban on horse slaughter will not lead to an increase in horse abuse and neglect. In California, where horse slaughter was banned in 1998, there has been no corresponding rise in cruelty and neglect cases. Horse theft has dropped by 34% since enactment of the ban. Allowing one's horse to starve is not an option – state anti-cruelty laws prohibit such neglect.
Myth: There is no need for this ban because slaughter is humane euthanasia.
Fact: Horse slaughter is a far cry from humane euthanasia. "Euthanasia" means a gentle, painless death provided in order to prevent suffering. Horse slaughter is a death fraught with terror, pain, and suffering. Horses are shipped for more than 24 hours at a time in crowded double-deck cattle trucks without food, water, or rest. Pregnant mares, foals, injured horses, and even blind horses must endure the journey. Once they arrive, their suffering intensifies – undercover footage obtained by The HSUS demonstrates that fully conscious horses are shackled and hoisted by the rear leg and have their throats slit. Because horses are skittish by nature, it is particularly difficult to align them correctly and ensure that the captive bolt stun gun renders them unconscious. When no other option exists, unwanted horses should be humanely euthanized by a licensed veterinarian rather than placed on a truck, cruelly transported and then butchered. Most horse owners already use humane euthanasia for their older or ill horses.
Myth: Transport guidelines prevent harm to horses shipped to slaughter.
Fact: The 2002 guidelines allow horses to be shipped for more than 24 hours without food, water or rest, with broken limbs, with eyes missing, even heavily pregnant. Industry successfully pushed to delay the prohibition on the use of double-decker trucks until December 7, 2006. The regulations cover only the final journey to the slaughterhouse. If horses are loaded and unloaded at various places as part of their route to slaughter, only the final leg of the trip is covered. Since the enforcement of these guidelines occurs only after the truck reaches the slaughter plant, these guidelines have little preventative effect and allow extreme suffering in transport to continue.
Myth: If horses can no longer be slaughtered, their welfare is at risk due to the lack of adequate equine rescue facilities and uniform standards for them.
Fact: Standards of care have already been developed and embraced by the hundreds of equine rescue and retirement facilities that exist throughout the country that routinely rescue horses from slaughter. All must comply with state and local animal welfare statutes. In an effort to end the slaughter of racehorses, the New York Racing Association has partnered with other groups to launch the "Ferdinand Fee" to raise funds for the care of retired racehorses, and to honor Ferdinand, a former Kentucky Derby winner sent to slaughter. The organizations leading the charge in favor of the Ensign-Byrd amendment are the very organizations that are actively working to provide sanctuaries and solutions for horses that would otherwise go to slaughter.
Myth: Ending horse slaughter will cause environmental harm.
Fact: Hundreds of thousands of horses are safely and humanely disposed of annually by means other than slaughter, and the infrastructure can absorb an increase in numbers. Conversely, the operation of the horse slaughterhouses has a very real negative environmental impact, with two out of the three in violation of current environmental law related to the disposal of blood and other waste materials.
Myth: If this legislation is enacted, the federal government will face the financial burden of care for horses no longer going to slaughter.
Fact: This assertion rests on the false premise that all horses currently going to slaughter would become the financial responsibility of the federal government. Horse owners, not the government, will remain responsible for the care of their horses. Owners who no longer wish to keep their horses and who cannot sell or place their horses in a new home will have the option of humane euthanasia. The average cost for veterinarianadministered euthanasia and carcass disposal – approximately $225, the cost of one month's care – is simply a part of responsible horse ownership.
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Making Appointments for Lobby Day!
Dear 2006 Lobby Day Participants,
Hello! Thank you for your interest in the Taking Action for Animals Lobby Day. We are looking forward to working with you for a successful lobbying experience. Although ideally it would be wonderful to meet with a legislator in person, in most cases you will be meeting with a member of the legislator's staff. Legislative staffers have tremendous influence over whether or not his/her boss will actively support a pro-animal bill. Therefore, a personal meeting with a legislative staff member is just as critical as meeting with the actual legislator.
Scheduling
As a part of your Lobby Day experience, it is your responsibility to call your legislator's offices and set up meetings. You should attempt to set up 3 meetings total (one meeting with eac
|
h Senator and one with your Representative).
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Making Appointments for Lobby Day!
Dear 2006 Lobby Day Participants,
Hello! Thank you for your interest in the Taking Action for Animals Lobby Day. We are looking forward to working with you for a successful lobbying experience. Although ideally it would be wonderful to meet with a legislator in person, in most cases you will be meeting with a member of the legislator's staff. Legislative staffers have tremendous influence over whether or not his/her boss will actively support a pro-animal bill. Therefore, a personal meeting with a legislative staff member is just as critical as meeting with the actual legislator.
Scheduling
As a part of your Lobby Day experience, it is your responsibility to call your legislator's offices and set up meetings. You should attempt to set up 3 meetings total (one meeting with eac<cursor_is_here>
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SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2002 (Membership as of November 2002)
Officers
Chair: E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary of Transportation, Kansas DOT
Vice Chairman: GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California
Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
Members
WILLIAM D. ANKNER,Director, Rhode Island DOT
THOMAS F. BARRY, JR., Secretary of Transportation, Florida DOT
MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas Department of Transportation
JACK E. BUFFINGTON, Research Professor, Mark–Blackwell National Rural Transportation Study Center, University of Arkansas
SARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, D.C.
JOANNE F. CASEY, President, Intermodal Association of North America, Greenbelt, MD
JAMES C. CODELL III,Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
ROBERT A. FROSCH, Senior Research Fellow, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Clark University
LESTER A. HOEL,L.A. Lacy Distinguished Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia
RONALD F. KIRBY, Director-Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
H. THOMAS KORNEGAY, Executive Director, Port of Houston Authority
BRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania DOT
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
JEFF P. MORALES,Director of Transportation, California DOT
DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, D.C.
JOHN REBENSDORF,Vice President, Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Company
CATHERINE L. ROSS, Executive Director, Georgia Regional Transportation Agency
JOHN M. SAMUELS,Senior Vice President, Operations, Planning, & Support, Norfolk Southern Corporation
PAUL P. SKOUTELAS, CEO, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA
MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Executive Director, Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA
MARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley
MICHAEL W. WICKHAM, Chairman and CEO, Roadway Express, Inc., Akron, OH
M. GORDON WOLMAN, Professor of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University
MIKE ACOTT,President, National Asphalt Pavement Association(ex officio)
MARION C. BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and CEO, American Transportation Research Institute (ex officio)
JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator (ex officio)
THOMAS H. COLLINS, (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard) Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
ELLEN G. ENGLEMAN,Research and Special Programs Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT B. FLOWERS (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio)
HAROLD K. FORSEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering (ex officio)
EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)
JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)
MICHAEL P. JACKSON, Deputy Secretary of Transportation, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
RICK KOWALEWSKI,Acting Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT S. KIRK, Director, Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy (ex officio)
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio)
MARGO T. OGE, Director, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. EPA (ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
JON A. RUTTER,Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT (Captain),Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT A. VENEZIA,Earth Sciences Applications Specialist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP
E. DEAN CARLSON,Kansas DOT(Chair)
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO,University of Southern California, Los Angeles
LESTER A. HOEL,University of Virginia
JOHN C. HORSLEY,American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
Field of Special Projects
Project Committee SP 20-5
SUSAN BINDER,Federal Highway Administration
THOMAS R. BOHUSLAV,Texas DOT
DWIGHT HORNE,Federal Highway Administration
YSELA LLORT,Florida DOT
WESLEY S.C. LUM,California DOT
GARY D. TAYLOR,Michigan DOT
J. RICHARD YOUNG, JR.,Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.
MARK R. NORMAN, Transportation Research Board (Liaison)
WILLIAM ZACCAGNINO, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison)
(ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS,Federal Highway Administration
JOHN M. SAMUELS,Norfolk Southern Corporation
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR.,Transportation Research Board
Program Staff
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CRAWFORD F. JENCKS,Manager, NCHRP
DAVID B. BEAL,Senior Program Officer
HARVEY BERLIN, Senior Program Officer
B. RAY DERR, Senior Program Officer
AMIR N. HANNA,Senior Program Officer
EDWARD T. HARRIGAN,Senior Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER HEDGES,Senior Program Officer
TIMOTHY G. HESS, Senior Program Officer
C
RONALD D. M CREADY,Senior Program Officer
CHARLES W. NIESSNER,Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY,Editor
HILARY FREER,Associate Editor
(ex officio)
NCHRP SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
CONSULTANTS
JAMES MIGLETZ
and
JERRY GRAHAM
Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc.
TOPIC PANEL
J. STUART BOURNE, North Carolina Department of Transportation BENJAMIN H. COTTRELL, JR., Virginia Transportation Research Council GENE H. HAWKINS, JR., Texas Transportation Institute DAL J. HAWKS, Utah Department of Transportation NEIL A. HODSON, 3M Center DEBBIE KOZOL, Wisconsin Bureau of Highway Operations FRANK N. LISLE, Transportation Research Board MICHAEL E. ROBINSON, Federal Highway Administration PETER F. RUSCH, Wisconsin Department of Transportation SAMUEL C. TIGNOR, McLean, Virginia
UBJECT
S A
REAS
Design and Operations and Safety
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C. 2002 www.TRB.org
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 306
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research.
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communication and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them.
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs.
NOTE: The Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.
Project 20-5 FY 1999 (Topic 31-07) ISSN 0547-5570 ISBN 0-309-06924-6 Library of Congress Control No. 2002112843
© 2002 Transportation Research Board
Price $19.00
NOTICE
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the Federal Government. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Transportation Research Board evolved in 1974 from the Highway Research Board, which was established in 1920. The TRB incorporates all former HRB activities and also performs additional functions under a broader scope involving all modes of transportation and the interactions of transportation with society.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street Washington, D.C. 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
PREFACE
FOREWORD
By Staff Transportation Research Board
A vast storehouse of information exists on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and engineers. Much of this information has resulted from both research and the successful application of solutions to the problems faced by practitioners in their daily work. Because previously there has been no systematic means for compiling such useful information and making it available to the entire community, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials has, through the mechanism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing project to search out and synthesize useful knowledge from all available sources and to prepare documented reports on current practices in the subject areas of concern.
This synthesis series reports on various practices, making specific recommendations where appropriate but without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Nonetheless, these documents can serve similar purposes, for each is a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. The extent to which these reports are useful will be tempered by the user's knowledge and experience in the particular problem area.
This synthesis report will be of interest to local and state transportation agencies as well as to the pavement marking industry that works with them in long-term pavement marking practices. This report documents the current and best practices for managing pavement marking systems, identifies future needs, and addresses driver needs and methods of communicating information to drivers, selection criteria (e.g., reflectivity, pavement service life, wet weather performance), materials (e.g., color, durability, cost), specifications, construction practices, and inventory management systems. It also explores several challenges facing agencies, including funding, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control after installation, and the shortage of quality labor, and discusses new technologies, methods of performance measurement, and environmental constraints.
Administrators, engineers, and researchers are continually faced with highway problems on which much information exists, either in the form of reports or in terms of undocumented experience and practice. Unfortunately, this information often is scattered and unevaluated and, as a consequence, in seeking solutions, full information on what has been learned about a problem frequently is not assembled. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and full consideration may not be given to available practices for solving or alleviating the problem. In an effort to correct this situation, a continuing NCHRP project has the objective of reporting on common highway problems and synthesizing available information. The synthesis reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP publication series in which various forms of relevant information are assembled into single, concise documents pertaining to specific highway problems or sets of closely related problems.
This report of the Transportation Research Board contains information derived from survey responses from 61 state, province and territory, county, and city transportation agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada to document long-term pavement marking practices and research, and discusses the many different practices among agencies due to variations in structure, policies, and climate. Three types of surveys were distributed: transportation agency, pavement marking equipment/material manufacturers/distributors, and retroreflectometer manufacturers/distributors. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways was used as the guiding document.
To develop this synthesis in a comprehensive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowledge, the available information was assembled from numerous sources, including a large number of state highway and transportation departments. A topic panel of experts in the subject area was established to guide the author's research in organizing and evaluating the collected data, and to review the final synthesis report.
This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As the processes of advancement continue, new knowledge can be expected to be added to that now at hand.
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5
8
13
28
34
39
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Objectives and Scope, 5
Background, 5
Report Organization, 7
CHAPTER TWO PROCESS FOR MAKING DECISIONS ON PAVEMENT
MARKINGS
Deciding Where to Put Pavement Markings, 8
Selecting Pavement-Marking Materials, 8
Deciding When to Remove or Replace Pavement Markings, 11
Summary, 12
CHAPTER THREE DRIVER NEEDS,
RETROREFLECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS
AND INFORMATION THROUGH WORD AND SYMBOL
MARKINGS
Information Needed by Drivers, 13
Minimum Retroreflectivity for Nighttime Visibility of
Pavement Markings, 15
Information Through Pavement Word and Symbol Markings, 20
Summary, 26
CHAPTER FOUR TRAFFIC CRASHES AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Traffic Crashes and Related Statistics, 28
Safety Evaluation, 32
Safety of Marking Crews, 33
Summary, 33
CHAPTER FIVE MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA
Material Selection Factors, 34
Line Width and Patterns, 36
Summary, 38
CHAPTER SIX SPECIFICATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
Specifications for Pavement Markings, 39
Specifications Used by Transportation Agencies, 39
Construction Requirements, 40
Color Specifications, 40
Durability Specifications, 44
Retroreflectivity Specifications, 46
Construction Practices, 49
Summary, 50,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
James Migletz and Jerry Graham, Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc., Independence, Missouri, were responsible for collection of the data and preparation of the report.
James Migletz was responsible for the preparation of this report. Mr. Migletz passed away shortly after completing his work on this report. We wish to acknowledge his dedication in completing this comprehensive study, and his lifetime of outstanding achievement as a transportation researcher and engineer.
Valuable assistance in the preparation of this synthesis was provided by the Topic Panel, consisting of J. Stuart Bourne, Traffic Control/Marketing Engineer, North Carolina Department of Transportation; Benjamin H. Cottrell, Jr., Senior Transportation Research Scientist, Virginia Transportation Research Council; Gene H. Hawkins, Jr., Division Head, Texas A&M System, Texas Transportation Institute; Dal J. Hawks, Region Four Director, Utah Department of Transportation; Neil A. Hodson, 3M Traffic Control Materials Division, 3M Center, St. Paul; Debby Kozol, P.E., Traffic Operations Engineer, Bureau of Highway Operations, Madison; Frank N. Lisle,
Engineer of Maintenance, Transportation Research Board; Michael E. Robinson, Highway Engineer, Federal Highway Administration; Peter F. Rusch, State Traffic Engineer, Wisconsin Department of Transportation; and Samuel C. Tignor, McLean, Virginia.
This study was managed by Stephen Maher and Jon Williams, Managers, Synthesis Studies, who worked with the consultant, the Topic Panel, and the Project 20-5 Committee in the development and review of the report. Assistance in project scope development was provided by Donna Vlasak, Senior Program Officer. Don Tippman was responsible for editing and production. Cheryl Keith assisted in meeting logistics and distribution of the questionnaire and draft reports.
Crawford F. Jencks, Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, assisted the NCHRP 20-5 Committee and the Synthesis staff.
Information on current practice was provided by many highway and transportation agencies. Their cooperation and assistance are appreciated.
LONG-TERM PAVEMENT MARKING PRACTICES
SUMMARY
An important means of communicating information to drivers is through pavement markings. Transportation agencies use longitudinal pavement markings, pavement markers, and word and symbol markings to provide long-term markings for their highway systems. Sixtyone state, province and territory, county, and city agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada were surveyed to document long-term pavement marking practices and research. There are many differences in practices among transportation agencies because of variations in their structure, policies, and climate. In addition, because of changes in technology, driver needs, and environmental constraints, there are many more materials being used and evaluated than in the past. Furthermore, new technologies and methods for measuring the performance of pavement markings have been and continue to be developed, making the scope of the topic area quite broad.
In this report, the current and best practices for pavement markings are highlighted and future needs are identified. The relationship of the practice to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is documented. In addition, the following issues are addressed:
* The process for making decisions on pavement markings,
* Driver needs and ways of communicating information to drivers,
* Traffic crashes related to pavement markings,
* The criteria for selecting materials,
* Specifications and practices,
* Materials,
* Inventory management systems, and
* Performance evaluations using retroreflectometers.
The top four problems and challenges facing transportation agencies and the pavement marking industry are finding the funding for pavement marking programs, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control when markings are installed, and a shortage of quality labor. The estimated total money spent on pavement markings in the year 2000 by the 50 state transportation agencies, 13 Canadian provinces and territories, U.S. counties, and U.S. cities was $1,548,616,821 on 6 148 088 centerline-km (3,818,688 centerline-mi) of highways. The MUTCD specifies and recommends where centerline, lane line, and edge line markings are to be provided based on the type of roadway, the width of traveled way, and the average daily traffic. Some agencies exceed the recommendations of the MUTCD.
Results of research on pavement marking material color, retroreflectivity, and durability are used to improve marking programs. Policies and specifications guide material selection, placement, and evaluation.
Eight state agencies have summarized guidelines for the selection of materials based on 11 factors, the most common being type of line, pavement surface, traffic volume, and type of street and highway. Centerlines and lane lines are more likely to receive durable markings
than edge lines. Interstate highways, freeways, and expressways are more likely to receive durable markings than two-lane, two-way highways. Highways with higher traffic volumes and pavements in new or good condition are more likely to receive durable materials. Most agencies specify the standard line width as 100 mm (4 in.). Wider markings are used to provide greater emphasis.
Drivers encounter difficulties in nighttime guidance because pavement markings often disappear, especially during rain and fog. Increasing retroreflectivity can increase pavement marking visibility and preview distances. A preview time of 2 s was found to be the minimum acceptable limit on roads with properly maintained pavement markings and retroreflective raised pavement markers (RRPMs). At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be visible at least 49 m (162 ft) ahead. A preview time of 3 s is recommended to provide longrange guidance information. At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be seen at least 74 m (243 ft) ahead.
Older drivers require more light to see delineation and are slower to react. It appears that older drivers cannot be accommodated at all speed levels with pavement markings. However, the addition of RRPMs makes it possible to accommodate most drivers.
The standard for measuring pavement-marking retroreflectivity is the 30-m (98.4-ft) geometry. The American Society for Testing and Materials specifies that a new marking is required to have a minimum initial retroreflectivity of 250 millicandelas per square meter per lux (mcd/m 2 /lux) for white markings and 175 mcd/m 2 /lux for yellow markings. Some state agencies require higher initial retroreflectivity, depending on the material, whereas others do not have any initial retroreflectivity requirements.
The FHWA has developed candidate MUTCD criteria for retroreflectivity of pavement markings, but no such criteria have yet been approved and implemented as policy. The criteria are based on speed, road class, color of line, and presence or absence of roadway lighting or RRPMs. The FHWA sponsored research to determine the impact of the minimum retroreflectivity values on a typical state agency. To meet the minimum values, a typical state agency may have to replace as much as 25% of markings in the fall and 45% in the spring. It may be necessary to increase the amount of money spent annually on pavement markings from $2.4 to $3.5 million. However, the increase would be offset by a reduction of fewer than two fatalities.
Pavement marking retroreflectivity under wet pavement conditions averaged only 46% of the comparable values under dry pavement conditions. For example, to achieve a wetpavement retroreflectivity of 150 mcd/m 2 /lux, the marking would need a dry-pavement retroreflectivity of 326 mcd/m 2 /lux.
A scanning tour of European pavement marking practices recommended that all-white pavement markings and tiger tail ramp markings both be studied for U.S. implementation. Chevron markings spaced at 40 m (131 ft) to indicate the proper vehicle spacing reduce tailgating and accidents and have an 80:1 benefit-cost ratio.
The long-term trend in the United States and Canada shows reductions in traffic fatalities. U.S. traffic fatalities decreased 12% from 1988 through 1998, while traffic fatalities in Canada decreased 29%. However, over the 10-year period from 1991 through 2000 traffic fatalities in the United States remained fairly constant, averaging 41,256 fatalities per year (ranging from 39,250 to 42,056). The variation in fatalities appears to be random.
Pavement markings can reduce traffic crashes occurring under darkness. Fatal crashes in the United States are more likely to occur under darkness than injury or property-damageonly crashes. In 1999, 23% (1,449,000) of all traffic crashes in the United States occurred under darkness during normal weather. An FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity showed an 11% reduction in nonintersection traffic crashes occurring at night on dry pavements. In 1999, 4% (270,920) of all crashes occurred under darkness during conditions of rain and/or fog. The FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity did not show a reduction in nonintersection nighttime crashes on wet pavements.
The three types of pavement marking specifications are prescriptive/material, performance-based, and warranty provisions. Of the agencies surveyed, 75% were satisfied with their specifications. Most agencies are confident that they are receiving good materials, but less sure that the application of the markings is adequate. Agencies are starting to use more performance-based and warranty provisions contracts to place more responsibility for quality markings on contractors.
A number of methods are used for preparing the pavement surface for material application including sweeping; air, sand, or water blasting; use of solvents; grinding; and scraping. Air cleaning is often done with a nozzle on the striper located immediately ahead of nozzles that spray the marking material. Surface preparation becomes more complicated when using durable materials and on portland cement concrete pavement. Grinding is the most common method of removing markings. Markings containing hazardous materials, such as lead or chromium, are required be taken away when removed from the pavement.
Sixteen types of materials are being used for longitudinal markings, with state agencies using the largest variety. There has been a shift away from using conventional solvent paint with a high volatile organic compound content. Waterborne paint is the most common material and is used by 78% of the agencies, followed by thermoplastic at 69%. Waterborne paint is striped on almost 60% of the total mileage at a cost of 17% of the total money spent on pavement markings. Thermoplastic is striped on almost 23% of the total mileage at a cost of 35% of the money spent on pavement markings. Durable markings are being used to increase the service life of pavement marking systems. The trend is to have contractors apply durable markings, many of which require specialized equipment and highly trained workers.
The service life of longitudinal pavement markings varies by color of line and type of pavement surface. At a threshold value of 100 mcd/m 2 /lux, white lines have a service life of 34 months, which is 42% greater than the 24-month service life of yellow lines. The longer service life of white materials shows a benefit of an all-white system of pavement markings. Lines on asphaltic concrete pavement have a service life of 33 months, which is 27% greater than the 26-month service life of lines on portland cement concrete pavement. However, service life is highly variable and is affected by material, traffic volume, and other factors.
The service lives, costs, and life-cycle costs of longitudinal pavement markings vary considerably by the type of marking material. The cost of traffic delay because of striping operations and measurement of retroreflectivity can add significantly to the life-cycle cost of longitudinal markings. New products are coming on the market that can improve nighttime visibility in adverse weather and have the potential to improve traffic safety.
Acceptable retroreflectivity in an RRPM is dependant on cumulative traffic volume. Retroreflectivity may last for as little as 6 months on a high-volume freeway with truck traffic. The more durable and expensive RRPMs become cost-effective when average annual daily traffic reaches 10,000 veh/day per lane.
An inventory management system tracks the service life of pavement markings by storing information on installations, inventory, retroreflectivity, specific action steps, costs, and suppliers in a database. The goal of implementing an inventory management system is to enable transportation agencies to select cost-effective markings with increased service lives that will reduce the cost of marking a highway system. Longer-lasting retroreflective markings that reduce traffic crashes will be the benefit of such a system. One-half of the surveyed agencies have implemented or are planning to implement an inventory management system. At this time, agencies have not had enough experience with inventory management systems to realize any benefits.
The FHWA has been promoting techniques to inspect and evaluate pavement markings. Some agencies have specifications and guidelines addressing performance evaluations. New markings are usually inspected within 1 month after placement, but there is no universally accepted schedule for inspecting existing markings. Training courses are available to enable personnel to become more proficient with inspection procedures. Agencies are using 30-m (98.4-ft) retroreflectometers to evaluate retroreflectivity. Field tests of four hand-held and two mobile retroreflectometers showed that measurements collected with these instruments were within an 8% range, which is a good correlation.
Retroreflectivity data were incorporated into a geographical information system to evaluate pavement-marking life cycles and develop predictive models for materials. The ability to efficiently review and query retroreflectivity data by type of pavement marking, condition, location, and jurisdiction benefits both the administrative and operational areas of a transportation agency.
Mobile and hand-held retroreflectometers each have advantages and disadvantages. Agencies selecting a hand-held or mobile retroreflectometer should consider initial capital cost, maintenance costs, manpower resources, required data accuracy, equipment reliability, and compliance with current testing standards.
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SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2002 (Membership as of November 2002)
Officers
Chair: E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary of Transportation, Kansas DOT
Vice Chairman: GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California
Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
Members
WILLIAM D. ANKNER,Director, Rhode Island DOT
THOMAS F. BARRY, JR., Secretary of Transportation, Florida DOT
MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas Department of Transportation
JACK E. BUFFINGTON, Research Professor, Mark–Blackwell National Rural Transportation Study Center, University of Arkansas
SARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, D.C.
JOANNE F. CASEY, President, Intermodal Association of North America, Greenbelt, MD
JAMES C. CODELL III,Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
ROBERT A. FROSCH, Senior Research Fellow, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Clark University
LESTER A. HOEL,L.A. Lacy Distinguished Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia
RONALD F. KIRBY, Director-Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
H. THOMAS KORNEGAY, Executive Director, Port of Houston Authority
BRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania DOT
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
JEFF P. MORALES,Director of Transportation, California DOT
DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, D.C.
JOHN REBENSDORF,Vice President, Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Company
CATHERINE L. ROSS, Executive Director, Georgia Regional Transportation Agency
JOHN M. SAMUELS,Senior Vice President, Operations, Planning, & Support, Norfolk Southern Corporation
PAUL P. SKOUTELAS, CEO, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA
MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Executive Director, Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA
MARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley
MICHAEL W. WICKHAM, Chairman and CEO, Roadway Express, Inc., Akron, OH
M. GORDON WOLMAN, Professor
|
of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University
MIKE ACOTT,President, National Asphalt Pavement Association(ex officio)
MARION C.
|
BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and CEO, American Transportation Research Institute (ex officio)
JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator (ex officio)
THOMAS H. COLLINS, (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard) Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
ELLEN G. ENGLEMAN,Research and Special Programs Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT B. FLOWERS (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio)
HAROLD K. FORSEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering (ex officio)
EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)
JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)
MICHAEL P. JACKSON, Deputy Secretary of Transportation, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
RICK KOWALEWSKI,Acting Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT S. KIRK, Director, Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy (ex officio)
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio)
MARGO T. OGE, Director, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. EPA (ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
JON A. RUTTER,Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT (Captain),Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT A. VENEZIA,Earth Sciences Applications Specialist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP
E. DEAN CARLSON,Kansas DOT(Chair)
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO,University of Southern California, Los Angeles
LESTER A. HOEL,University of Virginia
JOHN C. HORSLEY,American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
Field of Special Projects
Project Committee SP 20-5
SUSAN BINDER,Federal Highway Administration
THOMAS R. BOHUSLAV,Texas DOT
DWIGHT HORNE,Federal Highway Administration
YSELA LLORT,Florida DOT
WESLEY S.C. LUM,California DOT
GARY D. TAYLOR,Michigan DOT
J. RICHARD YOUNG, JR.,Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.
MARK R. NORMAN, Transportation Research Board (Liaison)
WILLIAM ZACCAGNINO, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison)
(ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS,Federal Highway Administration
JOHN M. SAMUELS,Norfolk Southern Corporation
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR.,Transportation Research Board
Program Staff
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CRAWFORD F. JENCKS,Manager, NCHRP
DAVID B. BEAL,Senior Program Officer
HARVEY BERLIN, Senior Program Officer
B. RAY DERR, Senior Program Officer
AMIR N. HANNA,Senior Program Officer
EDWARD T. HARRIGAN,Senior Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER HEDGES,Senior Program Officer
TIMOTHY G. HESS, Senior Program Officer
C
RONALD D. M CREADY,Senior Program Officer
CHARLES W. NIESSNER,Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY,Editor
HILARY FREER,Associate Editor
(ex officio)
NCHRP SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
CONSULTANTS
JAMES MIGLETZ
and
JERRY GRAHAM
Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc.
TOPIC PANEL
J. STUART BOURNE, North Carolina Department of Transportation BENJAMIN H. COTTRELL, JR., Virginia Transportation Research Council GENE H. HAWKINS, JR., Texas Transportation Institute DAL J. HAWKS, Utah Department of Transportation NEIL A. HODSON, 3M Center DEBBIE KOZOL, Wisconsin Bureau of Highway Operations FRANK N. LISLE, Transportation Research Board MICHAEL E. ROBINSON, Federal Highway Administration PETER F. RUSCH, Wisconsin Department of Transportation SAMUEL C. TIGNOR, McLean, Virginia
UBJECT
S A
REAS
Design and Operations and Safety
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C. 2002 www.TRB.org
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 306
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research.
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communication and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them.
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs.
NOTE: The Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.
Project 20-5 FY 1999 (Topic 31-07) ISSN 0547-5570 ISBN 0-309-06924-6 Library of Congress Control No. 2002112843
© 2002 Transportation Research Board
Price $19.00
NOTICE
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the Federal Government. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Transportation Research Board evolved in 1974 from the Highway Research Board, which was established in 1920. The TRB incorporates all former HRB activities and also performs additional functions under a broader scope involving all modes of transportation and the interactions of transportation with society.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street Washington, D.C. 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
PREFACE
FOREWORD
By Staff Transportation Research Board
A vast storehouse of information exists on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and engineers. Much of this information has resulted from both research and the successful application of solutions to the problems faced by practitioners in their daily work. Because previously there has been no systematic means for compiling such useful information and making it available to the entire community, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials has, through the mechanism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing project to search out and synthesize useful knowledge from all available sources and to prepare documented reports on current practices in the subject areas of concern.
This synthesis series reports on various practices, making specific recommendations where appropriate but without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Nonetheless, these documents can serve similar purposes, for each is a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. The extent to which these reports are useful will be tempered by the user's knowledge and experience in the particular problem area.
This synthesis report will be of interest to local and state transportation agencies as well as to the pavement marking industry that works with them in long-term pavement marking practices. This report documents the current and best practices for managing pavement marking systems, identifies future needs, and addresses driver needs and methods of communicating information to drivers, selection criteria (e.g., reflectivity, pavement service life, wet weather performance), materials (e.g., color, durability, cost), specifications, construction practices, and inventory management systems. It also explores several challenges facing agencies, including funding, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control after installation, and the shortage of quality labor, and discusses new technologies, methods of performance measurement, and environmental constraints.
Administrators, engineers, and researchers are continually faced with highway problems on which much information exists, either in the form of reports or in terms of undocumented experience and practice. Unfortunately, this information often is scattered and unevaluated and, as a consequence, in seeking solutions, full information on what has been learned about a problem frequently is not assembled. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and full consideration may not be given to available practices for solving or alleviating the problem. In an effort to correct this situation, a continuing NCHRP project has the objective of reporting on common highway problems and synthesizing available information. The synthesis reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP publication series in which various forms of relevant information are assembled into single, concise documents pertaining to specific highway problems or sets of closely related problems.
This report of the Transportation Research Board contains information derived from survey responses from 61 state, province and territory, county, and city transportation agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada to document long-term pavement marking practices and research, and discusses the many different practices among agencies due to variations in structure, policies, and climate. Three types of surveys were distributed: transportation agency, pavement marking equipment/material manufacturers/distributors, and retroreflectometer manufacturers/distributors. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways was used as the guiding document.
To develop this synthesis in a comprehensive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowledge, the available information was assembled from numerous sources, including a large number of state highway and transportation departments. A topic panel of experts in the subject area was established to guide the author's research in organizing and evaluating the collected data, and to review the final synthesis report.
This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As the processes of advancement continue, new knowledge can be expected to be added to that now at hand.
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CONTENTS
SUMMARY
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Objectives and Scope, 5
Background, 5
Report Organization, 7
CHAPTER TWO PROCESS FOR MAKING DECISIONS ON PAVEMENT
MARKINGS
Deciding Where to Put Pavement Markings, 8
Selecting Pavement-Marking Materials, 8
Deciding When to Remove or Replace Pavement Markings, 11
Summary, 12
CHAPTER THREE DRIVER NEEDS,
RETROREFLECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS
AND INFORMATION THROUGH WORD AND SYMBOL
MARKINGS
Information Needed by Drivers, 13
Minimum Retroreflectivity for Nighttime Visibility of
Pavement Markings, 15
Information Through Pavement Word and Symbol Markings, 20
Summary, 26
CHAPTER FOUR TRAFFIC CRASHES AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Traffic Crashes and Related Statistics, 28
Safety Evaluation, 32
Safety of Marking Crews, 33
Summary, 33
CHAPTER FIVE MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA
Material Selection Factors, 34
Line Width and Patterns, 36
Summary, 38
CHAPTER SIX SPECIFICATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
Specifications for Pavement Markings, 39
Specifications Used by Transportation Agencies, 39
Construction Requirements, 40
Color Specifications, 40
Durability Specifications, 44
Retroreflectivity Specifications, 46
Construction Practices, 49
Summary, 50,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
James Migletz and Jerry Graham, Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc., Independence, Missouri, were responsible for collection of the data and preparation of the report.
James Migletz was responsible for the preparation of this report. Mr. Migletz passed away shortly after completing his work on this report. We wish to acknowledge his dedication in completing this comprehensive study, and his lifetime of outstanding achievement as a transportation researcher and engineer.
Valuable assistance in the preparation of this synthesis was provided by the Topic Panel, consisting of J. Stuart Bourne, Traffic Control/Marketing Engineer, North Carolina Department of Transportation; Benjamin H. Cottrell, Jr., Senior Transportation Research Scientist, Virginia Transportation Research Council; Gene H. Hawkins, Jr., Division Head, Texas A&M System, Texas Transportation Institute; Dal J. Hawks, Region Four Director, Utah Department of Transportation; Neil A. Hodson, 3M Traffic Control Materials Division, 3M Center, St. Paul; Debby Kozol, P.E., Traffic Operations Engineer, Bureau of Highway Operations, Madison; Frank N. Lisle,
Engineer of Maintenance, Transportation Research Board; Michael E. Robinson, Highway Engineer, Federal Highway Administration; Peter F. Rusch, State Traffic Engineer, Wisconsin Department of Transportation; and Samuel C. Tignor, McLean, Virginia.
This study was managed by Stephen Maher and Jon Williams, Managers, Synthesis Studies, who worked with the consultant, the Topic Panel, and the Project 20-5 Committee in the development and review of the report. Assistance in project scope development was provided by Donna Vlasak, Senior Program Officer. Don Tippman was responsible for editing and production. Cheryl Keith assisted in meeting logistics and distribution of the questionnaire and draft reports.
Crawford F. Jencks, Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, assisted the NCHRP 20-5 Committee and the Synthesis staff.
Information on current practice was provided by many highway and transportation agencies. Their cooperation and assistance are appreciated.
LONG-TERM PAVEMENT MARKING PRACTICES
SUMMARY
An important means of communicating information to drivers is through pavement markings. Transportation agencies use longitudinal pavement markings, pavement markers, and word and symbol markings to provide long-term markings for their highway systems. Sixtyone state, province and territory, county, and city agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada were surveyed to document long-term pavement marking practices and research. There are many differences in practices among transportation agencies because of variations in their structure, policies, and climate. In addition, because of changes in technology, driver needs, and environmental constraints, there are many more materials being used and evaluated than in the past. Furthermore, new technologies and methods for measuring the performance of pavement markings have been and continue to be developed, making the scope of the topic area quite broad.
In this report, the current and best practices for pavement markings are highlighted and future needs are identified. The relationship of the practice to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is documented. In addition, the following issues are addressed:
* The process for making decisions on pavement markings,
* Driver needs and ways of communicating information to drivers,
* Traffic crashes related to pavement markings,
* The criteria for selecting materials,
* Specifications and practices,
* Materials,
* Inventory management systems, and
* Performance evaluations using retroreflectometers.
The top four problems and challenges facing transportation agencies and the pavement marking industry are finding the funding for pavement marking programs, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control when markings are installed, and a shortage of quality labor. The estimated total money spent on pavement markings in the year 2000 by the 50 state transportation agencies, 13 Canadian provinces and territories, U.S. counties, and U.S. cities was $1,548,616,821 on 6 148 088 centerline-km (3,818,688 centerline-mi) of highways. The MUTCD specifies and recommends where centerline, lane line, and edge line markings are to be provided based on the type of roadway, the width of traveled way, and the average daily traffic. Some agencies exceed the recommendations of the MUTCD.
Results of research on pavement marking material color, retroreflectivity, and durability are used to improve marking programs. Policies and specifications guide material selection, placement, and evaluation.
Eight state agencies have summarized guidelines for the selection of materials based on 11 factors, the most common being type of line, pavement surface, traffic volume, and type of street and highway. Centerlines and lane lines are more likely to receive durable markings
than edge lines. Interstate highways, freeways, and expressways are more likely to receive durable markings than two-lane, two-way highways. Highways with higher traffic volumes and pavements in new or good condition are more likely to receive durable materials. Most agencies specify the standard line width as 100 mm (4 in.). Wider markings are used to provide greater emphasis.
Drivers encounter difficulties in nighttime guidance because pavement markings often disappear, especially during rain and fog. Increasing retroreflectivity can increase pavement marking visibility and preview distances. A preview time of 2 s was found to be the minimum acceptable limit on roads with properly maintained pavement markings and retroreflective raised pavement markers (RRPMs). At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be visible at least 49 m (162 ft) ahead. A preview time of 3 s is recommended to provide longrange guidance information. At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be seen at least 74 m (243 ft) ahead.
Older drivers require more light to see delineation and are slower to react. It appears that older drivers cannot be accommodated at all speed levels with pavement markings. However, the addition of RRPMs makes it possible to accommodate most drivers.
The standard for measuring pavement-marking retroreflectivity is the 30-m (98.4-ft) geometry. The American Society for Testing and Materials specifies that a new marking is required to have a minimum initial retroreflectivity of 250 millicandelas per square meter per lux (mcd/m 2 /lux) for white markings and 175 mcd/m 2 /lux for yellow markings. Some state agencies require higher initial retroreflectivity, depending on the material, whereas others do not have any initial retroreflectivity requirements.
The FHWA has developed candidate MUTCD criteria for retroreflectivity of pavement markings, but no such criteria have yet been approved and implemented as policy. The criteria are based on speed, road class, color of line, and presence or absence of roadway lighting or RRPMs. The FHWA sponsored research to determine the impact of the minimum retroreflectivity values on a typical state agency. To meet the minimum values, a typical state agency may have to replace as much as 25% of markings in the fall and 45% in the spring. It may be necessary to increase the amount of money spent annually on pavement markings from $2.4 to $3.5 million. However, the increase would be offset by a reduction of fewer than two fatalities.
Pavement marking retroreflectivity under wet pavement conditions averaged only 46% of the comparable values under dry pavement conditions. For example, to achieve a wetpavement retroreflectivity of 150 mcd/m 2 /lux, the marking would need a dry-pavement retroreflectivity of 326 mcd/m 2 /lux.
A scanning tour of European pavement marking practices recommended that all-white pavement markings and tiger tail ramp markings both be studied for U.S. implementation. Chevron markings spaced at 40 m (131 ft) to indicate the proper vehicle spacing reduce tailgating and accidents and have an 80:1 benefit-cost ratio.
The long-term trend in the United States and Canada shows reductions in traffic fatalities. U.S. traffic fatalities decreased 12% from 1988 through 1998, while traffic fatalities in Canada decreased 29%. However, over the 10-year period from 1991 through 2000 traffic fatalities in the United States remained fairly constant, averaging 41,256 fatalities per year (ranging from 39,250 to 42,056). The variation in fatalities appears to be random.
Pavement markings can reduce traffic crashes occurring under darkness. Fatal crashes in the United States are more likely to occur under darkness than injury or property-damageonly crashes. In 1999, 23% (1,449,000) of all traffic crashes in the United States occurred under darkness during normal weather. An FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity showed an 11% reduction in nonintersection traffic crashes occurring at night on dry pavements. In 1999, 4% (270,920) of all crashes occurred under darkness during conditions of rain and/or fog. The FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity did not show a reduction in nonintersection nighttime crashes on wet pavements.
The three types of pavement marking specifications are prescriptive/material, performance-based, and warranty provisions. Of the agencies surveyed, 75% were satisfied with their specifications. Most agencies are confident that they are receiving good materials, but less sure that the application of the markings is adequate. Agencies are starting to use more performance-based and warranty provisions contracts to place more responsibility for quality markings on contractors.
A number of methods are used for preparing the pavement surface for material application including sweeping; air, sand, or water blasting; use of solvents; grinding; and scraping. Air cleaning is often done with a nozzle on the striper located immediately ahead of nozzles that spray the marking material. Surface preparation becomes more complicated when using durable materials and on portland cement concrete pavement. Grinding is the most common method of removing markings. Markings containing hazardous materials, such as lead or chromium, are required be taken away when removed from the pavement.
Sixteen types of materials are being used for longitudinal markings, with state agencies using the largest variety. There has been a shift away from using conventional solvent paint with a high volatile organic compound content. Waterborne paint is the most common material and is used by 78% of the agencies, followed by thermoplastic at 69%. Waterborne paint is striped on almost 60% of the total mileage at a cost of 17% of the total money spent on pavement markings. Thermoplastic is striped on almost 23% of the total mileage at a cost of 35% of the money spent on pavement markings. Durable markings are being used to increase the service life of pavement marking systems. The trend is to have contractors apply durable markings, many of which require specialized equipment and highly trained workers.
The service life of longitudinal pavement markings varies by color of line and type of pavement surface. At a threshold value of 100 mcd/m 2 /lux, white lines have a service life of 34 months, which is 42% greater than the 24-month service life of yellow lines. The longer service life of white materials shows a benefit of an all-white system of pavement markings. Lines on asphaltic concrete pavement have a service life of 33 months, which is 27% greater than the 26-month service life of lines on portland cement concrete pavement. However, service life is highly variable and is affected by material, traffic volume, and other factors.
The service lives, costs, and life-cycle costs of longitudinal pavement markings vary considerably by the type of marking material. The cost of traffic delay because of striping operations and measurement of retroreflectivity can add significantly to the life-cycle cost of longitudinal markings. New products are coming on the market that can improve nighttime visibility in adverse weather and have the potential to improve traffic safety.
Acceptable retroreflectivity in an RRPM is dependant on cumulative traffic volume. Retroreflectivity may last for as little as 6 months on a high-volume freeway with truck traffic. The more durable and expensive RRPMs become cost-effective when average annual daily traffic reaches 10,000 veh/day per lane.
An inventory management system tracks the service life of pavement markings by storing information on installations, inventory, retroreflectivity, specific action steps, costs, and suppliers in a database. The goal of implementing an inventory management system is to enable transportation agencies to select cost-effective markings with increased service lives that will reduce the cost of marking a highway system. Longer-lasting retroreflective markings that reduce traffic crashes will be the benefit of such a system. One-half of the surveyed agencies have implemented or are planning to implement an inventory management system. At this time, agencies have not had enough experience with inventory management systems to realize any benefits.
The FHWA has been promoting techniques to inspect and evaluate pavement markings. Some agencies have specifications and guidelines addressing performance evaluations. New markings are usually inspected within 1 month after placement, but there is no universally accepted schedule for inspecting existing markings. Training courses are available to enable personnel to become more proficient with inspection procedures. Agencies are using 30-m (98.4-ft) retroreflectometers to evaluate retroreflectivity. Field tests of four hand-held and two mobile retroreflectometers showed that measurements collected with these instruments were within an 8% range, which is a good correlation.
Retroreflectivity data were incorporated into a geographical information system to evaluate pavement-marking life cycles and develop predictive models for materials. The ability to efficiently review and query retroreflectivity data by type of pavement marking, condition, location, and jurisdiction benefits both the administrative and operational areas of a transportation agency.
Mobile and hand-held retroreflectometers each have advantages and disadvantages. Agencies selecting a hand-held or mobile retroreflectometer should consider initial capital cost, maintenance costs, manpower resources, required data accuracy, equipment reliability, and compliance with current testing standards.
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SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2002 (Membership as of November 2002)
Officers
Chair: E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary of Transportation, Kansas DOT
Vice Chairman: GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California
Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
Members
WILLIAM D. ANKNER,Director, Rhode Island DOT
THOMAS F. BARRY, JR., Secretary of Transportation, Florida DOT
MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas Department of Transportation
JACK E. BUFFINGTON, Research Professor, Mark–Blackwell National Rural Transportation Study Center, University of Arkansas
SARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, D.C.
JOANNE F. CASEY, President, Intermodal Association of North America, Greenbelt, MD
JAMES C. CODELL III,Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
ROBERT A. FROSCH, Senior Research Fellow, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Clark University
LESTER A. HOEL,L.A. Lacy Distinguished Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia
RONALD F. KIRBY, Director-Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
H. THOMAS KORNEGAY, Executive Director, Port of Houston Authority
BRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania DOT
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
JEFF P. MORALES,Director of Transportation, California DOT
DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, D.C.
JOHN REBENSDORF,Vice President, Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Company
CATHERINE L. ROSS, Executive Director, Georgia Regional Transportation Agency
JOHN M. SAMUELS,Senior Vice President, Operations, Planning, & Support, Norfolk Southern Corporation
PAUL P. SKOUTELAS, CEO, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA
MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Executive Director, Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA
MARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley
MICHAEL W. WICKHAM, Chairman and CEO, Roadway Express, Inc., Akron, OH
M. GORDON WOLMAN, Professor <cursor_is_here> BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and CEO, American Transportation Research Institute (ex officio)
JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator (ex officio)
THOMAS H. COLLINS, (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard) Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
ELLEN G. ENGLEMAN,Research and Special Programs Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT B. FLOWERS (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio)
HAROLD K. FORSEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering (ex officio)
EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)
JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)
MICHAEL P. JACKSON, Deputy Secretary of Transportation, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
RICK KOWALEWSKI,Acting Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT S. KIRK, Director, Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy (ex officio)
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio)
MARGO T. OGE, Director, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. EPA (ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)
JON A. RUTTER,Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT (Captain),Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT(ex officio)
ROBERT A. VENEZIA,Earth Sciences Applications Specialist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP
E. DEAN CARLSON,Kansas DOT(Chair)
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO,University of Southern California, Los Angeles
LESTER A. HOEL,University of Virginia
JOHN C. HORSLEY,American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
Field of Special Projects
Project Committee SP 20-5
SUSAN BINDER,Federal Highway Administration
THOMAS R. BOHUSLAV,Texas DOT
DWIGHT HORNE,Federal Highway Administration
YSELA LLORT,Florida DOT
WESLEY S.C. LUM,California DOT
GARY D. TAYLOR,Michigan DOT
J. RICHARD YOUNG, JR.,Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.
MARK R. NORMAN, Transportation Research Board (Liaison)
WILLIAM ZACCAGNINO, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison)
(ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS,Federal Highway Administration
JOHN M. SAMUELS,Norfolk Southern Corporation
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR.,Transportation Research Board
Program Staff
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CRAWFORD F. JENCKS,Manager, NCHRP
DAVID B. BEAL,Senior Program Officer
HARVEY BERLIN, Senior Program Officer
B. RAY DERR, Senior Program Officer
AMIR N. HANNA,Senior Program Officer
EDWARD T. HARRIGAN,Senior Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER HEDGES,Senior Program Officer
TIMOTHY G. HESS, Senior Program Officer
C
RONALD D. M CREADY,Senior Program Officer
CHARLES W. NIESSNER,Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY,Editor
HILARY FREER,Associate Editor
(ex officio)
NCHRP SYNTHESIS 306
Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
CONSULTANTS
JAMES MIGLETZ
and
JERRY GRAHAM
Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc.
TOPIC PANEL
J. STUART BOURNE, North Carolina Department of Transportation BENJAMIN H. COTTRELL, JR., Virginia Transportation Research Council GENE H. HAWKINS, JR., Texas Transportation Institute DAL J. HAWKS, Utah Department of Transportation NEIL A. HODSON, 3M Center DEBBIE KOZOL, Wisconsin Bureau of Highway Operations FRANK N. LISLE, Transportation Research Board MICHAEL E. ROBINSON, Federal Highway Administration PETER F. RUSCH, Wisconsin Department of Transportation SAMUEL C. TIGNOR, McLean, Virginia
UBJECT
S A
REAS
Design and Operations and Safety
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C. 2002 www.TRB.org
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 306
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research.
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communication and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them.
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs.
NOTE: The Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.
Project 20-5 FY 1999 (Topic 31-07) ISSN 0547-5570 ISBN 0-309-06924-6 Library of Congress Control No. 2002112843
© 2002 Transportation Research Board
Price $19.00
NOTICE
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the Federal Government. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Transportation Research Board evolved in 1974 from the Highway Research Board, which was established in 1920. The TRB incorporates all former HRB activities and also performs additional functions under a broader scope involving all modes of transportation and the interactions of transportation with society.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street Washington, D.C. 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
PREFACE
FOREWORD
By Staff Transportation Research Board
A vast storehouse of information exists on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and engineers. Much of this information has resulted from both research and the successful application of solutions to the problems faced by practitioners in their daily work. Because previously there has been no systematic means for compiling such useful information and making it available to the entire community, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials has, through the mechanism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing project to search out and synthesize useful knowledge from all available sources and to prepare documented reports on current practices in the subject areas of concern.
This synthesis series reports on various practices, making specific recommendations where appropriate but without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Nonetheless, these documents can serve similar purposes, for each is a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. The extent to which these reports are useful will be tempered by the user's knowledge and experience in the particular problem area.
This synthesis report will be of interest to local and state transportation agencies as well as to the pavement marking industry that works with them in long-term pavement marking practices. This report documents the current and best practices for managing pavement marking systems, identifies future needs, and addresses driver needs and methods of communicating information to drivers, selection criteria (e.g., reflectivity, pavement service life, wet weather performance), materials (e.g., color, durability, cost), specifications, construction practices, and inventory management systems. It also explores several challenges facing agencies, including funding, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control after installation, and the shortage of quality labor, and discusses new technologies, methods of performance measurement, and environmental constraints.
Administrators, engineers, and researchers are continually faced with highway problems on which much information exists, either in the form of reports or in terms of undocumented experience and practice. Unfortunately, this information often is scattered and unevaluated and, as a consequence, in seeking solutions, full information on what has been learned about a problem frequently is not assembled. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and full consideration may not be given to available practices for solving or alleviating the problem. In an effort to correct this situation, a continuing NCHRP project has the objective of reporting on common highway problems and synthesizing available information. The synthesis reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP publication series in which various forms of relevant information are assembled into single, concise documents pertaining to specific highway problems or sets of closely related problems.
This report of the Transportation Research Board contains information derived from survey responses from 61 state, province and territory, county, and city transportation agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada to document long-term pavement marking practices and research, and discusses the many different practices among agencies due to variations in structure, policies, and climate. Three types of surveys were distributed: transportation agency, pavement marking equipment/material manufacturers/distributors, and retroreflectometer manufacturers/distributors. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways was used as the guiding document.
To develop this synthesis in a comprehensive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowledge, the available information was assembled from numerous sources, including a large number of state highway and transportation departments. A topic panel of experts in the subject area was established to guide the author's research in organizing and evaluating the collected data, and to review the final synthesis report.
This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As the processes of advancement continue, new knowledge can be expected to be added to that now at hand.
1
5
8
13
28
34
39
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Objectives and Scope, 5
Background, 5
Report Organization, 7
CHAPTER TWO PROCESS FOR MAKING DECISIONS ON PAVEMENT
MARKINGS
Deciding Where to Put Pavement Markings, 8
Selecting Pavement-Marking Materials, 8
Deciding When to Remove or Replace Pavement Markings, 11
Summary, 12
CHAPTER THREE DRIVER NEEDS,
RETROREFLECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS
AND INFORMATION THROUGH WORD AND SYMBOL
MARKINGS
Information Needed by Drivers, 13
Minimum Retroreflectivity for Nighttime Visibility of
Pavement Markings, 15
Information Through Pavement Word and Symbol Markings, 20
Summary, 26
CHAPTER FOUR TRAFFIC CRASHES AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Traffic Crashes and Related Statistics, 28
Safety Evaluation, 32
Safety of Marking Crews, 33
Summary, 33
CHAPTER FIVE MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA
Material Selection Factors, 34
Line Width and Patterns, 36
Summary, 38
CHAPTER SIX SPECIFICATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
Specifications for Pavement Markings, 39
Specifications Used by Transportation Agencies, 39
Construction Requirements, 40
Color Specifications, 40
Durability Specifications, 44
Retroreflectivity Specifications, 46
Construction Practices, 49
Summary, 50,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
James Migletz and Jerry Graham, Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc., Independence, Missouri, were responsible for collection of the data and preparation of the report.
James Migletz was responsible for the preparation of this report. Mr. Migletz passed away shortly after completing his work on this report. We wish to acknowledge his dedication in completing this comprehensive study, and his lifetime of outstanding achievement as a transportation researcher and engineer.
Valuable assistance in the preparation of this synthesis was provided by the Topic Panel, consisting of J. Stuart Bourne, Traffic Control/Marketing Engineer, North Carolina Department of Transportation; Benjamin H. Cottrell, Jr., Senior Transportation Research Scientist, Virginia Transportation Research Council; Gene H. Hawkins, Jr., Division Head, Texas A&M System, Texas Transportation Institute; Dal J. Hawks, Region Four Director, Utah Department of Transportation; Neil A. Hodson, 3M Traffic Control Materials Division, 3M Center, St. Paul; Debby Kozol, P.E., Traffic Operations Engineer, Bureau of Highway Operations, Madison; Frank N. Lisle,
Engineer of Maintenance, Transportation Research Board; Michael E. Robinson, Highway Engineer, Federal Highway Administration; Peter F. Rusch, State Traffic Engineer, Wisconsin Department of Transportation; and Samuel C. Tignor, McLean, Virginia.
This study was managed by Stephen Maher and Jon Williams, Managers, Synthesis Studies, who worked with the consultant, the Topic Panel, and the Project 20-5 Committee in the development and review of the report. Assistance in project scope development was provided by Donna Vlasak, Senior Program Officer. Don Tippman was responsible for editing and production. Cheryl Keith assisted in meeting logistics and distribution of the questionnaire and draft reports.
Crawford F. Jencks, Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, assisted the NCHRP 20-5 Committee and the Synthesis staff.
Information on current practice was provided by many highway and transportation agencies. Their cooperation and assistance are appreciated.
LONG-TERM PAVEMENT MARKING PRACTICES
SUMMARY
An important means of communicating information to drivers is through pavement markings. Transportation agencies use longitudinal pavement markings, pavement markers, and word and symbol markings to provide long-term markings for their highway systems. Sixtyone state, province and territory, county, and city agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada were surveyed to document long-term pavement marking practices and research. There are many differences in practices among transportation agencies because of variations in their structure, policies, and climate. In addition, because of changes in technology, driver needs, and environmental constraints, there are many more materials being used and evaluated than in the past. Furthermore, new technologies and methods for measuring the performance of pavement markings have been and continue to be developed, making the scope of the topic area quite broad.
In this report, the current and best practices for pavement markings are highlighted and future needs are identified. The relationship of the practice to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is documented. In addition, the following issues are addressed:
* The process for making decisions on pavement markings,
* Driver needs and ways of communicating information to drivers,
* Traffic crashes related to pavement markings,
* The criteria for selecting materials,
* Specifications and practices,
* Materials,
* Inventory management systems, and
* Performance evaluations using retroreflectometers.
The top four problems and challenges facing transportation agencies and the pavement marking industry are finding the funding for pavement marking programs, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control when markings are installed, and a shortage of quality labor. The estimated total money spent on pavement markings in the year 2000 by the 50 state transportation agencies, 13 Canadian provinces and territories, U.S. counties, and U.S. cities was $1,548,616,821 on 6 148 088 centerline-km (3,818,688 centerline-mi) of highways. The MUTCD specifies and recommends where centerline, lane line, and edge line markings are to be provided based on the type of roadway, the width of traveled way, and the average daily traffic. Some agencies exceed the recommendations of the MUTCD.
Results of research on pavement marking material color, retroreflectivity, and durability are used to improve marking programs. Policies and specifications guide material selection, placement, and evaluation.
Eight state agencies have summarized guidelines for the selection of materials based on 11 factors, the most common being type of line, pavement surface, traffic volume, and type of street and highway. Centerlines and lane lines are more likely to receive durable markings
than edge lines. Interstate highways, freeways, and expressways are more likely to receive durable markings than two-lane, two-way highways. Highways with higher traffic volumes and pavements in new or good condition are more likely to receive durable materials. Most agencies specify the standard line width as 100 mm (4 in.). Wider markings are used to provide greater emphasis.
Drivers encounter difficulties in nighttime guidance because pavement markings often disappear, especially during rain and fog. Increasing retroreflectivity can increase pavement marking visibility and preview distances. A preview time of 2 s was found to be the minimum acceptable limit on roads with properly maintained pavement markings and retroreflective raised pavement markers (RRPMs). At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be visible at least 49 m (162 ft) ahead. A preview time of 3 s is recommended to provide longrange guidance information. At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be seen at least 74 m (243 ft) ahead.
Older drivers require more light to see delineation and are slower to react. It appears that older drivers cannot be accommodated at all speed levels with pavement markings. However, the addition of RRPMs makes it possible to accommodate most drivers.
The standard for measuring pavement-marking retroreflectivity is the 30-m (98.4-ft) geometry. The American Society for Testing and Materials specifies that a new marking is required to have a minimum initial retroreflectivity of 250 millicandelas per square meter per lux (mcd/m 2 /lux) for white markings and 175 mcd/m 2 /lux for yellow markings. Some state agencies require higher initial retroreflectivity, depending on the material, whereas others do not have any initial retroreflectivity requirements.
The FHWA has developed candidate MUTCD criteria for retroreflectivity of pavement markings, but no such criteria have yet been approved and implemented as policy. The criteria are based on speed, road class, color of line, and presence or absence of roadway lighting or RRPMs. The FHWA sponsored research to determine the impact of the minimum retroreflectivity values on a typical state agency. To meet the minimum values, a typical state agency may have to replace as much as 25% of markings in the fall and 45% in the spring. It may be necessary to increase the amount of money spent annually on pavement markings from $2.4 to $3.5 million. However, the increase would be offset by a reduction of fewer than two fatalities.
Pavement marking retroreflectivity under wet pavement conditions averaged only 46% of the comparable values under dry pavement conditions. For example, to achieve a wetpavement retroreflectivity of 150 mcd/m 2 /lux, the marking would need a dry-pavement retroreflectivity of 326 mcd/m 2 /lux.
A scanning tour of European pavement marking practices recommended that all-white pavement markings and tiger tail ramp markings both be studied for U.S. implementation. Chevron markings spaced at 40 m (131 ft) to indicate the proper vehicle spacing reduce tailgating and accidents and have an 80:1 benefit-cost ratio.
The long-term trend in the United States and Canada shows reductions in traffic fatalities. U.S. traffic fatalities decreased 12% from 1988 through 1998, while traffic fatalities in Canada decreased 29%. However, over the 10-year period from 1991 through 2000 traffic fatalities in the United States remained fairly constant, averaging 41,256 fatalities per year (ranging from 39,250 to 42,056). The variation in fatalities appears to be random.
Pavement markings can reduce traffic crashes occurring under darkness. Fatal crashes in the United States are more likely to occur under darkness than injury or property-damageonly crashes. In 1999, 23% (1,449,000) of all traffic crashes in the United States occurred under darkness during normal weather. An FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity showed an 11% reduction in nonintersection traffic crashes occurring at night on dry pavements. In 1999, 4% (270,920) of all crashes occurred under darkness during conditions of rain and/or fog. The FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity did not show a reduction in nonintersection nighttime crashes on wet pavements.
The three types of pavement marking specifications are prescriptive/material, performance-based, and warranty provisions. Of the agencies surveyed, 75% were satisfied with their specifications. Most agencies are confident that they are receiving good materials, but less sure that the application of the markings is adequate. Agencies are starting to use more performance-based and warranty provisions contracts to place more responsibility for quality markings on contractors.
A number of methods are used for preparing the pavement surface for material application including sweeping; air, sand, or water blasting; use of solvents; grinding; and scraping. Air cleaning is often done with a nozzle on the striper located immediately ahead of nozzles that spray the marking material. Surface preparation becomes more complicated when using durable materials and on portland cement concrete pavement. Grinding is the most common method of removing markings. Markings containing hazardous materials, such as lead or chromium, are required be taken away when removed from the pavement.
Sixteen types of materials are being used for longitudinal markings, with state agencies using the largest variety. There has been a shift away from using conventional solvent paint with a high volatile organic compound content. Waterborne paint is the most common material and is used by 78% of the agencies, followed by thermoplastic at 69%. Waterborne paint is striped on almost 60% of the total mileage at a cost of 17% of the total money spent on pavement markings. Thermoplastic is striped on almost 23% of the total mileage at a cost of 35% of the money spent on pavement markings. Durable markings are being used to increase the service life of pavement marking systems. The trend is to have contractors apply durable markings, many of which require specialized equipment and highly trained workers.
The service life of longitudinal pavement markings varies by color of line and type of pavement surface. At a threshold value of 100 mcd/m 2 /lux, white lines have a service life of 34 months, which is 42% greater than the 24-month service life of yellow lines. The longer service life of white materials shows a benefit of an all-white system of pavement markings. Lines on asphaltic concrete pavement have a service life of 33 months, which is 27% greater than the 26-month service life of lines on portland cement concrete pavement. However, service life is highly variable and is affected by material, traffic volume, and other factors.
The service lives, costs, and life-cycle costs of longitudinal pavement markings vary considerably by the type of marking material. The cost of traffic delay because of striping operations and measurement of retroreflectivity can add significantly to the life-cycle cost of longitudinal markings. New products are coming on the market that can improve nighttime visibility in adverse weather and have the potential to improve traffic safety.
Acceptable retroreflectivity in an RRPM is dependant on cumulative traffic volume. Retroreflectivity may last for as little as 6 months on a high-volume freeway with truck traffic. The more durable and expensive RRPMs become cost-effective when average annual daily traffic reaches 10,000 veh/day per lane.
An inventory management system tracks the service life of pavement markings by storing information on installations, inventory, retroreflectivity, specific action steps, costs, and suppliers in a database. The goal of implementing an inventory management system is to enable transportation agencies to select cost-effective markings with increased service lives that will reduce the cost of marking a highway system. Longer-lasting retroreflective markings that reduce traffic crashes will be the benefit of such a system. One-half of the surveyed agencies have implemented or are planning to implement an inventory management system. At this time, agencies have not had enough experience with inventory management systems to realize any benefits.
The FHWA has been promoting techniques to inspect and evaluate pavement markings. Some agencies have specifications and guidelines addressing performance evaluations. New markings are usually inspected within 1 month after placement, but there is no universally accepted schedule for inspecting existing markings. Training courses are available to enable personnel to become more proficient with inspection procedures. Agencies are using 30-m (98.4-ft) retroreflectometers to evaluate retroreflectivity. Field tests of four hand-held and two mobile retroreflectometers showed that measurements collected with these instruments were within an 8% range, which is a good correlation.
Retroreflectivity data were incorporated into a geographical information system to evaluate pavement-marking life cycles and develop predictive models for materials. The ability to efficiently review and query retroreflectivity data by type of pavement marking, condition, location, and jurisdiction benefits both the administrative and operational areas of a transportation agency.
Mobile and hand-held retroreflectometers each have advantages and disadvantages. Agencies selecting a hand-held or mobile retroreflectometer should consider initial capital cost, maintenance costs, manpower resources, required data accuracy, equipment reliability, and compliance with current testing standards.
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_syn_306_1-14.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nSYNTHESIS 306\n\nLong-Term Pavement Marking Practices\n\nA Synthesis of Highway Practice\n\nTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD\n\nOF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES\n\nNATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM\n\nSYNTHESIS 306\n\nLong-Term Pavement Marking Practices\n\nA Synthesis of Highway Practice\n\nTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD\n\nOF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES\n\nNATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM\n\nTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2002 (Membership as of November 2002)\n\nOfficers\n\nChair: E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary of Transportation, Kansas DOT\n\nVice Chairman: GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California\n\nExecutive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board\n\nMembers\n\nWILLIAM D. ANKNER,Director, Rhode Island DOT\n\nTHOMAS F. BARRY, JR., Secretary of Transportation, Florida DOT\n\nMICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas Department of Transportation\n\nJACK E. BUFFINGTON, Research Professor, Mark–Blackwell National Rural Transportation Study Center, University of Arkansas\n\nSARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, D.C.\n\nJOANNE F. CASEY, President, Intermodal Association of North America, Greenbelt, MD\n\nJAMES C. CODELL III,Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet\n\nJOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads\n\nROBERT A. FROSCH, Senior Research Fellow, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University\n\nSUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Clark University\n\nLESTER A. HOEL,L.A. Lacy Distinguished Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia\n\nRONALD F. KIRBY, Director-Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments\n\nH. THOMAS KORNEGAY, Executive Director, Port of Houston Authority\n\nBRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania DOT\n\nMICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology\n\nJEFF P. MORALES,Director of Transportation, California DOT\n\nDAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, D.C.\n\nJOHN REBENSDORF,Vice President, Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Company\n\nCATHERINE L. ROSS, Executive Director, Georgia Regional Transportation Agency\n\nJOHN M. SAMUELS,Senior Vice President, Operations, Planning, & Support, Norfolk Southern Corporation\n\nPAUL P. SKOUTELAS, CEO, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA\n\nMICHAEL S. TOWNES, Executive Director, Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA\n\nMARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley\n\nMICHAEL W. WICKHAM, Chairman and CEO, Roadway Express, Inc., Akron, OH\n\nM. GORDON WOLMAN, Professor <cursor_is_here> BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT (ex officio)\n\nREBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and CEO, American Transportation Research Institute (ex officio)\n\nJOSEPH M. CLAPP, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator (ex officio)\n\nTHOMAS H. COLLINS, (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard) Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard\n\nJENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)\n\nELLEN G. ENGLEMAN,Research and Special Programs Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)\n\nROBERT B. FLOWERS (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio)\n\nHAROLD K. FORSEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering (ex officio)\n\nEDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)\n\nJOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)\n\nMICHAEL P. JACKSON, Deputy Secretary of Transportation, U.S. DOT (ex officio)\n\nRICK KOWALEWSKI,Acting Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. DOT(ex officio)\n\nROBERT S. KIRK, Director, Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy (ex officio)\n\nWILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio)\n\nMARGO T. OGE, Director, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. EPA (ex officio)\n\nMARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)\n\nJEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S. DOT (ex officio)\n\nJON A. RUTTER,Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. DOT(ex officio)\n\nWILLIAM G. SCHUBERT (Captain),Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT(ex officio)\n\nROBERT A. VENEZIA,Earth Sciences Applications Specialist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n\nNATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM\n\nTransportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP\n\nE. DEAN CARLSON,Kansas DOT(Chair)\n\nGENEVIEVE GIULIANO,University of Southern California, Los Angeles\n\nLESTER A. HOEL,University of Virginia\n\nJOHN C. HORSLEY,American Association of State Highway and\n\nTransportation Officials\n\nField of Special Projects\n\nProject Committee SP 20-5\n\nSUSAN BINDER,Federal Highway Administration\n\nTHOMAS R. BOHUSLAV,Texas DOT\n\nDWIGHT HORNE,Federal Highway Administration\n\nYSELA LLORT,Florida DOT\n\nWESLEY S.C. LUM,California DOT\n\nGARY D. TAYLOR,Michigan DOT\n\nJ. RICHARD YOUNG, JR.,Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.\n\nMARK R. NORMAN, Transportation Research Board (Liaison)\n\nWILLIAM ZACCAGNINO, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison)\n\n(ex officio)\n\nMARY E. PETERS,Federal Highway Administration\n\nJOHN M. SAMUELS,Norfolk Southern Corporation\n\nROBERT E. SKINNER, JR.,Transportation Research Board\n\nProgram Staff\n\nROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs\n\nCRAWFORD F. JENCKS,Manager, NCHRP\n\nDAVID B. BEAL,Senior Program Officer\n\nHARVEY BERLIN, Senior Program Officer\n\nB. RAY DERR, Senior Program Officer\n\nAMIR N. HANNA,Senior Program Officer\n\nEDWARD T. HARRIGAN,Senior Program Officer\n\nCHRISTOPHER HEDGES,Senior Program Officer\n\nTIMOTHY G. HESS, Senior Program Officer\n\nC\n\nRONALD D. M CREADY,Senior Program Officer\n\nCHARLES W. NIESSNER,Senior Program Officer\n\nEILEEN P. DELANEY,Editor\n\nHILARY FREER,Associate Editor\n\n(ex officio)\n\nNCHRP SYNTHESIS 306\n\nLong-Term Pavement Marking Practices\n\nA Synthesis of Highway Practice\n\nCONSULTANTS\n\nJAMES MIGLETZ\n\nand\n\nJERRY GRAHAM\n\nGraham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc.\n\nTOPIC PANEL\n\nJ. STUART BOURNE, North Carolina Department of Transportation BENJAMIN H. COTTRELL, JR., Virginia Transportation Research Council GENE H. HAWKINS, JR., Texas Transportation Institute DAL J. HAWKS, Utah Department of Transportation NEIL A. HODSON, 3M Center DEBBIE KOZOL, Wisconsin Bureau of Highway Operations FRANK N. LISLE, Transportation Research Board MICHAEL E. ROBINSON, Federal Highway Administration PETER F. RUSCH, Wisconsin Department of Transportation SAMUEL C. TIGNOR, McLean, Virginia\n\nUBJECT\n\nS A\n\nREAS\n\nDesign and Operations and Safety\n\nResearch Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration\n\nTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD\n\nWASHINGTON, D.C. 2002 www.TRB.org\n\nNATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 306\n\nSystematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research.\n\nIn recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation.\n\nThe Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communication and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them.\n\nThe program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board.\n\nThe needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs.\n\nNOTE: The Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.\n\nProject 20-5 FY 1999 (Topic 31-07) ISSN 0547-5570 ISBN 0-309-06924-6 Library of Congress Control No. 2002112843\n\n© 2002 Transportation Research Board\n\nPrice $19.00\n\nNOTICE\n\nThe project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council.\n\nThe members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.\n\nEach report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.\n\nThe National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the Federal Government. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.\n\nThe Transportation Research Board evolved in 1974 from the Highway Research Board, which was established in 1920. The TRB incorporates all former HRB activities and also performs additional functions under a broader scope involving all modes of transportation and the interactions of transportation with society.\n\nPublished reports of the\n\nNATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM\n\nare available from:\n\nTransportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street Washington, D.C. 20001\n\nand can be ordered through the Internet at:\n\nhttp://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore\n\nPREFACE\n\nFOREWORD\n\nBy Staff Transportation Research Board\n\nA vast storehouse of information exists on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and engineers. Much of this information has resulted from both research and the successful application of solutions to the problems faced by practitioners in their daily work. Because previously there has been no systematic means for compiling such useful information and making it available to the entire community, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials has, through the mechanism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing project to search out and synthesize useful knowledge from all available sources and to prepare documented reports on current practices in the subject areas of concern.\n\nThis synthesis series reports on various practices, making specific recommendations where appropriate but without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Nonetheless, these documents can serve similar purposes, for each is a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. The extent to which these reports are useful will be tempered by the user's knowledge and experience in the particular problem area.\n\nThis synthesis report will be of interest to local and state transportation agencies as well as to the pavement marking industry that works with them in long-term pavement marking practices. This report documents the current and best practices for managing pavement marking systems, identifies future needs, and addresses driver needs and methods of communicating information to drivers, selection criteria (e.g., reflectivity, pavement service life, wet weather performance), materials (e.g., color, durability, cost), specifications, construction practices, and inventory management systems. It also explores several challenges facing agencies, including funding, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control after installation, and the shortage of quality labor, and discusses new technologies, methods of performance measurement, and environmental constraints.\n\nAdministrators, engineers, and researchers are continually faced with highway problems on which much information exists, either in the form of reports or in terms of undocumented experience and practice. Unfortunately, this information often is scattered and unevaluated and, as a consequence, in seeking solutions, full information on what has been learned about a problem frequently is not assembled. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and full consideration may not be given to available practices for solving or alleviating the problem. In an effort to correct this situation, a continuing NCHRP project has the objective of reporting on common highway problems and synthesizing available information. The synthesis reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP publication series in which various forms of relevant information are assembled into single, concise documents pertaining to specific highway problems or sets of closely related problems.\n\nThis report of the Transportation Research Board contains information derived from survey responses from 61 state, province and territory, county, and city transportation agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada to document long-term pavement marking practices and research, and discusses the many different practices among agencies due to variations in structure, policies, and climate. Three types of surveys were distributed: transportation agency, pavement marking equipment/material manufacturers/distributors, and retroreflectometer manufacturers/distributors. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways was used as the guiding document.\n\nTo develop this synthesis in a comprehensive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowledge, the available information was assembled from numerous sources, including a large number of state highway and transportation departments. A topic panel of experts in the subject area was established to guide the author's research in organizing and evaluating the collected data, and to review the final synthesis report.\n\nThis synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As the processes of advancement continue, new knowledge can be expected to be added to that now at hand.\n\n1\n\n5\n\n8\n\n13\n\n28\n\n34\n\n39\n\nCONTENTS\n\nSUMMARY\n\nCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION\n\nObjectives and Scope, 5\n\nBackground, 5\n\nReport Organization, 7\n\nCHAPTER TWO PROCESS FOR MAKING DECISIONS ON PAVEMENT\n\nMARKINGS\n\nDeciding Where to Put Pavement Markings, 8\n\nSelecting Pavement-Marking Materials, 8\n\nDeciding When to Remove or Replace Pavement Markings, 11\n\nSummary, 12\n\nCHAPTER THREE DRIVER NEEDS,\n\nRETROREFLECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS\n\nAND INFORMATION THROUGH WORD AND SYMBOL\n\nMARKINGS\n\nInformation Needed by Drivers, 13\n\nMinimum Retroreflectivity for Nighttime Visibility of\n\nPavement Markings, 15\n\nInformation Through Pavement Word and Symbol Markings, 20\n\nSummary, 26\n\nCHAPTER FOUR TRAFFIC CRASHES AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS\n\nTraffic Crashes and Related Statistics, 28\n\nSafety Evaluation, 32\n\nSafety of Marking Crews, 33\n\nSummary, 33\n\nCHAPTER FIVE MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA\n\nMaterial Selection Factors, 34\n\nLine Width and Patterns, 36\n\nSummary, 38\n\nCHAPTER SIX SPECIFICATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES\n\nSpecifications for Pavement Markings, 39\n\nSpecifications Used by Transportation Agencies, 39\n\nConstruction Requirements, 40\n\nColor Specifications, 40\n\nDurability Specifications, 44\n\nRetroreflectivity Specifications, 46\n\nConstruction Practices, 49\n\nSummary, 50,\n\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nJames Migletz and Jerry Graham, Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc., Independence, Missouri, were responsible for collection of the data and preparation of the report.\n\nJames Migletz was responsible for the preparation of this report. Mr. Migletz passed away shortly after completing his work on this report. We wish to acknowledge his dedication in completing this comprehensive study, and his lifetime of outstanding achievement as a transportation researcher and engineer.\n\nValuable assistance in the preparation of this synthesis was provided by the Topic Panel, consisting of J. Stuart Bourne, Traffic Control/Marketing Engineer, North Carolina Department of Transportation; Benjamin H. Cottrell, Jr., Senior Transportation Research Scientist, Virginia Transportation Research Council; Gene H. Hawkins, Jr., Division Head, Texas A&M System, Texas Transportation Institute; Dal J. Hawks, Region Four Director, Utah Department of Transportation; Neil A. Hodson, 3M Traffic Control Materials Division, 3M Center, St. Paul; Debby Kozol, P.E., Traffic Operations Engineer, Bureau of Highway Operations, Madison; Frank N. Lisle,\n\nEngineer of Maintenance, Transportation Research Board; Michael E. Robinson, Highway Engineer, Federal Highway Administration; Peter F. Rusch, State Traffic Engineer, Wisconsin Department of Transportation; and Samuel C. Tignor, McLean, Virginia.\n\nThis study was managed by Stephen Maher and Jon Williams, Managers, Synthesis Studies, who worked with the consultant, the Topic Panel, and the Project 20-5 Committee in the development and review of the report. Assistance in project scope development was provided by Donna Vlasak, Senior Program Officer. Don Tippman was responsible for editing and production. Cheryl Keith assisted in meeting logistics and distribution of the questionnaire and draft reports.\n\nCrawford F. Jencks, Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, assisted the NCHRP 20-5 Committee and the Synthesis staff.\n\nInformation on current practice was provided by many highway and transportation agencies. Their cooperation and assistance are appreciated.\n\nLONG-TERM PAVEMENT MARKING PRACTICES\n\nSUMMARY\n\nAn important means of communicating information to drivers is through pavement markings. Transportation agencies use longitudinal pavement markings, pavement markers, and word and symbol markings to provide long-term markings for their highway systems. Sixtyone state, province and territory, county, and city agencies and private companies in the United States and Canada were surveyed to document long-term pavement marking practices and research. There are many differences in practices among transportation agencies because of variations in their structure, policies, and climate. In addition, because of changes in technology, driver needs, and environmental constraints, there are many more materials being used and evaluated than in the past. Furthermore, new technologies and methods for measuring the performance of pavement markings have been and continue to be developed, making the scope of the topic area quite broad.\n\nIn this report, the current and best practices for pavement markings are highlighted and future needs are identified. The relationship of the practice to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is documented. In addition, the following issues are addressed:\n\n* The process for making decisions on pavement markings,\n* Driver needs and ways of communicating information to drivers,\n* Traffic crashes related to pavement markings,\n* The criteria for selecting materials,\n* Specifications and practices,\n* Materials,\n* Inventory management systems, and\n* Performance evaluations using retroreflectometers.\n\nThe top four problems and challenges facing transportation agencies and the pavement marking industry are finding the funding for pavement marking programs, nighttime visibility in rain and fog, quality control when markings are installed, and a shortage of quality labor. The estimated total money spent on pavement markings in the year 2000 by the 50 state transportation agencies, 13 Canadian provinces and territories, U.S. counties, and U.S. cities was $1,548,616,821 on 6 148 088 centerline-km (3,818,688 centerline-mi) of highways. The MUTCD specifies and recommends where centerline, lane line, and edge line markings are to be provided based on the type of roadway, the width of traveled way, and the average daily traffic. Some agencies exceed the recommendations of the MUTCD.\n\nResults of research on pavement marking material color, retroreflectivity, and durability are used to improve marking programs. Policies and specifications guide material selection, placement, and evaluation.\n\nEight state agencies have summarized guidelines for the selection of materials based on 11 factors, the most common being type of line, pavement surface, traffic volume, and type of street and highway. Centerlines and lane lines are more likely to receive durable markings\n\nthan edge lines. Interstate highways, freeways, and expressways are more likely to receive durable markings than two-lane, two-way highways. Highways with higher traffic volumes and pavements in new or good condition are more likely to receive durable materials. Most agencies specify the standard line width as 100 mm (4 in.). Wider markings are used to provide greater emphasis.\n\nDrivers encounter difficulties in nighttime guidance because pavement markings often disappear, especially during rain and fog. Increasing retroreflectivity can increase pavement marking visibility and preview distances. A preview time of 2 s was found to be the minimum acceptable limit on roads with properly maintained pavement markings and retroreflective raised pavement markers (RRPMs). At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be visible at least 49 m (162 ft) ahead. A preview time of 3 s is recommended to provide longrange guidance information. At 90 km/h (55 mph), delineation must be seen at least 74 m (243 ft) ahead.\n\nOlder drivers require more light to see delineation and are slower to react. It appears that older drivers cannot be accommodated at all speed levels with pavement markings. However, the addition of RRPMs makes it possible to accommodate most drivers.\n\nThe standard for measuring pavement-marking retroreflectivity is the 30-m (98.4-ft) geometry. The American Society for Testing and Materials specifies that a new marking is required to have a minimum initial retroreflectivity of 250 millicandelas per square meter per lux (mcd/m 2 /lux) for white markings and 175 mcd/m 2 /lux for yellow markings. Some state agencies require higher initial retroreflectivity, depending on the material, whereas others do not have any initial retroreflectivity requirements.\n\nThe FHWA has developed candidate MUTCD criteria for retroreflectivity of pavement markings, but no such criteria have yet been approved and implemented as policy. The criteria are based on speed, road class, color of line, and presence or absence of roadway lighting or RRPMs. The FHWA sponsored research to determine the impact of the minimum retroreflectivity values on a typical state agency. To meet the minimum values, a typical state agency may have to replace as much as 25% of markings in the fall and 45% in the spring. It may be necessary to increase the amount of money spent annually on pavement markings from $2.4 to $3.5 million. However, the increase would be offset by a reduction of fewer than two fatalities.\n\nPavement marking retroreflectivity under wet pavement conditions averaged only 46% of the comparable values under dry pavement conditions. For example, to achieve a wetpavement retroreflectivity of 150 mcd/m 2 /lux, the marking would need a dry-pavement retroreflectivity of 326 mcd/m 2 /lux.\n\nA scanning tour of European pavement marking practices recommended that all-white pavement markings and tiger tail ramp markings both be studied for U.S. implementation. Chevron markings spaced at 40 m (131 ft) to indicate the proper vehicle spacing reduce tailgating and accidents and have an 80:1 benefit-cost ratio.\n\nThe long-term trend in the United States and Canada shows reductions in traffic fatalities. U.S. traffic fatalities decreased 12% from 1988 through 1998, while traffic fatalities in Canada decreased 29%. However, over the 10-year period from 1991 through 2000 traffic fatalities in the United States remained fairly constant, averaging 41,256 fatalities per year (ranging from 39,250 to 42,056). The variation in fatalities appears to be random.\n\nPavement markings can reduce traffic crashes occurring under darkness. Fatal crashes in the United States are more likely to occur under darkness than injury or property-damageonly crashes. In 1999, 23% (1,449,000) of all traffic crashes in the United States occurred under darkness during normal weather. An FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity showed an 11% reduction in nonintersection traffic crashes occurring at night on dry pavements. In 1999, 4% (270,920) of all crashes occurred under darkness during conditions of rain and/or fog. The FHWA study of pavement marking retroreflectivity did not show a reduction in nonintersection nighttime crashes on wet pavements.\n\nThe three types of pavement marking specifications are prescriptive/material, performance-based, and warranty provisions. Of the agencies surveyed, 75% were satisfied with their specifications. Most agencies are confident that they are receiving good materials, but less sure that the application of the markings is adequate. Agencies are starting to use more performance-based and warranty provisions contracts to place more responsibility for quality markings on contractors.\n\nA number of methods are used for preparing the pavement surface for material application including sweeping; air, sand, or water blasting; use of solvents; grinding; and scraping. Air cleaning is often done with a nozzle on the striper located immediately ahead of nozzles that spray the marking material. Surface preparation becomes more complicated when using durable materials and on portland cement concrete pavement. Grinding is the most common method of removing markings. Markings containing hazardous materials, such as lead or chromium, are required be taken away when removed from the pavement.\n\nSixteen types of materials are being used for longitudinal markings, with state agencies using the largest variety. There has been a shift away from using conventional solvent paint with a high volatile organic compound content. Waterborne paint is the most common material and is used by 78% of the agencies, followed by thermoplastic at 69%. Waterborne paint is striped on almost 60% of the total mileage at a cost of 17% of the total money spent on pavement markings. Thermoplastic is striped on almost 23% of the total mileage at a cost of 35% of the money spent on pavement markings. Durable markings are being used to increase the service life of pavement marking systems. The trend is to have contractors apply durable markings, many of which require specialized equipment and highly trained workers.\n\nThe service life of longitudinal pavement markings varies by color of line and type of pavement surface. At a threshold value of 100 mcd/m 2 /lux, white lines have a service life of 34 months, which is 42% greater than the 24-month service life of yellow lines. The longer service life of white materials shows a benefit of an all-white system of pavement markings. Lines on asphaltic concrete pavement have a service life of 33 months, which is 27% greater than the 26-month service life of lines on portland cement concrete pavement. However, service life is highly variable and is affected by material, traffic volume, and other factors.\n\nThe service lives, costs, and life-cycle costs of longitudinal pavement markings vary considerably by the type of marking material. The cost of traffic delay because of striping operations and measurement of retroreflectivity can add significantly to the life-cycle cost of longitudinal markings. New products are coming on the market that can improve nighttime visibility in adverse weather and have the potential to improve traffic safety.\n\nAcceptable retroreflectivity in an RRPM is dependant on cumulative traffic volume. Retroreflectivity may last for as little as 6 months on a high-volume freeway with truck traffic. The more durable and expensive RRPMs become cost-effective when average annual daily traffic reaches 10,000 veh/day per lane.\n\nAn inventory management system tracks the service life of pavement markings by storing information on installations, inventory, retroreflectivity, specific action steps, costs, and suppliers in a database. The goal of implementing an inventory management system is to enable transportation agencies to select cost-effective markings with increased service lives that will reduce the cost of marking a highway system. Longer-lasting retroreflective markings that reduce traffic crashes will be the benefit of such a system. One-half of the surveyed agencies have implemented or are planning to implement an inventory management system. At this time, agencies have not had enough experience with inventory management systems to realize any benefits.\n\nThe FHWA has been promoting techniques to inspect and evaluate pavement markings. Some agencies have specifications and guidelines addressing performance evaluations. New markings are usually inspected within 1 month after placement, but there is no universally accepted schedule for inspecting existing markings. Training courses are available to enable personnel to become more proficient with inspection procedures. Agencies are using 30-m (98.4-ft) retroreflectometers to evaluate retroreflectivity. Field tests of four hand-held and two mobile retroreflectometers showed that measurements collected with these instruments were within an 8% range, which is a good correlation.\n\nRetroreflectivity data were incorporated into a geographical information system to evaluate pavement-marking life cycles and develop predictive models for materials. The ability to efficiently review and query retroreflectivity data by type of pavement marking, condition, location, and jurisdiction benefits both the administrative and operational areas of a transportation agency.\n\nMobile and hand-held retroreflectometers each have advantages and disadvantages. Agencies selecting a hand-held or mobile retroreflectometer should consider initial capital cost, maintenance costs, manpower resources, required data accuracy, equipment reliability, and compliance with current testing standards.\n</text>\n",
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Data Protection E-Marketing and IT Security
Written by Dr Rosanna Cooper
The privacy of individual's data is of paramount importance. The Data Protection Act 1998 (the "DPA" or "Act") lays down the law on the handling, storage, use, disclosure and security of individual's personal data writes Dr Rosanna Cooper. The Act came into force on 1 March 2000 and implemented the European Union ("EU") Directive into UK law introducing radical changes to the way in which personal data regarding identifiable living individuals can be processed. The Act covers manual as well as computerised data. The need for businesses to process personal data means that the DPA impacts upon most organisations, irrespective of size. Furthermore, the public's growing awareness of their right to privacy means that data protection will remain an important issue.
1. Introduction
The DPA lays down eight data protection principles that each organisation processing data has to comply with. It makes a distinction between personal data and personal sensitive data ("sensitive data"). Personal data is widely defined in the Act and includes personal data relating to employees, customers, business contacts and suppliers The Act impacts upon a wide range of processing activities and requires organisations to introduce changes to ensure compliance.
In order to achieve compliance under the DPA, businesses must have a detailed understanding of how, why, where and when they process personal data. They must also understand the data flows within their own organisation and the data flows to third parties. This requires businesses to have knowledge of at least the following:
[x] the sources from which personal data are obtained
2. Definitions and Scope of the DPA
The DPA applies where a 'data controller' 'processes' 'personal data' relating to 'data subjects'. Each of these words is defined below and it is important to understand what they mean in order to comply with the requirements of the DPA. Described below are some of the most useful and important of these defined terms. For example, a 'data controller' is any person who (alone or jointly with others) decides the purpose(s) for which, and the manner in which, the personal data are processed. The data
[x] the categories of individuals to which the personal data relate
[x] the type of personal data collected
[x] the purposes for which the personal data are processed
[x] the mechanisms in place to ensure personal data are kept up to date, are accurate and adequate
[x] the recipients of the personal data both internal and external and the purposes for which they process the personal data; and
[x] the procedures for dealing with retention of data, including archiving and destruction.
In addition to the above, businesses must also be familiar with their internal security measures and their effectiveness at safeguarding personal data. Companies must be aware of, for example, the levels of understanding of their staff in relation to compliance with the DPA and whether such levels are adequate to meet their obligations under the seventh principle of the DPA.
controller will therefore be the legal entity, which exercises ultimate control over the personal data. Individual managers or employees of a business are not data controllers. The data controller is responsible for:
[x] All personal data about identifiable living individuals
[x] Deciding how and why personal data are processed
[x] Information handling – complying with the eight data protection principles
[x] Acquiring "data subjects" consent for processing sensitive data
[x] Existing procedures for handling sensitive or personal data
[x] Security measures to safeguard personal data; and
[x] Notification
A 'data processor' is defined as a person or organisation who processes the data on behalf of the data controller, but who is not an employee of the data controller. So for example, it could a
2.1 What is Data?
Data means information which is processed by computer or other automatic equipment, including word processors, databases and spreadsheet files, or information which is recorded on paper with the intention of being processed later by computer; or information which is recorded as part of a manual filing system, where the files are structured according to the names of individuals or other characteristics, such as payroll number, and where the files have sufficient internal structure so that specific information about a particular individual can be found easily.
Hence information held in the manual files of a company can be data and personal data once the data forms part of a relevant filing system. This issue came up in the recent Court of Appeal case Michael John Durant v Financial Services Authority where the Court of Appeal decided on what constitutes a relevant filing system. The
2.2 Personal and Sensitive Data
Personal data relates to data of living individuals who can be identified from those data, or from those data and other information which is in the possession of the data controller or which is likely to come into its possession for example, names, addresses and home telephone numbers of employees or customers.
2.3 What is meant by Processing?
The definition of 'processing' is very broad. It covers any operation carried out on the data and includes, obtaining or recording data, the.
bureau that deals with payroll or an IT company doing the backup for a company's computer system. While a 'data subject' is any living individual who is the subject of personal data. There are no age restrictions on who qualifies as a data subject, but the definition does not extend to individuals who are deceased.
A data controller is required under the DPA to notify the purposes for which it processes personal data of individuals.
courts stated that a relevant filing system is limited to a system in which the files forming part of it are structured or referenced in such a way as clearly to indicate at the outset of the search whether specific information capable of amounting to personal data of an individual requesting it…is held within the system and, if so, in which file or files it is held; and which has, as part of its own structure or referencing mechanism, a sufficiently sophisticated and detailed means of readily indicating whether and where in an individual file or files specific criteria or information about the applicant can be readily located.
Therefore, business owners that are data controllers must ensure that their filing systems are structured or referenced in such a way that data relating to an individual can be readily retrievable.
Whereas sensitive data consist of information relating to a data subject's racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, trade union membership, physical or mental health or condition, sexual life, commission or alleged commission of any offences or convictions or criminal proceedings involving the data subject.
retrieval, consultation or use of data, the disclosure or otherwise making available of data
2.4 Data Subject Access
Under the DPA, an individual or data subject can make a subject access request to a data controller. This is a request by an individual to be granted access to, and be provided with, any personal data, which a company holds about him or her. This includes the right to be provided with information about:
[x] the purposes for which a company processes personal data,
[x] the sources of the data
[x] the identity of any person to whom the data have been disclosed;
[x] the logic behind any automated decision making processes;
[x] the right to prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;
[x] the right to prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;
[x] the right to object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement); and
[x] the right to claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the DPA.
Until the decision in the Durant case, it was generally thought that when a data subject made a subject access request to a data controller, the data controller was required to provide the data subject will all data that it held about the individual. The position now is that the subject access:
[x] Enable an individual to check whether the data controller's processing is unlawfully infringing his or her privacy and, if so, to take such steps as the Act provides (i.e. blocking or rectification). It is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not of matters in which he may be named or involved
3.0 Sanctions
[x] It is likely in most cases that only information that names or directly refers to a data subject will qualify and not all information retrieved from a computer search against an individual's name or unique identifier is personal data within the Act.
[x] What a data controller has to decide is:
o Whether the information found in a manual filing system is biographical in a significant sense, that is, going beyond the recording of the putative data subject's involvement in a matter or event that has no personal connotations; and
o Whether the information should have the putative data subject as its focus rather than some other person with whom he may have been involved or some transaction event. In short, it is information that affects the data subject's privacy, whether in his personal or family life, business or professional capacity.
This decision means that on making a subject access request, a data subject does not automatically have the right to all data held by the data controller that refers to the data subject. The most that the data subject can do is to determine whether the data controller is processing data lawfully and if not, the data subject has the right to take steps to enforce his rights.
Data subjects should be warned that a subject access is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not, of matters in which a subject access may be named or involved. Nor is to assist a subject access to obtain discovery of documents that may assist him in litigation or complaints against third parties.
3.5.1 A data subject is entitled to compensation and has the right to:
[x] prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;
[x] prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;
[x] object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement);
[x] claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the Act; and
[x] request the Information Commissioner to make an assessment of the way the Company processes personal data relating to the data subject.
3.5.2 The data controller can be prosecuted for other offences such as:
[x] Notification offences - several offences may be committed in
respect of data controllers' obligations to register and maintain such registration
[x] Unlawful obtaining or disclosing of personal data - it is a criminal offence to knowingly or recklessly (without the consent of the data controller) obtain or disclose personal data
[x] Enforced subject access - the Act prohibits enforced subject access; it is a criminal offence to require any data subject to request subject access in connection with recruitment, employment or provision of services
[x] Information notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an information notice issued by the Information Commissioner
[x] Enforcement notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an enforcement notice The enforcement notice may require the data controller to stop processing: (i) any personal data; or (ii) personal data of the type specified in the notice.
4. The Eight Data Protection Principles
The data protection principles set out the standards that a company must meet when processing personal data. These principles apply to the processing of all personal data, whether those data are processed automatically or stored in structured manual files. The principles are as follows:
| Principle 1 | Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. |
|---|---|
| Principle 2 | Personal data must be obtained only for specified and lawful purposes and must not be |
| | processed further in any manner incompatible with those purposes |
| Principle 3 | Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for |
| | which they were collected |
| Principle 4 | Personal data must be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date |
| Principle 5 | Personal data must not be kept longer than is necessary for the purposes for which they were |
| | collected |
| Principle 6 | Personal data must be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects |
| Principle 7 | Personal data must be kept secure against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against |
| | accidental loss, destruction or damage |
| Principle 8 | Personal data must not be transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area |
| | unless the country of destination provides an adequate level of data protection for those data |
4.1 Processing of Data
This wide definition of 'processing' includes collecting and disclosing personal data. This means that a data controller should only collect or discloses personal data if it can justify that collection or disclosure under one of the conditions listed above.
There are four golden rules to enable processing to be fair and lawful under the DPA:
:
Rule 1
These conditions are broad enough to cover most business processing activities. The most useful conditions are set out below
A data controller must find a lawful justification to process personal data under Schedule 2 of the DPA.
Finding a lawful justification - The DPA prohibits any processing of personal data unless a company can justify such processing under one of the conditions set out in Schedule 2 of the DPA.
:
Rule 2
If the data controller is processing sensitive data the data controller must find a lawful justification under both Schedules 2 and 3 of the DPA.
Processing sensitive personal data - If the Company processes sensitive personal data, then it must have a justification under Schedule 2 (see above), and must also find a lawful justification under Schedule 3 of the DPA (see opposite)
[x] the data subject has consented to the processing;
[x] it is necessary for a company to process personal data for the purpose of entering into, or performing, a contract with the data subject;
[x] the processing is necessary to enable a company to comply with a legal obligation (other than an obligation imposed by a contract);
[x] the processing is necessary to ensure that a company complies with a statutory duty (i.e. a duty imposed by legislation); or
[x] the processing is necessary in the legitimate interests of a company, provided the rights and freedom of data subjects are not prejudiced as a result
A company may process sensitive data where:
[x] the data subject has given his or her explicit consent to the processing;
[x] the processing is necessary to exercise or perform any legal right or obligation which is conferred or imposed upon the Company by law in connection with employment;
[x] the processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another person
[x] the information has been made public as a result of steps deliberately taken by the data subject;
[x] the processing is necessary for legal purposes including taking legal advice and establishing, exercising or defending legal rights; or
[x] the processing is of information relating to the data subject's racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, or physical or mental health or condition, and is carried out for the purposes of monitoring equality of opportunity.
.
Rule 3
Where personal data are collected directly from the data subject, the data controller must serve a data protection notice on the data subject before the data are obtained or at the time of collection
Giving the data protection notice - Where information is obtained directly from the data subject, the Company must ensure that, so far as practicable, the data subject is provided with, or has made readily available to him, a data protection notice. This notice should be provided before any information is obtained. The data protection notice should describe:
[x] the identity of the data controller;
[x] the purposes for which the data are to be processed; and
[x] any further information necessary in the circumstances to ensure the processing is fair. For example, this will include a description of any third party recipients to whom the Company intends to disclose personal data and the purposes for their processing
Rule 4
Where the personal data have been obtained from a third party, the data controller must serve a data protection notice when data are first processed by the controller.
4.2 Security Obligations
The DPA imposes stringent security obligations on data controllers. The Company is obliged to take appropriate measures to safeguard against the unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. A company must also ensure the reliability of staff who, have access to personal data and ensure that they are made aware of the requirements of the DPA.
4.3 Obligations where data processors are used
The DPA requires a company to ensure that all external data processors provide an appropriate level of security when processing personal data on the company's behalf.
5.0 Marketing Rules
Data subjects have the right to object to the processing of their personal data for the purposes of direct marketing. They can do this either by notifying a company or by registering with one of the opt-out services run by the Direct
Marketing Association. These opt-out services enable the individual to opt out of being contacted by mail, telephone, email or fax for direct marketing purposes.
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 ("Regulations") came into effect late 2003 and it imposes constraints on the use of e-mails, SMS marketing and Website cookies.
Rule 1
Rule 2
Opt-in
Applies to all marketing messages sent by email regardless of who the recipient is The sender must not conceal their identity; and The sender must provide a valid address for opt-out requests
Applies to unsolicited marketing messages sent by email to individual subscribers. Senders cannot send such messages unless they have the recipient's prior consent.
Processing of personal data and protection of privacy
A person shall neither transmit, nor instigate the transmission of, unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing by means of electronic mail unless the recipient of the electronic mail has previously notified the sender that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, or at the instigation of, the sender.
Includes SMS. In relation to the term previously notified a passive consent is not enough (positive tick in a box or equivalent device required)
:
There are certain exemptions that apply to the Regulations. The Regulations also deal with the use of cookies on websites.
Exemptions under the Regulations:
[x] Existing customer relationship exemption
Legacy Mailing List (e-mail addresses) Collected before October 2003 - maybe legally unusable
[x] Limited direct marketing by email is permissible without an express opt-in, subject of the following requirements:
Cookies are temporary records that are kept of a person's email address and other details when a person accesses a website. The Regulations lays down the law regarding the use of cookies on websites. Under the Regulations the use of cookies and other tracking devices are:
[x] The email address must have been obtained in the course of the "sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to that recipient" direct marketing is permitted only in respect of the marketer's "similar products and services"
[x] Recipient must be given a simple means of refusing the use of contact details for the purposes of direct marketing – e.g. a tick box
[x] Unless email addresses of persons bought or negotiated for the sale of goods or services
[x] Opt-in required in all other cases – if persons registered on a website for a newsletter or feature in a bought-in list
[x] Information Commission Guidance – requirement to include a "simple means of refusing" further emails
[x] prohibited unless subscribers and users are clearly told they are being used; and
[x] given the chance to refuse their use
[x] Regulations do not set out when, where or how information or switch off opportunity should be communicated. It is suggested that this may be communicated in a privacy policy
[x] Department of Trade and Industry is currently investigating use of cookies by data controllers.
6.0 Conclusion
It is advisable that companies whatever their size conduct regular audits to determine whether they are complain under the DPA. This is an important issue for companies and they have to take note.
RT Coopers, 2004
Dr Rosanna Cooper is the principal of RT Cooper Solicitors specialising in data protection audits and compliance. Dr Cooper may be contacted on 020 7488 2985 or by email: [email protected]. Website: www.rtcoopers.com
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Data Protection E-Marketing and IT Security
Written by Dr Rosanna Cooper
The privacy of individual's data is of paramount importance. The Data Protection Act 1998 (the "DPA" or "Act") lays down the law on the handling, storage, use, disclosure and security of individual's personal data writes Dr Rosanna Cooper. The Act came into force on 1 March 2000 and implemented the European Union ("EU") Directive into UK law introducing radical changes to the way in which personal data regarding identifiable living individuals can be processed. The Act covers manual as well as computerised data. The need for businesses to process personal data means that the DPA impacts upon most organisations, irrespective of size. Furthermore, the public's growing awareness of their right to privacy means that data protection will remain an important issue.
1. Introduction
The DPA lays down eight data protection principles that each organisation processing data has to comply with. It makes a distinction between personal data and personal sensitive data ("sensitive data"). Personal data is widely defined in the Act and includes personal data relating to employees, customers, business contacts and suppliers The Act impacts upon a wide range of processing activities and requires organisations to introduce changes to ensure compliance.
In order to achieve compliance under the DPA, businesses must have a detailed understanding of how, why, where and when they process personal data. They must also understand the data flows within their own organisation and the data flows to third parties. This requires businesses to have knowledge of at least the following:
[x] the sources from which personal data are obtained
2. Definitions and Scope of the DPA
The DPA applies where a 'data controller' 'processes' 'personal data' relating to 'data subjects'. Each of these words is defined below and it is important to understand what they mean in order to comply with the requirements of the DPA. Described below are some of the most useful and important of these defined terms. For example, a 'data controller' is any person who (alone or jointly with others) decides the purpose(s) for which, and the manner in which, the personal data are processed. The data
[x] the categories of individuals to which the personal data relate
[x] the type of personal data collected
[x] the purposes for which the personal data are processed
[x] the mechanisms in place to ensure personal data are kept up to date, are accurate and adequate
[x] the recipients of the personal data both internal and external and the purposes for which they process the personal data; and
[x] the procedures for dealing with retention of data, including archiving and destruction.
In addition to the above, businesses must also be familiar with their internal security measures and their effectiveness at safeguarding personal data. Companies must be aware of, for example, the levels of understanding of their staff in relation to compliance with the DPA and whether such levels are adequate to meet their obligations under the seventh principle of the DPA.
controller will therefore be the legal entity, which exercises ultimate control over the personal data. Individual managers or employees of a business are not data controllers. The data controller is responsible for:
[x] All personal data about identifiable living individuals
[x] Deciding how and why personal data are processed
[x] Information handling – complying with the eight data protection principles
[x] Acquiring "data subjects" consent for processing sensitive data
[x] Existing procedures for handling sensitive or personal data
[x] Security measures to safeguard personal data; and
[x] Notification
A 'data processor' is defined as a person or organisation who processes the data on behalf of the data controller, but who is not an employee of the data controller. So for example, it could a
2.1 What is Data?
Data means information which is processed by computer or other automatic equipment, including word processors, databases and spreadsheet files, or information which is recorded on paper with the intention of being processed later by computer; or information which is recorded as part of a manual filing system, where the files are structured according to the names of individuals or other characteristics, such as payroll number, and where the files have sufficient internal structure so that specific information about a particular individual can be found easily.
Hence information held in the manual files of a company can be data and personal data once the data forms part of a relevant filing system. This issue came up in the recent Court of Appeal case Michael John Durant v Financial Services Authority where the Court of Appeal decided on what constitutes a relevant filing system. The
2.2 Personal and Sensitive Data
Personal data relates to data of living individuals who can be identified from those data, or from those data and other information which is in the possession of the data controller or which is likely to come into its possession for example, names, addresses and home telephone numbers of employees or customers.
2.3 What is meant by Processing?
The definition of 'processing' is very broad. It covers any operation carried out on the data and includes, obtaining or recording data, the.
bureau that deals with payroll
|
or an IT company doing the backup for a company's computer system.
|
While a 'data subject' is any living individual who is the subject of personal data. There are no age restrictions on who qualifies as a data subject, but the definition does not extend to individuals who are deceased.
A data controller is required under the DPA to notify the purposes for which it processes personal data of individuals.
courts stated that a relevant filing system is limited to a system in which the files forming part of it are structured or referenced in such a way as clearly to indicate at the outset of the search whether specific information capable of amounting to personal data of an individual requesting it…is held within the system and, if so, in which file or files it is held; and which has, as part of its own structure or referencing mechanism, a sufficiently sophisticated and detailed means of readily indicating whether and where in an individual file or files specific criteria or information about the applicant can be readily located.
Therefore, business owners that are data controllers must ensure that their filing systems are structured or referenced in such a way that data relating to an individual can be readily retrievable.
Whereas sensitive data consist of information relating to a data subject's racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, trade union membership, physical or mental health or condition, sexual life, commission or alleged commission of any offences or convictions or criminal proceedings involving the data subject.
retrieval, consultation or use of data, the disclosure or otherwise making available of data
2.4 Data Subject Access
Under the DPA, an individual or data subject can make a subject access request to a data controller. This is a request by an individual to be granted access to, and be provided with, any personal data, which a company holds about him or her. This includes the right to be provided with information about:
[x] the purposes for which a company processes personal data,
[x] the sources of the data
[x] the identity of any person to whom the data have been disclosed;
[x] the logic behind any automated decision making processes;
[x] the right to prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;
[x] the right to prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;
[x] the right to object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement); and
[x] the right to claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the DPA.
Until the decision in the Durant case, it was generally thought that when a data subject made a subject access request to a data controller, the data controller was required to provide the data subject will all data that it held about the individual. The position now is that the subject access:
[x] Enable an individual to check whether the data controller's processing is unlawfully infringing his or her privacy and, if so, to take such steps as the Act provides (i.e. blocking or rectification). It is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not of matters in which he may be named or involved
3.0 Sanctions
[x] It is likely in most cases that only information that names or directly refers to a data subject will qualify and not all information retrieved from a computer search against an individual's name or unique identifier is personal data within the Act.
[x] What a data controller has to decide is:
o Whether the information found in a manual filing system is biographical in a significant sense, that is, going beyond the recording of the putative data subject's involvement in a matter or event that has no personal connotations; and
o Whether the information should have the putative data subject as its focus rather than some other person with whom he may have been involved or some transaction event. In short, it is information that affects the data subject's privacy, whether in his personal or family life, business or professional capacity.
This decision means that on making a subject access request, a data subject does not automatically have the right to all data held by the data controller that refers to the data subject. The most that the data subject can do is to determine whether the data controller is processing data lawfully and if not, the data subject has the right to take steps to enforce his rights.
Data subjects should be warned that a subject access is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not, of matters in which a subject access may be named or involved. Nor is to assist a subject access to obtain discovery of documents that may assist him in litigation or complaints against third parties.
3.5.1 A data subject is entitled to compensation and has the right to:
[x] prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;
[x] prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;
[x] object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement);
[x] claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the Act; and
[x] request the Information Commissioner to make an assessment of the way the Company processes personal data relating to the data subject.
3.5.2 The data controller can be prosecuted for other offences such as:
[x] Notification offences - several offences may be committed in
respect of data controllers' obligations to register and maintain such registration
[x] Unlawful obtaining or disclosing of personal data - it is a criminal offence to knowingly or recklessly (without the consent of the data controller) obtain or disclose personal data
[x] Enforced subject access - the Act prohibits enforced subject access; it is a criminal offence to require any data subject to request subject access in connection with recruitment, employment or provision of services
[x] Information notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an information notice issued by the Information Commissioner
[x] Enforcement notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an enforcement notice The enforcement notice may require the data controller to stop processing: (i) any personal data; or (ii) personal data of the type specified in the notice.
4. The Eight Data Protection Principles
The data protection principles set out the standards that a company must meet when processing personal data. These principles apply to the processing of all personal data, whether those data are processed automatically or stored in structured manual files. The principles are as follows:
| Principle 1 | Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. |
|---|---|
| Principle 2 | Personal data must be obtained only for specified and lawful purposes and must not be |
| | processed further in any manner incompatible with those purposes |
| Principle 3 | Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for |
| | which they were collected |
| Principle 4 | Personal data must be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date |
| Principle 5 | Personal data must not be kept longer than is necessary for the purposes for which they were |
| | collected |
| Principle 6 | Personal data must be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects |
| Principle 7 | Personal data must be kept secure against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against |
| | accidental loss, destruction or damage |
| Principle 8 | Personal data must not be transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area |
| | unless the country of destination provides an adequate level of data protection for those data |
4.1 Processing of Data
This wide definition of 'processing' includes collecting and disclosing personal data. This means that a data controller should only collect or discloses personal data if it can justify that collection or disclosure under one of the conditions listed above.
There are four golden rules to enable processing to be fair and lawful under the DPA:
:
Rule 1
These conditions are broad enough to cover most business processing activities. The most useful conditions are set out below
A data controller must find a lawful justification to process personal data under Schedule 2 of the DPA.
Finding a lawful justification - The DPA prohibits any processing of personal data unless a company can justify such processing under one of the conditions set out in Schedule 2 of the DPA.
:
Rule 2
If the data controller is processing sensitive data the data controller must find a lawful justification under both Schedules 2 and 3 of the DPA.
Processing sensitive personal data - If the Company processes sensitive personal data, then it must have a justification under Schedule 2 (see above), and must also find a lawful justification under Schedule 3 of the DPA (see opposite)
[x] the data subject has consented to the processing;
[x] it is necessary for a company to process personal data for the purpose of entering into, or performing, a contract with the data subject;
[x] the processing is necessary to enable a company to comply with a legal obligation (other than an obligation imposed by a contract);
[x] the processing is necessary to ensure that a company complies with a statutory duty (i.e. a duty imposed by legislation); or
[x] the processing is necessary in the legitimate interests of a company, provided the rights and freedom of data subjects are not prejudiced as a result
A company may process sensitive data where:
[x] the data subject has given his or her explicit consent to the processing;
[x] the processing is necessary to exercise or perform any legal right or obligation which is conferred or imposed upon the Company by law in connection with employment;
[x] the processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another person
[x] the information has been made public as a result of steps deliberately taken by the data subject;
[x] the processing is necessary for legal purposes including taking legal advice and establishing, exercising or defending legal rights; or
[x] the processing is of information relating to the data subject's racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, or physical or mental health or condition, and is carried out for the purposes of monitoring equality of opportunity.
.
Rule 3
Where personal data are collected directly from the data subject, the data controller must serve a data protection notice on the data subject before the data are obtained or at the time of collection
Giving the data protection notice - Where information is obtained directly from the data subject, the Company must ensure that, so far as practicable, the data subject is provided with, or has made readily available to him, a data protection notice. This notice should be provided before any information is obtained. The data protection notice should describe:
[x] the identity of the data controller;
[x] the purposes for which the data are to be processed; and
[x] any further information necessary in the circumstances to ensure the processing is fair. For example, this will include a description of any third party recipients to whom the Company intends to disclose personal data and the purposes for their processing
Rule 4
Where the personal data have been obtained from a third party, the data controller must serve a data protection notice when data are first processed by the controller.
4.2 Security Obligations
The DPA imposes stringent security obligations on data controllers. The Company is obliged to take appropriate measures to safeguard against the unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. A company must also ensure the reliability of staff who, have access to personal data and ensure that they are made aware of the requirements of the DPA.
4.3 Obligations where data processors are used
The DPA requires a company to ensure that all external data processors provide an appropriate level of security when processing personal data on the company's behalf.
5.0 Marketing Rules
Data subjects have the right to object to the processing of their personal data for the purposes of direct marketing. They can do this either by notifying a company or by registering with one of the opt-out services run by the Direct
Marketing Association. These opt-out services enable the individual to opt out of being contacted by mail, telephone, email or fax for direct marketing purposes.
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 ("Regulations") came into effect late 2003 and it imposes constraints on the use of e-mails, SMS marketing and Website cookies.
Rule 1
Rule 2
Opt-in
Applies to all marketing messages sent by email regardless of who the recipient is The sender must not conceal their identity; and The sender must provide a valid address for opt-out requests
Applies to unsolicited marketing messages sent by email to individual subscribers. Senders cannot send such messages unless they have the recipient's prior consent.
Processing of personal data and protection of privacy
A person shall neither transmit, nor instigate the transmission of, unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing by means of electronic mail unless the recipient of the electronic mail has previously notified the sender that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, or at the instigation of, the sender.
Includes SMS. In relation to the term previously notified a passive consent is not enough (positive tick in a box or equivalent device required)
:
There are certain exemptions that apply to the Regulations. The Regulations also deal with the use of cookies on websites.
Exemptions under the Regulations:
[x] Existing customer relationship exemption
Legacy Mailing List (e-mail addresses) Collected before October 2003 - maybe legally unusable
[x] Limited direct marketing by email is permissible without an express opt-in, subject of the following requirements:
Cookies are temporary records that are kept of a person's email address and other details when a person accesses a website. The Regulations lays down the law regarding the use of cookies on websites. Under the Regulations the use of cookies and other tracking devices are:
[x] The email address must have been obtained in the course of the "sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to that recipient" direct marketing is permitted only in respect of the marketer's "similar products and services"
[x] Recipient must be given a simple means of refusing the use of contact details for the purposes of direct marketing – e.g. a tick box
[x] Unless email addresses of persons bought or negotiated for the sale of goods or services
[x] Opt-in required in all other cases – if persons registered on a website for a newsletter or feature in a bought-in list
[x] Information Commission Guidance – requirement to include a "simple means of refusing" further emails
[x] prohibited unless subscribers and users are clearly told they are being used; and
[x] given the chance to refuse their use
[x] Regulations do not set out when, where or how information or switch off opportunity should be communicated. It is suggested that this may be communicated in a privacy policy
[x] Department of Trade and Industry is currently investigating use of cookies by data controllers.
6.0 Conclusion
It is advisable that companies whatever their size conduct regular audits to determine whether they are complain under the DPA. This is an important issue for companies and they have to take note.
RT Coopers, 2004
Dr Rosanna Cooper is the principal of RT Cooper Solicitors specialising in data protection audits and compliance. Dr Cooper may be contacted on 020 7488 2985 or by email: [email protected]. Website: www.rtcoopers.com
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Data Protection E-Marketing and IT Security
Written by Dr Rosanna Cooper
The privacy of individual's data is of paramount importance. The Data Protection Act 1998 (the "DPA" or "Act") lays down the law on the handling, storage, use, disclosure and security of individual's personal data writes Dr Rosanna Cooper. The Act came into force on 1 March 2000 and implemented the European Union ("EU") Directive into UK law introducing radical changes to the way in which personal data regarding identifiable living individuals can be processed. The Act covers manual as well as computerised data. The need for businesses to process personal data means that the DPA impacts upon most organisations, irrespective of size. Furthermore, the public's growing awareness of their right to privacy means that data protection will remain an important issue.
1. Introduction
The DPA lays down eight data protection principles that each organisation processing data has to comply with. It makes a distinction between personal data and personal sensitive data ("sensitive data"). Personal data is widely defined in the Act and includes personal data relating to employees, customers, business contacts and suppliers The Act impacts upon a wide range of processing activities and requires organisations to introduce changes to ensure compliance.
In order to achieve compliance under the DPA, businesses must have a detailed understanding of how, why, where and when they process personal data. They must also understand the data flows within their own organisation and the data flows to third parties. This requires businesses to have knowledge of at least the following:
[x] the sources from which personal data are obtained
2. Definitions and Scope of the DPA
The DPA applies where a 'data controller' 'processes' 'personal data' relating to 'data subjects'. Each of these words is defined below and it is important to understand what they mean in order to comply with the requirements of the DPA. Described below are some of the most useful and important of these defined terms. For example, a 'data controller' is any person who (alone or jointly with others) decides the purpose(s) for which, and the manner in which, the personal data are processed. The data
[x] the categories of individuals to which the personal data relate
[x] the type of personal data collected
[x] the purposes for which the personal data are processed
[x] the mechanisms in place to ensure personal data are kept up to date, are accurate and adequate
[x] the recipients of the personal data both internal and external and the purposes for which they process the personal data; and
[x] the procedures for dealing with retention of data, including archiving and destruction.
In addition to the above, businesses must also be familiar with their internal security measures and their effectiveness at safeguarding personal data. Companies must be aware of, for example, the levels of understanding of their staff in relation to compliance with the DPA and whether such levels are adequate to meet their obligations under the seventh principle of the DPA.
controller will therefore be the legal entity, which exercises ultimate control over the personal data. Individual managers or employees of a business are not data controllers. The data controller is responsible for:
[x] All personal data about identifiable living individuals
[x] Deciding how and why personal data are processed
[x] Information handling – complying with the eight data protection principles
[x] Acquiring "data subjects" consent for processing sensitive data
[x] Existing procedures for handling sensitive or personal data
[x] Security measures to safeguard personal data; and
[x] Notification
A 'data processor' is defined as a person or organisation who processes the data on behalf of the data controller, but who is not an employee of the data controller. So for example, it could a
2.1 What is Data?
Data means information which is processed by computer or other automatic equipment, including word processors, databases and spreadsheet files, or information which is recorded on paper with the intention of being processed later by computer; or information which is recorded as part of a manual filing system, where the files are structured according to the names of individuals or other characteristics, such as payroll number, and where the files have sufficient internal structure so that specific information about a particular individual can be found easily.
Hence information held in the manual files of a company can be data and personal data once the data forms part of a relevant filing system. This issue came up in the recent Court of Appeal case Michael John Durant v Financial Services Authority where the Court of Appeal decided on what constitutes a relevant filing system. The
2.2 Personal and Sensitive Data
Personal data relates to data of living individuals who can be identified from those data, or from those data and other information which is in the possession of the data controller or which is likely to come into its possession for example, names, addresses and home telephone numbers of employees or customers.
2.3 What is meant by Processing?
The definition of 'processing' is very broad. It covers any operation carried out on the data and includes, obtaining or recording data, the.
bureau that deals with payroll <cursor_is_here> While a 'data subject' is any living individual who is the subject of personal data. There are no age restrictions on who qualifies as a data subject, but the definition does not extend to individuals who are deceased.
A data controller is required under the DPA to notify the purposes for which it processes personal data of individuals.
courts stated that a relevant filing system is limited to a system in which the files forming part of it are structured or referenced in such a way as clearly to indicate at the outset of the search whether specific information capable of amounting to personal data of an individual requesting it…is held within the system and, if so, in which file or files it is held; and which has, as part of its own structure or referencing mechanism, a sufficiently sophisticated and detailed means of readily indicating whether and where in an individual file or files specific criteria or information about the applicant can be readily located.
Therefore, business owners that are data controllers must ensure that their filing systems are structured or referenced in such a way that data relating to an individual can be readily retrievable.
Whereas sensitive data consist of information relating to a data subject's racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, trade union membership, physical or mental health or condition, sexual life, commission or alleged commission of any offences or convictions or criminal proceedings involving the data subject.
retrieval, consultation or use of data, the disclosure or otherwise making available of data
2.4 Data Subject Access
Under the DPA, an individual or data subject can make a subject access request to a data controller. This is a request by an individual to be granted access to, and be provided with, any personal data, which a company holds about him or her. This includes the right to be provided with information about:
[x] the purposes for which a company processes personal data,
[x] the sources of the data
[x] the identity of any person to whom the data have been disclosed;
[x] the logic behind any automated decision making processes;
[x] the right to prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;
[x] the right to prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;
[x] the right to object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement); and
[x] the right to claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the DPA.
Until the decision in the Durant case, it was generally thought that when a data subject made a subject access request to a data controller, the data controller was required to provide the data subject will all data that it held about the individual. The position now is that the subject access:
[x] Enable an individual to check whether the data controller's processing is unlawfully infringing his or her privacy and, if so, to take such steps as the Act provides (i.e. blocking or rectification). It is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not of matters in which he may be named or involved
3.0 Sanctions
[x] It is likely in most cases that only information that names or directly refers to a data subject will qualify and not all information retrieved from a computer search against an individual's name or unique identifier is personal data within the Act.
[x] What a data controller has to decide is:
o Whether the information found in a manual filing system is biographical in a significant sense, that is, going beyond the recording of the putative data subject's involvement in a matter or event that has no personal connotations; and
o Whether the information should have the putative data subject as its focus rather than some other person with whom he may have been involved or some transaction event. In short, it is information that affects the data subject's privacy, whether in his personal or family life, business or professional capacity.
This decision means that on making a subject access request, a data subject does not automatically have the right to all data held by the data controller that refers to the data subject. The most that the data subject can do is to determine whether the data controller is processing data lawfully and if not, the data subject has the right to take steps to enforce his rights.
Data subjects should be warned that a subject access is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not, of matters in which a subject access may be named or involved. Nor is to assist a subject access to obtain discovery of documents that may assist him in litigation or complaints against third parties.
3.5.1 A data subject is entitled to compensation and has the right to:
[x] prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;
[x] prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;
[x] object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement);
[x] claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the Act; and
[x] request the Information Commissioner to make an assessment of the way the Company processes personal data relating to the data subject.
3.5.2 The data controller can be prosecuted for other offences such as:
[x] Notification offences - several offences may be committed in
respect of data controllers' obligations to register and maintain such registration
[x] Unlawful obtaining or disclosing of personal data - it is a criminal offence to knowingly or recklessly (without the consent of the data controller) obtain or disclose personal data
[x] Enforced subject access - the Act prohibits enforced subject access; it is a criminal offence to require any data subject to request subject access in connection with recruitment, employment or provision of services
[x] Information notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an information notice issued by the Information Commissioner
[x] Enforcement notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an enforcement notice The enforcement notice may require the data controller to stop processing: (i) any personal data; or (ii) personal data of the type specified in the notice.
4. The Eight Data Protection Principles
The data protection principles set out the standards that a company must meet when processing personal data. These principles apply to the processing of all personal data, whether those data are processed automatically or stored in structured manual files. The principles are as follows:
| Principle 1 | Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. |
|---|---|
| Principle 2 | Personal data must be obtained only for specified and lawful purposes and must not be |
| | processed further in any manner incompatible with those purposes |
| Principle 3 | Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for |
| | which they were collected |
| Principle 4 | Personal data must be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date |
| Principle 5 | Personal data must not be kept longer than is necessary for the purposes for which they were |
| | collected |
| Principle 6 | Personal data must be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects |
| Principle 7 | Personal data must be kept secure against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against |
| | accidental loss, destruction or damage |
| Principle 8 | Personal data must not be transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area |
| | unless the country of destination provides an adequate level of data protection for those data |
4.1 Processing of Data
This wide definition of 'processing' includes collecting and disclosing personal data. This means that a data controller should only collect or discloses personal data if it can justify that collection or disclosure under one of the conditions listed above.
There are four golden rules to enable processing to be fair and lawful under the DPA:
:
Rule 1
These conditions are broad enough to cover most business processing activities. The most useful conditions are set out below
A data controller must find a lawful justification to process personal data under Schedule 2 of the DPA.
Finding a lawful justification - The DPA prohibits any processing of personal data unless a company can justify such processing under one of the conditions set out in Schedule 2 of the DPA.
:
Rule 2
If the data controller is processing sensitive data the data controller must find a lawful justification under both Schedules 2 and 3 of the DPA.
Processing sensitive personal data - If the Company processes sensitive personal data, then it must have a justification under Schedule 2 (see above), and must also find a lawful justification under Schedule 3 of the DPA (see opposite)
[x] the data subject has consented to the processing;
[x] it is necessary for a company to process personal data for the purpose of entering into, or performing, a contract with the data subject;
[x] the processing is necessary to enable a company to comply with a legal obligation (other than an obligation imposed by a contract);
[x] the processing is necessary to ensure that a company complies with a statutory duty (i.e. a duty imposed by legislation); or
[x] the processing is necessary in the legitimate interests of a company, provided the rights and freedom of data subjects are not prejudiced as a result
A company may process sensitive data where:
[x] the data subject has given his or her explicit consent to the processing;
[x] the processing is necessary to exercise or perform any legal right or obligation which is conferred or imposed upon the Company by law in connection with employment;
[x] the processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another person
[x] the information has been made public as a result of steps deliberately taken by the data subject;
[x] the processing is necessary for legal purposes including taking legal advice and establishing, exercising or defending legal rights; or
[x] the processing is of information relating to the data subject's racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, or physical or mental health or condition, and is carried out for the purposes of monitoring equality of opportunity.
.
Rule 3
Where personal data are collected directly from the data subject, the data controller must serve a data protection notice on the data subject before the data are obtained or at the time of collection
Giving the data protection notice - Where information is obtained directly from the data subject, the Company must ensure that, so far as practicable, the data subject is provided with, or has made readily available to him, a data protection notice. This notice should be provided before any information is obtained. The data protection notice should describe:
[x] the identity of the data controller;
[x] the purposes for which the data are to be processed; and
[x] any further information necessary in the circumstances to ensure the processing is fair. For example, this will include a description of any third party recipients to whom the Company intends to disclose personal data and the purposes for their processing
Rule 4
Where the personal data have been obtained from a third party, the data controller must serve a data protection notice when data are first processed by the controller.
4.2 Security Obligations
The DPA imposes stringent security obligations on data controllers. The Company is obliged to take appropriate measures to safeguard against the unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. A company must also ensure the reliability of staff who, have access to personal data and ensure that they are made aware of the requirements of the DPA.
4.3 Obligations where data processors are used
The DPA requires a company to ensure that all external data processors provide an appropriate level of security when processing personal data on the company's behalf.
5.0 Marketing Rules
Data subjects have the right to object to the processing of their personal data for the purposes of direct marketing. They can do this either by notifying a company or by registering with one of the opt-out services run by the Direct
Marketing Association. These opt-out services enable the individual to opt out of being contacted by mail, telephone, email or fax for direct marketing purposes.
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 ("Regulations") came into effect late 2003 and it imposes constraints on the use of e-mails, SMS marketing and Website cookies.
Rule 1
Rule 2
Opt-in
Applies to all marketing messages sent by email regardless of who the recipient is The sender must not conceal their identity; and The sender must provide a valid address for opt-out requests
Applies to unsolicited marketing messages sent by email to individual subscribers. Senders cannot send such messages unless they have the recipient's prior consent.
Processing of personal data and protection of privacy
A person shall neither transmit, nor instigate the transmission of, unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing by means of electronic mail unless the recipient of the electronic mail has previously notified the sender that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, or at the instigation of, the sender.
Includes SMS. In relation to the term previously notified a passive consent is not enough (positive tick in a box or equivalent device required)
:
There are certain exemptions that apply to the Regulations. The Regulations also deal with the use of cookies on websites.
Exemptions under the Regulations:
[x] Existing customer relationship exemption
Legacy Mailing List (e-mail addresses) Collected before October 2003 - maybe legally unusable
[x] Limited direct marketing by email is permissible without an express opt-in, subject of the following requirements:
Cookies are temporary records that are kept of a person's email address and other details when a person accesses a website. The Regulations lays down the law regarding the use of cookies on websites. Under the Regulations the use of cookies and other tracking devices are:
[x] The email address must have been obtained in the course of the "sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to that recipient" direct marketing is permitted only in respect of the marketer's "similar products and services"
[x] Recipient must be given a simple means of refusing the use of contact details for the purposes of direct marketing – e.g. a tick box
[x] Unless email addresses of persons bought or negotiated for the sale of goods or services
[x] Opt-in required in all other cases – if persons registered on a website for a newsletter or feature in a bought-in list
[x] Information Commission Guidance – requirement to include a "simple means of refusing" further emails
[x] prohibited unless subscribers and users are clearly told they are being used; and
[x] given the chance to refuse their use
[x] Regulations do not set out when, where or how information or switch off opportunity should be communicated. It is suggested that this may be communicated in a privacy policy
[x] Department of Trade and Industry is currently investigating use of cookies by data controllers.
6.0 Conclusion
It is advisable that companies whatever their size conduct regular audits to determine whether they are complain under the DPA. This is an important issue for companies and they have to take note.
RT Coopers, 2004
Dr Rosanna Cooper is the principal of RT Cooper Solicitors specialising in data protection audits and compliance. Dr Cooper may be contacted on 020 7488 2985 or by email: [email protected]. Website: www.rtcoopers.com
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.rtcoopers.com/userfiles/file/Dataprotectionarticle_2_June2004vp.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nData Protection E-Marketing and IT Security\n\nWritten by Dr Rosanna Cooper\n\nThe privacy of individual's data is of paramount importance. The Data Protection Act 1998 (the \"DPA\" or \"Act\") lays down the law on the handling, storage, use, disclosure and security of individual's personal data writes Dr Rosanna Cooper. The Act came into force on 1 March 2000 and implemented the European Union (\"EU\") Directive into UK law introducing radical changes to the way in which personal data regarding identifiable living individuals can be processed. The Act covers manual as well as computerised data. The need for businesses to process personal data means that the DPA impacts upon most organisations, irrespective of size. Furthermore, the public's growing awareness of their right to privacy means that data protection will remain an important issue.\n\n1. Introduction\n\nThe DPA lays down eight data protection principles that each organisation processing data has to comply with. It makes a distinction between personal data and personal sensitive data (\"sensitive data\"). Personal data is widely defined in the Act and includes personal data relating to employees, customers, business contacts and suppliers The Act impacts upon a wide range of processing activities and requires organisations to introduce changes to ensure compliance.\n\nIn order to achieve compliance under the DPA, businesses must have a detailed understanding of how, why, where and when they process personal data. They must also understand the data flows within their own organisation and the data flows to third parties. This requires businesses to have knowledge of at least the following:\n\n[x] the sources from which personal data are obtained\n\n2. Definitions and Scope of the DPA\n\nThe DPA applies where a 'data controller' 'processes' 'personal data' relating to 'data subjects'. Each of these words is defined below and it is important to understand what they mean in order to comply with the requirements of the DPA. Described below are some of the most useful and important of these defined terms. For example, a 'data controller' is any person who (alone or jointly with others) decides the purpose(s) for which, and the manner in which, the personal data are processed. The data\n\n[x] the categories of individuals to which the personal data relate\n[x] the type of personal data collected\n[x] the purposes for which the personal data are processed\n[x] the mechanisms in place to ensure personal data are kept up to date, are accurate and adequate\n[x] the recipients of the personal data both internal and external and the purposes for which they process the personal data; and\n[x] the procedures for dealing with retention of data, including archiving and destruction.\n\nIn addition to the above, businesses must also be familiar with their internal security measures and their effectiveness at safeguarding personal data. Companies must be aware of, for example, the levels of understanding of their staff in relation to compliance with the DPA and whether such levels are adequate to meet their obligations under the seventh principle of the DPA.\n\ncontroller will therefore be the legal entity, which exercises ultimate control over the personal data. Individual managers or employees of a business are not data controllers. The data controller is responsible for:\n\n[x] All personal data about identifiable living individuals\n[x] Deciding how and why personal data are processed\n[x] Information handling – complying with the eight data protection principles\n\n[x] Acquiring \"data subjects\" consent for processing sensitive data\n[x] Existing procedures for handling sensitive or personal data\n[x] Security measures to safeguard personal data; and\n[x] Notification\n\nA 'data processor' is defined as a person or organisation who processes the data on behalf of the data controller, but who is not an employee of the data controller. So for example, it could a\n\n2.1 What is Data?\n\nData means information which is processed by computer or other automatic equipment, including word processors, databases and spreadsheet files, or information which is recorded on paper with the intention of being processed later by computer; or information which is recorded as part of a manual filing system, where the files are structured according to the names of individuals or other characteristics, such as payroll number, and where the files have sufficient internal structure so that specific information about a particular individual can be found easily.\n\nHence information held in the manual files of a company can be data and personal data once the data forms part of a relevant filing system. This issue came up in the recent Court of Appeal case Michael John Durant v Financial Services Authority where the Court of Appeal decided on what constitutes a relevant filing system. The\n\n2.2 Personal and Sensitive Data\n\nPersonal data relates to data of living individuals who can be identified from those data, or from those data and other information which is in the possession of the data controller or which is likely to come into its possession for example, names, addresses and home telephone numbers of employees or customers.\n\n2.3 What is meant by Processing?\n\nThe definition of 'processing' is very broad. It covers any operation carried out on the data and includes, obtaining or recording data, the.\n\nbureau that deals with payroll <cursor_is_here> While a 'data subject' is any living individual who is the subject of personal data. There are no age restrictions on who qualifies as a data subject, but the definition does not extend to individuals who are deceased.\n\nA data controller is required under the DPA to notify the purposes for which it processes personal data of individuals.\n\ncourts stated that a relevant filing system is limited to a system in which the files forming part of it are structured or referenced in such a way as clearly to indicate at the outset of the search whether specific information capable of amounting to personal data of an individual requesting it…is held within the system and, if so, in which file or files it is held; and which has, as part of its own structure or referencing mechanism, a sufficiently sophisticated and detailed means of readily indicating whether and where in an individual file or files specific criteria or information about the applicant can be readily located.\n\nTherefore, business owners that are data controllers must ensure that their filing systems are structured or referenced in such a way that data relating to an individual can be readily retrievable.\n\nWhereas sensitive data consist of information relating to a data subject's racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, trade union membership, physical or mental health or condition, sexual life, commission or alleged commission of any offences or convictions or criminal proceedings involving the data subject.\n\nretrieval, consultation or use of data, the disclosure or otherwise making available of data\n\n2.4 Data Subject Access\n\nUnder the DPA, an individual or data subject can make a subject access request to a data controller. This is a request by an individual to be granted access to, and be provided with, any personal data, which a company holds about him or her. This includes the right to be provided with information about:\n\n[x] the purposes for which a company processes personal data,\n[x] the sources of the data\n[x] the identity of any person to whom the data have been disclosed;\n[x] the logic behind any automated decision making processes;\n[x] the right to prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;\n[x] the right to prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;\n[x] the right to object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement); and\n[x] the right to claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the DPA.\n\nUntil the decision in the Durant case, it was generally thought that when a data subject made a subject access request to a data controller, the data controller was required to provide the data subject will all data that it held about the individual. The position now is that the subject access:\n\n[x] Enable an individual to check whether the data controller's processing is unlawfully infringing his or her privacy and, if so, to take such steps as the Act provides (i.e. blocking or rectification). It is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not of matters in which he may be named or involved\n\n3.0 Sanctions\n\n[x] It is likely in most cases that only information that names or directly refers to a data subject will qualify and not all information retrieved from a computer search against an individual's name or unique identifier is personal data within the Act.\n\n[x] What a data controller has to decide is:\n\no Whether the information found in a manual filing system is biographical in a significant sense, that is, going beyond the recording of the putative data subject's involvement in a matter or event that has no personal connotations; and\no Whether the information should have the putative data subject as its focus rather than some other person with whom he may have been involved or some transaction event. In short, it is information that affects the data subject's privacy, whether in his personal or family life, business or professional capacity.\n\nThis decision means that on making a subject access request, a data subject does not automatically have the right to all data held by the data controller that refers to the data subject. The most that the data subject can do is to determine whether the data controller is processing data lawfully and if not, the data subject has the right to take steps to enforce his rights.\n\nData subjects should be warned that a subject access is not an automatic key to any information, readily accessible or not, of matters in which a subject access may be named or involved. Nor is to assist a subject access to obtain discovery of documents that may assist him in litigation or complaints against third parties.\n\n3.5.1 A data subject is entitled to compensation and has the right to:\n\n[x] prevent processing which is likely to cause the data subject damage or distress;\n[x] prevent processing which is taking place for the purposes of direct marketing;\n[x] object to automated decisions being taken about him or her (i.e. decisions which do not have any human involvement);\n[x] claim compensation for any damage or damage and distress which is caused to the data subject (or another person) as a result of a company's breach of the Act; and\n[x] request the Information Commissioner to make an assessment of the way the Company processes personal data relating to the data subject.\n3.5.2 The data controller can be prosecuted for other offences such as:\n[x] Notification offences - several offences may be committed in\nrespect of data controllers' obligations to register and maintain such registration\n[x] Unlawful obtaining or disclosing of personal data - it is a criminal offence to knowingly or recklessly (without the consent of the data controller) obtain or disclose personal data\n[x] Enforced subject access - the Act prohibits enforced subject access; it is a criminal offence to require any data subject to request subject access in connection with recruitment, employment or provision of services\n[x] Information notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an information notice issued by the Information Commissioner\n[x] Enforcement notices - it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with an enforcement notice The enforcement notice may require the data controller to stop processing: (i) any personal data; or (ii) personal data of the type specified in the notice.\n\n4. The Eight Data Protection Principles\n\nThe data protection principles set out the standards that a company must meet when processing personal data. These principles apply to the processing of all personal data, whether those data are processed automatically or stored in structured manual files. The principles are as follows:\n\n| Principle 1 | Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. |\n|---|---|\n| Principle 2 | Personal data must be obtained only for specified and lawful purposes and must not be |\n| | processed further in any manner incompatible with those purposes |\n| Principle 3 | Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for |\n| | which they were collected |\n| Principle 4 | Personal data must be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date |\n| Principle 5 | Personal data must not be kept longer than is necessary for the purposes for which they were |\n| | collected |\n| Principle 6 | Personal data must be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects |\n| Principle 7 | Personal data must be kept secure against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against |\n| | accidental loss, destruction or damage |\n| Principle 8 | Personal data must not be transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area |\n| | unless the country of destination provides an adequate level of data protection for those data |\n\n4.1 Processing of Data\n\nThis wide definition of 'processing' includes collecting and disclosing personal data. This means that a data controller should only collect or discloses personal data if it can justify that collection or disclosure under one of the conditions listed above.\n\nThere are four golden rules to enable processing to be fair and lawful under the DPA:\n\n:\nRule 1\nThese conditions are broad enough to cover most business processing activities. The most useful conditions are set out below\nA data controller must find a lawful justification to process personal data under Schedule 2 of the DPA.\nFinding a lawful justification - The DPA prohibits any processing of personal data unless a company can justify such processing under one of the conditions set out in Schedule 2 of the DPA.\n\n:\n\nRule 2\n\nIf the data controller is processing sensitive data the data controller must find a lawful justification under both Schedules 2 and 3 of the DPA.\n\nProcessing sensitive personal data - If the Company processes sensitive personal data, then it must have a justification under Schedule 2 (see above), and must also find a lawful justification under Schedule 3 of the DPA (see opposite)\n\n[x] the data subject has consented to the processing;\n[x] it is necessary for a company to process personal data for the purpose of entering into, or performing, a contract with the data subject;\n[x] the processing is necessary to enable a company to comply with a legal obligation (other than an obligation imposed by a contract);\n[x] the processing is necessary to ensure that a company complies with a statutory duty (i.e. a duty imposed by legislation); or\n[x] the processing is necessary in the legitimate interests of a company, provided the rights and freedom of data subjects are not prejudiced as a result\n\nA company may process sensitive data where:\n\n[x] the data subject has given his or her explicit consent to the processing;\n[x] the processing is necessary to exercise or perform any legal right or obligation which is conferred or imposed upon the Company by law in connection with employment;\n[x] the processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another person\n[x] the information has been made public as a result of steps deliberately taken by the data subject;\n[x] the processing is necessary for legal purposes including taking legal advice and establishing, exercising or defending legal rights; or\n[x] the processing is of information relating to the data subject's racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs or other similar beliefs, or physical or mental health or condition, and is carried out for the purposes of monitoring equality of opportunity.\n\n.\n\nRule 3\n\nWhere personal data are collected directly from the data subject, the data controller must serve a data protection notice on the data subject before the data are obtained or at the time of collection\n\nGiving the data protection notice - Where information is obtained directly from the data subject, the Company must ensure that, so far as practicable, the data subject is provided with, or has made readily available to him, a data protection notice. This notice should be provided before any information is obtained. The data protection notice should describe:\n\n[x] the identity of the data controller;\n[x] the purposes for which the data are to be processed; and\n[x] any further information necessary in the circumstances to ensure the processing is fair. For example, this will include a description of any third party recipients to whom the Company intends to disclose personal data and the purposes for their processing\n\nRule 4\n\nWhere the personal data have been obtained from a third party, the data controller must serve a data protection notice when data are first processed by the controller.\n\n4.2 Security Obligations\n\nThe DPA imposes stringent security obligations on data controllers. The Company is obliged to take appropriate measures to safeguard against the unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. A company must also ensure the reliability of staff who, have access to personal data and ensure that they are made aware of the requirements of the DPA.\n\n4.3 Obligations where data processors are used\n\nThe DPA requires a company to ensure that all external data processors provide an appropriate level of security when processing personal data on the company's behalf.\n\n5.0 Marketing Rules\n\nData subjects have the right to object to the processing of their personal data for the purposes of direct marketing. They can do this either by notifying a company or by registering with one of the opt-out services run by the Direct\n\nMarketing Association. These opt-out services enable the individual to opt out of being contacted by mail, telephone, email or fax for direct marketing purposes.\n\nThe Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 (\"Regulations\") came into effect late 2003 and it imposes constraints on the use of e-mails, SMS marketing and Website cookies.\n\nRule 1\n\nRule 2\n\nOpt-in\n\nApplies to all marketing messages sent by email regardless of who the recipient is The sender must not conceal their identity; and The sender must provide a valid address for opt-out requests\n\nApplies to unsolicited marketing messages sent by email to individual subscribers. Senders cannot send such messages unless they have the recipient's prior consent.\n\nProcessing of personal data and protection of privacy\n\nA person shall neither transmit, nor instigate the transmission of, unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing by means of electronic mail unless the recipient of the electronic mail has previously notified the sender that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, or at the instigation of, the sender.\n\nIncludes SMS. In relation to the term previously notified a passive consent is not enough (positive tick in a box or equivalent device required)\n\n:\n\nThere are certain exemptions that apply to the Regulations. The Regulations also deal with the use of cookies on websites.\n\nExemptions under the Regulations:\n\n[x] Existing customer relationship exemption\n\nLegacy Mailing List (e-mail addresses) Collected before October 2003 - maybe legally unusable\n\n[x] Limited direct marketing by email is permissible without an express opt-in, subject of the following requirements:\n\nCookies are temporary records that are kept of a person's email address and other details when a person accesses a website. The Regulations lays down the law regarding the use of cookies on websites. Under the Regulations the use of cookies and other tracking devices are:\n\n[x] The email address must have been obtained in the course of the \"sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to that recipient\" direct marketing is permitted only in respect of the marketer's \"similar products and services\"\n[x] Recipient must be given a simple means of refusing the use of contact details for the purposes of direct marketing – e.g. a tick box\n[x] Unless email addresses of persons bought or negotiated for the sale of goods or services\n[x] Opt-in required in all other cases – if persons registered on a website for a newsletter or feature in a bought-in list\n[x] Information Commission Guidance – requirement to include a \"simple means of refusing\" further emails\n[x] prohibited unless subscribers and users are clearly told they are being used; and\n[x] given the chance to refuse their use\n[x] Regulations do not set out when, where or how information or switch off opportunity should be communicated. It is suggested that this may be communicated in a privacy policy\n[x] Department of Trade and Industry is currently investigating use of cookies by data controllers.\n\n6.0 Conclusion\n\nIt is advisable that companies whatever their size conduct regular audits to determine whether they are complain under the DPA. This is an important issue for companies and they have to take note.\n\nRT Coopers, 2004\n\nDr Rosanna Cooper is the principal of RT Cooper Solicitors specialising in data protection audits and compliance. Dr Cooper may be contacted on 020 7488 2985 or by email: [email protected]. Website: www.rtcoopers.com\n</text>\n",
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How To Play Casino And Get Cashback
If you understand how gambling works, you will realize the importance of a casino cashback. When it comes to gambling, you will go through a lot of highs and lows. Sometimes, the lows are longer than the highs. But there will always be a time when your bets will reach its peak – which is just a term for you winning. Unfortunately, the time in between those peaks can become very discouraging.
And that is where a great cashback bonus comes into play.
List of Casinos with cashback
What is a casino cashback
A casino cashback is like your incentive for losing. Since gambling comes with its own share of wins and losses, online casinos have to make sure you will not get discouraged when you are in the midst of a losing streak.
The reality is, no matter how lucky you are, you cannot win every single bet that you make. In fact, it may be safe to say that the number of times that you will lose is more than the times you will win. A lot of players actually do not mind this statistic because they usually win a big amount – enough to make them forget the other times that they lost a bet.
Some people, are not as lucky and may take their losses a bit more negatively than the others. It will most likely discourage them from making any more deposits and bets. This is what the real money cashback from casino websites are trying to avoid. Online casinos will give you some of the money that you lost – in the hopes that you will not stop betting.
Other online casinos consider this a way to repay their regular players for their loyalty. Like other bonuses, you will only get a real money cashback from casino sites if you meet certain requirements. This will vary for every online casino so you need to make sure that you will read the terms and conditions of the casino cash back on losses.
Different examples of a cashback while playing casino online
Before you can play casino and get cashback, you may want to know the different types that you can get.
- While there is no general category, a casino cashback can come in various forms. Here are the various ways it can differ.
- There are two ways the cashback is calculated – a specific amount or a percentage based on a pre-defined requirement. It is usually calculated over a specific period (e.g. daily, weekly, or monthly).
- The cash back can be added as money in your account or in the form of free plays or spins.
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- There are cashbacks that are specific to certain games. That means the cashback will be based on how much you bet on that specific game. Whether you can use the cashback on that game alone or on other games on the site will depend on the online casino.
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This is why it is very important for you to read the terms and conditions before you accept it. You want to make sure that you can maximize the benefits of the cashback bonus. Not only that, you should also pay attention to how you should be spending the cashback. As mentioned, some online casinos would want you to use it on specific games while others would allow you to use it on any game.
Qualifying for a cashback bonus
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Reminders when looking at cashback offers
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How To Play Casino And Get Cashback
If you understand how gambling works, you will realize the importance of a casino cashback. When it comes to gambling, you will go through a lot of highs and lows. Sometimes, the lows are longer than the highs. But there will always be a time when your bets will reach its peak – which is just a term for you winning. Unfortunately, the time in between those peaks can become very discouraging.
And that is where a great cashback bonus comes into play.
List of Casinos with cashback
What is a casino cashback
A casino cashback is like your incentive for losing. Since gambling comes with its own share of wins and losses, online casinos have to make sure you will not get discouraged when you are in the midst of a losing streak.
The reality is, no matter how lucky you are, you cannot win every single bet that you make. In fact, it may be safe to say that the number of times that you will lose is more than the times you will win. A lot of players actually do not mind this statistic because they usually win a big amount – enough to make them forget the other times that they lost a bet.
Some people, are not as lucky and may take their losses a bit more negatively than the others. It will most likely discourage them from making any more deposits and bets. This is what the real money cashback from casino websites are trying to avoid. Online casinos will give you some of the money that you lost – in the hopes that you will not stop betting.
Other online casinos consider this a way to repay their regular players for their loyalty. Like other bonuses, you will only get a real money cashback from casino sites if you meet certain requirements. This will vary for every online casino so you need to make sure that you will read the terms and conditions of the casino cash back on losses.
Different examples of a cashback while playing casino online
Before you can play casino and get cashback, you may want to know the different types that you can get.
- While there is no general category, a casino cashback can come in various forms. Here are the various ways it can differ.
- There are two ways the cashback is calculated – a specific amount or a percentage based on a pre-defined requirement. It is usually calculated over a specific period (e.g. daily, weekly, or monthly).
- The cash back can be added as money in your account or in the form of free plays or spins.
- The requirement can be based on the amount that you have lost or the total amount that you have bet – regardless if it won or lost.
- There are cashbacks that are specific to certain games. That means the cashback will be based on how much you bet on that specific game. Whether you can use the cashback on that game alone or on other games on the site will depend on the online casino.
- Some cashbacks are offered as a promotion – may be to help promote a new game. Online players have the option to take part or not.
As you can see, it is hard to really gauge how different the cashback is from one casino to another.
This is why it is very important for you to read the terms and conditions before you accept it. You want to make sure that you can maximize the benefits of the cashback bonus. Not only that, you should also pay attention to how you should be spending the cashback. As mentioned, some online casinos would want you to use it on specific games while others would allow you to use it on any game.
Qualifying for a cashback bonus
Now that we have defined what a casino cashback is and the different variations, let us figure out how you can qualify. One thing is for certain, there is a requirement for you to meet before you can get this bonus. It will just be different from one online casino to another. Here are a couple of things that can affect how you will qualify for the cashback.
- Opt-in. Not a
|
ll real money cashback from casino sites are automatically available to players.
| 3,840
|
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https://free-spins.org/new-casino-bonuses/cashback/
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How To Play Casino And Get Cashback
If you understand how gambling works, you will realize the importance of a casino cashback. When it comes to gambling, you will go through a lot of highs and lows. Sometimes, the lows are longer than the highs. But there will always be a time when your bets will reach its peak – which is just a term for you winning. Unfortunately, the time in between those peaks can become very discouraging.
And that is where a great cashback bonus comes into play.
List of Casinos with cashback
What is a casino cashback
A casino cashback is like your incentive for losing. Since gambling comes with its own share of wins and losses, online casinos have to make sure you will not get discouraged when you are in the midst of a losing streak.
The reality is, no matter how lucky you are, you cannot win every single bet that you make. In fact, it may be safe to say that the number of times that you will lose is more than the times you will win. A lot of players actually do not mind this statistic because they usually win a big amount – enough to make them forget the other times that they lost a bet.
Some people, are not as lucky and may take their losses a bit more negatively than the others. It will most likely discourage them from making any more deposits and bets. This is what the real money cashback from casino websites are trying to avoid. Online casinos will give you some of the money that you lost – in the hopes that you will not stop betting.
Other online casinos consider this a way to repay their regular players for their loyalty. Like other bonuses, you will only get a real money cashback from casino sites if you meet certain requirements. This will vary for every online casino so you need to make sure that you will read the terms and conditions of the casino cash back on losses.
Different examples of a cashback while playing casino online
Before you can play casino and get cashback, you may want to know the different types that you can get.
- While there is no general category, a casino cashback can come in various forms. Here are the various ways it can differ.
- There are two ways the cashback is calculated – a specific amount or a percentage based on a pre-defined requirement. It is usually calculated over a specific period (e.g. daily, weekly, or monthly).
- The cash back can be added as money in your account or in the form of free plays or spins.
- The requirement can be based on the amount that you have lost or the total amount that you have bet – regardless if it won or lost.
- There are cashbacks that are specific to certain games. That means the cashback will be based on how much you bet on that specific game. Whether you can use the cashback on that game alone or on other games on the site will depend on the online casino.
- Some cashbacks are offered as a promotion – may be to help promote a new game. Online players have the option to take part or not.
As you can see, it is hard to really gauge how different the cashback is from one casino to another.
This is why it is very important for you to read the terms and conditions before you accept it. You want to make sure that you can maximize the benefits of the cashback bonus. Not only that, you should also pay attention to how you should be spending the cashback. As mentioned, some online casinos would want you to use it on specific games while others would allow you to use it on any game.
Qualifying for a cashback bonus
Now that we have defined what a casino cashback is and the different variations, let us figure out how you can qualify. One thing is for certain, there is a requirement for you to meet before you can get this bonus. It will just be different from one online casino to another. Here are a couple of things that can affect how you will qualify for the cashback.
- Opt-in. Not a<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://free-spins.org/new-casino-bonuses/cashback/\n</url>\n<text>\nHow To Play Casino And Get Cashback\nIf you understand how gambling works, you will realize the importance of a casino cashback. When it comes to gambling, you will go through a lot of highs and lows. Sometimes, the lows are longer than the highs. But there will always be a time when your bets will reach its peak – which is just a term for you winning. Unfortunately, the time in between those peaks can become very discouraging.\nAnd that is where a great cashback bonus comes into play.\nList of Casinos with cashback\nWhat is a casino cashback\nA casino cashback is like your incentive for losing. Since gambling comes with its own share of wins and losses, online casinos have to make sure you will not get discouraged when you are in the midst of a losing streak.\nThe reality is, no matter how lucky you are, you cannot win every single bet that you make. In fact, it may be safe to say that the number of times that you will lose is more than the times you will win. A lot of players actually do not mind this statistic because they usually win a big amount – enough to make them forget the other times that they lost a bet.\nSome people, are not as lucky and may take their losses a bit more negatively than the others. It will most likely discourage them from making any more deposits and bets. This is what the real money cashback from casino websites are trying to avoid. Online casinos will give you some of the money that you lost – in the hopes that you will not stop betting.\nOther online casinos consider this a way to repay their regular players for their loyalty. Like other bonuses, you will only get a real money cashback from casino sites if you meet certain requirements. This will vary for every online casino so you need to make sure that you will read the terms and conditions of the casino cash back on losses.\nDifferent examples of a cashback while playing casino online\nBefore you can play casino and get cashback, you may want to know the different types that you can get.\n- While there is no general category, a casino cashback can come in various forms. Here are the various ways it can differ.\n- There are two ways the cashback is calculated – a specific amount or a percentage based on a pre-defined requirement. It is usually calculated over a specific period (e.g. daily, weekly, or monthly).\n- The cash back can be added as money in your account or in the form of free plays or spins.\n- The requirement can be based on the amount that you have lost or the total amount that you have bet – regardless if it won or lost.\n- There are cashbacks that are specific to certain games. That means the cashback will be based on how much you bet on that specific game. Whether you can use the cashback on that game alone or on other games on the site will depend on the online casino.\n- Some cashbacks are offered as a promotion – may be to help promote a new game. Online players have the option to take part or not.\nAs you can see, it is hard to really gauge how different the cashback is from one casino to another.\nThis is why it is very important for you to read the terms and conditions before you accept it. You want to make sure that you can maximize the benefits of the cashback bonus. Not only that, you should also pay attention to how you should be spending the cashback. As mentioned, some online casinos would want you to use it on specific games while others would allow you to use it on any game.\nQualifying for a cashback bonus\nNow that we have defined what a casino cashback is and the different variations, let us figure out how you can qualify. One thing is for certain, there is a requirement for you to meet before you can get this bonus. It will just be different from one online casino to another. Here are a couple of things that can affect how you will qualify for the cashback.\n- Opt-in. Not a<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Estimation of TSS and Chl-a Concentration from Landsat 8-OLI: The Effect of Atmosphere and Retrieval Algorithm
Lalu Muhamad Jaelani 1 , Resti Limehuwey 1 , Nia Kurniadin 1 , Adjie Pamungkas 2 Eddy Setyo Koenhardono 3 , and Aries Sulisetyono 4,
Abstract TSS and Chl-a are globally known as a key parameter for regular seawater monitoring. Considering the high temporal and spatial variations of water constituent, the remote sensing technique is an efficient and accurate method for extracting water physical parameters. The accuracy of estimated data derived from remote sensing depends on an accurate atmospheric correction algorithm and physical parameter retrieval algorithms. In this research, the accuracy of the atmospherically corrected product of USGS as well as the developed algorithms for estimating TSS and Chl-a concentration using Landsat 8-OLI data were evaluated. The data used in this study was collected from Poteran's waters (9 stations) on April 22, 2015 and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations) on October 15, 2015. The low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the relative error was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable result over Poteran's waters (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) but failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). The low correlation between measured and estimated TSS or Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by the performance of developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospherically corrected reflectance of Landsat product.
Keywords remote sensing; water quality; TSS; Chl-a.
AbstrakTSS dan Chl-a secara global dikenal sebagai parameter utama dalam pemantauan kualitas air laut. Mengingat tingginya variasi temporal dan spasial dari konstituen perairan, teknik penginderaan jauh adalah metode yang efisien dan akurat untuk mengekstrak parameter fisik air tersebut. Akurasi dari parameter fisik yang diturunkan dari data penginderaan jauh tergantung pada algoritma koreksi atmosfer dan algoritma estimasi parameter fisik yang akurat. Dalam penelitian ini, akurasi dari produk USGS yang terkoreksi secara atmosfer serta algoritma yang dikembangkan untuk menghitung konsentrasi TSS dan Chl-a menggunakan Landsat 8-OLI data telah dikaji. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari Perairan Poteran (9 stasiun) pada tanggal 22 April 2015, dan Perairan Gili Iyang (6 stasiun) pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2015. Korelasi yang rendah antara data in situ dan Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0,106) menunjukkan algoritma koreksi atmosfer yang digunakan oleh USGS memiliki keterbatasan. Algoritma estimasi konsentrasi TSS menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima di Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 4,60% dan R 2 sebesar 0,628) dan di perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 14,82% dan R 2 sebesar 0,345). Meskipun R 2 lebih rendah dari 0,5, kesalahan relatifnya lebih akurat dari persyaratan minimum sebesar 30%. Sementara itu, algoritma estimasi konsentrasi Chl-a menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima untuk Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 13,87% dan R 2 sebesar 0,416) akan tetapi gagal di Perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 99,14% dan R 2 sebesar 0,090). Korelasi yang rendah antara konsentrai TSS atau Chl-a estimasi dan ukuran disebabkan tidak hanya oleh akurasi algoritma estimasi TSS dan Chl-a, tetapi juga oleh akurasi dari reflektan terkoreksi atmosfer dari produk Landsat.
Kata Kuncipenginderaan jauh; kualitas air; TSS; Chl-a
I. INTRODUCTION
1
emote sensing data have been widely used for monitoring the ecological, biological, and physical state of the seawater. Many studies have demonstrated that remote sensing imagery can be used for monitoring of the Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Total Suspended Solid R
1Lalu Muhamad Jaelani, Resti Limehuwey, and Nia Kurniadin, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
2Adjie Pamungkas, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
3Eddy Setyo Koenhardono, Department of Marine Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
4Aries Sulisetyono Department of Naval Architecture and Shipbuilding Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
(TSS) concentrations. The range of 400 to 850 nm is often chosen for research aimed at determining methods for estimation of water quality parameters within the water column from remote sensing data [1]. The estimation of water quality parameters such as the concentration of TSS and Chl-a from satellite images is strongly depend on the accuracy of atmospheric correction and water quality parameter retrievals algorithms [2]–[7]. Atmospheric correction is a necessary process for quantitative monitoring of water quality parameters from satellite data.
In Indonesia's water, there was very limited algorithm developed and validated based on the in situ data of physical parameter as well as its reflectance data [7], [8]. Hence, the existing algorithm that was designed in different water area was directly implemented without considering the dynamic changes and the specific characteristics of local water in Indonesia.
Consequently, the objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the performance of atmospheric corrected
reflectance data processed by USGS, and 2) to develop more accurate TSS and Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithms for Landsat 8-OLI data at Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters of Indonesia using in situ reflectance, TSS and Chl-a concentrations.
II.
M
ETHOD
Study Area
The data were collected from two water locations surrounding small islands in Indonesia. The first island is Poteran (7°5'11.88"S; 113°59'43.77"E), which is located in the southeast part of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area of 49.8 km 2 . At the south of the island, local community utilizes sea for seaweed farming. The second one is Gili Iyang (6°59'7.07"S; 114°10'32.22"E) which is located in the northeast of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area of 9.15 km 2 . The concentration of oxygen in this island is very high with average of 21.4 %. These two islands were separated by 22 km of distance. The locations of study area as well as the distribution of sample stations were shown in Figure 1. The waters surrounding this island were suffering with high loads of nutrients that indicated by high concentration of Chl-a (higher than 100 mg/m 3 ).
In situ Data Collection
To assess the performance of atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat product, the in situ spectra data and water quality concentration (i.e. TSS and Chl-a) were collected from Poteran's waters on April 22, 2015, the same time with Landsat 8-OLI acquisition. The same field campaign was performed over Gili Iyang's waters on October 15, 2015, except for spectra measurement which could not be measured by reason of strong wind speed. The data collecting station, which located less than one Landsat 8-OLI pixel (i.e. 30 m) away from the coastal area and corresponding Landsat 8-OLI pixels were contaminated by clouds were excluded from the analyses. Accordingly, 9 data (2 data without spectra) were used for Poteran area and 6 for Gili Iyang area.
All reflectance measurements were performed three hours before until three hours after 9.30 AM local time over optically deep waters. The water-leaving radiance (Lu(λ)), the downward irradiance (Ed(λ)), and the downward radiance of skylight (Lsky(λ)) were measured at each site using a Field Spec Hand Held (or Pro VNIR) spectroradiometer (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO) in the range of 325–1075 nm at 1-nm intervals. The above-water remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) was calculated approximately using the following equation [9]:
where Cal(λ) is the spectral reflectance of the grey reference panel that has been accurately calibrated, and r represents a weighted surface reflectance for the correction of surface-reflected skylight and is determined as a function of wind speed [9].
Concurrently, water samples were collected at nine and six stations over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters, respectively. Water samples were kept in ice boxes and taken to the laboratory for furthermore analysis. The chlorophyll-a were determined spectrometrically using spectrophotometer. The optical density of the extracted Chl-a was measured at four wavelengths (750, 663, 645, and 630 nm), and the concentration was calculated according to SCOR-UNESCO's equations [10]. The total suspended solids were determined gravimetrically. Samples were filtered through pre-combusted whatman gf/f filters at 500°c for 4 hours to remove dissolved organic matter in suspension, which was then dried at 105°c for 4 hours and weighted to obtain TSS. The in situ remote sensing reflectance and water quality parameter collected over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters were presented in Table 1 and Figure 2.
Landsat 8-OLI Data Collection
Landsat 8-OLI data at path/row of 117/65 were collected at concurrent field campaign time. These data collected on April 22, 2015 and October 15, 2015. Since the atmospheric correction algorithm to convert remote sensing reflectance from Top of Atmospheric (TOA, recorded by sensor) to Bottom of Atmosphere (BOA, surface reflectance) is difficult for Landsat data, the Surface Reflectance (SR) which processed by USGS was used directly. The surface reflectance data was atmospheric corrected data using internal algorithm (for Landsat 8) and based on 6S algorithm for prior Landsat 8 for 7 bands. The information of Landsat band (excluded the TIR band) was presented in Table 2. These data could be ordered and downloaded from ESPA's website (http://espa.cr.usgs.gov/). The downloaded SR data then calibrated by dividing all digital numbers by 10000 and converted to remote sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ), by dividing surface reflectance by π.
Accuracy Assessment
Assessment the accuracy of atmospheric correction algorithm developed by USGS and water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) retrieval algorithms used root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE) and determination coefficient (R 2 ). These notations were defined as follow:
where xmeas,i and xesti,i are the measured and estimated values, respectively, and N is the number of samples. The RMSE gives the absolute scattering of the retrieved remote sensing reflectance as well as water quality parameter concentration, the RE represents the uncertainty associated with satellite-derived distribution and R 2 the strong relationship between in situ measured Rrs(λ) and estimated Rrs(λ) from atmospherically corrected of Landsat 8-OLI as well as measured and estimated water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) concentrations.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of Landsat Remote Sensing Reflectance
To validate the atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat (SR), the average of 3-by-3 window of Landsat pixel was used to compare with in situ-measured Rrs(λ) in order to avoid potential error in the geometric correction and dynamics of water bodies, as well as the
potential error in spatial variability [11]. The in situ Rrs(λ) measured by spectroradiometer in 1 nm interval was resampled to fit Landsat bands with the center of 440, 480, 560, 655, and 865 nm for band 1 to 7, respectively. Figure 3 showed the remote sensing reflectance comparison.
The data in Figure 3 shows that the water-leaving remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) derived from Landsat 8 under estimate the in situ measurement Rrs(λ) at all observation stations except at the observation station of 1, 7 and 9 where the data were overestimation. The low relationship between two set of data indicated by low determination coefficient (R 2 =0.106). However, all data comparisons between in situ and Landsat derived remote sensing reflectance have the same pattern.
TSS Concentration Retrieval Algorithm
The total suspended sediment concentration retrieval algorithm developed using the regression algorithm between the in situ TSS concentrations and in situ measured remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) based on single-band and two-band ratios reflectance combinations. In situ TSS concentration and in situ Rrs(λ) were used as dependent and independent variable, respectively. From several combinations, the highest correlation between both variables indicated by the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was chosen as a retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm for TSS concentrations was shown in Tables 3 and 4. In these tables, high coefficient of determination (R 2 >0.5) were shown in the algorithm based on the band ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) and Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4).
The highest correlation produced by an algorithm based on Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) with R 2 of 0.79. This band-ratio based algorithm was used to calculate estimation of TSS concentration. The linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) was shown in Figure 4 and Equation 5.
Chl-a Concentration Retrieval Algorithm
The Chlorophyll-a concentration retrieval algorithm was made using regression algorithms based on single band and two band-ratios of Landsat 8 following the TSS retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm of Chl-a concentrations were presented in Tables 5 and 6, for single band and two band-ratio combinations, respectively. In these tables, a high determination coefficient (R 2 >0.5) were shown in band-ratio of Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), and Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with the highest correlation produced by Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with R 2 of 0.63. The linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) for Poteran's waters was shown in Figure 5 and Equation 6.
The algorithm produced the highest correlation with coefficient determination of 0.626.
Estimation of TSS Concentration and Its Validation
To assess the performance of the developed algorithms, the accuracy between measured data and estimated TSS were tested using RMSE and RE. The comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived TSS concentrations over Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters were presented in Figures 5 and 6. Over Poteran's waters, the regression algorithm for estimating TSS concentration produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.628; RE of 4.60%; and RMSE of 1.124. Whereas, over Gili Iyang waters, the algorithm produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.345; RE of 14.823%; and RMSE of 2.916.
Estimation of Chl-a Concentration and Its Validation
The accuracy assessment of estimated Chl-a concentration from Landsat data followed the same step as TSS assessment. The regression algorithm for estimating Chl-a concentration over Poteran's waters produced high accuracy with R 2 of 0.416; RE of 13.873%; and RMSE of 68.645. Whereas over Gili Iyang's waters, the R 2 , RE and RMSE were 0.090; 99.140% and 129.690, respectively (Figures 8 and 9).
Spatial distribution of TSS and Chl-a concentrations were processed using the previous developed algorithms shown in Figure 10.
CONCLUSION
This study was performed over Poteran's waters (9 stations) and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations). Over these area, the in situ remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ), Chl-a and TSS concentrations were collected as well as Landsat-8 OLI data on the same acquisition time with in situ data. Low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 =0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. This phenomenon was also reported by Jaelani [12], using a set of high quality in situ reflectance data collected over Lake Kasumigaura, Japan.
The in situ data was used to develop an applicable physical parameter retrieval algorithm for Chl-a and TSS concentration. The accuracy of algorithms were assessed using in situ data collected at the same acquisition time of Landsat 8 satellite. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the RE was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable result over Poteran (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) and failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). This indicated that the condition of chlorophyll-a over two waters is different. The low correlation between TSS and Chl-a measured, also estimated TSS and Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by performance of the developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospheric corrected reflectances of Landsat product.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is a part of Sustainable Island Development Initiatives (SIDI) Program.
REFERENCES
[1] A. G. Dekker, "Detection of Optical Water Quality Parameters for Eutrophic Waters by High Resolution Remote Sensing," Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1993.
[2] K. G. Ruddick, F. Ovidio and M. Rijkeboer, "Atmospheric Correction of SeaWiFS Imagery for Turbid Coastal and Inland Waters," Applied Optics, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 897–912, 2000.
[3] S. Sathyendranath, L. Prieur and A. Morel, "An Evaluation of The Problems of Chlorophyll Retrieval from Ocean Colour, for Case 2 Waters," Advances in Space Research, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 27–30, 1987.
[4] W. Yang, B. Matsushita, J. Chen and T. Fukushima, "Estimating Constituent Concentrations in Case Ii Waters from MERIS Satellite Data by Semi-Analytical Model Optimizing and LookUp Tables," Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 115, no. 5, p. 1247–1259, 2011.
[5] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, "Evaluation of Four MERIS Atmospheric Correction Algorithms in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan," International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 34, no. 24, p. 8967–8985, 2013.
[7] N. Laili, F. Arafah, L. M. Jaelani, L. Subehi, A. Pamungkas, E. S. Koenhardono and A. Sulisetyono, "Development of Water Quality Parameter Retrieval Algorithms for Estimating Total Suspended Solids and chlorophyll-A Concentration using Landsat-8 Imagery," in Joint International Geoinformation Conference ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2015.
[8] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and H. Wibowo, "Pemetaan Distribusi Spasial Konsentrasi Klorofil-A dengan Landsat 8 di Danau Matano dan Danau Towuti , Sulawesi Selatan," in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.
[9] C. D. Mobley, "Estimation of The Remote-Sensing Reflectance from Above-Surface Measurements," Applied Optics, vol. 38, no. 36, pp. 7442-7455, 1999.
[10] SCOR-UNESCO, "Determination of Photosynthetic Pigment in Seawater, Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology," UNESCO, Paris, 1966.
[11] L. Han and K. J. Jordan, "Estimating and Mapping Chlorophyll‐a Concentration in Pensacola Bay, Florida using Landsat ETM+ data," International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 26, no. 23, p. 5245–5254, 2005.
[6] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, "An Improved Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Applying MERIS Data to Very Turbid Inland Waters," International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 39, p. 128–141, 2015.
[12] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and B. Matsushita, "Uji Akurasi Produk Reflektan-Permukaan Landsat Menggunakan Data In situ di Danau Kasumigaura , Jepang," in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.
Figure. 2. In situ spectral data collected over Poteran waters
Wavelength (nm)
Figure. 3. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived water-leaving remote sensing reflectance
Figure. 4. Linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3)
Figure. 5. Linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4)
Figure. 7. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Gili Iyang's waters
Figure. 8. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentrations over Poteran's waters
Figure. 6. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Poteran's waters
Figure.9. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentration over Gili Iyang's waters
TABLE 1. IN SITU SPECTRAL AND WATER QUALITY
ABLE
T
2.
ANDSAT
L
8-
OLI BAND INFORMATION
TABLE 3. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH R 2
ABLE
T
4.
WO BAND RATIO
T
-
BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH
R
2
TABLE 5. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2
TABLE 6. TWO BAND RATIO-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2
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Estimation of TSS and Chl-a Concentration from Landsat 8-OLI: The Effect of Atmosphere and Retrieval Algorithm
Lalu Muhamad Jaelani 1 , Resti Limehuwey 1 , Nia Kurniadin 1 , Adjie Pamungkas 2 Eddy Setyo Koenhardono 3 , and Aries Sulisetyono 4,
Abstract TSS and Chl-a are globally known as a key parameter for regular seawater monitoring. Considering the high temporal and spatial variations of water constituent, the remote sensing technique is an efficient and accurate method for extracting water physical parameters. The accuracy of estimated data derived from remote sensing depends on an accurate atmospheric correction algorithm and physical parameter retrieval algorithms. In this research, the accuracy of the atmospherically corrected product of USGS as well as the developed algorithms for estimating TSS and Chl-a concentration using Landsat 8-OLI data were evaluated. The data used in this study was collected from Poteran's waters (9 stations) on April 22, 2015 and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations) on October 15, 2015. The low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the relative error was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable result over Poteran's waters (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) but failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). The low correlation between measured and estimated TSS or Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by the performance of developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospherically corrected reflectance of Landsat product.
Keywords remote sensing; water quality; TSS; Chl-a.
AbstrakTSS dan Chl-a secara global dikenal sebagai parameter utama dalam pemantauan kualitas air laut. Mengingat tingginya variasi temporal dan spasial dari konstituen perairan, teknik penginderaan jauh adalah metode yang efisien dan akurat untuk mengekstrak parameter fisik air tersebut. Akurasi dari parameter fisik yang diturunkan dari data penginderaan jauh tergantung pada algoritma koreksi atmosfer dan algoritma estimasi parameter fisik yang akurat. Dalam penelitian ini, akurasi dari produk USGS yang terkoreksi secara atmosfer serta algoritma yang dikembangkan untuk menghitung konsentrasi TSS dan Chl-a menggunakan Landsat 8-OLI data telah dikaji. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari Perairan Poteran (9 stasiun) pada tanggal 22 April 2015, dan Perairan Gili Iyang (6 stasiun) pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2015. Korelasi yang rendah antara data in situ dan Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0,106) menunjukkan algoritma koreksi atmosfer yang digunakan oleh USGS memiliki keterbatasan. Algoritma estimasi konsentrasi TSS menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima di Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 4,60% dan R 2 sebesar 0,628) dan di perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 14,82% dan R 2 sebesar 0,345). Meskipun R 2 lebih rendah dari 0,5, kesalahan relatifnya lebih akurat dari persyaratan minimum sebesar 30%. Sementara itu, algoritma estimasi konsentrasi Chl-a menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima untuk Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 13,87% dan R 2 sebesar 0,416) akan tetapi gagal di Perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 99,14% dan R 2 sebesar 0,090). Korelasi yang rendah antara konsentrai TSS atau Chl-a estimasi dan ukuran disebabkan tidak hanya oleh akurasi algoritma estimasi TSS dan Chl-a, tetapi juga oleh akurasi dari reflektan terkoreksi atmosfer dari produk Landsat.
Kata Kuncipenginderaan jauh; kualitas air; TSS; Chl-a
I. INTRODUCTION
1
emote sensing data have been widely used for monitoring the ecological, biological, and physical state of the seawater. Many studies have demonstrated that remote sensing imagery can be used for monitoring of the Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Total Suspended Solid R
1Lalu Muhamad Jaelani, Resti Limehuwey, and Nia Kurniadin, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
2Adjie Pamungkas, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
3Eddy Setyo Koenhardono, Department of Marine Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
4Aries Sulisetyono Department of Naval Architecture and Shipbuilding Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
(TSS) concentrations. The range of 400 to 850 nm is often chosen for research aimed at determining methods for estimation of water quality parameters within the water column from remote sensing data [1]. The estimation of water quality parameters such as the concentration of TSS and Chl-a from satellite images is strongly depend on the accuracy of atmospheric correction and water quality parameter retrievals algorithms [2]–[7]. Atmospheric correction is a necessary process for quantitative monitoring of water quality parameters from satellite data.
In Indonesia's water, there was very limited algorithm developed and validated based on the in situ data of physical parameter as well as its reflectance data [7], [8]. Hence, the existing algorithm that was designed in different water area was directly implemented without considering the dynamic changes and the specific characteristics of local water in Indonesia.
Consequently, the objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the performance of atmospheric corrected
reflectance data processed by USGS, and 2) to develop more accurate TSS and Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithms for Landsat 8-OLI data at Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters of Indonesia using in situ reflectance, TSS and Chl-a concentrations.
II.
M
ETHOD
Study Area
The data were collected from two water locations surrounding small islands in Indonesia. The first island is Poteran (7°5'11.88"S; 113°59'43.77"E), which is located in the southeast part of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area of 49.8 km 2 . At the south of the island, local community utilizes sea for seaweed farming. The second one is Gili Iyang (6°59'7.07"S; 114°10'32.22"E) which is located in the northeast of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area
|
of 9.
|
15 km 2 . The concentration of oxygen in this island is very high with average of 21.4 %. These two islands were separated by 22 km of distance. The locations of study area as well as the distribution of sample stations were shown in Figure 1. The waters surrounding this island were suffering with high loads of nutrients that indicated by high concentration of Chl-a (higher than 100 mg/m 3 ).
In situ Data Collection
To assess the performance of atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat product, the in situ spectra data and water quality concentration (i.e. TSS and Chl-a) were collected from Poteran's waters on April 22, 2015, the same time with Landsat 8-OLI acquisition. The same field campaign was performed over Gili Iyang's waters on October 15, 2015, except for spectra measurement which could not be measured by reason of strong wind speed. The data collecting station, which located less than one Landsat 8-OLI pixel (i.e. 30 m) away from the coastal area and corresponding Landsat 8-OLI pixels were contaminated by clouds were excluded from the analyses. Accordingly, 9 data (2 data without spectra) were used for Poteran area and 6 for Gili Iyang area.
All reflectance measurements were performed three hours before until three hours after 9.30 AM local time over optically deep waters. The water-leaving radiance (Lu(λ)), the downward irradiance (Ed(λ)), and the downward radiance of skylight (Lsky(λ)) were measured at each site using a Field Spec Hand Held (or Pro VNIR) spectroradiometer (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO) in the range of 325–1075 nm at 1-nm intervals. The above-water remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) was calculated approximately using the following equation [9]:
where Cal(λ) is the spectral reflectance of the grey reference panel that has been accurately calibrated, and r represents a weighted surface reflectance for the correction of surface-reflected skylight and is determined as a function of wind speed [9].
Concurrently, water samples were collected at nine and six stations over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters, respectively. Water samples were kept in ice boxes and taken to the laboratory for furthermore analysis. The chlorophyll-a were determined spectrometrically using spectrophotometer. The optical density of the extracted Chl-a was measured at four wavelengths (750, 663, 645, and 630 nm), and the concentration was calculated according to SCOR-UNESCO's equations [10]. The total suspended solids were determined gravimetrically. Samples were filtered through pre-combusted whatman gf/f filters at 500°c for 4 hours to remove dissolved organic matter in suspension, which was then dried at 105°c for 4 hours and weighted to obtain TSS. The in situ remote sensing reflectance and water quality parameter collected over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters were presented in Table 1 and Figure 2.
Landsat 8-OLI Data Collection
Landsat 8-OLI data at path/row of 117/65 were collected at concurrent field campaign time. These data collected on April 22, 2015 and October 15, 2015. Since the atmospheric correction algorithm to convert remote sensing reflectance from Top of Atmospheric (TOA, recorded by sensor) to Bottom of Atmosphere (BOA, surface reflectance) is difficult for Landsat data, the Surface Reflectance (SR) which processed by USGS was used directly. The surface reflectance data was atmospheric corrected data using internal algorithm (for Landsat 8) and based on 6S algorithm for prior Landsat 8 for 7 bands. The information of Landsat band (excluded the TIR band) was presented in Table 2. These data could be ordered and downloaded from ESPA's website (http://espa.cr.usgs.gov/). The downloaded SR data then calibrated by dividing all digital numbers by 10000 and converted to remote sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ), by dividing surface reflectance by π.
Accuracy Assessment
Assessment the accuracy of atmospheric correction algorithm developed by USGS and water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) retrieval algorithms used root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE) and determination coefficient (R 2 ). These notations were defined as follow:
where xmeas,i and xesti,i are the measured and estimated values, respectively, and N is the number of samples. The RMSE gives the absolute scattering of the retrieved remote sensing reflectance as well as water quality parameter concentration, the RE represents the uncertainty associated with satellite-derived distribution and R 2 the strong relationship between in situ measured Rrs(λ) and estimated Rrs(λ) from atmospherically corrected of Landsat 8-OLI as well as measured and estimated water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) concentrations.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of Landsat Remote Sensing Reflectance
To validate the atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat (SR), the average of 3-by-3 window of Landsat pixel was used to compare with in situ-measured Rrs(λ) in order to avoid potential error in the geometric correction and dynamics of water bodies, as well as the
potential error in spatial variability [11]. The in situ Rrs(λ) measured by spectroradiometer in 1 nm interval was resampled to fit Landsat bands with the center of 440, 480, 560, 655, and 865 nm for band 1 to 7, respectively. Figure 3 showed the remote sensing reflectance comparison.
The data in Figure 3 shows that the water-leaving remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) derived from Landsat 8 under estimate the in situ measurement Rrs(λ) at all observation stations except at the observation station of 1, 7 and 9 where the data were overestimation. The low relationship between two set of data indicated by low determination coefficient (R 2 =0.106). However, all data comparisons between in situ and Landsat derived remote sensing reflectance have the same pattern.
TSS Concentration Retrieval Algorithm
The total suspended sediment concentration retrieval algorithm developed using the regression algorithm between the in situ TSS concentrations and in situ measured remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) based on single-band and two-band ratios reflectance combinations. In situ TSS concentration and in situ Rrs(λ) were used as dependent and independent variable, respectively. From several combinations, the highest correlation between both variables indicated by the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was chosen as a retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm for TSS concentrations was shown in Tables 3 and 4. In these tables, high coefficient of determination (R 2 >0.5) were shown in the algorithm based on the band ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) and Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4).
The highest correlation produced by an algorithm based on Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) with R 2 of 0.79. This band-ratio based algorithm was used to calculate estimation of TSS concentration. The linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) was shown in Figure 4 and Equation 5.
Chl-a Concentration Retrieval Algorithm
The Chlorophyll-a concentration retrieval algorithm was made using regression algorithms based on single band and two band-ratios of Landsat 8 following the TSS retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm of Chl-a concentrations were presented in Tables 5 and 6, for single band and two band-ratio combinations, respectively. In these tables, a high determination coefficient (R 2 >0.5) were shown in band-ratio of Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), and Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with the highest correlation produced by Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with R 2 of 0.63. The linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) for Poteran's waters was shown in Figure 5 and Equation 6.
The algorithm produced the highest correlation with coefficient determination of 0.626.
Estimation of TSS Concentration and Its Validation
To assess the performance of the developed algorithms, the accuracy between measured data and estimated TSS were tested using RMSE and RE. The comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived TSS concentrations over Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters were presented in Figures 5 and 6. Over Poteran's waters, the regression algorithm for estimating TSS concentration produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.628; RE of 4.60%; and RMSE of 1.124. Whereas, over Gili Iyang waters, the algorithm produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.345; RE of 14.823%; and RMSE of 2.916.
Estimation of Chl-a Concentration and Its Validation
The accuracy assessment of estimated Chl-a concentration from Landsat data followed the same step as TSS assessment. The regression algorithm for estimating Chl-a concentration over Poteran's waters produced high accuracy with R 2 of 0.416; RE of 13.873%; and RMSE of 68.645. Whereas over Gili Iyang's waters, the R 2 , RE and RMSE were 0.090; 99.140% and 129.690, respectively (Figures 8 and 9).
Spatial distribution of TSS and Chl-a concentrations were processed using the previous developed algorithms shown in Figure 10.
CONCLUSION
This study was performed over Poteran's waters (9 stations) and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations). Over these area, the in situ remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ), Chl-a and TSS concentrations were collected as well as Landsat-8 OLI data on the same acquisition time with in situ data. Low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 =0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. This phenomenon was also reported by Jaelani [12], using a set of high quality in situ reflectance data collected over Lake Kasumigaura, Japan.
The in situ data was used to develop an applicable physical parameter retrieval algorithm for Chl-a and TSS concentration. The accuracy of algorithms were assessed using in situ data collected at the same acquisition time of Landsat 8 satellite. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the RE was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable result over Poteran (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) and failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). This indicated that the condition of chlorophyll-a over two waters is different. The low correlation between TSS and Chl-a measured, also estimated TSS and Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by performance of the developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospheric corrected reflectances of Landsat product.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is a part of Sustainable Island Development Initiatives (SIDI) Program.
REFERENCES
[1] A. G. Dekker, "Detection of Optical Water Quality Parameters for Eutrophic Waters by High Resolution Remote Sensing," Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1993.
[2] K. G. Ruddick, F. Ovidio and M. Rijkeboer, "Atmospheric Correction of SeaWiFS Imagery for Turbid Coastal and Inland Waters," Applied Optics, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 897–912, 2000.
[3] S. Sathyendranath, L. Prieur and A. Morel, "An Evaluation of The Problems of Chlorophyll Retrieval from Ocean Colour, for Case 2 Waters," Advances in Space Research, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 27–30, 1987.
[4] W. Yang, B. Matsushita, J. Chen and T. Fukushima, "Estimating Constituent Concentrations in Case Ii Waters from MERIS Satellite Data by Semi-Analytical Model Optimizing and LookUp Tables," Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 115, no. 5, p. 1247–1259, 2011.
[5] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, "Evaluation of Four MERIS Atmospheric Correction Algorithms in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan," International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 34, no. 24, p. 8967–8985, 2013.
[7] N. Laili, F. Arafah, L. M. Jaelani, L. Subehi, A. Pamungkas, E. S. Koenhardono and A. Sulisetyono, "Development of Water Quality Parameter Retrieval Algorithms for Estimating Total Suspended Solids and chlorophyll-A Concentration using Landsat-8 Imagery," in Joint International Geoinformation Conference ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2015.
[8] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and H. Wibowo, "Pemetaan Distribusi Spasial Konsentrasi Klorofil-A dengan Landsat 8 di Danau Matano dan Danau Towuti , Sulawesi Selatan," in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.
[9] C. D. Mobley, "Estimation of The Remote-Sensing Reflectance from Above-Surface Measurements," Applied Optics, vol. 38, no. 36, pp. 7442-7455, 1999.
[10] SCOR-UNESCO, "Determination of Photosynthetic Pigment in Seawater, Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology," UNESCO, Paris, 1966.
[11] L. Han and K. J. Jordan, "Estimating and Mapping Chlorophyll‐a Concentration in Pensacola Bay, Florida using Landsat ETM+ data," International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 26, no. 23, p. 5245–5254, 2005.
[6] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, "An Improved Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Applying MERIS Data to Very Turbid Inland Waters," International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 39, p. 128–141, 2015.
[12] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and B. Matsushita, "Uji Akurasi Produk Reflektan-Permukaan Landsat Menggunakan Data In situ di Danau Kasumigaura , Jepang," in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.
Figure. 2. In situ spectral data collected over Poteran waters
Wavelength (nm)
Figure. 3. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived water-leaving remote sensing reflectance
Figure. 4. Linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3)
Figure. 5. Linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4)
Figure. 7. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Gili Iyang's waters
Figure. 8. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentrations over Poteran's waters
Figure. 6. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Poteran's waters
Figure.9. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentration over Gili Iyang's waters
TABLE 1. IN SITU SPECTRAL AND WATER QUALITY
ABLE
T
2.
ANDSAT
L
8-
OLI BAND INFORMATION
TABLE 3. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH R 2
ABLE
T
4.
WO BAND RATIO
T
-
BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH
R
2
TABLE 5. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2
TABLE 6. TWO BAND RATIO-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2
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Estimation of TSS and Chl-a Concentration from Landsat 8-OLI: The Effect of Atmosphere and Retrieval Algorithm
Lalu Muhamad Jaelani 1 , Resti Limehuwey 1 , Nia Kurniadin 1 , Adjie Pamungkas 2 Eddy Setyo Koenhardono 3 , and Aries Sulisetyono 4,
Abstract TSS and Chl-a are globally known as a key parameter for regular seawater monitoring. Considering the high temporal and spatial variations of water constituent, the remote sensing technique is an efficient and accurate method for extracting water physical parameters. The accuracy of estimated data derived from remote sensing depends on an accurate atmospheric correction algorithm and physical parameter retrieval algorithms. In this research, the accuracy of the atmospherically corrected product of USGS as well as the developed algorithms for estimating TSS and Chl-a concentration using Landsat 8-OLI data were evaluated. The data used in this study was collected from Poteran's waters (9 stations) on April 22, 2015 and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations) on October 15, 2015. The low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the relative error was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable result over Poteran's waters (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) but failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). The low correlation between measured and estimated TSS or Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by the performance of developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospherically corrected reflectance of Landsat product.
Keywords remote sensing; water quality; TSS; Chl-a.
AbstrakTSS dan Chl-a secara global dikenal sebagai parameter utama dalam pemantauan kualitas air laut. Mengingat tingginya variasi temporal dan spasial dari konstituen perairan, teknik penginderaan jauh adalah metode yang efisien dan akurat untuk mengekstrak parameter fisik air tersebut. Akurasi dari parameter fisik yang diturunkan dari data penginderaan jauh tergantung pada algoritma koreksi atmosfer dan algoritma estimasi parameter fisik yang akurat. Dalam penelitian ini, akurasi dari produk USGS yang terkoreksi secara atmosfer serta algoritma yang dikembangkan untuk menghitung konsentrasi TSS dan Chl-a menggunakan Landsat 8-OLI data telah dikaji. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari Perairan Poteran (9 stasiun) pada tanggal 22 April 2015, dan Perairan Gili Iyang (6 stasiun) pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2015. Korelasi yang rendah antara data in situ dan Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0,106) menunjukkan algoritma koreksi atmosfer yang digunakan oleh USGS memiliki keterbatasan. Algoritma estimasi konsentrasi TSS menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima di Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 4,60% dan R 2 sebesar 0,628) dan di perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 14,82% dan R 2 sebesar 0,345). Meskipun R 2 lebih rendah dari 0,5, kesalahan relatifnya lebih akurat dari persyaratan minimum sebesar 30%. Sementara itu, algoritma estimasi konsentrasi Chl-a menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima untuk Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 13,87% dan R 2 sebesar 0,416) akan tetapi gagal di Perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 99,14% dan R 2 sebesar 0,090). Korelasi yang rendah antara konsentrai TSS atau Chl-a estimasi dan ukuran disebabkan tidak hanya oleh akurasi algoritma estimasi TSS dan Chl-a, tetapi juga oleh akurasi dari reflektan terkoreksi atmosfer dari produk Landsat.
Kata Kuncipenginderaan jauh; kualitas air; TSS; Chl-a
I. INTRODUCTION
1
emote sensing data have been widely used for monitoring the ecological, biological, and physical state of the seawater. Many studies have demonstrated that remote sensing imagery can be used for monitoring of the Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Total Suspended Solid R
1Lalu Muhamad Jaelani, Resti Limehuwey, and Nia Kurniadin, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
2Adjie Pamungkas, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
3Eddy Setyo Koenhardono, Department of Marine Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
4Aries Sulisetyono Department of Naval Architecture and Shipbuilding Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].
(TSS) concentrations. The range of 400 to 850 nm is often chosen for research aimed at determining methods for estimation of water quality parameters within the water column from remote sensing data [1]. The estimation of water quality parameters such as the concentration of TSS and Chl-a from satellite images is strongly depend on the accuracy of atmospheric correction and water quality parameter retrievals algorithms [2]–[7]. Atmospheric correction is a necessary process for quantitative monitoring of water quality parameters from satellite data.
In Indonesia's water, there was very limited algorithm developed and validated based on the in situ data of physical parameter as well as its reflectance data [7], [8]. Hence, the existing algorithm that was designed in different water area was directly implemented without considering the dynamic changes and the specific characteristics of local water in Indonesia.
Consequently, the objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the performance of atmospheric corrected
reflectance data processed by USGS, and 2) to develop more accurate TSS and Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithms for Landsat 8-OLI data at Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters of Indonesia using in situ reflectance, TSS and Chl-a concentrations.
II.
M
ETHOD
Study Area
The data were collected from two water locations surrounding small islands in Indonesia. The first island is Poteran (7°5'11.88"S; 113°59'43.77"E), which is located in the southeast part of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area of 49.8 km 2 . At the south of the island, local community utilizes sea for seaweed farming. The second one is Gili Iyang (6°59'7.07"S; 114°10'32.22"E) which is located in the northeast of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area <cursor_is_here>15 km 2 . The concentration of oxygen in this island is very high with average of 21.4 %. These two islands were separated by 22 km of distance. The locations of study area as well as the distribution of sample stations were shown in Figure 1. The waters surrounding this island were suffering with high loads of nutrients that indicated by high concentration of Chl-a (higher than 100 mg/m 3 ).
In situ Data Collection
To assess the performance of atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat product, the in situ spectra data and water quality concentration (i.e. TSS and Chl-a) were collected from Poteran's waters on April 22, 2015, the same time with Landsat 8-OLI acquisition. The same field campaign was performed over Gili Iyang's waters on October 15, 2015, except for spectra measurement which could not be measured by reason of strong wind speed. The data collecting station, which located less than one Landsat 8-OLI pixel (i.e. 30 m) away from the coastal area and corresponding Landsat 8-OLI pixels were contaminated by clouds were excluded from the analyses. Accordingly, 9 data (2 data without spectra) were used for Poteran area and 6 for Gili Iyang area.
All reflectance measurements were performed three hours before until three hours after 9.30 AM local time over optically deep waters. The water-leaving radiance (Lu(λ)), the downward irradiance (Ed(λ)), and the downward radiance of skylight (Lsky(λ)) were measured at each site using a Field Spec Hand Held (or Pro VNIR) spectroradiometer (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO) in the range of 325–1075 nm at 1-nm intervals. The above-water remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) was calculated approximately using the following equation [9]:
where Cal(λ) is the spectral reflectance of the grey reference panel that has been accurately calibrated, and r represents a weighted surface reflectance for the correction of surface-reflected skylight and is determined as a function of wind speed [9].
Concurrently, water samples were collected at nine and six stations over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters, respectively. Water samples were kept in ice boxes and taken to the laboratory for furthermore analysis. The chlorophyll-a were determined spectrometrically using spectrophotometer. The optical density of the extracted Chl-a was measured at four wavelengths (750, 663, 645, and 630 nm), and the concentration was calculated according to SCOR-UNESCO's equations [10]. The total suspended solids were determined gravimetrically. Samples were filtered through pre-combusted whatman gf/f filters at 500°c for 4 hours to remove dissolved organic matter in suspension, which was then dried at 105°c for 4 hours and weighted to obtain TSS. The in situ remote sensing reflectance and water quality parameter collected over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters were presented in Table 1 and Figure 2.
Landsat 8-OLI Data Collection
Landsat 8-OLI data at path/row of 117/65 were collected at concurrent field campaign time. These data collected on April 22, 2015 and October 15, 2015. Since the atmospheric correction algorithm to convert remote sensing reflectance from Top of Atmospheric (TOA, recorded by sensor) to Bottom of Atmosphere (BOA, surface reflectance) is difficult for Landsat data, the Surface Reflectance (SR) which processed by USGS was used directly. The surface reflectance data was atmospheric corrected data using internal algorithm (for Landsat 8) and based on 6S algorithm for prior Landsat 8 for 7 bands. The information of Landsat band (excluded the TIR band) was presented in Table 2. These data could be ordered and downloaded from ESPA's website (http://espa.cr.usgs.gov/). The downloaded SR data then calibrated by dividing all digital numbers by 10000 and converted to remote sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ), by dividing surface reflectance by π.
Accuracy Assessment
Assessment the accuracy of atmospheric correction algorithm developed by USGS and water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) retrieval algorithms used root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE) and determination coefficient (R 2 ). These notations were defined as follow:
where xmeas,i and xesti,i are the measured and estimated values, respectively, and N is the number of samples. The RMSE gives the absolute scattering of the retrieved remote sensing reflectance as well as water quality parameter concentration, the RE represents the uncertainty associated with satellite-derived distribution and R 2 the strong relationship between in situ measured Rrs(λ) and estimated Rrs(λ) from atmospherically corrected of Landsat 8-OLI as well as measured and estimated water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) concentrations.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of Landsat Remote Sensing Reflectance
To validate the atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat (SR), the average of 3-by-3 window of Landsat pixel was used to compare with in situ-measured Rrs(λ) in order to avoid potential error in the geometric correction and dynamics of water bodies, as well as the
potential error in spatial variability [11]. The in situ Rrs(λ) measured by spectroradiometer in 1 nm interval was resampled to fit Landsat bands with the center of 440, 480, 560, 655, and 865 nm for band 1 to 7, respectively. Figure 3 showed the remote sensing reflectance comparison.
The data in Figure 3 shows that the water-leaving remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) derived from Landsat 8 under estimate the in situ measurement Rrs(λ) at all observation stations except at the observation station of 1, 7 and 9 where the data were overestimation. The low relationship between two set of data indicated by low determination coefficient (R 2 =0.106). However, all data comparisons between in situ and Landsat derived remote sensing reflectance have the same pattern.
TSS Concentration Retrieval Algorithm
The total suspended sediment concentration retrieval algorithm developed using the regression algorithm between the in situ TSS concentrations and in situ measured remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) based on single-band and two-band ratios reflectance combinations. In situ TSS concentration and in situ Rrs(λ) were used as dependent and independent variable, respectively. From several combinations, the highest correlation between both variables indicated by the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was chosen as a retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm for TSS concentrations was shown in Tables 3 and 4. In these tables, high coefficient of determination (R 2 >0.5) were shown in the algorithm based on the band ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) and Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4).
The highest correlation produced by an algorithm based on Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) with R 2 of 0.79. This band-ratio based algorithm was used to calculate estimation of TSS concentration. The linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) was shown in Figure 4 and Equation 5.
Chl-a Concentration Retrieval Algorithm
The Chlorophyll-a concentration retrieval algorithm was made using regression algorithms based on single band and two band-ratios of Landsat 8 following the TSS retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm of Chl-a concentrations were presented in Tables 5 and 6, for single band and two band-ratio combinations, respectively. In these tables, a high determination coefficient (R 2 >0.5) were shown in band-ratio of Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), and Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with the highest correlation produced by Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with R 2 of 0.63. The linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) for Poteran's waters was shown in Figure 5 and Equation 6.
The algorithm produced the highest correlation with coefficient determination of 0.626.
Estimation of TSS Concentration and Its Validation
To assess the performance of the developed algorithms, the accuracy between measured data and estimated TSS were tested using RMSE and RE. The comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived TSS concentrations over Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters were presented in Figures 5 and 6. Over Poteran's waters, the regression algorithm for estimating TSS concentration produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.628; RE of 4.60%; and RMSE of 1.124. Whereas, over Gili Iyang waters, the algorithm produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.345; RE of 14.823%; and RMSE of 2.916.
Estimation of Chl-a Concentration and Its Validation
The accuracy assessment of estimated Chl-a concentration from Landsat data followed the same step as TSS assessment. The regression algorithm for estimating Chl-a concentration over Poteran's waters produced high accuracy with R 2 of 0.416; RE of 13.873%; and RMSE of 68.645. Whereas over Gili Iyang's waters, the R 2 , RE and RMSE were 0.090; 99.140% and 129.690, respectively (Figures 8 and 9).
Spatial distribution of TSS and Chl-a concentrations were processed using the previous developed algorithms shown in Figure 10.
CONCLUSION
This study was performed over Poteran's waters (9 stations) and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations). Over these area, the in situ remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ), Chl-a and TSS concentrations were collected as well as Landsat-8 OLI data on the same acquisition time with in situ data. Low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 =0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. This phenomenon was also reported by Jaelani [12], using a set of high quality in situ reflectance data collected over Lake Kasumigaura, Japan.
The in situ data was used to develop an applicable physical parameter retrieval algorithm for Chl-a and TSS concentration. The accuracy of algorithms were assessed using in situ data collected at the same acquisition time of Landsat 8 satellite. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the RE was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable result over Poteran (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) and failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). This indicated that the condition of chlorophyll-a over two waters is different. The low correlation between TSS and Chl-a measured, also estimated TSS and Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by performance of the developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospheric corrected reflectances of Landsat product.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is a part of Sustainable Island Development Initiatives (SIDI) Program.
REFERENCES
[1] A. G. Dekker, "Detection of Optical Water Quality Parameters for Eutrophic Waters by High Resolution Remote Sensing," Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1993.
[2] K. G. Ruddick, F. Ovidio and M. Rijkeboer, "Atmospheric Correction of SeaWiFS Imagery for Turbid Coastal and Inland Waters," Applied Optics, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 897–912, 2000.
[3] S. Sathyendranath, L. Prieur and A. Morel, "An Evaluation of The Problems of Chlorophyll Retrieval from Ocean Colour, for Case 2 Waters," Advances in Space Research, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 27–30, 1987.
[4] W. Yang, B. Matsushita, J. Chen and T. Fukushima, "Estimating Constituent Concentrations in Case Ii Waters from MERIS Satellite Data by Semi-Analytical Model Optimizing and LookUp Tables," Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 115, no. 5, p. 1247–1259, 2011.
[5] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, "Evaluation of Four MERIS Atmospheric Correction Algorithms in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan," International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 34, no. 24, p. 8967–8985, 2013.
[7] N. Laili, F. Arafah, L. M. Jaelani, L. Subehi, A. Pamungkas, E. S. Koenhardono and A. Sulisetyono, "Development of Water Quality Parameter Retrieval Algorithms for Estimating Total Suspended Solids and chlorophyll-A Concentration using Landsat-8 Imagery," in Joint International Geoinformation Conference ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2015.
[8] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and H. Wibowo, "Pemetaan Distribusi Spasial Konsentrasi Klorofil-A dengan Landsat 8 di Danau Matano dan Danau Towuti , Sulawesi Selatan," in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.
[9] C. D. Mobley, "Estimation of The Remote-Sensing Reflectance from Above-Surface Measurements," Applied Optics, vol. 38, no. 36, pp. 7442-7455, 1999.
[10] SCOR-UNESCO, "Determination of Photosynthetic Pigment in Seawater, Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology," UNESCO, Paris, 1966.
[11] L. Han and K. J. Jordan, "Estimating and Mapping Chlorophyll‐a Concentration in Pensacola Bay, Florida using Landsat ETM+ data," International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 26, no. 23, p. 5245–5254, 2005.
[6] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, "An Improved Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Applying MERIS Data to Very Turbid Inland Waters," International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 39, p. 128–141, 2015.
[12] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and B. Matsushita, "Uji Akurasi Produk Reflektan-Permukaan Landsat Menggunakan Data In situ di Danau Kasumigaura , Jepang," in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.
Figure. 2. In situ spectral data collected over Poteran waters
Wavelength (nm)
Figure. 3. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived water-leaving remote sensing reflectance
Figure. 4. Linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3)
Figure. 5. Linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4)
Figure. 7. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Gili Iyang's waters
Figure. 8. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentrations over Poteran's waters
Figure. 6. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Poteran's waters
Figure.9. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentration over Gili Iyang's waters
TABLE 1. IN SITU SPECTRAL AND WATER QUALITY
ABLE
T
2.
ANDSAT
L
8-
OLI BAND INFORMATION
TABLE 3. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH R 2
ABLE
T
4.
WO BAND RATIO
T
-
BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH
R
2
TABLE 5. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2
TABLE 6. TWO BAND RATIO-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2
</text>
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{
"content": "<url>\nhttp://picxxx.info/pml.php?action=GETCONTENT&md5=1e81c75c43aa7e216dbd5fa09a88b22b\n</url>\n<text>\nEstimation of TSS and Chl-a Concentration from Landsat 8-OLI: The Effect of Atmosphere and Retrieval Algorithm\n\nLalu Muhamad Jaelani 1 , Resti Limehuwey 1 , Nia Kurniadin 1 , Adjie Pamungkas 2 Eddy Setyo Koenhardono 3 , and Aries Sulisetyono 4,\n\nAbstract TSS and Chl-a are globally known as a key parameter for regular seawater monitoring. Considering the high temporal and spatial variations of water constituent, the remote sensing technique is an efficient and accurate method for extracting water physical parameters. The accuracy of estimated data derived from remote sensing depends on an accurate atmospheric correction algorithm and physical parameter retrieval algorithms. In this research, the accuracy of the atmospherically corrected product of USGS as well as the developed algorithms for estimating TSS and Chl-a concentration using Landsat 8-OLI data were evaluated. The data used in this study was collected from Poteran's waters (9 stations) on April 22, 2015 and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations) on October 15, 2015. The low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the relative error was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced an acceptable result over Poteran's waters (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) but failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). The low correlation between measured and estimated TSS or Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by the performance of developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospherically corrected reflectance of Landsat product.\n\nKeywords remote sensing; water quality; TSS; Chl-a.\n\nAbstrakTSS dan Chl-a secara global dikenal sebagai parameter utama dalam pemantauan kualitas air laut. Mengingat tingginya variasi temporal dan spasial dari konstituen perairan, teknik penginderaan jauh adalah metode yang efisien dan akurat untuk mengekstrak parameter fisik air tersebut. Akurasi dari parameter fisik yang diturunkan dari data penginderaan jauh tergantung pada algoritma koreksi atmosfer dan algoritma estimasi parameter fisik yang akurat. Dalam penelitian ini, akurasi dari produk USGS yang terkoreksi secara atmosfer serta algoritma yang dikembangkan untuk menghitung konsentrasi TSS dan Chl-a menggunakan Landsat 8-OLI data telah dikaji. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari Perairan Poteran (9 stasiun) pada tanggal 22 April 2015, dan Perairan Gili Iyang (6 stasiun) pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2015. Korelasi yang rendah antara data in situ dan Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 = 0,106) menunjukkan algoritma koreksi atmosfer yang digunakan oleh USGS memiliki keterbatasan. Algoritma estimasi konsentrasi TSS menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima di Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 4,60% dan R 2 sebesar 0,628) dan di perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 14,82% dan R 2 sebesar 0,345). Meskipun R 2 lebih rendah dari 0,5, kesalahan relatifnya lebih akurat dari persyaratan minimum sebesar 30%. Sementara itu, algoritma estimasi konsentrasi Chl-a menghasilkan akurasi yang dapat diterima untuk Perairan Poteran (RE sebesar 13,87% dan R 2 sebesar 0,416) akan tetapi gagal di Perairan Gili Iyang (RE sebesar 99,14% dan R 2 sebesar 0,090). Korelasi yang rendah antara konsentrai TSS atau Chl-a estimasi dan ukuran disebabkan tidak hanya oleh akurasi algoritma estimasi TSS dan Chl-a, tetapi juga oleh akurasi dari reflektan terkoreksi atmosfer dari produk Landsat.\n\nKata Kuncipenginderaan jauh; kualitas air; TSS; Chl-a\n\nI. INTRODUCTION\n\n1\n\nemote sensing data have been widely used for monitoring the ecological, biological, and physical state of the seawater. Many studies have demonstrated that remote sensing imagery can be used for monitoring of the Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Total Suspended Solid R\n\n1Lalu Muhamad Jaelani, Resti Limehuwey, and Nia Kurniadin, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].\n\n2Adjie Pamungkas, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].\n\n3Eddy Setyo Koenhardono, Department of Marine Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].\n\n4Aries Sulisetyono Department of Naval Architecture and Shipbuilding Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected].\n\n(TSS) concentrations. The range of 400 to 850 nm is often chosen for research aimed at determining methods for estimation of water quality parameters within the water column from remote sensing data [1]. The estimation of water quality parameters such as the concentration of TSS and Chl-a from satellite images is strongly depend on the accuracy of atmospheric correction and water quality parameter retrievals algorithms [2]–[7]. Atmospheric correction is a necessary process for quantitative monitoring of water quality parameters from satellite data.\n\nIn Indonesia's water, there was very limited algorithm developed and validated based on the in situ data of physical parameter as well as its reflectance data [7], [8]. Hence, the existing algorithm that was designed in different water area was directly implemented without considering the dynamic changes and the specific characteristics of local water in Indonesia.\n\nConsequently, the objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the performance of atmospheric corrected\n\nreflectance data processed by USGS, and 2) to develop more accurate TSS and Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithms for Landsat 8-OLI data at Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters of Indonesia using in situ reflectance, TSS and Chl-a concentrations.\n\nII.\n\nM\n\nETHOD\n\nStudy Area\n\nThe data were collected from two water locations surrounding small islands in Indonesia. The first island is Poteran (7°5'11.88\"S; 113°59'43.77\"E), which is located in the southeast part of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area of 49.8 km 2 . At the south of the island, local community utilizes sea for seaweed farming. The second one is Gili Iyang (6°59'7.07\"S; 114°10'32.22\"E) which is located in the northeast of Madura Island, East Java Province and has a surface area <cursor_is_here>15 km 2 . The concentration of oxygen in this island is very high with average of 21.4 %. These two islands were separated by 22 km of distance. The locations of study area as well as the distribution of sample stations were shown in Figure 1. The waters surrounding this island were suffering with high loads of nutrients that indicated by high concentration of Chl-a (higher than 100 mg/m 3 ).\n\nIn situ Data Collection\n\nTo assess the performance of atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat product, the in situ spectra data and water quality concentration (i.e. TSS and Chl-a) were collected from Poteran's waters on April 22, 2015, the same time with Landsat 8-OLI acquisition. The same field campaign was performed over Gili Iyang's waters on October 15, 2015, except for spectra measurement which could not be measured by reason of strong wind speed. The data collecting station, which located less than one Landsat 8-OLI pixel (i.e. 30 m) away from the coastal area and corresponding Landsat 8-OLI pixels were contaminated by clouds were excluded from the analyses. Accordingly, 9 data (2 data without spectra) were used for Poteran area and 6 for Gili Iyang area.\n\nAll reflectance measurements were performed three hours before until three hours after 9.30 AM local time over optically deep waters. The water-leaving radiance (Lu(λ)), the downward irradiance (Ed(λ)), and the downward radiance of skylight (Lsky(λ)) were measured at each site using a Field Spec Hand Held (or Pro VNIR) spectroradiometer (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO) in the range of 325–1075 nm at 1-nm intervals. The above-water remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) was calculated approximately using the following equation [9]:\n\nwhere Cal(λ) is the spectral reflectance of the grey reference panel that has been accurately calibrated, and r represents a weighted surface reflectance for the correction of surface-reflected skylight and is determined as a function of wind speed [9].\n\nConcurrently, water samples were collected at nine and six stations over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters, respectively. Water samples were kept in ice boxes and taken to the laboratory for furthermore analysis. The chlorophyll-a were determined spectrometrically using spectrophotometer. The optical density of the extracted Chl-a was measured at four wavelengths (750, 663, 645, and 630 nm), and the concentration was calculated according to SCOR-UNESCO's equations [10]. The total suspended solids were determined gravimetrically. Samples were filtered through pre-combusted whatman gf/f filters at 500°c for 4 hours to remove dissolved organic matter in suspension, which was then dried at 105°c for 4 hours and weighted to obtain TSS. The in situ remote sensing reflectance and water quality parameter collected over Poteran and Gili Iyang waters were presented in Table 1 and Figure 2.\n\nLandsat 8-OLI Data Collection\n\nLandsat 8-OLI data at path/row of 117/65 were collected at concurrent field campaign time. These data collected on April 22, 2015 and October 15, 2015. Since the atmospheric correction algorithm to convert remote sensing reflectance from Top of Atmospheric (TOA, recorded by sensor) to Bottom of Atmosphere (BOA, surface reflectance) is difficult for Landsat data, the Surface Reflectance (SR) which processed by USGS was used directly. The surface reflectance data was atmospheric corrected data using internal algorithm (for Landsat 8) and based on 6S algorithm for prior Landsat 8 for 7 bands. The information of Landsat band (excluded the TIR band) was presented in Table 2. These data could be ordered and downloaded from ESPA's website (http://espa.cr.usgs.gov/). The downloaded SR data then calibrated by dividing all digital numbers by 10000 and converted to remote sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ), by dividing surface reflectance by π.\n\nAccuracy Assessment\n\nAssessment the accuracy of atmospheric correction algorithm developed by USGS and water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) retrieval algorithms used root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE) and determination coefficient (R 2 ). These notations were defined as follow:\n\nwhere xmeas,i and xesti,i are the measured and estimated values, respectively, and N is the number of samples. The RMSE gives the absolute scattering of the retrieved remote sensing reflectance as well as water quality parameter concentration, the RE represents the uncertainty associated with satellite-derived distribution and R 2 the strong relationship between in situ measured Rrs(λ) and estimated Rrs(λ) from atmospherically corrected of Landsat 8-OLI as well as measured and estimated water quality parameter (TSS and Chl-a) concentrations.\n\nIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\n\nValidation of Landsat Remote Sensing Reflectance\n\nTo validate the atmospheric corrected reflectance of Landsat (SR), the average of 3-by-3 window of Landsat pixel was used to compare with in situ-measured Rrs(λ) in order to avoid potential error in the geometric correction and dynamics of water bodies, as well as the\n\npotential error in spatial variability [11]. The in situ Rrs(λ) measured by spectroradiometer in 1 nm interval was resampled to fit Landsat bands with the center of 440, 480, 560, 655, and 865 nm for band 1 to 7, respectively. Figure 3 showed the remote sensing reflectance comparison.\n\nThe data in Figure 3 shows that the water-leaving remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) derived from Landsat 8 under estimate the in situ measurement Rrs(λ) at all observation stations except at the observation station of 1, 7 and 9 where the data were overestimation. The low relationship between two set of data indicated by low determination coefficient (R 2 =0.106). However, all data comparisons between in situ and Landsat derived remote sensing reflectance have the same pattern.\n\nTSS Concentration Retrieval Algorithm\n\nThe total suspended sediment concentration retrieval algorithm developed using the regression algorithm between the in situ TSS concentrations and in situ measured remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) based on single-band and two-band ratios reflectance combinations. In situ TSS concentration and in situ Rrs(λ) were used as dependent and independent variable, respectively. From several combinations, the highest correlation between both variables indicated by the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was chosen as a retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm for TSS concentrations was shown in Tables 3 and 4. In these tables, high coefficient of determination (R 2 >0.5) were shown in the algorithm based on the band ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) and Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4).\n\nThe highest correlation produced by an algorithm based on Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) with R 2 of 0.79. This band-ratio based algorithm was used to calculate estimation of TSS concentration. The linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) was shown in Figure 4 and Equation 5.\n\nChl-a Concentration Retrieval Algorithm\n\nThe Chlorophyll-a concentration retrieval algorithm was made using regression algorithms based on single band and two band-ratios of Landsat 8 following the TSS retrieval algorithm. The regression algorithm of Chl-a concentrations were presented in Tables 5 and 6, for single band and two band-ratio combinations, respectively. In these tables, a high determination coefficient (R 2 >0.5) were shown in band-ratio of Rrs(λ1)/Rrs(λ4), Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3), and Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with the highest correlation produced by Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4) with R 2 of 0.63. The linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3) for Poteran's waters was shown in Figure 5 and Equation 6.\n\nThe algorithm produced the highest correlation with coefficient determination of 0.626.\n\nEstimation of TSS Concentration and Its Validation\n\nTo assess the performance of the developed algorithms, the accuracy between measured data and estimated TSS were tested using RMSE and RE. The comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived TSS concentrations over Poteran and Gili Iyang's waters were presented in Figures 5 and 6. Over Poteran's waters, the regression algorithm for estimating TSS concentration produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.628; RE of 4.60%; and RMSE of 1.124. Whereas, over Gili Iyang waters, the algorithm produced the highest accuracy with R 2 of 0.345; RE of 14.823%; and RMSE of 2.916.\n\nEstimation of Chl-a Concentration and Its Validation\n\nThe accuracy assessment of estimated Chl-a concentration from Landsat data followed the same step as TSS assessment. The regression algorithm for estimating Chl-a concentration over Poteran's waters produced high accuracy with R 2 of 0.416; RE of 13.873%; and RMSE of 68.645. Whereas over Gili Iyang's waters, the R 2 , RE and RMSE were 0.090; 99.140% and 129.690, respectively (Figures 8 and 9).\n\nSpatial distribution of TSS and Chl-a concentrations were processed using the previous developed algorithms shown in Figure 10.\n\nCONCLUSION\n\nThis study was performed over Poteran's waters (9 stations) and Gili Iyang's waters (6 stations). Over these area, the in situ remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ), Chl-a and TSS concentrations were collected as well as Landsat-8 OLI data on the same acquisition time with in situ data. Low correlation between in situ and Landsat Rrs(λ) (R 2 =0.106) indicated that atmospheric correction algorithm performed by USGS has a limitation. This phenomenon was also reported by Jaelani [12], using a set of high quality in situ reflectance data collected over Lake Kasumigaura, Japan.\n\nThe in situ data was used to develop an applicable physical parameter retrieval algorithm for Chl-a and TSS concentration. The accuracy of algorithms were assessed using in situ data collected at the same acquisition time of Landsat 8 satellite. The TSS concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable accuracy both over Poteran's waters (RE of 4.60% and R 2 of 0.628) and over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 14.82% and R 2 of 0.345). Although the R 2 lower than 0.5, the RE was more accurate than the minimum requirement of 30%. Whereas, the Chl-a concentration retrieval algorithm produced acceptable result over Poteran (RE of 13.87% and R 2 of 0.416) and failed over Gili Iyang's waters (RE of 99.14% and R 2 of 0.090). This indicated that the condition of chlorophyll-a over two waters is different. The low correlation between TSS and Chl-a measured, also estimated TSS and Chl-a concentrations were caused not only by performance of the developed TSS and Chl-a estimation retrieval algorithms but also the accuracy of atmospheric corrected reflectances of Landsat product.\n\nACKNOWLEDGMENT\n\nThis research is a part of Sustainable Island Development Initiatives (SIDI) Program.\n\nREFERENCES\n\n[1] A. G. Dekker, \"Detection of Optical Water Quality Parameters for Eutrophic Waters by High Resolution Remote Sensing,\" Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1993.\n[2] K. G. Ruddick, F. Ovidio and M. Rijkeboer, \"Atmospheric Correction of SeaWiFS Imagery for Turbid Coastal and Inland Waters,\" Applied Optics, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 897–912, 2000.\n[3] S. Sathyendranath, L. Prieur and A. Morel, \"An Evaluation of The Problems of Chlorophyll Retrieval from Ocean Colour, for Case 2 Waters,\" Advances in Space Research, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 27–30, 1987.\n[4] W. Yang, B. Matsushita, J. Chen and T. Fukushima, \"Estimating Constituent Concentrations in Case Ii Waters from MERIS Satellite Data by Semi-Analytical Model Optimizing and LookUp Tables,\" Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 115, no. 5, p. 1247–1259, 2011.\n[5] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, \"Evaluation of Four MERIS Atmospheric Correction Algorithms in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan,\" International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 34, no. 24, p. 8967–8985, 2013.\n[7] N. Laili, F. Arafah, L. M. Jaelani, L. Subehi, A. Pamungkas, E. S. Koenhardono and A. Sulisetyono, \"Development of Water Quality Parameter Retrieval Algorithms for Estimating Total Suspended Solids and chlorophyll-A Concentration using Landsat-8 Imagery,\" in Joint International Geoinformation Conference ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2015.\n[8] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and H. Wibowo, \"Pemetaan Distribusi Spasial Konsentrasi Klorofil-A dengan Landsat 8 di Danau Matano dan Danau Towuti , Sulawesi Selatan,\" in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.\n[9] C. D. Mobley, \"Estimation of The Remote-Sensing Reflectance from Above-Surface Measurements,\" Applied Optics, vol. 38, no. 36, pp. 7442-7455, 1999.\n[10] SCOR-UNESCO, \"Determination of Photosynthetic Pigment in Seawater, Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology,\" UNESCO, Paris, 1966.\n[11] L. Han and K. J. Jordan, \"Estimating and Mapping Chlorophyll‐a Concentration in Pensacola Bay, Florida using Landsat ETM+ data,\" International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 26, no. 23, p. 5245–5254, 2005.\n[6] L. M. Jaelani, B. Matsushita, W. Yang and T. Fukushima, \"An Improved Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Applying MERIS Data to Very Turbid Inland Waters,\" International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 39, p. 128–141, 2015.\n[12] L. M. Jaelani, F. Setiawan and B. Matsushita, \"Uji Akurasi Produk Reflektan-Permukaan Landsat Menggunakan Data In situ di Danau Kasumigaura , Jepang,\" in Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan Masyarakat Ahli Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia XX, Bogor, 2015.\n\nFigure. 2. In situ spectral data collected over Poteran waters\n\nWavelength (nm)\n\nFigure. 3. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsat-derived water-leaving remote sensing reflectance\n\nFigure. 4. Linier regression algorithm for TSS estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ3)\n\nFigure. 5. Linier regression algorithm for Chl-a estimation with independent variable of band-ratio of Rrs(λ2)/Rrs(λ4)\n\nFigure. 7. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Gili Iyang's waters\n\nFigure. 8. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentrations over Poteran's waters\n\nFigure. 6. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived TSS concentrations over Poteran's waters\n\nFigure.9. Comparisons between the in situ-measured and Landsatderived Chl-a concentration over Gili Iyang's waters\n\nTABLE 1. IN SITU SPECTRAL AND WATER QUALITY\n\nABLE\n\nT\n\n2.\n\nANDSAT\n\nL\n\n8-\n\nOLI BAND INFORMATION\n\nTABLE 3. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH R 2\n\nABLE\n\nT\n\n4.\n\nWO BAND RATIO\n\nT\n\n-\n\nBASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR TSS WITH\n\nR\n\n2\n\nTABLE 5. SINGLE BAND-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2\n\nTABLE 6. TWO BAND RATIO-BASED REGRESSION ALGORITHM FOR CHL-A WITH R 2\n</text>\n",
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Durham County Council is to receive almost £650,000 in central government cash in a pioneering approach to helping struggling families.
The national Troubled Families programme aims to assist families affected by issues such as long-term unemployment, severe debts, truancy and domestic violence.
Now, as the Troubled Families scheme is being rolled out to more and more people, 11 local authorities have been chosen to receive a chunk of their funding up front, enabling them to invest in far-reaching plans to help families improve their lives.
Durham County Council’s cabinet member for children and young people’s services, Cllr Olwyn Gunn, said, “We are the only authority in the north east to have been given the new Earned Autonomy status, which recognises the strong case we made – with our partners – for that upfront investment.”
“We hope this funding will help us achieve our ambitious aims, spurring faster transformation of the services we offer and ensuring high-quality support for families in need.”
The new Earned Autonomy scheme will complement the existing Payments by Results system, in which councils are paid for each family that achieves “significant and sustained progress” or moves into permanent employment.
Durham County Council will use the extra money to target the three parts of the county which have the highest needs for extra family support.
Part of the money will be invested in a new IT system, which will enable agencies to share information and work together more easily. The money will also be spent on training staff, partners and voluntary sector workers to ensure that they have the skills to deal with families with complex needs.
In addition, the injection of cash will support programmes to help families affected by domestic violence and will help develop a ‘relational, child-centric approach’ to working with families, to make sure that children’s needs are taken into consideration.
Local government minister Rishi Sunak welcomed the progress made so far by the Troubled Families programme.
Mr Sunak said, “Adults who were once far from the job market are moving into work.”
“Children are getting the right support they need and local leaders are encouraging and challenging all services working with children and their families to act early and offer whole family support to stop their problems becoming worse.”
(Featured image courtesy of Kat Grigg, from Flickr Creative Commons)
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Durham County Council is to receive almost £650,000 in central government cash in a pioneering approach to helping struggling families.
The national Troubled Families programme aims to assist families affected by issues such as long-term unemployment, severe debts, truancy and domestic violence.
Now, as the Troubled Families scheme is being rolled out to more and more people, 11 local authorities have been chosen to receive a chunk of their funding up front, enabling them to invest in far-reaching plans to help families improve their lives.
Durham County Council’s cabinet member for children and young people’s services, Cllr Olwyn Gunn, said, “We are the only authority in the north east to have been given the new Earned Autonomy status, which recognises the strong case we made – with our partners – for that upfront investment.”
“We hope this funding will help us achieve our ambitious aims, spurring faster transformation of the services we offer and ensuring high-quality support for families in need
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The new Earned Autonomy scheme will complement the existing Payments by Results system, in which councils are paid for each family that achieves “significant and sustained progress” or moves into permanent employment.
Durham County Council will use the extra money to target the three parts of the county which have the highest needs for extra family support.
Part of the money will be invested in a new IT system, which will enable agencies to share information and work together more easily. The money will also be spent on training staff, partners and voluntary sector workers to ensure that they have the skills to deal with families with complex needs.
In addition, the injection of cash will support programmes to help families affected by domestic violence and will help develop a ‘relational, child-centric approach’ to working with families, to make sure that children’s needs are taken into consideration.
Local government minister Rishi Sunak welcomed the progress made so far by the Troubled Families programme.
Mr Sunak said, “Adults who were once far from the job market are moving into work.”
“Children are getting the right support they need and local leaders are encouraging and challenging all services working with children and their families to act early and offer whole family support to stop their problems becoming worse.”
(Featured image courtesy of Kat Grigg, from Flickr Creative Commons)
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Durham County Council is to receive almost £650,000 in central government cash in a pioneering approach to helping struggling families.
The national Troubled Families programme aims to assist families affected by issues such as long-term unemployment, severe debts, truancy and domestic violence.
Now, as the Troubled Families scheme is being rolled out to more and more people, 11 local authorities have been chosen to receive a chunk of their funding up front, enabling them to invest in far-reaching plans to help families improve their lives.
Durham County Council’s cabinet member for children and young people’s services, Cllr Olwyn Gunn, said, “We are the only authority in the north east to have been given the new Earned Autonomy status, which recognises the strong case we made – with our partners – for that upfront investment.”
“We hope this funding will help us achieve our ambitious aims, spurring faster transformation of the services we offer and ensuring high-quality support for families in need<cursor_is_here>”
The new Earned Autonomy scheme will complement the existing Payments by Results system, in which councils are paid for each family that achieves “significant and sustained progress” or moves into permanent employment.
Durham County Council will use the extra money to target the three parts of the county which have the highest needs for extra family support.
Part of the money will be invested in a new IT system, which will enable agencies to share information and work together more easily. The money will also be spent on training staff, partners and voluntary sector workers to ensure that they have the skills to deal with families with complex needs.
In addition, the injection of cash will support programmes to help families affected by domestic violence and will help develop a ‘relational, child-centric approach’ to working with families, to make sure that children’s needs are taken into consideration.
Local government minister Rishi Sunak welcomed the progress made so far by the Troubled Families programme.
Mr Sunak said, “Adults who were once far from the job market are moving into work.”
“Children are getting the right support they need and local leaders are encouraging and challenging all services working with children and their families to act early and offer whole family support to stop their problems becoming worse.”
(Featured image courtesy of Kat Grigg, from Flickr Creative Commons)
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://durhammagazine.co.uk/durham-news/durham-gets-almost-650000-to-help-with-troubled-families/02599/\n</url>\n<text>\nDurham County Council is to receive almost £650,000 in central government cash in a pioneering approach to helping struggling families.\nThe national Troubled Families programme aims to assist families affected by issues such as long-term unemployment, severe debts, truancy and domestic violence.\nNow, as the Troubled Families scheme is being rolled out to more and more people, 11 local authorities have been chosen to receive a chunk of their funding up front, enabling them to invest in far-reaching plans to help families improve their lives.\nDurham County Council’s cabinet member for children and young people’s services, Cllr Olwyn Gunn, said, “We are the only authority in the north east to have been given the new Earned Autonomy status, which recognises the strong case we made – with our partners – for that upfront investment.”\n“We hope this funding will help us achieve our ambitious aims, spurring faster transformation of the services we offer and ensuring high-quality support for families in need<cursor_is_here>”\nThe new Earned Autonomy scheme will complement the existing Payments by Results system, in which councils are paid for each family that achieves “significant and sustained progress” or moves into permanent employment.\nDurham County Council will use the extra money to target the three parts of the county which have the highest needs for extra family support.\nPart of the money will be invested in a new IT system, which will enable agencies to share information and work together more easily. The money will also be spent on training staff, partners and voluntary sector workers to ensure that they have the skills to deal with families with complex needs.\nIn addition, the injection of cash will support programmes to help families affected by domestic violence and will help develop a ‘relational, child-centric approach’ to working with families, to make sure that children’s needs are taken into consideration.\nLocal government minister Rishi Sunak welcomed the progress made so far by the Troubled Families programme.\nMr Sunak said, “Adults who were once far from the job market are moving into work.”\n“Children are getting the right support they need and local leaders are encouraging and challenging all services working with children and their families to act early and offer whole family support to stop their problems becoming worse.”\n(Featured image courtesy of Kat Grigg, from Flickr Creative Commons)\n</text>\n",
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As we’re doing a virtual event this year, registration is FREE! We hope you’re join us in bringing our message of H.O.P.E. to our area. Please watch our facebook page for locations to pick up a t-shirt leading up to the event. We can be united and walking for a purpose, even if we’re not all together this year!
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As we’re doing a virtual event this year, registration is FREE! We hope you’re join us in bringing our message of H.O.P.E. to our area. Please watch our facebook page for locations to pick up a t-shirt leading up to the event. We can be united and walking for a purpose, even if
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As we’re doing a virtual event this year, registration is FREE! We hope you’re join us in bringing our message of H.O.P.E. to our area. Please watch our facebook page for locations to pick up a t-shirt leading up to the event. We can be united and walking for a purpose, even if <cursor_is_here>
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A Message from CADA's Executive Director
"Domestic abuse is connected to child abuse is connected to bullying is connected to elder abuse is connected to poor community outcomes. It's all connected!"—Renita Robinson, Executive Director of the Committee Against Domestic Abuse (CADA), Inc.
According to a July, 2014 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its Prevention Institute: "Understanding the overlapping causes of violence and the things that can protect people and communities… can help us better address violence in all its forms."
This same report identifies links between intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment, bullying, suicidal behavior, and elder abuse and neglect while highlighting that they are interconnected and often share the same root causes.
The unaddressed domestic and sexual violence in Mankato and our eight county service area has the potential to wreak havoc in otherwise wholesome and thriving communities. CADA knows that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in a community and we invite you to become a part of the solution instead of defaulting to being a part of the problem.
Here's how:
- Get educated about the cause of violence
- Refuse to use violence in any form for solving problems
- Normalize conversations about the negative impact of domestic and sexual violence at the individual, family and community level.
- Visit CADA's website and get involved: www.cadaMN.org
Upcoming events:
- October 1: Mankato, Official launch of CADAkids Logo Contest
- October 2-31: Mankato Lunch and Learns (10 topics) Thursdays and Fridays
-
October 8: Waseca, Clothesline Project
- October 11: Mankato, Walk A Mile In Her Shoes (MSU, Alpha Chi Omega Event)
- October 14: Blue Earth, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn
- October 15: Mankato, Community Forum 6pm (Location TBD)
- October 21: Mankato, Post Separation Violence Seminar
- October 22: Waseca, Children Witnessing Violence—Lunch and Learn
- October 25: Mankato, Three Eagles Event
- October 27: New Ulm, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn
Fall 2014
CADA Programs
Emergency Safety Shelter
P.O. Box 466
Mankato, MN 56002-0466
507-625-8688 Business
800-477-0466 Crisis
Keep Me Safe
Parenting Time Center
P.O Box 466
Mankato, MN 56002-0466
507-625-8688 Business
CADA of Blue Earth/Nicollet
Counties
100 Stadium Court
Mankato, MN 56001
507-625-8688 Business
CADA of Faribault County
P.O. Box 203
Blue Earth, MN 56013
507-526-5275 Business
CADA of Waseca/Le Sueur
Counties
P.O. Box 348
Waseca, MN 56093
507-835-7828 Business
CADA of Watonwan County
55 8th Street South
St. James, MN 56081
507-375-3040 Business
CADA of Brown/Sibley Counties
P.O. Box 671
New Ulm, MN
507-233-6666 Sibley
507-233-6663 Brown
CADA kids
Committee against domestic abuse
Did you know?
Exposure to violence is a national crisis that affects approximately two out of every three of our children (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012).
According to the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence released in December of 2012, of the 76 million children currently residing in the United States 46 million can expect to have their lives touched by violence, crime, abuse and psychological trauma this year.
We invite you to stand with CADA for a violence free Region 9 community. By sponsoring a CADAkid, your donation contributes to raising awareness related to our campaign to address domestic violence in our communities and goes directly to services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family and community.
The mission of CADA, Inc. is: "To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter."
(CADAkids pictured above were colored by children residing in the CADA shelter)
Inspire
Shelter
Women
Community
INSPIRE
CADA
CADA
Advocacy
Advocacy
Hope
Empower
Empower
HOPE
Support
Children
Men
Awareness
Family
Family
United
Safe
Outreach
FALL 2014
Get involved!
Starting in November, 2014, help make this campaign a success by purchasing a CADAkid, or by sponsoring one at the following or any level you desire:
Individual: $20 Nonprofit: $40
Family $50 Business: $50
The mission of CADA, Inc. is: "To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter."
Coupling with this mission requires a sobering look at the violence we support in our society and a decision to take a proactive stand to communicate non-violent values to our children, while acknowledging the broad impact that normalizing violence has on child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and sexual assault.
All proceeds benefit services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family.
We invite you to consider becoming a sponsor in November.
If you have any questions about CADAkids, or would like a CADA representative to come speak at your church, agency, or group, please feel free to contact Melissa at [email protected] or by calling 507-625-8688 ext. 100 or visit our website: www.cadaMN.org.
What is CADAkids?
The CADAkids campaign starts November 1, 2014 and raises operating funds for kids and families using our shelter whose lives have been touched by violence. It also brings awareness to child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and allows partners standing with CADA for kids to purchase post cards, figurine cut outs to display in yards, foyers etc. and other artifacts (see website: www.cadaMN.org on October 1, 2014).
The children are red, white and blue noting that red is a color that symbolizes protection in some cultures, white is symbolic of purity (and a reminder that violence steals children's innocence) and blue is the color of Child Abuse Awareness and Prevention month.
We invite you to make a decision to be a part of the solution by partnering with us. P.O. Box 466 Mankato, MN 56002
3 kids
- November 9: St. Peter, Fired Up! (Gustavus Adolphus Event)
- November 12: Mankato, Victim Blaming Seminar
- December 16: Kiwanis Holiday Lights
The staff at CADA is working hard to accomplish its mission: to provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter. We invite you to partner with us as to raise consciousness about each individual taking responsibility to be a part of the solution of domestic, sexual and family violence in our culture. At CADA we know the danger of ignoring these issues in our eight county service area. We also know that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in any sized community and we invite you to become a part of the solution with us. Thanks!
Lunch & Learns
Written By Brittany Wojtowicz
October is Domestic Violence Awareness Month! In order to increase awareness of the prevalence and dynamics of domestic violence in our communities, CADA is introducing a Lunch-and-Learn Training Series. These 10 one-hour sessions are geared towards professionals that may be working with victims or child victim-witnesses of domestic violence. Sessions will be held over the lunch hour beginning at 11:45 am, so attendants are encouraged to bring their lunches to enjoy together.
Each session will be presented by an expert in that area. The cost is $10/session and will offer 1.0 CEUs with the MN Board of Social Work. We are currently working on trying to get approval for other continuing education credits, so check back frequently.
Please consider joining us for the following events:
The Ray Rice Incident: Why Do Women Stay?
Written By Renita Robinson
"If a woman is big enough to hit a man, then she shouldn't be surprised when she gets hit back." This and sentiments like it were found all over the media in response to the front page news associated with the video release of NFL player Ray Rice punching his then fiancé unconscious in the elevator of a casino in February 2014. This new footage was leaked at the beginning of the 2014 football season and filled the gaps associated with the July 2014 video that showed Rice dragging Janay Palmer out of an elevator unconscious—for which he was suspended for two games.
The couple was married between the July and September video releases. The marriage has provoked a flood of questions about why she would stay after this kind of violence and declarations that "she must like being hit." All of which are foundational in the discussion of "horizontal hostility" a term that associated with the Women's Liberation Movement coined by Florynce Kennedy in her 1970 paper, "Institutionalized Oppression vs. the Female" that starts to expand on the complexity of hostility toward the oppressed by the oppressed.
Many who are asking Mrs. Rice to defend her reasoning behind marrying the man she loves, who is the father of her children, and who is the primary bread winner of the family do not realize that questioning Mrs. Rice about her decision takes the attention away from the real questions that should be asked. Why does society condone the violence of men against women? And how do we end it?
Since the question was posed about why she would stay, I'll try to answer it briefly. Many women stay in violent relationships because of promises the violence will end.
They believe their partners are both dangerous and worthy of another chance. They also stay because the alternatives to staying are overwhelming:
1. Fear the violence will escalate (The most lethal time in an abusive relationship is after a woman leaves. More than 70% of domestic violence murders happen after the victim has gotten out.)
2. Fear of having no way to support and keep self (and children) safe
3. Fear of being homeless
4. Fear of being seen to abandon their faith, shame and the list goes on…
Before blaming the victim for staying and oversimplifying the issue with hostility towards her--get the facts here: http://www.cadamn.org/pages/12/Domestic%20Violence. Women usually stay until they have some place to go and enough tangible support to leave.
POST SEPARTION VIOLENCE SEMINAR: Reframes
Written by Renita Robinson
Have you ever stood in line behind a mom who you wished "Could get those kids under control"? Or maybe you've seen a mom so frazzled you wondered to yourself "Is she on drugs or something?" Many women who have finally pulled together the courage to leave a battering relationship look terrible in the eyes of the communities and systems that could provide needed support to them.
Assumptions about the violence ending because the relationship did, make being it difficult to reframe her disheveled life as virtue and victory. The reality is: leaving an abusive relationship is the deadliest time of a victim's life. The risk of harm to herself and the children increases exponentially and the culture around her often adds another layer of victimization to her attempts to normalize her life after abuse.
CADA's Post Separation Violence Seminar offers valuable insight into the reality of survivors of abuse after the relationship ends, and the hard work of rebuilding a life without looking over your shoulder begins.
Many survivors remark that the emotional and psychological abuse associated with battering pale in comparison to the physical wounds that heal.
Former seminar participants had this to say about the training:
" Every professional in human services would benefit from this seminar."
"..this seminar will just help me to have another lens to look through in understanding the work of my staff."
"I am looking forward to being able to share the information with clients and people in the system."
Please join us for our upcoming Post Separation Violence Seminar on Tuesday, October 21,2014. To register, please visit our website at cadaMN.org.
CADAkids: Logo Contest Guidelines
We are having a contest for a logo related to our support of children during Domestic Abuse Awareness Month. Because kids are so special to us, we want to focus your attention on the child-victim witnesses of domestic abuse. We invite you to create an original logo to be used in bringing awareness to the impact that violence has on children. The winning design will become our official CADAkids logo for this year and be displayed in businesses, churches and schools in our eight county region during our CADAkids campaigns. The winner will receive a $50.00 gift card and designer credit.
Entries must adhere to the following:
1. Include the word "CADAkids"
2. Include at least three colors (red, white and blue: red is a color that symbolizes protection in some cultures, white is symbolic of purity (and a reminder that violence steals children's innocence) and blue is the color of Child Abuse Awareness and Prevention month
3. Be received via email, or mail at P.O. Box 466 Mankato, MN 56002 by October 15th
Please check our website: www.cadaMN.org on Friday, October 1st for more details. A panel of judges will vote on the entries and the winner will be announced at a community event October 26, 2014.
For questions email or call Melissa at [email protected], 507-625-8688 ext. 100, or visit our website: www.cadaMN.org for more details. Thanks!
Inspire Hope for the Holidays; Adopt A Family
Written by Margy Hendrickson
It's Christmas time again! It's time to go shopping at the mall or to give creative personally made gifts. For many, time is spent baking cookies, listening to holiday music and/or visiting loved ones. We've all heard that it is better to give than to receive. Knowing that you're helping make someone's life a little bit easier, or helping make someone happy is an indescribable feeling. While most of us take for granted having a "Merry" Christmas, some among us can only dream about it.
Reflections on the joy of opening gifts on Christmas Day can turn to sadness with the realization that there are children and families in our area who won't have gifts to open this year. However, there is hope for them and that hope is you. We feel privileged to have helped provide support to those in need for so long, and we honestly couldn't do it without your generosity. Please consider putting one more person on your Christmas gift list this year and adopt a woman, a family, or a child, with whatever you are able to give.
7 Help CADA make Christmas morning joyful and bright for those who have experienced domestic violence. If you are interested in giving, or have questions, contact Margy at 507-625-8688 x105 or send an e-mail to [email protected]. Margy will send you a list of available families to adopt along with their wish lists and instructions for delivery.
CADA's New Volunteers & Interns
Lauren Bach
Shelter Volunteer
My name is Lauren Bach, and I am originally from New York Mills, MN. Currently I am a senior psychology major and sociology minor at Minnesota State University, Mankato. After I graduate I plan on attending graduate school for industrial-organizational psychology and working as a business consultant in the future. I am honored and excited to volunteer with CADA. The experience will deepen my college education and more importantly provide me the vast opportunity to serve as an advocate to individuals who have experienced domestic abuse. While volunteering, I expect to learn about the experience of violence in the home, the challenges of ending domestic abuse and how to empower individuals in maintaining safety and wellbeing.
Liz Kotewa
Shelter & Outreach Intern
Hello, my name is Liz Kotewa and I will begin interning in early October. I have lived in Mankato for the majority of my life so I am familiar with the basics of the wonderful services CADA provides within the community. In approximately three months I will have obtained my B.S. Degree in Criminal Justice. Although I enjoy learning through text books and other reading material, there is invaluable knowledge gained through actual experience in the field and I am beyond thrilled to begin gaining that experience at CADA. For the past five years I have worked as a Custody Officer in the Blue Earth County Jail and also doing administrative work in the Nicollet County Probation Department which works closely with the courts. I have worked with an array of individuals and personalities, but am more than anything looking forward to working with individuals who are seeking out help in order to essentially better their lives. Furthermore, I am equally excited to meet other people who share similar ideas and passions as I do.
Lauren Kosmatka
Children's Advocate Intern
I am Lauren Kosmatka, born and raised in Sleepy Eye, MN. I am a Social Work student in my third year at Minnesota State University. I enjoy going on walks, spending time with my family, and drinking coffee. I also collect old pennies, and I am a HUGE Maverick hockey fan!
Ashley Stender
Children's Advocate Intern
I attend Mankato State University, pursuing a major in Social Work. I am currently working at a teenage group home here in Mankato. I love any type of outdoor activities, such as horseback riding, fishing, snowmobiling, four wheeling, etc. I am looking forward to this new and eye opening experience with learning all that goes into CADA and working with the children or anyone else who may need my assistance.
Are you interested in volunteering at CADA?
We are looking for volunteers to assist with crisis call out advocacy to victims in need at hospitals and law enforcement centers, assisting advocates in our outreach offices, pet fosterers for the CADA Pets Program, and administrative tasks. For more information, please visit our website: www.cadaMN.org
CADA's Quarterly Donors
CADA is especially grateful for its breadth of support from individuals, faith and community organizations public and private grantors. Your generous contributions of dollars, time, and essential basic needs are witness to our partnership in providing safety, promoting justice, and preventing harm.
Thank you!
Committee Against Domestic Abuse, Inc.
P.O. Box 466 Mankato, MN 56002-0466
Phone: 507-625-8688
Fax: 507-625-9431 www.cadaMN.org
Executive Director
Renita Robinson
CADA Board of Directors
Al Kluever
Mary Bliesmer
Deanna Henderson
Dave Borchert
Vickie Apel
Marie McVenes
Jan Deleo
Penny Vought
Don Ebel
Jill Baker
Bob Sutter
CADA Wish List
At this time, CADA is in need of the following items:
Deodorant
Powder laundry detergent
Brushes
Ethnic hair products (pink lotion, etc.)
Baby hygiene products
Size 4 & 5 diapers
Pregnancy tests
Yoga/sweat pants – all sizes
Socks and underwear – all sizes
Twin size sheet sets
Gently used furniture (sofas, tables, dressers, etc.)
Beds (mattress, box spring, frame)
Flat screen TVs
Kitchen appliances
Dish sets
Pots and pans sets
Towel sets
Trash cans
Sets of towels
Vacuum cleaners
10 Please call Melissa at 507-625-8688 ext. 100 or email at [email protected] if you have any questions, or to have your donation preapproved.
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A Message from CADA's Executive Director
"Domestic abuse is connected to child abuse is connected to bullying is connected to elder abuse is connected to poor community outcomes. It's all connected!"—Renita Robinson, Executive Director of the Committee Against Domestic Abuse (CADA), Inc.
According to a July, 2014 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its Prevention Institute: "Understanding the overlapping causes of violence and the things that can protect people and communities… can help us better address violence in all its forms."
This same report identifies links between intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment, bullying, suicidal behavior, and elder abuse and neglect while highlighting that they are interconnected and often share the same root causes.
The unaddressed domestic and sexual violence in Mankato and our eight county service area has the potential to wreak havoc in otherwise wholesome and thriving communities. CADA knows that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in a community and we invite you to become a part of the solution instead of defaulting to being a part of the problem.
Here's how:
- Get educated about the cause of violence
- Refuse to use violence in any form for solving problems
- Normalize conversations about the negative impact of domestic and sexual violence at the individual, family and community level.
- Visit CADA's website and get involved: www.cadaMN.org
Upcoming events:
- October 1: Mankato, Official launch of CADAkids Logo Contest
- October 2-31: Mankato Lunch and Learns (10 topics) Thursdays and Fridays
-
October 8: Waseca, Clothesline Project
- October 11: Mankato, Walk A Mile In Her Shoes (MSU, Alpha Chi Omega Event)
- October 14: Blue Earth, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn
- October 15: Mankato, Community Forum 6pm (Location TBD)
- October 21: Mankato, Post Separation Violence Seminar
- October 22: Waseca, Children Witnessing Violence—Lunch and Learn
- October 25: Mankato, Three Eagles Event
- October 27: New Ulm, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn
Fall 2014
CADA Programs
Emergency Safety Shelter
P.O. Box 466
Mankato, MN 56002-0466
507-625-8688 Business
800-477-0466 Crisis
Keep Me Safe
Parenting Time Center
P.O Box 466
Mankato, MN 56002-0466
507-625-8688 Business
CADA of Blue Earth/Nicollet
Counties
100 Stadium Court
Mankato, MN 56001
507-625-8688 Business
CADA of Faribault County
P.O. Box 203
Blue Earth, MN 56013
507-526-5275 Business
CADA of Waseca/Le Sueur
Counties
P.O. Box 348
Waseca, MN 56093
507-835-7828 Business
CADA of Watonwan County
55 8th Street South
St. James, MN 56081
507-375-3040 Business
CADA of Brown/Sibley Counties
P.O. Box 671
New Ulm, MN
507-233-6666 Sibley
507-233-6663 Brown
CADA kids
Committee against domestic abuse
Did you know?
Exposure to violence is a national crisis that affects approximately two out of every three of our children (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012).
According to the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence released in December of 2012, of the 76 million children currently residing in the United States 46 million can expect to have their lives touched by violence, crime, abuse and psychological trauma this year.
We invite you to stand with CADA for a violence free Region 9 community. By sponsoring a CADAkid, your donation contributes to raising awareness related to our campaign to address domestic violence in our communities and goes directly to services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family and community.
The mission of CADA, Inc. is: "To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter."
(CADAkids pictured above were colored by children residing in the CADA shelter)
Inspire
Shelter
Women
Community
INSPIRE
CADA
CADA
Advocacy
Advocacy
Hope
Empower
Empower
HOPE
Support
Children
Men
Awareness
Family
Family
United
Safe
Outreach
FALL 2014
Get involved!
Starting in November, 2014, help make this campaign a success by purchasing a CADAkid, or by sponsoring one at the following or any level you desire:
Individual: $20 Nonprofit: $40
Family $50 Business: $50
The mission of CADA, Inc. is: "To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter."
Coupling with this mission requires a sobering look at the violence we support in our society and a decision to take a proactive stand to communicate non-violent values to our children, while acknowledging the broad impact that normalizing violence has on child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and sexual assault.
All proceeds benefit services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family.
We invite you to consider becoming a sponsor in November.
If you have any questions about CADAkids, or would like a CADA representative to come speak at your church, agency, or group, please feel free to contact Melissa at [email protected] or by calling 507-625-8688 ext. 100 or visit our website: www.cadaMN.org.
What is CADAkids?
The CADAkids campaign starts November 1, 2014 and raises operating funds for kids and families using our shelter whose lives have been touched by violence. It also brings awareness to child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and allows partners standing with CADA for kids to purchase post cards, figurine cut outs to display in yards, foyers etc. and other artifacts (see website: www.cadaMN.org on October 1, 2014).
The children are red, white and blue noting that red is a color that symbolizes protection in some cultures, white is symbolic of purity (and a reminder that violence steals children's innocence) and blue is the color of Child Abuse Awareness and Prevention month.
We invite you to make a decision to be a part of the solution by partnering with us. P.O. Box 466 Mankato, MN 56002
3 kids
- November 9: St. Peter, Fired Up! (Gustavus Adolphus Event)
- November 12: Mankato, Victim Blaming Seminar
- December 16: Kiwanis Holiday Lights
The staff at CADA is working hard to accomplish its mission: to provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter. We invite you to partner with us as to raise consciousness about each individual taking responsibility to be a part of the solution of domestic, sexual and family violence in our culture. At CADA we know the danger of ignoring these issues in our eight county service area. We also know that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in any sized community and we invite you to become a part of the solution with us. Thanks!
Lunch & Learns
Written By Brittany Wojtowicz
October is Domestic Violence Awareness Month! In order to increase awareness of the prevalence and dynamics of domestic violence in our communities, CADA is introducing a Lunch-and-Learn Training Series. These 10 one-hour sessions are geared towards professionals that may be working with victims or child victim-witnesses of domestic violence. Sessions will be held over the lunch hour beginning at 11:45 am, so attendants are encouraged to bring their lunches to enjoy together.
Each session will be presented by an expert in that area. The cost is $10/session
|
and will offer 1.
| 7,529
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end_of_word
|
$10/session
|
remove_all
|
<url>
http://www.cadamn.org/upload/files/CADA%20Newsletter%20Fall%202014.pdf
</url>
<text>
A Message from CADA's Executive Director
"Domestic abuse is connected to child abuse is connected to bullying is connected to elder abuse is connected to poor community outcomes. It's all connected!"—Renita Robinson, Executive Director of the Committee Against Domestic Abuse (CADA), Inc.
According to a July, 2014 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its Prevention Institute: "Understanding the overlapping causes of violence and the things that can protect people and communities… can help us better address violence in all its forms."
This same report identifies links between intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment, bullying, suicidal behavior, and elder abuse and neglect while highlighting that they are interconnected and often share the same root causes.
The unaddressed domestic and sexual violence in Mankato and our eight county service area has the potential to wreak havoc in otherwise wholesome and thriving communities. CADA knows that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in a community and we invite you to become a part of the solution instead of defaulting to being a part of the problem.
Here's how:
- Get educated about the cause of violence
- Refuse to use violence in any form for solving problems
- Normalize conversations about the negative impact of domestic and sexual violence at the individual, family and community level.
- Visit CADA's website and get involved: www.cadaMN.org
Upcoming events:
- October 1: Mankato, Official launch of CADAkids Logo Contest
- October 2-31: Mankato Lunch and Learns (10 topics) Thursdays and Fridays
-
October 8: Waseca, Clothesline Project
- October 11: Mankato, Walk A Mile In Her Shoes (MSU, Alpha Chi Omega Event)
- October 14: Blue Earth, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn
- October 15: Mankato, Community Forum 6pm (Location TBD)
- October 21: Mankato, Post Separation Violence Seminar
- October 22: Waseca, Children Witnessing Violence—Lunch and Learn
- October 25: Mankato, Three Eagles Event
- October 27: New Ulm, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn
Fall 2014
CADA Programs
Emergency Safety Shelter
P.O. Box 466
Mankato, MN 56002-0466
507-625-8688 Business
800-477-0466 Crisis
Keep Me Safe
Parenting Time Center
P.O Box 466
Mankato, MN 56002-0466
507-625-8688 Business
CADA of Blue Earth/Nicollet
Counties
100 Stadium Court
Mankato, MN 56001
507-625-8688 Business
CADA of Faribault County
P.O. Box 203
Blue Earth, MN 56013
507-526-5275 Business
CADA of Waseca/Le Sueur
Counties
P.O. Box 348
Waseca, MN 56093
507-835-7828 Business
CADA of Watonwan County
55 8th Street South
St. James, MN 56081
507-375-3040 Business
CADA of Brown/Sibley Counties
P.O. Box 671
New Ulm, MN
507-233-6666 Sibley
507-233-6663 Brown
CADA kids
Committee against domestic abuse
Did you know?
Exposure to violence is a national crisis that affects approximately two out of every three of our children (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012).
According to the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence released in December of 2012, of the 76 million children currently residing in the United States 46 million can expect to have their lives touched by violence, crime, abuse and psychological trauma this year.
We invite you to stand with CADA for a violence free Region 9 community. By sponsoring a CADAkid, your donation contributes to raising awareness related to our campaign to address domestic violence in our communities and goes directly to services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family and community.
The mission of CADA, Inc. is: "To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter."
(CADAkids pictured above were colored by children residing in the CADA shelter)
Inspire
Shelter
Women
Community
INSPIRE
CADA
CADA
Advocacy
Advocacy
Hope
Empower
Empower
HOPE
Support
Children
Men
Awareness
Family
Family
United
Safe
Outreach
FALL 2014
Get involved!
Starting in November, 2014, help make this campaign a success by purchasing a CADAkid, or by sponsoring one at the following or any level you desire:
Individual: $20 Nonprofit: $40
Family $50 Business: $50
The mission of CADA, Inc. is: "To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter."
Coupling with this mission requires a sobering look at the violence we support in our society and a decision to take a proactive stand to communicate non-violent values to our children, while acknowledging the broad impact that normalizing violence has on child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and sexual assault.
All proceeds benefit services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family.
We invite you to consider becoming a sponsor in November.
If you have any questions about CADAkids, or would like a CADA representative to come speak at your church, agency, or group, please feel free to contact Melissa at [email protected] or by calling 507-625-8688 ext. 100 or visit our website: www.cadaMN.org.
What is CADAkids?
The CADAkids campaign starts November 1, 2014 and raises operating funds for kids and families using our shelter whose lives have been touched by violence. It also brings awareness to child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and allows partners standing with CADA for kids to purchase post cards, figurine cut outs to display in yards, foyers etc. and other artifacts (see website: www.cadaMN.org on October 1, 2014).
The children are red, white and blue noting that red is a color that symbolizes protection in some cultures, white is symbolic of purity (and a reminder that violence steals children's innocence) and blue is the color of Child Abuse Awareness and Prevention month.
We invite you to make a decision to be a part of the solution by partnering with us. P.O. Box 466 Mankato, MN 56002
3 kids
- November 9: St. Peter, Fired Up! (Gustavus Adolphus Event)
- November 12: Mankato, Victim Blaming Seminar
- December 16: Kiwanis Holiday Lights
The staff at CADA is working hard to accomplish its mission: to provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter. We invite you to partner with us as to raise consciousness about each individual taking responsibility to be a part of the solution of domestic, sexual and family violence in our culture. At CADA we know the danger of ignoring these issues in our eight county service area. We also know that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in any sized community and we invite you to become a part of the solution with us. Thanks!
Lunch & Learns
Written By Brittany Wojtowicz
October is Domestic Violence Awareness Month! In order to increase awareness of the prevalence and dynamics of domestic violence in our communities, CADA is introducing a Lunch-and-Learn Training Series. These 10 one-hour sessions are geared towards professionals that may be working with victims or child victim-witnesses of domestic violence. Sessions will be held over the lunch hour beginning at 11:45 am, so attendants are encouraged to bring their lunches to enjoy together.
Each session will be presented by an expert in that area. The cost is $10/session<cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.cadamn.org/upload/files/CADA%20Newsletter%20Fall%202014.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nA Message from CADA's Executive Director\n\n\"Domestic abuse is connected to child abuse is connected to bullying is connected to elder abuse is connected to poor community outcomes. It's all connected!\"—Renita Robinson, Executive Director of the Committee Against Domestic Abuse (CADA), Inc.\n\nAccording to a July, 2014 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its Prevention Institute: \"Understanding the overlapping causes of violence and the things that can protect people and communities… can help us better address violence in all its forms.\"\n\nThis same report identifies links between intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment, bullying, suicidal behavior, and elder abuse and neglect while highlighting that they are interconnected and often share the same root causes.\n\nThe unaddressed domestic and sexual violence in Mankato and our eight county service area has the potential to wreak havoc in otherwise wholesome and thriving communities. CADA knows that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in a community and we invite you to become a part of the solution instead of defaulting to being a part of the problem.\n\nHere's how:\n\n- Get educated about the cause of violence\n- Refuse to use violence in any form for solving problems\n- Normalize conversations about the negative impact of domestic and sexual violence at the individual, family and community level.\n- Visit CADA's website and get involved: www.cadaMN.org\n\nUpcoming events:\n\n- October 1: Mankato, Official launch of CADAkids Logo Contest\n- October 2-31: Mankato Lunch and Learns (10 topics) Thursdays and Fridays\n-\nOctober 8: Waseca, Clothesline Project\n- October 11: Mankato, Walk A Mile In Her Shoes (MSU, Alpha Chi Omega Event)\n- October 14: Blue Earth, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn\n- October 15: Mankato, Community Forum 6pm (Location TBD)\n- October 21: Mankato, Post Separation Violence Seminar\n- October 22: Waseca, Children Witnessing Violence—Lunch and Learn\n- October 25: Mankato, Three Eagles Event\n- October 27: New Ulm, Post Separation Violence— Lunch and Learn\n\nFall 2014\n\nCADA Programs\n\nEmergency Safety Shelter\n\nP.O. Box 466\n\nMankato, MN 56002-0466\n\n507-625-8688 Business\n\n800-477-0466 Crisis\n\nKeep Me Safe\n\nParenting Time Center\n\nP.O Box 466\n\nMankato, MN 56002-0466\n\n507-625-8688 Business\n\nCADA of Blue Earth/Nicollet\n\nCounties\n\n100 Stadium Court\n\nMankato, MN 56001\n\n507-625-8688 Business\n\nCADA of Faribault County\n\nP.O. Box 203\n\nBlue Earth, MN 56013\n\n507-526-5275 Business\n\nCADA of Waseca/Le Sueur\n\nCounties\n\nP.O. Box 348\n\nWaseca, MN 56093\n\n507-835-7828 Business\n\nCADA of Watonwan County\n\n55 8th Street South\n\nSt. James, MN 56081\n\n507-375-3040 Business\n\nCADA of Brown/Sibley Counties\n\nP.O. Box 671\n\nNew Ulm, MN\n\n507-233-6666 Sibley\n\n507-233-6663 Brown\n\nCADA kids\n\nCommittee against domestic abuse\n\nDid you know?\n\nExposure to violence is a national crisis that affects approximately two out of every three of our children (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012).\n\nAccording to the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence released in December of 2012, of the 76 million children currently residing in the United States 46 million can expect to have their lives touched by violence, crime, abuse and psychological trauma this year.\n\nWe invite you to stand with CADA for a violence free Region 9 community. By sponsoring a CADAkid, your donation contributes to raising awareness related to our campaign to address domestic violence in our communities and goes directly to services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family and community.\n\nThe mission of CADA, Inc. is: \"To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter.\"\n\n(CADAkids pictured above were colored by children residing in the CADA shelter)\nInspire\nShelter\nWomen\nCommunity\nINSPIRE\nCADA\nCADA\nAdvocacy\nAdvocacy\nHope\nEmpower\nEmpower\nHOPE\nSupport\nChildren\nMen\nAwareness\nFamily\nFamily\nUnited\nSafe\nOutreach\n\nFALL 2014\n\nGet involved!\n\nStarting in November, 2014, help make this campaign a success by purchasing a CADAkid, or by sponsoring one at the following or any level you desire:\n\nIndividual: $20 Nonprofit: $40\n\nFamily $50 Business: $50\n\nThe mission of CADA, Inc. is: \"To provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter.\"\n\nCoupling with this mission requires a sobering look at the violence we support in our society and a decision to take a proactive stand to communicate non-violent values to our children, while acknowledging the broad impact that normalizing violence has on child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and sexual assault.\n\nAll proceeds benefit services that provide child victim-witnesses and their families support after exposure to violence in their family.\n\nWe invite you to consider becoming a sponsor in November.\n\nIf you have any questions about CADAkids, or would like a CADA representative to come speak at your church, agency, or group, please feel free to contact Melissa at [email protected] or by calling 507-625-8688 ext. 100 or visit our website: www.cadaMN.org.\n\nWhat is CADAkids?\n\nThe CADAkids campaign starts November 1, 2014 and raises operating funds for kids and families using our shelter whose lives have been touched by violence. It also brings awareness to child victim-witnesses of domestic violence and allows partners standing with CADA for kids to purchase post cards, figurine cut outs to display in yards, foyers etc. and other artifacts (see website: www.cadaMN.org on October 1, 2014).\n\nThe children are red, white and blue noting that red is a color that symbolizes protection in some cultures, white is symbolic of purity (and a reminder that violence steals children's innocence) and blue is the color of Child Abuse Awareness and Prevention month.\n\nWe invite you to make a decision to be a part of the solution by partnering with us. P.O. Box 466 Mankato, MN 56002\n\n3 kids\n\n- November 9: St. Peter, Fired Up! (Gustavus Adolphus Event)\n- November 12: Mankato, Victim Blaming Seminar\n- December 16: Kiwanis Holiday Lights\n\nThe staff at CADA is working hard to accomplish its mission: to provide safety and support to victims of domestic and sexual violence through education, advocacy, and shelter. We invite you to partner with us as to raise consciousness about each individual taking responsibility to be a part of the solution of domestic, sexual and family violence in our culture. At CADA we know the danger of ignoring these issues in our eight county service area. We also know that education is a key factor in proactively addressing the negative effects of violence in any sized community and we invite you to become a part of the solution with us. Thanks!\n\nLunch & Learns\n\nWritten By Brittany Wojtowicz\n\nOctober is Domestic Violence Awareness Month! In order to increase awareness of the prevalence and dynamics of domestic violence in our communities, CADA is introducing a Lunch-and-Learn Training Series. These 10 one-hour sessions are geared towards professionals that may be working with victims or child victim-witnesses of domestic violence. 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Bylaws
of the Washington Reflexology Association (WRA)
Article I – Name
The name of this organization shall be the Washington Reflexology Association, herein referred to as the Association or WRA.
Article II – Mission Statement and Goals
Section 1.0. Mission Statement of the Association.
Our mission is to promote excellence and professionalism in the practice of reflexology in the state of Washington. We accomplish this by providing member support through mentorship, idea exchange, network and referral systems, and promotion of education and certification. As members of this professional association, we promote public awareness and act as a resource for local, national and international reflexology information.
Section 2.0. Goals of the Association. In order to fulfill the Mission of the Association, the goals include, but are not limited to:
A. Establishing standards and ethics by:
1. Maintaining a code of ethical behavior,
2. Developing and maintaining a grievance process; and
3. Developing and maintaining a system of full and fair disclosure of professional practice.
B. Providing vehicles for the dissemination of information and a forum for professional dialogue, creating an open and respectful environment for communication among professional reflexologists.
C. Acting as a support structure for reflexologists in Washington.
D. Monitoring and acting upon state legislation and laws involving reflexology.
E. Maintaining an awareness campaign to educate the public about reflexology and its benefits.
Article III – Membership
Section 1.0. Membership. Members of the Association shall consist of Associate and Professional Level members in good standing, and elected or appointed Directors.
Section 1.1. Membership Eligibility. The WRA is open to all practitioners and students regardless of educational program as well as those who wish to support the growth and development of the field.
Section 2.0. Membership Levels. There shall be two (2) classes of membership: Professional and Associate, within which shall be included the special category of Charter Member for founding members in good standing.
A. Professional Membership Level is open to a reflexologist certified by the state of Washington Department of Health. Professional Membership Level is also open to a Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT) who has completed a minimum of 90 reflexology-specific training hours.
B. Associate Membership is open to non-certified reflexologists not meeting the Professional member level standards, a student training in reflexology, a client or other interested person, an agency, a school, a business, a manufacturer, state association, or any other entity concerned about, and desiring to support the growth and development of the field of reflexology in Washington.
C. In addition to their Professional or Associate Level status, the special classification of Charter Member shall be honored and maintained for founding members who joined the Association during the first two years of its existence (1997-1999), and who have remained members in good standing ever since at the Professional and/or Associate Level.
Section 3.0. Membership Privileges.
A. Professional Members may take part in all business, hold office, and shall have one (1) vote on issues presented to them to be voted upon, and other privileges as put forward by the membership and approved by the Board.
B. Associate Members may voice their opinions, but do not have the right to vote or hold office, and shall be entitled to other privileges as put forth by the membership and approved by the Board.
C. In addition to the privileges in accordance to their membership level, Charter Members in good standing receive 10% off all WRA sponsored events.
Section 4.0. Membership Year. Membership shall be from July 1 st to June 30 th of each year.
Article IV - Dues
Section 1.0. Dues. The Association dues shall be set by the Board of Directors.
Section 1.1. Dues Pro-ration. Deleted Section per 2014 Member Ballot.
Section 1.2. Membership Renewal Notices. Membership renewal notices will be sent to each WRA member by June 30 th . If dues have not been received by August 31, the member will no longer be in good standing and all rights and privileges shall cease.
Article V – Members' Meetings
Section 1.0. Place of Meetings. Meetings may be held at any place within Washington State as designated by the Board of Directors.
Section 1.1. Meetings. Regular meetings of the Association shall be held not less than quarterly unless otherwise ordered by the Board of Directors. In the event that a meeting is not possible or warranted, any necessary voting shall be conducted by mail and/or email. When members are to take action by mail, members will be allowed fifteen (15) business days in which to respond to such a request for a vote.
Section 1.2. Annual Meeting of Members. The final member's meeting of the year shall serve as the Annual Meeting of the Members for the purpose of reviewing the previous year's activities, discussing the Association's action plan for the coming year, and transacting such other business as may properly come before the Meeting.
Section 1.3. Special Meetings. The President, the Board, or not less than twenty (20) percent of the Membership may call Special Meetings of the Members for any purpose.
Section 1.4. Meeting Procedure. The Board of Directors shall determine the protocol to be used during meetings.
Section 2.0. Conference. A conference may be held biennially, when it is deemed by the Board of Directors to be logistically and financially feasible and/or beneficial for the Association, and which may include a meeting of the Board of Directors and members.
Article VI – Board of Directors
Section 1.0. Composition. The Board of Directors shall consist of five (5) Professional Level members of the Association.
Section 2.0. Eligibility for Election to the WRA Board of Directors. All Board members must be Professional Level members in good standing of the WRA.
Section 3.0. Manner of Election. The Board of Directors shall be elected on an annual basis. Election shall be determined by a simple majority of the Respondent votes cast through the mail and/or email.
Section 4.0. Duration of Terms. Each member of the Board of Directors shall serve a two (2) year term.
Section 5.0. Election, Designation and Term of Office for Directors. In even calendar years, two (2) members shall be elected to the Board of Directors in a written ballot through the mail and/or email. In odd calendar years, three (3) members to the Board of Directors shall be elected in the same manner. A Director shall be limited to serving two (2) consecutive terms in any one (1) office on the Board of Directors. Board terms shall commence with the next meeting of the Board of Directors immediately following the annual election.
Section 6.0. Immediate Past President. The Immediate Past President is not an elected Board member and shall not have a vote on issues before the Board. The Immediate Past President shall act as advisor to the Board and shall receive the same fees and compensation as noted in Section
12.0 of Article VI. The Immediate Past President will serve a one (1) year term and may serve additional terms in another Board position while she or he is still the Immediate Past President.
Section 7.0. Powers and Responsibilities. The Board of Directors shall have all powers and responsibilities necessary and appropriate for the administration of the affairs of the Association and may do all acts not prohibited by law, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws. These powers specifically include the power to establish such working committees as may be necessary to carry out the Mission Statement and Goals of the Association. The Board of Directors shall be responsible to the members.
Section 8.0. Quorum. A quorum at meetings of the Board of Directors shall be established by the presence of a majority of members of the Board present either in person or by telephone or electronic means. In the absence of a quorum at a meeting any business, except to adjourn, shall be null and void.
Section 8.1. Exception to Quorum. Every act or decision made by a quorum of the Board shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, except for the adoption or revocation of a plan of merger or consolidation, voluntary dissolution, bankruptcy, or reorganization; or for the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the property and assets of the corporation otherwise than in the usual and regular course of its business, each of which shall require the approval of twothirds (2/3) of the authorized number of Directors of the Association.
Section 9.0. Manner of Conducting Business. A simple majority vote of the duly elected Board of Directors members present at a meeting where there is a quorum shall constitute action of the Board of Directors, unless otherwise provided by these Bylaws. A special act of the Board of Directors may occur upon a simple majority vote of the full Board of Directors.
Section 10.0. Vacancies. A vacancy on the Board shall exist on the occurrence of the following:
A. The death or resignation of any Director;
B. By resolution of the Board when a Director has missed two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in any 12 month period;
C. Vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the voting members to remove a Director;
D. An increase in the authorized number of directors; or
E. The failure of the members to elect the required number of Directors.
Section 10.1. Filling a Vacancy. A vacancy on the Board of Directors may be filled by a consensus of the remaining directors. Any Director appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold office until the expiration of the term of office of his or her predecessor, or until a successor has been elected and qualified, whichever is sooner.
Section 10.2. Resignation. Any Director may resign upon giving thirty (30) days written notice to the President of the Board unless the notice specifies a later time for the resignation to become effective. If the resignation of a Director is effective at a future time, the Board of Directors may appoint a successor to take office when the resignation becomes effective. In any case, the Director shall be responsible for fulfilling any commitments to the Board, completing any projects, and/or training his or her successor.
Section 10.3. Removal and Replacement. A member of the Board of Directors may be removed from membership on the Board by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the remaining Board members if she or he fails to attend any two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in a year, or if she or he fails to otherwise actively participate as a member of the Board. The Board of Directors shall be empowered to determine that a member's attendance or participation is such as to warrant removal, and shall act to remove the member in accordance with such determination.
Section 11.0. Meetings. The Board of Directors shall meet, either physically or by a conference call or electronic means, not less than once in each calendar quarter.
Section 11.1. Place of Meeting and Meetings by Electronic Means. Regular meetings and Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any place within the State of Washington as designated by resolution of the Board. Any meeting, regular or special, may be held by telephone conference or through other communication devices, so long as all directors participating in the meeting can hear one another or effectively communicate with one another. Then all such directors shall be deemed to be present in person at the meeting.
Section 11.2. Annual Meeting of the Board. The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held following the Annual Meeting of Members.
Section 11.3. Action at the Meeting. Every act or decision made by a quorum of the Board shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, except as provided in Article VI, Section 8.1.
Section 11.4. Action without Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board shall consent to that action. Such action shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote of the Board of Directors. Such written consent or consents shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Directors.
Section 12.0. Fee and Compensation. Directors and members of committees may not receive any compensation for their services as such, but may receive reasonable reimbursement of expenses as determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.
Article VII – Officers
Section 1.0. Officers of the Association. The officers of the Association shall be President, Vice President, Administrative Secretary, Membership Secretary, and Treasurer.
Section 1.1. The President. Subject to the consent of the Board of Directors, the President shall, in general, supervise and conduct the activities and operations of the Association, shall keep the Board of Directors fully informed, shall freely consult with them concerning the activities of the Association, and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board are carried in effect.
Section 1.2. The Vice President. The Vice President shall in the absence of the President or in the event of the President's inability or refusal to act, perform all the duties of the President and when so acting shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions of the President. The Vice President shall chair at least one standing committee as determined through discussion with the President.
Section 1.3. Administrative Secretary. The Administrative Secretary shall record all the business conducted during all meetings of the Board of Directors and the members' meetings and shall keep the minutes of all such meetings in books prepared specifically for that purpose. He or she shall attend to the processing of all official notices and the care of historical documents and records of the Association. The Administrative Secretary shall receive all correspondence sent to the Association and respond when appropriate or forward the correspondence to the appropriate party for reply.
Section 1.4. Membership Secretary. The Membership Secretary shall receive and process new membership applications and mail out new member packets. He or she shall update and maintain as current the WRA member database. The Membership Secretary shall regularly communicate new member information to the Board of Directors, the Newsletter Editor, and the Webmaster. The Membership Secretary shall sit on the Membership Committee.
Section 1.5. The Treasurer. The Treasurer shall be the chief financial officer of the Association. The Treasurer shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate and correct financial records of the Association, and file a yearly income tax return. The Treasurer shall be bonded and the bonding fee shall be paid by the Washington Reflexology Association. The Treasurer shall submit an annual financial report according to Article VIII Section 3.0 and any other specifications set by the Board of Directors.
Section 2.0. Term of Office as Officer. The term of office as an Officer of the Association shall be two (2) years with a limit of two (2) consecutive terms served in any one (1) office. Officer terms shall commence with the next meeting of the Board of Directors immediately following the annual election.
Section 2.1. Removal, Resignation and Vacancy. Any officer may be removed with or without cause from office by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the remaining Board members. Any Officer may resign by giving thirty (30) days written notice to the Board of Directors. In the case of resignation, the resigning Officer shall be responsible for fulfilling any commitments to the Board, completing any projects, and/or training his or her successor. A vacancy in any office because of death, resignation, removal, disqualification or any other cause shall be filled in the manner prescribed in these Bylaws for regular appointments to the Board of Directors.
Article VIII – Committees
Section 1.0. Committees. The purpose of a committee is to carry out specific duties that have been assigned to it by the Board. Standing committees and special committees shall be formed to address professional and/or Association issues as determined by consensus of the Board of Directors. When any committee is found unnecessary, the Board has the power to disband it. The Association shall have such standing and special committees as determined by the Board with each consisting of one (1) or more Directors and members who shall serve at the pleasure of the Board.
Section 1.1 Standing Committees. The WRA shall have the following standing committees:
A. A combined standards, ethics, appeals, and grievance committee;
B. A budget and fundraising committee;
9
C. A public relations and events committee;
D. A membership drive and benefit committee;
E. A member education and events committee;
F. A nomination committee; and
G. A steering committee composed of past Board members and/or other selected members.
Section 2.0. Composition of Committees. Any professional member in good standing may join or chair a committee. The President shall appoint a committee chairperson based on the qualifications of the nominations received from the Board and membership. Each committee has complete freedom to develop a structure and procedures that will enable it to accomplish its tasks. The chairperson is responsible for maintaining written records of proceedings and correspondences and for providing formal committee reports to the Board of Directors. Decisions, as recommendations, of the committee shall be presented to the Board of Directors for consideration. No committee shall bind the Association in a contract or agreement or expend Association funds, unless authorized to do so by the Board of Directors in order to fulfill its task.
Section 3.0. Meetings and Action of Committees. Meetings and actions of all committees shall be governed by, held and taken in accordance with provisions of Article VIII of these Bylaws. Minutes, or a synopsis as a general statement of the proceedings shall be kept of each meeting of any committee, these and or any specific committee status reports requested by the President or Board of Directors shall be filed with the Association's records.
Article IX – Records and Reports
Section 1.0. Maintenance and Inspection of the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws. The Administrative Secretary of the Association shall keep the original or a copy of the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws as amended to date, which shall be open to inspection by the members by appointment and/or via electronic means.
Section 2.0. Member Review of Proceedings. Upon written request to the Administrative Secretary, any member may review the proceedings of the Association at such reasonable time as determined by the Recording Secretary. A reasonable charge may be assessed for the costs associated with complying with such a request.
Section 3.0. Reports. The Board shall cause an annual report to be sent to all Directors and members of the Association within 120 days after the end of the Association's fiscal year containing the following information:
A. The assets and liabilities at the end of the year;
B. The principal changes in assets and liabilities during the fiscal year;
C. The revenues or receipts of the Association during the fiscal year;
D. The expenses or disbursements of the Association during the fiscal year; and
E. Reports from the Standing Committees.
The report shall be accompanied by any pertinent report of an independent accountant. If there is no such certified audit report, an authorized officer of the Association or the accounting agency shall certify that such statements were prepared without audit from the books and records of the Association.
Article X – General Matters
Section 1.0. Checks, Drafts and Indebtedness. All checks, drafts or other orders for payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of or payable to the Association shall be signed or endorsed by the Treasurer. The Association shall maintain such bank checking and savings accounts as are necessary, and such accounts shall have two (2) authorized signatures, the President and Treasurer's. For sums over $500.00 the Treasurer and the President must approve the payment.
Section 2.0. Contracts and Instruments. The Board of Directors, except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws, may authorize any officer or agent to enter into any contract or execute any agreement instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Association, and this authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Unless so authorized or ratified by the Board of Directors or within the agency power of any officer, no officers, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the Association by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to tender it liable for any purpose or for any amount.
Section 2.1. Indemnification of Officers, Directors and Agents. Any person who at any time serves or has served as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Washington Reflexology Association, or in such capacity at the request of the Association for any other Association, partnership, joint venture, trust, other enterprise, shall have a right to be indemnified by the Association to the fullest extent permitted by law against (a) reasonable expenses, including attorneys' fees, actually and necessarily incurred by him or her in connection with any threatened pending or completed action, suit, or proceedings, whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative, and whether or not brought by or on behalf of the Association, seeking to hold him or her liable by reason of the fact that he or she is or was acting in such capacity, and (b) reasonable payments made by him or her in satisfaction of any judgment, money decree, fine, penalty or settlement for which he or she may have become liable in any such action, suit, or proceeding.
The Board of Directors of the Association shall take all such action as may be necessary and appropriate to authorize the Association to pay the indemnification required by this Bylaw, including without limitation, to the extent needed, making a good faith evaluation of the manner in which the claimant for indemnity acted and of the reasonable amount of indemnity due him or her.
Any person who at any time after the adoption of this Bylaw serves or has served in any of the aforesaid capacities for or on behalf of the Association shall be deemed to be doing or to have done so in reliance upon, and as consideration for, the right of indemnification provided herein. Such right shall inure to the benefit of the legal representatives of any such person and shall not be exclusive or any other rights to which such person may be entitled apart from the provision of this Bylaw.
In addition to the foregoing, the Board of Directors shall have the right and power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Association, or is or was serving at the request of the Association as director, officer, employee or agent of another Association, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against any liability asserted against him or her and incurred by him or her in any such capacity, or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the Association would have the power to indemnify him or her against such liability.
Section 3.0. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the Association shall be from July 1 st through June 30 th .
Article XI – Amendments and Revisions
Section 1.0. New or amended Bylaws. New Bylaws may be adopted, or these Bylaws may be amended or repealed by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the responding members.
The foregoing Bylaws were adopted by the Board of Directors on this 15 th day of August, 2019.
____________________________
(Signature)
Szilvia Girincsi________________ Administrative Secretary (Print name)
Bylaws: Washington Reflexology Association Page9of9
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Bylaws
of the Washington Reflexology Association (WRA)
Article I – Name
The name of this organization shall be the Washington Reflexology Association, herein referred to as the Association or WRA.
Article II – Mission Statement and Goals
Section 1.0. Mission Statement of the Association.
Our mission is to promote excellence and professionalism in the practice of reflexology in the state of Washington. We accomplish this by providing member support through mentorship, idea exchange, network and referral systems, and promotion of education and certification. As members of this professional association, we promote public awareness and act as a resource for local, national and international reflexology information.
Section 2.0. Goals of the Association. In order to fulfill the Mission of the Association, the goals include, but are not limited to:
A. Establishing standards and ethics by:
1. Maintaining a code of ethical behavior,
2. Developing and maintaining a grievance process; and
3. Developing and maintaining a system of full and fair disclosure of professional practice.
B. Providing vehicles for the dissemination of information and a forum for professional dialogue, creating an open and respectful environment for communication among professional reflexologists.
C. Acting as a support structure for reflexologists in Washington.
D. Monitoring and acting upon state legislation and laws involving reflexology.
E. Maintaining an awareness campaign to educate the public about reflexology and its benefits.
Article III – Membership
Section 1.0. Membership. Members of the Association shall consist of Associate and Professional Level members in good standing, and elected or appointed Directors.
Section 1.1. Membership Eligibility. The WRA is open to all practitioners and students regardless of educational program as well as those who wish to support the growth and development of the field.
Section 2.0. Membership Levels. There shall be two (2) classes of membership: Professional and Associate, within which shall be included the special category of Charter Member for founding members in good standing.
A. Professional Membership Level is open to a reflexologist certified by the state of Washington Department of Health. Professional Membership Level is also open to a Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT) who has completed a minimum of 90 reflexology-specific training hours.
B. Associate Membership is open to non-certified reflexologists not meeting the Professional member level standards, a student training in reflexology, a client or other interested person, an agency, a school, a business, a manufacturer, state association, or any other entity concerned about, and desiring to support the growth and development of the field of reflexology in Washington.
C. In addition to their Professional or Associate Level status, the special classification of Charter Member shall be honored and maintained for founding members who joined the Association during the first two years of its existence (1997-1999), and who have remained members in good standing ever since at the Professional and/or Associate Level.
Section 3.0. Membership Privileges.
A. Professional Members may take part in all business, hold office, and shall have one (1) vote on issues presented to them to be voted upon, and other privileges as put forward by the membership and approved by the Board.
B. Associate Members may voice their opinions, but do not have the right to vote or hold office, and shall be entitled to other privileges as put forth by the membership and approved by the Board.
C. In addition to the privileges in accordance to their membership level, Charter Members in good standing receive 10% off all WRA sponsored events.
Section 4.0. Membership Year. Membership shall be from July 1 st to June 30 th of each year.
Article IV - Dues
Section 1.0. Dues. The Association dues shall be set by the Board of Directors.
Section 1.1. Dues Pro-ration. Deleted Section per 2014 Member Ballot.
Section 1.2. Membership Renewal Notices. Membership renewal notices will be sent to each WRA member by June 30 th . If dues have not been received by August 31, the member will no longer be in good standing and all rights and privileges shall cease.
Article V – Members' Meetings
Section 1.0. Place of Meetings. Meetings may be held at any place within Washington State as designated by the Board of Directors.
Section 1.1. Meetings. Regular meetings of the Association shall be held not less than quarterly unless otherwise ordered by the Board of Directors. In the event that a meeting is not possible or warranted, any necessary voting shall be conducted by mail and/or email. When members are to take action by mail, members will be allowed fifteen (15) business days in which to respond to such a request for a vote.
Section 1.2. Annual Meeting of Members. The final member's meeting of the year shall serve as the Annual Meeting of the Members for the purpose of reviewing the previous year's activities, discussing the Association's action plan for the coming year, and transacting such other business as may properly come before the Meeting.
Section 1.3. Special Meetings. The President, the Board, or not less than twenty (20) percent of the Membership may call Special Meetings of the Members for any purpose.
Section 1.4. Meeting Procedure. The Board of Directors shall determine the protocol to be used during meetings.
Section 2.0. Conference. A conference may be held biennially, when it is deemed by the Board of Directors to be logistically and financially feasible and/or beneficial for the Association, and which may include a meeting of the Board of Directors and members.
Article VI – Board of Directors
Section 1.0. Composition. The Board of Directors shall consist of five (5) Professional Level members of the Association.
Section 2.0. Eligibility for Election to the WRA Board of Directors. All Board members must be Professional Level members in good standing of the WRA.
Section 3.0. Manner of Election. The Board of Directors shall be elected on an annual basis. Election shall be determined by a simple majority of the Respondent votes cast through the mail and/or email.
Section 4.0. Duration of Terms. Each member of the Board of Directors shall serve a two (2) year term.
Section 5.0. Election, Designation and Term of Office for Directors. In even calendar years, two (2) members shall be elected to the Board of Directors in a written ballot through the mail and/or email. In odd calendar years, three (3) members to the Board of Directors shall be elected in the same manner. A Director shall be limited to serving two (2) consecutive terms in any one (1) office on the Board of Directors. Board terms shall commence with the next meeting of the Board of Directors immediately following the annual election.
Section 6.0. Immediate Past President. The Immediate Past President is not an elected Board member and shall not have a vote on issues before the Board. The Immediate Past President shall act as advisor to the Board and shall receive the same fees and compensation as noted in Section
12.0 of Article VI. The Immediate Past President will serve a one (1) year term and may serve additional terms in another Board position while she or he is still the Immediate Past President.
Section 7.0. Powers and Responsibilities. The Board of Directors shall have all powers and responsibilities necessary and appropriate for the administration of the affairs of the Association and may do all acts not prohibited by law, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws. These powers specifically include the power to establish such working committees as may be necessary to carry out the Mission Statement and Goals of the Association. The Board of Directors shall be responsible to the members.
Section 8.0. Quorum. A quorum at meetings of the Board of Directors shall be established by the presence of a majority of members of the Board present either in person or by telephone or electronic means. In the absence of a quorum at a meeting any business, except to adjourn, shall be null and void.
Section 8.1. Exception to Quorum. Every act or decision made by a quorum of the Board shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, except for the adoption or revocation of a plan of merger or consolidation, voluntary dissolution, bankruptcy, or reorganization; or for the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the property and assets of the corporation otherwise than in the usual and regular course of its business, each of which shall require the approval of twothirds (2/3) of the authorized number of Directors of the Association.
Section 9.0. Manner of Conducting Business. A simple majority vote of the duly elected Board of Directors members present at a meeting where there is a quorum shall constitute action of the Board of Directors, unless otherwise provided by these Bylaws. A special act of the Board of Directors may occur upon a simple majority vote of the full Board of Directors.
Section 10.0. Vacancies. A vacancy on the Board shall exist on the occurrence of the following:
A. The death or resignation of any Director;
B. By resolution of the Board when a Director has missed two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in any 12 month period;
C. Vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the voting members to remove a Director;
D. An increase in the authorized number of directors; or
E. The failure of the members to elect the required number of Directors.
Section 10.1. Filling a Vacancy. A vacancy on the Board of Directors may be filled by a consensus of the remaining directors. Any Director appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold office until the expiration of the term of office of his or her predecessor, or until a successor has been elected and qualified, whichever is sooner.
Section 10.2. Resignation. Any Director may resign upon giving thirty (30) days written notice to the President of the Board unless the notice specifies a later time for the resignation to become effective. If the resignation of a Director is effective at a future time, the Board of Directors may appoint a successor to take office when the resignation becomes effective. In any case, the Director shall be responsible for fulfilling any commitments to the Board, completing any projects, and/or training his or her successor.
Section 10.3. Removal and Replacement. A member of the Board of Directors may be removed from membership on the Board by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the remaining Board members if she or he fails to attend any two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in a year, or if she or he fails to otherwise actively participate as a member of the Board. The Board of Directors shall be empowered to determine that a member's attendance or participation is such as to warrant removal, and shall act to remove the member in accordance with such determination.
Section 11.0. Meetings. The Board of Directors shall meet, either physically or by a conference call or electronic means, not less than once in each calendar quarter.
Section 11.1. Place of Meeting and Meetings by Electronic Means. Regular meetings and Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any place within the State of Washington as designated by resolution of the Board. Any meeting, regular or special, may be held by telephone conference or through other communication devices, so long as all directors participating in the meeting can hear one another or effectively communicate with one another. Then all such directors shall be deemed to be present in person at the meeting.
Section 11.2. Annual Meeting of the Board. The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held following the Annual Meeting of Members.
Section 11.3. Action at the Meeting. Every act or decision made by a quorum of the Board shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, except as provided in Article VI, Section 8.1.
Section 11.4. Action without Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board shall consent to that action. Such action shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote of the Board of Directors. Such written consent or consents shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Directors.
Section 12.0. Fee and Compensation. Directors and members of committees may not receive any compensation for their services as such, but may receive reasonable reimbursement of expenses as determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.
Article VII – Officers
Section 1.0. Officers of the Association. The officers of the Association shall be President, Vice President, Administrative Secretary, Membership Secretary, and Treasurer.
Section 1.1. The President. Subject to the consent of the Board of Directors, the President shall, in general, supervise and conduct the activities and operations of the Association, shall keep the Board of Directors fully informed, shall freely consult with them concerning the activities of the Association, and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board are carried in effect.
Section 1.2. The Vice President. The Vice President shall in the absence of the President
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Bylaws
of the Washington Reflexology Association (WRA)
Article I – Name
The name of this organization shall be the Washington Reflexology Association, herein referred to as the Association or WRA.
Article II – Mission Statement and Goals
Section 1.0. Mission Statement of the Association.
Our mission is to promote excellence and professionalism in the practice of reflexology in the state of Washington. We accomplish this by providing member support through mentorship, idea exchange, network and referral systems, and promotion of education and certification. As members of this professional association, we promote public awareness and act as a resource for local, national and international reflexology information.
Section 2.0. Goals of the Association. In order to fulfill the Mission of the Association, the goals include, but are not limited to:
A. Establishing standards and ethics by:
1. Maintaining a code of ethical behavior,
2. Developing and maintaining a grievance process; and
3. Developing and maintaining a system of full and fair disclosure of professional practice.
B. Providing vehicles for the dissemination of information and a forum for professional dialogue, creating an open and respectful environment for communication among professional reflexologists.
C. Acting as a support structure for reflexologists in Washington.
D. Monitoring and acting upon state legislation and laws involving reflexology.
E. Maintaining an awareness campaign to educate the public about reflexology and its benefits.
Article III – Membership
Section 1.0. Membership. Members of the Association shall consist of Associate and Professional Level members in good standing, and elected or appointed Directors.
Section 1.1. Membership Eligibility. The WRA is open to all practitioners and students regardless of educational program as well as those who wish to support the growth and development of the field.
Section 2.0. Membership Levels. There shall be two (2) classes of membership: Professional and Associate, within which shall be included the special category of Charter Member for founding members in good standing.
A. Professional Membership Level is open to a reflexologist certified by the state of Washington Department of Health. Professional Membership Level is also open to a Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT) who has completed a minimum of 90 reflexology-specific training hours.
B. Associate Membership is open to non-certified reflexologists not meeting the Professional member level standards, a student training in reflexology, a client or other interested person, an agency, a school, a business, a manufacturer, state association, or any other entity concerned about, and desiring to support the growth and development of the field of reflexology in Washington.
C. In addition to their Professional or Associate Level status, the special classification of Charter Member shall be honored and maintained for founding members who joined the Association during the first two years of its existence (1997-1999), and who have remained members in good standing ever since at the Professional and/or Associate Level.
Section 3.0. Membership Privileges.
A. Professional Members may take part in all business, hold office, and shall have one (1) vote on issues presented to them to be voted upon, and other privileges as put forward by the membership and approved by the Board.
B. Associate Members may voice their opinions, but do not have the right to vote or hold office, and shall be entitled to other privileges as put forth by the membership and approved by the Board.
C. In addition to the privileges in accordance to their membership level, Charter Members in good standing receive 10% off all WRA sponsored events.
Section 4.0. Membership Year. Membership shall be from July 1 st to June 30 th of each year.
Article IV - Dues
Section 1.0. Dues. The Association dues shall be set by the Board of Directors.
Section 1.1. Dues Pro-ration. Deleted Section per 2014 Member Ballot.
Section 1.2. Membership Renewal Notices. Membership renewal notices will be sent to each WRA member by June 30 th . If dues have not been received by August 31, the member will no longer be in good standing and all rights and privileges shall cease.
Article V – Members' Meetings
Section 1.0. Place of Meetings. Meetings may be held at any place within Washington State as designated by the Board of Directors.
Section 1.1. Meetings. Regular meetings of the Association shall be held not less than quarterly unless otherwise ordered by the Board of Directors. In the event that a meeting is not possible or warranted, any necessary voting shall be conducted by mail and/or email. When members are to take action by mail, members will be allowed fifteen (15) business days in which to respond to such a request for a vote.
Section 1.2. Annual Meeting of Members. The final member's meeting of the year shall serve as the Annual Meeting of the Members for the purpose of reviewing the previous year's activities, discussing the Association's action plan for the coming year, and transacting such other business as may properly come before the Meeting.
Section 1.3. Special Meetings. The President, the Board, or not less than twenty (20) percent of the Membership may call Special Meetings of the Members for any purpose.
Section 1.4. Meeting Procedure. The Board of Directors shall determine the protocol to be used during meetings.
Section 2.0. Conference. A conference may be held biennially, when it is deemed by the Board of Directors to be logistically and financially feasible and/or beneficial for the Association, and which may include a meeting of the Board of Directors and members.
Article VI – Board of Directors
Section 1.0. Composition. The Board of Directors shall consist of five (5) Professional Level members of the Association.
Section 2.0. Eligibility for Election to the WRA Board of Directors. All Board members must be Professional Level members in good standing of the WRA.
Section 3.0. Manner of Election. The Board of Directors shall be elected on an annual basis. Election shall be determined by a simple majority of the Respondent votes cast through the mail and/or email.
Section 4.0. Duration of Terms. Each member of the Board of Directors shall serve a two (2) year term.
Section 5.0. Election, Designation and Term of Office for Directors. In even calendar years, two (2) members shall be elected to the Board of Directors in a written ballot through the mail and/or email. In odd calendar years, three (3) members to the Board of Directors shall be elected in the same manner. A Director shall be limited to serving two (2) consecutive terms in any one (1) office on the Board of Directors. Board terms shall commence with the next meeting of the Board of Directors immediately following the annual election.
Section 6.0. Immediate Past President. The Immediate Past President is not an elected Board member and shall not have a vote on issues before the Board. The Immediate Past President shall act as advisor to the Board and shall receive the same fees and compensation as noted in Section
12.0 of Article VI. The Immediate Past President will serve a one (1) year term and may serve additional terms in another Board position while she or he is still the Immediate Past President.
Section 7.0. Powers and Responsibilities. The Board of Directors shall have all powers and responsibilities necessary and appropriate for the administration of the affairs of the Association and may do all acts not prohibited by law, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws. These powers specifically include the power to establish such working committees as may be necessary to carry out the Mission Statement and Goals of the Association. The Board of Directors shall be responsible to the members.
Section 8.0. Quorum. A quorum at meetings of the Board of Directors shall be established by the presence of a majority of members of the Board present either in person or by telephone or electronic means. In the absence of a quorum at a meeting any business, except to adjourn, shall be null and void.
Section 8.1. Exception to Quorum. Every act or decision made by a quorum of the Board shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, except for the adoption or revocation of a plan of merger or consolidation, voluntary dissolution, bankruptcy, or reorganization; or for the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the property and assets of the corporation otherwise than in the usual and regular course of its business, each of which shall require the approval of twothirds (2/3) of the authorized number of Directors of the Association.
Section 9.0. Manner of Conducting Business. A simple majority vote of the duly elected Board of Directors members present at a meeting where there is a quorum shall constitute action of the Board of Directors, unless otherwise provided by these Bylaws. A special act of the Board of Directors may occur upon a simple majority vote of the full Board of Directors.
Section 10.0. Vacancies. A vacancy on the Board shall exist on the occurrence of the following:
A. The death or resignation of any Director;
B. By resolution of the Board when a Director has missed two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in any 12 month period;
C. Vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the voting members to remove a Director;
D. An increase in the authorized number of directors; or
E. The failure of the members to elect the required number of Directors.
Section 10.1. Filling a Vacancy. A vacancy on the Board of Directors may be filled by a consensus of the remaining directors. Any Director appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold office until the expiration of the term of office of his or her predecessor, or until a successor has been elected and qualified, whichever is sooner.
Section 10.2. Resignation. Any Director may resign upon giving thirty (30) days written notice to the President of the Board unless the notice specifies a later time for the resignation to become effective. If the resignation of a Director is effective at a future time, the Board of Directors may appoint a successor to take office when the resignation becomes effective. In any case, the Director shall be responsible for fulfilling any commitments to the Board, completing any projects, and/or training his or her successor.
Section 10.3. Removal and Replacement. A member of the Board of Directors may be removed from membership on the Board by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the remaining Board members if she or he fails to attend any two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in a year, or if she or he fails to otherwise actively participate as a member of the Board. The Board of Directors shall be empowered to determine that a member's attendance or participation is such as to warrant removal, and shall act to remove the member in accordance with such determination.
Section 11.0. Meetings. The Board of Directors shall meet, either physically or by a conference call or electronic means, not less than once in each calendar quarter.
Section 11.1. Place of Meeting and Meetings by Electronic Means. Regular meetings and Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any place within the State of Washington as designated by resolution of the Board. Any meeting, regular or special, may be held by telephone conference or through other communication devices, so long as all directors participating in the meeting can hear one another or effectively communicate with one another. Then all such directors shall be deemed to be present in person at the meeting.
Section 11.2. Annual Meeting of the Board. The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held following the Annual Meeting of Members.
Section 11.3. Action at the Meeting. Every act or decision made by a quorum of the Board shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, except as provided in Article VI, Section 8.1.
Section 11.4. Action without Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board shall consent to that action. Such action shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote of the Board of Directors. Such written consent or consents shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Directors.
Section 12.0. Fee and Compensation. Directors and members of committees may not receive any compensation for their services as such, but may receive reasonable reimbursement of expenses as determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.
Article VII – Officers
Section 1.0. Officers of the Association. The officers of the Association shall be President, Vice President, Administrative Secretary, Membership Secretary, and Treasurer.
Section 1.1. The President. Subject to the consent of the Board of Directors, the President shall, in general, supervise and conduct the activities and operations of the Association, shall keep the Board of Directors fully informed, shall freely consult with them concerning the activities of the Association, and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board are carried in effect.
Section 1.2. The Vice President. The Vice President shall in the absence of the President <cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.washingtonreflexology.org/_files/ugd/5bcb22_40793de830ea41f890abc802adfec20e.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nBylaws\n\nof the Washington Reflexology Association (WRA)\n\nArticle I – Name\n\nThe name of this organization shall be the Washington Reflexology Association, herein referred to as the Association or WRA.\n\nArticle II – Mission Statement and Goals\n\nSection 1.0. Mission Statement of the Association.\n\nOur mission is to promote excellence and professionalism in the practice of reflexology in the state of Washington. We accomplish this by providing member support through mentorship, idea exchange, network and referral systems, and promotion of education and certification. As members of this professional association, we promote public awareness and act as a resource for local, national and international reflexology information.\n\nSection 2.0. Goals of the Association. In order to fulfill the Mission of the Association, the goals include, but are not limited to:\n\nA. Establishing standards and ethics by:\n1. Maintaining a code of ethical behavior,\n2. Developing and maintaining a grievance process; and\n3. Developing and maintaining a system of full and fair disclosure of professional practice.\nB. Providing vehicles for the dissemination of information and a forum for professional dialogue, creating an open and respectful environment for communication among professional reflexologists.\nC. Acting as a support structure for reflexologists in Washington.\nD. Monitoring and acting upon state legislation and laws involving reflexology.\nE. Maintaining an awareness campaign to educate the public about reflexology and its benefits.\n\nArticle III – Membership\n\nSection 1.0. Membership. Members of the Association shall consist of Associate and Professional Level members in good standing, and elected or appointed Directors.\n\nSection 1.1. Membership Eligibility. The WRA is open to all practitioners and students regardless of educational program as well as those who wish to support the growth and development of the field.\n\nSection 2.0. Membership Levels. There shall be two (2) classes of membership: Professional and Associate, within which shall be included the special category of Charter Member for founding members in good standing.\n\nA. Professional Membership Level is open to a reflexologist certified by the state of Washington Department of Health. Professional Membership Level is also open to a Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT) who has completed a minimum of 90 reflexology-specific training hours.\nB. Associate Membership is open to non-certified reflexologists not meeting the Professional member level standards, a student training in reflexology, a client or other interested person, an agency, a school, a business, a manufacturer, state association, or any other entity concerned about, and desiring to support the growth and development of the field of reflexology in Washington.\nC. In addition to their Professional or Associate Level status, the special classification of Charter Member shall be honored and maintained for founding members who joined the Association during the first two years of its existence (1997-1999), and who have remained members in good standing ever since at the Professional and/or Associate Level.\n\nSection 3.0. Membership Privileges.\n\nA. Professional Members may take part in all business, hold office, and shall have one (1) vote on issues presented to them to be voted upon, and other privileges as put forward by the membership and approved by the Board.\nB. Associate Members may voice their opinions, but do not have the right to vote or hold office, and shall be entitled to other privileges as put forth by the membership and approved by the Board.\nC. In addition to the privileges in accordance to their membership level, Charter Members in good standing receive 10% off all WRA sponsored events.\n\nSection 4.0. Membership Year. Membership shall be from July 1 st to June 30 th of each year.\n\nArticle IV - Dues\n\nSection 1.0. Dues. The Association dues shall be set by the Board of Directors.\n\nSection 1.1. Dues Pro-ration. Deleted Section per 2014 Member Ballot.\n\nSection 1.2. Membership Renewal Notices. Membership renewal notices will be sent to each WRA member by June 30 th . If dues have not been received by August 31, the member will no longer be in good standing and all rights and privileges shall cease.\n\nArticle V – Members' Meetings\n\nSection 1.0. Place of Meetings. Meetings may be held at any place within Washington State as designated by the Board of Directors.\n\nSection 1.1. Meetings. Regular meetings of the Association shall be held not less than quarterly unless otherwise ordered by the Board of Directors. In the event that a meeting is not possible or warranted, any necessary voting shall be conducted by mail and/or email. When members are to take action by mail, members will be allowed fifteen (15) business days in which to respond to such a request for a vote.\n\nSection 1.2. Annual Meeting of Members. The final member's meeting of the year shall serve as the Annual Meeting of the Members for the purpose of reviewing the previous year's activities, discussing the Association's action plan for the coming year, and transacting such other business as may properly come before the Meeting.\n\nSection 1.3. Special Meetings. The President, the Board, or not less than twenty (20) percent of the Membership may call Special Meetings of the Members for any purpose.\n\nSection 1.4. Meeting Procedure. The Board of Directors shall determine the protocol to be used during meetings.\n\nSection 2.0. Conference. A conference may be held biennially, when it is deemed by the Board of Directors to be logistically and financially feasible and/or beneficial for the Association, and which may include a meeting of the Board of Directors and members.\n\nArticle VI – Board of Directors\n\nSection 1.0. Composition. The Board of Directors shall consist of five (5) Professional Level members of the Association.\n\nSection 2.0. Eligibility for Election to the WRA Board of Directors. All Board members must be Professional Level members in good standing of the WRA.\n\nSection 3.0. Manner of Election. The Board of Directors shall be elected on an annual basis. Election shall be determined by a simple majority of the Respondent votes cast through the mail and/or email.\n\nSection 4.0. Duration of Terms. Each member of the Board of Directors shall serve a two (2) year term.\n\nSection 5.0. Election, Designation and Term of Office for Directors. In even calendar years, two (2) members shall be elected to the Board of Directors in a written ballot through the mail and/or email. In odd calendar years, three (3) members to the Board of Directors shall be elected in the same manner. A Director shall be limited to serving two (2) consecutive terms in any one (1) office on the Board of Directors. Board terms shall commence with the next meeting of the Board of Directors immediately following the annual election.\n\nSection 6.0. Immediate Past President. The Immediate Past President is not an elected Board member and shall not have a vote on issues before the Board. The Immediate Past President shall act as advisor to the Board and shall receive the same fees and compensation as noted in Section\n\n12.0 of Article VI. The Immediate Past President will serve a one (1) year term and may serve additional terms in another Board position while she or he is still the Immediate Past President.\n\nSection 7.0. Powers and Responsibilities. The Board of Directors shall have all powers and responsibilities necessary and appropriate for the administration of the affairs of the Association and may do all acts not prohibited by law, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws. These powers specifically include the power to establish such working committees as may be necessary to carry out the Mission Statement and Goals of the Association. The Board of Directors shall be responsible to the members.\n\nSection 8.0. Quorum. A quorum at meetings of the Board of Directors shall be established by the presence of a majority of members of the Board present either in person or by telephone or electronic means. In the absence of a quorum at a meeting any business, except to adjourn, shall be null and void.\n\nSection 8.1. Exception to Quorum. Every act or decision made by a quorum of the Board shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, except for the adoption or revocation of a plan of merger or consolidation, voluntary dissolution, bankruptcy, or reorganization; or for the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the property and assets of the corporation otherwise than in the usual and regular course of its business, each of which shall require the approval of twothirds (2/3) of the authorized number of Directors of the Association.\n\nSection 9.0. Manner of Conducting Business. A simple majority vote of the duly elected Board of Directors members present at a meeting where there is a quorum shall constitute action of the Board of Directors, unless otherwise provided by these Bylaws. A special act of the Board of Directors may occur upon a simple majority vote of the full Board of Directors.\n\nSection 10.0. Vacancies. A vacancy on the Board shall exist on the occurrence of the following:\n\nA. The death or resignation of any Director;\nB. By resolution of the Board when a Director has missed two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in any 12 month period;\nC. Vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the voting members to remove a Director;\nD. An increase in the authorized number of directors; or\nE. The failure of the members to elect the required number of Directors.\n\nSection 10.1. Filling a Vacancy. A vacancy on the Board of Directors may be filled by a consensus of the remaining directors. Any Director appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold office until the expiration of the term of office of his or her predecessor, or until a successor has been elected and qualified, whichever is sooner.\n\nSection 10.2. Resignation. Any Director may resign upon giving thirty (30) days written notice to the President of the Board unless the notice specifies a later time for the resignation to become effective. If the resignation of a Director is effective at a future time, the Board of Directors may appoint a successor to take office when the resignation becomes effective. In any case, the Director shall be responsible for fulfilling any commitments to the Board, completing any projects, and/or training his or her successor.\n\nSection 10.3. Removal and Replacement. A member of the Board of Directors may be removed from membership on the Board by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the remaining Board members if she or he fails to attend any two (2) consecutive meetings or four (4) meetings in a year, or if she or he fails to otherwise actively participate as a member of the Board. The Board of Directors shall be empowered to determine that a member's attendance or participation is such as to warrant removal, and shall act to remove the member in accordance with such determination.\n\nSection 11.0. Meetings. The Board of Directors shall meet, either physically or by a conference call or electronic means, not less than once in each calendar quarter.\n\nSection 11.1. Place of Meeting and Meetings by Electronic Means. Regular meetings and Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any place within the State of Washington as designated by resolution of the Board. Any meeting, regular or special, may be held by telephone conference or through other communication devices, so long as all directors participating in the meeting can hear one another or effectively communicate with one another. Then all such directors shall be deemed to be present in person at the meeting.\n\nSection 11.2. Annual Meeting of the Board. The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held following the Annual Meeting of Members.\n\nSection 11.3. Action at the Meeting. 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Brisbane Cancer Conference 2020 Prospectus & Invitation to Sponsor
Thursday, 26th November – Friday 27th November 2020 Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre
Welcome to the 7th Brisbane Cancer Conference. With the establishment of the Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners as an NHMRC Advanced Health research and translation Centre, this meeting is an opportunity to draw together cancer researchers in Brisbane and Queensland to advance collaborative efforts in cancer research. With the COVD-19 emergency this conference will take on even more relevance in keeping attendees abreast of recent advances in cancer care and novel research technologies.
The meeting comprises plenary lectures and workshops on recent scientific, technological, nursing and medical advances in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant disease.
On Thursday 26 th November the meeting will start with Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer and Immunotherapy meetings, amongst others, running from 8am 12pm in the morning. There will be satellite symposia at lunch-time followed by plenary lectures from 2 – 4pm and subsequently workshops in these areas running from 4:30 – 6:30pm.
A symposium dinner will be held on Thursday evening offering the opportunity to socialise with colleagues particularly from other institutions in the city and from Queensland.
The all-day session on Friday 27 th November will include plenary lectures followed by tumour-site specific workshops in the morning and afternoon. A key session will be lectures by Queensland oncology researchers that have contributed to global advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, molecular biology and treatment of malignant disease.
Over 1,000 delegates attended the event last year demonstrating the value of a truly multi-disciplinary annual Queensland Translational Cancer Conference in Brisbane.
This conference is made possible through the support of the PA Research Foundation, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners, our sponsors, the time and effort of the chairs who put the workshops together as well as Therese and the QUT Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP) team.
Best wishes for what should be an enjoyable and fulfilling two days. Yours sincerely,
YOUR HOST FOR BCC 2020
Professor Kenneth O'Byrne is a Medical Oncologist and Clinical Scientist working at the Princess Alexandra Hospital (PAH) and Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Translational Research Institute (TRI) laboratories on the PAH campus. He is president of the British Thoracic Oncology Group (BTOG), a board member of the European thoracic oncology platform (ETOP), a member of the ESMO chest tumours faculty and is involved in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and Thoracic Alliance for Cancer Trials (TACT). In Australia, he is a member of Australian Lung cancer Trials Group (ALTG), Medical Oncology Group of Australasia (MOGA) and Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA).
Professor O'Byrne has been involved in over 150 Clinical Trials in his career including designing investigatorinitiated, grant-funded Phase II and III studies. He has established collaborative studies and networks for biomarker detection and validation and has been involved in biomarker driven clinical trials including the LUX-Lung (Boehringer-Ingelheim), checkpoint immunotherapy (BMS, MSD) and the ETOP programs. He is clinical lead for the 'Cancer and Ageing Research Program' at PAH-QUT-TRI, his research includes biomarker identification in solid and liquid biopsies, and drug resistance linked to cancer 'stemness' and genomic instability.
He has published over 350 peer-reviewed manuscripts and has recently patented novel anti-cancer therapeutics and predictive biomarker tests in Australia and Ireland. He and his collaborators have successfully applied for NHMRC, CCA, CCQ, Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia (PCFA) and "Movember" grants in Australia.
CONFERENCE VENUE
The 2020 Brisbane Cancer Conference will be held at the Brisbane Convention and Entertainment Centre (BCEC), located in the iconic South Bank precinct. The Centre is Earth Check Gold accredited and has been awarded AIPC Quality Standards Gold Certification for accomplishments in international convention centre performance standards. The Centre was the successful host venue for the 'best' 2014 G20 Leaders' Summit.
With the support of the Team from BCEC and support and sponsorship from our partners in Research, Education and Industry we look forward to building on our success over the two previous Brisbane Cancer Conferences.
VENUE FLOOR PLANS
SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES
EXHIBITITION AND SPONSORSHIP PACKAGES
PLATINUM $30,000 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 8 included Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement of Platinum sponsorship on website and inclusion of logo on the cover and on the sponsor page of the BCC 2020 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1 st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Open area to build is 6m width x 3m depth. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Platinum sponsors will be in the conference concourse in the most pre-eminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday and Friday. Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at the meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Sponsored Satellite Meeting: 45 minutes + 15 minutes break in between each satellite symposium. Timings available are 12.00 and 13.00. Further timings may be available subject to discussion with BCC secretariat. Satellite meeting sponsors must consider that there is only a 15-minute break in between each sponsored satellite meeting for change of furniture on stage, filming, or use of voting pads. Sponsors must notify the BCC Secretariat before 1st November 2019 if change of furniture or use of voting pads required or any other special instructions. Filming is allowed of satellite meetings – confirmation of this must be notified to the BCC as above including contact details to allow for equipment set-up. The provision of film equipment/crew is at the cost of the sponsor. Sponsors must state at the opening of their meeting that they are filming the session and the purpose of the filming so that the audience is fully informed.
Advertising the meeting: The wording "Satellite symposium sponsored by … - see page … for satellite details" only will be included in the BCC 2020 programme. Each satellite meeting will have 1 x A4 Agenda printed in the programme book – this must be provided to BCC in PDF format by 1 st November 2020. Platinum sponsors can place 1 standard pull-up stand advertising the symposium in the conference area (provided by sponsor) – this can be put up on Thursday from 11.00 and please remove after the satellite meeting has occurred.
Meeting Set-up: All AV/conference equipment including data projector, laptop, comfort screen, chair and lectern microphones, pointers, additional microphones, staging, screens and full technical support are available. Microphones for Q&A are set up in the aisles on stands – BCC does not provide staff to pass roving microphones to audience at Q&A.
Satellite Meeting Programme: All satellite meeting programmes must be approved by the BCC Organizing Committee and therefore the full programme and details of chair/speakers must be submitted by 1st November 2020. BCC rules dictate that a speaker/chair cannot participate in more than one satellite symposium at BCC 2019. Sponsors are asked to inform chair/speakers of this rule on the invitations to participate. Each sponsor is responsible for the registration of its own satellite meeting chair/speakers to BCC 2020 which remains free of charge apart from the conference gala dinner on Thursday evening.
Link to an Educational Website or Portal: This should be for health care professionals for inclusion on the BCC website in the Information Links section - the link will be subject to BCC steering committee approval.
Sponsored Satellite Meeting – Attendees, Scanners and Attendee Report: BCC does not guarantee the number of attendees at sponsored satellite meetings. However, BCC will assist where it can to highlight/publicise satellite meeting times etc., e.g. by including details on BCC e-circulations (no cost).
Timings for satellite meetings and Platinum exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Platinum sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]
GOLD $22,500 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 6 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner)
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement of Gold sponsorship on the BCC website and inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2019 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Exhibition booth 5m width x 3m – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. l Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Gold sponsors will be in the conference concourse amongst the most preeminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27t h November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Gold exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Gold sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]
SILVER $12,500 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 4 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).
Acknowledgement
Inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2020 on-site programme book and acknowledgement of Silver sponsorship on the BCC website. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Exhibition booth 4m width x 3m depth – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Silver sponsors will be in the conference concourse in positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Silver exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Bronze sponsorship [email protected] and [email protected]
BRONZE $7,500 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 2 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner)
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement of Bronze sponsorship on the BCC website and inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2020 on-site programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Exhibition booth 3m width x 3m depth – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/Electrical at extra cost to the sponsor. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Day: Thursday 68 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Bronze exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Bronze sponsorship [email protected] and [email protected] company's logo and will be available to every
SUMMARY
The Brisbane Cancer Conference, Queensland now plays a central role in research and education. Reinforcing and establishing new relationships between researchers in Brisbane and Queensland and is unanimously felt to be an important new annual event in the Queensland conference calendar. With the COVD-19 emergency this conference will take on even more relevance in keeping attendees abreast of recent advances in cancer care and novel research technologies.
Last year BCC attracted a bumper attendance of delegates from a wide-range of health professionals reflecting the previously unmet need for education and integration of research efforts for cancer researchers in Brisbane and Queensland. Approximately 1,000 faculty and delegates; including medical, radiation and surgical oncologists, pathologists, palliative care physicians, nurses, pharmacists, allied healthcare, and industry professionals enjoyed the educational and net-working benefits of the conference. The meeting presented 'state-of-the-art' cancer treatment and research lectures from local experts and conducted research workshops. The conference also showcased our internationally recognised research from globally recognised key opinion leaders carrying out their work in Brisbane. This year we are hosting Breast, Prostate, Survivorship and Immune-oncology mini-symposia prior to the formal commencement of the Brisbane cancer conference itself.
With continued support, sponsorship, and collaboration from our partners in industry, education and research, I am certain this event will go from strength to strength.
COMMENTS FROM PREVIOUS BCC ATTENDEES
* Fantastic multi-disciplinary meeting, great for net-working.
* Excellent, well organised conference. Excellent discussion on topical areas surrounding cancer research. Sessions ran to time and discussion encouraged.
* Wonderful conference. I thoroughly enjoyed all of the sessions, with a fantastic mix of topics ranging from basic science to surgery. The question and answer part of the talks were also very informative and useful.
* Superb mix of speakers and topics.
* The conference enhanced my research knowledge and made me aware of facilities in Brisbane I didn't know existed.
* The conference was excellent but might benefit from being held earlier in the year.
* This is the largest local cancer conference ever held in Queensland. Long may it continue.
* The pre-conference symposia were excellent – real added value to the meeting!
* Integration of electronic patient record and artificial intelligence a great finishing session
* Great opportunity to re connect with other researchers
* I really enjoyed the buzz and discussions in between the sessions over coffee and lunch
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Brisbane Cancer Conference 2020 Prospectus & Invitation to Sponsor
Thursday, 26th November – Friday 27th November 2020 Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre
Welcome to the 7th Brisbane Cancer Conference. With the establishment of the Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners as an NHMRC Advanced Health research and translation Centre, this meeting is an opportunity to draw together cancer researchers in Brisbane and Queensland to advance collaborative efforts in cancer research. With the COVD-19 emergency this conference will take on even more relevance in keeping attendees abreast of recent advances in cancer care and novel research technologies.
The meeting comprises plenary lectures and workshops on recent scientific, technological, nursing and medical advances in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant disease.
On Thursday 26 th November the meeting will start with Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer and Immunotherapy meetings, amongst others, running from 8am 12pm in the morning. There will be satellite symposia at lunch-time followed by plenary lectures from 2 – 4pm and subsequently workshops in these areas running from 4:30 – 6:30pm.
A symposium dinner will be held on Thursday evening offering the opportunity to socialise with colleagues particularly from other institutions in the city and from Queensland.
The all-day session on Friday 27 th November will include plenary lectures followed by tumour-site specific workshops in the morning and afternoon. A key session will be lectures by Queensland oncology researchers that have contributed to global advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, molecular biology and treatment of malignant disease.
Over 1,000 delegates attended the event last year demonstrating the value of a truly multi-disciplinary annual Queensland Translational Cancer Conference in Brisbane.
This conference is made possible through the support of the PA Research Foundation, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners, our sponsors, the time and effort of the chairs who put the workshops together as well as Therese and the QUT Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP) team.
Best wishes for what should be an enjoyable and fulfilling two days. Yours sincerely,
YOUR HOST FOR BCC 2020
Professor Kenneth O'Byrne is a Medical Oncologist and Clinical Scientist working at the Princess Alexandra Hospital (PAH) and Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Translational Research Institute (TRI) laboratories on the PAH campus. He is president of the British Thoracic Oncology Group (BTOG), a board member of the European thoracic oncology platform (ETOP), a member of the ESMO chest tumours faculty and is involved in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and Thoracic Alliance for Cancer Trials (TACT). In Australia, he is a member of Australian Lung cancer Trials Group (ALTG), Medical Oncology Group of Australasia (MOGA) and Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA).
Professor O'Byrne has been involved in over 150 Clinical Trials in his career including designing investigatorinitiated, grant-funded Phase II and III studies. He has established collaborative studies and networks for biomarker detection and validation and has been involved in biomarker driven clinical trials including the LUX-Lung (Boehringer-Ingelheim), checkpoint immunotherapy (BMS, MSD) and the ETOP programs. He is clinical lead for the 'Cancer and Ageing Research Program' at PAH-QUT-TRI, his research includes biomarker identification in solid and liquid biopsies, and drug resistance linked to cancer 'stemness' and genomic instability.
He has published over 350 peer-reviewed manuscripts and has recently patented novel anti-cancer therapeutics and predictive biomarker tests in Australia and Ireland. He and his collaborators have successfully applied for NHMRC, CCA, CCQ, Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia (PCFA) and "Movember" grants in Australia.
CONFERENCE VENUE
The 2020 Brisbane Cancer Conference will be held at the Brisbane Convention and Entertainment Centre (BCEC), located in the iconic South Bank precinct. The Centre is Earth Check Gold accredited and has been awarded AIPC Quality Standards Gold Certification for accomplishments in international convention centre performance standards. The Centre was the successful host venue for the 'best' 2014 G20 Leaders' Summit.
With the support of the Team from BCEC and support and sponsorship from our partners in Research, Education and Industry we look forward to building on our success over the two previous Brisbane Cancer Conferences.
VENUE FLOOR PLANS
SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES
EXHIBITITION AND SPONSORSHIP PACKAGES
PLATINUM $30,000 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 8 included Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement of Platinum sponsorship on website and inclusion of logo on the cover and on the sponsor page of the BCC 2020 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1 st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Open area to build is 6m width x 3m depth. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Platinum sponsors will be in the conference concourse in the most pre-eminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday and Friday. Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at the meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Sponsored Satellite Meeting: 45 minutes + 15 minutes break in between each satellite symposium. Timings available are 12.00 and 13.00. Further timings may be available subject to discussion with BCC secretariat. Satellite meeting sponsors must consider that there is only a 15-minute break in between each sponsored satellite meeting for change of furniture on stage, filming, or use of voting pads. Sponsors must notify the BCC Secretariat before 1st November 2019 if change of furniture or use of voting pads required or any other special instructions. Filming is allowed of satellite meetings – confirmation of this must be notified to the BCC as above including contact details to allow for equipment set-up. The provision of film equipment/crew is at the cost of the sponsor. Sponsors must state at the opening of their meeting that they are filming the session and the purpose of the filming so that the audience is fully informed.
Advertising the meeting: The wording "Satellite symposium sponsored by … - see page … for satellite details" only will be included in the BCC 2020 programme. Each satellite meeting will have 1 x A4 Agenda printed in the programme book – this must be provided to BCC in PDF format by 1 st November 2020. Platinum sponsors can place 1 standard pull-up stand advertising the symposium in the conference area (provided by sponsor) – this can be put up on Thursday from 11.00 and please remove after the satellite meeting has occurred.
Meeting Set-up: All AV/conference equipment including data projector, laptop, comfort screen, chair and lectern microphones, pointers, additional microphones, staging, screens and full technical support are available. Microphones for Q&A are set up in the aisles on stands – BCC does not provide staff to pass roving microphones to audience at Q&A.
Satellite Meeting Programme: All satellite meeting programmes must be approved by the BCC Organizing Committee and therefore the full programme and details of chair/speakers must be submitted by 1st November 2020. BCC rules dictate that a speaker/chair cannot participate in more than one satellite symposium at BCC 2019. Sponsors are asked to inform chair/speakers of this rule on the invitations to participate. Each sponsor is responsible for the registration of its own satellite meeting chair/speakers to BCC 2020 which remains free of charge apart from the conference gala dinner on Thursday evening.
Link to an Educational Website or Portal: This should be for health care professionals for inclusion on the BCC website in the Information Links section - the link will be subject to BCC steering committee approval.
Sponsored Satellite Meeting – Attendees, Scanners and Attendee Report: BCC does not guarantee the number of attendees at sponsored satellite meetings. However, BCC will assist where it can to highlight/publicise satellite meeting times etc., e.g. by including details on BCC e-circulations (no cost).
Timings for satellite meetings and Platinum exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Platinum sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]
GOLD $22,500 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 6 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner)
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement of Gold sponsorship on the BCC website and inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2019 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Exhibition booth 5m width x 3m – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. l Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Gold sponsors will be in the conference concourse amongst the most preeminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27t h November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Gold exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Gold sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]
SILVER $12,500 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 4 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).
Acknowledgement
Inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2020 on-site programme book and acknowledgement of Silver sponsorship on the BCC website. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Exhibition booth 4m width x 3m depth – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Silver sponsors will be in the conference concourse in positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission
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<url>
https://www.pafoundation.org.au/system/redactor_assets/documents/609/2020_Sponsorship_Prospectus_Brisbane_Cancer_Conference.pdf
</url>
<text>
Brisbane Cancer Conference 2020 Prospectus & Invitation to Sponsor
Thursday, 26th November – Friday 27th November 2020 Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre
Welcome to the 7th Brisbane Cancer Conference. With the establishment of the Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners as an NHMRC Advanced Health research and translation Centre, this meeting is an opportunity to draw together cancer researchers in Brisbane and Queensland to advance collaborative efforts in cancer research. With the COVD-19 emergency this conference will take on even more relevance in keeping attendees abreast of recent advances in cancer care and novel research technologies.
The meeting comprises plenary lectures and workshops on recent scientific, technological, nursing and medical advances in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant disease.
On Thursday 26 th November the meeting will start with Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer and Immunotherapy meetings, amongst others, running from 8am 12pm in the morning. There will be satellite symposia at lunch-time followed by plenary lectures from 2 – 4pm and subsequently workshops in these areas running from 4:30 – 6:30pm.
A symposium dinner will be held on Thursday evening offering the opportunity to socialise with colleagues particularly from other institutions in the city and from Queensland.
The all-day session on Friday 27 th November will include plenary lectures followed by tumour-site specific workshops in the morning and afternoon. A key session will be lectures by Queensland oncology researchers that have contributed to global advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, molecular biology and treatment of malignant disease.
Over 1,000 delegates attended the event last year demonstrating the value of a truly multi-disciplinary annual Queensland Translational Cancer Conference in Brisbane.
This conference is made possible through the support of the PA Research Foundation, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners, our sponsors, the time and effort of the chairs who put the workshops together as well as Therese and the QUT Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP) team.
Best wishes for what should be an enjoyable and fulfilling two days. Yours sincerely,
YOUR HOST FOR BCC 2020
Professor Kenneth O'Byrne is a Medical Oncologist and Clinical Scientist working at the Princess Alexandra Hospital (PAH) and Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Translational Research Institute (TRI) laboratories on the PAH campus. He is president of the British Thoracic Oncology Group (BTOG), a board member of the European thoracic oncology platform (ETOP), a member of the ESMO chest tumours faculty and is involved in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and Thoracic Alliance for Cancer Trials (TACT). In Australia, he is a member of Australian Lung cancer Trials Group (ALTG), Medical Oncology Group of Australasia (MOGA) and Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA).
Professor O'Byrne has been involved in over 150 Clinical Trials in his career including designing investigatorinitiated, grant-funded Phase II and III studies. He has established collaborative studies and networks for biomarker detection and validation and has been involved in biomarker driven clinical trials including the LUX-Lung (Boehringer-Ingelheim), checkpoint immunotherapy (BMS, MSD) and the ETOP programs. He is clinical lead for the 'Cancer and Ageing Research Program' at PAH-QUT-TRI, his research includes biomarker identification in solid and liquid biopsies, and drug resistance linked to cancer 'stemness' and genomic instability.
He has published over 350 peer-reviewed manuscripts and has recently patented novel anti-cancer therapeutics and predictive biomarker tests in Australia and Ireland. He and his collaborators have successfully applied for NHMRC, CCA, CCQ, Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia (PCFA) and "Movember" grants in Australia.
CONFERENCE VENUE
The 2020 Brisbane Cancer Conference will be held at the Brisbane Convention and Entertainment Centre (BCEC), located in the iconic South Bank precinct. The Centre is Earth Check Gold accredited and has been awarded AIPC Quality Standards Gold Certification for accomplishments in international convention centre performance standards. The Centre was the successful host venue for the 'best' 2014 G20 Leaders' Summit.
With the support of the Team from BCEC and support and sponsorship from our partners in Research, Education and Industry we look forward to building on our success over the two previous Brisbane Cancer Conferences.
VENUE FLOOR PLANS
SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES
EXHIBITITION AND SPONSORSHIP PACKAGES
PLATINUM $30,000 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 8 included Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement of Platinum sponsorship on website and inclusion of logo on the cover and on the sponsor page of the BCC 2020 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1 st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Open area to build is 6m width x 3m depth. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Platinum sponsors will be in the conference concourse in the most pre-eminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday and Friday. Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at the meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Sponsored Satellite Meeting: 45 minutes + 15 minutes break in between each satellite symposium. Timings available are 12.00 and 13.00. Further timings may be available subject to discussion with BCC secretariat. Satellite meeting sponsors must consider that there is only a 15-minute break in between each sponsored satellite meeting for change of furniture on stage, filming, or use of voting pads. Sponsors must notify the BCC Secretariat before 1st November 2019 if change of furniture or use of voting pads required or any other special instructions. Filming is allowed of satellite meetings – confirmation of this must be notified to the BCC as above including contact details to allow for equipment set-up. The provision of film equipment/crew is at the cost of the sponsor. Sponsors must state at the opening of their meeting that they are filming the session and the purpose of the filming so that the audience is fully informed.
Advertising the meeting: The wording "Satellite symposium sponsored by … - see page … for satellite details" only will be included in the BCC 2020 programme. Each satellite meeting will have 1 x A4 Agenda printed in the programme book – this must be provided to BCC in PDF format by 1 st November 2020. Platinum sponsors can place 1 standard pull-up stand advertising the symposium in the conference area (provided by sponsor) – this can be put up on Thursday from 11.00 and please remove after the satellite meeting has occurred.
Meeting Set-up: All AV/conference equipment including data projector, laptop, comfort screen, chair and lectern microphones, pointers, additional microphones, staging, screens and full technical support are available. Microphones for Q&A are set up in the aisles on stands – BCC does not provide staff to pass roving microphones to audience at Q&A.
Satellite Meeting Programme: All satellite meeting programmes must be approved by the BCC Organizing Committee and therefore the full programme and details of chair/speakers must be submitted by 1st November 2020. BCC rules dictate that a speaker/chair cannot participate in more than one satellite symposium at BCC 2019. Sponsors are asked to inform chair/speakers of this rule on the invitations to participate. Each sponsor is responsible for the registration of its own satellite meeting chair/speakers to BCC 2020 which remains free of charge apart from the conference gala dinner on Thursday evening.
Link to an Educational Website or Portal: This should be for health care professionals for inclusion on the BCC website in the Information Links section - the link will be subject to BCC steering committee approval.
Sponsored Satellite Meeting – Attendees, Scanners and Attendee Report: BCC does not guarantee the number of attendees at sponsored satellite meetings. However, BCC will assist where it can to highlight/publicise satellite meeting times etc., e.g. by including details on BCC e-circulations (no cost).
Timings for satellite meetings and Platinum exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Platinum sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]
GOLD $22,500 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 6 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner)
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement of Gold sponsorship on the BCC website and inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2019 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Exhibition booth 5m width x 3m – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. l Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Gold sponsors will be in the conference concourse amongst the most preeminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27t h November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.
Gold exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Gold sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]
SILVER $12,500 AUD (+GST)
Registrations: 4 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).
Acknowledgement
Inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2020 on-site programme book and acknowledgement of Silver sponsorship on the BCC website. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.
Exhibition Space: Exhibition booth 4m width x 3m depth – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Silver sponsors will be in the conference concourse in positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.
Exhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.
Exhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).
Extras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission <cursor_is_here>
</text>
|
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.pafoundation.org.au/system/redactor_assets/documents/609/2020_Sponsorship_Prospectus_Brisbane_Cancer_Conference.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nBrisbane Cancer Conference 2020 Prospectus & Invitation to Sponsor\n\nThursday, 26th November – Friday 27th November 2020 Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre\n\nWelcome to the 7th Brisbane Cancer Conference. With the establishment of the Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners as an NHMRC Advanced Health research and translation Centre, this meeting is an opportunity to draw together cancer researchers in Brisbane and Queensland to advance collaborative efforts in cancer research. With the COVD-19 emergency this conference will take on even more relevance in keeping attendees abreast of recent advances in cancer care and novel research technologies.\n\nThe meeting comprises plenary lectures and workshops on recent scientific, technological, nursing and medical advances in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant disease.\n\nOn Thursday 26 th November the meeting will start with Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer and Immunotherapy meetings, amongst others, running from 8am 12pm in the morning. There will be satellite symposia at lunch-time followed by plenary lectures from 2 – 4pm and subsequently workshops in these areas running from 4:30 – 6:30pm.\n\nA symposium dinner will be held on Thursday evening offering the opportunity to socialise with colleagues particularly from other institutions in the city and from Queensland.\n\nThe all-day session on Friday 27 th November will include plenary lectures followed by tumour-site specific workshops in the morning and afternoon. A key session will be lectures by Queensland oncology researchers that have contributed to global advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, molecular biology and treatment of malignant disease.\n\nOver 1,000 delegates attended the event last year demonstrating the value of a truly multi-disciplinary annual Queensland Translational Cancer Conference in Brisbane.\n\nThis conference is made possible through the support of the PA Research Foundation, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners, our sponsors, the time and effort of the chairs who put the workshops together as well as Therese and the QUT Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP) team.\n\nBest wishes for what should be an enjoyable and fulfilling two days. Yours sincerely,\n\nYOUR HOST FOR BCC 2020\n\nProfessor Kenneth O'Byrne is a Medical Oncologist and Clinical Scientist working at the Princess Alexandra Hospital (PAH) and Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Translational Research Institute (TRI) laboratories on the PAH campus. He is president of the British Thoracic Oncology Group (BTOG), a board member of the European thoracic oncology platform (ETOP), a member of the ESMO chest tumours faculty and is involved in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and Thoracic Alliance for Cancer Trials (TACT). In Australia, he is a member of Australian Lung cancer Trials Group (ALTG), Medical Oncology Group of Australasia (MOGA) and Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA).\n\nProfessor O'Byrne has been involved in over 150 Clinical Trials in his career including designing investigatorinitiated, grant-funded Phase II and III studies. He has established collaborative studies and networks for biomarker detection and validation and has been involved in biomarker driven clinical trials including the LUX-Lung (Boehringer-Ingelheim), checkpoint immunotherapy (BMS, MSD) and the ETOP programs. He is clinical lead for the 'Cancer and Ageing Research Program' at PAH-QUT-TRI, his research includes biomarker identification in solid and liquid biopsies, and drug resistance linked to cancer 'stemness' and genomic instability.\n\nHe has published over 350 peer-reviewed manuscripts and has recently patented novel anti-cancer therapeutics and predictive biomarker tests in Australia and Ireland. He and his collaborators have successfully applied for NHMRC, CCA, CCQ, Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia (PCFA) and \"Movember\" grants in Australia.\n\nCONFERENCE VENUE\n\nThe 2020 Brisbane Cancer Conference will be held at the Brisbane Convention and Entertainment Centre (BCEC), located in the iconic South Bank precinct. The Centre is Earth Check Gold accredited and has been awarded AIPC Quality Standards Gold Certification for accomplishments in international convention centre performance standards. The Centre was the successful host venue for the 'best' 2014 G20 Leaders' Summit.\n\nWith the support of the Team from BCEC and support and sponsorship from our partners in Research, Education and Industry we look forward to building on our success over the two previous Brisbane Cancer Conferences.\n\nVENUE FLOOR PLANS\n\nSPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES\n\nEXHIBITITION AND SPONSORSHIP PACKAGES\n\nPLATINUM $30,000 AUD (+GST)\n\nRegistrations: 8 included Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).\n\nAcknowledgement\n\nAcknowledgement of Platinum sponsorship on website and inclusion of logo on the cover and on the sponsor page of the BCC 2020 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1 st November 2020.\n\nExhibition Space: Open area to build is 6m width x 3m depth. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Platinum sponsors will be in the conference concourse in the most pre-eminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.\n\nExhibition Days: Thursday and Friday. Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.\n\nExhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).\n\nExtras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at the meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.\n\nSponsored Satellite Meeting: 45 minutes + 15 minutes break in between each satellite symposium. Timings available are 12.00 and 13.00. Further timings may be available subject to discussion with BCC secretariat. Satellite meeting sponsors must consider that there is only a 15-minute break in between each sponsored satellite meeting for change of furniture on stage, filming, or use of voting pads. Sponsors must notify the BCC Secretariat before 1st November 2019 if change of furniture or use of voting pads required or any other special instructions. Filming is allowed of satellite meetings – confirmation of this must be notified to the BCC as above including contact details to allow for equipment set-up. The provision of film equipment/crew is at the cost of the sponsor. Sponsors must state at the opening of their meeting that they are filming the session and the purpose of the filming so that the audience is fully informed.\n\nAdvertising the meeting: The wording \"Satellite symposium sponsored by … - see page … for satellite details\" only will be included in the BCC 2020 programme. Each satellite meeting will have 1 x A4 Agenda printed in the programme book – this must be provided to BCC in PDF format by 1 st November 2020. Platinum sponsors can place 1 standard pull-up stand advertising the symposium in the conference area (provided by sponsor) – this can be put up on Thursday from 11.00 and please remove after the satellite meeting has occurred.\n\nMeeting Set-up: All AV/conference equipment including data projector, laptop, comfort screen, chair and lectern microphones, pointers, additional microphones, staging, screens and full technical support are available. Microphones for Q&A are set up in the aisles on stands – BCC does not provide staff to pass roving microphones to audience at Q&A.\n\nSatellite Meeting Programme: All satellite meeting programmes must be approved by the BCC Organizing Committee and therefore the full programme and details of chair/speakers must be submitted by 1st November 2020. BCC rules dictate that a speaker/chair cannot participate in more than one satellite symposium at BCC 2019. Sponsors are asked to inform chair/speakers of this rule on the invitations to participate. Each sponsor is responsible for the registration of its own satellite meeting chair/speakers to BCC 2020 which remains free of charge apart from the conference gala dinner on Thursday evening.\n\nLink to an Educational Website or Portal: This should be for health care professionals for inclusion on the BCC website in the Information Links section - the link will be subject to BCC steering committee approval.\n\nSponsored Satellite Meeting – Attendees, Scanners and Attendee Report: BCC does not guarantee the number of attendees at sponsored satellite meetings. However, BCC will assist where it can to highlight/publicise satellite meeting times etc., e.g. by including details on BCC e-circulations (no cost).\n\nTimings for satellite meetings and Platinum exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Platinum sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]\n\nGOLD $22,500 AUD (+GST)\n\nRegistrations: 6 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner)\n\nAcknowledgement\n\nAcknowledgement of Gold sponsorship on the BCC website and inclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2019 on-site programme book. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.\n\nExhibition Space: Exhibition booth 5m width x 3m – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. l Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Gold sponsors will be in the conference concourse amongst the most preeminent positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.\n\nExhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27t h November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.\n\nExhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).\n\nExtras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission from anyone being filmed and this is the responsibility of the sponsor.\n\nGold exhibition space positions will be allocated on a first-come reserved basis. Please send confirmation of Gold sponsorship to [email protected] and [email protected]\n\nSILVER $12,500 AUD (+GST)\n\nRegistrations: 4 included for Thursday and Friday (does not include Thursday conference dinner).\n\nAcknowledgement\n\nInclusion of logo on the sponsor page in the BCC 2020 on-site programme book and acknowledgement of Silver sponsorship on the BCC website. Sponsor profile (max 100 words) in the programme book. Logo for sponsorship acknowledgement and sponsor profile must be sent to BCC by 1st November 2020.\n\nExhibition Space: Exhibition booth 4m width x 3m depth – please do not exceed these dimensions. Spotlights, power socket(s), extension cable, counters and stools can be provided on request. Please contact Exponet for additional furniture/electrical at extra charge to sponsors. Silver sponsors will be in the conference concourse in positions that will be discussed with each client prior to the meeting. The carpet in the exhibition area and concourse will be utilised and additional carpeting will not be provided.\n\nExhibition Days: Thursday 26 th November – 12.00pm registration open/programme start – 14:00 and close at 18.00. Friday 27 th November – 8am registration open/programme start, and exhibition open until 16.00pm. Other conferences may require that exhibition stands are supervised at all times during opening times – BCC leaves this to the discretion of the individual exhibitors/sponsors. Security of laptops and other equipment on the exhibition stand is the responsibility of the individual exhibitor/sponsor.\n\nExhibition set-up/build: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Thursday 04:30 - 07:30 Exhibition take-down: Co-ordinated by Exponet and the BCC secretariat. Friday – Latest 18:00 (following close of conference at 17.00). You will be required to complete an exhibition collection form with Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (courier contact details etc.).\n\nExtras and Filming at Exhibition Stand: Extras such as coffee barista, food and drink provided at your stand or at meeting must be notified as permission from the venue and completion of risk assessment/health and safety forms may be required. You must notify such extras to the BCC Secretariat before 1 st November 2018. Filming is not allowed in the public conference areas – you may film at your exhibition stand but you must get the express permission <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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ILLINOIS CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION AUTHORITY
300 West Adams Street, Suite 700
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Phone: (312) 793-8550
Fax: (312) 793-8422
TDD: (312) 793-4170 http://www.icjia.state.il.us
Budget Committee
_______________________________ _______________________________
Eugene E. Murphy, Jr. Chair
Hon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair
David P. Bradford
Barbara L. Engel
Thomas J. Jurkanin
Hon. Lisa Madigan
Larry G. Trent
_______________________________ _______________________________
- Call to Order and Roll Call
1. Approval of the Minutes of the August 26, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting
2. Approval of the Minutes of the September 5, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting Budget Agenda
3. Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustments
FFY02 Plan Adjustment #16
FFY03 Plan Adjustment #10
FFY04 Plan Adjustment #8
FFY05 Plan Adjustment #6
FFY06 Plan Adjustment #4
FFY07 Plan Adjustment #2
FFY08 Plan Introduction
4. Victims of Crime Act Plan Adjustments FFY05 Plan Adjustment #11
FFY06 Plan Adjustment #11
FFY07 Plan Adjustment #4
- Old Business
- New Business
- Adjourn
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority
Sheldon Sorosky Chair
Hon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair
Lori G. Levin Executive Director
Meeting Notice
Budget Committee
November 12, 2008 – 10:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street 8 th Floor Conference Room Chicago, IL 60606
Agenda
This meeting will be accessible to persons with disabilities in compliance with Executive Order #5 and pertinent State and Federal laws upon anticipated attendance. Persons with disabilities planning to attend and needing special accommodations should contact by telephone or letter Mr. Hank Anthony, Associate Director, Office of Administrative Services, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 300 West Adams Street, Suite 700, Chicago, Illinois 60606 (telephone 312/793-8550). TDD services are available at 312-793-4170.
MINUTES
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Budget Committee Meeting
10:00 a.m.
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street, Eighth Floor Conference Room Chicago, Illinois
Call to Order and Roll Call
The Budget Committee of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Tuesday, August 26, 2008, at the Eighth Floor Conference Room at 300 West Adams Street, Chicago, Illinois. Budget Committee Chairman Eugene E. Murphy, Jr. called the meeting to order at 10:13 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Chief David Bradford, Waisu Fashina for Clerk Dorothy Brown, John Robertson for Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Norbert Goetten (via teleconference), Barbara Engel (via teleconference), State's Attorney Bill Mudge (via teleconference), Director Michael J. Pelletier, Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky (via teleconference), Mariyana Spyropoulos, Colonel Michael Snyders for Director Larry Trent, and John Z. Toscas (via teleconference). Also in attendance were Megan Alderden of the Chicago Police Department (via teleconference), Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, Associate Director Mark Myrent, and other Authority staff members.
Prior to the beginning of the meeting, Budget Committee Chairman Murphy assigned Mr. Fashina and Director Pelletier to the Budget Committee for the duration of the meeting for the purposes of attaining a quorum. Only members and designees physically present at the meeting were permitted to vote.
Minutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting
Chief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.
Minutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda
Chief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda. Mr. Fashina seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY04 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (ADAA) Plan Adjustments
Program Supervisor Mike Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 3 of the meeting materials regarding the ADAA FFY04 Plan Adjustments. He said that currently the Authority's Research and Analysis Unit (R&A) has a $225,000 designation in FFY04 Criminal History Records Improvement (CHRI) funds for its Audit Plan. These funds were intended to cover personnel costs, including the hiring of additional research staff. However, R&A was unable to reach its hiring goal. As a result, staff recommends reducing the Audit Plan designation by $99,750 to $125,250. The $99,750 must remain dedicated to CHRI purposes and when combined with other unallocated CHRI funds, yields a total of $105,839 available for future CHRI programming. ADAA FFY04 funds expire on September 30, 2008.
Mr. Carter said that staff seeks to designate funds to the Chicago Police Department (CPD) to facilitate the modernization of its criminal history records keeping system. The CPD would use these funds to convert approximately 1 million paper records into electronic records in its automated criminal history records system. These funds would be used to cover overtime costs incurred by the conversion process.
In response to a question by Chief Bradford, Associate Director Mark Myrent (director of the Authority's R&A unit) said that the R&A unit was unable to hire the desired personnel due to difficulties in navigating the state's hiring system. Specifically, difficulties were experienced in obtaining the proper approvals to both post notices of available positions and to make timely offers to candidates for those positions. Plans are still in place to pursue hiring for those positions using funds from the next federal fiscal year's designation. In fact, interviews for those positions are scheduled to take place in September, 2008.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 ADAA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY04 Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) Plan Adjustments
Mr. Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 4 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments. He said that JAIBG FFY04 funds expire on November 26, 2008. Currently, $108,363 in FFY04 funds is available for use. He said that staff recommends designating these funds to the Illinois Violence Prevention Authority (IVPA) which would use these funds to support the Corazón Community Services program. Corazón is a holistic social services program based in Cicero, Illinois. The IVPA reported that schools in this area are expelling an average of 15 students each month, primarily for gang-related activities. More than half of the expelled students are left without educational alternatives. Corazón would form a partnership with a local junior high school to create two alternative classrooms to serve expelled students. Services would include intake assessment, treatment, transportation, and enrollment in a life-skills program. These funds would be used to purchase computers, software, and related equipment for use by program staff and students, agency brochures, office supplies, and vehicles to support program activities.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments described in the addendum that was distributed to the Budget Committee members at the meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY05 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments
Program Supervisor Ron Reichgelt called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008, under Tab 5 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Mr. Reichgelt said that HOPE of East Central Illinois returned $6,675 from its transitional housing program. He said that staff recommends that these funds be made available for future programming. The lapsing $6,675 combined with $35,559 in other unallocated FFY05 funds yields a total of $42,234 available for future programming.
Mr. Reichgelt said that staff recommends designating the $42,234 to the Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV) to support the InfoNet program. The funds would be used to upgrade or purchase computers for the ICADV's subgrantee agencies. InfoNet is the data collection system developed by the Authority for the collection of victim service data.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
New Business
None.
Old Business
None.
Adjourn
Chief Bradford moved to adjourn. The motion was seconded by Ms. Spyropoulos and passed by unanimous voice vote. The meeting was adjourned at 10:25 a.m.
MINUTES
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda Friday, September 5, 2008 9:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle
Auditorium Room C-500 Chicago, Illinois
Call to Order and Roll Call
The Board of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Friday, September 5, 2008, in Auditorium Room C-500 at the Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky called the Budget Agenda portion of the Regular Meeting to order at 9:56 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Clerk Dorothy Brown, Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Brad Demuzio, Authority Vice-Chairman and State's Attorney Richard A. Devine, Director Norbert Goetten, Clerk Becky Jansen, Director Thomas J. Jurkanin, Ellen Mandeltort for Attorney General Lisa Madigan, Director Michael J. Pelletier, Mariyana Spyropoulos, and John Z. Toscas. Also in attendance were Executive Director Lori G. Levin, Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, and other Authority staff members.
Chairman Sorosky, in accordance with the Authority's rules, declared the meeting a Budget Committee meeting at 9:56 a.m., operating as a committee of the budget as a whole. He appointed all Authority members present to be Budget Committee members for the limited purpose of addressing the budget-related agenda items.
Approval of the FFY07 Justice Assistance Grants (JAG) Plan Adjustments
Associate Director Chojnacki, referring to a memo in the meeting materials dated September 2, 2008 and regarding proposed JAG FFY07 plan adjustments, said that staff requested permission to reallocate previously designated JAG FFY07 funds from the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice's (IDJJ) Young Offender Re-entry Program to the Illinois Department of Corrections' (IDOC) Community-based Residential Treatment for
Adults Program. He said that Program Supervisor Mike Carter was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin said that, essentially, this request was intended to prevent a lapse in funds back to the federal government by allowing the funds to be reprogrammed between the IDJJ and the IDOC. Mr. Chojnacki confirmed that $40,000 would transfer from the IDJJ program to the IDOC program.
Director Goetten moved to approve the FFY07 JAG Plan Adjustments. Director Demuzio seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Plan Adjustments
Mr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 in the meeting materials and regarding proposed VAWA FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 plan adjustments, said that the memo detailed designation reduction requests and recommended new designations. He said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin said that staff recommended $364,000 in FFY05 funds to the City of Chicago's Domestic Violence HelpLine. She said that staff had received permission from the Office of Violence Against Women (OVW) to shift the funding source for this program from Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) funds to VAWA Law Enforcement funds. She said that staff is trying to come up with creative uses of limited funds. She also said that staff requested that $55,500 in FFY05 funds be designated to the East Central Illinois Mobile Police Training Unit and that $20,000 be designated to the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault for improving the medical response to rape victims. She said that the total amount of the new designation requests was $439,500.
Mr. Toscas moved to approve the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 VAWA Plan Adjustments described in the memo. Director Goetten seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY06 and FFY07 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments and the FFY08 VOCA Plan Introduction
Mr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 and regarding proposed VOCA plan adjustments for FFY06 and FFY07 and the FFY08 introduction, said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin, referring to the table at the bottom of Page 13 of the memo, said that the table summarized all available funds, assuming the adoption by this committee of the proposals set forth in the memo. She said that the table indicates that there would be virtually no funds available for future programming out of existing federal fiscal year awards. She added that all VOCA programs endured a 27.8 percent cut. That cut was primarily a function of the VOCA cap having been lowered. She said that staff did as much juggling as possible in crafting the recommendations in the memo in an attempt to spend all of these funds and to deal funding cuts in an even-handed manner to all grantees.
Director Levin said that last year staff had temporarily moved some grants to the Cook County State's Attorney's Office and a grant to the Authority off of VOCA funding and covered those grants with JAG funds. As it is not possible to continue maintaining those grants with JAG funds, they were moved back under VOCA funding and this contributed to the exhaustion of available VOCA funds.
Director Levin said that there would be no back-up funds for next year. She said that it is very, very crucial that the Authority Board members do whatever they could to educate their legislators and elected representatives because the Authority is now in a very difficult position. The Authority has never been in this sort of a situation before where it has had to demand that its grantees take an almost 28 percent funding reduction. She said that when staff first began working on the funding cuts, the reductions originally looked like they would be greater than 28 percent.
Director Levin said that staff has done its best. She asked that the board approve the many designations listed in the memo. She said that all affected grantees had been notified in advance of these pending funding cuts.
Mr. Toscas moved to approve the FFY06 and FFY07 VOCA Plan Adjustments and the FFY08 Plan Introduction. Director Jurkanin seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Adjourn
At this point, 10:06 a.m., Chairman Sorosky declared the conclusion of the Budget Committee portion of the meeting. The Authority Regular meeting resumed discussion of other items on its agenda.
MEMORANDUM
TO:
Budget Committee Members
FROM: John C. Chojnacki, Associate Director, Federal & State Grants Unit
DATE: November 5, 2008
RE:
FFY02 Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustment #16
FFY03 Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustment #10
FFY04 Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustment #8
FFY05 Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustment #6
FFY06 Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustment #4
FFY07 Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustment #2
FFY08 Violence Against Women Act Plan Introduction
This memo describes proposed adjustments to the FFY02 through FFY07 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) plan adjustments and the FFY08 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Introduction as illustrated in the attached Attachment A's dated November 12, 2008.
DESIGNATION REDUCTIONS
The following table details FFY02 and FFY03 funds returned to the Authority. These figures are provided for informational purposes only as these funds are no longer available for use.
The following table details FFY05 and FFY06 funds returned to the Authority. Staff recommends that these funds be rescinded and added to other undesignated funds.
VAWA FFY08 INTRODUCTION
The FFY08 VAWA award to Illinois is $4,013,551 and these funds are currently set to expire on April 30, 2010. An application for a one-year extension will be submitted as soon as possible. Staff expects the extension to be approved. As with FFY01 through FFY06 VAWA funds, after setting aside ten percent of the award ($401,355) for administrative purposes, 25 percent of the funds must go to law enforcement, 25 percent to prosecution, 30 percent to service providers, and five percent to the courts. The remaining 15 percent can be allocated at the state's discretion. A total of $3,612,196 is available for program purposes. The designations recommended in this memo and future designations will be consistent with the priorities set forth in the VAWA FFY06 – FFY08 Multi-Year Plan.
RECOMMENDED DESIGNATIONS
Services to Underserved Areas or Victim Groups
Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault. In the past, the Authority has designated all of each federal fiscal year's allocated Service Provider funds to the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault (ICASA) and the Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV) in equal amounts. These funds were then subcontracted to their program agencies for service to underserved areas or victim groups. Staff recommends that the Authority continue designating the service provider funds in this manner and that designations of FFY08 Service Provider funds in the amount of $541,829 be made to both ICASA and ICADV.
Domestic Violence / Sexual Assault Protocol Programs
Cook County State's Attorney's Office: The Cook County State's Attorney's Office (CCSAO) has both domestic violence and sexual assault protocols. These protocols allow the CCSAO to work more effectively with other components of the criminal justice system and hold offenders accountable. Staff recommends a designation of $665,879 in FFY08 funds to the CCSAO for the continuation of its protocol-related programs.
Funding for this program will be split between $431,005 from Prosecution and $234,874 from Law Enforcement for the CCSAO Special Investigators.
This $665,879 FFY08 designation would include funds for the CCSAO's Resource Center, a suburban coordinator, sexual assault prosecution, and domestic violence prosecution programs, as funded under the current grant. In addition, this designation would include funds for the CCSAO's Total Response to Domestic Violence program and its Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner program. This designation would allow all of these programs to continue for one year.
Sexual Assault Medical Advocacy Programs
Illinois Attorney General's Office (AGO): Staff recommends designating $114,242 in FFY05 Law Enforcement funds to the AGO for its Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) training program. The program plays an important role in coordinating efforts to better serve assault survivors in Illinois. SANE training and certification will help reduce trauma for victims of sexual assault. SANE training will also assist in holding offenders accountable by providing expert testimony at trials. SANE trainings are given statewide in ten-hour sessions. This program will ensure that nurses have opportunities to be trained and receive the 60 hours of clinical follow-up that they need to become certified. This designation would allow the program to continue for another 5 months.
Illinois Attorney General's Office (AGO): Staff recommends designating $25,582 in FFY04 Prosecution funds and $21,738 in FFY04 Discretionary funds (for a total of $47,320) to the AGO to develop a web-based portion of its SANE training program.
The AGO expects that the new web-based portion of the SANE training would help to reduce the overall costs associated with the training. The AGO's goal is to move 16 to 20 hours of training on-line and reduce in-person training to two or three days. Portions of the SANE manual would be incorporated into interactive exercises to be completed prior to the in-person course. On-line teaching tools would include pictures, videos, audio, drop-downs and fill-ins, lesson reviews, and unit tests. Students would be able to access the site from anywhere and to work at their own paces. Links would be established to take students to authoritative sites, thus eliminating the need to constantly update the existing curriculum. (e.g. General Assembly home page for statutes)
Transitional Housing Services Programs
Quanada and Stopping Women Abuse Now (SWAN): The 10 transitional housing services programs use VAWA discretionary funds to cover the costs for renting the units that the victims of domestic violence stay in while receiving services. Staff recommends that $24,000 and $40,000 in FFY07 Discretionary funds be designated to Quanda and SWAN, respectively, for their transitional housing programs to allow them to continue for an additional 12 months.
Services to Female Inmates Program
Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC): Staff recommends designating $72,000 in FFY07 Discretionary funds to the IDOC for its Services to Female Inmates program. The Services to Female Inmates program provides a program coordinator to oversee the organization, consistency, and ongoing performance of services to female inmates who were victims of domestic violence or sexual assault prior to incarceration. The program coordinator also provides direct services at Kankakee Minimum Security, Fox Valley Adult Transitional Center, and Warrenville, as well as overseeing the program throughout the Women and Family Services Division of IDOC. Additionally, the Services to Female Inmates program provides staff with training on the Seeking Safety program, domestic violence and sexual assault, and other topics directly related to the program.
The program coordinator works to build resources for the program by purchasing and distributing program supplies, DVDs, videos, workbooks, and other materials. The program coordinator also works on developing additional programming for the victims of domestic violence and sexual assault by utilizing program materials purchased previously. The additional programming would be primarily used with women who have completed the Seeking Safety program, but wish to continue treatment.
The table below summarizes the staff-recommended designations described in this memo:
AVAILABLE FUNDS
The following chart indicates the funds available for future programming, per program category, in each open federal fiscal year, assuming the adoption of the funding recommendations set forth in this memo:
Staff will be available at the meeting to answer any questions.
S.T.O.P. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FFY02 PLAN ATTACHMENT A
Total
Total
Total
S.T.O.P. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FFY03 PLAN ATTACHMENT A
Law
Service
Total
Federal
Required
S.T.O.P. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FFY04 PLAN ATTACHMENT A
Total
Total
S.T.O.P. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FFY05 PLAN
ATTACHMENT A
Total
Total
S.T.O.P. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FFY06 PLAN ATTACHMENT A
Total
Law
Service
Total
Federal
Required
Enforcement
Prosecution
Providers
Courts
Discretionary
Amount
Match
S.T.O.P. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FFY07 PLAN ATTACHMENT A
Total
S.T.O P. Violence Against Women FFY08 Plan Attachment A
MEMORANDUM
To:
Budget Committee Members
From:
John Chojnacki, Associate Director, Federal & State Grants Unit
Date:
November 5, 2008
Subject: FFY05 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustment #11
FFY06 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustment #11
FFY07 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustment #4
This memo describes proposed adjustments to the FFY05, FFY06, and FFY07 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) plans, as illustrated in the attached Attachment A's dated November 12, 2008.
DESIGNATION REDUCTIONS
The following table details VOCA funds returned to the Authority from programs at the ends of their periods of performance. FFY05 figures are being provided for informational purposes only as these funds are no longer available for use. Staff recommends that the FFY06 and FFY07 funds listed below be made available for future programming.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE FUNDS
The table below describes funds remaining available for future use, assuming the adoption of the staff's recommendations described in this memo:
Staff will be available at the meeting to answer any questions.
Victims of Crime Act
FFY05 Attachment A
SERVICES TO VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
November 12, 2008
SERVICES TO VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT
PROSECUTOR-BASED VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
Program Title: Law Enfocement and Prosecutor-Based Victim Assistance Services
3
TRAINING FOR VICTIM SERVICE PROVIDERS
Program Title: Centralized Training for Chicago Area
Domestic Violence Agencies
Chicago Metropolitan Battered Women's Network
$23,962
Allocated Funds $14,558,750 $14,558,747
($3)
Unallocated Funds
$0
$3
$3
Grant Funds $14,558,750
$0
Training Funds
$0
Administrative Funds $766,250 $15,325,000
INITIAL AMENDED
AMOUNT AMOUNT DIFFERENCE
Victims of Crime Act FFY06 Attachment A
SERVICES TO VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Program Title: Services to Underserved Domestic Violence Populations
Horizons Community Services
$53,067
INITIAL AMENDED AMOUNT AMOUNT DIFFERENCE
PROSECUTOR-BASED VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
INITIAL
AMENDED
Victims of Crime Act FFY07
Attachment A
SERVICES TO VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Program Title: Transitional Housing and Support Services
Program Title: Civil Legal Services for Victims of Domestic Violence
Will County Legal Assistance
$39,340
Program Title: Services to Non-English Speaking or Bilingual
INITIAL
AMENDED
INITIAL
AMENDED
INFORMATION DISSEMINATION / AUTOMATION
Program Title: Information Network for Victim Service Providers
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority
TRAINING FOR VICTIM SERVICE PROVIDERS
Program Title: Statewide Victim Assistance Training
Illinois Attorney General's Office
$31,200
Program Title: Centralized Training for Chicago Area Domestic Vilence Agencies
Chicago Metropolitan Battered Women's Network
$21,840
$0
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ILLINOIS CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION AUTHORITY
300 West Adams Street, Suite 700
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Phone: (312) 793-8550
Fax: (312) 793-8422
TDD: (312) 793-4170 http://www.icjia.state.il.us
Budget Committee
_______________________________ _______________________________
Eugene E. Murphy, Jr. Chair
Hon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair
David P. Bradford
Barbara L. Engel
Thomas J. Jurkanin
Hon. Lisa Madigan
Larry G. Trent
_______________________________ _______________________________
- Call to Order and Roll Call
1. Approval of the Minutes of the August 26, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting
2. Approval of the Minutes of the September 5, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting Budget Agenda
3. Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustments
FFY02 Plan Adjustment #16
FFY03 Plan Adjustment #10
FFY04 Plan Adjustment #8
FFY05 Plan Adjustment #6
FFY06 Plan Adjustment #4
FFY07 Plan Adjustment #2
FFY08 Plan Introduction
4. Victims of Crime Act Plan Adjustments FFY05 Plan Adjustment #11
FFY06 Plan Adjustment #11
FFY07 Plan Adjustment #4
- Old Business
- New Business
- Adjourn
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority
Sheldon Sorosky Chair
Hon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair
Lori G. Levin Executive Director
Meeting Notice
Budget Committee
November 12, 2008 – 10:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street 8 th Floor Conference Room Chicago, IL 60606
Agenda
This meeting will be accessible to persons with disabilities in compliance with Executive Order #5 and pertinent State and Federal laws upon anticipated attendance. Persons with disabilities planning to attend and needing special accommodations should contact by telephone or letter Mr. Hank Anthony, Associate Director, Office of Administrative Services, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 300 West Adams Street, Suite 700, Chicago, Illinois 60606 (telephone 312/793-8550). TDD services are available at 312-793-4170.
MINUTES
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Budget Committee Meeting
10:00 a.m.
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street, Eighth Floor Conference Room Chicago, Illinois
Call to Order and Roll Call
The Budget Committee of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Tuesday, August 26, 2008, at the Eighth Floor Conference Room at 300 West Adams Street, Chicago, Illinois. Budget Committee Chairman Eugene E. Murphy, Jr. called the meeting to order at 10:13 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Chief David Bradford, Waisu Fashina for Clerk Dorothy Brown, John Robertson for Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Norbert Goetten (via teleconference), Barbara Engel (via teleconference), State's Attorney Bill Mudge (via teleconference), Director Michael J. Pelletier, Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky (via teleconference), Mariyana Spyropoulos, Colonel Michael Snyders for Director Larry Trent, and John Z. Toscas (via teleconference). Also in attendance were Megan Alderden of the Chicago Police Department (via teleconference), Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, Associate Director Mark Myrent, and other Authority staff members.
Prior to the beginning of the meeting, Budget Committee Chairman Murphy assigned Mr. Fashina and Director Pelletier to the Budget Committee for the duration of the meeting for the purposes of attaining a quorum. Only members and designees physically present at the meeting were permitted to vote.
Minutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting
Chief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.
Minutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda
Chief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda. Mr. Fashina seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY04 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (ADAA) Plan Adjustments
Program Supervisor Mike Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 3 of the meeting materials regarding the ADAA FFY04 Plan Adjustments. He said that currently the Authority's Research and Analysis Unit (R&A) has a $225,000 designation in FFY04 Criminal History Records Improvement (CHRI) funds for its Audit Plan. These funds were intended to cover personnel costs, including the hiring of additional research staff. However, R&A was unable to reach its hiring goal. As a result, staff recommends reducing the Audit Plan designation by $99,750 to $125,250. The $99,750 must remain dedicated to CHRI purposes and when combined with other unallocated CHRI funds, yields a total of $105,839 available for future CHRI programming. ADAA FFY04 funds expire on September 30, 2008.
Mr. Carter said that staff seeks to designate funds to the Chicago Police Department (CPD) to facilitate the modernization of its criminal history records keeping system. The CPD would use these funds to convert approximately 1 million paper records into electronic records in its automated criminal history records system. These funds would be used to cover overtime costs incurred by the conversion process.
In response to a question by Chief Bradford, Associate Director Mark Myrent (director of the Authority's R&A unit) said that the R&A unit was unable to hire the desired personnel due to difficulties in navigating the state's hiring system. Specifically, difficulties were experienced in obtaining the proper approvals to both post notices of available positions and to make timely offers to candidates for those positions. Plans are still in place to pursue hiring for those positions using funds from the next federal fiscal year's designation. In fact, interviews for those positions are scheduled to take place in September, 2008.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 ADAA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY04 Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) Plan Adjustments
Mr. Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 4 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments. He said that JAIBG FFY04 funds expire on November 26, 2008. Currently, $108,363 in FFY04 funds is available for use. He said that staff recommends designating these funds to the Illinois Violence Prevention Authority (IVPA) which would use these funds to support the Corazón Community Services program. Corazón is a holistic social services program based in Cicero, Illinois. The IVPA reported that schools in this area are expelling an average of 15 students each month, primarily for gang-related activities. More than half of the expelled students are left without educational alternatives. Corazón would form a partnership with a local junior high school to create two alternative classrooms to serve expelled students. Services would include intake assessment, treatment, transportation, and enrollment in a life-skills program. These funds would be used to purchase computers, software, and related equipment for use by program staff and students, agency brochures, office supplies, and vehicles to support program activities.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments described in the addendum that was distributed to the Budget Committee members at the meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY05 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments
Program Supervisor Ron Reichgelt called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008, under Tab 5 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Mr. Reichgelt said that HOPE of East Central Illinois returned $6,675 from its transitional housing program. He said that staff recommends that these funds be made available for future programming. The lapsing $6,675 combined with $35,559 in other unallocated FFY05 funds yields a total of $42,234 available for future programming.
Mr. Reichgelt said that staff recommends designating the $42,234 to the Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV) to support the InfoNet program. The funds would be used to upgrade or purchase computers for the ICADV's subgrantee agencies. InfoNet is the data collection system developed by the Authority for the collection of victim service data.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
New Business
None.
Old Business
None.
Adjourn
Chief Bradford moved to adjourn. The motion was seconded by Ms. Spyropoulos and passed by unanimous voice vote. The meeting was adjourned at 10:25 a.m.
MINUTES
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda Friday, September 5, 2008 9:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle
Auditorium Room C-500 Chicago, Illinois
Call to Order and Roll Call
The Board of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Friday, September 5, 2008, in Auditorium Room C-500 at the Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky called the Budget Agenda portion of the Regular Meeting to order at 9:56 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Clerk Dorothy Brown, Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Brad Demuzio, Authority Vice-Chairman and State's Attorney Richard A. Devine, Director Norbert Goetten, Clerk Becky Jansen, Director Thomas J. Jurkanin, Ellen Mandeltort for Attorney General Lisa Madigan, Director Michael J. Pelletier, Mariyana Spyropoulos, and John Z. Toscas. Also in attendance were Executive Director Lori G. Levin, Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, and other Authority staff members.
Chairman Sorosky, in accordance with the Authority's rules, declared the meeting a Budget Committee meeting at 9:56 a.m., operating as a committee of the budget as a whole. He appointed all Authority members present to be Budget Committee members for the limited purpose of addressing the budget-related agenda items.
Approval of the FFY07 Justice Assistance Grants (JAG) Plan Adjustments
Associate Director Chojnacki, referring to a memo in the meeting materials dated September 2, 2008 and regarding proposed JAG FFY07 plan adjustments, said that staff requested permission to reallocate previously designated JAG FFY07 funds from the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice's (IDJJ) Young Offender Re-entry Program to the Illinois Department of Corrections' (IDOC) Community-based Residential Treatment for
Adults Program. He said that Program Supervisor Mike Carter was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin said that, essentially, this request was intended to prevent a lapse in funds back to the federal government by allowing the funds to be reprogrammed between the IDJJ and the IDOC. Mr. Chojnacki confirmed that $40,000 would transfer from the IDJJ program to the IDOC program.
Director Goetten moved to approve the FFY07 JAG Plan Adjustments. Director Demuzio seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Plan Adjustments
Mr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 in the meeting materials and regarding proposed VAWA FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 plan adjustments, said that the memo detailed designation reduction requests and recommended new designations. He said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin said that staff recommended $364,000 in FFY05 funds to the City of Chicago's Domestic Violence HelpLine. She said that staff had received permission from the Office of Violence Against Women (OVW) to shift the funding source for this program from Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) funds to VAWA Law Enforcement funds. She said that staff is trying to come up with creative uses of limited funds. She also said that staff requested that $55,500 in FFY05 funds be designated to the East Central Illinois Mobile Police Training Unit and that $20,000 be designated to the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault for improving the medical response to rape victims. She said that the total amount of the new designation requests was $439,500.
Mr. Toscas moved to approve the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 VAWA Plan Adjustments described in the memo. Director Goetten seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY06 and FFY07 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments and the FFY08 VOCA Plan Introduction
Mr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 and regarding proposed VOCA plan adjustments for FFY06 and FFY07 and the FFY08 introduction, said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin, referring to the table at the bottom of Page 13 of the memo, said that the table summarized all available funds, assuming the adoption by this committee of the proposals set forth in the memo. She said that the table indicates that there would be virtually no funds available for future programming out of existing federal fiscal year awards. She added that all VOCA programs endured a 27.8 percent cut. That cut was primarily a function of the VOCA cap having been lowered. She said that staff did as much juggling as possible in crafting the recommendations
|
in the memo in an attempt to spend all of these funds and to deal funding cuts in an even-handed manner to all grantees.
| 13,695
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|
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|
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<url>
http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/pdf/budget/Materials%20111208.pdf
</url>
<text>
ILLINOIS CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION AUTHORITY
300 West Adams Street, Suite 700
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Phone: (312) 793-8550
Fax: (312) 793-8422
TDD: (312) 793-4170 http://www.icjia.state.il.us
Budget Committee
_______________________________ _______________________________
Eugene E. Murphy, Jr. Chair
Hon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair
David P. Bradford
Barbara L. Engel
Thomas J. Jurkanin
Hon. Lisa Madigan
Larry G. Trent
_______________________________ _______________________________
- Call to Order and Roll Call
1. Approval of the Minutes of the August 26, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting
2. Approval of the Minutes of the September 5, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting Budget Agenda
3. Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustments
FFY02 Plan Adjustment #16
FFY03 Plan Adjustment #10
FFY04 Plan Adjustment #8
FFY05 Plan Adjustment #6
FFY06 Plan Adjustment #4
FFY07 Plan Adjustment #2
FFY08 Plan Introduction
4. Victims of Crime Act Plan Adjustments FFY05 Plan Adjustment #11
FFY06 Plan Adjustment #11
FFY07 Plan Adjustment #4
- Old Business
- New Business
- Adjourn
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority
Sheldon Sorosky Chair
Hon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair
Lori G. Levin Executive Director
Meeting Notice
Budget Committee
November 12, 2008 – 10:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street 8 th Floor Conference Room Chicago, IL 60606
Agenda
This meeting will be accessible to persons with disabilities in compliance with Executive Order #5 and pertinent State and Federal laws upon anticipated attendance. Persons with disabilities planning to attend and needing special accommodations should contact by telephone or letter Mr. Hank Anthony, Associate Director, Office of Administrative Services, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 300 West Adams Street, Suite 700, Chicago, Illinois 60606 (telephone 312/793-8550). TDD services are available at 312-793-4170.
MINUTES
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Budget Committee Meeting
10:00 a.m.
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street, Eighth Floor Conference Room Chicago, Illinois
Call to Order and Roll Call
The Budget Committee of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Tuesday, August 26, 2008, at the Eighth Floor Conference Room at 300 West Adams Street, Chicago, Illinois. Budget Committee Chairman Eugene E. Murphy, Jr. called the meeting to order at 10:13 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Chief David Bradford, Waisu Fashina for Clerk Dorothy Brown, John Robertson for Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Norbert Goetten (via teleconference), Barbara Engel (via teleconference), State's Attorney Bill Mudge (via teleconference), Director Michael J. Pelletier, Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky (via teleconference), Mariyana Spyropoulos, Colonel Michael Snyders for Director Larry Trent, and John Z. Toscas (via teleconference). Also in attendance were Megan Alderden of the Chicago Police Department (via teleconference), Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, Associate Director Mark Myrent, and other Authority staff members.
Prior to the beginning of the meeting, Budget Committee Chairman Murphy assigned Mr. Fashina and Director Pelletier to the Budget Committee for the duration of the meeting for the purposes of attaining a quorum. Only members and designees physically present at the meeting were permitted to vote.
Minutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting
Chief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.
Minutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda
Chief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda. Mr. Fashina seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY04 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (ADAA) Plan Adjustments
Program Supervisor Mike Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 3 of the meeting materials regarding the ADAA FFY04 Plan Adjustments. He said that currently the Authority's Research and Analysis Unit (R&A) has a $225,000 designation in FFY04 Criminal History Records Improvement (CHRI) funds for its Audit Plan. These funds were intended to cover personnel costs, including the hiring of additional research staff. However, R&A was unable to reach its hiring goal. As a result, staff recommends reducing the Audit Plan designation by $99,750 to $125,250. The $99,750 must remain dedicated to CHRI purposes and when combined with other unallocated CHRI funds, yields a total of $105,839 available for future CHRI programming. ADAA FFY04 funds expire on September 30, 2008.
Mr. Carter said that staff seeks to designate funds to the Chicago Police Department (CPD) to facilitate the modernization of its criminal history records keeping system. The CPD would use these funds to convert approximately 1 million paper records into electronic records in its automated criminal history records system. These funds would be used to cover overtime costs incurred by the conversion process.
In response to a question by Chief Bradford, Associate Director Mark Myrent (director of the Authority's R&A unit) said that the R&A unit was unable to hire the desired personnel due to difficulties in navigating the state's hiring system. Specifically, difficulties were experienced in obtaining the proper approvals to both post notices of available positions and to make timely offers to candidates for those positions. Plans are still in place to pursue hiring for those positions using funds from the next federal fiscal year's designation. In fact, interviews for those positions are scheduled to take place in September, 2008.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 ADAA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY04 Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) Plan Adjustments
Mr. Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 4 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments. He said that JAIBG FFY04 funds expire on November 26, 2008. Currently, $108,363 in FFY04 funds is available for use. He said that staff recommends designating these funds to the Illinois Violence Prevention Authority (IVPA) which would use these funds to support the Corazón Community Services program. Corazón is a holistic social services program based in Cicero, Illinois. The IVPA reported that schools in this area are expelling an average of 15 students each month, primarily for gang-related activities. More than half of the expelled students are left without educational alternatives. Corazón would form a partnership with a local junior high school to create two alternative classrooms to serve expelled students. Services would include intake assessment, treatment, transportation, and enrollment in a life-skills program. These funds would be used to purchase computers, software, and related equipment for use by program staff and students, agency brochures, office supplies, and vehicles to support program activities.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments described in the addendum that was distributed to the Budget Committee members at the meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY05 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments
Program Supervisor Ron Reichgelt called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008, under Tab 5 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Mr. Reichgelt said that HOPE of East Central Illinois returned $6,675 from its transitional housing program. He said that staff recommends that these funds be made available for future programming. The lapsing $6,675 combined with $35,559 in other unallocated FFY05 funds yields a total of $42,234 available for future programming.
Mr. Reichgelt said that staff recommends designating the $42,234 to the Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV) to support the InfoNet program. The funds would be used to upgrade or purchase computers for the ICADV's subgrantee agencies. InfoNet is the data collection system developed by the Authority for the collection of victim service data.
Chief Bradford moved to approve the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
New Business
None.
Old Business
None.
Adjourn
Chief Bradford moved to adjourn. The motion was seconded by Ms. Spyropoulos and passed by unanimous voice vote. The meeting was adjourned at 10:25 a.m.
MINUTES
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda Friday, September 5, 2008 9:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle
Auditorium Room C-500 Chicago, Illinois
Call to Order and Roll Call
The Board of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Friday, September 5, 2008, in Auditorium Room C-500 at the Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky called the Budget Agenda portion of the Regular Meeting to order at 9:56 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Clerk Dorothy Brown, Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Brad Demuzio, Authority Vice-Chairman and State's Attorney Richard A. Devine, Director Norbert Goetten, Clerk Becky Jansen, Director Thomas J. Jurkanin, Ellen Mandeltort for Attorney General Lisa Madigan, Director Michael J. Pelletier, Mariyana Spyropoulos, and John Z. Toscas. Also in attendance were Executive Director Lori G. Levin, Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, and other Authority staff members.
Chairman Sorosky, in accordance with the Authority's rules, declared the meeting a Budget Committee meeting at 9:56 a.m., operating as a committee of the budget as a whole. He appointed all Authority members present to be Budget Committee members for the limited purpose of addressing the budget-related agenda items.
Approval of the FFY07 Justice Assistance Grants (JAG) Plan Adjustments
Associate Director Chojnacki, referring to a memo in the meeting materials dated September 2, 2008 and regarding proposed JAG FFY07 plan adjustments, said that staff requested permission to reallocate previously designated JAG FFY07 funds from the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice's (IDJJ) Young Offender Re-entry Program to the Illinois Department of Corrections' (IDOC) Community-based Residential Treatment for
Adults Program. He said that Program Supervisor Mike Carter was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin said that, essentially, this request was intended to prevent a lapse in funds back to the federal government by allowing the funds to be reprogrammed between the IDJJ and the IDOC. Mr. Chojnacki confirmed that $40,000 would transfer from the IDJJ program to the IDOC program.
Director Goetten moved to approve the FFY07 JAG Plan Adjustments. Director Demuzio seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Plan Adjustments
Mr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 in the meeting materials and regarding proposed VAWA FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 plan adjustments, said that the memo detailed designation reduction requests and recommended new designations. He said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin said that staff recommended $364,000 in FFY05 funds to the City of Chicago's Domestic Violence HelpLine. She said that staff had received permission from the Office of Violence Against Women (OVW) to shift the funding source for this program from Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) funds to VAWA Law Enforcement funds. She said that staff is trying to come up with creative uses of limited funds. She also said that staff requested that $55,500 in FFY05 funds be designated to the East Central Illinois Mobile Police Training Unit and that $20,000 be designated to the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault for improving the medical response to rape victims. She said that the total amount of the new designation requests was $439,500.
Mr. Toscas moved to approve the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 VAWA Plan Adjustments described in the memo. Director Goetten seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.
Approval of the FFY06 and FFY07 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments and the FFY08 VOCA Plan Introduction
Mr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 and regarding proposed VOCA plan adjustments for FFY06 and FFY07 and the FFY08 introduction, said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.
Director Levin, referring to the table at the bottom of Page 13 of the memo, said that the table summarized all available funds, assuming the adoption by this committee of the proposals set forth in the memo. She said that the table indicates that there would be virtually no funds available for future programming out of existing federal fiscal year awards. She added that all VOCA programs endured a 27.8 percent cut. That cut was primarily a function of the VOCA cap having been lowered. She said that staff did as much juggling as possible in crafting the recommendations <cursor_is_here>
</text>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/pdf/budget/Materials%20111208.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nILLINOIS CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION AUTHORITY\n\n300 West Adams Street, Suite 700\n\nChicago, Illinois 60606\n\nPhone: (312) 793-8550\n\nFax: (312) 793-8422\n\nTDD: (312) 793-4170 http://www.icjia.state.il.us\n\nBudget Committee\n\n_______________________________ _______________________________\n\nEugene E. Murphy, Jr. Chair\n\nHon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair\n\nDavid P. Bradford\n\nBarbara L. Engel\n\nThomas J. Jurkanin\n\nHon. Lisa Madigan\n\nLarry G. Trent\n\n_______________________________ _______________________________\n\n- Call to Order and Roll Call\n\n1. Approval of the Minutes of the August 26, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting\n\n2. Approval of the Minutes of the September 5, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting Budget Agenda\n\n3. Violence Against Women Act Plan Adjustments\n\nFFY02 Plan Adjustment #16\n\nFFY03 Plan Adjustment #10\n\nFFY04 Plan Adjustment #8\n\nFFY05 Plan Adjustment #6\n\nFFY06 Plan Adjustment #4\n\nFFY07 Plan Adjustment #2\n\nFFY08 Plan Introduction\n\n4. Victims of Crime Act Plan Adjustments FFY05 Plan Adjustment #11\n\nFFY06 Plan Adjustment #11\n\nFFY07 Plan Adjustment #4\n\n- Old Business\n\n- New Business\n\n- Adjourn\n\nIllinois Criminal Justice Information Authority\n\nSheldon Sorosky Chair\n\nHon. Richard A. Devine Vice Chair\n\nLori G. Levin Executive Director\n\nMeeting Notice\n\nBudget Committee\n\nNovember 12, 2008 – 10:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street 8 th Floor Conference Room Chicago, IL 60606\n\nAgenda\n\nThis meeting will be accessible to persons with disabilities in compliance with Executive Order #5 and pertinent State and Federal laws upon anticipated attendance. Persons with disabilities planning to attend and needing special accommodations should contact by telephone or letter Mr. Hank Anthony, Associate Director, Office of Administrative Services, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 300 West Adams Street, Suite 700, Chicago, Illinois 60606 (telephone 312/793-8550). TDD services are available at 312-793-4170.\n\nMINUTES\n\nIllinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Budget Committee Meeting\n\n10:00 a.m.\n\nTuesday, August 26, 2008\n\nIllinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 300 West Adams Street, Eighth Floor Conference Room Chicago, Illinois\n\nCall to Order and Roll Call\n\nThe Budget Committee of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Tuesday, August 26, 2008, at the Eighth Floor Conference Room at 300 West Adams Street, Chicago, Illinois. Budget Committee Chairman Eugene E. Murphy, Jr. called the meeting to order at 10:13 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Chief David Bradford, Waisu Fashina for Clerk Dorothy Brown, John Robertson for Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Norbert Goetten (via teleconference), Barbara Engel (via teleconference), State's Attorney Bill Mudge (via teleconference), Director Michael J. Pelletier, Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky (via teleconference), Mariyana Spyropoulos, Colonel Michael Snyders for Director Larry Trent, and John Z. Toscas (via teleconference). Also in attendance were Megan Alderden of the Chicago Police Department (via teleconference), Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, Associate Director Mark Myrent, and other Authority staff members.\n\nPrior to the beginning of the meeting, Budget Committee Chairman Murphy assigned Mr. Fashina and Director Pelletier to the Budget Committee for the duration of the meeting for the purposes of attaining a quorum. Only members and designees physically present at the meeting were permitted to vote.\n\nMinutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting\n\nChief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the April 29, 2008 Budget Committee Meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.\n\nMinutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda\n\nChief Bradford moved to approve the minutes of the June 6, 2008 Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda. Mr. Fashina seconded the motion and the minutes were approved by unanimous voice vote.\n\nApproval of the FFY04 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (ADAA) Plan Adjustments\n\nProgram Supervisor Mike Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 3 of the meeting materials regarding the ADAA FFY04 Plan Adjustments. He said that currently the Authority's Research and Analysis Unit (R&A) has a $225,000 designation in FFY04 Criminal History Records Improvement (CHRI) funds for its Audit Plan. These funds were intended to cover personnel costs, including the hiring of additional research staff. However, R&A was unable to reach its hiring goal. As a result, staff recommends reducing the Audit Plan designation by $99,750 to $125,250. The $99,750 must remain dedicated to CHRI purposes and when combined with other unallocated CHRI funds, yields a total of $105,839 available for future CHRI programming. ADAA FFY04 funds expire on September 30, 2008.\n\nMr. Carter said that staff seeks to designate funds to the Chicago Police Department (CPD) to facilitate the modernization of its criminal history records keeping system. The CPD would use these funds to convert approximately 1 million paper records into electronic records in its automated criminal history records system. These funds would be used to cover overtime costs incurred by the conversion process.\n\nIn response to a question by Chief Bradford, Associate Director Mark Myrent (director of the Authority's R&A unit) said that the R&A unit was unable to hire the desired personnel due to difficulties in navigating the state's hiring system. Specifically, difficulties were experienced in obtaining the proper approvals to both post notices of available positions and to make timely offers to candidates for those positions. Plans are still in place to pursue hiring for those positions using funds from the next federal fiscal year's designation. In fact, interviews for those positions are scheduled to take place in September, 2008.\n\nChief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 ADAA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.\n\nApproval of the FFY04 Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) Plan Adjustments\n\nMr. Carter called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008 under Tab 4 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments. He said that JAIBG FFY04 funds expire on November 26, 2008. Currently, $108,363 in FFY04 funds is available for use. He said that staff recommends designating these funds to the Illinois Violence Prevention Authority (IVPA) which would use these funds to support the Corazón Community Services program. Corazón is a holistic social services program based in Cicero, Illinois. The IVPA reported that schools in this area are expelling an average of 15 students each month, primarily for gang-related activities. More than half of the expelled students are left without educational alternatives. Corazón would form a partnership with a local junior high school to create two alternative classrooms to serve expelled students. Services would include intake assessment, treatment, transportation, and enrollment in a life-skills program. These funds would be used to purchase computers, software, and related equipment for use by program staff and students, agency brochures, office supplies, and vehicles to support program activities.\n\nChief Bradford moved to approve the FFY04 JAIBG Plan Adjustments described in the addendum that was distributed to the Budget Committee members at the meeting. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.\n\nApproval of the FFY05 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments\n\nProgram Supervisor Ron Reichgelt called attention to the memo, dated August 19, 2008, under Tab 5 of the meeting materials regarding the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Mr. Reichgelt said that HOPE of East Central Illinois returned $6,675 from its transitional housing program. He said that staff recommends that these funds be made available for future programming. The lapsing $6,675 combined with $35,559 in other unallocated FFY05 funds yields a total of $42,234 available for future programming.\n\nMr. Reichgelt said that staff recommends designating the $42,234 to the Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV) to support the InfoNet program. The funds would be used to upgrade or purchase computers for the ICADV's subgrantee agencies. InfoNet is the data collection system developed by the Authority for the collection of victim service data.\n\nChief Bradford moved to approve the FFY05 VOCA Plan Adjustments. Ms. Spyropoulos seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.\n\nNew Business\n\nNone.\n\nOld Business\n\nNone.\n\nAdjourn\n\nChief Bradford moved to adjourn. The motion was seconded by Ms. Spyropoulos and passed by unanimous voice vote. The meeting was adjourned at 10:25 a.m.\n\nMINUTES\n\nIllinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Authority Regular Meeting / Budget Agenda Friday, September 5, 2008 9:00 a.m. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle\n\nAuditorium Room C-500 Chicago, Illinois\n\nCall to Order and Roll Call\n\nThe Board of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority met on Friday, September 5, 2008, in Auditorium Room C-500 at the Michael A. Bilandic Building, 160 N. La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Authority Chairman Sheldon Sorosky called the Budget Agenda portion of the Regular Meeting to order at 9:56 a.m. Other Authority members and designees present were Clerk Dorothy Brown, Sheriff Tom Dart, Director Brad Demuzio, Authority Vice-Chairman and State's Attorney Richard A. Devine, Director Norbert Goetten, Clerk Becky Jansen, Director Thomas J. Jurkanin, Ellen Mandeltort for Attorney General Lisa Madigan, Director Michael J. Pelletier, Mariyana Spyropoulos, and John Z. Toscas. Also in attendance were Executive Director Lori G. Levin, Authority General Counsel Jack Cutrone, Associate Director John Chojnacki, and other Authority staff members.\n\nChairman Sorosky, in accordance with the Authority's rules, declared the meeting a Budget Committee meeting at 9:56 a.m., operating as a committee of the budget as a whole. He appointed all Authority members present to be Budget Committee members for the limited purpose of addressing the budget-related agenda items.\n\nApproval of the FFY07 Justice Assistance Grants (JAG) Plan Adjustments\n\nAssociate Director Chojnacki, referring to a memo in the meeting materials dated September 2, 2008 and regarding proposed JAG FFY07 plan adjustments, said that staff requested permission to reallocate previously designated JAG FFY07 funds from the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice's (IDJJ) Young Offender Re-entry Program to the Illinois Department of Corrections' (IDOC) Community-based Residential Treatment for\n\nAdults Program. He said that Program Supervisor Mike Carter was available to answer any questions.\n\nDirector Levin said that, essentially, this request was intended to prevent a lapse in funds back to the federal government by allowing the funds to be reprogrammed between the IDJJ and the IDOC. Mr. Chojnacki confirmed that $40,000 would transfer from the IDJJ program to the IDOC program.\n\nDirector Goetten moved to approve the FFY07 JAG Plan Adjustments. Director Demuzio seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.\n\nApproval of the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Plan Adjustments\n\nMr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 in the meeting materials and regarding proposed VAWA FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 plan adjustments, said that the memo detailed designation reduction requests and recommended new designations. He said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.\n\nDirector Levin said that staff recommended $364,000 in FFY05 funds to the City of Chicago's Domestic Violence HelpLine. She said that staff had received permission from the Office of Violence Against Women (OVW) to shift the funding source for this program from Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) funds to VAWA Law Enforcement funds. She said that staff is trying to come up with creative uses of limited funds. She also said that staff requested that $55,500 in FFY05 funds be designated to the East Central Illinois Mobile Police Training Unit and that $20,000 be designated to the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault for improving the medical response to rape victims. She said that the total amount of the new designation requests was $439,500.\n\nMr. Toscas moved to approve the FFY02, FFY04, and FFY05 VAWA Plan Adjustments described in the memo. Director Goetten seconded the motion and it was approved by unanimous voice vote.\n\nApproval of the FFY06 and FFY07 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Plan Adjustments and the FFY08 VOCA Plan Introduction\n\nMr. Chojnacki, referring to the memo dated August 22, 2008 and regarding proposed VOCA plan adjustments for FFY06 and FFY07 and the FFY08 introduction, said that Program Supervisor Greg Stevens was available to answer any questions.\n\nDirector Levin, referring to the table at the bottom of Page 13 of the memo, said that the table summarized all available funds, assuming the adoption by this committee of the proposals set forth in the memo. She said that the table indicates that there would be virtually no funds available for future programming out of existing federal fiscal year awards. She added that all VOCA programs endured a 27.8 percent cut. That cut was primarily a function of the VOCA cap having been lowered. She said that staff did as much juggling as possible in crafting the recommendations <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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DAVID IGE
GOVERNOR OF HAWAII
SHAN TSUTSUI
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
HAWAII INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL
1151 PUNCHBOWL ST, #325
HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813
July 29, 2015
SUBMITTAL
TO:
Co-chairs and Members Hawaii Invasive Species Council State of Hawaii
FROM:
Joshua Atwood, Ph.D., Program Supervisor Hawaii Invasive Species Council
SUBJECT:
Requesting approval of a recommended budget for the Hawaii Invasive Species Council in Fiscal Year 2016
Background
Since its inception in 2003, the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) has disbursed funding to support interagency invasive species projects that:
* Fill gaps between agency mandates or existing agency programs, and/or
* Advance our collective knowledge through research and development of new tools.
Funds are disbursed via an intragovernmental granting process wherein state, county, and federal offices may submit requests for funding and meet to collaboratively draft a recommended budget for HISC review.
In Fiscal Year 2016 (FY16), the legislature appropriated $750,000 to the HISC via the biennium budget (Act 119, Session Laws of Hawaii [SLH] 2015), and $4,000,000 via Act 84, SLH 2015, for a totally FY16 budget of $4,750,000. Executive Memorandum (EM) 15-01 mandates a 10% restriction by the Department of Budget and Finance on general fund expenditures in FY16, and a 5% overhead fee is assessed by the Division of Forestry and Wildlife at the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), as the administrative host of the HISC.
The amount of funding requested to provide staff support to the HISC in FY16 is $183,294. This supports two temporary positions (HISC Planner and HISC Interagency Coordinator) and associated travel, supplies, and other support costs. This amount does not include the salary cost of the HISC Program Supervisor, which is provided through DLNR's regular biennium budget.
The amount of funding available for disbursement to projects in FY16 is $3,877,956 ($4,750,000 less 10% restriction, 5% overhead, and $183,294 in support staff costs).
Discussion
The preparation of a recommended budget for the HISC to review was accomplished via the following process:
VOTING MEMBERS
SUZANNE CASE
DEPARTMENT OF LAND & NATURAL
RESOURCES
SCOTT ENRIGHT HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KEITH KAWAOKA, D.Env
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
MARIA GALLO, PhD UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I
LEO ASUNCION
OFFICE OF PLANNING, DEPARTMENT OF
BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT &
TOURISM
DAVID RODRIGUEZ DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
* A call for proposals was released in late April 2015, with proposals due by close of business on May 29, 2015.
* As described in the proposal guidelines, proposed projects demonstrated applicability to:
o The recommendations of Regional Biosecurity Plan for Micronesia and Hawaii
o The goals and strategies of the HISC Strategic Plan 2015-2020
o The results of an FY16 priority ranking survey completed in April 2015.
* Each voting HISC agency assigned one staff member to serve on the Evaluation Committee, which reviews all proposals received.
* The Evaluation Committee assigned a quantitative score to each proposal based on a rubric provided in the proposal guidelines. These scores are accompanied by a qualitative discussion of the merits of each proposal.
* On June 29, 2015, the Resources Working Group facilitated a meeting of the Evaluation Committee, along with other interested agency staff or members of the public, to discuss ranked proposals and assign recommended award amounts totaling the amount of funding available.
Requests received for FY16 totaled $9,808,922 across 60 proposals. Twenty-five proposals were not recommended for funding. In almost all cases, this was due to a lack of resources available rather than a lack of project merit. Of the remaining 35 proposals, only two were recommended for 100% of their requested funding amount. Both proposals contained budgets that supported a single staff member, and any reduction in the total amount would make the project unviable. Thirty-three proposals were recommended for partial funding. Applicants were contacted to discuss scalability of their proposed projects to ensure that partial funding would be useful in supporting some, but not all, of the proposed project deliverables.
The recommended funding amounts created during the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting assumed that, similar to the implementation of expenditure restrictions in FY15, the 10% restriction imposed by the Department of Budget and Finance would apply only to the $750,000 appropriated via the regular biennium budget, and not to the $4,000,000 appropriated via Act 84. Subsequent discussions with the DLNR Fiscal Office have indicated that both appropriations will be subject to the 10% restriction in FY16, though HISC staff are exploring the whether an exemption to this policy is possible. As such, the recommended budget in Attachment 1 includes two amounts for each proposal: the initial award recommended at the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting (totaling $4,257,957) and an amended award accommodating the additional restriction (totaling $3,877,956). The amended award amounts generally represent an across-the-board proportional reduction. There are four exceptions to the across-the-board reduction: The applicant for the Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species (CGAPS) voluntarily and substantially reduced her recommended award based on obtaining alternative funding following the June 29 meeting. This helped offset the maintenance of recommended awards for three proposals for which further reduction is not recommended based on their support of a single staff member:
* Support for the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (UH)
* Support for Hull Fouling and Ballast Water policy development (UH)
* Support for research on Rapid 'Ōhi'a Death (US Forest Service).
Legal Authority
* HRS 194-2 (a): Establishes the HISC for the purpose of cabinet-level coordination and planning among state departments, federal agencies, and international and local initiatives
* HRS 194-2 (a)(3): Directs the HISC to identify and prioritize each lead agency's organizational and resource shortfalls with respect to invasive species
* HRS 194-2 (a)(4): Directs the HISC to create and implement a plan for prevention, early detection, rapid response, control, enforcement, and education
* Act 119, SLH 2015: Provides $750,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC
* Act 84, SLH 2015: Provides $4,000,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC
Recommendations
1. That the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) approve the recommended FY16 budget in substantially the same form as presented in Attachment 1, utilizing award amount presents in Column H ("Amended Award").
2. That the HISC further approve that, should the Department of Budget and Finance grant an exemption to the 10% on funds provided to the HISC via Act 84, SLH 2015, award amounts for FY16 will generally revert to the amount recommended by the Resources Working Group in Column G.
Attachments:
* Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.
Attachment 1: Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.
Note: Proposals are presented in ranked order based on the scores assigned by the Evaluation Committee (1=highest rank). Qualitative discussion of proposal timeline and likelihood for success were also considered in determining recommended award amounts. Amounts recommended by the Resources Working Group are found in Column G. Award amounts amended to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01 are in Column H. A key to abbreviations is provided below.
| Rank | Cat | Dept | Entity | Abbreviated Title | | Initial | | RWG Rec | | Amended |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | | Request | | Award | | Award |
| 1 | C | UH | MISC | MISC Detection & Control | $800,558 | | $555,060 | | $504,339 | |
| 2 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Control | $688,313 | | $397,969 | | $361,602 | |
| 3 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Early Detection | $221,221 | | $113,449 | | $103,082 | |
| 4 | C | UH | OISC | OISC Detection & Control | $1,009,243 | | $581,658 | | $528,506 | |
| 5 | C | UH | BIISC | Albizia Control | $259,795 | | $157,000 | | $142,653 | |
| 6 | C | HDOA | PPC | CRB Response | $1,150,947 | | $490,724 | | $445,882 | |
| 7 | P | DLNR | KIRC | Kaho‘olawe Biosecurity | $77,387 | | $54,000 | | $49,066 | |
| 8 | P | UH | HPWRA | Weed Risk Assessment | $78,688 | | $78,688 | | $78,688 | |
| 9 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Fern Control | $68,253 | | $32,941 | | $29,931 | |
| 10 | C | UH | HAL | Ant Lab Core Support | $281,259 | | $195,000 | | $177,181 | |
| 11 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Albizia Control | $60,999 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 12 | R | UH | HAL | LFA Research | $79,456 | | $57,063 | | $51,848 | |
| 13 | R | DLNR | DOFAW | HISC Data System | $20,000 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 14 | C | UH | HBIN | Online Info Services Core | $67,982 | | $55,078 | | $50,045 | |
| 15 | O | UH | CGAPS | CGAPS Core | $101,500 | | $67,000 | | $47,000 | |
| 16 | C | UH | KISC | Kōke‘e Weed Control | $40,000 | | $23,827 | | $21,649 | |
| 17 | P | BISH | BISH | Import Reg Updates | $26,297 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 18 | R | UH | CTAHR | Miconia Balistic Control | $187,210 | | $129,000 | | $117,212 | |
| 19 | C | UH | KMWP | Ko‘olau Goat Eradication | $37,875 | | $37,875 | | $34,414 | |
| 20 | R | USDA | USFS | Melastome Biocontrol | $85,430 | | $55,200 | | $50,156 | |
| 21 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Detection & Control | $415,000 | | $311,250 | | $282,808 | |
| 22 | O | UH | MISC | Maui Nui Outreach | $99,338 | | $81,000 | | $73,598 | |
| 23 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu Guava Biocontrol | $68,285 | | $51,715 | | $46,989 | |
| 24 | O | UH | BIISC | BI Outreach | $107,510 | | $67,846 | | $61,646 | |
| 25 | O | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Outreach | $148,158 | | $94,705 | | $86,050 | |
| 26 | R | UH | CTAHR | General Economic Model | $169,740 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 27 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Moloka‘i Ginger Erad | $45,100 | | $35,000 | | $31,802 | |
| 28 | C | UH | BIISC | BI Axis Deer | $150,000 | | $94,694 | | $86,041 | |
| 29 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui Guava Biocontrol | $71,800 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 30 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu NARS Weed Control | $30,000 | | $16,525 | | $15,015 | |
| 31 | C | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Expansion | $9,450 | | $9,450 | | $8,586 | |
| 33 | R | UH | CTAHR | Aerial Albizia Tech | $85,800 | $0 | $0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | C | UH | KMWP | O‘ahu Angiopteris Control | $47,885 | $0 | $0 |
| 35 | O | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Outreach | $7,000 | $3,990 | $3,625 |
| 36 | C | HI County | DRD | HI County LFA Control | $225,000 | $100,000 | $90,862 |
| 37 | O | UH | KISC | Kaua‘i Outreach | $64,000 | $64,000 | $58,152 |
| 38 | P | DLNR | DAR | Ballast Water & Hull Fouling | $73,645 | $73,645 | $73,645 |
| 39 | R | USDA | USFS | ‘Ohi‘a Death Research | $197,572 | $99,000 | $99,000 |
| 40 | R | USDA | PBARC | LFA Chemical Ecology | $177,982 | $0 | $0 |
| 41 | P | UH | HAL | O‘ahu LFA | $96,044 | $0 | $0 |
| 42 | R | UH | CTAHR | Lobate Lac Scale | $48,520 | $0 | $0 |
| 43 | R | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Research | $107,039 | $0 | $0 |
| 44 | R | UH | CTAHR | Naio Thrips Research | $33,000 | $9,818 | $8,920 |
| 45 | R | UH | SDAV | UAV Capacity Development | $189,651 | $0 | $0 |
| 46 | R | BISH | BISH | Invasive Molluscs | $99,678 | $0 | $0 |
| 47 | C | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Tibouchina | $103,627 | $31,290 | $28,431 |
| 48 | R | USDA | USFS | Rubus Biocontrol | $113,463 | $0 | $0 |
| 49 | O | UH | WMWP | Waianae Outreach | $15,000 | $5,000 | $4,543 |
| 50 | R | UH | KISC | Mongoose Trap Tech | $33,000 | $0 | $0 |
| 51 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Mongoose | $55,000 | $27,500 | $24,987 |
| 52 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui African Tulip | $40,075 | $0 | $0 |
| 53 | C | UH | MDWG | Maui Axis Deer | $69,416 | $0 | $0 |
| 54 | R | UH | HIMB | Urchin Reproduction | $83,761 | $0 | $0 |
| 55 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Eucalyptus | $173,690 | $0 | $0 |
| 56 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Lehua Rodent Control | $261,900 | $0 | $0 |
| 57 | O | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Outreach | $512,064 | $0 | $0 |
| 58 | R | UH | CTAHR | Game Mammal Econ | $27,089 | $0 | $0 |
| 59 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Avian Predators | $69,207 | $0 | $0 |
| 60 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kauai strawberry guava | $50,000 | $0 | $0 |
TOTAL
$9,808,922 $4,257,957
$3,877,956
Abbreviations
Categories: P= Prevention; C= Control; O= Outreach; R= Research
Departments: BISH= Bishop Museum; UH= University of Hawaii; USDA= US Dept of Agriculture; HDOA= Hawaii Dept of Agriculture
Entities: MISC= Maui Invasive Species Committee; BIISC= Big Island Invasive Species Committee; OISC= O'ahu Invasive Species Committee; PPC= Plant Pest Control Branch; KIRC= Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission; HPWRA= Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment; WMMWP= West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership; HAL= Hawaii Ant Lab; DOFAW= Division of Forestry and Wildlife; HBIN= Hawaii Biodiversity Information Network; CGAPS= Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species; KISC= Kaua'i Invasive Species Committee; CTAHR= College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources; KMWP= Ko'olau Mountains Watershed Partnership; USFS= US Forest Service; DAR= Division of Aquatic Resources; DRD= Dept of Research & Development; PBARC= Pacific Basin Agriculture Research Center; COP= College of Pharmacy; SDAV= Spatial Data Analysis & Visualization Lab; MDWG= Maui Deer Working Group; HIMB= Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology
|
<urn:uuid:14adcc99-73f1-49b7-9778-aa643e078fb5>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/files/2015/04/2015-7-29-HISC-Submittal-1-Recommended-FY16-Budget.pdf
|
2020-09-21T10:35:48+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-40/subset=warc/part-00283-50bb8e61-7c5b-4d2c-bd34-dad6ca92b697.c000.gz.parquet
|
eng_Latn
| null | 4,198
|
DAVID IGE
GOVERNOR OF HAWAII
SHAN TSUTSUI
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
HAWAII INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL
1151 PUNCHBOWL ST, #325
HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813
July 29, 2015
SUBMITTAL
TO:
Co-chairs and Members Hawaii Invasive Species Council State of Hawaii
FROM:
Joshua Atwood, Ph.D., Program Supervisor Hawaii Invasive Species Council
SUBJECT:
Requesting approval of a recommended budget for the Hawaii Invasive Species Council in Fiscal Year 2016
Background
Since its inception in 2003, the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) has disbursed funding to support interagency invasive species projects that:
* Fill gaps between agency mandates or existing agency programs, and/or
* Advance our collective knowledge through research and development of new tools.
Funds are disbursed via an intragovernmental granting process wherein state, county, and federal offices may submit requests for funding and meet to collaboratively draft a recommended budget for HISC review.
In Fiscal Year 2016 (FY16), the legislature appropriated $750,000 to the HISC via the biennium budget (Act 119, Session Laws of Hawaii [SLH] 2015), and $4,000,000 via Act 84, SLH 2015, for a totally FY16 budget of $4,750,000. Executive Memorandum (EM) 15-01 mandates a 10% restriction by the Department of Budget and Finance on general fund expenditures in FY16, and a 5% overhead fee is assessed by the Division of Forestry and Wildlife at the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), as the administrative host of the HISC.
The amount of funding requested to provide staff support to the HISC in FY16 is $183,294. This supports two temporary positions (HISC Planner and HISC Interagency Coordinator) and associated travel, supplies, and other support costs. This amount does not include the salary cost of the HISC Program Supervisor, which is provided through DLNR's regular biennium budget.
The amount of funding available for disbursement to projects in FY16 is $3,877,956 ($4,750,000 less 10% restriction, 5% overhead, and $183,294 in support staff costs).
Discussion
The preparation of a recommended budget for the HISC to review was accomplished via the following process:
VOTING MEMBERS
SUZANNE CASE
DEPARTMENT OF LAND & NATURAL
RESOURCES
SCOTT ENRIGHT HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KEITH KAWAOKA, D.Env
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
MARIA GALLO, PhD UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I
LEO ASUNCION
OFFICE OF PLANNING, DEPARTMENT OF
BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT &
TOURISM
DAVID RODRIGUEZ DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
* A call for proposals was released in late April 2015, with proposals due by close of business on May 29, 2015.
* As described in the proposal guidelines, proposed projects demonstrated applicability to:
o The recommendations of Regional Biosecurity Plan for Micronesia and Hawaii
o The goals and strategies of the HISC Strategic Plan 2015-2020
o The results of an FY16 priority ranking survey completed in April 2015.
* Each voting HISC agency assigned one staff member to serve on th
|
e Evaluation Committee, which reviews all proposals received.
|
* The Evaluation Committee assigned a quantitative score to each proposal based on a rubric provided in the proposal guidelines. These scores are accompanied by a qualitative discussion of the merits of each proposal.
* On June 29, 2015, the Resources Working Group facilitated a meeting of the Evaluation Committee, along with other interested agency staff or members of the public, to discuss ranked proposals and assign recommended award amounts totaling the amount of funding available.
Requests received for FY16 totaled $9,808,922 across 60 proposals. Twenty-five proposals were not recommended for funding. In almost all cases, this was due to a lack of resources available rather than a lack of project merit. Of the remaining 35 proposals, only two were recommended for 100% of their requested funding amount. Both proposals contained budgets that supported a single staff member, and any reduction in the total amount would make the project unviable. Thirty-three proposals were recommended for partial funding. Applicants were contacted to discuss scalability of their proposed projects to ensure that partial funding would be useful in supporting some, but not all, of the proposed project deliverables.
The recommended funding amounts created during the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting assumed that, similar to the implementation of expenditure restrictions in FY15, the 10% restriction imposed by the Department of Budget and Finance would apply only to the $750,000 appropriated via the regular biennium budget, and not to the $4,000,000 appropriated via Act 84. Subsequent discussions with the DLNR Fiscal Office have indicated that both appropriations will be subject to the 10% restriction in FY16, though HISC staff are exploring the whether an exemption to this policy is possible. As such, the recommended budget in Attachment 1 includes two amounts for each proposal: the initial award recommended at the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting (totaling $4,257,957) and an amended award accommodating the additional restriction (totaling $3,877,956). The amended award amounts generally represent an across-the-board proportional reduction. There are four exceptions to the across-the-board reduction: The applicant for the Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species (CGAPS) voluntarily and substantially reduced her recommended award based on obtaining alternative funding following the June 29 meeting. This helped offset the maintenance of recommended awards for three proposals for which further reduction is not recommended based on their support of a single staff member:
* Support for the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (UH)
* Support for Hull Fouling and Ballast Water policy development (UH)
* Support for research on Rapid 'Ōhi'a Death (US Forest Service).
Legal Authority
* HRS 194-2 (a): Establishes the HISC for the purpose of cabinet-level coordination and planning among state departments, federal agencies, and international and local initiatives
* HRS 194-2 (a)(3): Directs the HISC to identify and prioritize each lead agency's organizational and resource shortfalls with respect to invasive species
* HRS 194-2 (a)(4): Directs the HISC to create and implement a plan for prevention, early detection, rapid response, control, enforcement, and education
* Act 119, SLH 2015: Provides $750,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC
* Act 84, SLH 2015: Provides $4,000,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC
Recommendations
1. That the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) approve the recommended FY16 budget in substantially the same form as presented in Attachment 1, utilizing award amount presents in Column H ("Amended Award").
2. That the HISC further approve that, should the Department of Budget and Finance grant an exemption to the 10% on funds provided to the HISC via Act 84, SLH 2015, award amounts for FY16 will generally revert to the amount recommended by the Resources Working Group in Column G.
Attachments:
* Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.
Attachment 1: Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.
Note: Proposals are presented in ranked order based on the scores assigned by the Evaluation Committee (1=highest rank). Qualitative discussion of proposal timeline and likelihood for success were also considered in determining recommended award amounts. Amounts recommended by the Resources Working Group are found in Column G. Award amounts amended to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01 are in Column H. A key to abbreviations is provided below.
| Rank | Cat | Dept | Entity | Abbreviated Title | | Initial | | RWG Rec | | Amended |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | | Request | | Award | | Award |
| 1 | C | UH | MISC | MISC Detection & Control | $800,558 | | $555,060 | | $504,339 | |
| 2 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Control | $688,313 | | $397,969 | | $361,602 | |
| 3 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Early Detection | $221,221 | | $113,449 | | $103,082 | |
| 4 | C | UH | OISC | OISC Detection & Control | $1,009,243 | | $581,658 | | $528,506 | |
| 5 | C | UH | BIISC | Albizia Control | $259,795 | | $157,000 | | $142,653 | |
| 6 | C | HDOA | PPC | CRB Response | $1,150,947 | | $490,724 | | $445,882 | |
| 7 | P | DLNR | KIRC | Kaho‘olawe Biosecurity | $77,387 | | $54,000 | | $49,066 | |
| 8 | P | UH | HPWRA | Weed Risk Assessment | $78,688 | | $78,688 | | $78,688 | |
| 9 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Fern Control | $68,253 | | $32,941 | | $29,931 | |
| 10 | C | UH | HAL | Ant Lab Core Support | $281,259 | | $195,000 | | $177,181 | |
| 11 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Albizia Control | $60,999 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 12 | R | UH | HAL | LFA Research | $79,456 | | $57,063 | | $51,848 | |
| 13 | R | DLNR | DOFAW | HISC Data System | $20,000 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 14 | C | UH | HBIN | Online Info Services Core | $67,982 | | $55,078 | | $50,045 | |
| 15 | O | UH | CGAPS | CGAPS Core | $101,500 | | $67,000 | | $47,000 | |
| 16 | C | UH | KISC | Kōke‘e Weed Control | $40,000 | | $23,827 | | $21,649 | |
| 17 | P | BISH | BISH | Import Reg Updates | $26,297 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 18 | R | UH | CTAHR | Miconia Balistic Control | $187,210 | | $129,000 | | $117,212 | |
| 19 | C | UH | KMWP | Ko‘olau Goat Eradication | $37,875 | | $37,875 | | $34,414 | |
| 20 | R | USDA | USFS | Melastome Biocontrol | $85,430 | | $55,200 | | $50,156 | |
| 21 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Detection & Control | $415,000 | | $311,250 | | $282,808 | |
| 22 | O | UH | MISC | Maui Nui Outreach | $99,338 | | $81,000 | | $73,598 | |
| 23 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu Guava Biocontrol | $68,285 | | $51,715 | | $46,989 | |
| 24 | O | UH | BIISC | BI Outreach | $107,510 | | $67,846 | | $61,646 | |
| 25 | O | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Outreach | $148,158 | | $94,705 | | $86,050 | |
| 26 | R | UH | CTAHR | General Economic Model | $169,740 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 27 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Moloka‘i Ginger Erad | $45,100 | | $35,000 | | $31,802 | |
| 28 | C | UH | BIISC | BI Axis Deer | $150,000 | | $94,694 | | $86,041 | |
| 29 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui Guava Biocontrol | $71,800 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 30 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu NARS Weed Control | $30,000 | | $16,525 | | $15,015 | |
| 31 | C | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Expansion | $9,450 | | $9,450 | | $8,586 | |
| 33 | R | UH | CTAHR | Aerial Albizia Tech | $85,800 | $0 | $0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | C | UH | KMWP | O‘ahu Angiopteris Control | $47,885 | $0 | $0 |
| 35 | O | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Outreach | $7,000 | $3,990 | $3,625 |
| 36 | C | HI County | DRD | HI County LFA Control | $225,000 | $100,000 | $90,862 |
| 37 | O | UH | KISC | Kaua‘i Outreach | $64,000 | $64,000 | $58,152 |
| 38 | P | DLNR | DAR | Ballast Water & Hull Fouling | $73,645 | $73,645 | $73,645 |
| 39 | R | USDA | USFS | ‘Ohi‘a Death Research | $197,572 | $99,000 | $99,000 |
| 40 | R | USDA | PBARC | LFA Chemical Ecology | $177,982 | $0 | $0 |
| 41 | P | UH | HAL | O‘ahu LFA | $96,044 | $0 | $0 |
| 42 | R | UH | CTAHR | Lobate Lac Scale | $48,520 | $0 | $0 |
| 43 | R | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Research | $107,039 | $0 | $0 |
| 44 | R | UH | CTAHR | Naio Thrips Research | $33,000 | $9,818 | $8,920 |
| 45 | R | UH | SDAV | UAV Capacity Development | $189,651 | $0 | $0 |
| 46 | R | BISH | BISH | Invasive Molluscs | $99,678 | $0 | $0 |
| 47 | C | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Tibouchina | $103,627 | $31,290 | $28,431 |
| 48 | R | USDA | USFS | Rubus Biocontrol | $113,463 | $0 | $0 |
| 49 | O | UH | WMWP | Waianae Outreach | $15,000 | $5,000 | $4,543 |
| 50 | R | UH | KISC | Mongoose Trap Tech | $33,000 | $0 | $0 |
| 51 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Mongoose | $55,000 | $27,500 | $24,987 |
| 52 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui African Tulip | $40,075 | $0 | $0 |
| 53 | C | UH | MDWG | Maui Axis Deer | $69,416 | $0 | $0 |
| 54 | R | UH | HIMB | Urchin Reproduction | $83,761 | $0 | $0 |
| 55 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Eucalyptus | $173,690 | $0 | $0 |
| 56 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Lehua Rodent Control | $261,900 | $0 | $0 |
| 57 | O | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Outreach | $512,064 | $0 | $0 |
| 58 | R | UH | CTAHR | Game Mammal Econ | $27,089 | $0 | $0 |
| 59 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Avian Predators | $69,207 | $0 | $0 |
| 60 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kauai strawberry guava | $50,000 | $0 | $0 |
TOTAL
$9,808,922 $4,257,957
$3,877,956
Abbreviations
Categories: P= Prevention; C= Control; O= Outreach; R= Research
Departments: BISH= Bishop Museum; UH= University of Hawaii; USDA= US Dept of Agriculture; HDOA= Hawaii Dept of Agriculture
Entities: MISC= Maui Invasive Species Committee; BIISC= Big Island Invasive Species Committee; OISC= O'ahu Invasive Species Committee; PPC= Plant Pest Control Branch; KIRC= Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission; HPWRA= Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment; WMMWP= West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership; HAL= Hawaii Ant Lab; DOFAW= Division of Forestry and Wildlife; HBIN= Hawaii Biodiversity Information Network; CGAPS= Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species; KISC= Kaua'i Invasive Species Committee; CTAHR= College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources; KMWP= Ko'olau Mountains Watershed Partnership; USFS= US Forest Service; DAR= Division of Aquatic Resources; DRD= Dept of Research & Development; PBARC= Pacific Basin Agriculture Research Center; COP= College of Pharmacy; SDAV= Spatial Data Analysis & Visualization Lab; MDWG= Maui Deer Working Group; HIMB= Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology
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<url>
https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/files/2015/04/2015-7-29-HISC-Submittal-1-Recommended-FY16-Budget.pdf
</url>
<text>
DAVID IGE
GOVERNOR OF HAWAII
SHAN TSUTSUI
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
HAWAII INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL
1151 PUNCHBOWL ST, #325
HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813
July 29, 2015
SUBMITTAL
TO:
Co-chairs and Members Hawaii Invasive Species Council State of Hawaii
FROM:
Joshua Atwood, Ph.D., Program Supervisor Hawaii Invasive Species Council
SUBJECT:
Requesting approval of a recommended budget for the Hawaii Invasive Species Council in Fiscal Year 2016
Background
Since its inception in 2003, the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) has disbursed funding to support interagency invasive species projects that:
* Fill gaps between agency mandates or existing agency programs, and/or
* Advance our collective knowledge through research and development of new tools.
Funds are disbursed via an intragovernmental granting process wherein state, county, and federal offices may submit requests for funding and meet to collaboratively draft a recommended budget for HISC review.
In Fiscal Year 2016 (FY16), the legislature appropriated $750,000 to the HISC via the biennium budget (Act 119, Session Laws of Hawaii [SLH] 2015), and $4,000,000 via Act 84, SLH 2015, for a totally FY16 budget of $4,750,000. Executive Memorandum (EM) 15-01 mandates a 10% restriction by the Department of Budget and Finance on general fund expenditures in FY16, and a 5% overhead fee is assessed by the Division of Forestry and Wildlife at the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), as the administrative host of the HISC.
The amount of funding requested to provide staff support to the HISC in FY16 is $183,294. This supports two temporary positions (HISC Planner and HISC Interagency Coordinator) and associated travel, supplies, and other support costs. This amount does not include the salary cost of the HISC Program Supervisor, which is provided through DLNR's regular biennium budget.
The amount of funding available for disbursement to projects in FY16 is $3,877,956 ($4,750,000 less 10% restriction, 5% overhead, and $183,294 in support staff costs).
Discussion
The preparation of a recommended budget for the HISC to review was accomplished via the following process:
VOTING MEMBERS
SUZANNE CASE
DEPARTMENT OF LAND & NATURAL
RESOURCES
SCOTT ENRIGHT HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KEITH KAWAOKA, D.Env
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
MARIA GALLO, PhD UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I
LEO ASUNCION
OFFICE OF PLANNING, DEPARTMENT OF
BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT &
TOURISM
DAVID RODRIGUEZ DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
* A call for proposals was released in late April 2015, with proposals due by close of business on May 29, 2015.
* As described in the proposal guidelines, proposed projects demonstrated applicability to:
o The recommendations of Regional Biosecurity Plan for Micronesia and Hawaii
o The goals and strategies of the HISC Strategic Plan 2015-2020
o The results of an FY16 priority ranking survey completed in April 2015.
* Each voting HISC agency assigned one staff member to serve on th<cursor_is_here>
* The Evaluation Committee assigned a quantitative score to each proposal based on a rubric provided in the proposal guidelines. These scores are accompanied by a qualitative discussion of the merits of each proposal.
* On June 29, 2015, the Resources Working Group facilitated a meeting of the Evaluation Committee, along with other interested agency staff or members of the public, to discuss ranked proposals and assign recommended award amounts totaling the amount of funding available.
Requests received for FY16 totaled $9,808,922 across 60 proposals. Twenty-five proposals were not recommended for funding. In almost all cases, this was due to a lack of resources available rather than a lack of project merit. Of the remaining 35 proposals, only two were recommended for 100% of their requested funding amount. Both proposals contained budgets that supported a single staff member, and any reduction in the total amount would make the project unviable. Thirty-three proposals were recommended for partial funding. Applicants were contacted to discuss scalability of their proposed projects to ensure that partial funding would be useful in supporting some, but not all, of the proposed project deliverables.
The recommended funding amounts created during the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting assumed that, similar to the implementation of expenditure restrictions in FY15, the 10% restriction imposed by the Department of Budget and Finance would apply only to the $750,000 appropriated via the regular biennium budget, and not to the $4,000,000 appropriated via Act 84. Subsequent discussions with the DLNR Fiscal Office have indicated that both appropriations will be subject to the 10% restriction in FY16, though HISC staff are exploring the whether an exemption to this policy is possible. As such, the recommended budget in Attachment 1 includes two amounts for each proposal: the initial award recommended at the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting (totaling $4,257,957) and an amended award accommodating the additional restriction (totaling $3,877,956). The amended award amounts generally represent an across-the-board proportional reduction. There are four exceptions to the across-the-board reduction: The applicant for the Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species (CGAPS) voluntarily and substantially reduced her recommended award based on obtaining alternative funding following the June 29 meeting. This helped offset the maintenance of recommended awards for three proposals for which further reduction is not recommended based on their support of a single staff member:
* Support for the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (UH)
* Support for Hull Fouling and Ballast Water policy development (UH)
* Support for research on Rapid 'Ōhi'a Death (US Forest Service).
Legal Authority
* HRS 194-2 (a): Establishes the HISC for the purpose of cabinet-level coordination and planning among state departments, federal agencies, and international and local initiatives
* HRS 194-2 (a)(3): Directs the HISC to identify and prioritize each lead agency's organizational and resource shortfalls with respect to invasive species
* HRS 194-2 (a)(4): Directs the HISC to create and implement a plan for prevention, early detection, rapid response, control, enforcement, and education
* Act 119, SLH 2015: Provides $750,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC
* Act 84, SLH 2015: Provides $4,000,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC
Recommendations
1. That the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) approve the recommended FY16 budget in substantially the same form as presented in Attachment 1, utilizing award amount presents in Column H ("Amended Award").
2. That the HISC further approve that, should the Department of Budget and Finance grant an exemption to the 10% on funds provided to the HISC via Act 84, SLH 2015, award amounts for FY16 will generally revert to the amount recommended by the Resources Working Group in Column G.
Attachments:
* Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.
Attachment 1: Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.
Note: Proposals are presented in ranked order based on the scores assigned by the Evaluation Committee (1=highest rank). Qualitative discussion of proposal timeline and likelihood for success were also considered in determining recommended award amounts. Amounts recommended by the Resources Working Group are found in Column G. Award amounts amended to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01 are in Column H. A key to abbreviations is provided below.
| Rank | Cat | Dept | Entity | Abbreviated Title | | Initial | | RWG Rec | | Amended |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | | Request | | Award | | Award |
| 1 | C | UH | MISC | MISC Detection & Control | $800,558 | | $555,060 | | $504,339 | |
| 2 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Control | $688,313 | | $397,969 | | $361,602 | |
| 3 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Early Detection | $221,221 | | $113,449 | | $103,082 | |
| 4 | C | UH | OISC | OISC Detection & Control | $1,009,243 | | $581,658 | | $528,506 | |
| 5 | C | UH | BIISC | Albizia Control | $259,795 | | $157,000 | | $142,653 | |
| 6 | C | HDOA | PPC | CRB Response | $1,150,947 | | $490,724 | | $445,882 | |
| 7 | P | DLNR | KIRC | Kaho‘olawe Biosecurity | $77,387 | | $54,000 | | $49,066 | |
| 8 | P | UH | HPWRA | Weed Risk Assessment | $78,688 | | $78,688 | | $78,688 | |
| 9 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Fern Control | $68,253 | | $32,941 | | $29,931 | |
| 10 | C | UH | HAL | Ant Lab Core Support | $281,259 | | $195,000 | | $177,181 | |
| 11 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Albizia Control | $60,999 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 12 | R | UH | HAL | LFA Research | $79,456 | | $57,063 | | $51,848 | |
| 13 | R | DLNR | DOFAW | HISC Data System | $20,000 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 14 | C | UH | HBIN | Online Info Services Core | $67,982 | | $55,078 | | $50,045 | |
| 15 | O | UH | CGAPS | CGAPS Core | $101,500 | | $67,000 | | $47,000 | |
| 16 | C | UH | KISC | Kōke‘e Weed Control | $40,000 | | $23,827 | | $21,649 | |
| 17 | P | BISH | BISH | Import Reg Updates | $26,297 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 18 | R | UH | CTAHR | Miconia Balistic Control | $187,210 | | $129,000 | | $117,212 | |
| 19 | C | UH | KMWP | Ko‘olau Goat Eradication | $37,875 | | $37,875 | | $34,414 | |
| 20 | R | USDA | USFS | Melastome Biocontrol | $85,430 | | $55,200 | | $50,156 | |
| 21 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Detection & Control | $415,000 | | $311,250 | | $282,808 | |
| 22 | O | UH | MISC | Maui Nui Outreach | $99,338 | | $81,000 | | $73,598 | |
| 23 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu Guava Biocontrol | $68,285 | | $51,715 | | $46,989 | |
| 24 | O | UH | BIISC | BI Outreach | $107,510 | | $67,846 | | $61,646 | |
| 25 | O | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Outreach | $148,158 | | $94,705 | | $86,050 | |
| 26 | R | UH | CTAHR | General Economic Model | $169,740 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 27 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Moloka‘i Ginger Erad | $45,100 | | $35,000 | | $31,802 | |
| 28 | C | UH | BIISC | BI Axis Deer | $150,000 | | $94,694 | | $86,041 | |
| 29 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui Guava Biocontrol | $71,800 | | $0 | | $0 | |
| 30 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu NARS Weed Control | $30,000 | | $16,525 | | $15,015 | |
| 31 | C | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Expansion | $9,450 | | $9,450 | | $8,586 | |
| 33 | R | UH | CTAHR | Aerial Albizia Tech | $85,800 | $0 | $0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | C | UH | KMWP | O‘ahu Angiopteris Control | $47,885 | $0 | $0 |
| 35 | O | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Outreach | $7,000 | $3,990 | $3,625 |
| 36 | C | HI County | DRD | HI County LFA Control | $225,000 | $100,000 | $90,862 |
| 37 | O | UH | KISC | Kaua‘i Outreach | $64,000 | $64,000 | $58,152 |
| 38 | P | DLNR | DAR | Ballast Water & Hull Fouling | $73,645 | $73,645 | $73,645 |
| 39 | R | USDA | USFS | ‘Ohi‘a Death Research | $197,572 | $99,000 | $99,000 |
| 40 | R | USDA | PBARC | LFA Chemical Ecology | $177,982 | $0 | $0 |
| 41 | P | UH | HAL | O‘ahu LFA | $96,044 | $0 | $0 |
| 42 | R | UH | CTAHR | Lobate Lac Scale | $48,520 | $0 | $0 |
| 43 | R | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Research | $107,039 | $0 | $0 |
| 44 | R | UH | CTAHR | Naio Thrips Research | $33,000 | $9,818 | $8,920 |
| 45 | R | UH | SDAV | UAV Capacity Development | $189,651 | $0 | $0 |
| 46 | R | BISH | BISH | Invasive Molluscs | $99,678 | $0 | $0 |
| 47 | C | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Tibouchina | $103,627 | $31,290 | $28,431 |
| 48 | R | USDA | USFS | Rubus Biocontrol | $113,463 | $0 | $0 |
| 49 | O | UH | WMWP | Waianae Outreach | $15,000 | $5,000 | $4,543 |
| 50 | R | UH | KISC | Mongoose Trap Tech | $33,000 | $0 | $0 |
| 51 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Mongoose | $55,000 | $27,500 | $24,987 |
| 52 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui African Tulip | $40,075 | $0 | $0 |
| 53 | C | UH | MDWG | Maui Axis Deer | $69,416 | $0 | $0 |
| 54 | R | UH | HIMB | Urchin Reproduction | $83,761 | $0 | $0 |
| 55 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Eucalyptus | $173,690 | $0 | $0 |
| 56 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Lehua Rodent Control | $261,900 | $0 | $0 |
| 57 | O | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Outreach | $512,064 | $0 | $0 |
| 58 | R | UH | CTAHR | Game Mammal Econ | $27,089 | $0 | $0 |
| 59 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Avian Predators | $69,207 | $0 | $0 |
| 60 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kauai strawberry guava | $50,000 | $0 | $0 |
TOTAL
$9,808,922 $4,257,957
$3,877,956
Abbreviations
Categories: P= Prevention; C= Control; O= Outreach; R= Research
Departments: BISH= Bishop Museum; UH= University of Hawaii; USDA= US Dept of Agriculture; HDOA= Hawaii Dept of Agriculture
Entities: MISC= Maui Invasive Species Committee; BIISC= Big Island Invasive Species Committee; OISC= O'ahu Invasive Species Committee; PPC= Plant Pest Control Branch; KIRC= Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission; HPWRA= Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment; WMMWP= West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership; HAL= Hawaii Ant Lab; DOFAW= Division of Forestry and Wildlife; HBIN= Hawaii Biodiversity Information Network; CGAPS= Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species; KISC= Kaua'i Invasive Species Committee; CTAHR= College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources; KMWP= Ko'olau Mountains Watershed Partnership; USFS= US Forest Service; DAR= Division of Aquatic Resources; DRD= Dept of Research & Development; PBARC= Pacific Basin Agriculture Research Center; COP= College of Pharmacy; SDAV= Spatial Data Analysis & Visualization Lab; MDWG= Maui Deer Working Group; HIMB= Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/files/2015/04/2015-7-29-HISC-Submittal-1-Recommended-FY16-Budget.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nDAVID IGE\n\nGOVERNOR OF HAWAII\n\nSHAN TSUTSUI\n\nLIEUTENANT GOVERNOR\n\nHAWAII INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL\n\n1151 PUNCHBOWL ST, #325\n\nHONOLULU, HAWAII 96813\n\nJuly 29, 2015\n\nSUBMITTAL\n\nTO:\n\nCo-chairs and Members Hawaii Invasive Species Council State of Hawaii\n\nFROM:\n\nJoshua Atwood, Ph.D., Program Supervisor Hawaii Invasive Species Council\n\nSUBJECT:\n\nRequesting approval of a recommended budget for the Hawaii Invasive Species Council in Fiscal Year 2016\n\nBackground\n\nSince its inception in 2003, the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) has disbursed funding to support interagency invasive species projects that:\n\n* Fill gaps between agency mandates or existing agency programs, and/or\n* Advance our collective knowledge through research and development of new tools.\n\nFunds are disbursed via an intragovernmental granting process wherein state, county, and federal offices may submit requests for funding and meet to collaboratively draft a recommended budget for HISC review.\n\nIn Fiscal Year 2016 (FY16), the legislature appropriated $750,000 to the HISC via the biennium budget (Act 119, Session Laws of Hawaii [SLH] 2015), and $4,000,000 via Act 84, SLH 2015, for a totally FY16 budget of $4,750,000. Executive Memorandum (EM) 15-01 mandates a 10% restriction by the Department of Budget and Finance on general fund expenditures in FY16, and a 5% overhead fee is assessed by the Division of Forestry and Wildlife at the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), as the administrative host of the HISC.\n\nThe amount of funding requested to provide staff support to the HISC in FY16 is $183,294. This supports two temporary positions (HISC Planner and HISC Interagency Coordinator) and associated travel, supplies, and other support costs. This amount does not include the salary cost of the HISC Program Supervisor, which is provided through DLNR's regular biennium budget.\n\nThe amount of funding available for disbursement to projects in FY16 is $3,877,956 ($4,750,000 less 10% restriction, 5% overhead, and $183,294 in support staff costs).\n\nDiscussion\n\nThe preparation of a recommended budget for the HISC to review was accomplished via the following process:\n\nVOTING MEMBERS\n\nSUZANNE CASE\n\nDEPARTMENT OF LAND & NATURAL\n\nRESOURCES\n\nSCOTT ENRIGHT HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\n\nKEITH KAWAOKA, D.Env\n\nDEPARTMENT OF HEALTH\n\nMARIA GALLO, PhD UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I\n\nLEO ASUNCION\n\nOFFICE OF PLANNING, DEPARTMENT OF\n\nBUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT &\n\nTOURISM\n\nDAVID RODRIGUEZ DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION\n\n* A call for proposals was released in late April 2015, with proposals due by close of business on May 29, 2015.\n* As described in the proposal guidelines, proposed projects demonstrated applicability to:\no The recommendations of Regional Biosecurity Plan for Micronesia and Hawaii\no The goals and strategies of the HISC Strategic Plan 2015-2020\no The results of an FY16 priority ranking survey completed in April 2015.\n* Each voting HISC agency assigned one staff member to serve on th<cursor_is_here>\n* The Evaluation Committee assigned a quantitative score to each proposal based on a rubric provided in the proposal guidelines. These scores are accompanied by a qualitative discussion of the merits of each proposal.\n* On June 29, 2015, the Resources Working Group facilitated a meeting of the Evaluation Committee, along with other interested agency staff or members of the public, to discuss ranked proposals and assign recommended award amounts totaling the amount of funding available.\n\nRequests received for FY16 totaled $9,808,922 across 60 proposals. Twenty-five proposals were not recommended for funding. In almost all cases, this was due to a lack of resources available rather than a lack of project merit. Of the remaining 35 proposals, only two were recommended for 100% of their requested funding amount. Both proposals contained budgets that supported a single staff member, and any reduction in the total amount would make the project unviable. Thirty-three proposals were recommended for partial funding. Applicants were contacted to discuss scalability of their proposed projects to ensure that partial funding would be useful in supporting some, but not all, of the proposed project deliverables.\n\nThe recommended funding amounts created during the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting assumed that, similar to the implementation of expenditure restrictions in FY15, the 10% restriction imposed by the Department of Budget and Finance would apply only to the $750,000 appropriated via the regular biennium budget, and not to the $4,000,000 appropriated via Act 84. Subsequent discussions with the DLNR Fiscal Office have indicated that both appropriations will be subject to the 10% restriction in FY16, though HISC staff are exploring the whether an exemption to this policy is possible. As such, the recommended budget in Attachment 1 includes two amounts for each proposal: the initial award recommended at the June 29 Resources Working Group meeting (totaling $4,257,957) and an amended award accommodating the additional restriction (totaling $3,877,956). The amended award amounts generally represent an across-the-board proportional reduction. There are four exceptions to the across-the-board reduction: The applicant for the Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species (CGAPS) voluntarily and substantially reduced her recommended award based on obtaining alternative funding following the June 29 meeting. This helped offset the maintenance of recommended awards for three proposals for which further reduction is not recommended based on their support of a single staff member:\n\n* Support for the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (UH)\n* Support for Hull Fouling and Ballast Water policy development (UH)\n* Support for research on Rapid 'Ōhi'a Death (US Forest Service).\n\nLegal Authority\n\n* HRS 194-2 (a): Establishes the HISC for the purpose of cabinet-level coordination and planning among state departments, federal agencies, and international and local initiatives\n* HRS 194-2 (a)(3): Directs the HISC to identify and prioritize each lead agency's organizational and resource shortfalls with respect to invasive species\n* HRS 194-2 (a)(4): Directs the HISC to create and implement a plan for prevention, early detection, rapid response, control, enforcement, and education\n* Act 119, SLH 2015: Provides $750,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC\n* Act 84, SLH 2015: Provides $4,000,000 in general funds to be disbursed by DLNR as directed by the HISC\n\nRecommendations\n\n1. That the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC) approve the recommended FY16 budget in substantially the same form as presented in Attachment 1, utilizing award amount presents in Column H (\"Amended Award\").\n2. That the HISC further approve that, should the Department of Budget and Finance grant an exemption to the 10% on funds provided to the HISC via Act 84, SLH 2015, award amounts for FY16 will generally revert to the amount recommended by the Resources Working Group in Column G.\n\nAttachments:\n\n* Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.\n\nAttachment 1: Recommended budget produced by Resources Working Group, June 29, 2015, with additional reductions to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01.\n\nNote: Proposals are presented in ranked order based on the scores assigned by the Evaluation Committee (1=highest rank). Qualitative discussion of proposal timeline and likelihood for success were also considered in determining recommended award amounts. Amounts recommended by the Resources Working Group are found in Column G. Award amounts amended to accommodate the 10% restriction on general funds described in EM 15-01 are in Column H. A key to abbreviations is provided below.\n\n| Rank | Cat | Dept | Entity | Abbreviated Title | | Initial | | RWG Rec | | Amended |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| | | | | | | Request | | Award | | Award |\n| 1 | C | UH | MISC | MISC Detection & Control | $800,558 | | $555,060 | | $504,339 | |\n| 2 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Control | $688,313 | | $397,969 | | $361,602 | |\n| 3 | C | UH | BIISC | BIISC Early Detection | $221,221 | | $113,449 | | $103,082 | |\n| 4 | C | UH | OISC | OISC Detection & Control | $1,009,243 | | $581,658 | | $528,506 | |\n| 5 | C | UH | BIISC | Albizia Control | $259,795 | | $157,000 | | $142,653 | |\n| 6 | C | HDOA | PPC | CRB Response | $1,150,947 | | $490,724 | | $445,882 | |\n| 7 | P | DLNR | KIRC | Kaho‘olawe Biosecurity | $77,387 | | $54,000 | | $49,066 | |\n| 8 | P | UH | HPWRA | Weed Risk Assessment | $78,688 | | $78,688 | | $78,688 | |\n| 9 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Fern Control | $68,253 | | $32,941 | | $29,931 | |\n| 10 | C | UH | HAL | Ant Lab Core Support | $281,259 | | $195,000 | | $177,181 | |\n| 11 | C | UH | WMMWP | West Maui Albizia Control | $60,999 | | $0 | | $0 | |\n| 12 | R | UH | HAL | LFA Research | $79,456 | | $57,063 | | $51,848 | |\n| 13 | R | DLNR | DOFAW | HISC Data System | $20,000 | | $0 | | $0 | |\n| 14 | C | UH | HBIN | Online Info Services Core | $67,982 | | $55,078 | | $50,045 | |\n| 15 | O | UH | CGAPS | CGAPS Core | $101,500 | | $67,000 | | $47,000 | |\n| 16 | C | UH | KISC | Kōke‘e Weed Control | $40,000 | | $23,827 | | $21,649 | |\n| 17 | P | BISH | BISH | Import Reg Updates | $26,297 | | $0 | | $0 | |\n| 18 | R | UH | CTAHR | Miconia Balistic Control | $187,210 | | $129,000 | | $117,212 | |\n| 19 | C | UH | KMWP | Ko‘olau Goat Eradication | $37,875 | | $37,875 | | $34,414 | |\n| 20 | R | USDA | USFS | Melastome Biocontrol | $85,430 | | $55,200 | | $50,156 | |\n| 21 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Detection & Control | $415,000 | | $311,250 | | $282,808 | |\n| 22 | O | UH | MISC | Maui Nui Outreach | $99,338 | | $81,000 | | $73,598 | |\n| 23 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu Guava Biocontrol | $68,285 | | $51,715 | | $46,989 | |\n| 24 | O | UH | BIISC | BI Outreach | $107,510 | | $67,846 | | $61,646 | |\n| 25 | O | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Outreach | $148,158 | | $94,705 | | $86,050 | |\n| 26 | R | UH | CTAHR | General Economic Model | $169,740 | | $0 | | $0 | |\n| 27 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Moloka‘i Ginger Erad | $45,100 | | $35,000 | | $31,802 | |\n| 28 | C | UH | BIISC | BI Axis Deer | $150,000 | | $94,694 | | $86,041 | |\n| 29 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui Guava Biocontrol | $71,800 | | $0 | | $0 | |\n| 30 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | O‘ahu NARS Weed Control | $30,000 | | $16,525 | | $15,015 | |\n| 31 | C | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Expansion | $9,450 | | $9,450 | | $8,586 | |\n\n| 33 | R | UH | CTAHR | Aerial Albizia Tech | $85,800 | $0 | $0 |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 34 | C | UH | KMWP | O‘ahu Angiopteris Control | $47,885 | $0 | $0 |\n| 35 | O | DLNR | DAR | Aquatics Outreach | $7,000 | $3,990 | $3,625 |\n| 36 | C | HI County | DRD | HI County LFA Control | $225,000 | $100,000 | $90,862 |\n| 37 | O | UH | KISC | Kaua‘i Outreach | $64,000 | $64,000 | $58,152 |\n| 38 | P | DLNR | DAR | Ballast Water & Hull Fouling | $73,645 | $73,645 | $73,645 |\n| 39 | R | USDA | USFS | ‘Ohi‘a Death Research | $197,572 | $99,000 | $99,000 |\n| 40 | R | USDA | PBARC | LFA Chemical Ecology | $177,982 | $0 | $0 |\n| 41 | P | UH | HAL | O‘ahu LFA | $96,044 | $0 | $0 |\n| 42 | R | UH | CTAHR | Lobate Lac Scale | $48,520 | $0 | $0 |\n| 43 | R | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Research | $107,039 | $0 | $0 |\n| 44 | R | UH | CTAHR | Naio Thrips Research | $33,000 | $9,818 | $8,920 |\n| 45 | R | UH | SDAV | UAV Capacity Development | $189,651 | $0 | $0 |\n| 46 | R | BISH | BISH | Invasive Molluscs | $99,678 | $0 | $0 |\n| 47 | C | UH | OISC | O‘ahu Tibouchina | $103,627 | $31,290 | $28,431 |\n| 48 | R | USDA | USFS | Rubus Biocontrol | $113,463 | $0 | $0 |\n| 49 | O | UH | WMWP | Waianae Outreach | $15,000 | $5,000 | $4,543 |\n| 50 | R | UH | KISC | Mongoose Trap Tech | $33,000 | $0 | $0 |\n| 51 | C | UH | KISC | KISC Mongoose | $55,000 | $27,500 | $24,987 |\n| 52 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Maui African Tulip | $40,075 | $0 | $0 |\n| 53 | C | UH | MDWG | Maui Axis Deer | $69,416 | $0 | $0 |\n| 54 | R | UH | HIMB | Urchin Reproduction | $83,761 | $0 | $0 |\n| 55 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Eucalyptus | $173,690 | $0 | $0 |\n| 56 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Lehua Rodent Control | $261,900 | $0 | $0 |\n| 57 | O | UH | COP | Rat Lungworm Outreach | $512,064 | $0 | $0 |\n| 58 | R | UH | CTAHR | Game Mammal Econ | $27,089 | $0 | $0 |\n| 59 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kaua‘i Avian Predators | $69,207 | $0 | $0 |\n| 60 | C | DLNR | DOFAW | Kauai strawberry guava | $50,000 | $0 | $0 |\n\nTOTAL\n\n$9,808,922 $4,257,957\n\n$3,877,956\n\nAbbreviations\n\nCategories: P= Prevention; C= Control; O= Outreach; R= Research\n\nDepartments: BISH= Bishop Museum; UH= University of Hawaii; USDA= US Dept of Agriculture; HDOA= Hawaii Dept of Agriculture\n\nEntities: MISC= Maui Invasive Species Committee; BIISC= Big Island Invasive Species Committee; OISC= O'ahu Invasive Species Committee; PPC= Plant Pest Control Branch; KIRC= Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission; HPWRA= Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment; WMMWP= West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership; HAL= Hawaii Ant Lab; DOFAW= Division of Forestry and Wildlife; HBIN= Hawaii Biodiversity Information Network; CGAPS= Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species; KISC= Kaua'i Invasive Species Committee; CTAHR= College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources; KMWP= Ko'olau Mountains Watershed Partnership; USFS= US Forest Service; DAR= Division of Aquatic Resources; DRD= Dept of Research & Development; PBARC= Pacific Basin Agriculture Research Center; COP= College of Pharmacy; SDAV= Spatial Data Analysis & Visualization Lab; MDWG= Maui Deer Working Group; HIMB= Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology\n</text>\n",
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Solving the puzzle
How scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges
sustainable integration responsibilities inclusive reflect focused programme framework proactive iny
Solving the puzzle How scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges
m
ructure transformational development identify governance influence commitment mplementation council challenges
NOVEMBER 2016
2
About the Centre for Public Scrutiny
The Centre for Public Scrutiny (CfPS) (an independent charity) is the leading national organisation for the development and application of policy and practice to promote transparent, inclusive and accountable public services. We support individuals, organisations and communities to put our principles into practice in the design, delivery and monitoring of public services in ways that build knowledge, skills and trust so that effective solutions are identified together by decision-makers, practitioners and service users.
www.cfps.org.uk
Acknowledgements
CfPS would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this publication:
Hannah Myers – Knowsley Council
Wendy Broadley – Lancashire County Council
Leo Taylor – North Somerset Council
Ann Reeder – CfPS Regional Advocate
Steve Sienkiewicz - CfPS Regional Advocate
CfPS is also grateful to the Chairs of the health overview and scrutiny committees, councillors and colleagues from councils, the NHS and other local stakeholders in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset who took part in the inquiry days on which this report is based.
CONTENTS
3
4
TACKLING TODAY'S HEALTH AND CARE CHALLENGES
Key messages
Health and care are important and urgent public policy priorities. Councils, through their social care, public health and scrutiny roles are central to tackling local challenges and making changes a reality, working with other health and care system leaders
Councils' scrutiny role can add value to mechanisms for integration and joint working to solve local challenges (for example Better Care Fund plans and actions on service improvement). Leaders of Sustainability and Transformation Plans should engage scrutiny in the development and implementation of plans
Areas can draw on the key messages and lessons from an inquiry day approach taken in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset, reflecting on how scrutiny can contribute to meeting local health and care challenges
This report summarises key lessons and messages from scrutiny inquiry days held in conjunction with Knowsley Council, Lancashire County Council and North Somerset Council, supported by the Centre for Public Scrutiny. The inquiry days assessed the current role of scrutiny in the development of solutions to health and care challenges and how this can be improved in the future. Other areas can draw on the key lessons and messages in considering how scrutiny can contribute to the improvement of local plans for tackling future challenges.
Health and care is a major public policy priority. Services face a number of well documented challenges in the context of increasing demand and reduced resources – and there are no easy solutions. No one organisation acting alone can solve these issues and increasingly there are mechanisms through which local partners are coming together to plan and implement changes to the way services are commissioned and delivered – for example NHS vanguards, new models of care, the Better Care Fund and Sustainability and Transformation Plans. These show how local services will evolve and become sustainable over the next five years – ultimately delivering the Five Year Forward View vision of better health, better patient care and improved NHS efficiency. Some devolution deals also have action on health and care as priorities.
There is no appetite for organisational restructuring, so existing responsibilities and accountabilities remain, but this has implications for governance and public voice across complex planning and delivery footprints. CfPS promotes a strong and influential role for council scrutiny in improving health and care services and securing better outcomes for residents, patients and carers. Our work has shown the value of scrutiny in facilitating better joint working in areas, bringing partners together to focus holistically across the health and care systems.
Outcome focused scrutiny can provide a valuable and relevant platform for councillors, professionals and communities to come together around the complexities of health and wellbeing and to help to evaluate the planning, delivery and reconfiguration of health and care services. The scrutiny inquiry day approach was developed by CfPS in 2015 as a tool for bringing key stakeholders and partners together to focus on local challenges that they had identified in their shared work. The appreciative nature of the inquiry day approach creates the right environment for shared local solutions to emerge to address particular health and care challenges.
Three inquiry days were organised as part of a national learning project to promote the contribution of effective scrutiny in the health and care system. The three areas focused on some of the greatest health and care challenges facing those who plan, commission and deliver health and social care services:
Knowsley - substantial service changes and service reconfiguration
Lancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund
North Somerset – integration of services to support effective discharge from hospital
Aware that good governance, engaged public voice and effective scrutiny are vital components of the health and care system, CfPS believes there is a clear role for scrutiny to ensure that local plans are robust, sustainable and transformational. We hope that the experience and insights gained from this national learning project will help to influence future 'inclusive' discussions around the development of health and care in England.
DEVELOPING THE SCRUTINY ROLE – COPRODUCING SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
The inquiry days were planned around the following overarching principles about the value of the scrutiny role:
Scrutiny of plans to tackle major service challenges is fundamental to councils' health and social care scrutiny role.
Scrutiny can add value to local implementation plans by improving the evidence base for decisions and holding system leaders to account for their ambition to improve health and care.
Scrutiny is best when it is proactive rather than passive or reactive. There is a responsibility on system leaders to get the best out of the scrutiny function for the benefit of local people.
Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset used the inquiry day approach to take a three stage journey to developing a common understanding with stakeholders about the value of scrutiny. This may be useful when thinking about local approaches to scrutiny of health and care challenges
Reflect on the experience of previous contributions of council scrutiny to local approaches to health and care challenges
Identify opportunities and barriers that can help or hinder council scrutiny to influence better health, and integration of health and care services
Design a framework for scrutiny of health and care planning, and proposals for service redesign
5
6
To get the best value from the inquiry days, participants answered some questions in advance which helped to establish a context for local discussions.
What is your current knowledge of the subject of the inquiry day?
What do you anticipate are the main challenges associated with the subject of the inquiry day?
What do you think the benefits of closer joint working to solve the challenges will be?
How should scrutiny review local actions to solve the challenges?
Engaging with stakeholders in advance of the inquiry days helped to:
Establish who has responsibilities for solving the challenges and assess how partners work together to secure better outcomes, so that the views of people who use services and the public are represented constructively.
Begin to develop shared protocols for joint working and information sharing, together with agreed arrangements for future scrutiny.
Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset identified a number of benefits that emerged from this approach:
Developing the role of scrutiny, its value and how health and care partners can engage with scrutiny in the future.
Open and honest discussions between all stakeholders about challenges to local health and care systems and how to tackle them.
Developing common understanding between commissioners, providers and scrutineers, on the basis of a shared local concern.
Working through some of the challenges of the past and co-producing solutions for the future.
SHARING THE LEARNING – REFLECTING ON THE INQUIRY DAY APPROACH
Bringing together those with strategic oversight of services, frontline practitioners, providers, public voices and councillors helped everyone to understand the varied roles and responsibilities in the system and to identify potential to help address challenges that would not otherwise have been achieved.
Part of the discussions involved learning from past engagement with scrutiny in order to build a platform for improving the effectiveness of scrutiny in the future. The discussions recognised that there were potential risks to implementing change if scrutiny was not engaged effectively in a timely way.
Each of the challenges chosen by the areas were different, but they had common overarching themes of integration and service change which highlighted the need for the early involvement of scrutiny and the inherent risk of a failure effectively to engage.
Risks of poor working relationships between commissioners, providers and scrutiny can be avoided through adopting the following common principles:
Good scrutiny adds value to decision making by ensuring that evidence is sound and based on the right insight, so that no voice is unheard or evidence overlooked.
Scrutiny can ensure that engagement is effective – demonstrating influential patient and public participation helps commissioners and providers set out the case for change.
Scrutiny can use its statutory powers to escalate concerns – effective engagement and local resolution can reduce the risk of service changes being delayed.
Opportunities and steps to improving scrutiny's role were explored to build effective engagement with scrutiny in the future:
Communication and relationship building
Health scrutiny powers have existed since 2003, but health and care partners are sometimes unclear about how best to engage with scrutiny. Scrutiny is sometimes unclear about how it can influence changes to services. The potential benefits and value of health scrutiny need to more visible and accessible, through effective relationship management and routine channels of communication between health commissioners, providers and scrutiny.
The role of councillors can be underestimated as 'bridge builders' between the public and services. Regular conversations throughout the year around future plans and proposals provides an opportunity for valuable, proactive scrutiny instead of limited, reactive scrutiny towards the end of a process.
Shared understanding and consistency in approach
A shared understanding about the value of scrutiny to commissioners and providers is important, particularly when substantial variations are under consideration. Areas need to develop a shared understanding of the kinds of proposed changes to services that are likely to be substantial enough to trigger formal consultation with scrutiny. With little in legislation about the definition of 'substantial variations', it is important for partners to share their own understanding and to develop a common approach to consultation with scrutiny. Formal consultation with scrutiny should not be confused with separate duties for the NHS to ensure patient and public participation.
Early engagement is crucial
Involving councillors early in the development of proposals can help build the evidence base for decisions. This early engagement can generate understanding about the case for the change and the extent to which patients and the public have influenced proposals. Demonstrating this can help commissioners and providers avoid escalation of local concerns. Scrutiny can be an advocate of service improvement if they have had the opportunity to engage in early discussions.
Proactive scrutiny
Scrutiny is best when it is proactive, helping stakeholders to understand the issues that communities face and suggest and test solutions. Scrutiny has the ability to look through a different lens to help:
Develop local understanding of the area and the experiences of people who live and work there.
Engage the community, involving the right people at the right time in the right place.
Improve partnership working, acting as a 'bridge' between partners and tackling barriers to joint working.
Improve leadership and ownership through collectively tackling shared health and care challenges.
7
8
Working across boundaries
Service change, integration and effective discharge from hospital are not challenges that are confined to one council's area – they are issues that can straddle one or more local authority population. It is important for councils and scrutiny to develop joint protocols in advance of the need for any joint scrutiny arrangements that can arise under legislation. This includes having a clear view about how councils should work together, what joint arrangements would look like (for example - structure, political balance and support). Developing this shared understanding helps build the foundations for effective joint working. Communicating about the approach to joint scrutiny can help the NHS engage more effectively.
Ensuring effective scrutiny
Communicating with scrutiny is important, but so is the quality of scrutiny's handling of the issues. Timely, appropriate, evidence based, proportionate and balanced scrutiny can help make the case for better integration of services, better joint working around service improvements and better approaches to major service reconfigurations. Councillors involved in scrutiny should consider how best to use their scrutiny role to help local system leaders to develop ambitious but achievable plans for health and care services and to improve the health and wellbeing of local people. Having the right support for scrutiny can help develop effective project plans, hear from the right people and make realistic recommendations.
CASE STUDIES
Knowsley - substantial services changes and service reconfiguration
Knowsley Council's Scrutiny Inquiry Day focus was on major service change and improving the consultation process and the involvement of scrutiny.
Participants explored how this could be best achieved, and discussions focused on:
The need for clarity and common understanding of what substantial variation means and what triggers consultation with scrutiny.
Who's involved?
Understanding who the stakeholders are that need to be involved and what their roles are.
Involving councillors from the start strengthens the evidence base leading to better decisions.
The need to understand how scrutiny should work across boundaries.
Carrying out 'quality' scrutiny reviews that add value.
Community
organisations
Healthwatch
Health and
Wellbeing
Boards
Local Council
Executives
CQC and
other
regulators
NHS
England (in
support and
assurance
role)
NHS
Commissioners
and Providers
Health service
reconfigurations
Patients and
the public
Local council
OSC’s or
other bodies
Discussions helped focus on what worked well within the current system and how to improve this for the future. This led participants to identify actions that could improve engagement with scrutiny:
Ensuring that commissioners and providers are fully aware of their responsibilities to lead on
consultations and at what point.
Encouraging providers and commissioners (and other proposers) to engage with health scrutiny at the earliest opportunity on proposals for service changes.
Working with commissioners and providers to ensure that health scrutiny is aware of their commissioning and delivery intentions and their procurement practices.
Ensuring that there is a continued dialogue about what constitutes a 'substantial variation' and exploring options for developing a protocol or checklist.
Exploring further opportunities for councils to work together to develop shared understanding/ protocols in relation to joint health scrutiny.
Supporting health scrutiny activity so that it is meaningful and takes on board the views of various stakeholders.
Exploring opportunities for health scrutiny to evaluate the impact of changes to health and care services to investigate the outcomes.
Next steps
It was agreed to take a collaborative approach to improving working practices and processes in the future. A further meeting will be held to look at the practical implementation of ideas. The full benefits and impact of the inquiry day will be tested during future engagement with scrutiny.
Lancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund
Lancashire County Council's inquiry day generated ideas to contribute to the development of an effective and affordable integrated health and care system within Lancashire. Participants learned about the design and implementation of the Better Care Fund; explored a role for scrutiny and developed a shared commitment to support and engage the scrutiny function to capitalise on the actions and outcomes from the event.
Participants used workshops to look at the following:
Gaining a better understanding of the objectives and processes for the integration of services in the local context.
Identifying what successes there have been so far.
Looking at the tensions in the current system.
Exploring future opportunities, including those for scrutiny and suggestions on where scrutiny might focus and add value.
Addressing barriers that might restrict the influence of scrutiny.
Exploring further the roles that different organisations can play.
More than anything, the inquiry day helped to bring together partners from across a large and diverse county area. The county has a large number of organisations commissioning and delivering services for its population, and those charged with planning and delivering services don't always get a chance to discuss with others how services and engagements with scrutiny could be improved in practice.
9
10
Next steps
Conversations are taking place between scrutiny and health and care system leaders about how best to take forward the outputs from the event.
North Somerset - health and social care Integration – hospital discharge
North Somerset Council used the inquiry day approach in response to local interest in a particular problem, which had been picked up in a Care Quality Commission hospital inspection (particularly of older patients).
The inquiry day explored how to strengthen the role of scrutiny in contributing to the development and sustained implementation of a collective "whole system" based plan to improve patient discharge. Using a Healthwatch report on hospital discharge, the inquiry day tested five key findings in the local context:
1. People are experiencing unsafe, delayed or untimely discharge due to lack of co-ordination between health, social care and community services.
2. There is a lack of support available for people after discharge, often leading to readmission.
3. Many people feel discriminated against or stigmatised during their care, often feeling 'rushed out the door'.
4. People do not feel involved in decisions about their ongoing care post discharge.
5. Individuals' full range of needs are not considered when being discharged from hospital or a mental health setting – including their housing situation, carer responsibilities etc.
Small group discussions focused on the key themes of:
1. Health and social care integration.
2. Information about and access to support (including equalities issues).
3. Pathways of care and discharge.
4. The patient experience.
5. The interface between health services, social care, GP practices, housing and other agencies.
Solutions considered included:
The development of a shared Responsibility Charter.
The establishment of a specialist ward for older or more vulnerable patients, which is under consideration.
Increasing the communication between hospital and care homes.
Support from Home from Hospital, timescales for extended care plans and discharge plans.
Housing issues and family support.
Risk management of care home services.
Next steps
A scrutiny working group has been set up to ensure that the discussions and ideas generated are implemented. So far, a positive meeting has been held with key system leaders to test the inquiry day proposals, and agree next steps and who will lead their implementation.
11
telephone020 3866 5100
email [email protected]
twitter
@cfpscrutiny www.cfps.org.uk
Centre for Public Scrutiny Limited is a registered charity: 1136243 and a Limited Company registered in England and Wales: 5133443
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Solving the puzzle
How scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges
sustainable integration responsibilities inclusive reflect focused programme framework proactive iny
Solving the puzzle How scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges
m
ructure transformational development identify governance influence commitment mplementation council challenges
NOVEMBER 2016
2
About the Centre for Public Scrutiny
The Centre for Public Scrutiny (CfPS) (an independent charity) is the leading national organisation for the development and application of policy and practice to promote transparent, inclusive and accountable public services. We support individuals, organisations and communities to put our principles into practice in the design, delivery and monitoring of public services in ways that build knowledge, skills and trust so that effective solutions are identified together by decision-makers, practitioners and service users.
www.cfps.org.uk
Acknowledgements
CfPS would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this publication:
Hannah Myers – Knowsley Council
Wendy Broadley – Lancashire County Council
Leo Taylor – North Somerset Council
Ann Reeder – CfPS Regional Advocate
Steve Sienkiewicz - CfPS Regional Advocate
CfPS is also grateful to the Chairs of the health overview and scrutiny committees, councillors and colleagues from councils, the NHS and other local stakeholders in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset who took part in the inquiry days on which this report is based.
CONTENTS
3
4
TACKLING TODAY'S HEALTH AND CARE CHALLENGES
Key messages
Health and care are important and urgent public policy priorities. Councils, through their social care, public health and scrutiny roles are central to tackling local challenges and making changes a reality, working with other health and care system leaders
Councils' scrutiny role can add value to mechanisms for integration and joint working to solve local challenges (for example Better Care Fund plans and actions on service improvement). Leaders of Sustainability and Transformation Plans should engage scrutiny in the development and implementation of plans
Areas can draw on the key messages and lessons from an inquiry day approach taken in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset, reflecting on how scrutiny can contribute to meeting local health and care challenges
This report summarises key lessons and messages from scrutiny inquiry days held in conjunction with Knowsley Council, Lancashire County Council and North Somerset Council, supported by the Centre for Public Scrutiny. The inquiry days assessed the current role of scrutiny in the development of solutions to health and care challenges and how this can be improved in the future. Other areas can draw on the key lessons and messages in considering how scrutiny can contribute to the improvement of local plans for tackling future challenges.
Health and care is a major public policy priority. Services face a number of well documented challenges in the context of increasing demand and reduced resources – and there are no easy solutions. No one organisation acting alone can solve these issues and increasingly there are mechanisms through which local partners are coming together to plan and implement changes to the way services are commissioned and delivered – for example NHS vanguards, new models of care, the Better Care Fund and Sustainability and Transformation Plans. These show how local services will evolve and become sustainable over the next five years – ultimately delivering the Five Year Forward View vision of better health, better patient care and improved NHS efficiency. Some devolution deals also have action on health and care as priorities.
There is no appetite for organisational restructuring, so existing responsibilities and accountabilities remain, but this has implications for governance and public voice across complex planning and delivery footprints. CfPS promotes a strong and influential role for council scrutiny in improving health and care services and securing better outcomes for residents, patients and carers. Our work has shown the value of scrutiny in facilitating better joint working in areas, bringing partners together to focus holistically across the health and care systems.
Outcome focused scrutiny can provide a valuable and relevant platform for councillors, professionals and communities to come together around the complexities of health and wellbeing and to help to evaluate the planning, delivery and reconfiguration of health and care services. The scrutiny inquiry day approach was developed by CfPS in 2015 as a tool for bringing key stakeholders and partners together to focus on local challenges that they had identified in their shared work. The appreciative nature of the inquiry day approach creates the right environment for shared local solutions to emerge to address particular health and care challenges.
Three inquiry days were organised as part of a national learning project to promote the contribution of effective scrutiny in the health and care system. The three areas focused on some of the greatest health and care challenges facing those who plan, commission and deliver health and social care services:
Knowsley - substantial service changes and service reconfiguration
Lancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund
North Somerset – integration of services to support effective discharge from hospital
Aware that good governance, engaged public voice and effective scrutiny are vital components of the health and care system, CfPS believes there is a clear role for scrutiny to ensure that local plans are robust, sustainable and transformational. We hope that the experience and insights gained from this national learning project will help to influence future 'inclusive' discussions around the development of health and care in England.
DEVELOPING THE SCRUTINY ROLE – COPRODUCING SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
The inquiry days were planned around the following overarching principles about the value of the scrutiny role:
Scrutiny of plans to tackle major service challenges is fundamental to councils' health and social care scrutiny role.
Scrutiny can add value to local implementation plans by improving the evidence base for decisions and holding system leaders to account for their ambition to improve health and care.
Scrutiny is best when it is proactive rather than passive or reactive. There is a responsibility on system leaders to get the best out of the scrutiny function for the benefit of local people.
Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset used the inquiry day approach to take a three stage journey to developing a common understanding with stakeholders about the value of scrutiny. This may be useful when thinking about local approaches to scrutiny of health and care challenges
Reflect on the experience of previous contributions of council scrutiny to local approaches to health and care challenges
Identify opportunities and barriers that can help or hinder council scrutiny to influence better health, and integration of health and care services
Design a framework for scrutiny of health and care planning, and proposals for service redesign
5
6
To get the best value from the inquiry days, participants answered some questions in advance which helped to establish a context for local discussions.
|
What is your current knowledge of the subject of the inquiry day?
|
What do you anticipate are the main challenges associated with the subject of the inquiry day?
What do you think the benefits of closer joint working to solve the challenges will be?
How should scrutiny review local actions to solve the challenges?
Engaging with stakeholders in advance of the inquiry days helped to:
Establish who has responsibilities for solving the challenges and assess how partners work together to secure better outcomes, so that the views of people who use services and the public are represented constructively.
Begin to develop shared protocols for joint working and information sharing, together with agreed arrangements for future scrutiny.
Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset identified a number of benefits that emerged from this approach:
Developing the role of scrutiny, its value and how health and care partners can engage with scrutiny in the future.
Open and honest discussions between all stakeholders about challenges to local health and care systems and how to tackle them.
Developing common understanding between commissioners, providers and scrutineers, on the basis of a shared local concern.
Working through some of the challenges of the past and co-producing solutions for the future.
SHARING THE LEARNING – REFLECTING ON THE INQUIRY DAY APPROACH
Bringing together those with strategic oversight of services, frontline practitioners, providers, public voices and councillors helped everyone to understand the varied roles and responsibilities in the system and to identify potential to help address challenges that would not otherwise have been achieved.
Part of the discussions involved learning from past engagement with scrutiny in order to build a platform for improving the effectiveness of scrutiny in the future. The discussions recognised that there were potential risks to implementing change if scrutiny was not engaged effectively in a timely way.
Each of the challenges chosen by the areas were different, but they had common overarching themes of integration and service change which highlighted the need for the early involvement of scrutiny and the inherent risk of a failure effectively to engage.
Risks of poor working relationships between commissioners, providers and scrutiny can be avoided through adopting the following common principles:
Good scrutiny adds value to decision making by ensuring that evidence is sound and based on the right insight, so that no voice is unheard or evidence overlooked.
Scrutiny can ensure that engagement is effective – demonstrating influential patient and public participation helps commissioners and providers set out the case for change.
Scrutiny can use its statutory powers to escalate concerns – effective engagement and local resolution can reduce the risk of service changes being delayed.
Opportunities and steps to improving scrutiny's role were explored to build effective engagement with scrutiny in the future:
Communication and relationship building
Health scrutiny powers have existed since 2003, but health and care partners are sometimes unclear about how best to engage with scrutiny. Scrutiny is sometimes unclear about how it can influence changes to services. The potential benefits and value of health scrutiny need to more visible and accessible, through effective relationship management and routine channels of communication between health commissioners, providers and scrutiny.
The role of councillors can be underestimated as 'bridge builders' between the public and services. Regular conversations throughout the year around future plans and proposals provides an opportunity for valuable, proactive scrutiny instead of limited, reactive scrutiny towards the end of a process.
Shared understanding and consistency in approach
A shared understanding about the value of scrutiny to commissioners and providers is important, particularly when substantial variations are under consideration. Areas need to develop a shared understanding of the kinds of proposed changes to services that are likely to be substantial enough to trigger formal consultation with scrutiny. With little in legislation about the definition of 'substantial variations', it is important for partners to share their own understanding and to develop a common approach to consultation with scrutiny. Formal consultation with scrutiny should not be confused with separate duties for the NHS to ensure patient and public participation.
Early engagement is crucial
Involving councillors early in the development of proposals can help build the evidence base for decisions. This early engagement can generate understanding about the case for the change and the extent to which patients and the public have influenced proposals. Demonstrating this can help commissioners and providers avoid escalation of local concerns. Scrutiny can be an advocate of service improvement if they have had the opportunity to engage in early discussions.
Proactive scrutiny
Scrutiny is best when it is proactive, helping stakeholders to understand the issues that communities face and suggest and test solutions. Scrutiny has the ability to look through a different lens to help:
Develop local understanding of the area and the experiences of people who live and work there.
Engage the community, involving the right people at the right time in the right place.
Improve partnership working, acting as a 'bridge' between partners and tackling barriers to joint working.
Improve leadership and ownership through collectively tackling shared health and care challenges.
7
8
Working across boundaries
Service change, integration and effective discharge from hospital are not challenges that are confined to one council's area – they are issues that can straddle one or more local authority population. It is important for councils and scrutiny to develop joint protocols in advance of the need for any joint scrutiny arrangements that can arise under legislation. This includes having a clear view about how councils should work together, what joint arrangements would look like (for example - structure, political balance and support). Developing this shared understanding helps build the foundations for effective joint working. Communicating about the approach to joint scrutiny can help the NHS engage more effectively.
Ensuring effective scrutiny
Communicating with scrutiny is important, but so is the quality of scrutiny's handling of the issues. Timely, appropriate, evidence based, proportionate and balanced scrutiny can help make the case for better integration of services, better joint working around service improvements and better approaches to major service reconfigurations. Councillors involved in scrutiny should consider how best to use their scrutiny role to help local system leaders to develop ambitious but achievable plans for health and care services and to improve the health and wellbeing of local people. Having the right support for scrutiny can help develop effective project plans, hear from the right people and make realistic recommendations.
CASE STUDIES
Knowsley - substantial services changes and service reconfiguration
Knowsley Council's Scrutiny Inquiry Day focus was on major service change and improving the consultation process and the involvement of scrutiny.
Participants explored how this could be best achieved, and discussions focused on:
The need for clarity and common understanding of what substantial variation means and what triggers consultation with scrutiny.
Who's involved?
Understanding who the stakeholders are that need to be involved and what their roles are.
Involving councillors from the start strengthens the evidence base leading to better decisions.
The need to understand how scrutiny should work across boundaries.
Carrying out 'quality' scrutiny reviews that add value.
Community
organisations
Healthwatch
Health and
Wellbeing
Boards
Local Council
Executives
CQC and
other
regulators
NHS
England (in
support and
assurance
role)
NHS
Commissioners
and Providers
Health service
reconfigurations
Patients and
the public
Local council
OSC’s or
other bodies
Discussions helped focus on what worked well within the current system and how to improve this for the future. This led participants to identify actions that could improve engagement with scrutiny:
Ensuring that commissioners and providers are fully aware of their responsibilities to lead on
consultations and at what point.
Encouraging providers and commissioners (and other proposers) to engage with health scrutiny at the earliest opportunity on proposals for service changes.
Working with commissioners and providers to ensure that health scrutiny is aware of their commissioning and delivery intentions and their procurement practices.
Ensuring that there is a continued dialogue about what constitutes a 'substantial variation' and exploring options for developing a protocol or checklist.
Exploring further opportunities for councils to work together to develop shared understanding/ protocols in relation to joint health scrutiny.
Supporting health scrutiny activity so that it is meaningful and takes on board the views of various stakeholders.
Exploring opportunities for health scrutiny to evaluate the impact of changes to health and care services to investigate the outcomes.
Next steps
It was agreed to take a collaborative approach to improving working practices and processes in the future. A further meeting will be held to look at the practical implementation of ideas. The full benefits and impact of the inquiry day will be tested during future engagement with scrutiny.
Lancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund
Lancashire County Council's inquiry day generated ideas to contribute to the development of an effective and affordable integrated health and care system within Lancashire. Participants learned about the design and implementation of the Better Care Fund; explored a role for scrutiny and developed a shared commitment to support and engage the scrutiny function to capitalise on the actions and outcomes from the event.
Participants used workshops to look at the following:
Gaining a better understanding of the objectives and processes for the integration of services in the local context.
Identifying what successes there have been so far.
Looking at the tensions in the current system.
Exploring future opportunities, including those for scrutiny and suggestions on where scrutiny might focus and add value.
Addressing barriers that might restrict the influence of scrutiny.
Exploring further the roles that different organisations can play.
More than anything, the inquiry day helped to bring together partners from across a large and diverse county area. The county has a large number of organisations commissioning and delivering services for its population, and those charged with planning and delivering services don't always get a chance to discuss with others how services and engagements with scrutiny could be improved in practice.
9
10
Next steps
Conversations are taking place between scrutiny and health and care system leaders about how best to take forward the outputs from the event.
North Somerset - health and social care Integration – hospital discharge
North Somerset Council used the inquiry day approach in response to local interest in a particular problem, which had been picked up in a Care Quality Commission hospital inspection (particularly of older patients).
The inquiry day explored how to strengthen the role of scrutiny in contributing to the development and sustained implementation of a collective "whole system" based plan to improve patient discharge. Using a Healthwatch report on hospital discharge, the inquiry day tested five key findings in the local context:
1. People are experiencing unsafe, delayed or untimely discharge due to lack of co-ordination between health, social care and community services.
2. There is a lack of support available for people after discharge, often leading to readmission.
3. Many people feel discriminated against or stigmatised during their care, often feeling 'rushed out the door'.
4. People do not feel involved in decisions about their ongoing care post discharge.
5. Individuals' full range of needs are not considered when being discharged from hospital or a mental health setting – including their housing situation, carer responsibilities etc.
Small group discussions focused on the key themes of:
1. Health and social care integration.
2. Information about and access to support (including equalities issues).
3. Pathways of care and discharge.
4. The patient experience.
5. The interface between health services, social care, GP practices, housing and other agencies.
Solutions considered included:
The development of a shared Responsibility Charter.
The establishment of a specialist ward for older or more vulnerable patients, which is under consideration.
Increasing the communication between hospital and care homes.
Support from Home from Hospital, timescales for extended care plans and discharge plans.
Housing issues and family support.
Risk management of care home services.
Next steps
A scrutiny working group has been set up to ensure that the discussions and ideas generated are implemented. So far, a positive meeting has been held with key system leaders to test the inquiry day proposals, and agree next steps and who will lead their implementation.
11
telephone020 3866 5100
email [email protected]
twitter
@cfpscrutiny www.cfps.org.uk
Centre for Public Scrutiny Limited is a registered charity: 1136243 and a Limited Company registered in England and Wales: 5133443
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<url>
http://www.cfps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/CfPS-Scrutiny-Inquiry-Days-v2.pdf
</url>
<text>
Solving the puzzle
How scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges
sustainable integration responsibilities inclusive reflect focused programme framework proactive iny
Solving the puzzle How scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges
m
ructure transformational development identify governance influence commitment mplementation council challenges
NOVEMBER 2016
2
About the Centre for Public Scrutiny
The Centre for Public Scrutiny (CfPS) (an independent charity) is the leading national organisation for the development and application of policy and practice to promote transparent, inclusive and accountable public services. We support individuals, organisations and communities to put our principles into practice in the design, delivery and monitoring of public services in ways that build knowledge, skills and trust so that effective solutions are identified together by decision-makers, practitioners and service users.
www.cfps.org.uk
Acknowledgements
CfPS would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this publication:
Hannah Myers – Knowsley Council
Wendy Broadley – Lancashire County Council
Leo Taylor – North Somerset Council
Ann Reeder – CfPS Regional Advocate
Steve Sienkiewicz - CfPS Regional Advocate
CfPS is also grateful to the Chairs of the health overview and scrutiny committees, councillors and colleagues from councils, the NHS and other local stakeholders in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset who took part in the inquiry days on which this report is based.
CONTENTS
3
4
TACKLING TODAY'S HEALTH AND CARE CHALLENGES
Key messages
Health and care are important and urgent public policy priorities. Councils, through their social care, public health and scrutiny roles are central to tackling local challenges and making changes a reality, working with other health and care system leaders
Councils' scrutiny role can add value to mechanisms for integration and joint working to solve local challenges (for example Better Care Fund plans and actions on service improvement). Leaders of Sustainability and Transformation Plans should engage scrutiny in the development and implementation of plans
Areas can draw on the key messages and lessons from an inquiry day approach taken in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset, reflecting on how scrutiny can contribute to meeting local health and care challenges
This report summarises key lessons and messages from scrutiny inquiry days held in conjunction with Knowsley Council, Lancashire County Council and North Somerset Council, supported by the Centre for Public Scrutiny. The inquiry days assessed the current role of scrutiny in the development of solutions to health and care challenges and how this can be improved in the future. Other areas can draw on the key lessons and messages in considering how scrutiny can contribute to the improvement of local plans for tackling future challenges.
Health and care is a major public policy priority. Services face a number of well documented challenges in the context of increasing demand and reduced resources – and there are no easy solutions. No one organisation acting alone can solve these issues and increasingly there are mechanisms through which local partners are coming together to plan and implement changes to the way services are commissioned and delivered – for example NHS vanguards, new models of care, the Better Care Fund and Sustainability and Transformation Plans. These show how local services will evolve and become sustainable over the next five years – ultimately delivering the Five Year Forward View vision of better health, better patient care and improved NHS efficiency. Some devolution deals also have action on health and care as priorities.
There is no appetite for organisational restructuring, so existing responsibilities and accountabilities remain, but this has implications for governance and public voice across complex planning and delivery footprints. CfPS promotes a strong and influential role for council scrutiny in improving health and care services and securing better outcomes for residents, patients and carers. Our work has shown the value of scrutiny in facilitating better joint working in areas, bringing partners together to focus holistically across the health and care systems.
Outcome focused scrutiny can provide a valuable and relevant platform for councillors, professionals and communities to come together around the complexities of health and wellbeing and to help to evaluate the planning, delivery and reconfiguration of health and care services. The scrutiny inquiry day approach was developed by CfPS in 2015 as a tool for bringing key stakeholders and partners together to focus on local challenges that they had identified in their shared work. The appreciative nature of the inquiry day approach creates the right environment for shared local solutions to emerge to address particular health and care challenges.
Three inquiry days were organised as part of a national learning project to promote the contribution of effective scrutiny in the health and care system. The three areas focused on some of the greatest health and care challenges facing those who plan, commission and deliver health and social care services:
Knowsley - substantial service changes and service reconfiguration
Lancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund
North Somerset – integration of services to support effective discharge from hospital
Aware that good governance, engaged public voice and effective scrutiny are vital components of the health and care system, CfPS believes there is a clear role for scrutiny to ensure that local plans are robust, sustainable and transformational. We hope that the experience and insights gained from this national learning project will help to influence future 'inclusive' discussions around the development of health and care in England.
DEVELOPING THE SCRUTINY ROLE – COPRODUCING SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
The inquiry days were planned around the following overarching principles about the value of the scrutiny role:
Scrutiny of plans to tackle major service challenges is fundamental to councils' health and social care scrutiny role.
Scrutiny can add value to local implementation plans by improving the evidence base for decisions and holding system leaders to account for their ambition to improve health and care.
Scrutiny is best when it is proactive rather than passive or reactive. There is a responsibility on system leaders to get the best out of the scrutiny function for the benefit of local people.
Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset used the inquiry day approach to take a three stage journey to developing a common understanding with stakeholders about the value of scrutiny. This may be useful when thinking about local approaches to scrutiny of health and care challenges
Reflect on the experience of previous contributions of council scrutiny to local approaches to health and care challenges
Identify opportunities and barriers that can help or hinder council scrutiny to influence better health, and integration of health and care services
Design a framework for scrutiny of health and care planning, and proposals for service redesign
5
6
To get the best value from the inquiry days, participants answered some questions in advance which helped to establish a context for local discussions.
<cursor_is_here>
What do you anticipate are the main challenges associated with the subject of the inquiry day?
What do you think the benefits of closer joint working to solve the challenges will be?
How should scrutiny review local actions to solve the challenges?
Engaging with stakeholders in advance of the inquiry days helped to:
Establish who has responsibilities for solving the challenges and assess how partners work together to secure better outcomes, so that the views of people who use services and the public are represented constructively.
Begin to develop shared protocols for joint working and information sharing, together with agreed arrangements for future scrutiny.
Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset identified a number of benefits that emerged from this approach:
Developing the role of scrutiny, its value and how health and care partners can engage with scrutiny in the future.
Open and honest discussions between all stakeholders about challenges to local health and care systems and how to tackle them.
Developing common understanding between commissioners, providers and scrutineers, on the basis of a shared local concern.
Working through some of the challenges of the past and co-producing solutions for the future.
SHARING THE LEARNING – REFLECTING ON THE INQUIRY DAY APPROACH
Bringing together those with strategic oversight of services, frontline practitioners, providers, public voices and councillors helped everyone to understand the varied roles and responsibilities in the system and to identify potential to help address challenges that would not otherwise have been achieved.
Part of the discussions involved learning from past engagement with scrutiny in order to build a platform for improving the effectiveness of scrutiny in the future. The discussions recognised that there were potential risks to implementing change if scrutiny was not engaged effectively in a timely way.
Each of the challenges chosen by the areas were different, but they had common overarching themes of integration and service change which highlighted the need for the early involvement of scrutiny and the inherent risk of a failure effectively to engage.
Risks of poor working relationships between commissioners, providers and scrutiny can be avoided through adopting the following common principles:
Good scrutiny adds value to decision making by ensuring that evidence is sound and based on the right insight, so that no voice is unheard or evidence overlooked.
Scrutiny can ensure that engagement is effective – demonstrating influential patient and public participation helps commissioners and providers set out the case for change.
Scrutiny can use its statutory powers to escalate concerns – effective engagement and local resolution can reduce the risk of service changes being delayed.
Opportunities and steps to improving scrutiny's role were explored to build effective engagement with scrutiny in the future:
Communication and relationship building
Health scrutiny powers have existed since 2003, but health and care partners are sometimes unclear about how best to engage with scrutiny. Scrutiny is sometimes unclear about how it can influence changes to services. The potential benefits and value of health scrutiny need to more visible and accessible, through effective relationship management and routine channels of communication between health commissioners, providers and scrutiny.
The role of councillors can be underestimated as 'bridge builders' between the public and services. Regular conversations throughout the year around future plans and proposals provides an opportunity for valuable, proactive scrutiny instead of limited, reactive scrutiny towards the end of a process.
Shared understanding and consistency in approach
A shared understanding about the value of scrutiny to commissioners and providers is important, particularly when substantial variations are under consideration. Areas need to develop a shared understanding of the kinds of proposed changes to services that are likely to be substantial enough to trigger formal consultation with scrutiny. With little in legislation about the definition of 'substantial variations', it is important for partners to share their own understanding and to develop a common approach to consultation with scrutiny. Formal consultation with scrutiny should not be confused with separate duties for the NHS to ensure patient and public participation.
Early engagement is crucial
Involving councillors early in the development of proposals can help build the evidence base for decisions. This early engagement can generate understanding about the case for the change and the extent to which patients and the public have influenced proposals. Demonstrating this can help commissioners and providers avoid escalation of local concerns. Scrutiny can be an advocate of service improvement if they have had the opportunity to engage in early discussions.
Proactive scrutiny
Scrutiny is best when it is proactive, helping stakeholders to understand the issues that communities face and suggest and test solutions. Scrutiny has the ability to look through a different lens to help:
Develop local understanding of the area and the experiences of people who live and work there.
Engage the community, involving the right people at the right time in the right place.
Improve partnership working, acting as a 'bridge' between partners and tackling barriers to joint working.
Improve leadership and ownership through collectively tackling shared health and care challenges.
7
8
Working across boundaries
Service change, integration and effective discharge from hospital are not challenges that are confined to one council's area – they are issues that can straddle one or more local authority population. It is important for councils and scrutiny to develop joint protocols in advance of the need for any joint scrutiny arrangements that can arise under legislation. This includes having a clear view about how councils should work together, what joint arrangements would look like (for example - structure, political balance and support). Developing this shared understanding helps build the foundations for effective joint working. Communicating about the approach to joint scrutiny can help the NHS engage more effectively.
Ensuring effective scrutiny
Communicating with scrutiny is important, but so is the quality of scrutiny's handling of the issues. Timely, appropriate, evidence based, proportionate and balanced scrutiny can help make the case for better integration of services, better joint working around service improvements and better approaches to major service reconfigurations. Councillors involved in scrutiny should consider how best to use their scrutiny role to help local system leaders to develop ambitious but achievable plans for health and care services and to improve the health and wellbeing of local people. Having the right support for scrutiny can help develop effective project plans, hear from the right people and make realistic recommendations.
CASE STUDIES
Knowsley - substantial services changes and service reconfiguration
Knowsley Council's Scrutiny Inquiry Day focus was on major service change and improving the consultation process and the involvement of scrutiny.
Participants explored how this could be best achieved, and discussions focused on:
The need for clarity and common understanding of what substantial variation means and what triggers consultation with scrutiny.
Who's involved?
Understanding who the stakeholders are that need to be involved and what their roles are.
Involving councillors from the start strengthens the evidence base leading to better decisions.
The need to understand how scrutiny should work across boundaries.
Carrying out 'quality' scrutiny reviews that add value.
Community
organisations
Healthwatch
Health and
Wellbeing
Boards
Local Council
Executives
CQC and
other
regulators
NHS
England (in
support and
assurance
role)
NHS
Commissioners
and Providers
Health service
reconfigurations
Patients and
the public
Local council
OSC’s or
other bodies
Discussions helped focus on what worked well within the current system and how to improve this for the future. This led participants to identify actions that could improve engagement with scrutiny:
Ensuring that commissioners and providers are fully aware of their responsibilities to lead on
consultations and at what point.
Encouraging providers and commissioners (and other proposers) to engage with health scrutiny at the earliest opportunity on proposals for service changes.
Working with commissioners and providers to ensure that health scrutiny is aware of their commissioning and delivery intentions and their procurement practices.
Ensuring that there is a continued dialogue about what constitutes a 'substantial variation' and exploring options for developing a protocol or checklist.
Exploring further opportunities for councils to work together to develop shared understanding/ protocols in relation to joint health scrutiny.
Supporting health scrutiny activity so that it is meaningful and takes on board the views of various stakeholders.
Exploring opportunities for health scrutiny to evaluate the impact of changes to health and care services to investigate the outcomes.
Next steps
It was agreed to take a collaborative approach to improving working practices and processes in the future. A further meeting will be held to look at the practical implementation of ideas. The full benefits and impact of the inquiry day will be tested during future engagement with scrutiny.
Lancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund
Lancashire County Council's inquiry day generated ideas to contribute to the development of an effective and affordable integrated health and care system within Lancashire. Participants learned about the design and implementation of the Better Care Fund; explored a role for scrutiny and developed a shared commitment to support and engage the scrutiny function to capitalise on the actions and outcomes from the event.
Participants used workshops to look at the following:
Gaining a better understanding of the objectives and processes for the integration of services in the local context.
Identifying what successes there have been so far.
Looking at the tensions in the current system.
Exploring future opportunities, including those for scrutiny and suggestions on where scrutiny might focus and add value.
Addressing barriers that might restrict the influence of scrutiny.
Exploring further the roles that different organisations can play.
More than anything, the inquiry day helped to bring together partners from across a large and diverse county area. The county has a large number of organisations commissioning and delivering services for its population, and those charged with planning and delivering services don't always get a chance to discuss with others how services and engagements with scrutiny could be improved in practice.
9
10
Next steps
Conversations are taking place between scrutiny and health and care system leaders about how best to take forward the outputs from the event.
North Somerset - health and social care Integration – hospital discharge
North Somerset Council used the inquiry day approach in response to local interest in a particular problem, which had been picked up in a Care Quality Commission hospital inspection (particularly of older patients).
The inquiry day explored how to strengthen the role of scrutiny in contributing to the development and sustained implementation of a collective "whole system" based plan to improve patient discharge. Using a Healthwatch report on hospital discharge, the inquiry day tested five key findings in the local context:
1. People are experiencing unsafe, delayed or untimely discharge due to lack of co-ordination between health, social care and community services.
2. There is a lack of support available for people after discharge, often leading to readmission.
3. Many people feel discriminated against or stigmatised during their care, often feeling 'rushed out the door'.
4. People do not feel involved in decisions about their ongoing care post discharge.
5. Individuals' full range of needs are not considered when being discharged from hospital or a mental health setting – including their housing situation, carer responsibilities etc.
Small group discussions focused on the key themes of:
1. Health and social care integration.
2. Information about and access to support (including equalities issues).
3. Pathways of care and discharge.
4. The patient experience.
5. The interface between health services, social care, GP practices, housing and other agencies.
Solutions considered included:
The development of a shared Responsibility Charter.
The establishment of a specialist ward for older or more vulnerable patients, which is under consideration.
Increasing the communication between hospital and care homes.
Support from Home from Hospital, timescales for extended care plans and discharge plans.
Housing issues and family support.
Risk management of care home services.
Next steps
A scrutiny working group has been set up to ensure that the discussions and ideas generated are implemented. So far, a positive meeting has been held with key system leaders to test the inquiry day proposals, and agree next steps and who will lead their implementation.
11
telephone020 3866 5100
email [email protected]
twitter
@cfpscrutiny www.cfps.org.uk
Centre for Public Scrutiny Limited is a registered charity: 1136243 and a Limited Company registered in England and Wales: 5133443
</text>
|
[
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.cfps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/CfPS-Scrutiny-Inquiry-Days-v2.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nSolving the puzzle\n\nHow scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges\n\nsustainable integration responsibilities inclusive reflect focused programme framework proactive iny\n\nSolving the puzzle How scrutiny can add value to complex health and care challenges\n\nm\n\nructure transformational development identify governance influence commitment mplementation council challenges\n\nNOVEMBER 2016\n\n2\n\nAbout the Centre for Public Scrutiny\n\nThe Centre for Public Scrutiny (CfPS) (an independent charity) is the leading national organisation for the development and application of policy and practice to promote transparent, inclusive and accountable public services. We support individuals, organisations and communities to put our principles into practice in the design, delivery and monitoring of public services in ways that build knowledge, skills and trust so that effective solutions are identified together by decision-makers, practitioners and service users.\n\nwww.cfps.org.uk\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nCfPS would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this publication:\n\nHannah Myers – Knowsley Council\n\nWendy Broadley – Lancashire County Council\n\nLeo Taylor – North Somerset Council\n\nAnn Reeder – CfPS Regional Advocate\n\nSteve Sienkiewicz - CfPS Regional Advocate\n\nCfPS is also grateful to the Chairs of the health overview and scrutiny committees, councillors and colleagues from councils, the NHS and other local stakeholders in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset who took part in the inquiry days on which this report is based.\n\nCONTENTS\n\n3\n\n4\n\nTACKLING TODAY'S HEALTH AND CARE CHALLENGES\n\nKey messages\n\nHealth and care are important and urgent public policy priorities. Councils, through their social care, public health and scrutiny roles are central to tackling local challenges and making changes a reality, working with other health and care system leaders\n\nCouncils' scrutiny role can add value to mechanisms for integration and joint working to solve local challenges (for example Better Care Fund plans and actions on service improvement). Leaders of Sustainability and Transformation Plans should engage scrutiny in the development and implementation of plans\n\nAreas can draw on the key messages and lessons from an inquiry day approach taken in Knowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset, reflecting on how scrutiny can contribute to meeting local health and care challenges\n\nThis report summarises key lessons and messages from scrutiny inquiry days held in conjunction with Knowsley Council, Lancashire County Council and North Somerset Council, supported by the Centre for Public Scrutiny. The inquiry days assessed the current role of scrutiny in the development of solutions to health and care challenges and how this can be improved in the future. Other areas can draw on the key lessons and messages in considering how scrutiny can contribute to the improvement of local plans for tackling future challenges.\n\nHealth and care is a major public policy priority. Services face a number of well documented challenges in the context of increasing demand and reduced resources – and there are no easy solutions. No one organisation acting alone can solve these issues and increasingly there are mechanisms through which local partners are coming together to plan and implement changes to the way services are commissioned and delivered – for example NHS vanguards, new models of care, the Better Care Fund and Sustainability and Transformation Plans. These show how local services will evolve and become sustainable over the next five years – ultimately delivering the Five Year Forward View vision of better health, better patient care and improved NHS efficiency. Some devolution deals also have action on health and care as priorities.\n\nThere is no appetite for organisational restructuring, so existing responsibilities and accountabilities remain, but this has implications for governance and public voice across complex planning and delivery footprints. CfPS promotes a strong and influential role for council scrutiny in improving health and care services and securing better outcomes for residents, patients and carers. Our work has shown the value of scrutiny in facilitating better joint working in areas, bringing partners together to focus holistically across the health and care systems.\n\nOutcome focused scrutiny can provide a valuable and relevant platform for councillors, professionals and communities to come together around the complexities of health and wellbeing and to help to evaluate the planning, delivery and reconfiguration of health and care services. The scrutiny inquiry day approach was developed by CfPS in 2015 as a tool for bringing key stakeholders and partners together to focus on local challenges that they had identified in their shared work. The appreciative nature of the inquiry day approach creates the right environment for shared local solutions to emerge to address particular health and care challenges.\n\nThree inquiry days were organised as part of a national learning project to promote the contribution of effective scrutiny in the health and care system. The three areas focused on some of the greatest health and care challenges facing those who plan, commission and deliver health and social care services:\n\nKnowsley - substantial service changes and service reconfiguration\nLancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund\nNorth Somerset – integration of services to support effective discharge from hospital\n\nAware that good governance, engaged public voice and effective scrutiny are vital components of the health and care system, CfPS believes there is a clear role for scrutiny to ensure that local plans are robust, sustainable and transformational. We hope that the experience and insights gained from this national learning project will help to influence future 'inclusive' discussions around the development of health and care in England.\n\nDEVELOPING THE SCRUTINY ROLE – COPRODUCING SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE\n\nThe inquiry days were planned around the following overarching principles about the value of the scrutiny role:\n\nScrutiny of plans to tackle major service challenges is fundamental to councils' health and social care scrutiny role.\nScrutiny can add value to local implementation plans by improving the evidence base for decisions and holding system leaders to account for their ambition to improve health and care.\nScrutiny is best when it is proactive rather than passive or reactive. There is a responsibility on system leaders to get the best out of the scrutiny function for the benefit of local people.\n\nKnowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset used the inquiry day approach to take a three stage journey to developing a common understanding with stakeholders about the value of scrutiny. This may be useful when thinking about local approaches to scrutiny of health and care challenges\n\nReflect on the experience of previous contributions of council scrutiny to local approaches to health and care challenges\n\nIdentify opportunities and barriers that can help or hinder council scrutiny to influence better health, and integration of health and care services\n\nDesign a framework for scrutiny of health and care planning, and proposals for service redesign\n\n5\n\n6\n\nTo get the best value from the inquiry days, participants answered some questions in advance which helped to establish a context for local discussions.\n\n<cursor_is_here>\nWhat do you anticipate are the main challenges associated with the subject of the inquiry day?\nWhat do you think the benefits of closer joint working to solve the challenges will be?\nHow should scrutiny review local actions to solve the challenges?\n\nEngaging with stakeholders in advance of the inquiry days helped to:\n\nEstablish who has responsibilities for solving the challenges and assess how partners work together to secure better outcomes, so that the views of people who use services and the public are represented constructively.\nBegin to develop shared protocols for joint working and information sharing, together with agreed arrangements for future scrutiny.\n\nKnowsley, Lancashire and North Somerset identified a number of benefits that emerged from this approach:\n\nDeveloping the role of scrutiny, its value and how health and care partners can engage with scrutiny in the future.\nOpen and honest discussions between all stakeholders about challenges to local health and care systems and how to tackle them.\nDeveloping common understanding between commissioners, providers and scrutineers, on the basis of a shared local concern.\nWorking through some of the challenges of the past and co-producing solutions for the future.\n\nSHARING THE LEARNING – REFLECTING ON THE INQUIRY DAY APPROACH\n\nBringing together those with strategic oversight of services, frontline practitioners, providers, public voices and councillors helped everyone to understand the varied roles and responsibilities in the system and to identify potential to help address challenges that would not otherwise have been achieved.\n\nPart of the discussions involved learning from past engagement with scrutiny in order to build a platform for improving the effectiveness of scrutiny in the future. The discussions recognised that there were potential risks to implementing change if scrutiny was not engaged effectively in a timely way.\n\nEach of the challenges chosen by the areas were different, but they had common overarching themes of integration and service change which highlighted the need for the early involvement of scrutiny and the inherent risk of a failure effectively to engage.\n\nRisks of poor working relationships between commissioners, providers and scrutiny can be avoided through adopting the following common principles:\n\nGood scrutiny adds value to decision making by ensuring that evidence is sound and based on the right insight, so that no voice is unheard or evidence overlooked.\nScrutiny can ensure that engagement is effective – demonstrating influential patient and public participation helps commissioners and providers set out the case for change.\nScrutiny can use its statutory powers to escalate concerns – effective engagement and local resolution can reduce the risk of service changes being delayed.\n\nOpportunities and steps to improving scrutiny's role were explored to build effective engagement with scrutiny in the future:\n\nCommunication and relationship building\n\nHealth scrutiny powers have existed since 2003, but health and care partners are sometimes unclear about how best to engage with scrutiny. Scrutiny is sometimes unclear about how it can influence changes to services. The potential benefits and value of health scrutiny need to more visible and accessible, through effective relationship management and routine channels of communication between health commissioners, providers and scrutiny.\n\nThe role of councillors can be underestimated as 'bridge builders' between the public and services. Regular conversations throughout the year around future plans and proposals provides an opportunity for valuable, proactive scrutiny instead of limited, reactive scrutiny towards the end of a process.\n\nShared understanding and consistency in approach\n\nA shared understanding about the value of scrutiny to commissioners and providers is important, particularly when substantial variations are under consideration. Areas need to develop a shared understanding of the kinds of proposed changes to services that are likely to be substantial enough to trigger formal consultation with scrutiny. With little in legislation about the definition of 'substantial variations', it is important for partners to share their own understanding and to develop a common approach to consultation with scrutiny. Formal consultation with scrutiny should not be confused with separate duties for the NHS to ensure patient and public participation.\n\nEarly engagement is crucial\n\nInvolving councillors early in the development of proposals can help build the evidence base for decisions. This early engagement can generate understanding about the case for the change and the extent to which patients and the public have influenced proposals. Demonstrating this can help commissioners and providers avoid escalation of local concerns. Scrutiny can be an advocate of service improvement if they have had the opportunity to engage in early discussions.\n\nProactive scrutiny\n\nScrutiny is best when it is proactive, helping stakeholders to understand the issues that communities face and suggest and test solutions. Scrutiny has the ability to look through a different lens to help:\n\nDevelop local understanding of the area and the experiences of people who live and work there.\nEngage the community, involving the right people at the right time in the right place.\nImprove partnership working, acting as a 'bridge' between partners and tackling barriers to joint working.\nImprove leadership and ownership through collectively tackling shared health and care challenges.\n\n7\n\n8\n\nWorking across boundaries\n\nService change, integration and effective discharge from hospital are not challenges that are confined to one council's area – they are issues that can straddle one or more local authority population. It is important for councils and scrutiny to develop joint protocols in advance of the need for any joint scrutiny arrangements that can arise under legislation. This includes having a clear view about how councils should work together, what joint arrangements would look like (for example - structure, political balance and support). Developing this shared understanding helps build the foundations for effective joint working. Communicating about the approach to joint scrutiny can help the NHS engage more effectively.\n\nEnsuring effective scrutiny\n\nCommunicating with scrutiny is important, but so is the quality of scrutiny's handling of the issues. Timely, appropriate, evidence based, proportionate and balanced scrutiny can help make the case for better integration of services, better joint working around service improvements and better approaches to major service reconfigurations. Councillors involved in scrutiny should consider how best to use their scrutiny role to help local system leaders to develop ambitious but achievable plans for health and care services and to improve the health and wellbeing of local people. Having the right support for scrutiny can help develop effective project plans, hear from the right people and make realistic recommendations.\n\nCASE STUDIES\n\nKnowsley - substantial services changes and service reconfiguration\n\nKnowsley Council's Scrutiny Inquiry Day focus was on major service change and improving the consultation process and the involvement of scrutiny.\n\nParticipants explored how this could be best achieved, and discussions focused on:\n\nThe need for clarity and common understanding of what substantial variation means and what triggers consultation with scrutiny.\n\nWho's involved?\n\nUnderstanding who the stakeholders are that need to be involved and what their roles are.\nInvolving councillors from the start strengthens the evidence base leading to better decisions.\nThe need to understand how scrutiny should work across boundaries.\nCarrying out 'quality' scrutiny reviews that add value.\n\nCommunity\norganisations\nHealthwatch\nHealth and\nWellbeing\nBoards\nLocal Council\nExecutives\nCQC and\nother\nregulators\nNHS\nEngland (in\nsupport and\nassurance\nrole)\nNHS\nCommissioners\nand Providers\nHealth service\nreconfigurations\nPatients and\nthe public\nLocal council\nOSC’s or\nother bodies\n\nDiscussions helped focus on what worked well within the current system and how to improve this for the future. This led participants to identify actions that could improve engagement with scrutiny:\n\nEnsuring that commissioners and providers are fully aware of their responsibilities to lead on\n\nconsultations and at what point.\n\nEncouraging providers and commissioners (and other proposers) to engage with health scrutiny at the earliest opportunity on proposals for service changes.\nWorking with commissioners and providers to ensure that health scrutiny is aware of their commissioning and delivery intentions and their procurement practices.\nEnsuring that there is a continued dialogue about what constitutes a 'substantial variation' and exploring options for developing a protocol or checklist.\nExploring further opportunities for councils to work together to develop shared understanding/ protocols in relation to joint health scrutiny.\nSupporting health scrutiny activity so that it is meaningful and takes on board the views of various stakeholders.\nExploring opportunities for health scrutiny to evaluate the impact of changes to health and care services to investigate the outcomes.\n\nNext steps\n\nIt was agreed to take a collaborative approach to improving working practices and processes in the future. A further meeting will be held to look at the practical implementation of ideas. The full benefits and impact of the inquiry day will be tested during future engagement with scrutiny.\n\nLancashire - health and social care integration and the Better Care Fund\n\nLancashire County Council's inquiry day generated ideas to contribute to the development of an effective and affordable integrated health and care system within Lancashire. Participants learned about the design and implementation of the Better Care Fund; explored a role for scrutiny and developed a shared commitment to support and engage the scrutiny function to capitalise on the actions and outcomes from the event.\n\nParticipants used workshops to look at the following:\n\nGaining a better understanding of the objectives and processes for the integration of services in the local context.\nIdentifying what successes there have been so far.\nLooking at the tensions in the current system.\nExploring future opportunities, including those for scrutiny and suggestions on where scrutiny might focus and add value.\nAddressing barriers that might restrict the influence of scrutiny.\nExploring further the roles that different organisations can play.\n\nMore than anything, the inquiry day helped to bring together partners from across a large and diverse county area. The county has a large number of organisations commissioning and delivering services for its population, and those charged with planning and delivering services don't always get a chance to discuss with others how services and engagements with scrutiny could be improved in practice.\n\n9\n\n10\n\nNext steps\n\nConversations are taking place between scrutiny and health and care system leaders about how best to take forward the outputs from the event.\n\nNorth Somerset - health and social care Integration – hospital discharge\n\nNorth Somerset Council used the inquiry day approach in response to local interest in a particular problem, which had been picked up in a Care Quality Commission hospital inspection (particularly of older patients).\n\nThe inquiry day explored how to strengthen the role of scrutiny in contributing to the development and sustained implementation of a collective \"whole system\" based plan to improve patient discharge. Using a Healthwatch report on hospital discharge, the inquiry day tested five key findings in the local context:\n\n1. People are experiencing unsafe, delayed or untimely discharge due to lack of co-ordination between health, social care and community services.\n2. There is a lack of support available for people after discharge, often leading to readmission.\n3. Many people feel discriminated against or stigmatised during their care, often feeling 'rushed out the door'.\n4. People do not feel involved in decisions about their ongoing care post discharge.\n5. Individuals' full range of needs are not considered when being discharged from hospital or a mental health setting – including their housing situation, carer responsibilities etc.\n\nSmall group discussions focused on the key themes of:\n\n1. Health and social care integration.\n2. Information about and access to support (including equalities issues).\n3. Pathways of care and discharge.\n4. The patient experience.\n5. The interface between health services, social care, GP practices, housing and other agencies.\n\nSolutions considered included:\n\nThe development of a shared Responsibility Charter.\nThe establishment of a specialist ward for older or more vulnerable patients, which is under consideration.\nIncreasing the communication between hospital and care homes.\nSupport from Home from Hospital, timescales for extended care plans and discharge plans.\nHousing issues and family support.\nRisk management of care home services.\n\nNext steps\n\nA scrutiny working group has been set up to ensure that the discussions and ideas generated are implemented. So far, a positive meeting has been held with key system leaders to test the inquiry day proposals, and agree next steps and who will lead their implementation.\n\n11\n\ntelephone020 3866 5100\n\nemail [email protected]\n\ntwitter\n\n@cfpscrutiny www.cfps.org.uk\n\nCentre for Public Scrutiny Limited is a registered charity: 1136243 and a Limited Company registered in England and Wales: 5133443\n</text>\n",
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If you need a powerful web hosting solution for your sites and applications and you get one of the dedicated servers
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Bernardsville, NJ (PRWEB) June 20, 2014
Five Star Professional is pleased to announce Adrienne Francis, Keller Williams Towne Square Realty, has been chosen as one of New Jersey’s Five Star Real Estate Agents for 2014.
Five Star Professional partnered with New Jersey Monthly to recognize a select group of New Jersey area real estate agents who provide quality services to their clients. Adrienne Francis was featured, along with other award winners, in a special section of the March issue.
“Adrienne Francis was recommended to us by another satisfied customer. We have moved many times and were relocating from the Chicago-land area to New Jersey. From the moment we contacted her, she was friendly, approachable and professional. She made the effort to get to know my husband and I, explored our preferences and expectations and she actually paid attention to our responses and concerns. She really listened and planned according to our priorities. Those are hallmarks of an excellent real estate agent. She was very knowledgeable about the area and current trends and pricing of homes. She gave solid recommendations and feedback in response to our questions and concerns. She was fully involved in this journey with us from start to finish. We have had lots of experience with real estate agents and Adrienne is in the top tier of her profession. We would highly recommend her. Thanks Adrienne.” — Jacque Benson
The Five Star Real Estate Agent award program is the largest and most widely published real estate agent award program in North America. Agents are measured using an objective, in-depth research methodology with significant focus on customer feedback and overall satisfaction.
“Five Star Real Estate Agents are more than knowledgeable experts in their field. They maintain a sharp focus on building enduring relationships and demonstrate tremendous dedication to the families and individuals they serve.” — Lynn Hargreaves, VP, Research and Services Operations, Five Star Professional.
Adrienne Francis’ Five Star award profile can be viewed here.
About the research process:
Now entering its 12th year, Five Star Professional conducts in-depth, market-specific research in more than 45 markets across the United States and Canada to identify premium service professionals.
Five Star Professional contacts thousands of recent homebuyers to identify award candidates. Phone, mail and online respondents rate their real estate agent on 10 satisfaction criteria. Candidates with a qualifying client satisfaction rating move on to be evaluated on objective criteria such as experience, production levels and disciplinary and complaint history.
Real estate agents do not pay a fee to be considered or awarded. For more information, visit http://www.fivestarprofessional.com.
Adrienne can be contacted at (908)766-0085 (office) or (201) 259-4449 (cell).
24 Claremont Rd., Bernardsville, NJ 07924.
Each office is independently owned and operated. Equal Housing Opportunity.
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Bernardsville, NJ (PRWEB) June 20, 2014
Five Star Professional is pleased to announce Adrienne Francis, Keller Williams Towne Square Realty, has been chosen as one of New Jersey’s Five Star Real Estate Agents for 2014.
Five Star Professional partnered with New Jersey Monthly to recognize a select group of New Jersey area real estate agents who provide quality services to their clients. Adrienne Francis was featured, along with other award winners, in a special section of the March issue.
“Adrienne Francis was recommended to us by another satisfied customer. We have moved many times and were relocating from the Chicago-land area to New Jersey. From the moment we contacted her, she was friendly, approachable and professional. She made the effort to get to know my husband and I, explored our preferences and expectations and she actually paid attention to our responses and concerns. She really listened and planned according to our priorities. Those are hallmarks
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|
She was very knowledgeable about the area and current trends and pricing of homes. She gave solid recommendations and feedback in response to our questions and concerns. She was fully involved in this journey with us from start to finish. We have had lots of experience with real estate agents and Adrienne is in the top tier of her profession. We would highly recommend her. Thanks Adrienne.” — Jacque Benson
The Five Star Real Estate Agent award program is the largest and most widely published real estate agent award program in North America. Agents are measured using an objective, in-depth research methodology with significant focus on customer feedback and overall satisfaction.
“Five Star Real Estate Agents are more than knowledgeable experts in their field. They maintain a sharp focus on building enduring relationships and demonstrate tremendous dedication to the families and individuals they serve.” — Lynn Hargreaves, VP, Research and Services Operations, Five Star Professional.
Adrienne Francis’ Five Star award profile can be viewed here.
About the research process:
Now entering its 12th year, Five Star Professional conducts in-depth, market-specific research in more than 45 markets across the United States and Canada to identify premium service professionals.
Five Star Professional contacts thousands of recent homebuyers to identify award candidates. Phone, mail and online respondents rate their real estate agent on 10 satisfaction criteria. Candidates with a qualifying client satisfaction rating move on to be evaluated on objective criteria such as experience, production levels and disciplinary and complaint history.
Real estate agents do not pay a fee to be considered or awarded. For more information, visit http://www.fivestarprofessional.com.
Adrienne can be contacted at (908)766-0085 (office) or (201) 259-4449 (cell).
24 Claremont Rd., Bernardsville, NJ 07924.
Each office is independently owned and operated. Equal Housing Opportunity.
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Bernardsville, NJ (PRWEB) June 20, 2014
Five Star Professional is pleased to announce Adrienne Francis, Keller Williams Towne Square Realty, has been chosen as one of New Jersey’s Five Star Real Estate Agents for 2014.
Five Star Professional partnered with New Jersey Monthly to recognize a select group of New Jersey area real estate agents who provide quality services to their clients. Adrienne Francis was featured, along with other award winners, in a special section of the March issue.
“Adrienne Francis was recommended to us by another satisfied customer. We have moved many times and were relocating from the Chicago-land area to New Jersey. From the moment we contacted her, she was friendly, approachable and professional. She made the effort to get to know my husband and I, explored our preferences and expectations and she actually paid attention to our responses and concerns. She really listened and planned according to our priorities. Those are hallmarks <cursor_is_here> She was very knowledgeable about the area and current trends and pricing of homes. She gave solid recommendations and feedback in response to our questions and concerns. She was fully involved in this journey with us from start to finish. We have had lots of experience with real estate agents and Adrienne is in the top tier of her profession. We would highly recommend her. Thanks Adrienne.” — Jacque Benson
The Five Star Real Estate Agent award program is the largest and most widely published real estate agent award program in North America. Agents are measured using an objective, in-depth research methodology with significant focus on customer feedback and overall satisfaction.
“Five Star Real Estate Agents are more than knowledgeable experts in their field. They maintain a sharp focus on building enduring relationships and demonstrate tremendous dedication to the families and individuals they serve.” — Lynn Hargreaves, VP, Research and Services Operations, Five Star Professional.
Adrienne Francis’ Five Star award profile can be viewed here.
About the research process:
Now entering its 12th year, Five Star Professional conducts in-depth, market-specific research in more than 45 markets across the United States and Canada to identify premium service professionals.
Five Star Professional contacts thousands of recent homebuyers to identify award candidates. Phone, mail and online respondents rate their real estate agent on 10 satisfaction criteria. Candidates with a qualifying client satisfaction rating move on to be evaluated on objective criteria such as experience, production levels and disciplinary and complaint history.
Real estate agents do not pay a fee to be considered or awarded. For more information, visit http://www.fivestarprofessional.com.
Adrienne can be contacted at (908)766-0085 (office) or (201) 259-4449 (cell).
24 Claremont Rd., Bernardsville, NJ 07924.
Each office is independently owned and operated. Equal Housing Opportunity.
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/06/prweb11962346.htm\n</url>\n<text>\nBernardsville, NJ (PRWEB) June 20, 2014\nFive Star Professional is pleased to announce Adrienne Francis, Keller Williams Towne Square Realty, has been chosen as one of New Jersey’s Five Star Real Estate Agents for 2014.\nFive Star Professional partnered with New Jersey Monthly to recognize a select group of New Jersey area real estate agents who provide quality services to their clients. Adrienne Francis was featured, along with other award winners, in a special section of the March issue.\n“Adrienne Francis was recommended to us by another satisfied customer. We have moved many times and were relocating from the Chicago-land area to New Jersey. From the moment we contacted her, she was friendly, approachable and professional. She made the effort to get to know my husband and I, explored our preferences and expectations and she actually paid attention to our responses and concerns. She really listened and planned according to our priorities. Those are hallmarks <cursor_is_here> She was very knowledgeable about the area and current trends and pricing of homes. She gave solid recommendations and feedback in response to our questions and concerns. She was fully involved in this journey with us from start to finish. We have had lots of experience with real estate agents and Adrienne is in the top tier of her profession. We would highly recommend her. Thanks Adrienne.” — Jacque Benson\nThe Five Star Real Estate Agent award program is the largest and most widely published real estate agent award program in North America. Agents are measured using an objective, in-depth research methodology with significant focus on customer feedback and overall satisfaction.\n“Five Star Real Estate Agents are more than knowledgeable experts in their field. They maintain a sharp focus on building enduring relationships and demonstrate tremendous dedication to the families and individuals they serve.” — Lynn Hargreaves, VP, Research and Services Operations, Five Star Professional.\nAdrienne Francis’ Five Star award profile can be viewed here.\nAbout the research process:\nNow entering its 12th year, Five Star Professional conducts in-depth, market-specific research in more than 45 markets across the United States and Canada to identify premium service professionals.\nFive Star Professional contacts thousands of recent homebuyers to identify award candidates. Phone, mail and online respondents rate their real estate agent on 10 satisfaction criteria. Candidates with a qualifying client satisfaction rating move on to be evaluated on objective criteria such as experience, production levels and disciplinary and complaint history.\nReal estate agents do not pay a fee to be considered or awarded. For more information, visit http://www.fivestarprofessional.com.\nAdrienne can be contacted at (908)766-0085 (office) or (201) 259-4449 (cell).\n24 Claremont Rd., Bernardsville, NJ 07924.\nEach office is independently owned and operated. Equal Housing Opportunity.\n</text>\n",
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Backbone Campaign, an advocacy organization based on Vashon Island, is bringing a 20’ blimp of Baby Trump to fly during VP Pence’s visit to Spokane on Tuesday.
Spokane, Washington—(ENEWSPF)—October 2, 2018
Contact: Bill Moyer, Executive Director, Backbone Campaign
“The Vice President is complicit in an administration that continually engages in hateful and dangerous rhetoric, as well as shamefully infantile behaviors that divide our country and appeal to the very worst in our populace. Their celebration of sexist, misogynistic, and harassing behaviors are not new, but the events of this past week have demonstrated that they lack a moral metric for assessing the character of life-long appointments to the highest court in the land. This is a betrayal of our mothers, daughters and granddaughters, and all who strive for a society that upholds the dignity of all people to be free from discrimination and to be safe from sexual violence,” says Bill Moyer, Executive Director of the Backbone Campaign.
Backbone Campaign neither endorses nor opposes candidates running for office and is fiercely independent of political parties. “We have a 15 year record of artful activism on behalf of progressive values and of fighting regressive policies of elected officials, regardless of party affiliation,” said Moyer.
The location of the deployment is currently undisclosed, due to threats posted on social media by individuals and the College Republicans at EWU and WSU.
“For those who don’t like the balloon, too bad. A balloon hurts no one. Ridiculing the behavior of demagogues is an age old practice that encourages a citizenry to not normalize their terrorizing or obscene behaviors. Coupling the Baby Trump balloon with an inflatable replica of a Trident 2 intercontinental ballistic missile is our way of demonstrating the danger of allowing such a person have such destructive capacity.
“VP Pence may simply be an opportunist waiting for the impeachment of Trump, but more than any other official, he is complicit in words, actions and deeds of Donald Trump. A citizenry that fails to oppose tyranny will become subject to its rule. A citizenry that fails to exercise its liberty will lose it.”
About the Backbone Campaign:
Backbone Campaign, headquartered on Vashon Island, WA, lifts up progressive issue campaigns with artful activism and creative strategies, to make protest bold, fun, visible, and effective. For 15 years, the organization has worked to “amplify the aspirations of We the People with creative strategies and artful activism, to manifest a world where life, community, nature, and our obligations to future generations are honored as sacred.” For more information, visit www.backbonecampaign.org or www.facebook.com/BackboneCampaign
You have used up your free articles for this month. To continue reading click here to login or subscribe.
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Backbone Campaign, an advocacy organization based on Vashon Island, is bringing a 20’ blimp of B
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A late addition to the bill last week has supervisors of elections especially hacked off.
Only one week left in the session and legislators must pass a budget, expand Medicaid or develop some kind of statewide alternative on the fly, and while they’re at it, fix the election law that caused a mess in 2012.
And that’s just the top of the to-do list.
The Senate passed an election reform bill Thursday and the House must vote on it next week or try again next year.
The bill’s supporters say it would prevent a repeat of the last presidential election — the long lines, the long vote count and the long ballot.
The good news is the proposal would allow early voting for 14 days – up from eight days. The bad news is those added days of voting would be up to local supervisors of elections.
The good news is the proposal would allow early voting on the Sunday before Election Day, a voting day popular in the black community where churches often organize “Souls to the Polls” voting drives. The bad news is this, too, would be up to supervisors of elections.
The good news is the bill would mandate ballot summaries of no more than 75 words on constitutional questions. The bad news is all kinds of exceptions are included so voters might again face long ballots with pages of legal verbiage.
Welcome changes but a rather weak response. As a result, the election bill that passed the House with a single “no” vote on the first day of the session passed the Senate Thursday with a 26-13 vote that saw all Democrats voting “no.”
And a late addition to the bill last week has supervisors of elections especially hacked off. That change would give the secretary of state the power to punish local supervisors of elections for being “noncompliant.”
“Whatever that is defined as, I find it to be offensive to say the least,” said Volusia Supervisor of Elections Ann McFall.
McFall and other supervisors bristle at the idea of a gubernatorial appointee censoring and punishing local elected officials.
“Why would you single out supervisors of elections from other constitutionally elected officers, like sheriffs, property appraisers, etc. Are they next or even more, are state senators and representatives next?” she wrote in a sharp complaint about the bill emailed to legislators.
“Please consider this part of the bill to be so egregious that you cannot support it,” she concluded.
Her displeasure is easy to understand.
The Legislature created last year’s elections problems by cutting back on early voting days and putting 11 lengthy constitutional questions on the ballot. Not everyone buys that analysis, however. And some in Tallahassee have been much more inclined to point fingers at elections supervisors.
It’s not surprising, then, that elections officials feel they are at risk for being unfairly singled out after the next troubled election.
So much for the unanimity this legislation enjoyed in March. That seems like a long time ago.
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A late addition to the bill last week has supervisors of elections especially hacked off.
Only one week left in th
|
e session and legislators must pass a budget, expand Medicaid or develop some kind of statewide alternative on the fly, and while they’re at it, fix the election law that caused a mess in 2012.
|
And that’s just the top of the to-do list.
The Senate passed an election reform bill Thursday and the House must vote on it next week or try again next year.
The bill’s supporters say it would prevent a repeat of the last presidential election — the long lines, the long vote count and the long ballot.
The good news is the proposal would allow early voting for 14 days – up from eight days. The bad news is those added days of voting would be up to local supervisors of elections.
The good news is the proposal would allow early voting on the Sunday before Election Day, a voting day popular in the black community where churches often organize “Souls to the Polls” voting drives. The bad news is this, too, would be up to supervisors of elections.
The good news is the bill would mandate ballot summaries of no more than 75 words on constitutional questions. The bad news is all kinds of exceptions are included so voters might again face long ballots with pages of legal verbiage.
Welcome changes but a rather weak response. As a result, the election bill that passed the House with a single “no” vote on the first day of the session passed the Senate Thursday with a 26-13 vote that saw all Democrats voting “no.”
And a late addition to the bill last week has supervisors of elections especially hacked off. That change would give the secretary of state the power to punish local supervisors of elections for being “noncompliant.”
“Whatever that is defined as, I find it to be offensive to say the least,” said Volusia Supervisor of Elections Ann McFall.
McFall and other supervisors bristle at the idea of a gubernatorial appointee censoring and punishing local elected officials.
“Why would you single out supervisors of elections from other constitutionally elected officers, like sheriffs, property appraisers, etc. Are they next or even more, are state senators and representatives next?” she wrote in a sharp complaint about the bill emailed to legislators.
“Please consider this part of the bill to be so egregious that you cannot support it,” she concluded.
Her displeasure is easy to understand.
The Legislature created last year’s elections problems by cutting back on early voting days and putting 11 lengthy constitutional questions on the ballot. Not everyone buys that analysis, however. And some in Tallahassee have been much more inclined to point fingers at elections supervisors.
It’s not surprising, then, that elections officials feel they are at risk for being unfairly singled out after the next troubled election.
So much for the unanimity this legislation enjoyed in March. That seems like a long time ago.
| 114
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Only one week left in th<cursor_is_here>
And that’s just the top of the to-do list.
The Senate passed an election reform bill Thursday and the House must vote on it next week or try again next year.
The bill’s supporters say it would prevent a repeat of the last presidential election — the long lines, the long vote count and the long ballot.
The good news is the proposal would allow early voting for 14 days – up from eight days. The bad news is those added days of voting would be up to local supervisors of elections.
The good news is the proposal would allow early voting on the Sunday before Election Day, a voting day popular in the black community where churches often organize “Souls to the Polls” voting drives. The bad news is this, too, would be up to supervisors of elections.
The good news is the bill would mandate ballot summaries of no more than 75 words on constitutional questions. The bad news is all kinds of exceptions are included so voters might again face long ballots with pages of legal verbiage.
Welcome changes but a rather weak response. As a result, the election bill that passed the House with a single “no” vote on the first day of the session passed the Senate Thursday with a 26-13 vote that saw all Democrats voting “no.”
And a late addition to the bill last week has supervisors of elections especially hacked off. That change would give the secretary of state the power to punish local supervisors of elections for being “noncompliant.”
“Whatever that is defined as, I find it to be offensive to say the least,” said Volusia Supervisor of Elections Ann McFall.
McFall and other supervisors bristle at the idea of a gubernatorial appointee censoring and punishing local elected officials.
“Why would you single out supervisors of elections from other constitutionally elected officers, like sheriffs, property appraisers, etc. Are they next or even more, are state senators and representatives next?” she wrote in a sharp complaint about the bill emailed to legislators.
“Please consider this part of the bill to be so egregious that you cannot support it,” she concluded.
Her displeasure is easy to understand.
The Legislature created last year’s elections problems by cutting back on early voting days and putting 11 lengthy constitutional questions on the ballot. Not everyone buys that analysis, however. And some in Tallahassee have been much more inclined to point fingers at elections supervisors.
It’s not surprising, then, that elections officials feel they are at risk for being unfairly singled out after the next troubled election.
So much for the unanimity this legislation enjoyed in March. That seems like a long time ago.
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Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP has been established within Wednesday Market, Beverley since 1963 and has enjoyed a very high reputation. The present team are well known within Beverley, East Yorkshire and the surrounding area for their excellent service.
Here at Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP our Beverley based team of experienced friendly dentists and nurses provide you with a wide range of high quality dental services. Our professional team are able to offer an extensive range of dental treatments from routine check ups to full dentures and crowns.
Here at Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP we have numerous staff to help ensure that your visit is as pleasant as possible and you are getting the best possible service. Our team of Dentists, Nurses and Receptionists are all registered with the GDC (General Dental Council).
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Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP has been established within Wednesday Market, Beverley since 1963 and has enjoyed a very high reputation. The present team are well known within Beverley, East Yorkshire and the surrounding area for their excellent service.
Here at Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP our Beverley based team of experienced friendly dentists and nurses provide you with a wide range of high quality dental services. Our professional team are able to offer an extensive range of dental treatments from routine check ups to full dentures and crowns.
Here at Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP we have numerous staff to help ensure that your visit is as pleasant as possible and you are getting the best possible service. Our team of Dentists, Nurses and Receptionists are all registered w
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Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP has been established within Wednesday Market, Beverley since 1963 and has enjoyed a very high reputation. The present team are well known within Beverley, East Yorkshire and the surrounding area for their excellent service.
Here at Beverley Highgate Dental Practice LLP our Beverley based team of experienced friendly dentists and nurses provide you with a wide range of high quality dental services. Our professional team are able to offer an extensive range of dental treatments from routine check ups to full dentures and crowns.
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|
Minetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Code
Item
2016
2017
Subtotal
Total
| 1.00 | Ministry Shares | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.01 | General Connectional Ministry (including World Service, Ministerial Education, Black College, Africa University, Episcopal, Interdenominational Cooperation, General Administration, Jurisdictional Administration) | | | |
| 1.02 | Stated Offerings | | | |
| 1.03 | Ministerial Support | | | |
| 1.04 | Conference Administration | | | |
| 1.05 | Reserve for Ministry Share Shortfall | | | |
| | Total—Ministry Shares | $17,484.00 | | $18,384.00 |
| 1.06 | Upper New York retirees’ health insurance | $1,635.59 | | $1,635.59 |
| 1.07 | Pastor incoming moving expense escrow account (to maximum $2,250) | $450.00 | | $450.00 |
| 2.00 | Administration | | | |
| 2.01 | Telephone, church | $1,100.00 | $1,100.00 | |
| 2.02 | Office supplies | $2,500.00 | $2,000.00 | |
| 2.03 | Postage, including permit & box rent | $750.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.04 | Office equipment & repairs | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.05 | Conference Journal CDs | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
| 2.06 | Offering envelopes | $200.00 | $250.00 | |
| 2.07 | Financial record books | $50.00 | $50.00 | |
| 2.08 | Checks | $75.00 | $75.00 | |
| 2.09 | Church Council/Chapter contingencies | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.10 | Annual Conference expenses | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.11 | Music & media licenses | $220.00 | $220.00 | |
| 2.12 | Background checks | $100.00 | $150.00 | |
| 2.13 | Time Warner, Road Runner | $650.00 | $700.00 | |
| 2.14 | Directors, officers, & trustees &/or employment practices liability insurance premium | | $132.00 | |
| | Total—Administration | $8,645.00 | | $8,677.00 |
| 3.00 | Maintenance — Church | | | |
| 3.01 | Insurance | $4,000.00 | $4,000.00 | |
| 3.02 | Boiler inspection fee | $140.00 | $140.00 | |
| 3.03 | Electricity & gas | $6,500.00 | $5,000.00 | |
| 3.04 | Water | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.05 | Snow removal & lawn care | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.06 | Repairs to church | $8,000.00 | $4,000.00 | |
| 3.07 | Equipment repair & purchase | $1,500.00 | $1,500.00 | |
Page 1 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Code
Minetto United Methodist Church
2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Item
| 3.08 | Carpet maintenance | $600.00 | $600.00 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.09 | Custodial supplies | $300.00 | $600.00 | |
| 3.10 | Garbage service | $300.00 | $400.00 | |
| 3.11 | Security monitoring service | $700.00 | $500.00 | |
| 3.12 | Sewer tax | $600.00 | $600.00 | |
| 3.13 | Water tax | $200.00 | $300.00 | |
| | Total—Church Maintenance | $23,240.00 | | $18,040.00 |
| | Maintenance — Parsonage | | | |
| 3.14 | Insurance | $500.00 | $500.00 | |
| 3.15 | Electricity & gas | $3,500.00 | $3,000.00 | |
| 3.16 | Water | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.17 | Water tax | $80.00 | $80.00 | |
| 3.19 | Repairs to parsonage | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 3.20 | Sewer tax | $650.00 | $650.00 | |
| | Parsonage Communication Package | | | |
| 3.18 | Telephone, basic service | $600.00 | $700.00 | |
| 3.21 | 50% of Internet & cable television [$2,316.36 - $540 (telephone) = $1,776.36 (cable) x .5 = $888.18 (50% of cable)] | $950.00 | $950.00 | |
| | Communication Package total | $1,550.00 | $1,650.00 | |
| | Total—Parsonage Maintenance | $7,480.00 | | $7,080.00 |
| | Total—All Maintenance | $30,720.00 | | $25,120.00 |
| | Program Ministries | | | |
| 4.00 | Evangelism | | | |
| 4.01 | Newspaper advertising | $110.00 | $200.00 | |
| 4.02 | Special events | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 4.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 4.04 | Web site | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 4.05 | Welcome Visitor Center supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| | Total—Evangelism | $710.00 | | $800.00 |
| 5.00 | Christian Education | | | |
| 5.01 | Curriculum & supplies | $850.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 5.02 | Vacation Bible School | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 5.03 | Adult study materials | $200.00 | $250.00 | |
| 5.04 | Confirmation class | $500.00 | $500.00 | |
| 5.05 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 5.06 | Youth group | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
2016
2017
Page 2 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Subtotal
Total
Code
Minetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Item
| 5.07 | Women’s Fellowship | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Total—Christian Education | $2,150.00 | | $2,350.00 |
| 6.00 | Nurture, Care, & Health | | | |
| 6.01 | Coffee hour, events | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
| 6.02 | Cards | $60.00 | $60.00 | |
| 6.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $140.00 | $140.00 | |
| 6.04 | Upper Room | $200.00 | $300.00 | |
| 6.05 | Prayers & Squares | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
| | Total—Nurture, Care, & Health | $1,000.00 | | $1,100.00 |
| 8.00 | Worship & Music | | | |
| 8.01 | Music supplies for Chancel Choir | $640.00 | $800.00 | |
| 8.02 | Bulletin supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 8.03 | Organ & piano maintenance | $450.00 | $450.00 | |
| 8.04 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
| 8.05 | Music supplies for Praise Band | $75.00 | $75.00 | |
| 8.06 | Altar supplies, Flowers | $200.00 | $250.00 | |
| | Total—Worship & Music | $1,565.00 | | $1,775.00 |
| 9.00 | Missions | | | |
| 9.01 | Special events & training | $50.00 | $50.00 | |
| 9.02 | Bulletin inserts & envelopes | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
| 9.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies, postage | $50.00 | $50.00 | |
| 9.04 | Minetto Fire Department contribution | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 9.05 | MUMC annual dues to Church Women United | $10.00 | $10.00 | |
| 9.06 | United Methodist Men annual dues | $85.00 | $85.00 | |
| | Total—Missions | $295.00 | | $295.00 |
| | Total — All Program Ministries | $5,720.00 | | $6,320.00 |
| 11.00 | Staff (other than pastor) | | | |
| 11.01 | Organist salary 2016: 56 services & rehearsals @ $80 (including $10 for rehearsal). 2017: $90 (including $15 for rehearsal). Substitute: $60 per service plus $10 per rehearsal. | $4,481.00 | $4,920.00 | |
| 11.02 | Organist payroll taxes (FICA 7.65%) | $342.80 | $376.38 | |
| 11.03 | Director of Music 2016: $103 per week. 2017: $105 per week. | $5,356.00 | $5,460.00 | |
2016
2017
Page 3 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Subtotal
Total
Minetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Code
Item
2016
2017
Subtotal
Total
| 11.05 | Custodian (hourly) 2016: 52 wks x 10 hrs @ $14.25). 2017: $14.25. | $7,410.00 | $7,410.00 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11.06 | Custodian payroll taxes (FICA 7.65%) | $566.87 | $566.87 | |
| 11.07 | Workmen’s Compensation | $560.00 | $1,200.00 | |
| 11.08 | NYS Disability Insurance | $52.00 | $52.00 | |
| 11.09 | Secretary salary 2016: 48 wks x 16 hrs. per week @ $11.75 hr. 2017: 52 wks x 15 hrs. per wk @ $12.25 hr. | $9,017.32 | $9,555.00 | |
| 11.10 | Secretary payroll taxes (FICA 7.65%) | $689.82 | $730.96 | |
| 11.11 | Secretary unemployment tax (4.1% of secretary’s salary) | $369.71 | $391.76 | |
| 11.12 | Staff recognition gifts & meal | $700.00 | $700.00 | |
| 11.13 | Nursery Attendant salary 2016 & 2017: 42 services @ $25) | $1,050.00 | $1,075.00 | |
| 11.14 | Nursery attendant unemployment tax (4.1% of attendant’s salary) | $43.05 | $44.08 | |
| | Total—Staff (other than pastor) | $31,048.30 | | $32,899.74 |
| 12.00 | Pastoral Compensation Package - 2017 - 3/4 time pastor all year. Approved by Administrative Council 8/24/16. Approved by District Superintendent and Church Conference 9/17/2016 | | | |
| 12.01 | Gross salary | $34,326.82 | $36,233.86 | |
| | Parsonage (25% of gross salary) | $8,581.71 | $9,058.47 | |
| | Pension base compensation | $42,908.53 | $45,292.33 | |
| 12.02 | Pension, CRSP church contribution (Pension base compensation x .1375) | $5,792.65 | $6,227.69 | |
| 12.03 | Travel Reimbursement | | $1,400.00 | |
| 12.04 | Continuing Education & Professional Expense Reimbursement | | $1,400.00 | |
| | Accountable Reimbursement Plan, travel & professional expenses | $2,800.00 | | |
| 12.05 | Supplemental insurance (3/4 of pastor’s HP plan premium) | $2,272.59 | $2,085.75 | |
| 12.06 | Medicare quarterly premium | $1,096.20 | $1,161.00 | |
| 12.07 | Comprehensive Protection Plan (CPP) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
| | Total—Pastoral Compensation Package | $46,288.26 | $48,508.30 | |
Page 4 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Minetto United Methodist Church
2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
| Code | Item | 2016 | 2017 | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12.08 | Pulpit supply, 4 Sundays @ $90 | $1,395.00 | $360.00 | |
| 12.09 | Pulpit supply mileage reimbursement | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 12.10 | Pastor, incoming moving expense | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
| | Total—Pulpit Supply & Moving | $1,495.00 | $460.00 | |
| | Total—Pastoral Services | $47,783.26 | | $48,968.30 |
| 13.00 | Fundraising Expenses | $6,300.00 | | $6,300.00 |
| | Current Expense Total | $171,461.15 | | |
| | Percentage change 2016 to 2017 | | | |
| 14.00 | Capital Campaign Goal | | $10,000.00 | |
Page 5 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
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Minetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Code
Item
2016
2017
Subtotal
Total
| 1.00 | Ministry Shares | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.01 | General Connectional Ministry (including World Service, Ministerial Education, Black College, Africa University, Episcopal, Interdenominational Cooperation, General Administration, Jurisdictional Administration) | | | |
| 1.02 | Stated Offerings | | | |
| 1.03 | Ministerial Support | | | |
| 1.04 | Conference Administration | | | |
| 1.05 | Reserve for Ministry Share Shortfall | | | |
| | Total—Ministry Shares | $17,484.00 | | $18,384.00 |
| 1.06 | Upper New York retirees’ health insurance | $1,635.59 | | $1,635.59 |
| 1.07 | Pastor incoming moving expense escrow account (to maximum $2,250) | $450.00 | | $450.00 |
| 2.00 | Administration | | | |
| 2.01 | Telephone, church | $1,100.00 | $1,100.00 | |
| 2.02 | Office supplies | $2,500.00 | $2,000.00 | |
| 2.03 | Postage, including permit & box rent | $750.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.04 | Office equipment & repairs | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.05 | Conference Journal CDs | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
| 2.06 | Offering envelopes | $200.00 | $250.00 | |
| 2.07 | Financial record books | $50.00 | $50.00 | |
| 2.08 | Checks | $75.00 | $75.00 | |
| 2.09 | Church Council/Chapter contingencies | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.10 | Annual Conference expenses | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.11 | Music & media licenses | $220.00 | $220.00 | |
| 2.12 | Background checks | $100.00 | $150.00 | |
| 2.13 | Time Warner, Road Runner | $650.00 | $700.00 | |
| 2.14 | Directors, officers, & trustees &/or employment practices liability insurance premium | | $132.00 | |
| | Total—Administration | $8,645.00 | | $8,677.00 |
| 3.00 | Maintenance — Church | | | |
| 3.01 | Insurance | $4,000.00 | $4,000.00 | |
| 3.02 | Boiler inspection fee | $140.00 | $140.00 | |
| 3.03 | Electricity & gas | $6,500.00 | $5,000.00 | |
| 3.04 | Water | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.05 | Snow removal & lawn care | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.06 | Repairs to church | $8,000.00 | $4,000.00 | |
| 3.07 | Equipment repair & purchase | $1,500.00 | $1,500.00 | |
Page 1 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Code
Minetto United Methodist Church
2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Item
| 3.08 | Carpet maintenance | $600.00 | $600.00 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.09 | Custodial supplies | $300.00 | $600.00 | |
| 3.10 | Garbage service | $300.00 | $400.00 | |
| 3.11 | Security monitoring service | $700.00 | $500.00 | |
| 3.12 | Sewer tax | $600.00 | $600.00 | |
| 3.13 | Water tax | $200.00 | $300.00 | |
| | Total—Church Maintenance | $23,240.00 | | $18,040.00 |
| | Maintenance — Parsonage | | | |
| 3.14 | Insurance | $500.00 | $500.00 | |
| 3.15 | Electricity & gas | $3,500.00 | $3,000.00 | |
| 3.16 | Water | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.17 | Water tax | $80.00 | $80.00 | |
| 3.19 | Repairs to parsonage | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 3.20 | Sewer tax | $650.00 | $650.00 | |
| | Parsonage Communication Package | | | |
| 3.18 | Telephone, basic service | $600.00 | $700.00 | |
| 3.21 | 50% of Internet & cable television [$2,316.36 - $540 (telephone) = $1,776.36 (cable) x .5 = $888.18 (50% of cable)] | $950.00 | $950.00 | |
| | Communication Package total | $1,550.00 | $1,650.00 | |
| | Total—Parsonage Maintenance | $7,480.00 | | $7,080.00 |
| | Total—All Maintenance | $30,720.00 | | $25,120.00 |
| | Program Ministries | | | |
| 4.00 | Evangelism | | | |
| 4.01 | Newspaper advertising | $110.00 | $200.00 | |
| 4.02 | Special events | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 4.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 4.04 | Web site | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 4.05 | Welcome Visitor Center supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| | Total—Evangelism | $710.00 | | $800.00 |
| 5.00 | Christian Education | | | |
| 5.01 | Curriculum & supplies | $850.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 5.02 | Vacation Bible School | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 5.03 | Adult study materials | $200.00 | $250.00 | |
| 5.04 | Confirmation class | $500.00 | $500.00 | |
| 5.05 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 5.06 | Youth group | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
2016
2017
Page 2 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Subtotal
Total
Code
Minetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Item
| 5.07 | Women’s Fellowship | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Total—Christian Education | $2,150.00 | | $2,350.00 |
| 6.00 | Nurture, Care, & Health | | | |
| 6.01 | Coffee hour, events | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
| 6.02 | Cards | $60.00 | $60.00 | |
| 6.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $140.00 | $140.00 | |
| 6.04 | Upper Room | $200.00 | $300.00 | |
| 6.05 | Prayers & Squares | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
| | Total—Nurture, Care, & Health | $1,000.00 | | $1,100.00 |
| 8.00 | Worship & Music | | | |
| 8.01 | Music supplies for Chancel Choir | $640.00 | $800.00 | |
| 8.02 | Bulletin supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 |
|
|
| 8.
| 5,020
|
end_of_word
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http://minettoumc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Budget-2017-Approved-011317.xls.pdf
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<text>
Minetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Code
Item
2016
2017
Subtotal
Total
| 1.00 | Ministry Shares | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.01 | General Connectional Ministry (including World Service, Ministerial Education, Black College, Africa University, Episcopal, Interdenominational Cooperation, General Administration, Jurisdictional Administration) | | | |
| 1.02 | Stated Offerings | | | |
| 1.03 | Ministerial Support | | | |
| 1.04 | Conference Administration | | | |
| 1.05 | Reserve for Ministry Share Shortfall | | | |
| | Total—Ministry Shares | $17,484.00 | | $18,384.00 |
| 1.06 | Upper New York retirees’ health insurance | $1,635.59 | | $1,635.59 |
| 1.07 | Pastor incoming moving expense escrow account (to maximum $2,250) | $450.00 | | $450.00 |
| 2.00 | Administration | | | |
| 2.01 | Telephone, church | $1,100.00 | $1,100.00 | |
| 2.02 | Office supplies | $2,500.00 | $2,000.00 | |
| 2.03 | Postage, including permit & box rent | $750.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.04 | Office equipment & repairs | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.05 | Conference Journal CDs | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
| 2.06 | Offering envelopes | $200.00 | $250.00 | |
| 2.07 | Financial record books | $50.00 | $50.00 | |
| 2.08 | Checks | $75.00 | $75.00 | |
| 2.09 | Church Council/Chapter contingencies | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.10 | Annual Conference expenses | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 2.11 | Music & media licenses | $220.00 | $220.00 | |
| 2.12 | Background checks | $100.00 | $150.00 | |
| 2.13 | Time Warner, Road Runner | $650.00 | $700.00 | |
| 2.14 | Directors, officers, & trustees &/or employment practices liability insurance premium | | $132.00 | |
| | Total—Administration | $8,645.00 | | $8,677.00 |
| 3.00 | Maintenance — Church | | | |
| 3.01 | Insurance | $4,000.00 | $4,000.00 | |
| 3.02 | Boiler inspection fee | $140.00 | $140.00 | |
| 3.03 | Electricity & gas | $6,500.00 | $5,000.00 | |
| 3.04 | Water | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.05 | Snow removal & lawn care | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.06 | Repairs to church | $8,000.00 | $4,000.00 | |
| 3.07 | Equipment repair & purchase | $1,500.00 | $1,500.00 | |
Page 1 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Code
Minetto United Methodist Church
2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Item
| 3.08 | Carpet maintenance | $600.00 | $600.00 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.09 | Custodial supplies | $300.00 | $600.00 | |
| 3.10 | Garbage service | $300.00 | $400.00 | |
| 3.11 | Security monitoring service | $700.00 | $500.00 | |
| 3.12 | Sewer tax | $600.00 | $600.00 | |
| 3.13 | Water tax | $200.00 | $300.00 | |
| | Total—Church Maintenance | $23,240.00 | | $18,040.00 |
| | Maintenance — Parsonage | | | |
| 3.14 | Insurance | $500.00 | $500.00 | |
| 3.15 | Electricity & gas | $3,500.00 | $3,000.00 | |
| 3.16 | Water | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 3.17 | Water tax | $80.00 | $80.00 | |
| 3.19 | Repairs to parsonage | $1,000.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 3.20 | Sewer tax | $650.00 | $650.00 | |
| | Parsonage Communication Package | | | |
| 3.18 | Telephone, basic service | $600.00 | $700.00 | |
| 3.21 | 50% of Internet & cable television [$2,316.36 - $540 (telephone) = $1,776.36 (cable) x .5 = $888.18 (50% of cable)] | $950.00 | $950.00 | |
| | Communication Package total | $1,550.00 | $1,650.00 | |
| | Total—Parsonage Maintenance | $7,480.00 | | $7,080.00 |
| | Total—All Maintenance | $30,720.00 | | $25,120.00 |
| | Program Ministries | | | |
| 4.00 | Evangelism | | | |
| 4.01 | Newspaper advertising | $110.00 | $200.00 | |
| 4.02 | Special events | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 4.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 4.04 | Web site | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 4.05 | Welcome Visitor Center supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| | Total—Evangelism | $710.00 | | $800.00 |
| 5.00 | Christian Education | | | |
| 5.01 | Curriculum & supplies | $850.00 | $1,000.00 | |
| 5.02 | Vacation Bible School | $100.00 | $100.00 | |
| 5.03 | Adult study materials | $200.00 | $250.00 | |
| 5.04 | Confirmation class | $500.00 | $500.00 | |
| 5.05 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |
| 5.06 | Youth group | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
2016
2017
Page 2 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17
Subtotal
Total
Code
Minetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016
Item
| 5.07 | Women’s Fellowship | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Total—Christian Education | $2,150.00 | | $2,350.00 |
| 6.00 | Nurture, Care, & Health | | | |
| 6.01 | Coffee hour, events | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
| 6.02 | Cards | $60.00 | $60.00 | |
| 6.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $140.00 | $140.00 | |
| 6.04 | Upper Room | $200.00 | $300.00 | |
| 6.05 | Prayers & Squares | $300.00 | $300.00 | |
| | Total—Nurture, Care, & Health | $1,000.00 | | $1,100.00 |
| 8.00 | Worship & Music | | | |
| 8.01 | Music supplies for Chancel Choir | $640.00 | $800.00 | |
| 8.02 | Bulletin supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 | <cursor_is_here>
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$540 (telephone) = $1,776.36 (cable) x .5 = $888.18 (50% of cable)] | $950.00 | $950.00 | |\n| | Communication Package total | $1,550.00 | $1,650.00 | |\n| | Total—Parsonage Maintenance | $7,480.00 | | $7,080.00 |\n| | Total—All Maintenance | $30,720.00 | | $25,120.00 |\n| | Program Ministries | | | |\n| 4.00 | Evangelism | | | |\n| 4.01 | Newspaper advertising | $110.00 | $200.00 | |\n| 4.02 | Special events | $100.00 | $100.00 | |\n| 4.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |\n| 4.04 | Web site | $100.00 | $100.00 | |\n| 4.05 | Welcome Visitor Center supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |\n| | Total—Evangelism | $710.00 | | $800.00 |\n| 5.00 | Christian Education | | | |\n| 5.01 | Curriculum & supplies | $850.00 | $1,000.00 | |\n| 5.02 | Vacation Bible School | $100.00 | $100.00 | |\n| 5.03 | Adult study materials | $200.00 | $250.00 | |\n| 5.04 | Confirmation class | $500.00 | $500.00 | |\n| 5.05 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $200.00 | $200.00 | |\n| 5.06 | Youth group | $300.00 | $300.00 | |\n\n2016\n\n2017\n\nPage 2 of 5 • Last Updated 1/19/17\n\nSubtotal\n\nTotal\n\nCode\n\nMinetto United Methodist Church 2017 Budget • Approved 11/30/2016\n\nItem\n\n| 5.07 | Women’s Fellowship | $0.00 | $0.00 | |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| | Total—Christian Education | $2,150.00 | | $2,350.00 |\n| 6.00 | Nurture, Care, & Health | | | |\n| 6.01 | Coffee hour, events | $300.00 | $300.00 | |\n| 6.02 | Cards | $60.00 | $60.00 | |\n| 6.03 | Miscellaneous & contingencies | $140.00 | $140.00 | |\n| 6.04 | Upper Room | $200.00 | $300.00 | |\n| 6.05 | Prayers & Squares | $300.00 | $300.00 | |\n| | Total—Nurture, Care, & Health | $1,000.00 | | $1,100.00 |\n| 8.00 | Worship & Music | | | |\n| 8.01 | Music supplies for Chancel Choir | $640.00 | $800.00 | |\n| 8.02 | Bulletin supplies | $200.00 | $200.00 | <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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2018 PREPARATIONS, COMPILATIONS AND REVIEWS OF COMMON INTEREST REALTY ASSOCIATIONS TITLE OVERVIEW FOR KNOWLEDGE COACH USERS
PURPOSE
This document is published for the purpose of communicating, to users of the toolset, updates and enhancements included in the current version. This document is not, and should not be used as, a program to update the engagement documentation of an engagement started in a previous version of this product.
WORKPAPER UPDATES AND ROLL FORWARD NOTES
General Roll Forward Note:
You must be the current editor of all Knowledge Coach workpapers to update to the latest content, and you must be the current editor upon opening the updated workpaper for the first time to ensure you see the updated workpaper.
The 2018 Knowledge-Based Preparation, Compilation, and Review of Common Interest Realty Associations Engagement tools have been updated to take into account the latest literature, standards, and guidance applicable to preparation, compilation, and review engagements. The 2017–2018 tools include links to detailed analysis related to the steps and processes discussed in the workpapers. Also included is a revised financial statement disclosures checklist that provides a centralized resource of the required and recommended U.S. GAAP disclosures and key presentation items currently in effect, using the style referencing under the FASB Accounting Standards Codification.™
The tools in this edition of Knowledge-Based TM Preparations, Compilations, and Reviews of Common Interest Realty Associations are current through Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services No. 23 (SSARS-23), Omnibus Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services - 2016); the revised AICPA Code of Professional Conduct (Code), including ET Section 1.295, Nonattest Services; AICPA Statement on Quality Control Standards No. 8 (QC Section 10), A Firm's System of Quality Control (Redrafted); and AICPA Audit Risk Alert Developments in Preparation, Compilation, and Review Engagements —2016/17.
Preparation Programs (PRPs):
- Modified where applicable with new practice points, practice alerts, and updated references.
Based on
| compilation and review engagements that could possibly apply to preparation engagements. The segment indicates that the leading cause of claims against accountants providing compilation and review services was a failure to detect theft or fraud, followed by a failure to perform appropriate testing. The primary basis for losses appears to be a lack of a clear understanding as to the nature and limitations of the services being provided by the accountant. Another basis for losses appears to result from a failure to follow up on information that appears to be incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory. The accountant can minimize liability by making certain that a clear understanding is established with the client and that it is documented in the form of a signed engagement letter. In addition, although an accountant is not required to verify the accuracy or completeness of the information provided by the client in the performance of a preparation or compilation engagement, the accountant performs the engagement with a certain level of knowledge and cannot ignore indications that information is incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory that are, or should be, obvious to an accountant that is qualified to perform the engagement in conformity with applicable standards. The Risk Alert also notes the following common peer review findings for compilation engagements: Failure to include basic report elements in the accountant’s compilation report on the financial statements; Failure to report the degree of responsibility taken with respect to supplementary information; Failure to report that substantially all required disclosures have been omitted; and Omissions and errors in engagement letters. | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deleted Practice Alert on 2015 EDs and 2015/2016 ARA | Purpose | Y | ARA |
| Under “Preliminary Engagement Activities,” added the following Note in step 9: Note: When the accountant is neither able to include a statement on each page indicating that no assurance is provided nor issue a disclaimer making it clear that no assurance is provided, the accountant may perform a compilation engagement in accordance with AR-C section 80 of SSARS, Compilation Engagements, or may withdraw from the engagement. | Procedure steps | Y | AR-C section 80 |
Compilation Programs (CMPs):
- Modified where applicable with new practice points, practice alerts, and updated references.
| Modified first paragraph of Purpose, which now reads as follows: This overall compilation program has been designed to help the accountant apply a methodology to a compilation of financial statements in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services (SSARS) by listing the procedures that should typically be performed in each phase of a compilation engagement. The methodology applied to a compilation of financial statements is equally applicable to a compilation of prospective financial statements, pro forma financial information, and other historical financial information. This program is supplemented by forms and practice aids to help the accountant perform various procedures. In addition to this program and the accompanying forms and practice aids, the accountant may need to create additional documentation during the course of the engagement. | Purpose | Y | SSARS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified wording of second paragraph of Purpose, which now reads as follows: Notations have been made where specific requirements apply to engagements involving the compilation of a specified element, account, or item of a financial statement; the compilation of pro forma or prospective financial information; or the compilation of personal financial statements. | Purpose | N | |
| Deleted Practice Alert on three EDs effective for subject matter dated on or after May 1, 2017 (including Compilation of Prospective Financial Information; Compilation of Pro Forma Financial Information; and Omnibus Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services – 2016). Updated the ARA reference to 2016/2017. | Purpose | Y | SSARS; ARA Developments in Preparation, Compilation, and Review Engagements |
| Under Preliminary Engagement Activities, added Note after substep 9.b.ii, as follows: | Procedures steps | N | |
| Note: An acknowledgement of responsibility for internal control relevant to reliable financial reporting is not included when the accountant decides to accept responsibility for such internal control. | | |
|---|---|---|
| Under Preliminary Engagement Activities, modified substep 10.c., which now reads as follows: For the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements, unless the accountant has decided to take responsibility for such internal control; Also, updated references to include new tools or modified titles, as follows: COR-222A Engagement Letter: Compilation of Financial Statements Prepared by Client in Accordance with U.S. GAAP COR-222B Engagement Letter: Compilation of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with U.S. GAAP— Statement of Cash Flows and Substantially All Disclosures Omitted COR-222C Engagement Letter: Compilation of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with the Tax-Basis of Accounting COR-222D Engagement Letter: Compilation of Prospective Financial Statements (Forecast) COR-222E Engagement Letter: Compilation of Prospective Financial Statements (Projection) COR-225A Engagement Letter: Compilation – Pro Forma Financial Information | Procedures steps | N |
| Under Preliminary Engagement Activities, modified substep 12.c.(9), adding substeps; now reads as follows: Designating an individual with suitable skills, knowledge, and experience to oversee our preparation of your financial statements and for evaluating the adequacy | Procedures steps | N |
Based on
| Description of Change | Location | Based on Standard Y/N | Standard Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| (e) Obtaining the accountant’s permission prior to including the accountant’s compilation report in any document containing the pro forma financial information that indicates that the entity’s accountant has performed a compilation engagement on such pro forma financial information. | | | |
| Under “Evaluating, Concluding, and Reporting Procedures,” added substep 42.b., as follows: Use the going concern basis of accounting only if appropriate; Also, added the following Practice Point: Practice Point: An accountant should not issue a compilation report on prospective financial statements that omit the summary of significant assumptions, which is considered essential to a user’s understanding of such statements. Nor should an accountant issue a compilation report on a financial projection that omits either an identification of the hypothetical assumptions or a description of the limitations on the usefulness of such a presentation. | Procedures steps | N | |
| Under “Evaluating, Concluding, and Reporting Procedures,” added step 43, as follows: If, due to rarely occurring circumstances, it was deemed necessary to depart from a relevant presumptively mandatory requirement, document the justification for the departure, and indicate how the alternative procedures applied were sufficient to achieve the objectives of the requirement. | Procedures steps | N | |
Review Programs (REVs)
- Modified with new practice points, practice alerts, and updated references throughout where applicable.
Based on
Based on
| leading cause of claims against accountants providing compilation and review services was a failure to detect theft or fraud, followed by a failure to perform appropriate testing. The primary basis for losses appears to be a lack of a clear understanding as to the nature and limitations of the services being provided by the accountant. Another basis for losses appears to result from a failure to follow up on information that appears to be incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory. The accountant can minimize liability by making certain that a clear understanding is established with the client and that it is documented in the form of a signed engagement letter. In addition, although an accountant is not required to verify the accuracy or completeness of the information provided by the client in the performance of a preparation or compilation engagement, the accountant performs the engagement with a certain level of knowledge and cannot ignore indications that information is incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory that are, or should be, obvious to an accountant that is qualified to perform the engagement in conformity with applicable standards. The Risk Alert also notes the following common peer review findings for compilation engagements: Failure to include basic report elements in the accountant’s compilation report on the financial statements; Failure to report the degree of responsibility taken with respect to supplementary information; Failure to report that substantially all required disclosures have been omitted; and Omissions and errors in engagement letters. | |
|---|---|
| Under “Preliminary Engagement Activities,” updated references in step 10: COR-226 Engagement Letter: Review of U.S. GAAP Financial Statements Prepared by Accountant COR-226A Engagement Letter: Review of U.S. GAAP Financial Statements Prepared by Client COR-226A 226B Engagement Letter: Review of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with the Tax-Basis of Accounting COR-226C Engagement Letter: Review of Element, Account, or Item of a U.S. GAAP Financial Statement | N |
| Description of Change | Location | Based on Standard Y/N | Standard Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Under “Evaluating, Concluding, and Reporting Procedures,” added substep 56.k., as follows: Whether use of the going concern basis of accounting is appropriate. | Procedures steps | N | |
Knowledge-Based Preparation Documents (KBPs)
Knowledge-Based Compilation Documents (KBCs)
| Description of Change | Location | Based on Standard Y/N | Standard Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Section IV, modified step 13, as follows: We are not aware of any items that indicate that our firm might have a problem billing or collecting its fees. All fees, billed or unbilled, or note(s) receivable arising from such fees for any professional services provided more than one year prior to the date of the report will be paid prior to the issuance of the report for the current engagement. | Procedures steps | Y | Peer review checklist (20,200.C 108) |
Knowledge-Based Review Documents (KBRs)
Knowledge-Based Compilation and Review documents (KBCRs)
KBCR-901 - Checklists are current through December 31, 2017, including ASU 2017-15
Reports (RPTs): Reports have been modified and updated throughout for applicable guidance, including the provisions of SSARS No. 22 and 23 and the AICPA guide, where applicable.
- NEW RPT-1104 Compilation Report: Specified Elements, Accounts, or Items of a Financial Statement
- NEW RPT-1111A Compilation Report: Prospective Financial Statements—Forecast
- NEW RPT-1111B Compilation Report: Prospective Financial Statements—Projection
Practice Aids (AIDs): Practice Aids have been modified where applicable with updated and new Practice Points and Practice Alerts, and updated references.
- AID-202 Nonattest Services Independence Checklist Reorganized and updated throughout for current guidance, including ET Section 1.295, Nonattest Services, and modified based on review of the peer reviewer checklist.
- NEW AID-303 Worksheet for Determination of Materiality, Performance Materiality, and Thresholds for Trivial Amounts (added in response to user feedback).
- AID-838 Summary and Evaluation of Misstatements and Omitted, Inaccurate, and Incomplete Disclosures, replaces former AID-838 Uncorrected Misstatements Analysis
Correspondence documents (CORs): Modified throughout with updated references and, where applicable, to reflect changes based on AICPA guide.
- NEW COR-222A Engagement Letter: Compilation of Financial Statements Prepared By Client in Accordance with U.S. GAAP
- NEW COR-222D Engagement Letter: Compilation of Prospective Financial Statements (Forecast)
- NEW COR-222E Engagement Letter: Compilation of Prospective Financial Statements (Projection)
- NEW COR-225A Engagement Letter: Compilation—Pro Forma Financial Information Prepared in Accordance with U.S. GAAP
- COR-229 title modified: Engagement Letter: Review of U.S. GAAP Financial Statements Prepared by Accountant
- NEW COR-226A Engagement Letter: Review of U.S. GAAP Financial Statements Prepared by Client
Resource Documents (RESs)
- RES-030 modified and updated.
- RES-031 modified as appropriate to incorporate new workpapers.
- NEW RES-033 Determination of Materiality, Performance Materiality, and Thresholds for Trivial Amounts
- NEW KCO-003 Answer Effects for the Engagement-Level Tailoring Questions Workpaper
In addition, forms and practice aids throughout have been updated, where applicable, to take into account:
New literature, standards, and developments, reflected in the following current accounting and audit guidance:
- AICPA Guide Preparation, Compilation and Review Engagements
- SSARS No. 23, Omnibus Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services - 2016;
- Revised AICPA Code of Professional Conduct (Code), including ET Section 1.295, Nonattest Services; and
- AICPA Statement on Quality Control Standards No. 8 (QC Section 10), A Firm's System of Quality Control (Redrafted)
;
- 2016/2017 Audit Risk Alert Developments in Review, Compilation, and Financial Statement Preparation Engagements – 2016/17.
- FASB Accounting Standards Codification as of December 31, 2017, and through Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017-15
Users of this content should consider guidance issued subsequent to these items to determine their effect on engagements covered by this product
RELATED AND FOUNDATIONS WORKPAPERS FOR THIS TITLE
Related workpapers are Knowledge Coach Word workpapers where information flows in or out of tables within the workpaper. Some of these related workpapers are Foundation workpapers or associated workpapers.
Foundation Workpapers include most of the Communication Hub workpapers, which are central to the Knowledge-Based Audit Methodology used by the Knowledge Coach titles.
| Form No. | Form Name | | Foundation |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Workpaper |
| KBPs | KNOWLEDGE-BASED PREPARATION DOCUMENTS | | |
| KBP-101 | Preparation: Significant Matters | X | |
| KBP-201 | Preparation: Client/Engagement Acceptance and Continuance Form | | |
| KBP-902 | Preparation: Review and Approval Checklist | | |
| KBCs | KNOWLEDGE-BASED COMPILATION DOCUMENTS | | |
| KBC-101 | Compilation: Significant Matters | X | |
| KBC-201 | Compilation: Client/Engagement Acceptance and Continuance Form | | |
| KBC-902 | Compilation: Review and Approval Checklist | | |
| KBRs | KNOWLEDGE-BASED REVIEW DOCUMENTS | | |
| KBR-102 | Review: Significant Matters | X | |
| KBR-201 | Review: Client/Engagement Acceptance and Continuance Form | | |
| KBR-902 | Review: Review and Approval Checklist | | |
| PRPs | PREPARATION PROGRAMS |
|---|---|
| PRP-100 | Engagement-Level Tailoring Questions |
| PRP-101 | Overall Preparation Program |
| PRP-201 | Pre-Preparation Program: Procedures Performed Prior to a Preparation Engagement |
| PRP-202 | Preparation Program: Additional Procedures for Initial Year of Engagement |
| PRP-801 | Preparation Program: Significant Risks and Uncertainties |
| CMPs | COMPILATION PROGRAMS |
| CMP-100 | Engagement-Level Tailoring Questions |
| CMP-101 | Overall Compilation Program |
| CMP-201 | Pre-Compilation Program: Procedures Performed Prior to a Compilation Engagement |
| CMP-202 | Compilation Program: Additional Procedures for Initial Year of Engagement |
| CMP-801 | Compilation Program: Significant Risks and Uncertainties |
| REVs | REVIEW PROGRAMS |
| REV-100 | Engagement-Level Tailoring Questions |
| REV-101 | Overall Review Program |
| Form No. | Form Name | Foundation |
|---|---|---|
| | | Workpaper |
| REV-201 | Pre-Review Program: Procedures Performed Prior to a Review Engagement | |
| REV-202 | Review Program: Additional Procedures for Initial Year of Engagement | |
| REV-801 | Review Program: Client Inquiries | |
| REV-802 | Review Program: Significant Risks and Uncertainties | |
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2018 PREPARATIONS, COMPILATIONS AND REVIEWS OF COMMON INTEREST REALTY ASSOCIATIONS TITLE OVERVIEW FOR KNOWLEDGE COACH USERS
PURPOSE
This document is published for the purpose of communicating, to users of the toolset, updates and enhancements included in the current version. This document is not, and should not be used as, a program to update the engagement documentation of an engagement started in a previous version of this product.
WORKPAPER UPDATES AND ROLL FORWARD NOTES
General Roll Forward Note:
You must be the current editor of all Knowledge Coach workpapers to update to the latest content, and you must be the current editor upon opening the updated workpaper for the first time to ensure you see the updated workpaper.
The 2018 Knowledge-Based Preparation, Compilation, and Review of Common Interest Realty Associations Engagement tools have been updated to take into account the latest literature, standards, and guidance applicable to preparation, compilation, and review engagements. The 2017–2018 tools include links to detailed analysis related to the steps and processes discussed in the workpapers. Also included is a revised financial statement disclosures checklist that provides a centralized resource of the required and recommended U.S. GAAP disclosures and key presentation items currently in effect, using the style referencing under the FASB Accounting Standards Codification.™
The tools in this edition of Knowledge-Based TM Preparations, Compilations, and Reviews of Common Interest Realty Associations are current through Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services No. 23 (SSARS-23), Omnibus Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services - 2016); the revised AICPA Code of Professional Conduct (Code), including ET Section 1.295, Nonattest Services; AICPA Statement on Quality Control Standards No. 8 (QC Section 10), A Firm's System of Quality Control (Redrafted); and AICPA Audi
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2018 PREPARATIONS, COMPILATIONS AND REVIEWS OF COMMON INTEREST REALTY ASSOCIATIONS TITLE OVERVIEW FOR KNOWLEDGE COACH USERS
PURPOSE
This document is published for the purpose of communicating, to users of the toolset, updates and enhancements included in the current version. This document is not, and should not be used as, a program to update the engagement documentation of an engagement started in a previous version of this product.
WORKPAPER UPDATES AND ROLL FORWARD NOTES
General Roll Forward Note:
You must be the current editor of all Knowledge Coach workpapers to update to the latest content, and you must be the current editor upon opening the updated workpaper for the first time to ensure you see the updated workpaper.
The 2018 Knowledge-Based Preparation, Compilation, and Review of Common Interest Realty Associations Engagement tools have been updated to take into account the latest literature, standards, and guidance applicable to preparation, compilation, and review engagements. The 2017–2018 tools include links to detailed analysis related to the steps and processes discussed in the workpapers. Also included is a revised financial statement disclosures checklist that provides a centralized resource of the required and recommended U.S. GAAP disclosures and key presentation items currently in effect, using the style referencing under the FASB Accounting Standards Codification.™
The tools in this edition of Knowledge-Based TM Preparations, Compilations, and Reviews of Common Interest Realty Associations are current through Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services No. 23 (SSARS-23), Omnibus Statement on Standards for Accounting and Review Services - 2016); the revised AICPA Code of Professional Conduct (Code), including ET Section 1.295, Nonattest Services; AICPA Statement on Quality Control Standards No. 8 (QC Section 10), A Firm's System of Quality Control (Redrafted); and AICPA Audi<cursor_is_here>
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“Explore the Swamps of Camden!”
Tall cypress trees that enchant the eye, a Civil War-era mill pond that abounds with wildlife, some of the best kayaking in South Carolina and a one and a half mile, sandy nature trail waiting to be explored can all be found at Goodale State Park. Goodale is sure to please those who love wilderness canoe trips and kayaking in South Carolina, as paddling is one of the park’s main attractions. A little-known paddling trail winds for three miles through cypress trees and aquatic plants and is perfect for wilderness canoe trips taken not so far from the city. A longtime community favorite, Goodale additionally offers shoreline fishing and picnicking. Want more South Carolina parks? Explore a paddler’s paradise at Colleton State Park or enjoy a unique experience at the prime South Carolina golf resort found at Hickory Knob State Resort Park!
Be the first to add a review to the Goodale State Park.
Goodale State Park
- Sun - Sat: 9:00 am - 6:00 pm
Is there a problem with this listing? Let us know.
Own this business?
Claim your business to keep your
listing's information up to date.
|
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”
Tall cypress trees that enchant the eye, a Civil War-era mill pond that abounds with wildlife, some of the best kayaking in South Carolina and a one and a half mile, sandy nature trail waiting to be explored can all be found at Goodale State Park. Goodale is sure to please those who love wilderness canoe trips and kayaking in South Carolina, as paddling is one of the park’s main attractions. A little-known paddling trail winds for three miles through cypress trees and aquatic plants and is perfect for wilderness canoe trips taken not so far from the city. A longtime community favorite, Goodale additionally offers shoreline fishing and picnicking. Want more South Carolina parks? Explore a paddler’s paradise at Colleton State Park or enjoy a unique experience at the prime South Carolina golf resort found at Hickory Knob State Resort Park!
Be the first to add a review to the Goodale State Park.
Goodale State Park
- Sun - Sat: 9:00 am - 6:00 pm
Is there a problem with this listing? Let us know.
Own this business?
Claim your business to keep your
listing's information up to date.
| 13
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Tall cypress trees that enchant the eye, a Civil War-era mill pond that abounds with wildlife, some of the best kayaking in South Carolina and a one and a half mile, sandy nature trail waiting to be explored can all be found at Goodale State Park. Goodale is sure to please those who love wilderness canoe trips and kayaking in South Carolina, as paddling is one of the park’s main attractions. A little-known paddling trail winds for three miles through cypress trees and aquatic plants and is perfect for wilderness canoe trips taken not so far from the city. A longtime community favorite, Goodale additionally offers shoreline fishing and picnicking. Want more South Carolina parks? Explore a paddler’s paradise at Colleton State Park or enjoy a unique experience at the prime South Carolina golf resort found at Hickory Knob State Resort Park!
Be the first to add a review to the Goodale State Park.
Goodale State Park
- Sun - Sat: 9:00 am - 6:00 pm
Is there a problem with this listing? Let us know.
Own this business?
Claim your business to keep your
listing's information up to date.
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8th Grade Mathematics Units of Instruction
2021-2022
Revised Curriculum
8th Grade Mathematics
Priority Standards: 8.EE.1, 8.EE.5, 8.EE.7, 8.EE.8, 8.F.2, 8.F.4, 8.G.2, 8.G.3, 8.G.5, 8.G.7, 8.NS.2, 8.SP.1
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 1: Transformations, Congruence and Similarity
Grade 8 Mathematics Unit 1: Transformations, Congruence and Similarity
In this unit, students extend their understanding of scale drawings and the coordinate plane to define transformations. They investigate and formalize transformations that lead to congruence and others that lead to similar figures. They generalize patterns in how coordinates are impacted by transformations.
Duration: 20 Days
| Standards for Mathematical Practice | |
|---|---|
| MP.1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. MP.2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. MP.4. Model with mathematics. | MP.5. Use appropriate tools strategically. MP.6. Attend to precision. MP.7. Look for and make use of structure. MP.8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. |
| Priority Standards | |
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.2 Understand that a two-dimensional fgi ure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the frist by a sequence of rotations, refel ctions and translations. Given two congruent fgi ures, describe a sequence that exhibits the congruence between them. | Students understand a fgi ure, called a pre-image, is congruent to another fgi ure, called the image, if the second fgi ure can be obtained by a sequence of congruence transformations performed on the frist fgi ure. Students describe the sequence of congruence transformations necessary to transform one fgi ure to a congruent second fgi ure. KY.HS.G.4 Coherence KY.8.G.2→ KY.HS.G.5 |
| MP.2, MP.7 | |
|---|---|
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.3 Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations and refel ctions on two-dimensional fgi ures using coordinates. MP.3, MP.5, MP.6 | Emphasis is on noticing patterns across examples, noting how the x and y values change for different kinds of transformations. Coherence KY.8.G.3→ KY.HS.G.9 |
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.5 Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles. MP.3 | Students use technology or physical tools to explore triangles. They arrange three copies of the same triangle so that the sum of the three angles appears to form a line and give an argument in terms of transversals of why this is so. KY.HS.G.7 Coherence KY.7.G.5→ KY.8.G.5→ KY.HS.G.10 |
Supporting Standards
| rotations, reflections and translations: ● Lines are congruent to lines. ● Line segments are congruent to line segments of the same length. ● Angles are congruent to angles of the same measure. ● Parallel lines are congruent to parallel lines. MP.5, MP.6 | |
|---|---|
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.4 Understand that a two-dimensional fgi ure is similar to another if the second can be obtained from the frist by a sequence of rotations, refel ctions, translations and dilations. Given two similar two- dimensional fgi ures, describe a sequence that exhibits the similarity between them. MP.2, MP.5, MP.7 | If similar, non-congruent fgi ures are given, students understand a dilation must have taken place in the sequence of transformations to obtain the image from the pre-image. KY.HS.G.2 Coherence KY.8.G.4→ KY.HS.G.10 |
8th Grade Mathematics
8th Grade Mathematics Unit 2: Similarity, Slopes, and Lines
This unit extends the students' understanding of transformations and similarly from the last unit to deepen their understanding of graphing proportional and linear equations. They graph proportional relationships, noting that the constant of proportionality is the slope of the line. They translate these lines to create other lines with starting values other than 0. They use similar triangles to show that the slope, m, is a constant between any two points on the line. The students use this conceptual understanding to build procedural fluency in graphing and interpreting lines and in later units, will use it to solve problems involving linear relationships.
Duration: 25 Days
| Cluster: Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations. KY.8.EE.7 Solve linear equations in one variable. a. Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infni itely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 = 𝑎, or𝑎 =b results (where a and b are different numbers). b. Solve linear equations with rational number coeffci ients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and combining like terms. MP.2, MP.3, MP.7 | Building upon skills from grade 7, students combine like terms on the same side of the equality and use the distributive property to simplify the equation when solving. Emphasis in this standard is also on using rational number coeffci ients. Solutions of certain equations may elicit infni itely many or no solutions. Coherence KY.7.EE.1→ KY.8.EE.7→ KY.HS.A.18 |
|---|---|
| Supporting Standards | |
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
| Cluster: Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines and linear equations. | Emphasis is on relating previous knowledge of unit rate to slope in tables, graphs, equations and sets of ordered pairs and comparing the slopes of two different proportional relationships. Different ways the |
KY.8.EE.5 Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.
MP.2, MP.3, MP.4
proportional relationships can be represented include tables, graphs, equations, or sets of ordered pairs.
KY.8.F.2 Coherence KY.7.RP.2→ KY.8.EE.5→ KY.HS.A.23
8th Grade Mathematics
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 3: Linear and Nonlinear Functions
In this unit, students develop an understanding of functions and function families. They distinguish functions from the equations that model them and use many representations of functions to solve problems. The students extend their understanding of proportional relationships to define linear functions and distinguish them from nonlinear functions. They use equations, description, tables, and graphs as models to describe and compare linear relationships. They understand properties of linear functions and can translate between representations in order to solve equations in one variable.
Duration: 45 Days
| Standards for Mathematical Practice | |
|---|---|
| MP.1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. MP.2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. MP.4. Model with mathematics. | MP.5. Use appropriate tools strategically. MP.6. Attend to precision. MP.7. Look for and make use of structure. MP.8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. |
| Priority Standards | |
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
| Cluster: Defni e, evaluate and compare functions. KY.8.F.2 Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). MP.1, MP.2, MP.4 | Given a linear function represented using one method listed and another linear function represented by different method listed, determine which function has the greater or lesser rate of change or greater or lesser initial value Coherence KY.7.RP.2→ KY.8.F.2→ KY.HS.F.1 |
Cluster: Use functions to model relationships between quantities.
KY.8.F.4 Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. a. Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description of a relationship or from two (x, y) values, including reading these from a table or from a graph. b. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models and in terms of its graph or a table of values.
MP.4, MP.5, MP.8
Cluster: Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
KY.8.EE.7 Solve linear equations in one variable. a. Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 = 𝑎, or𝑎 =b results (where a and b are different numbers). b. Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the
Examining a relationship between two quantities yields a function rule. This function rule can be described using its initial value and rate of change, from a variety of representations, including tables, graphs, equations and verbal descriptions. Understand the rate of change and initial value in terms of the situation it models.
KY.HS.F.6 Coherence KY.7.RP.2→ KY.8.F.4→ KY.HS.F.3
Building upon skills from grade 7, students combine like terms on the same side of the equality and use the distributive property to simplify the equation when solving. Emphasis in this standard is also on using rational number coefficients. Solutions of certain equations may elicit infinitely many or no solutions.
Coherence KY.7.EE.1→ KY.8.EE.7→ KY.HS.A.18
| distributive property and combining like terms. MP.2, MP.3, MP.7 | |
|---|---|
| Supporting Standards | |
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
| Cluster: Defni e, evaluate and compare functions. KY.8.F.1 Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output. MP.7, MP.8 | Students understand the reasoning that not all relations are functions. Note: Function notation is not required in grade 8. Coherence KY.8.F.1→ KY.HS.F.1 |
| Cluster: Defni e, evaluate and compare functions. KY.8.F.3 Understand properties of linear functions. a. Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defni ing a linear function, whose graph is a straight line. b. Identify and give examples of functions that are not linear. MP.7 | a. For example, the equation c = 3g + 5 models the linear function for the total cost, c, of bowling, where g represents the number of games played and shoe rental is $5. b. For example, the function A = s^2 giving the area of a square as a function of its side length is not linear because its graph contains the points (1,1), (2,4) and (3,9), which are not on a straight line. Coherence KY.7.EE.4→ KY.8.F.3→ KY.HS.F.11 |
Cluster: Use functions to model relationships between quantities.
KY.8.F.5 Use graphs to represent functions.
a. Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph. b. Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally.
MP.3, MP.7
Students describe whether a function is increasing or decreasing and linear or nonlinear. Function examples are described in contexts as well as in symbols.
Coherence KY.7.RP.2→ KY.8.F.5→ KY.HS.F.4
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 4: Using Linear Functions to Model and Compare Relationships (scatterplots and systems)
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 4: Using Linear Functions to Model and Compare Relationships (scatterplots and systems)
This unit builds on students' understanding of statistical processes. The students create and interpret scatterplots as a model of two-variable relationships. With the tools for analyzing linear functions from Unit 3, they create lines and linear functions to model relationships in scatterplots when appropriate. They write, interpret and solve systems of two simultaneous linear functions to solve problems.
Duration: 40 days
Standards for Mathematical Practice
MP.1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
MP.2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
MP.3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
MP.4. Model with mathematics.
Priority Standards
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
|---|---|
| Cluster: Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations. KY.8.EE.7 Solve linear equations in one variable. a. Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infni itely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these | Building upon skills from grade 7, students combine like terms on the same side of the equality and use the distributive property to simplify the equation when solving. Emphasis in this standard is also on using rational number coeffci ients. Solutions of certain equations may elicit infni itely many or no solutions. |
MP.5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
MP.6. Attend to precision.
MP.7. Look for and make use of structure.
MP.8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 = 𝑎, or𝑎 =b results (where a and b are different numbers).
b. Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and combining like terms.
MP.2, MP.3, MP.7
Cluster: Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
KY.8.EE.8 Analyze and solve a system of two linear equations.
two variables correspond to points of intersection
a. Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in
of their graphs, because points of intersection understand that a system of two linear equations
satisfy both equations simultaneously;
may have one solution, no solution, or infinitely
b. Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically by using substitution where at least one equation contains at least one variable whose coefficient is 1 and by inspection for simple cases
many solutions.
c. Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.
Coherence KY.7.EE.1→ KY.8.EE.7→ KY.HS.A.18
a. Examples are both mathematical and real-life contexts. Emphasis is on determining what types of contexts lead to having no solutions or infinitely many solutions. Students use tables, graphs and equations to explain why a graphed system has infinitely many or no solutions.
b. Elimination and/or matrices are not required for grade
8. Emphasis is on choosing a method. Students solve simple cases by inspection,for example, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 and 3𝑥
+ 2𝑦 = 6 have no solution because 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 cannot simultaneously be 5 and 6 and select from the other approaches, based on the numbers in the problem. Solving systems algebraically will be with a coefficient of 1; for example, 𝑦 = 3𝑥, 𝑦=−12𝑥+ 6, 𝑥= 2, 𝑥=2𝑦+1.
Coherence KY.7.EE.2→ KY.8.EE.8→ KY.HS.A.20
MP.1, MP.3, MP.4
Cluster: Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data.
KY.8.SP.1 Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate numerical data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association and nonlinear association.
MP.2, MP.7
For example, given the data and scatter plot to the left, students explain the relationship between students' absences and math scores shows a negative, linear association and has no obvious outliers.
KY.HS.SP.6 Coherence KY.8.SP.1→ KY.HS.SP.8
Supporting Standards
Standards
Cluster: Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data.
KY.8.SP.2 Know that lines are widely used to model relationships between two quantitative variables. For scatter plots that suggest a linear association, informally fit a line and informally assess the model fit by judging the closeness of the data points to the line.
MP.2
Clarifications
Students are informally fitting a line to data; they judge whether or not a given line is a good fit for the data and describe needed adjustments. Students recognize some scatter plots cannot be described by a line.
KY.HS.SP.6 Coherence KY.8.SP.2→ KY.HS.SP.8
Cluster: Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data.
KY.8.SP.3 Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate numerical data, interpreting the slope and intercept.
MP.2, MP.4
For example, in a linear model for a biology experiment, interpret a slope of 1.5 cm/hr as meaning an additional hour of sunlight each day is associated with an additional 1.5 cm in mature plant height and an initial value of 4 cm means the plant was 4 cm tall when measuring began.
KY.HS.SP.6 Coherence KY.8.SP.3→ KY.HS.SP.7
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 5: Properties of Exponents and Scientific Notation
8th Grade Mathematics Unit 5: Properties of Exponents and Scientific Notation
In this unit, students extend their understanding of nonlinear relationships to explore expressions and equations with exponents other than one and with scientific notation. They apply their understanding of the notation to evaluate and operate with expressions in scientific notation.
Duration: 20 Days
Priority Standards
KY.8.NS.2 Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line diagram and estimate the value of expressions.
repeated an infinite number of times.
Coherence KY.8.NS.2→ KY.HS.N.3
MP.2, MP.7, MP.8
Supporting Standards
been generated by technology.
MP.2, MP.5, MP.6
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 6: Exponents, Roots, and the Pythagorean Theorem
8th Grade Mathematics Unit 6: Exponents, Roots, and the Pythagorean Theorem
In this unit, students apply their understanding of similar triangles to right triangles in order to make sense of and use the Pythagorean Theorem. The geometric properties and representations provide a context for working with exponents, roots, and irrational numbers and also provide a context for problem solving with these skills.
Duration: 30 Days
| Standards for Mathematical Practice | |
|---|---|
| MP.1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. MP.2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. MP.4. Model with mathematics. | MP.5. Use appropriate tools strategically. MP.6. Attend to precision. MP.7. Look for and make use of structure. MP.8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. |
| Priority Standards | |
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
| Cluster: Know that there are numbers that are not rational and approximate them by rational numbers. KY.8.NS.1 Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion; the rational numbers are those with decimal expansions that terminate in 0s or eventually repeat. Know that other numbers are called irrational. | Emphasis is placed on how all rational numbers can be written as an equivalent decimal. The end behavior of the decimal determines the classifci ation of the number. Coherence KY.7.NS.2→ KY.8.NS.1→ KY.HS.N.3 |
Cluster: Know that there are numbers that are not rational and approximate them by rational numbers.
KY.8.NS.2 Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line diagram and estimate the value of expressions.
For example, by shortening the decimal expansion of √2 by dropping all decimals past a certain point and showing √2 is between 1 and 2, then between 1.4 and 1.5 and so on.
Students recognize this process could be repeated an infinite number of times.
Coherence KY.8.NS.2→ KY.HS.N.3
MP.2, MP.7, MP.8
Supporting Standards
Standards
Cluster: Work with radicals and integer exponents.
KY.8.EE.2 Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x2 = p and x3 = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots of small perfect cubes. Know that perfect squares and perfect cubes are rational.
MP.5, MP.6
Cluster: Know that there are numbers that are not rational and approximate them by rational numbers.
KY.8.NS.1 Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion; the rational numbers are those with decimal expansions that terminate in 0s or
Clarifications
Coherence KY.8.EE.2→ KY.HS.A.12
Emphasis is placed on how all rational numbers can be written as an equivalent decimal. The end behavior of the decimal determines the classification of the number.
Coherence KY.7.NS.2→ KY.8.NS.1→ KY.HS.N.3
| Cluster: Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem. KY.8.G.6 Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse. MP.3, MP.7 | Students verify, using a model, the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse in a right triangle. Students understand if the sum of the squares of the two smaller legs is equal to the square of the third leg, then the triangle is a right triangle. Coherence KY.7.G.6→ KY.8.G.6→KY.HS.G.11 |
|---|---|
| Cluster: Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem. KY.8.G.8 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to fni d the distance between two points in a coordinate system. MP.5, MP.6 | Students calculate distances on the coordinate plane between two non-vertical or non-horizontal points by applying the Pythagorean Theorem. Students calculate distances between two non-vertical or non-horizontal points not given on a coordinate plane by applying the Pythagorean Theorem to absolute horizontal and vertical distances the student calculates. KY.HS.G.19 Coherence KY.8.G.8→ KY.HS.G.21 |
| Cluster: Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume of cylinders, cones and spheres. KY.8.G.9 Apply the formulas for the volumes and surface areas of cones, cylinders and spheres and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems. MP.1, MP.7, MP.8 | KY.HS.G.29 Coherence KY.7.G.4→ KY.8.G.9→ KY.HS.G.25 |
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8th Grade Mathematics Units of Instruction
2021-2022
Revised Curriculum
8th Grade Mathematics
Priority Standards: 8.EE.1, 8.EE.5, 8.EE.7, 8.EE.8, 8.F.2, 8.F.4, 8.G.2, 8.G.3, 8.G.5, 8.G.7, 8.NS.2, 8.SP.1
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 1: Transformations, Congruence and Similarity
Grade 8 Mathematics Unit 1: Transformations, Congruence and Similarity
In this unit, students extend their understanding of scale drawings and the coordinate plane to define transformations. They investigate and formalize transformations that lead to congruence and others that lead to similar figures. They generalize patterns in how coordinates are impacted by transformations.
Duration: 20 Days
| Standards for Mathematical Practice | |
|---|---|
| MP.1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. MP.2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. MP.4. Model with mathematics. | MP.5. Use appropriate tools strategically. MP.6. Attend to precision. MP.7. Look for and make use of structure. MP.8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. |
| Priority Standards | |
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.2 Understand that a two-dimensional fgi ure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the frist by a sequence of rotations, refel ctions and translations. Given two congruent fgi ures, describe a sequence that exhibits the congruence between them. | Students understand a fgi ure, called a pre-image, is congruent to another fgi ure, called the image, if the second fgi ure can be obtained by a sequence of congruence transformations performed on the frist fgi ure. Students describe the sequence of congruence transformations necessary to transform one fgi ure to a congruent second fgi ure. KY.HS.G.4 Coherence KY.8.G.2→ KY.HS.G.5 |
| MP.2, MP.7 | |
|---|---|
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.3 Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations and refel ctions on two-dimensional fgi ures using coordinates. MP.3, MP.5, MP.6 | Emphasis is on noticing patterns across examples, noting how the x and y values change for different kinds of transformations. Coherence KY.8.G.3→ KY.HS.G.9 |
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.5 Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles. MP.3 | Students use technology or physical tools to explore triangles. They arrange three copies of the same triangle so that the sum of the three angles appears to form a line and give an argument in terms of transversals of why this is so.
|
KY.
| 2,979
|
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<url>
https://www.boone.kyschools.us/userfiles/3087/my%20files/curriculum/8th%20grade%20math%20curriculum%202021-2022%20.pdf?id=594426
</url>
<text>
8th Grade Mathematics Units of Instruction
2021-2022
Revised Curriculum
8th Grade Mathematics
Priority Standards: 8.EE.1, 8.EE.5, 8.EE.7, 8.EE.8, 8.F.2, 8.F.4, 8.G.2, 8.G.3, 8.G.5, 8.G.7, 8.NS.2, 8.SP.1
8th Grade Mathematics
Unit 1: Transformations, Congruence and Similarity
Grade 8 Mathematics Unit 1: Transformations, Congruence and Similarity
In this unit, students extend their understanding of scale drawings and the coordinate plane to define transformations. They investigate and formalize transformations that lead to congruence and others that lead to similar figures. They generalize patterns in how coordinates are impacted by transformations.
Duration: 20 Days
| Standards for Mathematical Practice | |
|---|---|
| MP.1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. MP.2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. MP.4. Model with mathematics. | MP.5. Use appropriate tools strategically. MP.6. Attend to precision. MP.7. Look for and make use of structure. MP.8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. |
| Priority Standards | |
| Standards | Clarifci ations |
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.2 Understand that a two-dimensional fgi ure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the frist by a sequence of rotations, refel ctions and translations. Given two congruent fgi ures, describe a sequence that exhibits the congruence between them. | Students understand a fgi ure, called a pre-image, is congruent to another fgi ure, called the image, if the second fgi ure can be obtained by a sequence of congruence transformations performed on the frist fgi ure. Students describe the sequence of congruence transformations necessary to transform one fgi ure to a congruent second fgi ure. KY.HS.G.4 Coherence KY.8.G.2→ KY.HS.G.5 |
| MP.2, MP.7 | |
|---|---|
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.3 Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations and refel ctions on two-dimensional fgi ures using coordinates. MP.3, MP.5, MP.6 | Emphasis is on noticing patterns across examples, noting how the x and y values change for different kinds of transformations. Coherence KY.8.G.3→ KY.HS.G.9 |
| Cluster: Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. KY.8.G.5 Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles. MP.3 | Students use technology or physical tools to explore triangles. They arrange three copies of the same triangle so that the sum of the three angles appears to form a line and give an argument in terms of transversals of why this is so.<cursor_is_here>
</text>
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ANAHEIM, California (CNN) -- As he fixes a broken sliding glass door at an apartment in Anaheim, California, Eduardo Gutierrez worries about his parents in Mexico.
Eduardo Gutierrez can't send money back to his parents in Mexico due to rising costs and less work.
He can no longer afford to send the $200 to $300 a month he had been sending back home to support his ailing father.
"I kind of feel bad that I can't help my parents," said Gutierrez, a legal immigrant who has worked in the United States for 20 years. "I try. But I can't these days, and it's a tough situation."
Gutierrez said he earns $18.50 an hour as a glazier, installer and fixer of glass in all shapes and sizes.
But with the U.S. economy sagging, his hours have shrunk, even as his gas and grocery bills have skyrocketed along with other expenses. He's struggling just to support his wife and three children. Watch bad times in the U.S. felt in Mexico »
Bank of Mexico, Mexico's equivalent to the Federal Reserve, says stories like these are becoming more common. Deceleration in the U.S. construction industry resulted in $100 million less in "remittances" -- money from workers in the U.S. to their relatives in Mexico -- in January this year, the most recent available stats. The overall figure went from $1.7 billion in January 2007 to $1.6 billion this January, according to Bank of Mexico.
The slowdown in such money has been a consistent theme over the last year. The World Bank says remittances received by people in Mexico nearly ground to a halt in 2007, growing at a rate of 1.4 percent, compared with more than 20 percent annual growth from 2002 to 2006.
"The slowdown in Mexico is partly due to the weak job market in the United States, especially in the construction sector," the World Bank says on its Web site.
A poll, released Wednesday, of 5,000 Latin American adults living in the United States found that only 50 percent of respondents were still sending money on a regular basis to loved ones, down from 73 percent in a similar poll conducted in 2006. The poll was conducted in February by the Inter-American Development Bank's Multilateral Investment Fund. See the rise of immigrants from Latin America »
What does that mean to families in Mexico counting on the payments to survive?
CNN caught up with Gutierrez's father in Tejaro, Mexico, a hardscrabble farming town of about 5,000 people. A gray-bearded man in a wide-brimmed hat, 77-year-old Camilo Izquierdo was feeding white goats that poked their heads through a makeshift fence.
He and his wife have 13 children, seven of whom have moved to the United States for work, including Eduardo Gutierrez. The dad used the money from his oldest son to supplement his farming income and to help pay for diabetes medication.
"He says things are getting too expensive over there," the father said. "He says things are worse there in California than over here."
His livestock has always been his lifeline. Izquierdo used to have 140 goats, but he began selling off his livestock to make ends meet. A drought made feed more expensive, and now he's down to just 40 goats, with little money left for his medicine.
"I am sick and have been sick for quite some time. The medicine keeps getting more expensive. I just don't know what to do anymore."
Back in California, Eduardo Gutierrez says that in addition to shrinking hours and rising food costs, gas prices are burning up his paycheck as he drives his truck to jobs spread out over hundreds of miles in Southern California.
He estimates that just driving to and from the jobs is costing him $400 to $500 a month in gas. Gas calculator: How much do you need to work to pay for your gas? »
"I've been here over 20 years, and I saw the recession back in the '90s," Gutierrez said. "But this is worse, as far as I can tell. This is really bad."
Gutierrez says his financial situation could be more desperate, like those from his hometown who are now unemployed in California. When he visits his home in Mexico, he doesn't reveal everything about just how dire the situation is.
"Every time I go down there, a lot of people ask, 'How is my son doing?' " Gutierrez said. "I don't want to say they're out of a job or anything like that."
He added, "I say they're doing all right. But that is just a lie. They are doing bad right now. A lot of people are doing bad."
He said he knows lots of legal U.S. residents who have moved back home to Tejaro or the state of Michoacan. He also said the tighter border controls have convinced other Mexicans without legal U.S. paperwork not to try to not sneak across the border to make money for their families.
"I mean, who wants to risk his life just to make a living?" Gutierrez asked.
He said he hopes the U.S. economy picks back up and people begin renovating their homes again soon.
On this day, as he finished fixing the sliding glass door, he got on his knees like a kid playing marbles and used a hand brush to sweep every last metal shaving and screw into a dust pan.
"I don't know what's going to happen," he said of the U.S. economy. "Hopefully, things turn around a little better." E-mail to a friend
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ANAHEIM, California (CNN) -- As he fixes a broken sliding glass door at an apartment in Anaheim, California, Eduardo Gutierrez worries about his parents in Mexico.
Eduardo Gutierrez can't send money back to his parents in Mexico due to rising costs and less work.
He can no longer afford to send the $200 to $300 a month he had been sending back home to support his ailing father.
"I kind of feel bad that I can't help my parents," said Gutierrez, a legal immigrant who has worked in the United States for 20 years. "I try. But I can't these days, and it's a tough situation."
Gutierrez said he earns $18.50 an hour as a glazier, installer and fixer of glass in all shapes and sizes.
But with the U.S. economy sagging, his hours have shrunk, even as his gas and grocery bills have skyrocketed along with other expenses. He's struggling just to support his wife and three children. Watch bad times in the U.S. felt in Mexico »
Bank of Mexico, Mexico's equivalent to the Federal Reserve, says stories like these are becoming more common. Deceleration in the U.S. construction industry resulted in $100 million less in "remittances" -- money from workers in the U.S. to their relatives in Mexico -- in January this year, the most recent available stats. The overall figure went from $1.7 billion in January 2007 to $1.6 billion this January, according to Bank of Mexico.
The slowdown in such money has been a consistent theme over the last year. The World Bank says remittances received by people in Mexico nearly ground to a halt in 2007, growing at a rate of 1.4 percent, compared with more than 20 percent annual growth from 2002 to 2006.
"The slowdown in Mexico is partly due to the weak job market in the United States, especially in the construction sector," the World Bank says on its Web site.
A poll, released Wednesday, of 5,000 Latin American adults living in the United States found that only 50 percent of respondents were still sending money on a regular basis to loved ones, down from 73 percent in a similar poll conducted in 2006. The poll was conducted in February by the Inter-American Development Bank's Multilateral Investment Fund. See the rise of immigrants from Latin America »
What does that mean to families in Mexico counting on the payments to survive?
CNN caught up with Gutierrez's father in Tejaro, Mexico, a hardscrabble farming town of about 5,000 people. A gray-bearded man in a wide-brimmed hat, 77-yea
|
r-old Camilo Izquierdo was feeding white goats that poked their heads through a makeshift fence.
|
He and his wife have 13 children, seven of whom have moved to the United States for work, including Eduardo Gutierrez. The dad used the money from his oldest son to supplement his farming income and to help pay for diabetes medication.
"He says things are getting too expensive over there," the father said. "He says things are worse there in California than over here."
His livestock has always been his lifeline. Izquierdo used to have 140 goats, but he began selling off his livestock to make ends meet. A drought made feed more expensive, and now he's down to just 40 goats, with little money left for his medicine.
"I am sick and have been sick for quite some time. The medicine keeps getting more expensive. I just don't know what to do anymore."
Back in California, Eduardo Gutierrez says that in addition to shrinking hours and rising food costs, gas prices are burning up his paycheck as he drives his truck to jobs spread out over hundreds of miles in Southern California.
He estimates that just driving to and from the jobs is costing him $400 to $500 a month in gas. Gas calculator: How much do you need to work to pay for your gas? »
"I've been here over 20 years, and I saw the recession back in the '90s," Gutierrez said. "But this is worse, as far as I can tell. This is really bad."
Gutierrez says his financial situation could be more desperate, like those from his hometown who are now unemployed in California. When he visits his home in Mexico, he doesn't reveal everything about just how dire the situation is.
"Every time I go down there, a lot of people ask, 'How is my son doing?' " Gutierrez said. "I don't want to say they're out of a job or anything like that."
He added, "I say they're doing all right. But that is just a lie. They are doing bad right now. A lot of people are doing bad."
He said he knows lots of legal U.S. residents who have moved back home to Tejaro or the state of Michoacan. He also said the tighter border controls have convinced other Mexicans without legal U.S. paperwork not to try to not sneak across the border to make money for their families.
"I mean, who wants to risk his life just to make a living?" Gutierrez asked.
He said he hopes the U.S. economy picks back up and people begin renovating their homes again soon.
On this day, as he finished fixing the sliding glass door, he got on his knees like a kid playing marbles and used a hand brush to sweep every last metal shaving and screw into a dust pan.
"I don't know what's going to happen," he said of the U.S. economy. "Hopefully, things turn around a little better." E-mail to a friend
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|
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</url>
<text>
ANAHEIM, California (CNN) -- As he fixes a broken sliding glass door at an apartment in Anaheim, California, Eduardo Gutierrez worries about his parents in Mexico.
Eduardo Gutierrez can't send money back to his parents in Mexico due to rising costs and less work.
He can no longer afford to send the $200 to $300 a month he had been sending back home to support his ailing father.
"I kind of feel bad that I can't help my parents," said Gutierrez, a legal immigrant who has worked in the United States for 20 years. "I try. But I can't these days, and it's a tough situation."
Gutierrez said he earns $18.50 an hour as a glazier, installer and fixer of glass in all shapes and sizes.
But with the U.S. economy sagging, his hours have shrunk, even as his gas and grocery bills have skyrocketed along with other expenses. He's struggling just to support his wife and three children. Watch bad times in the U.S. felt in Mexico »
Bank of Mexico, Mexico's equivalent to the Federal Reserve, says stories like these are becoming more common. Deceleration in the U.S. construction industry resulted in $100 million less in "remittances" -- money from workers in the U.S. to their relatives in Mexico -- in January this year, the most recent available stats. The overall figure went from $1.7 billion in January 2007 to $1.6 billion this January, according to Bank of Mexico.
The slowdown in such money has been a consistent theme over the last year. The World Bank says remittances received by people in Mexico nearly ground to a halt in 2007, growing at a rate of 1.4 percent, compared with more than 20 percent annual growth from 2002 to 2006.
"The slowdown in Mexico is partly due to the weak job market in the United States, especially in the construction sector," the World Bank says on its Web site.
A poll, released Wednesday, of 5,000 Latin American adults living in the United States found that only 50 percent of respondents were still sending money on a regular basis to loved ones, down from 73 percent in a similar poll conducted in 2006. The poll was conducted in February by the Inter-American Development Bank's Multilateral Investment Fund. See the rise of immigrants from Latin America »
What does that mean to families in Mexico counting on the payments to survive?
CNN caught up with Gutierrez's father in Tejaro, Mexico, a hardscrabble farming town of about 5,000 people. A gray-bearded man in a wide-brimmed hat, 77-yea<cursor_is_here>
He and his wife have 13 children, seven of whom have moved to the United States for work, including Eduardo Gutierrez. The dad used the money from his oldest son to supplement his farming income and to help pay for diabetes medication.
"He says things are getting too expensive over there," the father said. "He says things are worse there in California than over here."
His livestock has always been his lifeline. Izquierdo used to have 140 goats, but he began selling off his livestock to make ends meet. A drought made feed more expensive, and now he's down to just 40 goats, with little money left for his medicine.
"I am sick and have been sick for quite some time. The medicine keeps getting more expensive. I just don't know what to do anymore."
Back in California, Eduardo Gutierrez says that in addition to shrinking hours and rising food costs, gas prices are burning up his paycheck as he drives his truck to jobs spread out over hundreds of miles in Southern California.
He estimates that just driving to and from the jobs is costing him $400 to $500 a month in gas. Gas calculator: How much do you need to work to pay for your gas? »
"I've been here over 20 years, and I saw the recession back in the '90s," Gutierrez said. "But this is worse, as far as I can tell. This is really bad."
Gutierrez says his financial situation could be more desperate, like those from his hometown who are now unemployed in California. When he visits his home in Mexico, he doesn't reveal everything about just how dire the situation is.
"Every time I go down there, a lot of people ask, 'How is my son doing?' " Gutierrez said. "I don't want to say they're out of a job or anything like that."
He added, "I say they're doing all right. But that is just a lie. They are doing bad right now. A lot of people are doing bad."
He said he knows lots of legal U.S. residents who have moved back home to Tejaro or the state of Michoacan. He also said the tighter border controls have convinced other Mexicans without legal U.S. paperwork not to try to not sneak across the border to make money for their families.
"I mean, who wants to risk his life just to make a living?" Gutierrez asked.
He said he hopes the U.S. economy picks back up and people begin renovating their homes again soon.
On this day, as he finished fixing the sliding glass door, he got on his knees like a kid playing marbles and used a hand brush to sweep every last metal shaving and screw into a dust pan.
"I don't know what's going to happen," he said of the U.S. economy. "Hopefully, things turn around a little better." E-mail to a friend
</text>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.cnn.com/2008/US/04/30/immigrant.worker/index.html?iref=nextin\n</url>\n<text>\nANAHEIM, California (CNN) -- As he fixes a broken sliding glass door at an apartment in Anaheim, California, Eduardo Gutierrez worries about his parents in Mexico.\nEduardo Gutierrez can't send money back to his parents in Mexico due to rising costs and less work.\nHe can no longer afford to send the $200 to $300 a month he had been sending back home to support his ailing father.\n\"I kind of feel bad that I can't help my parents,\" said Gutierrez, a legal immigrant who has worked in the United States for 20 years. \"I try. But I can't these days, and it's a tough situation.\"\nGutierrez said he earns $18.50 an hour as a glazier, installer and fixer of glass in all shapes and sizes.\nBut with the U.S. economy sagging, his hours have shrunk, even as his gas and grocery bills have skyrocketed along with other expenses. He's struggling just to support his wife and three children. Watch bad times in the U.S. felt in Mexico »\nBank of Mexico, Mexico's equivalent to the Federal Reserve, says stories like these are becoming more common. Deceleration in the U.S. construction industry resulted in $100 million less in \"remittances\" -- money from workers in the U.S. to their relatives in Mexico -- in January this year, the most recent available stats. The overall figure went from $1.7 billion in January 2007 to $1.6 billion this January, according to Bank of Mexico.\nThe slowdown in such money has been a consistent theme over the last year. The World Bank says remittances received by people in Mexico nearly ground to a halt in 2007, growing at a rate of 1.4 percent, compared with more than 20 percent annual growth from 2002 to 2006.\n\"The slowdown in Mexico is partly due to the weak job market in the United States, especially in the construction sector,\" the World Bank says on its Web site.\nA poll, released Wednesday, of 5,000 Latin American adults living in the United States found that only 50 percent of respondents were still sending money on a regular basis to loved ones, down from 73 percent in a similar poll conducted in 2006. The poll was conducted in February by the Inter-American Development Bank's Multilateral Investment Fund. See the rise of immigrants from Latin America »\nWhat does that mean to families in Mexico counting on the payments to survive?\nCNN caught up with Gutierrez's father in Tejaro, Mexico, a hardscrabble farming town of about 5,000 people. A gray-bearded man in a wide-brimmed hat, 77-yea<cursor_is_here>\nHe and his wife have 13 children, seven of whom have moved to the United States for work, including Eduardo Gutierrez. The dad used the money from his oldest son to supplement his farming income and to help pay for diabetes medication.\n\"He says things are getting too expensive over there,\" the father said. \"He says things are worse there in California than over here.\"\nHis livestock has always been his lifeline. Izquierdo used to have 140 goats, but he began selling off his livestock to make ends meet. A drought made feed more expensive, and now he's down to just 40 goats, with little money left for his medicine.\n\"I am sick and have been sick for quite some time. The medicine keeps getting more expensive. I just don't know what to do anymore.\"\nBack in California, Eduardo Gutierrez says that in addition to shrinking hours and rising food costs, gas prices are burning up his paycheck as he drives his truck to jobs spread out over hundreds of miles in Southern California.\nHe estimates that just driving to and from the jobs is costing him $400 to $500 a month in gas. Gas calculator: How much do you need to work to pay for your gas? »\n\"I've been here over 20 years, and I saw the recession back in the '90s,\" Gutierrez said. \"But this is worse, as far as I can tell. This is really bad.\"\nGutierrez says his financial situation could be more desperate, like those from his hometown who are now unemployed in California. When he visits his home in Mexico, he doesn't reveal everything about just how dire the situation is.\n\"Every time I go down there, a lot of people ask, 'How is my son doing?' \" Gutierrez said. \"I don't want to say they're out of a job or anything like that.\"\nHe added, \"I say they're doing all right. But that is just a lie. They are doing bad right now. A lot of people are doing bad.\"\nHe said he knows lots of legal U.S. residents who have moved back home to Tejaro or the state of Michoacan. He also said the tighter border controls have convinced other Mexicans without legal U.S. paperwork not to try to not sneak across the border to make money for their families.\n\"I mean, who wants to risk his life just to make a living?\" Gutierrez asked.\nHe said he hopes the U.S. economy picks back up and people begin renovating their homes again soon.\nOn this day, as he finished fixing the sliding glass door, he got on his knees like a kid playing marbles and used a hand brush to sweep every last metal shaving and screw into a dust pan.\n\"I don't know what's going to happen,\" he said of the U.S. economy. \"Hopefully, things turn around a little better.\" E-mail to a friend\n</text>\n",
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LURGASHALL PARISH COUNCIL
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR COUNCIL MEMBERS
Adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Parish Council held on 10 May 2007 (agenda item 40/07) and effective for all Council Members with effect from that date
Part 1
General provisions
Introduction and interpretation
1.—(1) This Code applies to you as a member of an authority.
(2) You should read this Code together with the general principles prescribed by the Secretary of State (see the Annex to this Code).
(3) It is your responsibility to comply with the provisions of this Code.
(4) In this Code—
"meeting" means any meeting of—
(a) the authority;
(b) any of the authority's committees or sub-committees, joint committees or joint sub-committees;
"member" includes a co-opted member and an appointed member.
(5) References to an authority's monitoring officer and an authority's standards committee shall be read, respectively, as references to the monitoring officer and the standards committee of the district council or unitary county council which has functions in relation to the parish council for which it is responsible under section 55(12) of the Local Government Act 2000 [ie Chichester District Council in the case of Lurgashall Parish Council].
Scope
2.—(1) Subject to sub-paragraphs (2) to (5), you must comply with this Code whenever you—
(a) conduct the business of your authority (which, in this Code, includes the business of the office to which you are elected or appointed); or
(b) act, claim to act or give the impression you are acting as a representative of your authority,
and references to your official capacity are construed accordingly.
(2) Subject to sub-paragraphs (3) and (4), this Code does not have effect in relation to your conduct other than where it is in your official capacity.
(3) In addition to having effect in relation to conduct in your official capacity, paragraphs 3(2)(c), 5 and 6(a) also have effect, at any other time, where that conduct constitutes a criminal offence for which you have been convicted.
(4) Conduct to which this Code applies (whether that is conduct in your official capacity or conduct mentioned in sub-paragraph (3)) includes a criminal offence for which you are convicted (including an offence you committed before the date you took office, but for which you are convicted after that date).
(5) Where you act as a representative of your authority—
(a) on another relevant authority, you must, when acting for that other authority, comply with that other authority's code of conduct; or
(b) on any other body, you must, when acting for that other body, comply with your authority's code of conduct, except and insofar as it conflicts with any other lawful obligations to which that other body may be subject.
General obligations
3.—(1) You must treat others with respect.
(2) You must not—
(a) do anything which may cause your authority to breach any of the equality enactments (as defined in section 33 of the Equality Act 2006);
(b) bully any person;
(c) intimidate or attempt to intimidate any person who is or is likely to be—
(i) a complainant,
(ii) a witness, or
(iii) involved in the administration of any investigation or proceedings, in relation to an allegation that a member (including yourself) has failed to comply with his or her authority's code of conduct; or
(d) do anything which compromises or is likely to compromise the impartiality of those who work for, or on behalf of, your authority.
4. You must not—
(a) disclose information given to you in confidence by anyone, or information acquired by you which you believe, or ought reasonably to be aware, is of a confidential nature, except where—
(i) you have the consent of a person authorised to give it;
(ii) you are required by law to do so;
(iii) the disclosure is made to a third party for the purpose of obtaining professional advice provided that the third party agrees not to disclose the information to any other person; or
(iv) the disclosure is—
(aa) reasonable and in the public interest; and
(bb) made in good faith and in compliance with the reasonable requirements of the authority; or
(b) prevent another person from gaining access to information to which that person is entitled by law.
5. You must not conduct yourself in a manner which could reasonably be regarded as bringing your office or authority into disrepute.
6.
You—
(a) must not use or attempt to use your position as a member improperly to confer on or secure for yourself or any other person, an advantage or disadvantage; and
(b) must, when using or authorising the use by others of the resources of your authority—
(i) act in accordance with your authority's reasonable requirements; and
(ii) ensure that such resources are not used improperly for political purposes (including party political purposes).
(c) must have regard to any applicable Local Authority Code of Publicity made under the Local Government Act 1986.
7. [Paragraph 7 does not apply to Lurgashall Parish Council
.]
Part 2
Interests
Personal interests
8.—(1) You have a personal interest in any business of your authority where either—
(a) it relates to or is likely to affect—
(i) any body of which you are a member or in a position of general control or management and to which you are appointed or nominated by your authority;
(ii) any body—
(aa) exercising functions of a public nature;
(bb) directed to charitable purposes; or
(cc) one of whose principal purposes includes the influence of public opinion or policy (including any political party or trade union),
of which you are a member or in a position of general control or management;
(iii) any employment or business carried on by you;
(iv) any person or body who employs or has appointed you;
(v) any person or body, other than a relevant authority, who has made a payment to you in respect of your election or any expenses incurred by you in carrying out your duties;
(vi) any person or body who has a place of business or land in your authority's area, and in whom you have a beneficial interest in a class of securities of that person or body that exceeds the nominal value of £25,000 or one hundredth of the total issued share capital (whichever is the lower);
(vii) any contract for goods, services or works made between your authority and you or a firm in which you are a partner, a company
of which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi);
(viii) the interests of any person from whom you have received a gift or hospitality with an estimated value of at least £25;
(ix) any land in your authority's area in which you have a beneficial interest;
(x) any land where the landlord is your authority and you are, or a firm in which you are a partner, a company of which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi) is, the tenant;
(xi) any land in the authority's area for which you have a licence (alone or jointly with others) to occupy for 28 days or longer; or
(b) a decision in relation to that business might reasonably be regarded as affecting your well-being or financial position or the well-being or financial position of a relevant person to a greater extent than the majority of—
(i) (in the case of authorities with electoral divisions or wards) other council tax payers, ratepayers or inhabitants of the electoral division or ward, as the case may be, affected by the decision; or
(ii) (in all other cases) other council tax payers, ratepayers or inhabitants of your authority's area.
(2) In sub-paragraph (1)(b), a relevant person is—
(a) a member of your family or any person with whom you have a close association; or
(b) any person or body who employs or has appointed such persons, any firm in which they are a partner, or any company of which they are directors;
(c) any person or body in whom such persons have a beneficial interest in a class of securities exceeding the nominal value of £25,000; or
(d) any body of a type described in sub-paragraph (1)(a)(i) or (ii).
Disclosure of personal interests
9.—(1) Subject to sub-paragraphs (2) to (5), where you have a personal interest in any business of your authority and you attend a meeting of your authority at which the business is considered, you must disclose to that meeting the existence and nature of that interest at the commencement of that consideration, or when the interest becomes apparent.
(2) Where you have a personal interest in any business of your authority which relates to or is likely to affect a person described in paragraph 8(1)(a)(i) or 8(1)(a)(ii)(aa), you need only disclose to the meeting the existence and nature of that interest when you address the meeting on that business.
(3) Where you have a personal interest in any business of the authority of the type mentioned in paragraph 8(1)(a)(viii), you need not disclose the nature or existence of that interest to the meeting if the interest was registered more than three years before the date of the meeting.
(4) Sub-paragraph (1) only applies where you are aware or ought reasonably to be aware of the existence of the personal interest.
(5) Where you have a personal interest but, by virtue of paragraph 14, sensitive information relating to it is not registered in your authority's register of members' interests, you must indicate to the meeting that you have a personal interest, but need not disclose the sensitive information to the meeting.
Prejudicial interest generally
10.—(1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2), where you have a personal interest in any business of your authority you also have a prejudicial interest in that business where the interest is one which a member of the public with knowledge of the relevant facts would reasonably regard as so significant that it is likely to prejudice your judgement of the public interest.
(2) You do not have a prejudicial interest in any business of the authority where that business—
(a) does not affect your financial position or the financial position of a person or body described in paragraph 8;
(b) does not relate to the determining of any approval, consent, licence, permission or registration in relation to you or any person or body described in paragraph 8; or
(c) relates to the functions of your authority in respect of—
(i) [This sub-paragraph does not apply to parish councils];
(ii) [This sub-paragraph does not apply to parish councils];
(iii) statutory sick pay under Part XI of the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992, where you are in receipt of, or are entitled to the receipt of, such pay;
(iv) an allowance, payment or indemnity given to members;
(v) any ceremonial honour given to members; and
(vi) setting council tax or a precept under the Local Government Finance Act 1992.
11. [Paragraph 11 does not apply to parish councils.]
Effect of prejudicial interests on participation
12.—(1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2), where you have a prejudicial interest in any business of your authority—
(a) you must withdraw from the room or chamber where a meeting considering the business is being held—
(i) in a case where sub-paragraph (2) applies, immediately after making representations, answering questions or giving evidence;
(ii) in any other case, whenever it becomes apparent that the business is being considered at that meeting;
unless you have obtained a dispensation from your authority's standards committee; and
(b) you must not seek improperly to influence a decision about that business.
(2.) [Paragraph 12(2) does not apply to Lurgashall Parish Council.]
Part 3
Registration of Members' Interests
Registration of members' interests
13.—(1) Subject to paragraph 14, you must, within 28 days of—
(a) this Code being adopted by or applied to your authority; or
(b) your election or appointment to office (where that is later), register in your authority's register of members' interests (maintained under section 81(1) of the Local Government Act 2000) details of your personal interests where they fall within a category mentioned in paragraph 8(1)(a), by providing written notification to your authority's monitoring officer.
(2) Subject to paragraph 14, you must, within 28 days of becoming aware of any new personal interest or change to any personal interest registered under paragraph (1), register details of that new personal interest or change by providing written notification to your authority's monitoring officer.
Sensitive information
14.—(1) Where you consider that the information relating to any of your personal interests is sensitive information, and your authority's monitoring officer agrees, you need not include that information when registering that interest, or, as the case may be, a change to that interest under paragraph 13.
(2) You must, within 28 days of becoming aware of any change of circumstances which means that information excluded under paragraph (1) is no longer sensitive information, notify your authority's monitoring officer asking that the information be included in your authority's register of members' interests.
(3) In this Code, "sensitive information" means information whose availability for inspection by the public creates, or is likely to create, a serious risk that you or a person who lives with you may be subjected to violence or intimidation.
Annex
The Ten General Principles
The general principles governing your conduct under the Relevant Authorities (General Principles) Order 2001 are set out below:
Selflessness
1. Members should serve only the public interest and should never improperly confer an advantage or disadvantage on any person.
Honesty and Integrity
2. Members should not place themselves in situations where their honesty and integrity may be questioned, should not behave improperly and should on all occasions avoid the appearance of such behaviour.
Objectivity
3. Members should make decisions on merit, including when making appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards or benefits.
Accountability
4. Members should be accountable to the public for their actions and the manner in which they carry out their responsibilities, and should co-operate fully and honestly with any scrutiny appropriate to their particular office.
Openness
5. Members should be as open as possible about their actions and those of their authority, and should be prepared to give reasons for those actions.
Personal Judgement
6. Members may take account of the views of others, including their political groups, but should reach their own conclusions on the issues before them and act in accordance with those conclusions.
Respect for Others
7. Members should promote equality by not discriminating unlawfully against any person, and by treating people with respect, regardless of their race,
age, religion, gender, sexual orientation or disability. They should respect the impartiality and integrity of the authority's statutory officers, and its other employees.
Duty to Uphold the Law
8. Members should uphold the law and, on all occasions, act in accordance with the trust that the public is entitled to place in them.
Stewardship
9. Members should do whatever they are able to do to ensure that their authorities use their resources prudently and in accordance with the law.
Leadership
10.Members should promote and support these principles by leadership, and by example, and should act in a way that secures or preserves public confidence
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LURGASHALL PARISH COUNCIL
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR COUNCIL MEMBERS
Adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Parish Council held on 10 May 2007 (agenda item 40/07) and effective for all Council Members with effect from that date
Part 1
General provisions
Introduction and interpretation
1.—(1) This Code applies to you as a member of an authority.
(2) You should read this Code together with the general principles prescribed by the Secretary of State (see the Annex to this Code).
(3) It is your responsibility to comply with the provisions of this Code.
(4) In this Code—
"meeting" means any meeting of—
(a) the authority;
(b) any of the authority's committees or sub-committees, joint committees or joint sub-committees;
"member" includes a co-opted member and an appointed member.
(5) References to an authority's monitoring officer and an authority's standards committee shall be read, respectively, as references to the monitoring officer and the standards committee of the district council or unitary county council which has functions in relation to the parish council for which it is responsible under section 55(12) of the Local Government Act 2000 [ie Chichester District Council in the case of Lurgashall Parish Council].
Scope
2.—(1) Subject to sub-paragraphs (2) to (5), you must comply with this Code whenever you—
(a) conduct the business of your authority (which, in this Code, includes the business of the office to which you are elected or appointed); or
(b) act, claim to act or give the impression you are acting as a representative of your authority,
and references to your official capacity are construed accordingly.
(2) Subject to sub-paragraphs (3) and (4), this Code does not have effect in relation to your conduct other than where it is in your official capacity.
(3) In addition to having effect in relation to conduct in your official capacity, paragraphs 3(2)(c), 5 and 6(a) also have effect, at any other time, where that conduct constitutes a criminal offence for which you have been convicted.
(4) Conduct to which this Code applies (whether that is conduct in your official capacity or conduct mentioned in sub-paragraph (3)) includes a criminal offence for which you are convicted (including an offence you committed before the date you took office, but for which you are convicted after that date).
(5) Where you act as a representative of your authority—
(a) on another relevant authority, you must, when acting for that other authority, comply with that other authority's code of conduct; or
(b) on any other body, you must, when acting for that other body, comply with your authority's code of conduct, except and insofar as it conflicts with any other lawful obligations to which that other body may be subject.
General obligations
3.—(1) You must treat others with respect.
(2) You must not—
(a) do anything which may cause your authority to breach any of the equality enactments (as defined in section 33 of the Equality Act 2006);
(b) bully any person;
(c) intimidate or attempt to intimidate any person who is or is likely to be—
(i) a complainant,
(ii) a witness, or
(iii) involved in the administration of any investigation or proceedings, in relation to an allegation that a member (including yourself) has failed to comply with his or her authority's code of conduct; or
(d) do anything which compromises or is likely to compromise the impartiality of those who work for, or on behalf of, your authority.
4. You must not—
(a) disclose information given to you in confidence by anyone, or information acquired by you which you believe, or ought reasonably to be aware, is of a confidential nature, except where—
(i) you have the consent of a person authorised to give it;
(ii) you are required by law to do so;
(iii) the disclosure is made to a third party for the purpose of obtaining professional advice provided that the third party agrees not to disclose the information to any other person; or
(iv) the disclosure is—
(aa) reasonable and in the public interest; and
(bb) made in good faith and in compliance with the reasonable requirements of the authority; or
(b) prevent another person from gaining access to information to which that person is entitled by law.
5. You must not conduct yourself in a manner which could reasonably be regarded as bringing your office or authority into disrepute.
6.
You—
(a) must not use or attempt to use your position as a member improperly to confer on or secure for yourself or any other person, an advantage or disadvantage; and
(b) must, when using or authorising the use by others of the resources of your authority—
(i) act in accordance with your authority's reasonable requirements; and
(ii) ensure that such resources are not used improperly for political purposes (including party political purposes).
(c) must have regard to any applicable Local Authority Code of Publicity made under the Local Government Act 1986.
7. [Paragraph 7 does not apply to Lurgashall Parish Council
.]
Part 2
Interests
Personal interests
8.—(1) You have a personal interest in any business of your authority where either—
(a) it relates to or is likely to affect—
(i) any body of which you are a member or in a position of general control or management and to which you are appointed or nominated by your authority;
(ii) any body—
(aa) exercising functions of a public nature;
(bb) directed to charitable purposes; or
(cc) one of whose principal purposes includes the influence of public opinion or policy (including any political party or trade union),
of which you are a member or in a position of general control or management;
(iii) any employment or business carried on by you;
(iv) any person or body who employs or has appointed you;
(v) any person or body, other than a relevant authority, who has made a payment to you in respect of your election or any expenses incurred by you in carrying out your duties;
(vi) any person or body who has a place of business or land in your authority's area, and in whom you have a beneficial interest in a class of securities of that person or body that exceeds the nominal value of £25,000 or one hundredth of the total issued share capital (whichever is the lower);
(vii) any contract for goods, services or works made between your authority and you or a firm in which you are a partner, a company
of which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi);
(viii) the interests of any person from whom you have received a gift or hospitality with an estimated value of at least £25;
(ix) any land in your authority's area in which you have a beneficial interest;
(x) any land where the landlord is your authority and you are, or a firm in which you are a partner, a company of which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi) is, the tenant;
(xi) any land in the authority's area for which you have a licence (alone or jointly with others) to occupy for 28 days or longer; or
(b) a decision in relation to that business might reasonably be regarded as affecting your well-being or financial position or the well-being or financial position of a relevant person to a greater extent than the majority of—
(i) (in the case of authorities with electoral divisions or wards) other council tax payers, ratepayers or inhabitants of the electoral division or ward, as the case may be, affected by the decision; or
(ii) (in all other cases)
|
other council tax payers, ratepayers or inhabitants of your authority's area.
| 7,482
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<url>
http://www.bitcloud.org.uk/lurgashall/LPC/CodeConduct2007.pdf
</url>
<text>
LURGASHALL PARISH COUNCIL
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR COUNCIL MEMBERS
Adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Parish Council held on 10 May 2007 (agenda item 40/07) and effective for all Council Members with effect from that date
Part 1
General provisions
Introduction and interpretation
1.—(1) This Code applies to you as a member of an authority.
(2) You should read this Code together with the general principles prescribed by the Secretary of State (see the Annex to this Code).
(3) It is your responsibility to comply with the provisions of this Code.
(4) In this Code—
"meeting" means any meeting of—
(a) the authority;
(b) any of the authority's committees or sub-committees, joint committees or joint sub-committees;
"member" includes a co-opted member and an appointed member.
(5) References to an authority's monitoring officer and an authority's standards committee shall be read, respectively, as references to the monitoring officer and the standards committee of the district council or unitary county council which has functions in relation to the parish council for which it is responsible under section 55(12) of the Local Government Act 2000 [ie Chichester District Council in the case of Lurgashall Parish Council].
Scope
2.—(1) Subject to sub-paragraphs (2) to (5), you must comply with this Code whenever you—
(a) conduct the business of your authority (which, in this Code, includes the business of the office to which you are elected or appointed); or
(b) act, claim to act or give the impression you are acting as a representative of your authority,
and references to your official capacity are construed accordingly.
(2) Subject to sub-paragraphs (3) and (4), this Code does not have effect in relation to your conduct other than where it is in your official capacity.
(3) In addition to having effect in relation to conduct in your official capacity, paragraphs 3(2)(c), 5 and 6(a) also have effect, at any other time, where that conduct constitutes a criminal offence for which you have been convicted.
(4) Conduct to which this Code applies (whether that is conduct in your official capacity or conduct mentioned in sub-paragraph (3)) includes a criminal offence for which you are convicted (including an offence you committed before the date you took office, but for which you are convicted after that date).
(5) Where you act as a representative of your authority—
(a) on another relevant authority, you must, when acting for that other authority, comply with that other authority's code of conduct; or
(b) on any other body, you must, when acting for that other body, comply with your authority's code of conduct, except and insofar as it conflicts with any other lawful obligations to which that other body may be subject.
General obligations
3.—(1) You must treat others with respect.
(2) You must not—
(a) do anything which may cause your authority to breach any of the equality enactments (as defined in section 33 of the Equality Act 2006);
(b) bully any person;
(c) intimidate or attempt to intimidate any person who is or is likely to be—
(i) a complainant,
(ii) a witness, or
(iii) involved in the administration of any investigation or proceedings, in relation to an allegation that a member (including yourself) has failed to comply with his or her authority's code of conduct; or
(d) do anything which compromises or is likely to compromise the impartiality of those who work for, or on behalf of, your authority.
4. You must not—
(a) disclose information given to you in confidence by anyone, or information acquired by you which you believe, or ought reasonably to be aware, is of a confidential nature, except where—
(i) you have the consent of a person authorised to give it;
(ii) you are required by law to do so;
(iii) the disclosure is made to a third party for the purpose of obtaining professional advice provided that the third party agrees not to disclose the information to any other person; or
(iv) the disclosure is—
(aa) reasonable and in the public interest; and
(bb) made in good faith and in compliance with the reasonable requirements of the authority; or
(b) prevent another person from gaining access to information to which that person is entitled by law.
5. You must not conduct yourself in a manner which could reasonably be regarded as bringing your office or authority into disrepute.
6.
You—
(a) must not use or attempt to use your position as a member improperly to confer on or secure for yourself or any other person, an advantage or disadvantage; and
(b) must, when using or authorising the use by others of the resources of your authority—
(i) act in accordance with your authority's reasonable requirements; and
(ii) ensure that such resources are not used improperly for political purposes (including party political purposes).
(c) must have regard to any applicable Local Authority Code of Publicity made under the Local Government Act 1986.
7. [Paragraph 7 does not apply to Lurgashall Parish Council
.]
Part 2
Interests
Personal interests
8.—(1) You have a personal interest in any business of your authority where either—
(a) it relates to or is likely to affect—
(i) any body of which you are a member or in a position of general control or management and to which you are appointed or nominated by your authority;
(ii) any body—
(aa) exercising functions of a public nature;
(bb) directed to charitable purposes; or
(cc) one of whose principal purposes includes the influence of public opinion or policy (including any political party or trade union),
of which you are a member or in a position of general control or management;
(iii) any employment or business carried on by you;
(iv) any person or body who employs or has appointed you;
(v) any person or body, other than a relevant authority, who has made a payment to you in respect of your election or any expenses incurred by you in carrying out your duties;
(vi) any person or body who has a place of business or land in your authority's area, and in whom you have a beneficial interest in a class of securities of that person or body that exceeds the nominal value of £25,000 or one hundredth of the total issued share capital (whichever is the lower);
(vii) any contract for goods, services or works made between your authority and you or a firm in which you are a partner, a company
of which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi);
(viii) the interests of any person from whom you have received a gift or hospitality with an estimated value of at least £25;
(ix) any land in your authority's area in which you have a beneficial interest;
(x) any land where the landlord is your authority and you are, or a firm in which you are a partner, a company of which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi) is, the tenant;
(xi) any land in the authority's area for which you have a licence (alone or jointly with others) to occupy for 28 days or longer; or
(b) a decision in relation to that business might reasonably be regarded as affecting your well-being or financial position or the well-being or financial position of a relevant person to a greater extent than the majority of—
(i) (in the case of authorities with electoral divisions or wards) other council tax payers, ratepayers or inhabitants of the electoral division or ward, as the case may be, affected by the decision; or
(ii) (in all other cases) <cursor_is_here>
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You must not—\n\n(a) disclose information given to you in confidence by anyone, or information acquired by you which you believe, or ought reasonably to be aware, is of a confidential nature, except where—\n(i) you have the consent of a person authorised to give it;\n(ii) you are required by law to do so;\n(iii) the disclosure is made to a third party for the purpose of obtaining professional advice provided that the third party agrees not to disclose the information to any other person; or\n(iv) the disclosure is—\n(aa) reasonable and in the public interest; and\n(bb) made in good faith and in compliance with the reasonable requirements of the authority; or\n(b) prevent another person from gaining access to information to which that person is entitled by law.\n5. You must not conduct yourself in a manner which could reasonably be regarded as bringing your office or authority into disrepute.\n\n6.\n\nYou—\n\n(a) must not use or attempt to use your position as a member improperly to confer on or secure for yourself or any other person, an advantage or disadvantage; and\n(b) must, when using or authorising the use by others of the resources of your authority—\n(i) act in accordance with your authority's reasonable requirements; and\n(ii) ensure that such resources are not used improperly for political purposes (including party political purposes).\n(c) must have regard to any applicable Local Authority Code of Publicity made under the Local Government Act 1986.\n7. [Paragraph 7 does not apply to Lurgashall Parish Council\n\n.]\n\nPart 2\n\nInterests\n\nPersonal interests\n\n8.—(1) You have a personal interest in any business of your authority where either—\n(a) it relates to or is likely to affect—\n(i) any body of which you are a member or in a position of general control or management and to which you are appointed or nominated by your authority;\n(ii) any body—\n(aa) exercising functions of a public nature;\n(bb) directed to charitable purposes; or\n(cc) one of whose principal purposes includes the influence of public opinion or policy (including any political party or trade union),\nof which you are a member or in a position of general control or management;\n(iii) any employment or business carried on by you;\n(iv) any person or body who employs or has appointed you;\n(v) any person or body, other than a relevant authority, who has made a payment to you in respect of your election or any expenses incurred by you in carrying out your duties;\n(vi) any person or body who has a place of business or land in your authority's area, and in whom you have a beneficial interest in a class of securities of that person or body that exceeds the nominal value of £25,000 or one hundredth of the total issued share capital (whichever is the lower);\n(vii) any contract for goods, services or works made between your authority and you or a firm in which you are a partner, a company\n\nof which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi);\n(viii) the interests of any person from whom you have received a gift or hospitality with an estimated value of at least £25;\n(ix) any land in your authority's area in which you have a beneficial interest;\n(x) any land where the landlord is your authority and you are, or a firm in which you are a partner, a company of which you are a remunerated director, or a person or body of the description specified in paragraph (vi) is, the tenant;\n(xi) any land in the authority's area for which you have a licence (alone or jointly with others) to occupy for 28 days or longer; or\n(b) a decision in relation to that business might reasonably be regarded as affecting your well-being or financial position or the well-being or financial position of a relevant person to a greater extent than the majority of—\n(i) (in the case of authorities with electoral divisions or wards) other council tax payers, ratepayers or inhabitants of the electoral division or ward, as the case may be, affected by the decision; or\n(ii) (in all other cases) <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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| | | | | Month Data Collected | Year to Date 2015 | Year to Date 2016 | Year to Date 2017 | Percent Change 2017 vs. 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVERALL PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Visit Estes Park (VEP) Lodging Tax | | | | September | $ 1,629,144.40 | $ 1,783,497.57 | $ 1,961,755.91 | 9.99% |
| Seasonal VEP Lodging Tax (most recent) | | | | Sum: Jun-Aug | - | $ 1,085,182.10 | 1,130,809.89 | 4.20% |
| Media Impressions | | | | September | 7 20,273,940 | 372,943,485 | 5 13,756,138 | 37.76% |
| PR Value | | | | September | $ 7,793,673.00 | $ 4,355,190.70 | $ 2,827,692.15 | -35.07% |
| Average PR Points Per Article | | | | September | 5 4.60 | 66.23 | 6 4.17 | -3.11% |
| VISITESTESPARK.COM WEBSITE PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Sessions | | | | September | 1,170,440 | 1,402,438 | 1,702,352 | 21.39% |
| Users | | | | September | 865,328 | 1,052,938 | 1,254,819 | 19.17% |
| Page Views | | | | September | 3,803,361 | 3,485,543 | 3,621,456 | 3.90% |
| Average Pages Per Session | | | | September | 3.25 | 2 .26 | 2.10 | -7.08% |
| Average Session Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 4.37 | 2 .52 | 2.30 | -8.73% |
| JackRabbit Lodging Referrals | | | | September | 519,064 | 4 78,705 | 461,566 | -3.58% |
| OTHER CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Digital Official Visitor Guide (OVG) Unique Readers | | | | September | 9 ,934 | 10,929 | 9 ,419 | -13.82% |
| Digital OVG Page Views | | | | September | 507,017 | 5 11,021 | 459,710 | -10.04% |
| Digital OVG Average Visit Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 7.23 | 6 .43 | 7.28 | 13.25% |
| Marketing eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 43,007 | | | | September | 10,118 | 8,908 | 5 ,259 | -40.96% |
| Facebook Followers Total: 1 36,352 | | | | September | 12,026 | 11,739 | 25,097 | 113.79% |
| Instagram Followers Total: 22,890 | | | | September | 3 ,452 | 7,312 | 4 ,967 | -32.07% |
| Print Visitor Guides Mailed to Households | | | | September | 41,597 | 37,318 | 46,978 | 25.89% |
| OTHER COMMUNITY BAROMETERS | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Town of Estes Park: Total Sales Tax* | | | | September | $ 9,845,475.90 | $ 10,560,163.46 | $ 1 1,096,808.50 | 5.08% |
| Town Sales Tax: Lodging | | | | September | $ 3,081,130.65 | $ 3,278,502.48 | $ 3,670,766.85 | 11.96% |
| Town Sales Tax: Dining** | | | | September | $ 1,820,239.63 | $ 2,017,419.59 | $ 2,076,336.97 | 2.92% |
| Town Sales Tax: Retail | | | | September | $ 1,827,212.41 | $ 1,905,258.32 | $ 1,850,904.72 | -2.85% |
| VEP Lead Responses (Weddings, Groups, Corp., etc.) | | | | September | - | 1 83 | 2 ,078 | 1035.52% |
| Stakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 1,073 | | | | September | - | 54 | 1 5 | 127.78% |
| Town Visitor Center: Visitor Count | | | | September | 349,382 | 4 00,592 | 338,734 | -15.44% |
| RMNP Recreational Visitor Count | | | | September | 3,572,177 | 3,868,675 | 3,851,636 | -0.44% |
| *On July 1, 2014, the Town sales tax rate increased by 1% for a period of 10 years. **Dining receipts reflect restaurants and liquor, excluding grocery stores (e.g., Safeway) and other food-related tax receipts. | | | | | | | | |
| ROCKY MOUNTAIN LODGING REPORT | | | | | | | | |
| Lodging Occupancy: Monthly Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Monthly Change | | | |
| Occupancy in | September | 2016 | 82.10% | | Average Rate in | September | 2016 | $ 1 99.65 |
| Occupancy in | September | 2017 | 80.90% | | Average Rate in | September | 2017 | $ 2 12.90 |
| Difference in | September | 2017 | -1.20% | | Difference in | September | 2017 | $ 1 3.25 |
| Lodging Occupancy: Year-to-Date Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Year-to-Date Change | | | |
| YTD Occupancy | September | 2016 | 58.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2016 | $ 1 90.59 |
| YTD Occupancy | September | 2017 | 59.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2017 | $ 2 06.44 |
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Board Meeting Date: 21-Nov-17
Notes:
(Italics represent new performance explanation language.)
Visit Estes Park Lodging Tax: The total in September was 29.61% higher than last year. When adjusted for late and missing payments, the difference is estimated to be 18.83% higher than last year. The total received year-to-date (YTD) through September 2017 is up 9.99% compared to the same nine-month YTD period last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the YTD change is estimated to be up about 9.76%. For the summer season, defined as June through August, lodging taxes were up 4.2% compared to the same season last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the summer season is estimated to be up 12.83%. Adjusted, spring (March - May) was up 6.95%; winter 2016-17 (December - February) was up 15.18%; and fall 2016 (September - November) was up 6.93%.
Media Impressions, PR Value, and PR Points: Media Impressions continue to outpace 2016 measuring 37.76% better than 2016. PR Value continues to improve compared to 2016 as does Average PR Points. Working with TURNER, our PR partner, we had 121 key media placements in September. Of particular note was the Assoicated Press's article, "Fall Events around the U.S." that featured Elktober in Estes Park. This article was syndicated to 11 print and 98 online outlets. Two other noteworthy articles were Orbitz.com's "Travel Worthy Fall Events" that featured Elk Fest and Thrilllist's "Best Fall Day Trips Out of Denver". Media impressions are 19.7% higher than 2016, a trend that we have shown all year. While PR Value and Average PR points are down, it continues to improve. In August, Published Media Hits included 26 print, 12 online and 8 social articles. Of note, the USA Today article, "Coolest Campsite Ever: Hanging off a Cliff" was a result of hosting writer Sarah Sekula in June of this year and was syndicated to 24 other outlets. In addition, the Sunset Magazine and Online article, "2017 Travel Stars" chose Estes Park as the best basecamp and was a result of proactivley pitching the editors of the publication for this specific opportunity.
Website Sessions, Users, and Page Views: Overall sessions, users, and page views are up, due in large part to an increase in organic search, referral and social traffic. These numbers have continued to stay above industry average. At the 2017 Colorado Governor's Tourism Conference, Miles Media shared that DMO websites are not only struggling to grow, but even maintain website traffic, as they're competing with the increasingly comprehensive Google Knowledge Grid.
Pages Per Session and Session Duration (average): Pages per session and session duration are down, as users find what they're looking for faster, or are served the content they are looking for directly. The decrease is also due, in part, to the increased use of mobile as a browsing device, where people are browsing more quickly on mobile, than desktop.
JackRabbit Lodging Referrals: While lodging referrals are down, engagement on the results page is up. Overall, the number of searches for lodging on the site is down, but we've seen 40% more referrals per search, meaning we are having higher-quality searches for lodging on the site. In March of 2016, Jackrabbit changed how they track the "Search" metric. It no longer includes abandoned searches that do not let the page fully load. The metric for 2016 includes 2 months of these types of searches.
Digital Visitor Guide Unique Readers, Page Views, Visit Duration, and Mailed to Households: The digital visitor guide started strong in 2017, but is still down in unique readers and pageviews. The Digital Guide is up 15.12% for average visit duration of new readers over the same month last year, and it is up 13.25% for the year. This means that fewer people are opening our digital visitor guide, but the ones that do are staying much longer. The new readers viewed an average 46.48 pages of the Digital Visitor Guide in the month of September . According to our hosting vendor for the digital guide we still have up to double the traffic to our digital visitor guide when compared to other organizations of equal size. They also stated that our raw traffic data is comparable with many of their much larger organizations including some retail catalogs. Our printed visitor guide requests mailed to individual households made such a huge jump in the month of May due to the addition of the data from the request form directly on the VEP website. The number of guides mailed from leads in the month of September (2,051) was added to the total number of guides mailed directly from our website in September (955) for a total of 3,006. The sharp decrease of guides mailed to households over previous months is expected, according to previous year's patterns. We expect this to continue until January when the new guide is released, and people begin planning their vacations for the year.
Marketing eNewsletter Subscriber Growth: The organic growth is substantial enough that we don't feel the need to implement paid advertising to force increased growth, which has been done in past years . The open rate hovers right around industry average (~22%, which is over 10,000 unique opens), while the click rate is nearly double the industry average, which shows people are not just reading the newsletter, but interacting with the newsletter by clicking links and heading to the website for more information.
Facebook Followers: The Facebook audience continues to grow as organic content continues to show good engagement with Wildlife Wednesday and Fan Photo Friday along with video, live, and blog content.
Instagram Followers: The Instagram account continues to grow, but not as quickly as the prior year. In 2017 Instagram has aggressively rolled out their algorithm that is similar to Facebook. Prior to this algorithm, Instagram would show content in the order it was posted, now it leverages user information to push content toward what the user has been interacting with.
VEP Lead Responses: Beginning January 1, 2017, all Official Visitor Guide Request Leads are being included in the total count, which explains the drastic increase. Group leads originate from VisitEstesPark.com reunions, weddings, and meeting pages where guests complete a form. VEP considers a group to be 14 people or more. Group forms are also distributed by Visitor Center staff for walk-ins. In addition, VEP is including leads from the EP Wedding Association starting in October of 2016. Visitor Guide Leads are generated on the VEP website by a guest requesting their information to be shared with participating businesses. The increase in Visitor Guide request leads is because guests were planning their summer vacations. The decrease in leads is due to back-toschool season; guests are no longer in the vacation planning mode.
Stakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers: The total number of subscribers continues to grow. The count includes the total since the beginning and the year-to-date change compared to the previous year.
Visitor Center - Visitor Count: The Visitor Center installed new counting technology this year, which could affect the count compared to last year.
RMNP Visitation Visitation to RMNP is slower compared to recent years.
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| | | | | Month Data Collected | Year to Date 2015 | Year to Date 2016 | Year to Date 2017 | Percent Change 2017 vs. 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVERALL PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Visit Estes Park (VEP) Lodging Tax | | | | September | $ 1,629,144.40 | $ 1,783,497.57 | $ 1,961,755.91 | 9.99% |
| Seasonal VEP Lodging Tax (most recent) | | | | Sum: Jun-Aug | - | $ 1,085,182.10 | 1,130,809.89 | 4.20% |
| Media Impressions | | | | September | 7 20,273,940 | 372,943,485 | 5 13,756,138 | 37.76% |
| PR Value | | | | September | $ 7,793,673.00 | $ 4,355,190.70 | $ 2,827,692.15 | -35.07% |
| Average PR Points Per Article | | | | September | 5 4.60 | 66.23 | 6 4.17 | -3.11% |
| VISITESTESPARK.COM WEBSITE PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Sessions | | | | September | 1,170,440 | 1,402,438 | 1,702,352 | 21.39% |
| Users | | | | September | 865,328 | 1,052,938 | 1,254,819 | 19.17% |
| Page Views | | | | September | 3,803,361 | 3,485,543 | 3,621,456 | 3.90% |
| Average Pages Per Session | | | | September | 3.25 | 2 .26 | 2.10 | -7.08% |
| Average Session Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 4.37 | 2 .52 | 2.30 | -8.73% |
| JackRabbit Lodging Referrals | | | | September | 519,064 | 4 78,705 | 461,566 | -3.58% |
| OTHER CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Digital Official Visitor Guide (OVG) Unique Readers | | | | September | 9 ,934 | 10,929 | 9 ,419 | -13.82% |
| Digital OVG Page Views | | | | September | 507,017 | 5 11,021 | 459,710 | -10.04% |
| Digital OVG Average Visit Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 7.23 | 6 .43 | 7.28 | 13.25% |
| Marketing eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 43,007 | | | | September | 10,118 | 8,908 | 5 ,259 | -40.96% |
| Facebook Followers Total: 1 36,352 | | | | September | 12,026 | 11,739 | 25,097 | 113.79% |
| Instagram Followers Total: 22,890 | | | | September | 3 ,452 | 7,312 | 4 ,967 | -32.07% |
| Print Visitor Guides Mailed to Households | | | | September | 41,597 | 37,318 | 46,978 | 25.89% |
| OTHER COMMUNITY BAROMETERS | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Town of Estes Park: Total Sales Tax* | | | | September | $ 9,845,475.90 | $ 10,560,163.46 | $ 1 1,096,808.50 | 5.08% |
| Town Sales Tax: Lodging | | | | September | $ 3,081,130.65 | $ 3,278,502.48 | $ 3,670,766.85 | 11.96% |
| Town Sales Tax: Dining** | | | | September | $ 1,820,239.63 | $ 2,017,419.59 | $ 2,076,336.97 | 2.92% |
| Town Sales Tax: Retail | | | | September | $ 1,827,212.41 | $ 1,905,258.32 | $ 1,850,904.72 | -2.85% |
| VEP Lead Responses (Weddings, Groups, Corp., etc.) | | | | September | - | 1 83 | 2 ,078 | 1035.52% |
| Stakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 1,073 | | | | September | - | 54 | 1 5 | 127.78% |
| Town Visitor Center: Visitor Count | | | | September | 349,382 | 4 00,592 | 338,734 | -15.44% |
| RMNP Recreational Visitor Count | | | | September | 3,572,177 | 3,868,675 | 3,851,636 | -0.44% |
| *On July 1, 2014, the Town sales tax rate increased by 1% for a period of 10 years. **Dining receipts reflect restaurants and liquor, excluding grocery stores (e.g., Safeway) and other food-related tax receipts. | | | | | | | | |
| ROCKY MOUNTAIN LODGING REPORT | | | | | | | | |
| Lodging Occupancy: Monthly Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Monthly Change | | | |
| Occupancy in | September | 2016 | 82.10% | | Average Rate in | September | 2016 | $ 1 99.65 |
| Occupancy in | September | 2017 | 80.90% | | Average Rate in | September | 2017 | $ 2 12.90 |
| Difference in | September | 2017 | -1.20% | | Difference in | September | 2017 | $ 1 3.25 |
| Lodging Occupancy: Year-to-Date Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Year-to-Date Change | | | |
| YTD Occupancy | September | 2016 | 58.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2016 | $ 1 90.59 |
| YTD Occupancy | September | 2017 | 59.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2017 | $ 2 06.44 |
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Board Meeting Date: 21-Nov-17
Notes:
(Italics represent new performance explanation language.)
Visit Estes Park Lodging Tax: The total in September was 29.61% higher than last year. When adjusted for late and missing payments, the difference is estimated to be 18.83% higher than last year. The total received year-to-date (YTD) through September 2017 is up 9.99% compared to the same nine-month YTD period last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the YTD change is estimated to be up about 9.76%. For the summer season, defined as June through August, lodging taxes were up 4.2% compared to the same season last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the summer season is estimated to be up 12.83%. Adjusted, spring (March - May) was up 6.95%; winter 2016-17 (December - February) was up 15.18%; and fall 2016 (September - November) was up 6.93%.
Media Impressions, PR Value, and PR Points: Media Impressions continue to outpace 2016 measuring 37.76% better than 2016. PR Value continues to improve compared to 2016 as does Average PR Points. Working with TURNER, our PR partner, we had 121 key media placements in September. Of particular note was the Assoicated Press's article, "Fall Events around the U.S." that featured Elktober in Estes Park. This article was syndicated to 11 print and 98 online outlets. Two other noteworthy articles were Orbitz.com's "Travel Worthy Fall Events" that featured Elk Fest and Thrilllist's "Best Fall Day Trips Out of Denver". Media impressions are 19.7% higher than 2016, a trend that we have shown all year. While PR Value and Average PR points are down, it continues to improve. In August, Published Media Hits included 26 print, 12 online and 8 social articles. Of note, the USA Today article, "Coolest Campsite Ever: Hanging off a Cliff" was a result of hosting writer Sarah Sekula in June of this year and was syndicated to 24 other outlets. In addition, the Sunset Magazine and Online article, "2017 Travel Stars" chose Estes Park as the best basecamp and was a result of proactivley pitching the editors of the publication for this specific opportunity.
Website Sessions, Users, and Page Views: Overall sessions, users, and page views are up, due in large part to an increase in organic search, referral and social traffic. These numbers have continued to stay above industry average. At the 2017 Colorado Governor's Tourism Conference, Miles Media shared that DMO websites are not only struggling to grow, but even maintain website traffic, as they're competing with the increasingly comprehensive Google Knowledge Grid.
Pages Per Session and Session Duration (average): Pages per session and session duration are down, as us
|
ers find what they're looking for faster, or are served the content they are looking for directly.
|
The decrease is also due, in part, to the increased use of mobile as a browsing device, where people are browsing more quickly on mobile, than desktop.
JackRabbit Lodging Referrals: While lodging referrals are down, engagement on the results page is up. Overall, the number of searches for lodging on the site is down, but we've seen 40% more referrals per search, meaning we are having higher-quality searches for lodging on the site. In March of 2016, Jackrabbit changed how they track the "Search" metric. It no longer includes abandoned searches that do not let the page fully load. The metric for 2016 includes 2 months of these types of searches.
Digital Visitor Guide Unique Readers, Page Views, Visit Duration, and Mailed to Households: The digital visitor guide started strong in 2017, but is still down in unique readers and pageviews. The Digital Guide is up 15.12% for average visit duration of new readers over the same month last year, and it is up 13.25% for the year. This means that fewer people are opening our digital visitor guide, but the ones that do are staying much longer. The new readers viewed an average 46.48 pages of the Digital Visitor Guide in the month of September . According to our hosting vendor for the digital guide we still have up to double the traffic to our digital visitor guide when compared to other organizations of equal size. They also stated that our raw traffic data is comparable with many of their much larger organizations including some retail catalogs. Our printed visitor guide requests mailed to individual households made such a huge jump in the month of May due to the addition of the data from the request form directly on the VEP website. The number of guides mailed from leads in the month of September (2,051) was added to the total number of guides mailed directly from our website in September (955) for a total of 3,006. The sharp decrease of guides mailed to households over previous months is expected, according to previous year's patterns. We expect this to continue until January when the new guide is released, and people begin planning their vacations for the year.
Marketing eNewsletter Subscriber Growth: The organic growth is substantial enough that we don't feel the need to implement paid advertising to force increased growth, which has been done in past years . The open rate hovers right around industry average (~22%, which is over 10,000 unique opens), while the click rate is nearly double the industry average, which shows people are not just reading the newsletter, but interacting with the newsletter by clicking links and heading to the website for more information.
Facebook Followers: The Facebook audience continues to grow as organic content continues to show good engagement with Wildlife Wednesday and Fan Photo Friday along with video, live, and blog content.
Instagram Followers: The Instagram account continues to grow, but not as quickly as the prior year. In 2017 Instagram has aggressively rolled out their algorithm that is similar to Facebook. Prior to this algorithm, Instagram would show content in the order it was posted, now it leverages user information to push content toward what the user has been interacting with.
VEP Lead Responses: Beginning January 1, 2017, all Official Visitor Guide Request Leads are being included in the total count, which explains the drastic increase. Group leads originate from VisitEstesPark.com reunions, weddings, and meeting pages where guests complete a form. VEP considers a group to be 14 people or more. Group forms are also distributed by Visitor Center staff for walk-ins. In addition, VEP is including leads from the EP Wedding Association starting in October of 2016. Visitor Guide Leads are generated on the VEP website by a guest requesting their information to be shared with participating businesses. The increase in Visitor Guide request leads is because guests were planning their summer vacations. The decrease in leads is due to back-toschool season; guests are no longer in the vacation planning mode.
Stakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers: The total number of subscribers continues to grow. The count includes the total since the beginning and the year-to-date change compared to the previous year.
Visitor Center - Visitor Count: The Visitor Center installed new counting technology this year, which could affect the count compared to last year.
RMNP Visitation Visitation to RMNP is slower compared to recent years.
:
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| | | | | Month Data Collected | Year to Date 2015 | Year to Date 2016 | Year to Date 2017 | Percent Change 2017 vs. 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVERALL PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Visit Estes Park (VEP) Lodging Tax | | | | September | $ 1,629,144.40 | $ 1,783,497.57 | $ 1,961,755.91 | 9.99% |
| Seasonal VEP Lodging Tax (most recent) | | | | Sum: Jun-Aug | - | $ 1,085,182.10 | 1,130,809.89 | 4.20% |
| Media Impressions | | | | September | 7 20,273,940 | 372,943,485 | 5 13,756,138 | 37.76% |
| PR Value | | | | September | $ 7,793,673.00 | $ 4,355,190.70 | $ 2,827,692.15 | -35.07% |
| Average PR Points Per Article | | | | September | 5 4.60 | 66.23 | 6 4.17 | -3.11% |
| VISITESTESPARK.COM WEBSITE PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Sessions | | | | September | 1,170,440 | 1,402,438 | 1,702,352 | 21.39% |
| Users | | | | September | 865,328 | 1,052,938 | 1,254,819 | 19.17% |
| Page Views | | | | September | 3,803,361 | 3,485,543 | 3,621,456 | 3.90% |
| Average Pages Per Session | | | | September | 3.25 | 2 .26 | 2.10 | -7.08% |
| Average Session Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 4.37 | 2 .52 | 2.30 | -8.73% |
| JackRabbit Lodging Referrals | | | | September | 519,064 | 4 78,705 | 461,566 | -3.58% |
| OTHER CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Digital Official Visitor Guide (OVG) Unique Readers | | | | September | 9 ,934 | 10,929 | 9 ,419 | -13.82% |
| Digital OVG Page Views | | | | September | 507,017 | 5 11,021 | 459,710 | -10.04% |
| Digital OVG Average Visit Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 7.23 | 6 .43 | 7.28 | 13.25% |
| Marketing eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 43,007 | | | | September | 10,118 | 8,908 | 5 ,259 | -40.96% |
| Facebook Followers Total: 1 36,352 | | | | September | 12,026 | 11,739 | 25,097 | 113.79% |
| Instagram Followers Total: 22,890 | | | | September | 3 ,452 | 7,312 | 4 ,967 | -32.07% |
| Print Visitor Guides Mailed to Households | | | | September | 41,597 | 37,318 | 46,978 | 25.89% |
| OTHER COMMUNITY BAROMETERS | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |
| Town of Estes Park: Total Sales Tax* | | | | September | $ 9,845,475.90 | $ 10,560,163.46 | $ 1 1,096,808.50 | 5.08% |
| Town Sales Tax: Lodging | | | | September | $ 3,081,130.65 | $ 3,278,502.48 | $ 3,670,766.85 | 11.96% |
| Town Sales Tax: Dining** | | | | September | $ 1,820,239.63 | $ 2,017,419.59 | $ 2,076,336.97 | 2.92% |
| Town Sales Tax: Retail | | | | September | $ 1,827,212.41 | $ 1,905,258.32 | $ 1,850,904.72 | -2.85% |
| VEP Lead Responses (Weddings, Groups, Corp., etc.) | | | | September | - | 1 83 | 2 ,078 | 1035.52% |
| Stakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 1,073 | | | | September | - | 54 | 1 5 | 127.78% |
| Town Visitor Center: Visitor Count | | | | September | 349,382 | 4 00,592 | 338,734 | -15.44% |
| RMNP Recreational Visitor Count | | | | September | 3,572,177 | 3,868,675 | 3,851,636 | -0.44% |
| *On July 1, 2014, the Town sales tax rate increased by 1% for a period of 10 years. **Dining receipts reflect restaurants and liquor, excluding grocery stores (e.g., Safeway) and other food-related tax receipts. | | | | | | | | |
| ROCKY MOUNTAIN LODGING REPORT | | | | | | | | |
| Lodging Occupancy: Monthly Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Monthly Change | | | |
| Occupancy in | September | 2016 | 82.10% | | Average Rate in | September | 2016 | $ 1 99.65 |
| Occupancy in | September | 2017 | 80.90% | | Average Rate in | September | 2017 | $ 2 12.90 |
| Difference in | September | 2017 | -1.20% | | Difference in | September | 2017 | $ 1 3.25 |
| Lodging Occupancy: Year-to-Date Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Year-to-Date Change | | | |
| YTD Occupancy | September | 2016 | 58.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2016 | $ 1 90.59 |
| YTD Occupancy | September | 2017 | 59.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2017 | $ 2 06.44 |
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Board Meeting Date: 21-Nov-17
Notes:
(Italics represent new performance explanation language.)
Visit Estes Park Lodging Tax: The total in September was 29.61% higher than last year. When adjusted for late and missing payments, the difference is estimated to be 18.83% higher than last year. The total received year-to-date (YTD) through September 2017 is up 9.99% compared to the same nine-month YTD period last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the YTD change is estimated to be up about 9.76%. For the summer season, defined as June through August, lodging taxes were up 4.2% compared to the same season last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the summer season is estimated to be up 12.83%. Adjusted, spring (March - May) was up 6.95%; winter 2016-17 (December - February) was up 15.18%; and fall 2016 (September - November) was up 6.93%.
Media Impressions, PR Value, and PR Points: Media Impressions continue to outpace 2016 measuring 37.76% better than 2016. PR Value continues to improve compared to 2016 as does Average PR Points. Working with TURNER, our PR partner, we had 121 key media placements in September. Of particular note was the Assoicated Press's article, "Fall Events around the U.S." that featured Elktober in Estes Park. This article was syndicated to 11 print and 98 online outlets. Two other noteworthy articles were Orbitz.com's "Travel Worthy Fall Events" that featured Elk Fest and Thrilllist's "Best Fall Day Trips Out of Denver". Media impressions are 19.7% higher than 2016, a trend that we have shown all year. While PR Value and Average PR points are down, it continues to improve. In August, Published Media Hits included 26 print, 12 online and 8 social articles. Of note, the USA Today article, "Coolest Campsite Ever: Hanging off a Cliff" was a result of hosting writer Sarah Sekula in June of this year and was syndicated to 24 other outlets. In addition, the Sunset Magazine and Online article, "2017 Travel Stars" chose Estes Park as the best basecamp and was a result of proactivley pitching the editors of the publication for this specific opportunity.
Website Sessions, Users, and Page Views: Overall sessions, users, and page views are up, due in large part to an increase in organic search, referral and social traffic. These numbers have continued to stay above industry average. At the 2017 Colorado Governor's Tourism Conference, Miles Media shared that DMO websites are not only struggling to grow, but even maintain website traffic, as they're competing with the increasingly comprehensive Google Knowledge Grid.
Pages Per Session and Session Duration (average): Pages per session and session duration are down, as us<cursor_is_here> The decrease is also due, in part, to the increased use of mobile as a browsing device, where people are browsing more quickly on mobile, than desktop.
JackRabbit Lodging Referrals: While lodging referrals are down, engagement on the results page is up. Overall, the number of searches for lodging on the site is down, but we've seen 40% more referrals per search, meaning we are having higher-quality searches for lodging on the site. In March of 2016, Jackrabbit changed how they track the "Search" metric. It no longer includes abandoned searches that do not let the page fully load. The metric for 2016 includes 2 months of these types of searches.
Digital Visitor Guide Unique Readers, Page Views, Visit Duration, and Mailed to Households: The digital visitor guide started strong in 2017, but is still down in unique readers and pageviews. The Digital Guide is up 15.12% for average visit duration of new readers over the same month last year, and it is up 13.25% for the year. This means that fewer people are opening our digital visitor guide, but the ones that do are staying much longer. The new readers viewed an average 46.48 pages of the Digital Visitor Guide in the month of September . According to our hosting vendor for the digital guide we still have up to double the traffic to our digital visitor guide when compared to other organizations of equal size. They also stated that our raw traffic data is comparable with many of their much larger organizations including some retail catalogs. Our printed visitor guide requests mailed to individual households made such a huge jump in the month of May due to the addition of the data from the request form directly on the VEP website. The number of guides mailed from leads in the month of September (2,051) was added to the total number of guides mailed directly from our website in September (955) for a total of 3,006. The sharp decrease of guides mailed to households over previous months is expected, according to previous year's patterns. We expect this to continue until January when the new guide is released, and people begin planning their vacations for the year.
Marketing eNewsletter Subscriber Growth: The organic growth is substantial enough that we don't feel the need to implement paid advertising to force increased growth, which has been done in past years . The open rate hovers right around industry average (~22%, which is over 10,000 unique opens), while the click rate is nearly double the industry average, which shows people are not just reading the newsletter, but interacting with the newsletter by clicking links and heading to the website for more information.
Facebook Followers: The Facebook audience continues to grow as organic content continues to show good engagement with Wildlife Wednesday and Fan Photo Friday along with video, live, and blog content.
Instagram Followers: The Instagram account continues to grow, but not as quickly as the prior year. In 2017 Instagram has aggressively rolled out their algorithm that is similar to Facebook. Prior to this algorithm, Instagram would show content in the order it was posted, now it leverages user information to push content toward what the user has been interacting with.
VEP Lead Responses: Beginning January 1, 2017, all Official Visitor Guide Request Leads are being included in the total count, which explains the drastic increase. Group leads originate from VisitEstesPark.com reunions, weddings, and meeting pages where guests complete a form. VEP considers a group to be 14 people or more. Group forms are also distributed by Visitor Center staff for walk-ins. In addition, VEP is including leads from the EP Wedding Association starting in October of 2016. Visitor Guide Leads are generated on the VEP website by a guest requesting their information to be shared with participating businesses. The increase in Visitor Guide request leads is because guests were planning their summer vacations. The decrease in leads is due to back-toschool season; guests are no longer in the vacation planning mode.
Stakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers: The total number of subscribers continues to grow. The count includes the total since the beginning and the year-to-date change compared to the previous year.
Visitor Center - Visitor Count: The Visitor Center installed new counting technology this year, which could affect the count compared to last year.
RMNP Visitation Visitation to RMNP is slower compared to recent years.
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/estespark/September_KPI_2017_1196a1c6-2632-43a9-aa38-9e32faf2e743.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\n| | | | | Month Data Collected | Year to Date 2015 | Year to Date 2016 | Year to Date 2017 | Percent Change 2017 vs. 2016 |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| OVERALL PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |\n| Visit Estes Park (VEP) Lodging Tax | | | | September | $ 1,629,144.40 | $ 1,783,497.57 | $ 1,961,755.91 | 9.99% |\n| Seasonal VEP Lodging Tax (most recent) | | | | Sum: Jun-Aug | - | $ 1,085,182.10 | 1,130,809.89 | 4.20% |\n| Media Impressions | | | | September | 7 20,273,940 | 372,943,485 | 5 13,756,138 | 37.76% |\n| PR Value | | | | September | $ 7,793,673.00 | $ 4,355,190.70 | $ 2,827,692.15 | -35.07% |\n| Average PR Points Per Article | | | | September | 5 4.60 | 66.23 | 6 4.17 | -3.11% |\n| VISITESTESPARK.COM WEBSITE PERFORMANCE | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |\n| Sessions | | | | September | 1,170,440 | 1,402,438 | 1,702,352 | 21.39% |\n| Users | | | | September | 865,328 | 1,052,938 | 1,254,819 | 19.17% |\n| Page Views | | | | September | 3,803,361 | 3,485,543 | 3,621,456 | 3.90% |\n| Average Pages Per Session | | | | September | 3.25 | 2 .26 | 2.10 | -7.08% |\n| Average Session Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 4.37 | 2 .52 | 2.30 | -8.73% |\n| JackRabbit Lodging Referrals | | | | September | 519,064 | 4 78,705 | 461,566 | -3.58% |\n| OTHER CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |\n| Digital Official Visitor Guide (OVG) Unique Readers | | | | September | 9 ,934 | 10,929 | 9 ,419 | -13.82% |\n| Digital OVG Page Views | | | | September | 507,017 | 5 11,021 | 459,710 | -10.04% |\n| Digital OVG Average Visit Duration (minutes) | | | | September | 7.23 | 6 .43 | 7.28 | 13.25% |\n| Marketing eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 43,007 | | | | September | 10,118 | 8,908 | 5 ,259 | -40.96% |\n| Facebook Followers Total: 1 36,352 | | | | September | 12,026 | 11,739 | 25,097 | 113.79% |\n| Instagram Followers Total: 22,890 | | | | September | 3 ,452 | 7,312 | 4 ,967 | -32.07% |\n| Print Visitor Guides Mailed to Households | | | | September | 41,597 | 37,318 | 46,978 | 25.89% |\n| OTHER COMMUNITY BAROMETERS | | | | Month Collected | YTD 2015 | YTD 2016 | YTD 2017 | YTD % Change |\n| Town of Estes Park: Total Sales Tax* | | | | September | $ 9,845,475.90 | $ 10,560,163.46 | $ 1 1,096,808.50 | 5.08% |\n| Town Sales Tax: Lodging | | | | September | $ 3,081,130.65 | $ 3,278,502.48 | $ 3,670,766.85 | 11.96% |\n| Town Sales Tax: Dining** | | | | September | $ 1,820,239.63 | $ 2,017,419.59 | $ 2,076,336.97 | 2.92% |\n| Town Sales Tax: Retail | | | | September | $ 1,827,212.41 | $ 1,905,258.32 | $ 1,850,904.72 | -2.85% |\n| VEP Lead Responses (Weddings, Groups, Corp., etc.) | | | | September | - | 1 83 | 2 ,078 | 1035.52% |\n| Stakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers Total: 1,073 | | | | September | - | 54 | 1 5 | 127.78% |\n| Town Visitor Center: Visitor Count | | | | September | 349,382 | 4 00,592 | 338,734 | -15.44% |\n| RMNP Recreational Visitor Count | | | | September | 3,572,177 | 3,868,675 | 3,851,636 | -0.44% |\n| *On July 1, 2014, the Town sales tax rate increased by 1% for a period of 10 years. **Dining receipts reflect restaurants and liquor, excluding grocery stores (e.g., Safeway) and other food-related tax receipts. | | | | | | | | |\n| ROCKY MOUNTAIN LODGING REPORT | | | | | | | | |\n| Lodging Occupancy: Monthly Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Monthly Change | | | |\n| Occupancy in | September | 2016 | 82.10% | | Average Rate in | September | 2016 | $ 1 99.65 |\n| Occupancy in | September | 2017 | 80.90% | | Average Rate in | September | 2017 | $ 2 12.90 |\n| Difference in | September | 2017 | -1.20% | | Difference in | September | 2017 | $ 1 3.25 |\n| Lodging Occupancy: Year-to-Date Change | | | | | Average Lodging Rate: Year-to-Date Change | | | |\n| YTD Occupancy | September | 2016 | 58.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2016 | $ 1 90.59 |\n| YTD Occupancy | September | 2017 | 59.30% | | YTD Avg. Rate | September | 2017 | $ 2 06.44 |\n\nKEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS\n\nBoard Meeting Date: 21-Nov-17\n\nNotes:\n\n(Italics represent new performance explanation language.)\n\nVisit Estes Park Lodging Tax: The total in September was 29.61% higher than last year. When adjusted for late and missing payments, the difference is estimated to be 18.83% higher than last year. The total received year-to-date (YTD) through September 2017 is up 9.99% compared to the same nine-month YTD period last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the YTD change is estimated to be up about 9.76%. For the summer season, defined as June through August, lodging taxes were up 4.2% compared to the same season last year. Adjusting for late and missing payments, the summer season is estimated to be up 12.83%. Adjusted, spring (March - May) was up 6.95%; winter 2016-17 (December - February) was up 15.18%; and fall 2016 (September - November) was up 6.93%.\n\nMedia Impressions, PR Value, and PR Points: Media Impressions continue to outpace 2016 measuring 37.76% better than 2016. PR Value continues to improve compared to 2016 as does Average PR Points. Working with TURNER, our PR partner, we had 121 key media placements in September. Of particular note was the Assoicated Press's article, \"Fall Events around the U.S.\" that featured Elktober in Estes Park. This article was syndicated to 11 print and 98 online outlets. Two other noteworthy articles were Orbitz.com's \"Travel Worthy Fall Events\" that featured Elk Fest and Thrilllist's \"Best Fall Day Trips Out of Denver\". Media impressions are 19.7% higher than 2016, a trend that we have shown all year. While PR Value and Average PR points are down, it continues to improve. In August, Published Media Hits included 26 print, 12 online and 8 social articles. Of note, the USA Today article, \"Coolest Campsite Ever: Hanging off a Cliff\" was a result of hosting writer Sarah Sekula in June of this year and was syndicated to 24 other outlets. In addition, the Sunset Magazine and Online article, \"2017 Travel Stars\" chose Estes Park as the best basecamp and was a result of proactivley pitching the editors of the publication for this specific opportunity.\n\nWebsite Sessions, Users, and Page Views: Overall sessions, users, and page views are up, due in large part to an increase in organic search, referral and social traffic. These numbers have continued to stay above industry average. At the 2017 Colorado Governor's Tourism Conference, Miles Media shared that DMO websites are not only struggling to grow, but even maintain website traffic, as they're competing with the increasingly comprehensive Google Knowledge Grid.\n\nPages Per Session and Session Duration (average): Pages per session and session duration are down, as us<cursor_is_here> The decrease is also due, in part, to the increased use of mobile as a browsing device, where people are browsing more quickly on mobile, than desktop.\n\nJackRabbit Lodging Referrals: While lodging referrals are down, engagement on the results page is up. Overall, the number of searches for lodging on the site is down, but we've seen 40% more referrals per search, meaning we are having higher-quality searches for lodging on the site. In March of 2016, Jackrabbit changed how they track the \"Search\" metric. It no longer includes abandoned searches that do not let the page fully load. The metric for 2016 includes 2 months of these types of searches.\n\nDigital Visitor Guide Unique Readers, Page Views, Visit Duration, and Mailed to Households: The digital visitor guide started strong in 2017, but is still down in unique readers and pageviews. The Digital Guide is up 15.12% for average visit duration of new readers over the same month last year, and it is up 13.25% for the year. This means that fewer people are opening our digital visitor guide, but the ones that do are staying much longer. The new readers viewed an average 46.48 pages of the Digital Visitor Guide in the month of September . According to our hosting vendor for the digital guide we still have up to double the traffic to our digital visitor guide when compared to other organizations of equal size. They also stated that our raw traffic data is comparable with many of their much larger organizations including some retail catalogs. Our printed visitor guide requests mailed to individual households made such a huge jump in the month of May due to the addition of the data from the request form directly on the VEP website. The number of guides mailed from leads in the month of September (2,051) was added to the total number of guides mailed directly from our website in September (955) for a total of 3,006. The sharp decrease of guides mailed to households over previous months is expected, according to previous year's patterns. We expect this to continue until January when the new guide is released, and people begin planning their vacations for the year.\n\nMarketing eNewsletter Subscriber Growth: The organic growth is substantial enough that we don't feel the need to implement paid advertising to force increased growth, which has been done in past years . The open rate hovers right around industry average (~22%, which is over 10,000 unique opens), while the click rate is nearly double the industry average, which shows people are not just reading the newsletter, but interacting with the newsletter by clicking links and heading to the website for more information.\n\nFacebook Followers: The Facebook audience continues to grow as organic content continues to show good engagement with Wildlife Wednesday and Fan Photo Friday along with video, live, and blog content.\n\nInstagram Followers: The Instagram account continues to grow, but not as quickly as the prior year. In 2017 Instagram has aggressively rolled out their algorithm that is similar to Facebook. Prior to this algorithm, Instagram would show content in the order it was posted, now it leverages user information to push content toward what the user has been interacting with.\n\nVEP Lead Responses: Beginning January 1, 2017, all Official Visitor Guide Request Leads are being included in the total count, which explains the drastic increase. Group leads originate from VisitEstesPark.com reunions, weddings, and meeting pages where guests complete a form. VEP considers a group to be 14 people or more. Group forms are also distributed by Visitor Center staff for walk-ins. In addition, VEP is including leads from the EP Wedding Association starting in October of 2016. Visitor Guide Leads are generated on the VEP website by a guest requesting their information to be shared with participating businesses. The increase in Visitor Guide request leads is because guests were planning their summer vacations. The decrease in leads is due to back-toschool season; guests are no longer in the vacation planning mode.\n\nStakeholder eNewsletter Subscribers: The total number of subscribers continues to grow. The count includes the total since the beginning and the year-to-date change compared to the previous year.\n\nVisitor Center - Visitor Count: The Visitor Center installed new counting technology this year, which could affect the count compared to last year.\n\nRMNP Visitation Visitation to RMNP is slower compared to recent years.\n\n:\n</text>\n",
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The Gateway Primary Free School
Marshfoot Road, Grays, RM16 4LU
Inspection dates
25–26 February 2014
| | Previous inspection: | Not previously inspected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall effectiveness | | | |
| | This inspection: | Good | 2 |
| Achievement of pupils | | | |
| Quality of teaching | | | |
| Behaviour and safety of pupils | | | |
| Leadership and management | | | |
Summary of key findings for parents and pupils
This is a good school.
Pupils' achievement is good in the two year groups currently attending the school.
From low starting points, pupils in Year 6 are on track to match national outcomes in English and mathematics.
Pupils' progress in reading is outstanding: many pupils have made more than two years progress in less than two terms.
Pupils who are eligible for the pupil premium achieve equally as well as other pupils.
It is not yet an outstanding school because
Gaps remain in pupils' understanding about spelling, grammar and punctuation.
The quality of marking in Year 6 is not consistently outstanding.
Teaching is consistently good.
The commitment of all leaders, including governors, to improving the lives of young people contributes significantly to the quality of teaching, pupils' achievement and the school's success.
Pupils behave very well in lessons and around the school. Almost all are very enthusiastic about their education.
Pupils feel safe and are well looked after.
The high standard of behaviour dips at times in a small proportion of lessons.
The way that staff are organised in the Reception classes means that they miss some opportunities to accelerate learning.
Information about this inspection
The inspector observed eight lessons. Four of these were observed jointly with members of the senior leadership team. The inspector also listened to students reading.
Insufficient numbers of parents responded to the online questionnaire (Parent View) for the publication of the results.
The inspector took account of 17 staff questionnaires.
The inspector analysed current assessment data, pupils' work, development plans, safeguarding documentation, and the school's self-evaluation documents.
The inspector met with senior and middle leaders, teachers, pupils and spoke with three members of the governing body.
During this inspection, the inspector asked additional questions to ascertain the school's view of the impact and effectiveness of local authority services to support school improvement. This information will contribute to work being carried out by Ofsted to assess the use, quality and impact of those services.
Inspection team
Christopher Moodie, Lead inspector
Her Majesty's Inspector
Full report
Information about this school
This primary free school is smaller than average.
The proportion of pupils supported by the pupil premium, which is additional government funding for certain groups of pupils, is above average.
The proportion of disabled pupils and those who have special educational needs supported through school action is above average. The proportion of pupils supported at school action plus or with a statement of educational needs is also above average.
The free school is part of the Gateway Learning Community Trust. It opened to Year 6 pupils in September 2012. During its first year there were several changes in staffing. A permanent and stable staff member has been in post since September 2013.
The free school has two year groups at present. Pupils moved from neighbouring schools to join Year 6 in September 2013. There are currently 66 pupils in three Year 6 classes. Children joined the free school's Early Years Foundation Stage (Reception) in September 2013; there are currently 39 children in two Reception classes.
In September 2014, the free school is planning to expand to accommodate all year groups within Key Stage 2. These pupils will move from a nearby school which is undergoing a period of restructuring. At the same time, children currently in the Reception classes will move into Year 1 and a new Reception cohort should join the school.
At the point of the inspection, the free school was sited within the Gateway Secondary Academy. The free school is about to move into purpose-built accommodation on the same site.
The current accommodation does not provide outdoor play facilities for the Reception classes. The free school has converted an indoor room to offer some of the activities that would be available in an outdoor environment. In addition, children regularly access the outdoor grounds of the secondary academy.
A local board of governors has responsibility for the school. This local board reports to the Board of Directors of the Gateway Learning Community Trust.
The school meets the current government floor standards, which set the minimum expectations for pupils' attainment and progress.
What does the school need to do to improve further?
Improve teaching so that:
all marking in Key Stage 2 is consistent with the highest quality currently on offer to some pupils
no opportunities are missed to promote and accelerate learning in the Early Years Foundation Stage.
Improve pupils' standards of spelling, grammar and punctuation in Key Stage 2.
Inspection judgements
The achievement of pupils is good
Pupils currently in Year 6 entered the school in September 2013 with standards in reading, writing and mathematics that were below those usual for this age group. They are making good progress in these subjects and are now on track to match national levels by the end of Key Stage 2.
Last year pupils in Year 6 made good progress in reading and writing from very low starting points. Progress in mathematics was weaker. Prior to Year 6, these pupils had attended different schools. Many of them joined the free school at different points in the year and the proportion of disabled pupils and those who have special educational needs was high. At the end of Key Stage 2, the attainment of this age group of pupils was below the national average in writing and reading, and was especially low in mathematics, spelling, punctuation and grammar.
In 2012/13 pupils who were eligible for the pupil premium were one term behind other pupils in reading and writing. The gap in mathematics was two terms. In the current Year 6, there is no difference in achievement between this group of pupils and others.
Pupils in Year 6 have made good progress in writing, mathematics, spelling, punctuation and grammar. This good progress is due to a combination of finely tuned extra help and the establishment of a 'reading culture' that has captured the pupils' attention and makes them all want to be good readers.
Reading is taught directly through a systematic approach to phonics (letters and the sounds that they make). This is equipping pupils with the necessary skills to read difficult words that are new to them and has accelerated standards in reading. Pupils speak passionately about their reading and many say that they are regularly reading at home for the first time. One pupil in Year 6 said, 'I came here not really reading, and not really bothered about it. I love reading now, and I am hoping to get a Level 4 in it.'
Pupils in Year 6 arrived at the school with poor standards in spelling, punctuation and grammar. Because of effective teaching, pupils are beginning to understand how to punctuate their writing and to use spelling rules and patterns to tackle unfamiliar words.
Pupils' work is tidy and well-presented. However, many of them struggle with handwriting because it has not been taught well in the past. Not all pupils are able to enter secondary school with clearly legible, joined-up handwriting.
Pupils in Year 6 make good progress in all subjects. In science, history and Spanish, pupils, including the most able, are learning particularly well. Practical work in science is well explained and diagrams are clearly labelled. Research in history shows attention to detail and the capacity to make good use of different sources of information. Vocabulary work in Spanish is accurate and intermingled with a growing understanding of Spanish culture.
Pupils' achievement in sport is improving. Many pupils, including a growing number of girls, represent their school in one of the many teams.
Children entered the Reception classes with skills and knowledge well below those expected for their age. They have made good progress and assessments indicate that the majority will be ready for the National Curriculum in Year 1. The proportion that achieves a good level of
development is set to match that found nationally.
Children have made especially good gains in basic literacy and numeracy. These have been areas of particular focus for teachers. Children's understanding of the world around them is less well developed.
Children make good progress in reading. Many children repeat their learning throughout the day, experimenting with the sounds that they are learning in their play.
When children are choosing their own activities, some incorporate their learning into their play very well. A small number, however, have favourite activities which they return to often. This narrows their learning and means that opportunities to tackle gaps in their knowledge and understanding are lost.
Disabled pupils and those who have special educational needs achieve as well as other pupils, and some have made outstanding progress. The monitoring of extra help and support is good. Assessment information is gathered so that staff know exactly what is working and what needs to change.
The quality of teaching is good
Teaching is consistently good and it leads to strong achievement across the school.
Where teaching is strongest, teachers expect pupils to behave impeccably. They provide very clear guidance about exactly what pupils need to do to improve their work.
The teaching of mathematics has improved significantly and is now good. Pupils are given time in lessons to correct their errors, they are expected to use the correct technical vocabulary when answering questions, work challenges and demands a great deal from all pupils, and they keep trying until they solve problems.
The promotion of reading is a common feature of all teaching. Work done is successfully supporting those who have struggled to learn to read in the past. Reading within lessons is a feature of the weekly timetable. Teachers hear pupils read regularly and teach them how to recognise new words. As a result, pupils of different abilities are becoming confident when reading unfamiliar words.
All pupils in Year 6 receive good quality written feedback from teachers about their progress. Sometimes it is exceptionally helpful in promoting improvement. However, not all staff have adopted the school's approach to marking in the same way, so its quality varies from being outstanding across the board.
Teachers regularly assess pupils' work. These assessments are accurate, and are moderated in meetings with other schools in the Gateway Learning Community Trust. The information arising from the assessments is put to good use in planning learning.
Learning support assistants in Year 6 generally provide very effective support in lessons, extending learning and challenging pupils very well through excellent questioning. In contrast to this, learning support assistants in the Reception classes sometimes become too focused on individual children, missing opportunities to ensure that all children are learning rapidly.
Teachers provide outstanding opportunities for pupils' social, moral, cultural and spiritual development through an effective curriculum. The values and beliefs of the school are very strong and are revisited and reinforced each morning as all staff and pupils sing and dance together, concluding with a shared rendition of the school's creed. This is a powerful reminder of the school's aims and purpose to everyone in the school. The wide range of visits, visitors, extracurricular clubs and residential trips is popular with pupils and adds value to their understanding of the topics that they are studying.
The behaviour and safety of pupils are good
The behaviour of pupils is good in almost all situations during the school day. They move calmly around the school needing little supervision. The current accommodation has narrow corridors but the rules are followed consistently. 'Remember not to run indoors', one child in a Reception class told his friend as they returned from playtime.
Behaviour in the great majority of lessons is good, and is often outstanding. Pupils enthuse about their learning and celebrate the progress that they make. Several pupils and parents acknowledge the difference that the school has made to pupils' behaviour. One boy said, 'I didn't behave well at my last school, and I often made up excuses not to go. Here it is different; I can't wait to get here every morning.'
Instances of disruption are rare and, when they do occur, are dealt with effectively by staff. Behaviour only dips below its normal high standard when unfamiliar teachers work in classes.
Year 6 pupils currently share lunchtime with students in Key Stage 3 from the Gateway Secondary Academy. This is a calm and relaxed period of the school day, where staff take the opportunity to talk to pupils and then accompany them to the outside areas for a break. Here they play well with one another and enjoy the chance to use a range of sports equipment.
Attendance has improved this year and is now above average. Pupils are punctual and lessons start on time. A member of staff responsible for attendance monitors the registers and is quick to establish the reasons for absence.
Pupils feel safe in school and are confident that staff will be able to help them when necessary. They report that bullying is rare, and is dealt with swiftly. One of the 'anti-bullying ambassadors' said that the most he had ever needed to do was to help friends who had quarrelled to sort things out. Pupils are aware of different types of bullying, including cyber-bullying. Parents who completed the school's own questionnaire were confident that the school deals effectively with bullying.
The school's work to keep pupils safe and secure is good. Leaders provide very strong support for pupils in vulnerable circumstances. School leaders are already actively engaging with pupils and families who will become part of the school in September 2014. This cohesive approach to educating pupils in a safe and nurturing environment leads to comments from pupils, such as, 'Coming here is like having a second home, with another set of parents to look after you.'
The leadership and management are good
Senior leaders have quickly created a school where pupils achieve well because of good teaching.
School leaders, including governors, have an accurate view of the school. Good, regular
evaluation of the school's work, and especially the quality of teaching, helps them to respond quickly to any challenges that arise. Improvement planning is also good, and recognises the extent of the changes that will be necessary as more pupils join the school in September 2014.
Careful strategic planning, combined with a determination to provide a wonderful place for learning, has enabled the leaders' vision of excellence to influence the building and internal design of the new school. Pupils and staff are justifiably excited about their imminent move into the new building.
All staff are positive about their role in the school and have faith in the leaders. They are proud to be part of the Gateway Learning Community Trust, and recognise the benefits of working alongside colleagues from the other member schools. The Trust has provided effective support for leaders and teachers during the school's first year and a half.
Middle leaders are effective. They are focused on outcomes for pupils and make good use of assessment data to amend and adjust the work of their teams. This is a key component in the good progress that all pupils are making.
The leadership of special educational needs is also good. Close monitoring of the additional help provided for some pupils enables the leader of this area to check the impact of that support. Work between schools is enabling preparations for the support of pupils due to join the school after the summer break.
The school has effective policies to promote the equality of opportunity, supporting the good achievement of all groups of pupils, including those eligible for the pupil premium and those with special educational needs.
Additional funding for the promotion of sports is used well. As a result, many more pupils are playing sport, and representing their school in teams.
Safeguarding systems and procedures meet statutory requirements. The inspector checked the single central record to ensure all staff are rigorously checked for their suitability, alongside documentation such as the child protection policy and first-aid qualifications.
The governance of the school:
Governance is good and has improved in the short period of time that the school has operated. Governors are providing appropriate levels of challenge and support to school leaders.
Some governors visit the school and are familiar with its workings. They report to the full governing body and are focused on how well pupils are progressing. Governors are well informed about the quality of teaching and what assessment data are telling school leaders.
Governors check that school leaders complete the annual review of teachers' pay. They are involved in decision making concerning pay awards. Procedures to tackle underperformance of teaching staff are in place, and governors have been swift to insist on high standards of teaching.
Governors receive information on how the school spends its pupil premium funding. They have checked on the impact of the spending, and know that the gaps in attainment that were present last year are set to close for the current Year 6. Governors are less knowledgeable about the impact of the additional sports funding.
What inspection judgements mean
A school that requires special measures is one where the school is failing to give its pupils an acceptable standard of education and the school's leaders, managers or governors have not demonstrated that they have the capacity to secure the necessary improvement in the school. This school will receive regular monitoring by Ofsted inspectors.
School details
This inspection of the school was carried out under section 5 of the Education Act 2005.
Any complaints about the inspection or the report should be made following the procedures set out in the guidance 'raising concerns and making complaints about Ofsted', which is available from Ofsted's website: www.ofsted.gov.uk. If you would like Ofsted to send you a copy of the guidance, please telephone 0300 123 4234, or email [email protected].
You can use Parent View to give Ofsted your opinion on your child's school. Ofsted will use the information parents and carers provide when deciding which schools to inspect and when and as part of the inspection.
You can also use Parent View to find out what other parents and carers think about schools in England. You can visit www.parentview.ofsted.gov.uk, or look for the link on the main Ofsted website: www.ofsted.gov.uk
The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) regulates and inspects to achieve excellence in the care of children and young people, and in education and skills for learners of all ages. It regulates and inspects childcare and children's social care, and inspects the Children and Family Court Advisory Support Service (Cafcass), schools, colleges, initial teacher training, workbased learning and skills training, adult and community learning, and education and training in prisons and other secure establishments. It assesses council children's services, and inspects services for looked after children, safeguarding and child protection.
Further copies of this report are obtainable from the school. Under the Education Act 2005, the school must provide a copy of this report free of charge to certain categories of people. A charge not exceeding the full cost of reproduction may be made for any other copies supplied.
If you would like a copy of this document in a different format, such as large print or Braille, please telephone 0300 123 4234, or email [email protected].
You may copy all or parts of this document for non-commercial educational purposes, as long as you give details of the source and date of publication and do not alter the information in any way.
To receive regular email alerts about new publications, including survey reports and school inspection reports, please visit our website and go to 'Subscribe'.
Piccadilly Gate Store St Manchester M1 2WD
T: 0300 123 4234
Textphone: 0161 618 8524
E: [email protected]
W: www.ofsted.gov.uk © Crown copyright 2014
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The Gateway Primary Free School
Marshfoot Road, Grays, RM16 4LU
Inspection dates
25–26 February 2014
| | Previous inspection: | Not previously inspected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall effectiveness | | | |
| | This inspection: | Good | 2 |
| Achievement of pupils | | | |
| Quality of teaching | | | |
| Behaviour and safety of pupils | | | |
| Leadership and management | | | |
Summary of key findings for parents and pupils
This is a good school.
Pupils' achievement is good in the two year groups currently attending the school.
From low starting points, pupils in Year 6 are on track to match national outcomes in English and mathematics.
Pupils' progress in reading is outstanding: many pupils have made more than two years progress in less than two terms.
Pupils who are eligible for the pupil premium achieve equally as well as other pupils.
It is not yet an outstanding school because
Gaps remain in pupils' understanding about spelling, grammar and punctuation.
The quality of marking in Year 6 is not consistently outstanding.
Teaching is consistently good.
The commitment of all leaders, including governors, to improving the lives of young people contributes significantly to the quality of teaching, pupils' achievement and the school's success.
Pupils behave very well in lessons and around the school. Almost all are very enthusiastic about their education.
Pupils feel safe and are well looked after.
The high standard of behaviour dips at times in a small proportion of lessons.
The way that staff are organised in the Reception classes means that they miss some opportunities to accelerate learning.
Information about this inspection
The inspector observed eight lessons. Four of these were observed jointly with members of the senior leadership team. The inspector also listened to students reading.
Insufficient numbers of parents responded to the online questionnaire (Parent View) for the publication of the results.
The inspector took account of 17 staff questionnaires.
The inspector analysed current assessment data, pupils' work, development plans, safeguarding documentation, and the school's self-evaluation documents.
The inspector met with senior and middle leaders, teachers, pupils and spoke with three members of the governing body.
During this inspection, the inspector asked additional questions to ascertain the school's view of the impact and effectiveness of local authority services to support school improvement. This informatio
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The Gateway Primary Free School
Marshfoot Road, Grays, RM16 4LU
Inspection dates
25–26 February 2014
| | Previous inspection: | Not previously inspected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall effectiveness | | | |
| | This inspection: | Good | 2 |
| Achievement of pupils | | | |
| Quality of teaching | | | |
| Behaviour and safety of pupils | | | |
| Leadership and management | | | |
Summary of key findings for parents and pupils
This is a good school.
Pupils' achievement is good in the two year groups currently attending the school.
From low starting points, pupils in Year 6 are on track to match national outcomes in English and mathematics.
Pupils' progress in reading is outstanding: many pupils have made more than two years progress in less than two terms.
Pupils who are eligible for the pupil premium achieve equally as well as other pupils.
It is not yet an outstanding school because
Gaps remain in pupils' understanding about spelling, grammar and punctuation.
The quality of marking in Year 6 is not consistently outstanding.
Teaching is consistently good.
The commitment of all leaders, including governors, to improving the lives of young people contributes significantly to the quality of teaching, pupils' achievement and the school's success.
Pupils behave very well in lessons and around the school. Almost all are very enthusiastic about their education.
Pupils feel safe and are well looked after.
The high standard of behaviour dips at times in a small proportion of lessons.
The way that staff are organised in the Reception classes means that they miss some opportunities to accelerate learning.
Information about this inspection
The inspector observed eight lessons. Four of these were observed jointly with members of the senior leadership team. The inspector also listened to students reading.
Insufficient numbers of parents responded to the online questionnaire (Parent View) for the publication of the results.
The inspector took account of 17 staff questionnaires.
The inspector analysed current assessment data, pupils' work, development plans, safeguarding documentation, and the school's self-evaluation documents.
The inspector met with senior and middle leaders, teachers, pupils and spoke with three members of the governing body.
During this inspection, the inspector asked additional questions to ascertain the school's view of the impact and effectiveness of local authority services to support school improvement. This informatio<cursor_is_here>
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ATTACHMENT E
ACCESSING THE FCC NETWORK USING WINDOWS 95/98
This attachment describes how to access the FCC Network from a system that is running the Microsoft Windows 95 or 98 operating system. This involves configuring dial-up network access and then performing the dial-up procedure.
This attachment describes two methods to establish a remote connection to the FCC Network for both Auction 39 and the Mock Auction:
x The sections titled Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39 and Quick-Start for Mock Auction describe connection procedures that use standard default values to configure the dial-up networking software. Specifically, the programs used by these procedures assume that you have a standard 56K modem and that you must dial 9 to reach an outside line.
x If you need something other than the standard defaults, you can use the more complete method for configuring and starting the dial-up software that is described under Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network.
This attachment also provides sections describing Troubleshooting and Help.
Conventions
The instructions in this section use the following typographical conventions:
bold
Represents objects on the screen that you click with the mouse pointer, including buttons, Internet links, icons, tabs, menu items (e.g., Cancel button, Auctions link, Save option in the File menu).
italic
bold italic
Represents field names or areas of a screen (e.g., Applicant field, Selected Licenses area of a screen).
Represents characters that you must type exactly as they appear in the instructions. For example, if you are instructed to type http://wtbwww26.fcc.gov, you should type all of the characters shown in bold italic exactly as they are printed.
A. Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
Note: The following procedure connects to the FCC Network through a 900 number telephone service. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge, but there is a charge of $2.30 per minute for all subsequent connection time.
To establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.
4. Click Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection.
The system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.
5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.
6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.
Note that the system has also placed an icon labeled Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.
B. Quick-Start for Mock Auction
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
To establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.
4. Click Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection.
The system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.
5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.
6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.
Note that the system has also placed an icon labeled Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.
C. If You Have Trouble Establishing the Connection
If you are have trouble making the connection, two things may have to be changed:
x The connection automatically precedes the phone number that is to be dialed with 9. If you need a digit other than 9 to reach an outside line, or no digit is needed, you will have to change the settings in the connection.
To make this change, double-click the connection icon, then click Dial Properties. You will see that 9 precedes the phone numbers on all calls, both local and long-distance. Change this digit to what you need to get an outside line, or delete the 9, if appropriate. Click Apply and then OK.
x The connection is set up for a standard 56K modem. If you are using some other kind of modem, you must change this setting.
To access dial-up networking:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the Accessories option.
4. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
5. When you see the icon for dial-up networking that was created for you, right-click it and select Properties.
You will be in the General tab and you will see the standard default modem selected.
6. Select your modem from the drop-down menu and then click OK.
D. Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network
This section describes how to configure both the FCC Mock Bidding Software and the FCC Remote Bidding Software for dial-up networking. Then it describes how to use the configured software to establish a connection to the FCC Network.
1. Configuring Dial-Up Networking
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
1. To start dial-up networking:
a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
c. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.
b. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.
d. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
If Dial-Up Networking is not an option on your Accessories menu, you should install it from your Windows 95/98 CD or diskettes.
2. When the Dial-Up Networking window appears, double-click the Make New Connection icon.
The Make New Connection window appears.
3. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type FCC Auctions 877# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.
If you are connecting to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type FCC Auctions 900# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.
Note: If you connect to the FCC's 900# telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.
4. In Windows 95, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a modem field and select your modem from the menu of available modems.
In Windows 98, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a device field and select your modem from the menu of available devices.
If your modem does not appear on this list, you must install your modem driver according to the modem manufacturer installation procedures, which are usually described in your modem's user manual.
5. Click the Next button.
6. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type 877 and 8442788 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.
If you wish to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type 900 and 555-5554 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.
7. Verify that the correct country is selected in the Country code field.
If necessary, click the down arrow at the right of the Country code field and select the appropriate country from the menu of available countries.
8. Click the Next button.
9. Click the Finish button.
An icon labeled either FCC Auctions 877# or FCC Auctions 900# appears in the Dial-Up Networking window.
10. Verify that properties are configured correctly before attempting a dial-up session. Put the mouse pointer on the FCC Auctions icon that you wish to configure and click the right mouse button to display a menu. Click Properties from the menu.
11. Click the Configure button. Click the Options tab at the top of the Properties window.
12. In the Connection control area of the Options tab, verify that neither option is selected. If either option is selected, click the check box at the left of the option to deselect it. Then click OK.
13. In Windows 95, click the Server Type... button.
In Windows 98, click the Server Types tab at the top of the Properties window.
14. In the Advanced Options area, verify that only Enable software compression is selected.
If it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.
15. In the Allowed Network Protocols area, verify that only TCP/IP is selected.
If it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.
.
16. Click the TCP/IP Settings button and select Specify name server addresses
17. Type 126.96.36.199 as the Primary DNS and 188.8.131.52 as the Secondary DNS.
18. At the bottom of the TCP/IP Settings window, ensure that Use IP Header Compression and Use Default Gateway on the Remote Network options are selected.
19. Click OK on the TCP/IP Settings window and the Server Type window.
20. a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.
b. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.
c. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.
d. Click the DNS Configuration tab.
e. Type bidder in the Host box and type fcc.gov in the Domain box.
Note: You are limited to three DNS entries. If you already have three DNS entries, you must delete two of them before performing the next two steps. To do this, click the first entry you want to delete and click the Remove button. Then click the second entry you want to delete and click the Remove button again.
f. Type 184.108.40.206 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click the Add button.
g. Type 220.127.116.11 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click Add again.
h. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.
If you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart, then begin the Dial-Up Procedure.
2. Dial-Up Procedure
1. If the Dial-Up Networking window is not currently open, do the following:
a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
c. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.
b. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.
d. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
The Dial-Up Networking window appears.
2. In the Dial-Up Networking window:
Double-click the FCC Auctions 877# icon if you wish to connect to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction.
Double-click on the FCC Auctions 900# icon if you wish to test your connection to the 900# that will be used during Auction 39.
Note: If you connect to the FCC's 900 number telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.
3. Click the Connect button on the window. Do not enter User name or Password.
The Connection window appears, indicating the status of your connection as your modem dials into the system. This window must remain running during your dial-up session. You may minimize the window, if you wish.
If your modem fails to establish a connection, please see the Troubleshooting section below.
4. Once the connection is established, double-click the Auction 39 Mock Auction Software or Auction 39 Bidding Software icon.
When you have finished, exit the mock or auction software, then click the Disconnect button on the Connection window to end your dial-up session.
E. Removing the Dial-Up Networking Service
Once you have finished using the dial-up networking service, you can remove it from your computer, as follows:
Click the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.
1. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.
2. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.
In a Windows 98 environment, a confirmation dialog appears. Read the information on the dialog, then click the OK button.
3. Click the DNS Configuration tab.
4. Click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 18.104.22.168 to select it, then click the Remove button.
5. Similarly, click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 22.214.171.124 to select it, then click the Remove button.
6. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.
7. If you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart.
8. Remove the FCC Auctions 877# icon from your desktop. That is, click the icon with your right mouse button and then click the Delete option in the pull-down menu.
F. Troubleshooting
Following are problems you may encounter and possible solutions for resolving or isolating them.
1. Modem does not respond
1. Confirm that all physical connections for the modem are present.
2. Confirm that the phone line is active by connecting it to a telephone and checking for a dial tone.
3. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. If the volume settings are low, the modem may be dialing but not connecting. Check for this by trying to connect to the 877 number, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.
4. Confirm that the correct modem driver is installed for your modem.
2. Modem dials but does not connect
1. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. Check for this by dialing the 877 number to see if you connect, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.
2. Confirm that the number the modem is dialing is correct.
3. Confirm that the modem prefix, if any, is correct.
3. Modem dials and connects, but nothing appears when you enter the Location in the Web browser
1. Verify the Dial-Up Networking settings specified in the Configuring Dial-Up Networking section.
2. Confirm that your Web browser is not using proxies.
a) On your browser, click the Preferences option in the Edit menu.
c) Click the Advanced structure's Proxies option.
b) In the Category area at the left, double-click Advanced.
d) Click the radio button labeled Direct connection to the Internet.
e) Click the OK button at the bottom of the window.
4. Receive a Null Object Reference error when starting the bidding software
Confirm that your dial-up networking and DNS configurations are correct.
5. Receive an Internal Server error in the Web browser
1. Confirm that the Location is correct.
2. Confirm that Java and JavaScript are enabled in your Web browser, and confirm that Cookies is set to Accept All.
G. Help
For technical assistance with installing or using FCC software, contact the FCC Technical Support Hotline at (202) 414-1250 (V) or (202) 414-1255 (TTY). The FCC Technical Support Hotline is generally available Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. ET, Saturday from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET, and Sunday from 12 noon to 6 p.m. ET. All calls to the FCC Technical Support Hotline are recorded.
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
ATTACHMENT E
ACCESSING THE FCC NETWORK USING WINDOWS 95/98
This attachment describes how to access the FCC Network from a system that is running the Microsoft Windows 95 or 98 operating system. This involves configuring dial-up network access and then performing the dial-up procedure.
This attachment describes two methods to establish a remote connection to the FCC Network for both Auction 39 and the Mock Auction:
x The sections titled Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39 and Quick-Start for Mock Auction describe connection procedures that use standard default values to configure the dial-up networking software. Specifically, the programs used by these procedures assume that you have a standard 56K modem and that you must dial 9 to reach an outside line.
x If you need something other than the standard defaults, you can use the more complete method for configuring and starting the dial-up software that is described under Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network.
This attachment also provides sections describing Troubleshooting and Help.
Conventions
The instructions in this section use the following typographical conventions:
bold
Represents objects on the screen that you click with the mouse pointer, including buttons, Internet links, icons, tabs, menu items (e.g., Cancel button, Auctions link, Save option in the File menu).
italic
bold italic
Represents field names or areas of a screen (e.g., Applicant field, Selected Licenses area of a screen).
Represents characters that you must type exactly as they appear in the instructions. For example, if you are instructed to type http://wtbwww26.fcc.gov, you should type all of the characters shown in bold italic exactly as they are printed.
A. Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
Note: The following procedure connects to the FCC Network through a 900 number telephone service. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge, but there is a charge of $2.30 per minute for all subsequent connection time.
To establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.
4. Click Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection.
The system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.
5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.
6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.
Note that the system has also placed an icon labeled Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.
B. Quick-Start for Mock Auction
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
To establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.
4. Click Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection.
The system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.
5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.
6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.
Note that the system has also placed an icon labeled Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.
C. If You Have Trouble Establishing the Connection
If you are have trouble making the connection, two things may have to be changed:
x The connection automatically precedes the phone number that is to be dialed with 9. If you need a digit other than 9 to reach an outside line, or no digit is needed, you will have to change the settings in the connection.
To make this change, double-click the connection icon, then click Dial Properties. You will see that 9 precedes the phone numbers on all calls, both local and long-distance. Change this digit to what you need to get an outside line, or delete the 9, if appropriate. Click Apply and then OK.
x The connection is set up for a standard 56K modem. If you are using some other kind of modem, you must change this setting.
To access dial-up networking:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the Accessories option.
4. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
5. When you see the icon for dial-up networking that was created for you, right-click it and select Properties.
You will be in the General tab and you will see the standard default modem selected.
6. Select your modem from the drop-down menu and then click OK.
D. Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network
This section describes how to configure both the FCC Mock Bidding Software and the FCC Remote Bidding Software for dial-up networking. Then it describes how to use the configured software to establish a connection to the FCC Network.
1. Configuring Dial-Up Networking
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
1. To start dial-up networking:
a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
c. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.
b. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.
d. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
If Dial-Up Networking is not an option on your Accessories menu, you should install it from your Windows 95/98 CD or diskettes.
2. When the Dial-Up Networking window appears, double-click the Make New Connection icon.
The Make New Connection window appears.
3. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type FCC Auctions 877# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.
If you are connecting to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type FCC Auctions 900# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.
Note: If you connect to the FCC's 900# telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.
4. In Windows 95, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a modem field and select your modem from the menu of available modems.
In Windows 98, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a device field and select your modem from the menu of available devices.
If your modem does not appear on this list, you must install your modem driver according to the modem manufacturer installation procedures, which are usually described in your modem's user manual.
5. Click the Next button.
6. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type 877 and 8442788 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.
If you wish to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type 900 and 555-5554 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.
7. Verify that the correct country is selected in the Country code field.
If necessary, click the down arrow at the right of the Country code field and select the appropriate country from the menu of available countries.
8. Click the Next button.
9. Click the Finish button.
An icon labeled either FCC Auctions 877# or FCC Auctions 900# appears in the Dial-Up Networking window.
10. Verify that properties are configured correctly before attempting a dial-up session. Put the mouse pointer on the FCC Auctions icon that you wish to configure and click the right mouse button to display a menu. Click Properties from the menu.
11. Click the Configure button. Click the Options tab at the top of the Properties window.
12. In the Connection control area of the Options tab, verify that neither option is selected. If either option is selected, click the check box at the left of the option to deselect it. Then click OK.
13. In Windows 95, click the Server Type... button.
In Windows 98, click the Server Types tab at the top of the Properties window.
14. In the Advanced Options area, verify that only Enable software compression is selected.
If it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.
15. In the Allowed Network Protocols area, verify that only TCP/IP is selected.
If it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.
.
16. Click the TCP/IP Settings button and select Specify name server addresses
17. Type 126.96.36.199 as the Primary DNS and 188.8.131.52 as the Secondary DNS.
18. At the bottom of the TCP/IP Settings window, ensure that Use IP Header Compression and Use Default Gateway on the Remote Network options are selected.
19. Click OK on the TCP/IP Settings window and the Server Type window.
20. a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.
b. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.
c. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.
d. Click the DNS Configuration tab.
e. Type bidder in the Host box and type fcc.gov in the Domain box.
Note: You are limited to three DNS entries. If you already have three DNS entries, you must delete two of them before performing the next two steps. To do this, click the first entry you want to delete and click the Remove button. Then click the second entry you want to delete and click the Remove button again.
f. Type 184.108.40.206 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click the Add button.
g. Type 220.127.116.11 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click Add again.
h. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.
If you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart, then begin the Dial-Up Procedure.
2. Dial-Up Procedure
1. If the Dial-Up Networking window is not currently open, do the following:
a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
c. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.
b. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.
d. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
The Dial-Up Networking window appears.
2. In the Dial-Up Networking window:
Double-click the FCC Auctions 877# icon if you wish to connect to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction.
Double-click on the FCC Auctions 900# icon if you wish to test your connection to the 900# that will be used during Auction 39.
Note: If you connect to the FCC's 900 number telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.
3. Click the Connect button on the window. Do not enter User name or Password.
The Connection window appears, indicating the status of your connection as your modem dials into the system. This window must remain running during your dial-up session. You may minimize the window, if you wish.
If your modem fails to establish a connection, please see the Troubleshooting section below.
4. Once the connection is established, double-click the Auction 39 Mock Auction Software or Auction 39 Bidding Software icon.
When you have finished, exit the mock or auction software, then click the Disconnect button on the Connection window to end your dial-up session.
E. Removing the Dial-Up Networking Service
Once you have finished using the dial-up networking service, you can remove it from your computer, as follows:
Click the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.
1. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.
2. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.
In a Windows 98 environment, a confirmation dialog appears. Read the information on the dialog, then click the OK button.
3. Click the DNS Configuration tab.
4. Click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 18.104.22.168 to select it, then click the Remove button.
5. Similarly, click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 22.214.171.124 to select it, then click the Remove button.
6. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.
7. If you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart.
8. Remove the FCC Auctions 877# icon from your desktop. That is, click the icon with your right mouse button and then click the Delete option in the pull-down menu.
F. Troubleshooting
Following are problems you may encounter and possible solutions for resolving or isolating them.
1. Modem does not respond
1. Confirm that all physical connections for the modem are present.
2. Confirm that the phone line is active by connecting it to a telephone and checking for a dial tone.
3. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. If the volume settings are low, the modem may be dialing but not connecting. Check for this by trying to connect to the 877 number, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.
4. Confirm that the correct modem driver is installed for your modem.
2. Modem dials but does not connect
1. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. Check for this by dialing the 877 number to see if you connect, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.
2. Confirm that the number the modem is dialing is correct.
3. Confirm that the modem prefix, if any, is correct.
3. Modem dials and connects, but nothing appears when you enter the Location in the Web browser
1. Verify the Dial-Up Networking settings specified in the Configuring Dial-Up Networking section.
2. Confirm that your Web browser is not using proxies.
a) On your browser, click the Preferences option in the Edit menu.
c) Click the Advanced structure's Proxies option.
b) In the Category area at the left, double-click Advanced.
d) Click the radio button labeled Direct connection to the Internet.
e) Click the OK button at the bottom of the window.
4. Receive a Null Object Reference error when starting the bidding software
Confirm that your dial-up networking and DNS configurations are correct.
5. Receive an Internal Server error in the Web browser
1. Confirm that the Location is correct.
2. Confirm that Java and JavaScript are enabled in your Web browser, and confirm that Cookies is set
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G. Help
For technical assistance with installing or using FCC software, contact the FCC Technical Support Hotline at (202) 414-1250 (V) or (202) 414-1255 (TTY). The FCC Technical Support Hotline is generally available Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. ET, Saturday from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET, and Sunday from 12 noon to 6 p.m. ET. All calls to the FCC Technical Support Hotline are recorded.
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<url>
https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-01-1266A6.pdf
</url>
<text>
ATTACHMENT E
ACCESSING THE FCC NETWORK USING WINDOWS 95/98
This attachment describes how to access the FCC Network from a system that is running the Microsoft Windows 95 or 98 operating system. This involves configuring dial-up network access and then performing the dial-up procedure.
This attachment describes two methods to establish a remote connection to the FCC Network for both Auction 39 and the Mock Auction:
x The sections titled Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39 and Quick-Start for Mock Auction describe connection procedures that use standard default values to configure the dial-up networking software. Specifically, the programs used by these procedures assume that you have a standard 56K modem and that you must dial 9 to reach an outside line.
x If you need something other than the standard defaults, you can use the more complete method for configuring and starting the dial-up software that is described under Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network.
This attachment also provides sections describing Troubleshooting and Help.
Conventions
The instructions in this section use the following typographical conventions:
bold
Represents objects on the screen that you click with the mouse pointer, including buttons, Internet links, icons, tabs, menu items (e.g., Cancel button, Auctions link, Save option in the File menu).
italic
bold italic
Represents field names or areas of a screen (e.g., Applicant field, Selected Licenses area of a screen).
Represents characters that you must type exactly as they appear in the instructions. For example, if you are instructed to type http://wtbwww26.fcc.gov, you should type all of the characters shown in bold italic exactly as they are printed.
A. Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
Note: The following procedure connects to the FCC Network through a 900 number telephone service. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge, but there is a charge of $2.30 per minute for all subsequent connection time.
To establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.
4. Click Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection.
The system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.
5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.
6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.
Note that the system has also placed an icon labeled Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.
B. Quick-Start for Mock Auction
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
To establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.
4. Click Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection.
The system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.
5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.
6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.
Note that the system has also placed an icon labeled Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.
C. If You Have Trouble Establishing the Connection
If you are have trouble making the connection, two things may have to be changed:
x The connection automatically precedes the phone number that is to be dialed with 9. If you need a digit other than 9 to reach an outside line, or no digit is needed, you will have to change the settings in the connection.
To make this change, double-click the connection icon, then click Dial Properties. You will see that 9 precedes the phone numbers on all calls, both local and long-distance. Change this digit to what you need to get an outside line, or delete the 9, if appropriate. Click Apply and then OK.
x The connection is set up for a standard 56K modem. If you are using some other kind of modem, you must change this setting.
To access dial-up networking:
1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
2. Click the Programs option.
3. On the Programs menu, click the Accessories option.
4. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
5. When you see the icon for dial-up networking that was created for you, right-click it and select Properties.
You will be in the General tab and you will see the standard default modem selected.
6. Select your modem from the drop-down menu and then click OK.
D. Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network
This section describes how to configure both the FCC Mock Bidding Software and the FCC Remote Bidding Software for dial-up networking. Then it describes how to use the configured software to establish a connection to the FCC Network.
1. Configuring Dial-Up Networking
Important: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.
1. To start dial-up networking:
a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
c. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.
b. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.
d. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
If Dial-Up Networking is not an option on your Accessories menu, you should install it from your Windows 95/98 CD or diskettes.
2. When the Dial-Up Networking window appears, double-click the Make New Connection icon.
The Make New Connection window appears.
3. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type FCC Auctions 877# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.
If you are connecting to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type FCC Auctions 900# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.
Note: If you connect to the FCC's 900# telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.
4. In Windows 95, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a modem field and select your modem from the menu of available modems.
In Windows 98, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a device field and select your modem from the menu of available devices.
If your modem does not appear on this list, you must install your modem driver according to the modem manufacturer installation procedures, which are usually described in your modem's user manual.
5. Click the Next button.
6. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type 877 and 8442788 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.
If you wish to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type 900 and 555-5554 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.
7. Verify that the correct country is selected in the Country code field.
If necessary, click the down arrow at the right of the Country code field and select the appropriate country from the menu of available countries.
8. Click the Next button.
9. Click the Finish button.
An icon labeled either FCC Auctions 877# or FCC Auctions 900# appears in the Dial-Up Networking window.
10. Verify that properties are configured correctly before attempting a dial-up session. Put the mouse pointer on the FCC Auctions icon that you wish to configure and click the right mouse button to display a menu. Click Properties from the menu.
11. Click the Configure button. Click the Options tab at the top of the Properties window.
12. In the Connection control area of the Options tab, verify that neither option is selected. If either option is selected, click the check box at the left of the option to deselect it. Then click OK.
13. In Windows 95, click the Server Type... button.
In Windows 98, click the Server Types tab at the top of the Properties window.
14. In the Advanced Options area, verify that only Enable software compression is selected.
If it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.
15. In the Allowed Network Protocols area, verify that only TCP/IP is selected.
If it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.
.
16. Click the TCP/IP Settings button and select Specify name server addresses
17. Type 126.96.36.199 as the Primary DNS and 188.8.131.52 as the Secondary DNS.
18. At the bottom of the TCP/IP Settings window, ensure that Use IP Header Compression and Use Default Gateway on the Remote Network options are selected.
19. Click OK on the TCP/IP Settings window and the Server Type window.
20. a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.
b. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.
c. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.
d. Click the DNS Configuration tab.
e. Type bidder in the Host box and type fcc.gov in the Domain box.
Note: You are limited to three DNS entries. If you already have three DNS entries, you must delete two of them before performing the next two steps. To do this, click the first entry you want to delete and click the Remove button. Then click the second entry you want to delete and click the Remove button again.
f. Type 184.108.40.206 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click the Add button.
g. Type 220.127.116.11 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click Add again.
h. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.
If you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart, then begin the Dial-Up Procedure.
2. Dial-Up Procedure
1. If the Dial-Up Networking window is not currently open, do the following:
a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.
c. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.
b. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.
d. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.
The Dial-Up Networking window appears.
2. In the Dial-Up Networking window:
Double-click the FCC Auctions 877# icon if you wish to connect to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction.
Double-click on the FCC Auctions 900# icon if you wish to test your connection to the 900# that will be used during Auction 39.
Note: If you connect to the FCC's 900 number telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.
3. Click the Connect button on the window. Do not enter User name or Password.
The Connection window appears, indicating the status of your connection as your modem dials into the system. This window must remain running during your dial-up session. You may minimize the window, if you wish.
If your modem fails to establish a connection, please see the Troubleshooting section below.
4. Once the connection is established, double-click the Auction 39 Mock Auction Software or Auction 39 Bidding Software icon.
When you have finished, exit the mock or auction software, then click the Disconnect button on the Connection window to end your dial-up session.
E. Removing the Dial-Up Networking Service
Once you have finished using the dial-up networking service, you can remove it from your computer, as follows:
Click the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.
1. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.
2. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.
In a Windows 98 environment, a confirmation dialog appears. Read the information on the dialog, then click the OK button.
3. Click the DNS Configuration tab.
4. Click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 18.104.22.168 to select it, then click the Remove button.
5. Similarly, click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 22.214.171.124 to select it, then click the Remove button.
6. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.
7. If you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart.
8. Remove the FCC Auctions 877# icon from your desktop. That is, click the icon with your right mouse button and then click the Delete option in the pull-down menu.
F. Troubleshooting
Following are problems you may encounter and possible solutions for resolving or isolating them.
1. Modem does not respond
1. Confirm that all physical connections for the modem are present.
2. Confirm that the phone line is active by connecting it to a telephone and checking for a dial tone.
3. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. If the volume settings are low, the modem may be dialing but not connecting. Check for this by trying to connect to the 877 number, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.
4. Confirm that the correct modem driver is installed for your modem.
2. Modem dials but does not connect
1. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. Check for this by dialing the 877 number to see if you connect, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.
2. Confirm that the number the modem is dialing is correct.
3. Confirm that the modem prefix, if any, is correct.
3. Modem dials and connects, but nothing appears when you enter the Location in the Web browser
1. Verify the Dial-Up Networking settings specified in the Configuring Dial-Up Networking section.
2. Confirm that your Web browser is not using proxies.
a) On your browser, click the Preferences option in the Edit menu.
c) Click the Advanced structure's Proxies option.
b) In the Category area at the left, double-click Advanced.
d) Click the radio button labeled Direct connection to the Internet.
e) Click the OK button at the bottom of the window.
4. Receive a Null Object Reference error when starting the bidding software
Confirm that your dial-up networking and DNS configurations are correct.
5. Receive an Internal Server error in the Web browser
1. Confirm that the Location is correct.
2. Confirm that Java and JavaScript are enabled in your Web browser, and confirm that Cookies is set <cursor_is_here>
G. Help
For technical assistance with installing or using FCC software, contact the FCC Technical Support Hotline at (202) 414-1250 (V) or (202) 414-1255 (TTY). The FCC Technical Support Hotline is generally available Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. ET, Saturday from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET, and Sunday from 12 noon to 6 p.m. ET. All calls to the FCC Technical Support Hotline are recorded.
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-01-1266A6.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nATTACHMENT E\n\nACCESSING THE FCC NETWORK USING WINDOWS 95/98\n\nThis attachment describes how to access the FCC Network from a system that is running the Microsoft Windows 95 or 98 operating system. This involves configuring dial-up network access and then performing the dial-up procedure.\n\nThis attachment describes two methods to establish a remote connection to the FCC Network for both Auction 39 and the Mock Auction:\n\nx The sections titled Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39 and Quick-Start for Mock Auction describe connection procedures that use standard default values to configure the dial-up networking software. Specifically, the programs used by these procedures assume that you have a standard 56K modem and that you must dial 9 to reach an outside line.\nx If you need something other than the standard defaults, you can use the more complete method for configuring and starting the dial-up software that is described under Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network.\n\nThis attachment also provides sections describing Troubleshooting and Help.\n\nConventions\n\nThe instructions in this section use the following typographical conventions:\n\nbold\n\nRepresents objects on the screen that you click with the mouse pointer, including buttons, Internet links, icons, tabs, menu items (e.g., Cancel button, Auctions link, Save option in the File menu).\n\nitalic\n\nbold italic\n\nRepresents field names or areas of a screen (e.g., Applicant field, Selected Licenses area of a screen).\n\nRepresents characters that you must type exactly as they appear in the instructions. For example, if you are instructed to type http://wtbwww26.fcc.gov, you should type all of the characters shown in bold italic exactly as they are printed.\n\nA. Quick-Start for FCC Auction 39\n\nImportant: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.\n\nNote: The following procedure connects to the FCC Network through a 900 number telephone service. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge, but there is a charge of $2.30 per minute for all subsequent connection time.\n\nTo establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:\n\n1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.\n2. Click the Programs option.\n3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.\n4. Click Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection.\n\nThe system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.\n\n5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.\n6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.\n\nNote that the system has also placed an icon labeled Auction 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.\n\nB. Quick-Start for Mock Auction\n\nImportant: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.\n\nTo establish a remote connection to the FCC Network, do the following:\n\n1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.\n\n2. Click the Programs option.\n3. On the Programs menu, click the FCC Remote Bidding Software option.\n4. Click Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection.\n\nThe system checks to ensure that your computer has all components necessary to establish a dial-up connection. If a required component is missing, the system invokes Windows to help you set up the component.\n\n5. When the system has verified that all necessary components are present, a dialog appears with instructions on how to establish the dial-up connection. Read these instructions, then click the OK button.\n6. When the dial-up connection window appears, click Connect to connect to the FCC Network.\n\nNote that the system has also placed an icon labeled Mock 39 Dial-Up Connection on your desktop. To establish a dial-up connection in the future, you can double-click this icon instead of performing the preceding steps.\n\nC. If You Have Trouble Establishing the Connection\n\nIf you are have trouble making the connection, two things may have to be changed:\n\nx The connection automatically precedes the phone number that is to be dialed with 9. If you need a digit other than 9 to reach an outside line, or no digit is needed, you will have to change the settings in the connection.\n\nTo make this change, double-click the connection icon, then click Dial Properties. You will see that 9 precedes the phone numbers on all calls, both local and long-distance. Change this digit to what you need to get an outside line, or delete the 9, if appropriate. Click Apply and then OK.\n\nx The connection is set up for a standard 56K modem. If you are using some other kind of modem, you must change this setting.\n\nTo access dial-up networking:\n\n1. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.\n2. Click the Programs option.\n\n3. On the Programs menu, click the Accessories option.\n4. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.\n5. When you see the icon for dial-up networking that was created for you, right-click it and select Properties.\n\nYou will be in the General tab and you will see the standard default modem selected.\n\n6. Select your modem from the drop-down menu and then click OK.\n\nD. Complete Method for Connecting to the FCC Network\n\nThis section describes how to configure both the FCC Mock Bidding Software and the FCC Remote Bidding Software for dial-up networking. Then it describes how to use the configured software to establish a connection to the FCC Network.\n\n1. Configuring Dial-Up Networking\n\nImportant: Disable any screen saver software before performing the following procedure.\n\n1. To start dial-up networking:\na. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.\nc. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.\nb. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.\nd. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.\n\nIf Dial-Up Networking is not an option on your Accessories menu, you should install it from your Windows 95/98 CD or diskettes.\n\n2. When the Dial-Up Networking window appears, double-click the Make New Connection icon.\n\nThe Make New Connection window appears.\n\n3. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type FCC Auctions 877# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.\n\nIf you are connecting to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type FCC Auctions 900# in the field titled Type a name for the computer you are dialing.\n\nNote: If you connect to the FCC's 900# telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.\n\n4. In Windows 95, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a modem field and select your modem from the menu of available modems.\n\nIn Windows 98, click the down arrow at the right of the Select a device field and select your modem from the menu of available devices.\n\nIf your modem does not appear on this list, you must install your modem driver according to the modem manufacturer installation procedures, which are usually described in your modem's user manual.\n\n5. Click the Next button.\n6. If you are connecting to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction, type 877 and 8442788 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.\n\nIf you wish to test your connection on the 900# that will be used during Auction 39, type 900 and 555-5554 in the Area Code and Telephone Number fields, respectively.\n\n7. Verify that the correct country is selected in the Country code field.\n\nIf necessary, click the down arrow at the right of the Country code field and select the appropriate country from the menu of available countries.\n\n8. Click the Next button.\n9. Click the Finish button.\n\nAn icon labeled either FCC Auctions 877# or FCC Auctions 900# appears in the Dial-Up Networking window.\n\n10. Verify that properties are configured correctly before attempting a dial-up session. Put the mouse pointer on the FCC Auctions icon that you wish to configure and click the right mouse button to display a menu. Click Properties from the menu.\n\n11. Click the Configure button. Click the Options tab at the top of the Properties window.\n12. In the Connection control area of the Options tab, verify that neither option is selected. If either option is selected, click the check box at the left of the option to deselect it. Then click OK.\n13. In Windows 95, click the Server Type... button.\nIn Windows 98, click the Server Types tab at the top of the Properties window.\n14. In the Advanced Options area, verify that only Enable software compression is selected.\nIf it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.\n15. In the Allowed Network Protocols area, verify that only TCP/IP is selected.\nIf it is not selected, click the check box at the left of the option to select it. If either of the other options is selected, click the check box to deselect it.\n\n.\n\n16. Click the TCP/IP Settings button and select Specify name server addresses\n17. Type 126.96.36.199 as the Primary DNS and 188.8.131.52 as the Secondary DNS.\n18. At the bottom of the TCP/IP Settings window, ensure that Use IP Header Compression and Use Default Gateway on the Remote Network options are selected.\n19. Click OK on the TCP/IP Settings window and the Server Type window.\n20. a. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.\nb. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.\nc. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.\nd. Click the DNS Configuration tab.\ne. Type bidder in the Host box and type fcc.gov in the Domain box.\n\nNote: You are limited to three DNS entries. If you already have three DNS entries, you must delete two of them before performing the next two steps. To do this, click the first entry you want to delete and click the Remove button. Then click the second entry you want to delete and click the Remove button again.\n\nf. Type 184.108.40.206 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click the Add button.\ng. Type 220.127.116.11 in the DNS Server Search Order box and click Add again.\nh. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.\n\nIf you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart, then begin the Dial-Up Procedure.\n\n2. Dial-Up Procedure\n\n1. If the Dial-Up Networking window is not currently open, do the following:\na. Click the Windows 95/98 Start button.\nc. Click the Accessories option to display the Accessories menu.\nb. Click the Programs option to display the Programs menu.\nd. In Windows 95, click Dial-Up Networking. In Windows 98, click Communications, then Dial-Up Networking.\n\nThe Dial-Up Networking window appears.\n\n2. In the Dial-Up Networking window:\n\nDouble-click the FCC Auctions 877# icon if you wish to connect to the FCC Network during the Mock Auction.\n\nDouble-click on the FCC Auctions 900# icon if you wish to test your connection to the 900# that will be used during Auction 39.\n\nNote: If you connect to the FCC's 900 number telephone service, there is a charge of $2.30 per minute. The first minute of connection time to the 900 number service is at no charge.\n\n3. Click the Connect button on the window. Do not enter User name or Password.\n\nThe Connection window appears, indicating the status of your connection as your modem dials into the system. This window must remain running during your dial-up session. You may minimize the window, if you wish.\n\nIf your modem fails to establish a connection, please see the Troubleshooting section below.\n\n4. Once the connection is established, double-click the Auction 39 Mock Auction Software or Auction 39 Bidding Software icon.\n\nWhen you have finished, exit the mock or auction software, then click the Disconnect button on the Connection window to end your dial-up session.\n\nE. Removing the Dial-Up Networking Service\n\nOnce you have finished using the dial-up networking service, you can remove it from your computer, as follows:\n\nClick the Windows 95/98 Start button, then click the Settings option to display the Settings menu.\n\n1. Click Control Panel and then double-click the Network icon.\n2. Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol and click Properties. If there are multiple TCP/IP protocols, highlight TCP/IP --> Dial-Up Adapter and click Properties.\n\nIn a Windows 98 environment, a confirmation dialog appears. Read the information on the dialog, then click the OK button.\n\n3. Click the DNS Configuration tab.\n4. Click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 18.104.22.168 to select it, then click the Remove button.\n5. Similarly, click the DNS Server Search Order box containing 22.214.171.124 to select it, then click the Remove button.\n6. Click OK on the TCP/IP Properties windows, then click OK on the Network windows.\n7. If you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes to restart.\n8. Remove the FCC Auctions 877# icon from your desktop. That is, click the icon with your right mouse button and then click the Delete option in the pull-down menu.\n\nF. Troubleshooting\n\nFollowing are problems you may encounter and possible solutions for resolving or isolating them.\n\n1. Modem does not respond\n\n1. Confirm that all physical connections for the modem are present.\n2. Confirm that the phone line is active by connecting it to a telephone and checking for a dial tone.\n3. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. If the volume settings are low, the modem may be dialing but not connecting. Check for this by trying to connect to the 877 number, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.\n4. Confirm that the correct modem driver is installed for your modem.\n\n2. Modem dials but does not connect\n\n1. If you are dialing the 900 number service, check for a 900 number telephone block. Check for this by dialing the 877 number to see if you connect, or by dialing the 900 number on that line using a telephone.\n2. Confirm that the number the modem is dialing is correct.\n3. Confirm that the modem prefix, if any, is correct.\n3. Modem dials and connects, but nothing appears when you enter the Location in the Web browser\n1. Verify the Dial-Up Networking settings specified in the Configuring Dial-Up Networking section.\n2. Confirm that your Web browser is not using proxies.\na) On your browser, click the Preferences option in the Edit menu.\nc) Click the Advanced structure's Proxies option.\nb) In the Category area at the left, double-click Advanced.\nd) Click the radio button labeled Direct connection to the Internet.\ne) Click the OK button at the bottom of the window.\n\n4. Receive a Null Object Reference error when starting the bidding software\n\nConfirm that your dial-up networking and DNS configurations are correct.\n\n5. Receive an Internal Server error in the Web browser\n\n1. Confirm that the Location is correct.\n2. Confirm that Java and JavaScript are enabled in your Web browser, and confirm that Cookies is set <cursor_is_here>\n\nG. Help\n\nFor technical assistance with installing or using FCC software, contact the FCC Technical Support Hotline at (202) 414-1250 (V) or (202) 414-1255 (TTY). The FCC Technical Support Hotline is generally available Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. ET, Saturday from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET, and Sunday from 12 noon to 6 p.m. ET. All calls to the FCC Technical Support Hotline are recorded.\n</text>\n",
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Bylaws
March 2014 Converted from .pdf to MS-Word 2013-12-11 Policies and Procedures edited out
DRAFT 2c: February 22, 2014 Includes revisions from Drafts 1, 2, 2a, and 2b
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society
Table of Contents (edited)
Section B:
BYLAWS
CYSFS Bylaws
I NAME
The name of the Society shall be "Calgary Youth Science Fair Society". Throughout this document it will be referred to as "the Society".
II MEMBERSHIP
Throughout this document, the terms "Members" and "Membership" will be used to indicate all Members of the Society.
II.1. Members
II.1.a) Any person interested in promoting the objects of the Society and who agrees to be bound by these Bylaws shall be eligible to become a Member. Persons wishing to become Members shall apply to the Board of Directors at the Society's address. The Board of Directors must approve all Memberships.
II.1.b) If so resolved by the Board of Directors, Members may be requested to pay an annual membership fee in order to maintain their status as Members of the Society.
II.2. Membership Roster
The names, classification, mailing addresses, phone numbers and electronic addresses of all Members shall be maintained by the Secretary in a document hereinafter referred to as the "Membership Roster". It is the responsibility of each Member to ensure that the Secretary is notified of any changes in the information maintained in the Membership Roster.
II.3. Honorary Members
The Membership of the Society shall have the discretion to declare persons as "Honorary" Members of the Society. Such "Honorary" Members will have no voting privileges and will not, in the ordinary course of events, be expected to fulfill any of the responsibilities of other Members.
II.4. Expulsion of Members
Any Members may be expelled for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the expulsion of any Member shall be taken unless and until thirty (30) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Member shall have been given to such Member by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Member at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the expulsion of any Member may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members acting jointly. The Member proposed to be expelled shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors, before the Board shall take final vote on the question of expulsion.
II.5. Resignation of Members
Members may resign by informing any Director or Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.
III MEETINGS OF MEMBERS
III.1. Annual General Meeting
III.1.a) The Society shall hold an Annual General Meeting in Alberta and shall present at that meeting a financial statement setting out its income, disbursements, assets and liabilities, audited and signed by the Society's auditor.
III.1.b) The Annual General Meeting shall be held before the 30th day of September.
III.1.c) At the Annual General Meeting the Members shall also receive a report of the activities of the Directors for the past year as concerns the Society.
III.2. Special General Meetings
A Special General Meeting of Members shall be convened upon direction of the President, or upon resolution of the Board of Directors, or upon the President's receipt of a requisition in writing from five Members. Such direction, resolution or requisition shall specify the business to be transacted at such Special General Meeting, and the notice convening a Special General Meeting shall similarly specify the business to be transacted thereat. No business shall come before a Special General Meeting other than the business specified in the notice convening such meeting.
III.3. Notice of Meetings
No Annual General Meeting or Special General Meeting may be convened unless and until twenty-one (21) days' notice in writing of the date and place of such meeting has been provided to each Member of the Society.
III.4. Quorum Seven (7) Members present in person at a Special General Meeting, or
Annual General Meeting shall constitute a Quorum, provided that the Quorum include two (2) Officers if less than fifteen (15) Members are present.
III.5. Voting
III.5.a) Each Member present at a Special General Meeting or Annual General Meeting shall have one vote. No proxy privileges will be granted. Each question will be decided by majority vote unless otherwise specifically provided by the Societies Act of Alberta or by these Bylaws.
III.5.b) Voting at Annual General Meetings or Special General Meetings shall be by a show of hands unless a secret paper ballot is requested by any Member present.
III.6. Scrutineers
One or more scrutineers may be appointed by the President to act as required in the examination of the voting procedure, provided that such appointees abstain from participation in the discussion of, or voting on, the issue or issues in question.
IV BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Throughout this document, The Board of Directors may be referred to as "The Board" and members of the Board referred to as "Directors".
IV.1. Composition of the Board
IV.1.a) The Board shall consist of no fewer than nine (9) nor more than fifty (50) Directors who are Members of the Society.
IV.2. Election of Directors
IV.2.a) At any meeting of the Board, Members may be nominated as Directors, if the Member to be nominated has been a Member for a minimum of two years.
IV.2.b) Any Director may nominate any other Member as a candidate for the Board.
IV.2.c) At the time of the nomination for Director, the Secretary will inform the Members present of the current number of Directors on the Board. Should there be fewer than fifty (50) current Directors, an election will be held.
IV.2.d) Election will be by show of hands, or by secret ballot if so required by any Member.
IV.2.e) A nominee will be considered elected by the affirmative vote of three-fourths (3/4) of the Directors present.
IV.2.f) A person elected as a Director becomes a Director if they were present at the meeting when being elected, and did not refuse the nomination. They may also become a Director if they were not present at the meeting but consented in writing to act as a Director before the election, or within ten days after the election.
IV.3. Term of Office
Once elected, Directors hold office in perpetuity, or until:
IV.3.a) They resign by informing any Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.
IV.3.b) They cease to be Members of the Society,
IV.3.c) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.
IV.4. Responsibilities of Directors
IV.4.a) Each Director will be responsible to the Membership and the Board for such duties as may be assigned and accepted by said Director in order to fulfill the purposes of the Society.
IV.4.b) Each Director is required to attend, in any one year, at least one-half (1/2) of the meetings of the Board as set forth in these Bylaws.
IV.4.c) Failure to fulfill either of the responsibilities outlined in this item can be considered sufficient cause to remove the individual as Director.
IV.5. Compensation
The Directors will not receive any honorarium,salary or goods in return for their services to the Society.
IV.6. Powers of the Board
IV.6.a) The Board shall, subject to the Bylaws or directions given it by majority vote at any meeting properly called and constituted, have full control and management of the affairs of the Society. IV.6.b) In order to fulfill the purposes of the Society, the Board may exercise all powers of the Society and do all lawful acts and things, even though such actions may not be directed by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society, provided that such actions are not specifically prohibited by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society.
IV.6.c) The Board shall regularly review and update Policies and Procedures in order to define the goals of the Society and to provide guidelines for the activities of the Society. IV.6.d) The actions of a majority of Directors present at any meeting of the Board for which a Quorum is present will bind the Society.
IV.7. Liability of Directors
The Society shall hold harmless and indemnify its Directors and Officers against any and all claims and actions arising out of their participation in the affairs of the Society, except where such claims and actions relate to his/her negligence, criminal acts, or failure to act honestly and in good faith. The Society shall maintain Directors and Officers insurance in an amount to be determined by the Board.
IV.8. Meetings of the Board
IV.8.a) Meetings of the Board may be called at the discretion of the President. Meetings of the Board must be called by the President or the VicePresident if requested in writing by any two Directors. At least twenty-four hours' notice of a Board meeting must be provided to all Directors.
IV.8.b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, immediately following the dissolution of each Annual General Meeting a meeting of the Board shall be convened without notice.
IV.9. Quorum
The lesser of one-third (1/3) of the total current number of Directors, or seven (7) shall constitute a Quorum for the Board of Directors, provided that the Quorum includes two (2) Officers if less than one-third (1/3) of the Directors are present.
IV.10. Removal of Directors
Any Director may be removed for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the removal of any Director shall be taken unless and until fifteen (15) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Director shall have been given to such Director by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Director at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the removal of any Director may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members of the Society, acting jointly. The Director proposed to be removed shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors before the Board shall take final vote on the question of removal.
V OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY
V.1. Election of Officers
V.1.a) At the first meeting of the Board, (immediately following the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting), there shall be elected the Officers of the Society. These positions will include at a minimum President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer from nominations made prior to, or during, the meeting of the Board. Other Officers may also be elected at this time, as the Board deems advisable.
V.1.b) Should a position as specified in V.1.a become vacant, the remaining Officers may appoint a Director to act in that position until the Board elects a successor.
V.2. Qualifications for Office
V.2.a) Any Member of the Society who has been a member of the Board of Directors for at least two (2) years may be nominated for the position of any of the Offices except that of President and VicePresident.
V.2.b) Nominations for the position of Vice-President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of three (3) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.
V.2.c) Nominations for the position of President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of five (5) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.
V.2.d) Nominations for the position of Past President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have previously served as President.
V.3. Term of Office
Once elected, Officers shall hold their Office until one of the following occurs:
V.3.a) Their successors are elected.
V.3.b) They resign by informing any other Officer in the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign from their Office.
V.3.c) They cease to be Members of the Society.
V.3.d) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.
V.4. President
V.4.a) The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and at all Annual General Meetings and Special General Meetings of the Society. At such meetings, the duties of the President shall be those customary to the Office.
V.4.b) The President shall fulfill all duties as directed by the Board.
V.4.c) The President shall be an ex officio member of all Committees appointed by the Board.
V.4.d) The President shall have the authority, when time constraints or other circumstances require, to bind the Society to decisions or actions deemed necessary by the President without the prior approval of the Board; provided that any expenditures so incurred by the President do not exceed an amount defined by the Board from time to time, and that such actions are reported in full to the next meeting of the Board.
Vice-President
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society The Vice-President shall act in the absence of the President and shall fulfill
V.5.
such other duties as directed by the Board.
V.6. Secretary
V.6.a) The Secretary shall keep minutes of each meeting held, showing the business transacted thereat and at each meeting shall record the names of the Members present.
V.6.b) The Secretary shall circulate all notices required by the Bylaws, or
by the Board; shall prepare and circulate all minutes of Board meetings to Directors; and shall read or circulate all minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting or any Special General Meeting to the Annual General Meeting.
V.6.c) The Secretary shall be the custodian of the Society's corporate seal and shall make the seal available for use as specified by the Board.
V.6.d) The Secretary shall maintain the Society's Membership Roster and shall include on it a notation of those Members who are Directors.
V.6.e) The Secretary shall ensure that all forms, registrations and other documents that may be required by law or by bodies extant to the Society are completed, filed and correctly updated.
V.7. Treasurer
V.7.a) The Treasurer shall record and keep all financial transactions of the Society and shall report the same to the Board at any meeting and to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.
V.7.b) The Treasurer shall maintain an inventory of all capital assets that may be in the possession of the Society and shall report the same to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.
V.7.c) The Treasurer shall provide the Auditor with all financial records and inventories.
V.8. Past President
The Past President shall advise the other Officers and shall fulfill such other duties as directed by the Board.
VI COMMITTEES
VI.1. Appointment
VI.1.a) The Board shall appoint from time to time such standing committees as it may deem necessary to carry out the purposes of the Society. All Committees shall report to the Board.
VI.1.b) No individual may be appointed or elected as Chairperson of any committee unless said individual is a Director.
VI.2. Powers of Committees
The Board shall have the power to delegate to the committees appointed by it such duties or functions as in the judgement of the Board shall promote the general welfare of the Society. No committee shall have the power to bind or represent the Society except as expressly authorized to do so by the Board.
VI.3. Committee Meetings
Each committee shall meet at the call of the respective Chairperson, as frequently and at such time as may be determined by the committee.
VII. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
VII.1. Auditors
The Board shall appoint an auditor to audit the accounts of the Society annually. The remuneration of the auditor shall be fixed by the Board.
VII.2. Fiscal Year
The fiscal year end of the Society in each year shall be June 30.
VII.3. Banking
The bank accounts of the Society shall be maintained by such bank or trust company as the Board by resolution may designate. All banking business, or any part thereof, shall be transacted on behalf of the Society by two or more Officers and/or other persons that the Board may designate or authorize from time to time by resolution, and to the extent therein provided. Included in the transaction of business shall be the operation of the accounts of the Society, the making, signing, drawing, accepting, endorsing, negotiating, lodging, depositing, or transferring of any cheques, promissory notes, drafts, acceptances, bills of exchange and orders for the payment of money and the execution of an agreement relating to any such banking business and defining the rights and powers of the parties thereto.
VII.4. Fund Raising
In order to fulfil the objects of the Society, the Board may resolve to authorize any lawful solicitation ventures with the purpose of securing funds to be used by the Society. The Board may designate such funds to be expended in the operation of the Society or to be held in trust.
VII.5. Borrowing Powers
For the purpose of carrying out the objects of the Society, the Board may borrow or raise or secure the payment of money in such terms it may deem advisable upon the credit of the Society.
VIII. NOTICES
Any notice, communication or document to be given by the Society to a Member shall be sufficiently given if it is:
VIII.1. Delivered personally to the Member to whom it is to be given, or
VIII.2. Delivered to the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or
VIII.3. Mailed by prepaid mail in an envelope addressed to the Member at the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or
VIII.4. Delivered by electronic means if the Member has recorded an electronic address in the Membership Roster.
IX. INSPECTION OF BOOKS AND RECORDS
The books and records of the Society may be inspected by any Member upon giving reasonable notice and arranging a time satisfactory to the Officer or Officers having charge of the same.
X. SIGNATURE AND CERTIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
X.1. Seal
The Society may have a corporate seal in form approved by the Board bearing the name of the Society and the words "corporate seal". The seal shall be kept in the custody of the Secretary.
X.2. Use of Seal
The seal shall not be impressed upon any document except in the presence of the President and the Secretary, or in the presence of any two Directors who may be so authorized by resolution of the Board.
XI. AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS
The Bylaws of the Society shall not be amended except by a Special Resolution of the Society. For such purpose, "Special Resolution" shall be defined by the Societies Act of Alberta.
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society
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Bylaws
March 2014 Converted from .pdf to MS-Word 2013-12-11 Policies and Procedures edited out
DRAFT 2c: February 22, 2014 Includes revisions from Drafts 1, 2, 2a, and 2b
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society
Table of Contents (edited)
Section B:
BYLAWS
CYSFS Bylaws
I NAME
The name of the Society shall be "Calgary Youth Science Fair Society". Throughout this document it will be referred to as "the Society".
II MEMBERSHIP
Throughout this document, the terms "Members" and "Membership" will be used to indicate all Members of the Society.
II.1. Members
II.1.a) Any person interested in promoting the objects of the Society and who agrees to be bound by these Bylaws shall be eligible to become a Member. Persons wishing to become Members shall apply to the Board of Directors at the Society's address. The Board of Directors must approve all Memberships.
II.1.b) If so resolved by the Board of Directors, Members may be requested to pay an annual membership fee in order to maintain their status as Members of the Society.
II.2. Membership Roster
The names, classification, mailing addresses, phone numbers and electronic addresses of all Members shall be maintained by the Secretary in a document hereinafter referred to as the "Membership Roster". It is the responsibility of each Member to ensure that the Secretary is notified of any changes in the information maintained in the Membership Roster.
II.3. Honorary Members
The Membership of the Society shall have the discretion to declare persons as "Honorary" Members of the Society. Such "Honorary" Members will have no voting privileges and will not, in the ordinary course of events, be expected to fulfill any of the responsibilities of other Members.
II.4. Expulsion of Members
Any Members may be expelled for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the expulsion of any Member shall be taken unless and until thirty (30) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Member shall have been given to such Member by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Member at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the expulsion of any Member may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members acting jointly. The Member proposed to be expelled shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors, before the Board shall take final vote on the question of expulsion.
II.5. Resignation of Members
Members may resign by informing any Director or Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.
III MEETINGS OF MEMBERS
III.1. Annual General Meeting
III.1.a) The Society shall hold an Annual General Meeting in Alberta and shall present at that meeting a financial statement setting out its income, disbursements, assets and liabilities, audited and signed by the Society's auditor.
III.1.b) The Annual General Meeting shall be held before the 30th day of September.
III.1.c) At the Annual General Meeting the Members shall also receive a report of the activities of the Directors for the past year as concerns the Society.
III.2. Special General Meetings
A Special General Meeting of Members shall be convened upon direction of the President, or upon resolution of the Board of Directors, or upon the President's receipt of a requisition in writing from five Members. Such direction, resolution or requisition shall specify the business to be transacted at such Special General Meeting, and the notice convening a Special General Meeting shall similarly specify the business to be transacted thereat. No business shall come before a Special General Meeting other than the business specified in the notice convening such meeting.
III.3. Notice of Meetings
No Annual General Meeting or Special General Meeting may be convened unless and until twenty-one (21) days' notice in writing of the date and place of such meeting has been provided to each Member of the Society.
III.4. Quorum Seven (7) Members present in person at a Special General Meeting, or
Annual General Meeting shall constitute a Quorum, provided that the Quorum include two (2) Officers if less than fifteen (15) Members are present.
III.5. Voting
III.5.a) Each Member present at a Special General Meeting or Annual General Meeting shall have one vote. No proxy privileges will be granted. Each question will be decided by majority vote unless otherwise specifically provided by the Societies Act of Alberta or by these Bylaws.
III.5.b) Voting at Annual General Meetings or Special General Meetings shall be by a show of hands unless a secret paper ballot is requested by any Member present.
III.6. Scrutineers
One or more scrutineers may be appointed by the President to act as required in the examination of the voting procedure, provided that such appointees abstain from participation in the discussion of, or voting on, the issue or issues in question.
IV BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Throughout this document, The Board of Directors may be referred to as "The Board" and members of the Board referred to as "Directors".
IV.1. Composition of the Board
IV.1.a) The Board shall consist of no fewer than nine (9) nor more than fifty (50) Directors who are Members of the Society.
IV.2. Election of Directors
IV.2.a) At any meeting of the Board, Members may be nominated as Directors, if the Member to be nominated has been a Member for a minimum of two years.
IV.2.b) Any Director may nominate any other Member as a candidate for the Board.
IV.2.c) At the time of the nomination for Director, the Secretary will inform the Members present of the current number of Directors on the Board. Should there be fewer than fifty (50) current Directors, an election will be held.
IV.2.d) Election will be by show of hands, or by secret ballot if so required by any Member.
IV.2.e) A nominee will be considered elected by the affirmative vote of three-fourths (3/4) of the Directors present.
IV.2.f) A person elected as a Director becomes a Director if they were present at the meeting when being elected, and did not refuse the nomination. They may also become a Director if they were not present at the meeting but consented in writing to act as a Director before the election, or within ten days after the election.
IV.3. Term of Office
Once elected, Directors hold office in perpetuity, or until:
IV.3.a) They resign by informing any Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.
IV.3.b) They cease to be Members of the Society,
IV.3.c) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.
IV.4. Responsibilities of Directors
IV.4.a) Each Director will be responsible to the Membership and the Board for such duties as may be assigned and accepted by said Director in order to fulfill the purposes of the Society.
IV.4.b) Each Director is required to attend, in any one year, at least one-half (1/2) of the meetings of the Board as set forth in these Bylaws.
IV.4.c) Failure to fulfill either of the responsibilities outlined in this item can be considered sufficient cause to remove the individual as Director.
IV.5. Compensation
The Directors will not receive any honorarium,salary or goods in return for their services to the Society.
IV.6. Powers of the Board
IV.6.a) The Board shall, subject to the Bylaws or directions given it by majority vote at any meeting properly called and constituted, have full control and management of the affairs of the Society. IV.6.b) In order to fulfill the purposes of the Society, the Board may exercise all powers of the Society and do all lawful acts and things, even though such actions may not be directed by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society, provided that such actions are not specifically prohibited by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society.
IV.6.c) The Board shall regularly review and update Policies and Procedures in order to define the goals of the Society and to provide guidelines for the activities of the Society. IV.6.d) The actions of a majority of Directors present at any meeting of the Board for which a Quorum is present will bind the Society.
IV.7. Liability of Directors
The Society shall hold harmless and indemnify its Directors and Officers against any and all claims and actions arising out of their participation in the affairs of the Society, except where such claims and actions relate to his/her negligence, criminal acts, or failure to act honestly and in good faith. The Society shall maintain Directors and Officers insurance in an amount to be determined by the Board.
IV.8. Meetings of the Board
IV.8.a) Meetings of the Board may be called at the discretion of the President. Meetings of the Board must be called by the President or the VicePresident if requested in writing by any two Directors. At least twenty-four hours' notice of a Board meeting must be provided to all Directors.
IV.8.b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, immediately following the dissolution of each Annual General Meeting a meeting of the Board shall be convened without notice.
IV.9. Quorum
The lesser of one-third (1/3) of the total current number of Directors, or seven (7) shall constitute a Quorum for the Board of Directors, provided that the Quorum includes two (2) Officers if less than one-third (1/3) of the Directors are present.
IV.10. Removal of Directors
Any Director may be removed for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the removal of any Director shall be taken unless and until fifteen (15) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Director shall have been given to such Director by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Director at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the removal of any Director may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members of the Society, acting jointly. The Director proposed to be removed shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors before the Board shall take final vote on the question of removal.
V OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY
V.1. Election of Officers
V.1.a) At the first meeting of the Board, (immediately following the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting), there shall be elected the Officers of the Society. These positions will include at a minimum President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer from nominations made prior to, or during, the meeting of the Board. Other Officers may also be elected at this time, as the Board deems advisable.
V.1.b) Should a position as specified in V.1.a become vacant, the remaining Officers may appoint a Director to act in that position until the Board elects a successor.
V.2. Qualifications for Office
V.2.a) Any Member of the Society who has been a member of the Board of Directors for at least two (2) years may be nominated for the position of any of the Offices except that of President and VicePresident.
V.2.b) Nominations for the position of Vice-President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of three (3) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.
V.2.c) Nominations for the position of President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of five (5) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.
V.2.d) Nominations for the position of Past President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have previously served as President.
V.3. Term of Office
Once elected, Officers shall hold their Office until one of the following occurs:
V.3.a) Their successors are elected.
V.3.b) They resign by informing any other Officer in the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign from their Office.
V.3.c) They cease to be Members of the Society.
V.3.d) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.
V.4. President
V.4.a) The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and at all Annual General Meetings and Special General Meetings of the Society. At such meetings, the duties of the President shall be those customary to the Office.
V.4.b) The President shall fulfill all duties as directed by the Board.
V.4.c) The President shall be an ex officio member of all Committees appointed by the Board.
V.4.d) The President shall have the authority, when time constraints or other circumstances require, to bind the Society to decisions or actions deemed necessary by the President without the prior approval of the Board; provided that any expenditures so incurred by the President do not exceed an amount defined by the Board from time to time, and that such actions are reported in full to the next meeting of the Board.
Vice-President
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society The Vice-President shall act in the absence of the President and shall fulfill
V.5.
such other duties as directed by the Board.
V.6. Secretary
V.6.a) The Secretary shall keep minutes of each meeting held, showing the business transacted thereat and at each meeting shall record the names of the Members present.
V.6.b) The Secretary shall circulate all notices required by the Bylaws, or
by the Board; shall prepare and circulate all minutes of Board meetings to Directors; and shall read or circulate all minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting or any Special General Meeting to the Annual General Meeting.
V.6.c) The Secretary shall be the custodian of the Society's corporate seal and shall make the seal available for use as specified by the Board.
V.6.d) The Secretary shall maintain the Society's Membership Roster and shall include on it a notation of those Members who are Directors.
V.6.e) The Secretary shall ensure that all forms, registrations and other documents that may be required by law or by bodies extant to the Society are completed, filed and correctly updated.
V.7. Treasurer
V.7.a) The Treasurer shall record and keep all financial transactions of the Society and shall report the same to the Board at any meeting and to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.
V.7.b) The Treasurer shall maintain an inventory of all capital assets that may be in the possession of the Society and shall report the same to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.
V.7.c) The Treasurer shall provide the Auditor with all financial records and inventories.
V.8. Past President
The Past President shall advise the other Officers and shall fulfill such other duties as directed by the Board.
VI COMMITTEES
VI.1. Appointment
VI.1.a) The Board shall appoint from time to time such standing committees as it may deem necessary to carry out the purposes of the Society. All Committees shall report to the Board.
VI.1.b) No individual may be appointed or elected as Chairperson of any committee unless said individual is a Director.
VI.2. Powers of Committees
The Board shall have the power to delegate to the committees appointed by it such duties or functions as in the judgement of the Board shall promote the general welfare of the Society. No committee shall have the power to bind or represent the Society except as expressly authorized to do so by the Board.
VI.3. Committee Meetings
Each committee shall meet at the call of the respective Chairperson, as frequently and at such time as may be determined by the committee.
VII. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
VII.1. Auditors
The Board shall appoint an auditor to audit the accounts of the Society annually. The remuneration of the auditor shall be fixed by the Board.
VII.2. Fiscal Year
The fiscal year end of the Society in each year shall be June 30.
VII.3. Banking
The bank accounts of the Society shall be maintained by such bank or trust company as the Board by resolution may designate. All banking business, or any part thereof, shall be transacted on behalf of the Society by two or more Officers and/or other persons that the Board may designate or authorize from time to time by resolution, and to the extent therein provided. Included in the transaction of business shall be the operation of the accounts of the Society, the making, signin
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g, drawing, accepting, endorsing, negotiating, lodging, depositing, or transferring of any cheques, promissory notes, drafts, acceptances, bills of exchange and orders for the payment of money and the execution of an agreement relating to any such banking business and defining the rights and powers of the parties thereto.
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VII.4. Fund Raising
In order to fulfil the objects of the Society, the Board may resolve to authorize any lawful solicitation ventures with the purpose of securing funds to be used by the Society. The Board may designate such funds to be expended in the operation of the Society or to be held in trust.
VII.5. Borrowing Powers
For the purpose of carrying out the objects of the Society, the Board may borrow or raise or secure the payment of money in such terms it may deem advisable upon the credit of the Society.
VIII. NOTICES
Any notice, communication or document to be given by the Society to a Member shall be sufficiently given if it is:
VIII.1. Delivered personally to the Member to whom it is to be given, or
VIII.2. Delivered to the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or
VIII.3. Mailed by prepaid mail in an envelope addressed to the Member at the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or
VIII.4. Delivered by electronic means if the Member has recorded an electronic address in the Membership Roster.
IX. INSPECTION OF BOOKS AND RECORDS
The books and records of the Society may be inspected by any Member upon giving reasonable notice and arranging a time satisfactory to the Officer or Officers having charge of the same.
X. SIGNATURE AND CERTIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
X.1. Seal
The Society may have a corporate seal in form approved by the Board bearing the name of the Society and the words "corporate seal". The seal shall be kept in the custody of the Secretary.
X.2. Use of Seal
The seal shall not be impressed upon any document except in the presence of the President and the Secretary, or in the presence of any two Directors who may be so authorized by resolution of the Board.
XI. AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS
The Bylaws of the Society shall not be amended except by a Special Resolution of the Society. For such purpose, "Special Resolution" shall be defined by the Societies Act of Alberta.
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society
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Bylaws
March 2014 Converted from .pdf to MS-Word 2013-12-11 Policies and Procedures edited out
DRAFT 2c: February 22, 2014 Includes revisions from Drafts 1, 2, 2a, and 2b
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society
Table of Contents (edited)
Section B:
BYLAWS
CYSFS Bylaws
I NAME
The name of the Society shall be "Calgary Youth Science Fair Society". Throughout this document it will be referred to as "the Society".
II MEMBERSHIP
Throughout this document, the terms "Members" and "Membership" will be used to indicate all Members of the Society.
II.1. Members
II.1.a) Any person interested in promoting the objects of the Society and who agrees to be bound by these Bylaws shall be eligible to become a Member. Persons wishing to become Members shall apply to the Board of Directors at the Society's address. The Board of Directors must approve all Memberships.
II.1.b) If so resolved by the Board of Directors, Members may be requested to pay an annual membership fee in order to maintain their status as Members of the Society.
II.2. Membership Roster
The names, classification, mailing addresses, phone numbers and electronic addresses of all Members shall be maintained by the Secretary in a document hereinafter referred to as the "Membership Roster". It is the responsibility of each Member to ensure that the Secretary is notified of any changes in the information maintained in the Membership Roster.
II.3. Honorary Members
The Membership of the Society shall have the discretion to declare persons as "Honorary" Members of the Society. Such "Honorary" Members will have no voting privileges and will not, in the ordinary course of events, be expected to fulfill any of the responsibilities of other Members.
II.4. Expulsion of Members
Any Members may be expelled for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the expulsion of any Member shall be taken unless and until thirty (30) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Member shall have been given to such Member by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Member at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the expulsion of any Member may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members acting jointly. The Member proposed to be expelled shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors, before the Board shall take final vote on the question of expulsion.
II.5. Resignation of Members
Members may resign by informing any Director or Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.
III MEETINGS OF MEMBERS
III.1. Annual General Meeting
III.1.a) The Society shall hold an Annual General Meeting in Alberta and shall present at that meeting a financial statement setting out its income, disbursements, assets and liabilities, audited and signed by the Society's auditor.
III.1.b) The Annual General Meeting shall be held before the 30th day of September.
III.1.c) At the Annual General Meeting the Members shall also receive a report of the activities of the Directors for the past year as concerns the Society.
III.2. Special General Meetings
A Special General Meeting of Members shall be convened upon direction of the President, or upon resolution of the Board of Directors, or upon the President's receipt of a requisition in writing from five Members. Such direction, resolution or requisition shall specify the business to be transacted at such Special General Meeting, and the notice convening a Special General Meeting shall similarly specify the business to be transacted thereat. No business shall come before a Special General Meeting other than the business specified in the notice convening such meeting.
III.3. Notice of Meetings
No Annual General Meeting or Special General Meeting may be convened unless and until twenty-one (21) days' notice in writing of the date and place of such meeting has been provided to each Member of the Society.
III.4. Quorum Seven (7) Members present in person at a Special General Meeting, or
Annual General Meeting shall constitute a Quorum, provided that the Quorum include two (2) Officers if less than fifteen (15) Members are present.
III.5. Voting
III.5.a) Each Member present at a Special General Meeting or Annual General Meeting shall have one vote. No proxy privileges will be granted. Each question will be decided by majority vote unless otherwise specifically provided by the Societies Act of Alberta or by these Bylaws.
III.5.b) Voting at Annual General Meetings or Special General Meetings shall be by a show of hands unless a secret paper ballot is requested by any Member present.
III.6. Scrutineers
One or more scrutineers may be appointed by the President to act as required in the examination of the voting procedure, provided that such appointees abstain from participation in the discussion of, or voting on, the issue or issues in question.
IV BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Throughout this document, The Board of Directors may be referred to as "The Board" and members of the Board referred to as "Directors".
IV.1. Composition of the Board
IV.1.a) The Board shall consist of no fewer than nine (9) nor more than fifty (50) Directors who are Members of the Society.
IV.2. Election of Directors
IV.2.a) At any meeting of the Board, Members may be nominated as Directors, if the Member to be nominated has been a Member for a minimum of two years.
IV.2.b) Any Director may nominate any other Member as a candidate for the Board.
IV.2.c) At the time of the nomination for Director, the Secretary will inform the Members present of the current number of Directors on the Board. Should there be fewer than fifty (50) current Directors, an election will be held.
IV.2.d) Election will be by show of hands, or by secret ballot if so required by any Member.
IV.2.e) A nominee will be considered elected by the affirmative vote of three-fourths (3/4) of the Directors present.
IV.2.f) A person elected as a Director becomes a Director if they were present at the meeting when being elected, and did not refuse the nomination. They may also become a Director if they were not present at the meeting but consented in writing to act as a Director before the election, or within ten days after the election.
IV.3. Term of Office
Once elected, Directors hold office in perpetuity, or until:
IV.3.a) They resign by informing any Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.
IV.3.b) They cease to be Members of the Society,
IV.3.c) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.
IV.4. Responsibilities of Directors
IV.4.a) Each Director will be responsible to the Membership and the Board for such duties as may be assigned and accepted by said Director in order to fulfill the purposes of the Society.
IV.4.b) Each Director is required to attend, in any one year, at least one-half (1/2) of the meetings of the Board as set forth in these Bylaws.
IV.4.c) Failure to fulfill either of the responsibilities outlined in this item can be considered sufficient cause to remove the individual as Director.
IV.5. Compensation
The Directors will not receive any honorarium,salary or goods in return for their services to the Society.
IV.6. Powers of the Board
IV.6.a) The Board shall, subject to the Bylaws or directions given it by majority vote at any meeting properly called and constituted, have full control and management of the affairs of the Society. IV.6.b) In order to fulfill the purposes of the Society, the Board may exercise all powers of the Society and do all lawful acts and things, even though such actions may not be directed by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society, provided that such actions are not specifically prohibited by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society.
IV.6.c) The Board shall regularly review and update Policies and Procedures in order to define the goals of the Society and to provide guidelines for the activities of the Society. IV.6.d) The actions of a majority of Directors present at any meeting of the Board for which a Quorum is present will bind the Society.
IV.7. Liability of Directors
The Society shall hold harmless and indemnify its Directors and Officers against any and all claims and actions arising out of their participation in the affairs of the Society, except where such claims and actions relate to his/her negligence, criminal acts, or failure to act honestly and in good faith. The Society shall maintain Directors and Officers insurance in an amount to be determined by the Board.
IV.8. Meetings of the Board
IV.8.a) Meetings of the Board may be called at the discretion of the President. Meetings of the Board must be called by the President or the VicePresident if requested in writing by any two Directors. At least twenty-four hours' notice of a Board meeting must be provided to all Directors.
IV.8.b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, immediately following the dissolution of each Annual General Meeting a meeting of the Board shall be convened without notice.
IV.9. Quorum
The lesser of one-third (1/3) of the total current number of Directors, or seven (7) shall constitute a Quorum for the Board of Directors, provided that the Quorum includes two (2) Officers if less than one-third (1/3) of the Directors are present.
IV.10. Removal of Directors
Any Director may be removed for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the removal of any Director shall be taken unless and until fifteen (15) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Director shall have been given to such Director by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Director at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the removal of any Director may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members of the Society, acting jointly. The Director proposed to be removed shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors before the Board shall take final vote on the question of removal.
V OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY
V.1. Election of Officers
V.1.a) At the first meeting of the Board, (immediately following the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting), there shall be elected the Officers of the Society. These positions will include at a minimum President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer from nominations made prior to, or during, the meeting of the Board. Other Officers may also be elected at this time, as the Board deems advisable.
V.1.b) Should a position as specified in V.1.a become vacant, the remaining Officers may appoint a Director to act in that position until the Board elects a successor.
V.2. Qualifications for Office
V.2.a) Any Member of the Society who has been a member of the Board of Directors for at least two (2) years may be nominated for the position of any of the Offices except that of President and VicePresident.
V.2.b) Nominations for the position of Vice-President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of three (3) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.
V.2.c) Nominations for the position of President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of five (5) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.
V.2.d) Nominations for the position of Past President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have previously served as President.
V.3. Term of Office
Once elected, Officers shall hold their Office until one of the following occurs:
V.3.a) Their successors are elected.
V.3.b) They resign by informing any other Officer in the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign from their Office.
V.3.c) They cease to be Members of the Society.
V.3.d) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.
V.4. President
V.4.a) The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and at all Annual General Meetings and Special General Meetings of the Society. At such meetings, the duties of the President shall be those customary to the Office.
V.4.b) The President shall fulfill all duties as directed by the Board.
V.4.c) The President shall be an ex officio member of all Committees appointed by the Board.
V.4.d) The President shall have the authority, when time constraints or other circumstances require, to bind the Society to decisions or actions deemed necessary by the President without the prior approval of the Board; provided that any expenditures so incurred by the President do not exceed an amount defined by the Board from time to time, and that such actions are reported in full to the next meeting of the Board.
Vice-President
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society The Vice-President shall act in the absence of the President and shall fulfill
V.5.
such other duties as directed by the Board.
V.6. Secretary
V.6.a) The Secretary shall keep minutes of each meeting held, showing the business transacted thereat and at each meeting shall record the names of the Members present.
V.6.b) The Secretary shall circulate all notices required by the Bylaws, or
by the Board; shall prepare and circulate all minutes of Board meetings to Directors; and shall read or circulate all minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting or any Special General Meeting to the Annual General Meeting.
V.6.c) The Secretary shall be the custodian of the Society's corporate seal and shall make the seal available for use as specified by the Board.
V.6.d) The Secretary shall maintain the Society's Membership Roster and shall include on it a notation of those Members who are Directors.
V.6.e) The Secretary shall ensure that all forms, registrations and other documents that may be required by law or by bodies extant to the Society are completed, filed and correctly updated.
V.7. Treasurer
V.7.a) The Treasurer shall record and keep all financial transactions of the Society and shall report the same to the Board at any meeting and to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.
V.7.b) The Treasurer shall maintain an inventory of all capital assets that may be in the possession of the Society and shall report the same to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.
V.7.c) The Treasurer shall provide the Auditor with all financial records and inventories.
V.8. Past President
The Past President shall advise the other Officers and shall fulfill such other duties as directed by the Board.
VI COMMITTEES
VI.1. Appointment
VI.1.a) The Board shall appoint from time to time such standing committees as it may deem necessary to carry out the purposes of the Society. All Committees shall report to the Board.
VI.1.b) No individual may be appointed or elected as Chairperson of any committee unless said individual is a Director.
VI.2. Powers of Committees
The Board shall have the power to delegate to the committees appointed by it such duties or functions as in the judgement of the Board shall promote the general welfare of the Society. No committee shall have the power to bind or represent the Society except as expressly authorized to do so by the Board.
VI.3. Committee Meetings
Each committee shall meet at the call of the respective Chairperson, as frequently and at such time as may be determined by the committee.
VII. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
VII.1. Auditors
The Board shall appoint an auditor to audit the accounts of the Society annually. The remuneration of the auditor shall be fixed by the Board.
VII.2. Fiscal Year
The fiscal year end of the Society in each year shall be June 30.
VII.3. Banking
The bank accounts of the Society shall be maintained by such bank or trust company as the Board by resolution may designate. All banking business, or any part thereof, shall be transacted on behalf of the Society by two or more Officers and/or other persons that the Board may designate or authorize from time to time by resolution, and to the extent therein provided. Included in the transaction of business shall be the operation of the accounts of the Society, the making, signin<cursor_is_here>
VII.4. Fund Raising
In order to fulfil the objects of the Society, the Board may resolve to authorize any lawful solicitation ventures with the purpose of securing funds to be used by the Society. The Board may designate such funds to be expended in the operation of the Society or to be held in trust.
VII.5. Borrowing Powers
For the purpose of carrying out the objects of the Society, the Board may borrow or raise or secure the payment of money in such terms it may deem advisable upon the credit of the Society.
VIII. NOTICES
Any notice, communication or document to be given by the Society to a Member shall be sufficiently given if it is:
VIII.1. Delivered personally to the Member to whom it is to be given, or
VIII.2. Delivered to the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or
VIII.3. Mailed by prepaid mail in an envelope addressed to the Member at the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or
VIII.4. Delivered by electronic means if the Member has recorded an electronic address in the Membership Roster.
IX. INSPECTION OF BOOKS AND RECORDS
The books and records of the Society may be inspected by any Member upon giving reasonable notice and arranging a time satisfactory to the Officer or Officers having charge of the same.
X. SIGNATURE AND CERTIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
X.1. Seal
The Society may have a corporate seal in form approved by the Board bearing the name of the Society and the words "corporate seal". The seal shall be kept in the custody of the Secretary.
X.2. Use of Seal
The seal shall not be impressed upon any document except in the presence of the President and the Secretary, or in the presence of any two Directors who may be so authorized by resolution of the Board.
XI. AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS
The Bylaws of the Society shall not be amended except by a Special Resolution of the Society. For such purpose, "Special Resolution" shall be defined by the Societies Act of Alberta.
© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society
</text>
|
[
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.cysf.org/wp-content/uploads/CYSFS-Bylaws.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nBylaws\n\nMarch 2014 Converted from .pdf to MS-Word 2013-12-11 Policies and Procedures edited out\n\nDRAFT 2c: February 22, 2014 Includes revisions from Drafts 1, 2, 2a, and 2b\n\n© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society\n\nTable of Contents (edited)\n\nSection B:\n\nBYLAWS\n\nCYSFS Bylaws\n\nI NAME\n\nThe name of the Society shall be \"Calgary Youth Science Fair Society\". Throughout this document it will be referred to as \"the Society\".\n\nII MEMBERSHIP\n\nThroughout this document, the terms \"Members\" and \"Membership\" will be used to indicate all Members of the Society.\n\nII.1. Members\n\nII.1.a) Any person interested in promoting the objects of the Society and who agrees to be bound by these Bylaws shall be eligible to become a Member. Persons wishing to become Members shall apply to the Board of Directors at the Society's address. The Board of Directors must approve all Memberships.\nII.1.b) If so resolved by the Board of Directors, Members may be requested to pay an annual membership fee in order to maintain their status as Members of the Society.\n\nII.2. Membership Roster\n\nThe names, classification, mailing addresses, phone numbers and electronic addresses of all Members shall be maintained by the Secretary in a document hereinafter referred to as the \"Membership Roster\". It is the responsibility of each Member to ensure that the Secretary is notified of any changes in the information maintained in the Membership Roster.\n\nII.3. Honorary Members\n\nThe Membership of the Society shall have the discretion to declare persons as \"Honorary\" Members of the Society. Such \"Honorary\" Members will have no voting privileges and will not, in the ordinary course of events, be expected to fulfill any of the responsibilities of other Members.\n\nII.4. Expulsion of Members\n\nAny Members may be expelled for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the expulsion of any Member shall be taken unless and until thirty (30) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Member shall have been given to such Member by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Member at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the expulsion of any Member may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members acting jointly. The Member proposed to be expelled shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors, before the Board shall take final vote on the question of expulsion.\n\nII.5. Resignation of Members\n\nMembers may resign by informing any Director or Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.\n\nIII MEETINGS OF MEMBERS\n\nIII.1. Annual General Meeting\n\nIII.1.a) The Society shall hold an Annual General Meeting in Alberta and shall present at that meeting a financial statement setting out its income, disbursements, assets and liabilities, audited and signed by the Society's auditor.\n\nIII.1.b) The Annual General Meeting shall be held before the 30th day of September.\n\nIII.1.c) At the Annual General Meeting the Members shall also receive a report of the activities of the Directors for the past year as concerns the Society.\n\nIII.2. Special General Meetings\n\nA Special General Meeting of Members shall be convened upon direction of the President, or upon resolution of the Board of Directors, or upon the President's receipt of a requisition in writing from five Members. Such direction, resolution or requisition shall specify the business to be transacted at such Special General Meeting, and the notice convening a Special General Meeting shall similarly specify the business to be transacted thereat. No business shall come before a Special General Meeting other than the business specified in the notice convening such meeting.\n\nIII.3. Notice of Meetings\n\nNo Annual General Meeting or Special General Meeting may be convened unless and until twenty-one (21) days' notice in writing of the date and place of such meeting has been provided to each Member of the Society.\n\nIII.4. Quorum Seven (7) Members present in person at a Special General Meeting, or\n\nAnnual General Meeting shall constitute a Quorum, provided that the Quorum include two (2) Officers if less than fifteen (15) Members are present.\n\nIII.5. Voting\n\nIII.5.a) Each Member present at a Special General Meeting or Annual General Meeting shall have one vote. No proxy privileges will be granted. Each question will be decided by majority vote unless otherwise specifically provided by the Societies Act of Alberta or by these Bylaws.\nIII.5.b) Voting at Annual General Meetings or Special General Meetings shall be by a show of hands unless a secret paper ballot is requested by any Member present.\n\nIII.6. Scrutineers\n\nOne or more scrutineers may be appointed by the President to act as required in the examination of the voting procedure, provided that such appointees abstain from participation in the discussion of, or voting on, the issue or issues in question.\n\nIV BOARD OF DIRECTORS\n\nThroughout this document, The Board of Directors may be referred to as \"The Board\" and members of the Board referred to as \"Directors\".\n\nIV.1. Composition of the Board\n\nIV.1.a) The Board shall consist of no fewer than nine (9) nor more than fifty (50) Directors who are Members of the Society.\n\nIV.2. Election of Directors\n\nIV.2.a) At any meeting of the Board, Members may be nominated as Directors, if the Member to be nominated has been a Member for a minimum of two years.\n\nIV.2.b) Any Director may nominate any other Member as a candidate for the Board.\n\nIV.2.c) At the time of the nomination for Director, the Secretary will inform the Members present of the current number of Directors on the Board. Should there be fewer than fifty (50) current Directors, an election will be held.\n\nIV.2.d) Election will be by show of hands, or by secret ballot if so required by any Member.\n\nIV.2.e) A nominee will be considered elected by the affirmative vote of three-fourths (3/4) of the Directors present.\n\nIV.2.f) A person elected as a Director becomes a Director if they were present at the meeting when being elected, and did not refuse the nomination. They may also become a Director if they were not present at the meeting but consented in writing to act as a Director before the election, or within ten days after the election.\n\nIV.3. Term of Office\n\nOnce elected, Directors hold office in perpetuity, or until:\n\nIV.3.a) They resign by informing any Officer of the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign.\n\nIV.3.b) They cease to be Members of the Society,\n\nIV.3.c) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.\n\nIV.4. Responsibilities of Directors\n\nIV.4.a) Each Director will be responsible to the Membership and the Board for such duties as may be assigned and accepted by said Director in order to fulfill the purposes of the Society.\n\nIV.4.b) Each Director is required to attend, in any one year, at least one-half (1/2) of the meetings of the Board as set forth in these Bylaws.\n\nIV.4.c) Failure to fulfill either of the responsibilities outlined in this item can be considered sufficient cause to remove the individual as Director.\n\nIV.5. Compensation\n\nThe Directors will not receive any honorarium,salary or goods in return for their services to the Society.\n\nIV.6. Powers of the Board\n\nIV.6.a) The Board shall, subject to the Bylaws or directions given it by majority vote at any meeting properly called and constituted, have full control and management of the affairs of the Society. IV.6.b) In order to fulfill the purposes of the Society, the Board may exercise all powers of the Society and do all lawful acts and things, even though such actions may not be directed by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society, provided that such actions are not specifically prohibited by these Bylaws or by the Members of the Society.\n\nIV.6.c) The Board shall regularly review and update Policies and Procedures in order to define the goals of the Society and to provide guidelines for the activities of the Society. IV.6.d) The actions of a majority of Directors present at any meeting of the Board for which a Quorum is present will bind the Society.\n\nIV.7. Liability of Directors\n\nThe Society shall hold harmless and indemnify its Directors and Officers against any and all claims and actions arising out of their participation in the affairs of the Society, except where such claims and actions relate to his/her negligence, criminal acts, or failure to act honestly and in good faith. The Society shall maintain Directors and Officers insurance in an amount to be determined by the Board.\n\nIV.8. Meetings of the Board\n\nIV.8.a) Meetings of the Board may be called at the discretion of the President. Meetings of the Board must be called by the President or the VicePresident if requested in writing by any two Directors. At least twenty-four hours' notice of a Board meeting must be provided to all Directors.\n\nIV.8.b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, immediately following the dissolution of each Annual General Meeting a meeting of the Board shall be convened without notice.\n\nIV.9. Quorum\n\nThe lesser of one-third (1/3) of the total current number of Directors, or seven (7) shall constitute a Quorum for the Board of Directors, provided that the Quorum includes two (2) Officers if less than one-third (1/3) of the Directors are present.\n\nIV.10. Removal of Directors\n\nAny Director may be removed for any reason deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors evidenced by resolution adopted by three-fourths (3/4) affirmative vote of all Directors present at a meeting, provided that a Quorum of Directors is present. However, no vote on the removal of any Director shall be taken unless and until fifteen (15) days' notice in writing of the date set for a meeting of the Directors to hear and consider the case of such Director shall have been given to such Director by mailing the same in a registered envelope addressed to such Director at his/her address appearing on the Membership Roster. Recommendation for the removal of any Director may be proposed to the Directors by any five Members of the Society, acting jointly. The Director proposed to be removed shall have the right to appear before the Directors, and to be heard by the Directors before the Board shall take final vote on the question of removal.\n\nV OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY\n\nV.1. Election of Officers\n\nV.1.a) At the first meeting of the Board, (immediately following the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting), there shall be elected the Officers of the Society. These positions will include at a minimum President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer from nominations made prior to, or during, the meeting of the Board. Other Officers may also be elected at this time, as the Board deems advisable.\n\nV.1.b) Should a position as specified in V.1.a become vacant, the remaining Officers may appoint a Director to act in that position until the Board elects a successor.\n\nV.2. Qualifications for Office\n\nV.2.a) Any Member of the Society who has been a member of the Board of Directors for at least two (2) years may be nominated for the position of any of the Offices except that of President and VicePresident.\nV.2.b) Nominations for the position of Vice-President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of three (3) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.\nV.2.c) Nominations for the position of President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have been a Director for a minimum of five (5) years, and served as a Committee Chair for a minimum of two (2) years prior to such nomination.\nV.2.d) Nominations for the position of Past President will be considered valid only if, additionally, the nominees have previously served as President.\n\nV.3. Term of Office\n\nOnce elected, Officers shall hold their Office until one of the following occurs:\n\nV.3.a) Their successors are elected.\nV.3.b) They resign by informing any other Officer in the Society in person, or in writing, or by telephone that they wish to resign from their Office.\nV.3.c) They cease to be Members of the Society.\nV.3.d) They are removed as Director by the procedure outlined in IV.10 of these Bylaws.\n\nV.4. President\n\nV.4.a) The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and at all Annual General Meetings and Special General Meetings of the Society. At such meetings, the duties of the President shall be those customary to the Office.\nV.4.b) The President shall fulfill all duties as directed by the Board.\nV.4.c) The President shall be an ex officio member of all Committees appointed by the Board.\nV.4.d) The President shall have the authority, when time constraints or other circumstances require, to bind the Society to decisions or actions deemed necessary by the President without the prior approval of the Board; provided that any expenditures so incurred by the President do not exceed an amount defined by the Board from time to time, and that such actions are reported in full to the next meeting of the Board.\n\nVice-President\n\n© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society The Vice-President shall act in the absence of the President and shall fulfill\n\nV.5.\n\nsuch other duties as directed by the Board.\n\nV.6. Secretary\n\nV.6.a) The Secretary shall keep minutes of each meeting held, showing the business transacted thereat and at each meeting shall record the names of the Members present.\nV.6.b) The Secretary shall circulate all notices required by the Bylaws, or\nby the Board; shall prepare and circulate all minutes of Board meetings to Directors; and shall read or circulate all minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting or any Special General Meeting to the Annual General Meeting.\nV.6.c) The Secretary shall be the custodian of the Society's corporate seal and shall make the seal available for use as specified by the Board.\nV.6.d) The Secretary shall maintain the Society's Membership Roster and shall include on it a notation of those Members who are Directors.\nV.6.e) The Secretary shall ensure that all forms, registrations and other documents that may be required by law or by bodies extant to the Society are completed, filed and correctly updated.\n\nV.7. Treasurer\n\nV.7.a) The Treasurer shall record and keep all financial transactions of the Society and shall report the same to the Board at any meeting and to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.\nV.7.b) The Treasurer shall maintain an inventory of all capital assets that may be in the possession of the Society and shall report the same to the Members at the Annual General Meeting.\nV.7.c) The Treasurer shall provide the Auditor with all financial records and inventories.\n\nV.8. Past President\n\nThe Past President shall advise the other Officers and shall fulfill such other duties as directed by the Board.\n\nVI COMMITTEES\n\nVI.1. Appointment\n\nVI.1.a) The Board shall appoint from time to time such standing committees as it may deem necessary to carry out the purposes of the Society. All Committees shall report to the Board.\nVI.1.b) No individual may be appointed or elected as Chairperson of any committee unless said individual is a Director.\n\nVI.2. Powers of Committees\n\nThe Board shall have the power to delegate to the committees appointed by it such duties or functions as in the judgement of the Board shall promote the general welfare of the Society. No committee shall have the power to bind or represent the Society except as expressly authorized to do so by the Board.\n\nVI.3. Committee Meetings\n\nEach committee shall meet at the call of the respective Chairperson, as frequently and at such time as may be determined by the committee.\n\nVII. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES\n\nVII.1. Auditors\n\nThe Board shall appoint an auditor to audit the accounts of the Society annually. The remuneration of the auditor shall be fixed by the Board.\n\nVII.2. Fiscal Year\n\nThe fiscal year end of the Society in each year shall be June 30.\n\nVII.3. Banking\n\nThe bank accounts of the Society shall be maintained by such bank or trust company as the Board by resolution may designate. All banking business, or any part thereof, shall be transacted on behalf of the Society by two or more Officers and/or other persons that the Board may designate or authorize from time to time by resolution, and to the extent therein provided. Included in the transaction of business shall be the operation of the accounts of the Society, the making, signin<cursor_is_here>\n\nVII.4. Fund Raising\n\nIn order to fulfil the objects of the Society, the Board may resolve to authorize any lawful solicitation ventures with the purpose of securing funds to be used by the Society. The Board may designate such funds to be expended in the operation of the Society or to be held in trust.\n\nVII.5. Borrowing Powers\n\nFor the purpose of carrying out the objects of the Society, the Board may borrow or raise or secure the payment of money in such terms it may deem advisable upon the credit of the Society.\n\nVIII. NOTICES\n\nAny notice, communication or document to be given by the Society to a Member shall be sufficiently given if it is:\n\nVIII.1. Delivered personally to the Member to whom it is to be given, or\n\nVIII.2. Delivered to the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or\n\nVIII.3. Mailed by prepaid mail in an envelope addressed to the Member at the Member's address as recorded in the Membership Roster, or\n\nVIII.4. Delivered by electronic means if the Member has recorded an electronic address in the Membership Roster.\n\nIX. INSPECTION OF BOOKS AND RECORDS\n\nThe books and records of the Society may be inspected by any Member upon giving reasonable notice and arranging a time satisfactory to the Officer or Officers having charge of the same.\n\nX. SIGNATURE AND CERTIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS\n\nX.1. Seal\n\nThe Society may have a corporate seal in form approved by the Board bearing the name of the Society and the words \"corporate seal\". The seal shall be kept in the custody of the Secretary.\n\nX.2. Use of Seal\n\nThe seal shall not be impressed upon any document except in the presence of the President and the Secretary, or in the presence of any two Directors who may be so authorized by resolution of the Board.\n\nXI. AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS\n\nThe Bylaws of the Society shall not be amended except by a Special Resolution of the Society. For such purpose, \"Special Resolution\" shall be defined by the Societies Act of Alberta.\n\n© 2009 Calgary Youth Science Fair Society\n</text>\n",
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Photo Flash: Porchlight Music Theatre Announces Return of BEST MUSICAL!, 11/28
BEST MUSICAL! – Holiday Edition! takes audiences to the “Bestie Awards” ceremony where the cast performs the “Best Song from a Musical” nominees from a grab bag of audience-suggested titles. The audience votes for their favorite song as performed in Act 1 and comes back after intermission for an entirely improvised musical comedy with lights, costumes and fully improvised music and choreography featuring the “Bestie” winning song. Each performance guarantees a completely different musical comedy with completely new songs every week.
The company includes Matthew Loren Cohen, on piano, veterans of the original run of BEST MUSICAL! plus new cast members from The Second City, iO and The Annoyance stages.
ABOUT CREATOR Matthew Loren Cohen
Porchlight Music Theatre, nationally recognized for developing innovative new works, reimagining classic productions and showcasing musical theatre’s rising stars and seasoned veterans, is in its 18th season as Chicago’s music theatre leader, providing an intimate, modern musical experience unlike anything else in the city. As Chicago’s only professional company solely dedicated to music theatre, Porchlight’s rich history includes the staging of more than 50 shows with five world premieres and 10 Chicago premieres. The company has received a total of 73 Joseph Jefferson Award nominations resulting in 22 Jeff Awards.
Photo Credit: Porchlight Music Theatre
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Photo Flash: Porchlight Music Theatre Announces Return of BEST MUSICAL!, 11/28
BEST MUSICAL! – Holiday Edition! takes audiences to the “Bestie Awards” ceremony where the cast performs the “Best Song from a Musical” nominees from a grab bag of audience-suggested titles. The audience votes for their favorite song as performed in Act 1 and comes back after intermission for an entirely improvised musical comedy with lights, costumes and fully improvised music and choreography featuring the “Bestie” winning song. Each performance guarantees a completely different musical comedy with completely new songs every week.
The company includes Matthew Loren Cohen, on piano, veterans of the original run of BEST MUSICAL! plus new cast members from The Second City, iO and The Annoyance stages.
ABOUT CREATOR Matthew Loren Cohen
Porchlight Music Theatre, nationally recognized for developing innovative new works, reimagining classic productions and showcasing musical theatre’s rising stars and seasoned veterans, is in its 18th season as Chicago’s music theatre leader, providing an intimate, modern musical experience unlike anything else in the city. As Chicago’s only professional company solely dedicated to music theatre, Porchlight’s rich history includes the staging of
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more than 50 shows with five world premieres and 10 Chicago premieres.
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Photo Flash: Porchlight Music Theatre Announces Return of BEST MUSICAL!, 11/28
BEST MUSICAL! – Holiday Edition! takes audiences to the “Bestie Awards” ceremony where the cast performs the “Best Song from a Musical” nominees from a grab bag of audience-suggested titles. The audience votes for their favorite song as performed in Act 1 and comes back after intermission for an entirely improvised musical comedy with lights, costumes and fully improvised music and choreography featuring the “Bestie” winning song. Each performance guarantees a completely different musical comedy with completely new songs every week.
The company includes Matthew Loren Cohen, on piano, veterans of the original run of BEST MUSICAL! plus new cast members from The Second City, iO and The Annoyance stages.
ABOUT CREATOR Matthew Loren Cohen
Porchlight Music Theatre, nationally recognized for developing innovative new works, reimagining classic productions and showcasing musical theatre’s rising stars and seasoned veterans, is in its 18th season as Chicago’s music theatre leader, providing an intimate, modern musical experience unlike anything else in the city. As Chicago’s only professional company solely dedicated to music theatre, Porchlight’s rich history includes the staging of<cursor_is_here>
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sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[9931–93–OEI]
Cross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, State of North Carolina
AGENCY
: Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of the State of North Carolina's request to revise its EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution EPA-authorized program to allow electronic reporting.
DATES: EPA's approval is effective March 10, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Karen Seeh, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification of those programs and obtain EPA approval. Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements.
On November 3rd 2016, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NC DENR) submitted an application titled Electronic Discharge Monitoring Report System for revision/modification to its EPA-approved program under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed NC DENR's request to revise its EPA-authorized Part 123— EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revision/modification set out in 40 CFR part 3, subpart D. In accordance with 40 CFR 3.1000(d), this notice of EPA's decision to approve North Carolina's request to revise its Part 123—EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program to allow electronic reporting under 40 CFR part 122 is being published in the Federal Register.
NC DENR was notified of EPA's determination to approve its application with respect to the authorized program listed above.
Matthew Leopard,
Director, Office of Information Management.
[FR Doc. 2017–04759 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[EPA–R04–OAR–2016–0782; FRL–9959–75– Region 4]
Adequacy Status of the Knoxville, TN 1997 Annual PM2.5 Maintenance Plan Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity Purposes
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.
ACTION
: Notice of adequacy.
SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is notifying the public that it has found that the motor vehicle emissions budgets (MVEBs) contained in the State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision pertaining to the Knoxville, Tennessee 1997 Annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) nonattainment area are adequate for transportation
VerDate Sep<11>2014
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conformity purposes. This SIP revision was submitted on December 20, 2016, by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) and requests that EPA redesignate the area to attainment for the 1997 annual PM2.5 national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), and that EPA approve a maintenance plan for the continued attainment of the Area. The Knoxville 1997 Annual PM2.5 nonattainment area (hereafter referred to as ''the Knoxville Area''), for which MVEBs are established in this notice, is comprised of the entire counties of Anderson, Blount, Knox, and Loudon, as well as a portion of Roane County. On March 2, 1999, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) ruled that submitted SIPs cannot be used for transportation conformity determinations until EPA has affirmatively found that the MVEBs are adequate. As a result of EPA's finding, the Knoxville Area must use the MVEBs for future conformity determinations for the 1997 Annual PM2.5 NAAQS. DATES: These MVEBs are effective March 27, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kelly Sheckler, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Air Regulatory Management Section, 61 Forsyth Street SW., Atlanta, Georgia 30303. Ms. Sheckler can also be reached by telephone at (404) 562–9222, or via electronic mail at sheckler.kelly@ epa.gov. The finding is available at EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/ transconf/currsips.htm.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This notice is simply an announcement of a finding that EPA has already made. EPA, Region 4, sent a letter to TDEC on February 15, 2017, stating that the MVEBs identified for Knoxville in Tennessee's maintenance SIP revision, submitted on December 20, 2016, are adequate and must be used for transportation conformity determinations in the Knoxville Area.
EPA posted the availability of the Knoxville Area MVEBs on EPA's Web site on December 22, 2016, as part of the adequacy process, for the purpose of soliciting comments. The adequacy comment period ran until January 23, 2017. During EPA's adequacy comment period, no comments were received on the Knoxville Area MVEBs. Through this notice, EPA is informing the public that these MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity. This finding has also been announced on EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/
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sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES
transconf/pastsips.htm. The adequate MVEBs are provided in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1—KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE 1997 ANNUAL PM2.5 MVEBS [Tons per year or tpy]
* This includes a safety margin of 10.39 tpy for PM2.5 and 2,613.27 tpy for NOX in 2028.
Transportation conformity is required by section 176(c) of the Clean Air Act. EPA's conformity rule, 40 CFR part 93, requires that transportation plans, programs, and projects conform to state air quality implementation plans and establishes the criteria and procedures for determining whether or not they do so. Conformity to a SIP means that transportation activities will not produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely attainment of the NAAQS.
The criteria by which EPA determines whether a SIP's MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity purposes are outlined in 40 CFR 93.118(e)(4). We have also described the process for determining the adequacy of submitted SIP budgets in our July 1, 2004 (69 FR 40004), final rulemaking entitled, ''Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments for the New 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Miscellaneous Revisions for Existing Areas; Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments: Response to Court Decision and Additional Rule Changes.'' Please note that an adequacy review is separate from EPA's completeness review, and it should not be used to prejudge EPA's ultimate approval of Tennessee's 1997 Annual PM2.5 SIP revision for the Knoxville Area. Even if EPA finds a budget adequate, the SIP revision could later be disapproved.
Within 24 months from the effective date of this notice or until such time that the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS is revoked for the Knoxville Area, the transportation partners will need to demonstrate conformity to the new MVEBs, if the demonstration has not already been made, pursuant to 40 CFR 93.104(e). See 73 FR 4419 (January 24, 2008).
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Dated: February 15, 2017.
Kenneth R. Lapierre,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4. [FR Doc. 2017–04681 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
VerDate Sep<11>2014
18:37 Mar 09, 2017
Jkt 241001
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[ER–FRL–9032–1]
Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availability
Responsible Agency: Office of Federal Activities, General Information (202) 564–7146 or http://www.epa.gov/nepa. Weekly receipt of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) Filed 02/27/2017 Through 03/03/2017 Pursuant to 40 CFR 1506.9.
Notice
Section 309(a) of the Clean Air Act requires that EPA make public its comments on EISs issued by other Federal agencies. EPA's comment letters on EISs are available at: http:// www.epa.gov/compliance/nepa/ eisdata.html.
EIS No. 20170029, Draft, FERC, WV, Mountaineer and Gulf XPress Projects, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julia Yuan 202– 502–8130 EIS No. 20170030, Final, BOEM, Other, Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas 2017–2022 Multisale, Review Period Ends: 04/09/2017, Contact: Greg Kozlowski 504–736–2512
EIS No. 20170031, Draft, USFS, ID, Big Creek Hot Springs Geothermal Leasing, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julie Hopkins 208– 756–5279
Dated: March 6, 2017.
Dawn Roberts,
Management Analyst, NEPA Compliance Division, Office of Federal Activities. [FR Doc. 2017–04760 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[9956–84–OEI]
Cross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, Mecklenburg County, State of North Carolina
AGENCY: Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of Mecklenburg County's request to revise/modify certain of its EPA-authorized programs to allow electronic reporting.
DATES: EPA's approval is effective
March 10, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Karen Seeh, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of
PO 00000
Frm 00034
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Sfmt 4703
Environmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification of those programs and obtain EPA approval. Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements. Once an authorized program has EPA's approval to accept electronic documents under certain programs, CROMERR § 3.1000(a)(4) requires that the program keep EPA apprised of any changes to laws, policies, or the electronic document receiving systems that have the potential to affect the program's compliance with CROMERR § 3.2000.
On June 30, 2016, the Mecklenburg County Land Use & Environmental Services Agency (LUESA) submitted an application titled ''GovOnline System'' for revisions/modifications to its EPAapproved programs under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed LUESA's request to revise/ modify its EPA-authorized programs and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revisions/modifications set out
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sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[9931–93–OEI]
Cross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, State of North Carolina
AGENCY
: Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of the State of North Carolina's request to revise its EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution EPA-authorized program to allow electronic reporting.
DATES: EPA's approval is effective March 10, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Karen Seeh, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification of those programs and obtain EPA approval. Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements.
On November 3rd 2016, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NC DENR) submitted an application titled Electronic Discharge Monitoring Report System for revision/modification to its EPA-approved program under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed NC DENR's request to revise its EPA-authorized Part 123— EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revision/modification set out in 40 CFR part 3, subpart D. In accordance with 40 CFR 3.1000(d), this notice of EPA's decision to approve North Carolina's request to revise its Part 123—EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program to allow electronic reporting under 40 CFR part 122 is being published in the Federal Register.
NC DENR was notified of EPA's determination to approve its application with respect to the authorized program listed above.
Matthew Leopard,
Director, Office of Information Management.
[FR Doc. 2017–04759 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[EPA–R04–OAR–2016–0782; FRL–9959–75– Region 4]
Adequacy Status of the Knoxville, TN 1997 Annual PM2.5 Maintenance Plan Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity Purposes
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.
ACTION
: Notice of adequacy.
SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is notifying the public that it has found that the motor vehicle emissions budgets (MVEBs) contained in the State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision pertaining to the Knoxville, Tennessee 1997 Annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) nonattainment area are adequate for transportation
VerDate Sep<11>2014
18:37 Mar 09, 2017
Jkt 241001
PO 00000
conformity purposes. This SIP revision was submitted on December 20, 2016, by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) and requests that EPA redesignate the area to attainment for the 1997 annual PM2.5 national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), and that EPA approve a maintenance plan for the continued attainment of the Area. The Knoxville 1997 Annual PM2.5 nonattainment area (hereafter referred to as ''the Knoxville Area''), for which MVEBs are established in this notice, is comprised of the entire counties of Anderson, Blount, Knox, and Loudon, as well as a portion of Roane County. On March 2, 1999, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) ruled that submitted SIPs cannot be used for transportation conformity determinations until EPA has affirmatively found that the MVEBs are adequate. As a result of EPA's finding, the Knoxville Area must use the MVEBs for future conformity determinations for the 1997 Annual PM2.5 NAAQS. DATES: These MVEBs are effective March 27, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kelly Sheckler, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Air Regulatory Management Section, 61 Forsyth Street SW., Atlanta, Georgia 30303. Ms. Sheckler can also be reached by telephone at (404) 562–9222, or via electronic mail at sheckler.kelly@ epa.gov. The finding is available at EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/ transconf/currsips.htm.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This notice is simply an announcement of a finding that EPA has already made. EPA, Region 4, sent a letter to TDEC on February 15, 2017, stating that the MVEBs identified for Knoxville in Tennessee's maintenance SIP revision, submitted on December 20, 2016, are adequate and must be used for transportation conformity determinations in the Knoxville Area.
EPA posted the availability of the Knoxville Area MVEBs on EPA's Web site on December 22, 2016, as part of the adequacy process, for the purpose of soliciting comments. The adequacy comment period ran until January 23, 2017. During EPA's adequacy comment period, no comments were received on the Knoxville Area MVEBs. Through this notice, EPA is informing the public that these MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity. This finding has also been announced on EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/
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sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES
transconf/pastsips.htm. The adequate MVEBs are provided in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1—KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE 1997 ANNUAL PM2.5 MVEBS [Tons per year or tpy]
* This includes a safety margin of 10.39 tpy for PM2.5 and 2,613.27 tpy for NOX in 2028.
Transportation conformity is required by section 176(c) of the Clean Air Act. EPA's conformity rule, 40 CFR part 93, requires that transportation plans, programs, and projects conform to state air quality implementation plans and establishes the criteria and procedures for determining whether or not they do so. Conformity to a SIP means that transportation activities will not produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely attainment of the NAAQS.
The criteria by which EPA determines whether a SIP's MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity purposes are outlined in 40 CFR 93.118(e)(4). We have also described the process for determining the adequacy of submitted SIP budgets in our July 1, 2004 (69 FR 40004), final rulemaking entitled, ''Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments for the New 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Miscellaneous Revisions for Existing Areas; Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments: Response to Court Decision and Additional Rule Changes.'' Please note that an adequacy review is separate from EPA's completeness review, and it should not be used to prejudge EPA's ultimate approval of Tennessee's 1997 Annual PM2.5 SIP revision for the Knoxville Area. Even if EPA finds a budget adequate, the SIP revision could later be disapproved.
Within 24 months from the effective date of this notice or until such time that the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS is revoked for the Knoxville Area, the transportation partners will need to demonstrate conformity to the new MVEBs, if the demonstration has not already been made, pursuant to 40 CFR 93.104(e). See 73 FR 4419 (January 24, 2008).
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Dated: February 15, 2017.
Kenneth R. Lapierre,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4. [FR Doc. 2017–04681 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
VerDate Sep<11>2014
18:37 Mar 09, 2017
Jkt 241001
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[ER–FRL–9032–1]
Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availability
Responsible Agency: Office of Federal Activities, General Information (202) 564–7146 or http://www.epa.gov/nepa. Weekly receipt of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) Filed 02/27/2017 Through 03/03/2017 Pursuant to 40 CFR 1506.9.
Notice
Section 309(a) of the Clean Air Act requires that EPA make public its comments on EISs issued by other Federal agencies. EPA's comment letters on EISs are available at: http:// www.epa.gov/compliance/nepa/ eisdata.html.
EIS No. 20170029, Draft, FERC, WV, Mountaineer and Gulf XPress Projects, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julia Yuan 202– 502–8130 EIS No. 20170030, Final, BOEM, Other, Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas 2017–2022 Multisale, Review Period Ends: 04/09/2017, Contact: Greg Kozlowski 504–736–2512
EIS No. 20170031, Draft, USFS, ID, Big Creek Hot Springs Geothermal Leasing, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julie Hopkins 208– 756–5279
Dated: March 6, 2017.
Dawn Roberts,
Management Analyst, NEPA Compliance Division, Office of Federal Activities. [FR Doc. 2017–04760 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[9956–84–OEI]
Cross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, Mecklenburg County, State of North Carolina
AGENCY: Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of Mecklenburg County's request to revise/modify certain of its EPA-authorized programs to allow electronic reporting.
DATES: EPA's approval is effective
March 10, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Karen Seeh, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of
PO 00000
Frm 00034
Fmt 4703
Sfmt 4703
Environmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification
|
of those programs and obtain EPA approval.
|
Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements. Once an authorized program has EPA's approval to accept electronic documents under certain programs, CROMERR § 3.1000(a)(4) requires that the program keep EPA apprised of any changes to laws, policies, or the electronic document receiving systems that have the potential to affect the program's compliance with CROMERR § 3.2000.
On June 30, 2016, the Mecklenburg County Land Use & Environmental Services Agency (LUESA) submitted an application titled ''GovOnline System'' for revisions/modifications to its EPAapproved programs under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed LUESA's request to revise/ modify its EPA-authorized programs and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revisions/modifications set out
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<url>
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-03-10/pdf/2017-04681.pdf
</url>
<text>
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[9931–93–OEI]
Cross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, State of North Carolina
AGENCY
: Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of the State of North Carolina's request to revise its EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution EPA-authorized program to allow electronic reporting.
DATES: EPA's approval is effective March 10, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Karen Seeh, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification of those programs and obtain EPA approval. Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements.
On November 3rd 2016, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NC DENR) submitted an application titled Electronic Discharge Monitoring Report System for revision/modification to its EPA-approved program under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed NC DENR's request to revise its EPA-authorized Part 123— EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revision/modification set out in 40 CFR part 3, subpart D. In accordance with 40 CFR 3.1000(d), this notice of EPA's decision to approve North Carolina's request to revise its Part 123—EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program to allow electronic reporting under 40 CFR part 122 is being published in the Federal Register.
NC DENR was notified of EPA's determination to approve its application with respect to the authorized program listed above.
Matthew Leopard,
Director, Office of Information Management.
[FR Doc. 2017–04759 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[EPA–R04–OAR–2016–0782; FRL–9959–75– Region 4]
Adequacy Status of the Knoxville, TN 1997 Annual PM2.5 Maintenance Plan Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity Purposes
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.
ACTION
: Notice of adequacy.
SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is notifying the public that it has found that the motor vehicle emissions budgets (MVEBs) contained in the State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision pertaining to the Knoxville, Tennessee 1997 Annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) nonattainment area are adequate for transportation
VerDate Sep<11>2014
18:37 Mar 09, 2017
Jkt 241001
PO 00000
conformity purposes. This SIP revision was submitted on December 20, 2016, by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) and requests that EPA redesignate the area to attainment for the 1997 annual PM2.5 national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), and that EPA approve a maintenance plan for the continued attainment of the Area. The Knoxville 1997 Annual PM2.5 nonattainment area (hereafter referred to as ''the Knoxville Area''), for which MVEBs are established in this notice, is comprised of the entire counties of Anderson, Blount, Knox, and Loudon, as well as a portion of Roane County. On March 2, 1999, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) ruled that submitted SIPs cannot be used for transportation conformity determinations until EPA has affirmatively found that the MVEBs are adequate. As a result of EPA's finding, the Knoxville Area must use the MVEBs for future conformity determinations for the 1997 Annual PM2.5 NAAQS. DATES: These MVEBs are effective March 27, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kelly Sheckler, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Air Regulatory Management Section, 61 Forsyth Street SW., Atlanta, Georgia 30303. Ms. Sheckler can also be reached by telephone at (404) 562–9222, or via electronic mail at sheckler.kelly@ epa.gov. The finding is available at EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/ transconf/currsips.htm.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This notice is simply an announcement of a finding that EPA has already made. EPA, Region 4, sent a letter to TDEC on February 15, 2017, stating that the MVEBs identified for Knoxville in Tennessee's maintenance SIP revision, submitted on December 20, 2016, are adequate and must be used for transportation conformity determinations in the Knoxville Area.
EPA posted the availability of the Knoxville Area MVEBs on EPA's Web site on December 22, 2016, as part of the adequacy process, for the purpose of soliciting comments. The adequacy comment period ran until January 23, 2017. During EPA's adequacy comment period, no comments were received on the Knoxville Area MVEBs. Through this notice, EPA is informing the public that these MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity. This finding has also been announced on EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/
Frm 00033
Fmt 4703
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sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES
transconf/pastsips.htm. The adequate MVEBs are provided in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1—KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE 1997 ANNUAL PM2.5 MVEBS [Tons per year or tpy]
* This includes a safety margin of 10.39 tpy for PM2.5 and 2,613.27 tpy for NOX in 2028.
Transportation conformity is required by section 176(c) of the Clean Air Act. EPA's conformity rule, 40 CFR part 93, requires that transportation plans, programs, and projects conform to state air quality implementation plans and establishes the criteria and procedures for determining whether or not they do so. Conformity to a SIP means that transportation activities will not produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely attainment of the NAAQS.
The criteria by which EPA determines whether a SIP's MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity purposes are outlined in 40 CFR 93.118(e)(4). We have also described the process for determining the adequacy of submitted SIP budgets in our July 1, 2004 (69 FR 40004), final rulemaking entitled, ''Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments for the New 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Miscellaneous Revisions for Existing Areas; Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments: Response to Court Decision and Additional Rule Changes.'' Please note that an adequacy review is separate from EPA's completeness review, and it should not be used to prejudge EPA's ultimate approval of Tennessee's 1997 Annual PM2.5 SIP revision for the Knoxville Area. Even if EPA finds a budget adequate, the SIP revision could later be disapproved.
Within 24 months from the effective date of this notice or until such time that the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS is revoked for the Knoxville Area, the transportation partners will need to demonstrate conformity to the new MVEBs, if the demonstration has not already been made, pursuant to 40 CFR 93.104(e). See 73 FR 4419 (January 24, 2008).
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Dated: February 15, 2017.
Kenneth R. Lapierre,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4. [FR Doc. 2017–04681 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
VerDate Sep<11>2014
18:37 Mar 09, 2017
Jkt 241001
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[ER–FRL–9032–1]
Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availability
Responsible Agency: Office of Federal Activities, General Information (202) 564–7146 or http://www.epa.gov/nepa. Weekly receipt of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) Filed 02/27/2017 Through 03/03/2017 Pursuant to 40 CFR 1506.9.
Notice
Section 309(a) of the Clean Air Act requires that EPA make public its comments on EISs issued by other Federal agencies. EPA's comment letters on EISs are available at: http:// www.epa.gov/compliance/nepa/ eisdata.html.
EIS No. 20170029, Draft, FERC, WV, Mountaineer and Gulf XPress Projects, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julia Yuan 202– 502–8130 EIS No. 20170030, Final, BOEM, Other, Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas 2017–2022 Multisale, Review Period Ends: 04/09/2017, Contact: Greg Kozlowski 504–736–2512
EIS No. 20170031, Draft, USFS, ID, Big Creek Hot Springs Geothermal Leasing, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julie Hopkins 208– 756–5279
Dated: March 6, 2017.
Dawn Roberts,
Management Analyst, NEPA Compliance Division, Office of Federal Activities. [FR Doc. 2017–04760 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[9956–84–OEI]
Cross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, Mecklenburg County, State of North Carolina
AGENCY: Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of Mecklenburg County's request to revise/modify certain of its EPA-authorized programs to allow electronic reporting.
DATES: EPA's approval is effective
March 10, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Karen Seeh, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of
PO 00000
Frm 00034
Fmt 4703
Sfmt 4703
Environmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification<cursor_is_here> Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements. Once an authorized program has EPA's approval to accept electronic documents under certain programs, CROMERR § 3.1000(a)(4) requires that the program keep EPA apprised of any changes to laws, policies, or the electronic document receiving systems that have the potential to affect the program's compliance with CROMERR § 3.2000.
On June 30, 2016, the Mecklenburg County Land Use & Environmental Services Agency (LUESA) submitted an application titled ''GovOnline System'' for revisions/modifications to its EPAapproved programs under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed LUESA's request to revise/ modify its EPA-authorized programs and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revisions/modifications set out
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-03-10/pdf/2017-04681.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nsradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES\n\nENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY\n\n[9931–93–OEI]\n\nCross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, State of North Carolina\n\nAGENCY\n\n: Environmental Protection\n\nAgency (EPA).\n\nACTION: Notice.\n\nSUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of the State of North Carolina's request to revise its EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution EPA-authorized program to allow electronic reporting.\n\nDATES: EPA's approval is effective March 10, 2017.\n\nFOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Karen Seeh, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].\n\nSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification of those programs and obtain EPA approval. Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements.\n\nOn November 3rd 2016, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NC DENR) submitted an application titled Electronic Discharge Monitoring Report System for revision/modification to its EPA-approved program under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed NC DENR's request to revise its EPA-authorized Part 123— EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revision/modification set out in 40 CFR part 3, subpart D. In accordance with 40 CFR 3.1000(d), this notice of EPA's decision to approve North Carolina's request to revise its Part 123—EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution program to allow electronic reporting under 40 CFR part 122 is being published in the Federal Register.\n\nNC DENR was notified of EPA's determination to approve its application with respect to the authorized program listed above.\n\nMatthew Leopard,\n\nDirector, Office of Information Management.\n\n[FR Doc. 2017–04759 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P\n\nENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY\n\n[EPA–R04–OAR–2016–0782; FRL–9959–75– Region 4]\n\nAdequacy Status of the Knoxville, TN 1997 Annual PM2.5 Maintenance Plan Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity Purposes\n\nAGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.\n\nACTION\n\n: Notice of adequacy.\n\nSUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is notifying the public that it has found that the motor vehicle emissions budgets (MVEBs) contained in the State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision pertaining to the Knoxville, Tennessee 1997 Annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) nonattainment area are adequate for transportation\n\nVerDate Sep<11>2014\n\n18:37 Mar 09, 2017\n\nJkt 241001\n\nPO 00000\n\nconformity purposes. This SIP revision was submitted on December 20, 2016, by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) and requests that EPA redesignate the area to attainment for the 1997 annual PM2.5 national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), and that EPA approve a maintenance plan for the continued attainment of the Area. The Knoxville 1997 Annual PM2.5 nonattainment area (hereafter referred to as ''the Knoxville Area''), for which MVEBs are established in this notice, is comprised of the entire counties of Anderson, Blount, Knox, and Loudon, as well as a portion of Roane County. On March 2, 1999, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) ruled that submitted SIPs cannot be used for transportation conformity determinations until EPA has affirmatively found that the MVEBs are adequate. As a result of EPA's finding, the Knoxville Area must use the MVEBs for future conformity determinations for the 1997 Annual PM2.5 NAAQS. DATES: These MVEBs are effective March 27, 2017.\n\nFOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kelly Sheckler, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Air Regulatory Management Section, 61 Forsyth Street SW., Atlanta, Georgia 30303. Ms. Sheckler can also be reached by telephone at (404) 562–9222, or via electronic mail at sheckler.kelly@ epa.gov. The finding is available at EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/ transconf/currsips.htm.\n\nSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This notice is simply an announcement of a finding that EPA has already made. EPA, Region 4, sent a letter to TDEC on February 15, 2017, stating that the MVEBs identified for Knoxville in Tennessee's maintenance SIP revision, submitted on December 20, 2016, are adequate and must be used for transportation conformity determinations in the Knoxville Area.\n\nEPA posted the availability of the Knoxville Area MVEBs on EPA's Web site on December 22, 2016, as part of the adequacy process, for the purpose of soliciting comments. The adequacy comment period ran until January 23, 2017. During EPA's adequacy comment period, no comments were received on the Knoxville Area MVEBs. Through this notice, EPA is informing the public that these MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity. This finding has also been announced on EPA's conformity Web site: http:// www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/\n\nFrm 00033\n\nFmt 4703\n\nSfmt 4703\n\nE:\\FR\\FM\\10MRN1.SGM\n\n10MRN1\n\nsradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES\n\ntransconf/pastsips.htm. The adequate MVEBs are provided in Table 1 below:\n\nTABLE 1—KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE 1997 ANNUAL PM2.5 MVEBS [Tons per year or tpy]\n\n* This includes a safety margin of 10.39 tpy for PM2.5 and 2,613.27 tpy for NOX in 2028.\n\nTransportation conformity is required by section 176(c) of the Clean Air Act. EPA's conformity rule, 40 CFR part 93, requires that transportation plans, programs, and projects conform to state air quality implementation plans and establishes the criteria and procedures for determining whether or not they do so. Conformity to a SIP means that transportation activities will not produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely attainment of the NAAQS.\n\nThe criteria by which EPA determines whether a SIP's MVEBs are adequate for transportation conformity purposes are outlined in 40 CFR 93.118(e)(4). We have also described the process for determining the adequacy of submitted SIP budgets in our July 1, 2004 (69 FR 40004), final rulemaking entitled, ''Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments for the New 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Miscellaneous Revisions for Existing Areas; Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments: Response to Court Decision and Additional Rule Changes.'' Please note that an adequacy review is separate from EPA's completeness review, and it should not be used to prejudge EPA's ultimate approval of Tennessee's 1997 Annual PM2.5 SIP revision for the Knoxville Area. Even if EPA finds a budget adequate, the SIP revision could later be disapproved.\n\nWithin 24 months from the effective date of this notice or until such time that the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS is revoked for the Knoxville Area, the transportation partners will need to demonstrate conformity to the new MVEBs, if the demonstration has not already been made, pursuant to 40 CFR 93.104(e). See 73 FR 4419 (January 24, 2008).\n\nAuthority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.\n\nDated: February 15, 2017.\n\nKenneth R. Lapierre,\n\nActing Regional Administrator, Region 4. [FR Doc. 2017–04681 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P\n\nVerDate Sep<11>2014\n\n18:37 Mar 09, 2017\n\nJkt 241001\n\nENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY\n\n[ER–FRL–9032–1]\n\nEnvironmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availability\n\nResponsible Agency: Office of Federal Activities, General Information (202) 564–7146 or http://www.epa.gov/nepa. Weekly receipt of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) Filed 02/27/2017 Through 03/03/2017 Pursuant to 40 CFR 1506.9.\n\nNotice\n\nSection 309(a) of the Clean Air Act requires that EPA make public its comments on EISs issued by other Federal agencies. EPA's comment letters on EISs are available at: http:// www.epa.gov/compliance/nepa/ eisdata.html.\n\nEIS No. 20170029, Draft, FERC, WV, Mountaineer and Gulf XPress Projects, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julia Yuan 202– 502–8130 EIS No. 20170030, Final, BOEM, Other, Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas 2017–2022 Multisale, Review Period Ends: 04/09/2017, Contact: Greg Kozlowski 504–736–2512\n\nEIS No. 20170031, Draft, USFS, ID, Big Creek Hot Springs Geothermal Leasing, Comment Period Ends: 04/ 24/2017, Contact: Julie Hopkins 208– 756–5279\n\nDated: March 6, 2017.\n\nDawn Roberts,\n\nManagement Analyst, NEPA Compliance Division, Office of Federal Activities. [FR Doc. 2017–04760 Filed 3–9–17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P\n\nENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY\n\n[9956–84–OEI]\n\nCross-Media Electronic Reporting: Authorized Program Revision Approval, Mecklenburg County, State of North Carolina\n\nAGENCY: Environmental Protection\n\nAgency (EPA).\n\nACTION: Notice.\n\nSUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's approval of Mecklenburg County's request to revise/modify certain of its EPA-authorized programs to allow electronic reporting.\n\nDATES: EPA's approval is effective\n\nMarch 10, 2017.\n\nFOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:\n\nKaren Seeh, US Environmental\n\nProtection Agency, Office of\n\nPO 00000\n\nFrm 00034\n\nFmt 4703\n\nSfmt 4703\n\nEnvironmental Information, Mail Stop 2823T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460, (202) 566–1175, [email protected].\n\nSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 13, 2005, the final Cross-Media Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) was published in the Federal Register (70 FR 59848) and codified as part 3 of title 40 of the CFR. CROMERR establishes electronic reporting as an acceptable regulatory alternative to paper reporting and establishes requirements to assure that electronic documents are as legally dependable as their paper counterparts. Subpart D of CROMERR requires that state, tribal or local government agencies that receive, or wish to begin receiving, electronic reports under their EPA-authorized programs must apply to EPA for a revision or modification<cursor_is_here> Subpart D provides standards for such approvals based on consideration of the electronic document receiving systems that the state, tribe, or local government will use to implement the electronic reporting. Additionally, § 3.1000(b) through (e) of 40 CFR part 3, subpart D provides special procedures for program revisions and modifications to allow electronic reporting, to be used at the option of the state, tribe or local government in place of procedures available under existing programspecific authorization regulations. An application submitted under the subpart D procedures must show that the state, tribe or local government has sufficient legal authority to implement the electronic reporting components of the programs covered by the application and will use electronic document receiving systems that meet the applicable subpart D requirements. Once an authorized program has EPA's approval to accept electronic documents under certain programs, CROMERR § 3.1000(a)(4) requires that the program keep EPA apprised of any changes to laws, policies, or the electronic document receiving systems that have the potential to affect the program's compliance with CROMERR § 3.2000.\n\nOn June 30, 2016, the Mecklenburg County Land Use & Environmental Services Agency (LUESA) submitted an application titled ''GovOnline System'' for revisions/modifications to its EPAapproved programs under title 40 CFR to allow new electronic reporting. EPA reviewed LUESA's request to revise/ modify its EPA-authorized programs and, based on this review, EPA determined that the application met the standards for approval of authorized program revisions/modifications set out\n\nE:\\FR\\FM\\10MRN1.SGM\n\n10MRN1\n</text>\n",
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Health-Protective Considerations Regarding Measurement of Gross Alpha Particle Activity in Drinking Water
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Sacramento and Oakland, California
SUMMARY
The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has examined the practicality of proposing a gross alpha particle Public Health Goal (PHG). Health and Safety Code Section 116365(c)(1) directs OEHHA to "prepare and publish an assessment of the risks to public health posed by each contaminant for which the department proposes a primary drinking water standard." The risk assessment must contain "an estimate of the level of the contaminant in drinking water that is not anticipated to cause or contribute to adverse health effects, or that does not pose any significant risk to health. This level shall be known as the public health goal for the contaminant."
OEHHA has concluded that it would not be practical to develop a PHG for the category of alpha emitters, despite the fact that this category has a primary standard, or maximum contaminant level (MCL), which is currently set at 15 pCi/L under both federal and California law. There are several reasons for this conclusion; the most important is that the designation of gross alpha does not refer to a specific chemical contaminant, but rather to a group of radioactive elements. Furthermore, the MCL represents only a screening level for assay of radioactivity produced by alpha emitters. If excessive activity levels are found, further sample characterization is required, and selected alpha emitters are subject to regulation under specific MCLs. OEHHA is developing PHGs for the selected isotopes for which there are MCLs.
The use and choice of a screening level is in this case a risk management decision, based on consideration of cost and feasibility, and therefore to develop a PHG, based exclusively on health-based considerations, for the gross alpha measure appears to be inappropriate. OEHHA believes it is useful, however, to describe the risk associated with various levels of alpha emission, which could have an important role in the selection of a screening level by incorporating the latest health based considerations. This may allow re-evaluation of the use of the current screening standard. The issue is complicated by apparent inconsistencies in the derivation of the primary standard. The gross alpha particle MCL was originally intended by U.S. EPA to screen drinking water for an unacceptable amount of radioactivity from natural sources, primarily represented by radium-226 and present primarily in groundwater. However, it also addresses radium-228, a beta emitter. The companion screening standard for gross beta particle/photon activity addresses man-made sources of radionuclides, focusing primarily on surface water, but ignores natural beta emitters. Measurement of these natural beta emitters would be more appropriately conducted under the conditions specified for the gross alpha measurement scheme, which favors the measurement of groundwater rather than just surface water sources.
Although other health impacts are possible, cancer has been recognized as the major health effect of most studied radionuclides. Moreover, risk assessment procedures to estimate the cancer risk from radionuclides have been well developed. Thus cancer is the principal endpoint that will be used to evaluate the health risk from alpha particle emitters in the present discussion.
Cancer risk from alpha particle emitters varies depending on the manner in which various body organs respond to that energy because certain organs are more sensitive to alpha particle energy from some isotopes than from others. Therefore, a risk-based healthprotective value would vary for the different isotopes measured in the gross alpha category. Based on current U.S. EPA cancer coefficients, all of the alpha-emitting radionuclides exceed a de minimis risk level of one in a million at the 15 pCi/L screening level. Our PHGs (to be developed) for radium-226, -228, and uranium will address the predominant health concerns represented by the gross alpha particle category. Other alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, including polonium-210 and radium-224, could be present in water supplies, but are not monitored under the established gross alpha screening method. While these radionuclides are generally not as prevalent as radium-226 and -228, their occurrence under rare circumstances might still be a concern for human exposure. This document discusses relative risk and exposure possibilities for various alpha emitters, with the intention of providing a perspective on risks associated with various screening levels for this radiation category. It does not suggest a specific screening level for (combined) gross alpha particles, because this involves analytical considerations. As the appropriate health-protective value varies for different chemicals, any "screening level" would not represent a consistent healthprotective standard that would cover all radionuclides of this class. When alpha emitters in water are characterized individually rather than as a class, their risks can be estimated using the U.S. EPA cancer coefficients specific for each radionuclide.
INTRODUCTION
Elements that contain unstable nuclei are said to be radioactive or are called radionuclides. This instability is manifested as the potential to decay or fall into a lower energy state by releasing principally either alpha or beta particles, or gamma rays. An alpha particle is defined as a positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. A beta particle is either a negatively charged negatron/electron or a positively charged particle (positron). Gamma rays are high energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation. Radioactive emissions are measured by an activity unit called a Curie (Ci), representing 3.7x10 10 disintegrations per second. For drinking water, the common representation of activity is the picoCurie (pCi), equal to 10 -12 Ci. Another representation of radioactivity is the Becquerel (Bq), which is one disintegration per second (1 pCi = 3.7 -2 Bq).
Energetic atoms of radionuclides release their energy either through particles or electromagnetic radiation, which then may in turn interact with other atoms or matter, particularly to knock electrons from off their orbits around the nucleus. This process is defined as ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a particular concern for living tissues as it could lead to changes in important constituents of the cell including DNA, and result in changes in structure and function of the cells or organ systems. Understanding the potential for ionizing radiation to effect changes to cells and tissues requires knowing how much
energy is deposited in the tissues as a result of these emissions. This concept is referred to as the absorbed dose and is represented by units of rad (radiation absorbed dose), which is the amount of energy (in units of 100 ergs) deposited in one gram of matter or tissue. In International Units, the Gray (Gy) is used for characterizing absorbed dose, representing one joule/kg of energy deposited and is equivalent to 100 rad.
However, the radiation particles or energy types differ in their ability to affect tissues, and thus an adjustment or quality factor can be used to compensate for the differences. For example, an alpha particle deposits its energy in a short range and rarely can penetrate the surface layers of tissues, while beta particles and gamma radiation deposit their energies over a greater range. The rem (roentgen exposed man) unit accounts for the difference in the type of radiation by multiplying the absorbed dose in rads by a quality factor, and can also be represented as sieverts (Sv), equaling 100 rem. Another fine-tuning of the absorbed dose is to adjust for the different types of organs affected by radioactive emissions; this is referred to as rem-ede (effective dose-equivalent).
CURRENT CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE
The primary drinking water standards for the State of California include Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for natural and man-made radioactivity (California Code of Regulations Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 15, Article 5). Section 64441 of the California code addresses Natural Radioactivity and states the following:
a) All community water systems shall monitor their water supplies for radium-226, radium-228 and uranium at least once every four years. Compliance with maximum radioactivity levels shall be based on the average of the analysis of four consecutive quarterly samples.
(b) Gross alpha particle measurement may be substituted for measurement of radium-226 and radium-228.
(1) The supply is considered to be in compliance with maximum radioactivity levels if the gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L).
(2) If gross alpha activity exceeds 5 pCi/L, measurement of radium-226 shall be made.
(3) If radium-226 exceeds 3 pCi/L, measurement of radium-228 shall be made.
(4) The sum of the radium-226 and radium-228 shall not exceed 5 pCi/L.
(c) If the average maximum contaminant level for gross alpha particle activity, total radium or uranium exceeds the levels shown on Table 4, the water supplier shall report this information to the Department within 48 hours.
In Table 4 of section 64441, the MCLs for naturally occurring radioactivity are listed, including uranium, radium-226 and -228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity. This table is reproduced below as Table 1.
Table 1. Maximum Contaminant Levels for Natural Radioactivity
| Constituent | MCL, pCi/L (Bq) |
|---|---|
| Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228 | 5 (0.19) |
| Uranium | 20 (0.74) |
| Gross alpha particle activity (including Ra-226, but excluding uranium and radon) | 15 (0.58) |
The gross alpha particle measurement is a relatively easy and quick laboratory technique originally developed to screen water samples for the presence of some key naturallyoccurring alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, although the method also screens for radium228, which is a beta particle emitter. The scheme below illustrates how the gross alphaparticle activity measure is used to evaluate compliance with the MCLs.
REGULATORY BACKGROUND
One of the main intentions of the U.S. EPA's 1976 MCL for gross alpha particle activity (15 pCi/L), which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was to limit the concentrations of other naturally occurring alpha emitters relative to radium-226. For naturally occurring radioactivity, health professionals are particularly concerned about the alpha-emitting radionuclides from the uranium, thorium and actinium decay series that have relatively longer half-lives. These radionuclides exist long enough to travel through water distribution systems and reach people and are particularly damaging to humans when ingested or inhaled. Fourteen alpha-emitting radionuclides with half-lives longer than one hour are included in this group. Table 2 lists these radionuclides. To ensure that the drinking water levels of these 14 radionuclides are safe, the U.S. EPA promulgated MCLs for total uranium, radium-226, and gross alpha radioactivity. The MCLs for uranium and radium include the most prevalent alpha-emitting radionuclides found in drinking water. In addition to uranium and radium-226, the gross alpha MCL procedure includes a step to screen for radium-228, a beta particle emitter, which is generally not as prevalent in drinking water as uranium and radium-226.
Table 2. Alpha-Particle Emitters from the Uranium, Thorium and Actinium Decay Series with Half-Lives Longer than One Hour
| Uranium | 238U,234U,230Th,226Ra,222Rn,210Po |
|---|---|
| Thorium | 232Th,228Th,224Ra,212Pb |
| Actinium | 235U,231Po,227Th,223Ra |
The U.S. EPA based the gross alpha particle activity MCL on a number of toxicity and exposure considerations. According to U.S. EPA (2000), continuous consumption of drinking water containing polonium-210, the next most radiotoxic alpha particle emitter in the uranium-238/radium-226 decay chain, might cause a total bone dose equivalent to 6 pCi/L of radium-226 at a polonium-210 concentration of 10 pCi/L. The 15 pCi/L limit, which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was based on the conservative assumption that if the radium concentration is limited to 5 pCi/L and the balance of the alpha particle activity is due to polonium-210, the total bone dose would be less than the dose associated with an intake of 6 pCi/L of radium-226.
The U.S. EPA was concerned about the analytical costs and the capabilities of state laboratories to analyze individual alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides, and concluded that an MCL for gross alpha was more in keeping with costs and capabilities for most state laboratories.
In 1991, the U.S. EPA proposed excluding radium-226 from the adjusted gross alpha particle activity. In the final 2000 rule, U.S. EPA decided to retain the 1976 standard based on the most current risk analysis using Federal Guidance No. 13 (U.S. EPA, 1999) cancer risk coefficients. These new cancer risk coefficients indicated that the risk from radium-226 was too significant to remove from the gross alpha activity without an appreciable loss of health protection. Excluding those radionuclides that have specific limits, the U.S. EPA also showed that the concentration that represents a 1x10 -4 lifetime cancer risk (an acceptable risk level by U.S. EPA standards) for most alpha-emitting radionuclides, while varying widely, generally falls below the present MCL of 15 pCi/L (U.S. EPA, 2000).
OCCURRENCE OF ALPHA PARTICLE ACTIVITY IN DRINKING WATER
Of all the naturally occurring alpha-emitting radionuclides of concern for drinking water (Table 2), the U.S. EPA considers those from the actinium decay series to be unimportant because the abundance of the parent ( 235 U) is very low in the earth's crust, less than 1 percent of either uranium or thorium (U.S. EPA, 2000). Of the other radionuclides in drinking water, thorium is extremely insoluble and not subject to mobilization in most groundwater environments (U.S. EPA, 2000). Radon is a noble gas that rapidly volatilizes from water when there is an air-water interface. High radon-222 concentrations have been associated with uranium-enriched phosphate strata that contain sulfuric acid water (USGS, 1998).
The remaining radionuclides include uranium-234 and -238; radium-224, -226 and -228; lead-212; and polonium-210. The occurrences of uranium and radium-226 and -228 are described in separate PHG documents (to be developed), and their levels in drinking water are regulated by separate MCLs. There is little or no occurrence data on lead-212 (U.S. EPA, 2000). However, a recent survey performed by the USGS and the U.S. EPA measured radium-224 and polonium-210 in 103 targeted wells from 27 states (USGS, 1998). These results are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Summary of Ground Water Analysis Results of the USGS (1998) Survey
| Statistic | 224U | 210Po |
|---|---|---|
| Number of samples | 104 | 95 |
| Arithmetic mean | 3.2 pCi/L | 0.1 pCi/L |
| Median | 0.3 pCi/L | 0.01 pCi/L |
| Standard deviation | 10.1 pCi/L | 0.5 pCi/L |
| Maximum | 73.6 pCi/L | 4.9 pCi/L |
The concentrations of radium-224 found ranged from less than 1 to 73.6 pCi/L (0.04 – 2.73 Bq). The maximum concentration was found in a coastal plain aquifer in Maryland. Most samples contained radium-224 in concentrations less than 1 pCi/L, with half of the concentrations being less than 0.3 pCi/L. Only 9 percent of the samples exceeded 7 pCi/L of radium-224. Concentrations of radium-224 and radium-228 were highly correlated because both are derived from the thorium-232 decay series. The few samples with high concentrations of radium-224 were from water with very low pH (< 4).
Polonium-210 was detected above the minimum detectable concentration, 1 pCi/L, in only two wells. The highest concentration (4.9 pCi/L, 0.18 Bq) was detected in a private well located in the coastal plain of Virginia.
The municipal water systems in the State of California have reported results from 1994 to 2001 on about 20,000 public drinking water supply wells for various alpha emissions, including radium-226, uranium, and gross alpha particle activity. The gross alpha particle MCL was exceeded about 100 times each year (DHS, 2002). The regulation requires that if 5 pCi/L is exceeded (5 pCi/L is the combined Ra-226, -228 MCL), specific analyses for uranium and radium must be conducted. No other alpha particle emitters are evaluated. Po210 and other alpha-particle-emitting-radionuclides are not measured, and therefore not reported.
In order to determine a suitable screening level employing a health/toxicity criterion, the type and amount of the contaminants of concern that are expected to be measured by this technique should be considered. The cancer risk can be estimated from alpha-particleemitting radionuclides other than uranium and radium-226 in two relevant ways. The first is to calculate the risk from measured values of radium-224 and polonium-210. The second is to assume that the entire risk from the gross alpha particle MCL (15 pCi/L) is from radium226 at its MCL (5 pCi/L), and the remaining 10 pCi/L from other non-uranium radionuclides.
To calculate cancer risk, the cancer morbidity risk coefficients from the Federal Guidance Report No. 13 were used. Table 4 below lists the cancer risk coefficients for the water ingestion exposure route. In addition, the table lists the unit lifetime risk concentrations for drinking water (in risk per pCi/L), assuming a drinking water rate of two liters/day for a 70year lifetime.
Table 4. Cancer Risk Coefficients and Unit Risk Values for Drinking Water
| Radionuclide | Morbidity Risk Coefficients (per Bq) | Risk per pCi/L in drinking water |
|---|---|---|
| 212Pb | 6.76 x 10-10 | 1.26 x 10-6 |
| 210Po | 4.9 x 10-8 | 9.40 x 10-5 |
| 224Ra | 4.50 x 10-9 | 8.5 x 10-6 |
| 226Ra | 1.04 x 10-8 | 1.97 x 10-5 |
| 228Ra * | 2.81 x 10-8 | 5.32 x 10-5 |
| 227Th | 1.28 x 10-9 | 2.42 x 10-6 |
| 228Th | 2.90 x 10-9 | 5.48 x 10-6 |
| 230Th | 2.46 x 10-9 | 4.65 x 10-6 |
| 232Th | 2.73 x 10-9 | 5.16 x 10-6 |
| 231Pa | 4.67 x 10-9 | 8.83 x 10-6 |
*beta emitter
CANCER RISK AT THE GROSS ALPHA MCL
Using the unit risks for drinking water in Table 4 above, the cancer morbidity risk at the gross alpha activity MCL of 15 pCi/L can be estimated. Assuming that radium-226 (and/or radium-228) was at its MCL value of 5 pCi/L, then the remainder of the activity (10 pCi/L) would come from each naturally occurring alpha emitting radionuclide that could be included in the gross measurement. The results are listed in Table 5. The table shows that except for polonium-210, the combined cancer risk at the MCL ranges from 1.0 to 1.9 x 10 -4 . With polonium-210, the combined cancer risk at the MCL is 10 -3 .
Table 5. Cancer Risk of Drinking Water at the Gross Alpha MCL
| Radionuclide | Risk per pCi/L | Risk at 10 pCi/L | Total risk including Ra-226 at 5 pCi/L |
|---|---|---|---|
| 212Pb | 1.26 x 10-6 | 1.26 x 10-5 | 1.1 x 10-4 |
| 210Po | 9.40 x 10-5 | 9.40 x 10-4 | 1.0 x 10-3 |
| 224Ra | 8.51 x 10-6 | 8.51 x 10-5 | 1.8 x 10-4 |
| 227Th | 2.42 x 10-6 | 2.42 x 10-5 | 1.2 x 10-4 |
| 228Th | 5.48 x 10-6 | 5.48 x 10-5 | 1.5 x 10-4 |
| 230Th | 4.65 x 10-6 | 4.65 x 10-5 | 1.4 x 10-4 |
| 232Th | 5.16 x 10-6 | 5.16 x 10-5 | 1.5 x 10-4 |
| 231Pa | 8.83 x 10-6 | 8.83 x 10-5 | 1.9 x 10-4 |
CANCER RISKS FROM ALPHA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER OTHER THAN URANIUM AND RADIUM-226
The cancer risk from alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides other than uranium and radium226 and -228 was calculated using the cancer morbidity risk coefficients from the Federal Guidance Report No. 13. Table 6 below lists the cancer risk coefficients for the water ingestion exposure route. In addition, the table lists the concentration (activity) at the one in a million, de minimis risk level for drinking water (in risk per pCi/L) assuming a 2 L/day drinking water rate for a 70-year lifetime.
Table 6. Cancer Risk Coefficients and Unit Risk Values for Drinking Water
| Radionuclide | Morbidity Risk Coefficients (per Bq) | Concentration in pCi/L at the 10-6 risk level |
|---|---|---|
| 212Pb | 6.76 x 10-10 | 0.8 |
| 210Po | 4.97 x 10-8 | 0.01 |
| 224Ra | 4.50 x 10-9 | 0.1 |
| 226Ra | 1.04 x 10-8 | 0.05 |
| 228Ra | 2.81 x 10-8 | 0.02 |
| 227Th | 1.28 x 10-9 | 0.4 |
| 228Th | 2.90 x 10-9 | 0.2 |
| 230Th | 2.46 x 10-9 | 0.2 |
| 232Th | 2.73 x 10-9 | 0.2 |
| 231Pa | 4.67 x 10-9 | 0.1 |
USE OF THE GROSS ALPHA PARTICLE MEASUREMENT SCHEME FOR SCREENING
A gross alpha particle PHG is not needed, principally because the predominant contributors to naturally-occurring alpha radioactivity in drinking water are addressed in the uranium PHG and the radium-226 and -226 PHGs (to be developed). The other natural radionuclides that could contribute to the gross alpha activity are most likely radium-224 and polonium210; these are not measured specifically by the gross alpha particle method. To measure radium-224, which has a shorter half-life, samples may need to be assessed more quickly. Radium-224 might be estimated from measurements of radium-228, since they are part of the same decay series. Measurements from a national survey strongly suggest that these two radionuclides either do not occur very often in drinking water or occur at relatively low levels. The national survey by the USGS (1998) detected polonium-210 in only two out of 95 wells; the highest measurement was 4.9 pCi/L (corresponding to a 4.9x10 -4 lifetime risk level). Radium-224 was detected more frequently than polonium-210, and 91 percent of the measurements were below 7 pCi/L (a 7x10 -5 lifetime risk level). For Ra-224, 30 percent of the measurements were above 1 pCi/L (a 1x10 -5 risk level).
While it is true that the radium-226 PHG (to be developed) and the uranium PHG may address the large majority of the alpha particle radioactivity in drinking water, other gross alpha particle radionuclides would be a potential health concern. The risk comparison above shows that Po-210 is very radiotoxic compared to the other naturally occurring alphaemitting radionuclides, exceeding their risk by an order of magnitude or more (Table 6). Polonium-210 is even two times more potent than radium-226 with regard to cancer morbidity. However, polonium-210 is not expected to be present in drinking water supplies at levels above its analytical detection level. Radium-224 occurs more commonly than
polonium-210 but is not included in the present evaluation. In the future, if or when measurements of radionuclides other than radium-226, -228 and uranium are conducted, the health risks from other alpha-particle-emitting-radionuclides in drinking water could be addressed by the values given in the tables above.
Another consideration could be to include more natural beta emitters to be assessed under the gross alpha particle measurement scheme. Perhaps it would be reasonable to abandon the "gross alpha particle" title and simply address the whole category as "natural radionuclides," as is done in the California regulations (Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 15, Article 5). For example, radon-222 is a gas that is included in the gross alpha measurement scheme. Its daughter product, lead-210, could be measured as a beta particle emitter under the gross beta particle measurement or under the gross alpha scheme. The gross beta particle/photon measurement is required to be assessed only for certain communities that utilize surface water supplies. Supplies that include groundwater, a major source of natural radioactivity, are not necessarily screened for the natural beta emitters like lead-210. Therefore, natural beta emitters would be more appropriately measured under the conditions specified for the gross alpha particle screening scheme.
The foregoing discussion presents the argument that the current MCL for gross alpha particle radioactivity may not be protective of humans from exposure to key members of this class of radionuclides at the de minimis cancer risk level. If screening levels were to be based on providing health risk information to the public for risks above the de minimis level (regarded by OEHHA as 10 -6 ), the initial screening level of 5 pCi/L discussed above might logically be lowered by 10-fold or more. The actual risk level depends on the isotope or the mixture of isotopes present. Also, because other radionuclides which could pose a risk to human health are not being measured at all, it may be useful to consider revision of the measurement scheme to include the related natural beta/photon emitters. These isotopes would be more appropriately monitored under the regulatory conditions specified for the gross alpha particle category, where measurements would include ground water sources rather than just surface water sources. Thus, revising both the screening level and the screening procedures would provide more relevant information on activities above the de minimis risk level for these regulated radionuclides in drinking water.
REFERENCES
DHS (2002). Drinking Water Monitoring Overview. California Department of Health Services. DHS website http://dhs.ca.gov/ps/ddwem/chemicals/PHGs/index.htm
U.S. EPA (1999). Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposures to Radionuclides. Federal Guidance Report No. 13, EPA 402-R-99-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. September 1999.
U.S. EPA (2000). Radionuclides. Notice of Data Availability, Technical Support Document. U.S. EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water and Office of Indoor Air and Radiation. March 2000.
U.S. EPA (2003). Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System. http://www.epa.gov/narel/erams/erdonline.html
USGS (2001). Occurrence of selected radionuclides in ground water used for drinking water in the United States: A reconnaissance survey, 1998. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4237.
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Health-Protective Considerations Regarding Measurement of Gross Alpha Particle Activity in Drinking Water
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Sacramento and Oakland, California
SUMMARY
The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has examined the practicality of proposing a gross alpha particle Public Health Goal (PHG). Health and Safety Code Section 116365(c)(1) directs OEHHA to "prepare and publish an assessment of the risks to public health posed by each contaminant for which the department proposes a primary drinking water standard." The risk assessment must contain "an estimate of the level of the contaminant in drinking water that is not anticipated to cause or contribute to adverse health effects, or that does not pose any significant risk to health. This level shall be known as the public health goal for the contaminant."
OEHHA has concluded that it would not be practical to develop a PHG for the category of alpha emitters, despite the fact that this category has a primary standard, or maximum contaminant level (MCL), which is currently set at 15 pCi/L under both federal and California law. There are several reasons for this conclusion; the most important is that the designation of gross alpha does not refer to a specific chemical contaminant, but rather to a group of radioactive elements. Furthermore, the MCL represents only a screening level for assay of radioactivity produced by alpha emitters. If excessive activity levels are found, further sample characterization is required, and selected alpha emitters are subject to regulation under specific MCLs. OEHHA is developing PHGs for the selected isotopes for which there are MCLs.
The use and choice of a screening level is in this case a risk management decision, based on consideration of cost and feasibility, and therefore to develop a PHG, based exclusively on health-based considerations, for the gross alpha measure appears to be inappropriate. OEHHA believes it is useful, however, to describe the risk associated with various levels of alpha emission, which could have an important role in the selection of a screening level by incorporating the latest health based considerations. This may allow re-evaluation of the use of the current screening standard. The issue is complicated by apparent inconsistencies in the derivation of the primary standard. The gross alpha particle MCL was originally intended by U.S. EPA to screen drinking water for an unacceptable amount of radioactivity from natural sources, primarily represented by radium-226 and present primarily in groundwater. However, it also addresses radium-228, a beta emitter. The companion screening standard for gross beta particle/photon activity addresses man-made sources of radionuclides, focusing primarily on surface water, but ignores natural beta emitters. Measurement of these natural beta emitters would be more appropriately conducted under the conditions specified for the gross alpha measurement scheme, which favors the measurement of groundwater rather than just surface water sources.
Although other health impacts are possible, cancer has been recognized as the major health effect of most studied radionuclides. Moreover, risk assessment procedures to estimate the cancer risk from radionuclides have been well developed. Thus cancer is the principal endpoint that will be used to evaluate the health risk from alpha particle emitters in the present discussion.
Cancer risk from alpha particle emitters varies depending on the manner in which various body organs respond to that energy because certain organs are more sensitive to alpha particle energy from some isotopes than from others. Therefore, a risk-based healthprotective value would vary for the different isotopes measured in the gross alpha category. Based on current U.S. EPA cancer coefficients, all of the alpha-emitting radionuclides exceed a de minimis risk level of one in a million at the 15 pCi/L screening level. Our PHGs (to be developed) for radium-226, -228, and uranium will address the predominant health concerns represented by the gross alpha particle category. Other alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, including polonium-210 and radium-224, could be present in water supplies, but are not monitored under the established gross alpha screening method. While these radionuclides are generally not as prevalent as radium-226 and -228, their occurrence under rare circumstances might still be a concern for human exposure. This document discusses relative risk and exposure possibilities for various alpha emitters, with the intention of providing a perspective on risks associated with various screening levels for this radiation category. It does not suggest a specific screening level for (combined) gross alpha particles, because this involves analytical considerations. As the appropriate health-protective value varies for different chemicals, any "screening level" would not represent a consistent healthprotective standard that would cover all radionuclides of this class. When alpha emitters in water are characterized individually rather than as a class, their risks can be estimated using the U.S. EPA cancer coefficients specific for each radionuclide.
INTRODUCTION
Elements that contain unstable nuclei are said to be radioactive or are called radionuclides. This instability is manifested as the potential to decay or fall into a lower energy state by releasing principally either alpha or beta particles, or gamma rays. An alpha particle is defined as a positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. A beta particle is either a negatively charged negatron/electron or a positively charged particle (positron). Gamma rays are high energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation. Radioactive emissions are measured by an activity unit called a Curie (Ci), representing 3.7x10 10 disintegrations per second. For drinking water, the common representation of activity is the picoCurie (pCi), equal to 10 -12 Ci. Another representation of radioactivity is the Becquerel (Bq), which is one disintegration per second (1 pCi = 3.7 -2 Bq).
Energetic atoms of radionuclides release their energy either through particles or electromagnetic radiation, which then may in turn interact with other atoms or matter, particularly to knock electrons from off their orbits around the nucleus. This process is defined as ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a particular concern for living tissues as it could lead to changes in important constituents of the cell including DNA, and result in changes in structure and function of the cells or organ systems. Understanding the potential for ionizing radiation to effect changes to cells and tissues requires knowing how much
energy is deposited in the tissues as a result of these emissions. This concept is referred to as the absorbed dose and is represented by units of rad (radiation absorbed dose), which is the amount of energy (in units of 100 ergs) deposited in one gram of matter or tissue. In International Units, the Gray (Gy) is used for characterizing absorbed dose, representing one joule/kg of energy deposited and is equivalent to 100 rad.
However, the radiation particles or energy types differ in their ability to affect tissues, and thus an adjustment or quality factor can be used to compensate for the differences. For example, an alpha particle deposits its energy in a short range and rarely can penetrate the surface layers of tissues, while beta particles and gamma radiation deposit their energies over a greater range. The rem (roentgen exposed man) unit accounts for the difference in the type of radiation by multiplying the absorbed dose in rads by a quality factor, and can also be represented as sieverts (Sv), equaling 100 rem. Another fine-tuning of the absorbed dose is to adjust for the different types of organs affected by radioactive emissions; this is referred to as rem-ede (effective dose-equivalent).
CURRENT CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE
The primary drinking water standards for the State of California include Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for natural and man-made radioactivity (California Code of Regulations Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 15, Article 5). Section 64441 of the California code addresses Natural Radioactivity and states the following:
a) All community water systems shall monitor their water supplies for radium-226, radium-228 and uranium at least once every four years. Compliance with maximum radioactivity levels shall be based on the average of the analysis of four consecutive quarterly samples.
(b) Gross alpha particle measurement may be substituted for measurement of radium-226 and radium-228.
(1) The supply is considered to be in compliance with maximum radioactivity levels if the gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L).
(2) If gross alpha activity exceeds 5 pCi/L, measurement of radium-226 shall be made.
(3) If radium-226 exceeds 3 pCi/L, measurement of radium-228 shall be made.
(4) The sum of the radium-226 and radium-228 shall not exceed 5 pCi/L.
(c) If the average maximum contaminant level for gross alpha particle activity, total radium or uranium exceeds the levels shown on Table 4, the water supplier shall report this information to the Department within 48 hours.
In Table 4 of section 64441, the MCLs for naturally occurring radioactivity are listed, including uranium, radium-226 and -228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity. This table is reproduced below as Table 1.
Table 1. Maximum Contaminant Levels for Natural Radioactivity
| Constituent | MCL, pCi/L (Bq) |
|---|---|
| Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228 | 5 (0.19) |
| Uranium | 20 (0.74) |
| Gross alpha particle activity (including Ra-226, but excluding uranium and radon) | 15 (0.58) |
The gross alpha particle measurement is a relatively easy and quick laboratory technique originally developed to screen water samples for the presence of some key naturallyoccurring alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, although the method also screens for radium228, which is a beta particle emitter. The scheme below illustrates how the gross alphaparticle activity measure is used to evaluate compliance with the MCLs.
REGULATORY BACKGROUND
One of the main intentions of the U.S. EPA's 1976 MCL for gross alpha particle activity (15 pCi/L), which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was to limit the concentrations of other naturally occurring alpha emitters relative to radium-226. For naturally occurring radioactivity, health professionals are particularly concerned about the alpha-emitting radionuclides from the uranium, thorium and actinium decay series that have relatively longer half-lives. These radionuclides exist long enough to travel through water distribution systems and reach people and are particularly damaging to humans when ingested or inhaled. Fourteen alpha-emitting radionuclides with half-lives longer than one hour are included in this group. Table 2 lists these radionuclides. To ensure that the drinking water levels of these 14 radionuclides are safe, the U.S. EPA promulgated MCLs for total uranium, radium-226, and gross alpha radioactivity. The MCLs for uranium and radium include the most prevalent alpha-emitting radionuclides found in drinking water. In addition to uranium and radium-226, the gross alpha MCL procedure includes a step to screen for radium-228, a beta particle emitter, which is generally not as prevalent in drinking water as uranium and radium-226.
Table 2. Alpha-Particle Emitters from the Uranium, Thorium and Actinium Decay Series with Half-Lives Longer than One Hour
| Uranium | 238U,234U,230Th,226Ra,222Rn,210Po |
|---|---|
| Thorium | 232Th,228Th,224Ra,212Pb |
| Actinium | 235U,231Po,227Th,223Ra |
The U.S. EPA based the gross alpha particle activity MCL on a number of toxicity and exposure considerations. According to U.S. EPA (2000), continuous consumption of drinking water containing polonium-210, the next most radiotoxic alpha particle emitter in the uranium-238/radium-226 decay chain, might cause a total bone dose equivalent to 6 pCi/L of radium-226 at a polonium-210 concentration of 10 pCi/L. The 15 pCi/L limit, which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was based on the conservative assumption that if the radium concentration is limited to 5 pCi/L and the balance of the alpha particle activity is due to polonium-210, the total bone dose would be less than the dose associated with an intake of 6 pCi/L of radium-226.
The U.S. EPA was concerned about the analytical costs and the capabilities of state laboratories to analyze individual alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides, and concluded that an MCL for gross alpha was more in keeping with costs and capabilities for most state laboratories.
In 1991, the U.S. EPA proposed excluding radium-226 from the adjusted gross alpha particle activity. In the final 2000 rule, U.S. EPA decided to retain the 1976 standard based on the most current risk analysis using Federal Guidance No. 13 (U.S. EPA, 1999) cancer risk coefficients. These new cancer risk coefficients indicated that the risk from radium-226 was too significant to remove from the gross alpha activity without an appreciable loss of health protection. Excluding those radionuclides that have specific limits, the U.S. EPA also showed that the concentration that represents a 1x10 -4 lifetime cancer risk (an acceptable risk level by U.S. EPA standards) for most alpha-emitting radionuclides, while varying widely, generally falls below the present MCL of 15 pCi/L (U.S. EPA, 2000).
OCCURRENCE OF ALPHA PARTICLE ACTIVITY IN DRINKING WATER
Of all the naturally occurring alpha-emitting radionuclides of concern for drinking water (Table 2), the U.S. EPA considers those from the actinium decay series to be unimportant because the abundance of the parent ( 235 U) is very low in the earth's crust, less than 1 percent of either uranium or thorium (U.S. EPA, 2000). Of the other radionuclides in drinking water, thorium is extremely insoluble and not subject to mobilization in most groundwater environments (U.S. EPA, 2000). Radon is a noble gas that rapidly volatilizes from water when there is an air-water interface. High radon-222 concentrations have been associated with uranium-enriched phosphate strata that contain sulfuric acid water (USGS, 1998).
The remaining radionuclides include uranium-234 and -238; radium-224, -226 and -228; lead-212; and polonium-210. The occurrences of uranium and radium-226 and -228 are described in separate PHG documents (to be developed), and their levels in drinking water are regulated by separate MCLs. There is little or no occurrence data on lead-212 (U.S. EPA, 2000). However, a recent survey performed by the USGS and the U.S. EPA measured radium-224 and polonium-210 in 103 targeted wells from 27 states (USGS, 1998). These results are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Summary of Ground Water Analysis Results of the USGS (1998) Survey
| Statistic | 224U | 210Po |
|---|---|---|
| Number of samples | 104 | 95 |
| Arithmetic mean | 3.2 pCi/L | 0.1 pCi/L |
| Median | 0.3 pCi/L | 0.01 pCi/L |
| Standard deviation | 10.1 pCi/L | 0.5 pCi/L |
| Maximum | 73.6 pCi/L | 4.9 pCi/L |
The concentrations of radium-224 found ranged from less than 1 to 73.6 pCi/L (0.04 – 2.73 Bq). The maximum concentration was found in a coastal plain aquifer in Maryland. Most samples contained radium-224 in concentrations less than 1 pCi/L, with half of the concentrations being less than 0.3 pCi/L. Only 9 percent of the samples exceeded 7 pCi/L of radium-224. Concentrations of radium-224 and radium-228 were highly correlated because both are derived from the thorium-232 decay series. The few samples with high concentrations of radium-224 were from water with very low pH (< 4).
Polonium-210 was detected above the minimum detectable concentration, 1 pCi/L, in only two wells. The highest concentration (4.9 pCi/L, 0.18 Bq) was detected in a private well located in the coastal plain of Virginia.
The municipal water systems in the State of California have reported results from 1994 to 2001 on about 20,000 public drinking water supply wells for various alpha emissions, including radium-226, uranium, and gross alpha particle activity. The gross alpha particle MCL was exceeded about 100 times each year (DHS, 2002). The regulation requires that if 5 pCi/L is exceeded (5 pCi/L is the combined Ra-226, -228 MCL), specific analyses for uranium and radium must be conducted. No other alpha particle emitters are evaluated. Po210 and other alpha-particle-emitting-radionuclides are not measured, and therefore not reported.
In order to determine a suitable screening level employing
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a health/toxicity criterion, the type and amount of the contaminants of concern that are expected to be measured by this technique should be considered.
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http://agriculturedefensecoalition.org/sites/default/files/file/nuclear/14H_2003_OEHHA_Gross_Alpha_Summary_Public_Health_Riskes_from_Water_Contaminants_December_2003_Report.pdf
</url>
<text>
Health-Protective Considerations Regarding Measurement of Gross Alpha Particle Activity in Drinking Water
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Sacramento and Oakland, California
SUMMARY
The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has examined the practicality of proposing a gross alpha particle Public Health Goal (PHG). Health and Safety Code Section 116365(c)(1) directs OEHHA to "prepare and publish an assessment of the risks to public health posed by each contaminant for which the department proposes a primary drinking water standard." The risk assessment must contain "an estimate of the level of the contaminant in drinking water that is not anticipated to cause or contribute to adverse health effects, or that does not pose any significant risk to health. This level shall be known as the public health goal for the contaminant."
OEHHA has concluded that it would not be practical to develop a PHG for the category of alpha emitters, despite the fact that this category has a primary standard, or maximum contaminant level (MCL), which is currently set at 15 pCi/L under both federal and California law. There are several reasons for this conclusion; the most important is that the designation of gross alpha does not refer to a specific chemical contaminant, but rather to a group of radioactive elements. Furthermore, the MCL represents only a screening level for assay of radioactivity produced by alpha emitters. If excessive activity levels are found, further sample characterization is required, and selected alpha emitters are subject to regulation under specific MCLs. OEHHA is developing PHGs for the selected isotopes for which there are MCLs.
The use and choice of a screening level is in this case a risk management decision, based on consideration of cost and feasibility, and therefore to develop a PHG, based exclusively on health-based considerations, for the gross alpha measure appears to be inappropriate. OEHHA believes it is useful, however, to describe the risk associated with various levels of alpha emission, which could have an important role in the selection of a screening level by incorporating the latest health based considerations. This may allow re-evaluation of the use of the current screening standard. The issue is complicated by apparent inconsistencies in the derivation of the primary standard. The gross alpha particle MCL was originally intended by U.S. EPA to screen drinking water for an unacceptable amount of radioactivity from natural sources, primarily represented by radium-226 and present primarily in groundwater. However, it also addresses radium-228, a beta emitter. The companion screening standard for gross beta particle/photon activity addresses man-made sources of radionuclides, focusing primarily on surface water, but ignores natural beta emitters. Measurement of these natural beta emitters would be more appropriately conducted under the conditions specified for the gross alpha measurement scheme, which favors the measurement of groundwater rather than just surface water sources.
Although other health impacts are possible, cancer has been recognized as the major health effect of most studied radionuclides. Moreover, risk assessment procedures to estimate the cancer risk from radionuclides have been well developed. Thus cancer is the principal endpoint that will be used to evaluate the health risk from alpha particle emitters in the present discussion.
Cancer risk from alpha particle emitters varies depending on the manner in which various body organs respond to that energy because certain organs are more sensitive to alpha particle energy from some isotopes than from others. Therefore, a risk-based healthprotective value would vary for the different isotopes measured in the gross alpha category. Based on current U.S. EPA cancer coefficients, all of the alpha-emitting radionuclides exceed a de minimis risk level of one in a million at the 15 pCi/L screening level. Our PHGs (to be developed) for radium-226, -228, and uranium will address the predominant health concerns represented by the gross alpha particle category. Other alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, including polonium-210 and radium-224, could be present in water supplies, but are not monitored under the established gross alpha screening method. While these radionuclides are generally not as prevalent as radium-226 and -228, their occurrence under rare circumstances might still be a concern for human exposure. This document discusses relative risk and exposure possibilities for various alpha emitters, with the intention of providing a perspective on risks associated with various screening levels for this radiation category. It does not suggest a specific screening level for (combined) gross alpha particles, because this involves analytical considerations. As the appropriate health-protective value varies for different chemicals, any "screening level" would not represent a consistent healthprotective standard that would cover all radionuclides of this class. When alpha emitters in water are characterized individually rather than as a class, their risks can be estimated using the U.S. EPA cancer coefficients specific for each radionuclide.
INTRODUCTION
Elements that contain unstable nuclei are said to be radioactive or are called radionuclides. This instability is manifested as the potential to decay or fall into a lower energy state by releasing principally either alpha or beta particles, or gamma rays. An alpha particle is defined as a positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. A beta particle is either a negatively charged negatron/electron or a positively charged particle (positron). Gamma rays are high energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation. Radioactive emissions are measured by an activity unit called a Curie (Ci), representing 3.7x10 10 disintegrations per second. For drinking water, the common representation of activity is the picoCurie (pCi), equal to 10 -12 Ci. Another representation of radioactivity is the Becquerel (Bq), which is one disintegration per second (1 pCi = 3.7 -2 Bq).
Energetic atoms of radionuclides release their energy either through particles or electromagnetic radiation, which then may in turn interact with other atoms or matter, particularly to knock electrons from off their orbits around the nucleus. This process is defined as ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a particular concern for living tissues as it could lead to changes in important constituents of the cell including DNA, and result in changes in structure and function of the cells or organ systems. Understanding the potential for ionizing radiation to effect changes to cells and tissues requires knowing how much
energy is deposited in the tissues as a result of these emissions. This concept is referred to as the absorbed dose and is represented by units of rad (radiation absorbed dose), which is the amount of energy (in units of 100 ergs) deposited in one gram of matter or tissue. In International Units, the Gray (Gy) is used for characterizing absorbed dose, representing one joule/kg of energy deposited and is equivalent to 100 rad.
However, the radiation particles or energy types differ in their ability to affect tissues, and thus an adjustment or quality factor can be used to compensate for the differences. For example, an alpha particle deposits its energy in a short range and rarely can penetrate the surface layers of tissues, while beta particles and gamma radiation deposit their energies over a greater range. The rem (roentgen exposed man) unit accounts for the difference in the type of radiation by multiplying the absorbed dose in rads by a quality factor, and can also be represented as sieverts (Sv), equaling 100 rem. Another fine-tuning of the absorbed dose is to adjust for the different types of organs affected by radioactive emissions; this is referred to as rem-ede (effective dose-equivalent).
CURRENT CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE
The primary drinking water standards for the State of California include Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for natural and man-made radioactivity (California Code of Regulations Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 15, Article 5). Section 64441 of the California code addresses Natural Radioactivity and states the following:
a) All community water systems shall monitor their water supplies for radium-226, radium-228 and uranium at least once every four years. Compliance with maximum radioactivity levels shall be based on the average of the analysis of four consecutive quarterly samples.
(b) Gross alpha particle measurement may be substituted for measurement of radium-226 and radium-228.
(1) The supply is considered to be in compliance with maximum radioactivity levels if the gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L).
(2) If gross alpha activity exceeds 5 pCi/L, measurement of radium-226 shall be made.
(3) If radium-226 exceeds 3 pCi/L, measurement of radium-228 shall be made.
(4) The sum of the radium-226 and radium-228 shall not exceed 5 pCi/L.
(c) If the average maximum contaminant level for gross alpha particle activity, total radium or uranium exceeds the levels shown on Table 4, the water supplier shall report this information to the Department within 48 hours.
In Table 4 of section 64441, the MCLs for naturally occurring radioactivity are listed, including uranium, radium-226 and -228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity. This table is reproduced below as Table 1.
Table 1. Maximum Contaminant Levels for Natural Radioactivity
| Constituent | MCL, pCi/L (Bq) |
|---|---|
| Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228 | 5 (0.19) |
| Uranium | 20 (0.74) |
| Gross alpha particle activity (including Ra-226, but excluding uranium and radon) | 15 (0.58) |
The gross alpha particle measurement is a relatively easy and quick laboratory technique originally developed to screen water samples for the presence of some key naturallyoccurring alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, although the method also screens for radium228, which is a beta particle emitter. The scheme below illustrates how the gross alphaparticle activity measure is used to evaluate compliance with the MCLs.
REGULATORY BACKGROUND
One of the main intentions of the U.S. EPA's 1976 MCL for gross alpha particle activity (15 pCi/L), which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was to limit the concentrations of other naturally occurring alpha emitters relative to radium-226. For naturally occurring radioactivity, health professionals are particularly concerned about the alpha-emitting radionuclides from the uranium, thorium and actinium decay series that have relatively longer half-lives. These radionuclides exist long enough to travel through water distribution systems and reach people and are particularly damaging to humans when ingested or inhaled. Fourteen alpha-emitting radionuclides with half-lives longer than one hour are included in this group. Table 2 lists these radionuclides. To ensure that the drinking water levels of these 14 radionuclides are safe, the U.S. EPA promulgated MCLs for total uranium, radium-226, and gross alpha radioactivity. The MCLs for uranium and radium include the most prevalent alpha-emitting radionuclides found in drinking water. In addition to uranium and radium-226, the gross alpha MCL procedure includes a step to screen for radium-228, a beta particle emitter, which is generally not as prevalent in drinking water as uranium and radium-226.
Table 2. Alpha-Particle Emitters from the Uranium, Thorium and Actinium Decay Series with Half-Lives Longer than One Hour
| Uranium | 238U,234U,230Th,226Ra,222Rn,210Po |
|---|---|
| Thorium | 232Th,228Th,224Ra,212Pb |
| Actinium | 235U,231Po,227Th,223Ra |
The U.S. EPA based the gross alpha particle activity MCL on a number of toxicity and exposure considerations. According to U.S. EPA (2000), continuous consumption of drinking water containing polonium-210, the next most radiotoxic alpha particle emitter in the uranium-238/radium-226 decay chain, might cause a total bone dose equivalent to 6 pCi/L of radium-226 at a polonium-210 concentration of 10 pCi/L. The 15 pCi/L limit, which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was based on the conservative assumption that if the radium concentration is limited to 5 pCi/L and the balance of the alpha particle activity is due to polonium-210, the total bone dose would be less than the dose associated with an intake of 6 pCi/L of radium-226.
The U.S. EPA was concerned about the analytical costs and the capabilities of state laboratories to analyze individual alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides, and concluded that an MCL for gross alpha was more in keeping with costs and capabilities for most state laboratories.
In 1991, the U.S. EPA proposed excluding radium-226 from the adjusted gross alpha particle activity. In the final 2000 rule, U.S. EPA decided to retain the 1976 standard based on the most current risk analysis using Federal Guidance No. 13 (U.S. EPA, 1999) cancer risk coefficients. These new cancer risk coefficients indicated that the risk from radium-226 was too significant to remove from the gross alpha activity without an appreciable loss of health protection. Excluding those radionuclides that have specific limits, the U.S. EPA also showed that the concentration that represents a 1x10 -4 lifetime cancer risk (an acceptable risk level by U.S. EPA standards) for most alpha-emitting radionuclides, while varying widely, generally falls below the present MCL of 15 pCi/L (U.S. EPA, 2000).
OCCURRENCE OF ALPHA PARTICLE ACTIVITY IN DRINKING WATER
Of all the naturally occurring alpha-emitting radionuclides of concern for drinking water (Table 2), the U.S. EPA considers those from the actinium decay series to be unimportant because the abundance of the parent ( 235 U) is very low in the earth's crust, less than 1 percent of either uranium or thorium (U.S. EPA, 2000). Of the other radionuclides in drinking water, thorium is extremely insoluble and not subject to mobilization in most groundwater environments (U.S. EPA, 2000). Radon is a noble gas that rapidly volatilizes from water when there is an air-water interface. High radon-222 concentrations have been associated with uranium-enriched phosphate strata that contain sulfuric acid water (USGS, 1998).
The remaining radionuclides include uranium-234 and -238; radium-224, -226 and -228; lead-212; and polonium-210. The occurrences of uranium and radium-226 and -228 are described in separate PHG documents (to be developed), and their levels in drinking water are regulated by separate MCLs. There is little or no occurrence data on lead-212 (U.S. EPA, 2000). However, a recent survey performed by the USGS and the U.S. EPA measured radium-224 and polonium-210 in 103 targeted wells from 27 states (USGS, 1998). These results are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Summary of Ground Water Analysis Results of the USGS (1998) Survey
| Statistic | 224U | 210Po |
|---|---|---|
| Number of samples | 104 | 95 |
| Arithmetic mean | 3.2 pCi/L | 0.1 pCi/L |
| Median | 0.3 pCi/L | 0.01 pCi/L |
| Standard deviation | 10.1 pCi/L | 0.5 pCi/L |
| Maximum | 73.6 pCi/L | 4.9 pCi/L |
The concentrations of radium-224 found ranged from less than 1 to 73.6 pCi/L (0.04 – 2.73 Bq). The maximum concentration was found in a coastal plain aquifer in Maryland. Most samples contained radium-224 in concentrations less than 1 pCi/L, with half of the concentrations being less than 0.3 pCi/L. Only 9 percent of the samples exceeded 7 pCi/L of radium-224. Concentrations of radium-224 and radium-228 were highly correlated because both are derived from the thorium-232 decay series. The few samples with high concentrations of radium-224 were from water with very low pH (< 4).
Polonium-210 was detected above the minimum detectable concentration, 1 pCi/L, in only two wells. The highest concentration (4.9 pCi/L, 0.18 Bq) was detected in a private well located in the coastal plain of Virginia.
The municipal water systems in the State of California have reported results from 1994 to 2001 on about 20,000 public drinking water supply wells for various alpha emissions, including radium-226, uranium, and gross alpha particle activity. The gross alpha particle MCL was exceeded about 100 times each year (DHS, 2002). The regulation requires that if 5 pCi/L is exceeded (5 pCi/L is the combined Ra-226, -228 MCL), specific analyses for uranium and radium must be conducted. No other alpha particle emitters are evaluated. Po210 and other alpha-particle-emitting-radionuclides are not measured, and therefore not reported.
In order to determine a suitable screening level employing <cursor_is_here>
</text>
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[
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://agriculturedefensecoalition.org/sites/default/files/file/nuclear/14H_2003_OEHHA_Gross_Alpha_Summary_Public_Health_Riskes_from_Water_Contaminants_December_2003_Report.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nHealth-Protective Considerations Regarding Measurement of Gross Alpha Particle Activity in Drinking Water\n\nOffice of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Sacramento and Oakland, California\n\nSUMMARY\n\nThe Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has examined the practicality of proposing a gross alpha particle Public Health Goal (PHG). Health and Safety Code Section 116365(c)(1) directs OEHHA to \"prepare and publish an assessment of the risks to public health posed by each contaminant for which the department proposes a primary drinking water standard.\" The risk assessment must contain \"an estimate of the level of the contaminant in drinking water that is not anticipated to cause or contribute to adverse health effects, or that does not pose any significant risk to health. This level shall be known as the public health goal for the contaminant.\"\n\nOEHHA has concluded that it would not be practical to develop a PHG for the category of alpha emitters, despite the fact that this category has a primary standard, or maximum contaminant level (MCL), which is currently set at 15 pCi/L under both federal and California law. There are several reasons for this conclusion; the most important is that the designation of gross alpha does not refer to a specific chemical contaminant, but rather to a group of radioactive elements. Furthermore, the MCL represents only a screening level for assay of radioactivity produced by alpha emitters. If excessive activity levels are found, further sample characterization is required, and selected alpha emitters are subject to regulation under specific MCLs. OEHHA is developing PHGs for the selected isotopes for which there are MCLs.\n\nThe use and choice of a screening level is in this case a risk management decision, based on consideration of cost and feasibility, and therefore to develop a PHG, based exclusively on health-based considerations, for the gross alpha measure appears to be inappropriate. OEHHA believes it is useful, however, to describe the risk associated with various levels of alpha emission, which could have an important role in the selection of a screening level by incorporating the latest health based considerations. This may allow re-evaluation of the use of the current screening standard. The issue is complicated by apparent inconsistencies in the derivation of the primary standard. The gross alpha particle MCL was originally intended by U.S. EPA to screen drinking water for an unacceptable amount of radioactivity from natural sources, primarily represented by radium-226 and present primarily in groundwater. However, it also addresses radium-228, a beta emitter. The companion screening standard for gross beta particle/photon activity addresses man-made sources of radionuclides, focusing primarily on surface water, but ignores natural beta emitters. Measurement of these natural beta emitters would be more appropriately conducted under the conditions specified for the gross alpha measurement scheme, which favors the measurement of groundwater rather than just surface water sources.\n\nAlthough other health impacts are possible, cancer has been recognized as the major health effect of most studied radionuclides. Moreover, risk assessment procedures to estimate the cancer risk from radionuclides have been well developed. Thus cancer is the principal endpoint that will be used to evaluate the health risk from alpha particle emitters in the present discussion.\n\nCancer risk from alpha particle emitters varies depending on the manner in which various body organs respond to that energy because certain organs are more sensitive to alpha particle energy from some isotopes than from others. Therefore, a risk-based healthprotective value would vary for the different isotopes measured in the gross alpha category. Based on current U.S. EPA cancer coefficients, all of the alpha-emitting radionuclides exceed a de minimis risk level of one in a million at the 15 pCi/L screening level. Our PHGs (to be developed) for radium-226, -228, and uranium will address the predominant health concerns represented by the gross alpha particle category. Other alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, including polonium-210 and radium-224, could be present in water supplies, but are not monitored under the established gross alpha screening method. While these radionuclides are generally not as prevalent as radium-226 and -228, their occurrence under rare circumstances might still be a concern for human exposure. This document discusses relative risk and exposure possibilities for various alpha emitters, with the intention of providing a perspective on risks associated with various screening levels for this radiation category. It does not suggest a specific screening level for (combined) gross alpha particles, because this involves analytical considerations. As the appropriate health-protective value varies for different chemicals, any \"screening level\" would not represent a consistent healthprotective standard that would cover all radionuclides of this class. When alpha emitters in water are characterized individually rather than as a class, their risks can be estimated using the U.S. EPA cancer coefficients specific for each radionuclide.\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\nElements that contain unstable nuclei are said to be radioactive or are called radionuclides. This instability is manifested as the potential to decay or fall into a lower energy state by releasing principally either alpha or beta particles, or gamma rays. An alpha particle is defined as a positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. A beta particle is either a negatively charged negatron/electron or a positively charged particle (positron). Gamma rays are high energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation. Radioactive emissions are measured by an activity unit called a Curie (Ci), representing 3.7x10 10 disintegrations per second. For drinking water, the common representation of activity is the picoCurie (pCi), equal to 10 -12 Ci. Another representation of radioactivity is the Becquerel (Bq), which is one disintegration per second (1 pCi = 3.7 -2 Bq).\n\nEnergetic atoms of radionuclides release their energy either through particles or electromagnetic radiation, which then may in turn interact with other atoms or matter, particularly to knock electrons from off their orbits around the nucleus. This process is defined as ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a particular concern for living tissues as it could lead to changes in important constituents of the cell including DNA, and result in changes in structure and function of the cells or organ systems. Understanding the potential for ionizing radiation to effect changes to cells and tissues requires knowing how much\n\nenergy is deposited in the tissues as a result of these emissions. This concept is referred to as the absorbed dose and is represented by units of rad (radiation absorbed dose), which is the amount of energy (in units of 100 ergs) deposited in one gram of matter or tissue. In International Units, the Gray (Gy) is used for characterizing absorbed dose, representing one joule/kg of energy deposited and is equivalent to 100 rad.\n\nHowever, the radiation particles or energy types differ in their ability to affect tissues, and thus an adjustment or quality factor can be used to compensate for the differences. For example, an alpha particle deposits its energy in a short range and rarely can penetrate the surface layers of tissues, while beta particles and gamma radiation deposit their energies over a greater range. The rem (roentgen exposed man) unit accounts for the difference in the type of radiation by multiplying the absorbed dose in rads by a quality factor, and can also be represented as sieverts (Sv), equaling 100 rem. Another fine-tuning of the absorbed dose is to adjust for the different types of organs affected by radioactive emissions; this is referred to as rem-ede (effective dose-equivalent).\n\nCURRENT CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE\n\nThe primary drinking water standards for the State of California include Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for natural and man-made radioactivity (California Code of Regulations Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 15, Article 5). Section 64441 of the California code addresses Natural Radioactivity and states the following:\n\na) All community water systems shall monitor their water supplies for radium-226, radium-228 and uranium at least once every four years. Compliance with maximum radioactivity levels shall be based on the average of the analysis of four consecutive quarterly samples.\n(b) Gross alpha particle measurement may be substituted for measurement of radium-226 and radium-228.\n(1) The supply is considered to be in compliance with maximum radioactivity levels if the gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L).\n(2) If gross alpha activity exceeds 5 pCi/L, measurement of radium-226 shall be made.\n(3) If radium-226 exceeds 3 pCi/L, measurement of radium-228 shall be made.\n(4) The sum of the radium-226 and radium-228 shall not exceed 5 pCi/L.\n(c) If the average maximum contaminant level for gross alpha particle activity, total radium or uranium exceeds the levels shown on Table 4, the water supplier shall report this information to the Department within 48 hours.\n\nIn Table 4 of section 64441, the MCLs for naturally occurring radioactivity are listed, including uranium, radium-226 and -228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity. This table is reproduced below as Table 1.\n\nTable 1. Maximum Contaminant Levels for Natural Radioactivity\n\n| Constituent | MCL, pCi/L (Bq) |\n|---|---|\n| Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228 | 5 (0.19) |\n| Uranium | 20 (0.74) |\n| Gross alpha particle activity (including Ra-226, but excluding uranium and radon) | 15 (0.58) |\n\nThe gross alpha particle measurement is a relatively easy and quick laboratory technique originally developed to screen water samples for the presence of some key naturallyoccurring alpha particle-emitting radionuclides, although the method also screens for radium228, which is a beta particle emitter. The scheme below illustrates how the gross alphaparticle activity measure is used to evaluate compliance with the MCLs.\n\nREGULATORY BACKGROUND\n\nOne of the main intentions of the U.S. EPA's 1976 MCL for gross alpha particle activity (15 pCi/L), which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was to limit the concentrations of other naturally occurring alpha emitters relative to radium-226. For naturally occurring radioactivity, health professionals are particularly concerned about the alpha-emitting radionuclides from the uranium, thorium and actinium decay series that have relatively longer half-lives. These radionuclides exist long enough to travel through water distribution systems and reach people and are particularly damaging to humans when ingested or inhaled. Fourteen alpha-emitting radionuclides with half-lives longer than one hour are included in this group. Table 2 lists these radionuclides. To ensure that the drinking water levels of these 14 radionuclides are safe, the U.S. EPA promulgated MCLs for total uranium, radium-226, and gross alpha radioactivity. The MCLs for uranium and radium include the most prevalent alpha-emitting radionuclides found in drinking water. In addition to uranium and radium-226, the gross alpha MCL procedure includes a step to screen for radium-228, a beta particle emitter, which is generally not as prevalent in drinking water as uranium and radium-226.\n\nTable 2. Alpha-Particle Emitters from the Uranium, Thorium and Actinium Decay Series with Half-Lives Longer than One Hour\n\n| Uranium | 238U,234U,230Th,226Ra,222Rn,210Po |\n|---|---|\n| Thorium | 232Th,228Th,224Ra,212Pb |\n| Actinium | 235U,231Po,227Th,223Ra |\n\nThe U.S. EPA based the gross alpha particle activity MCL on a number of toxicity and exposure considerations. According to U.S. EPA (2000), continuous consumption of drinking water containing polonium-210, the next most radiotoxic alpha particle emitter in the uranium-238/radium-226 decay chain, might cause a total bone dose equivalent to 6 pCi/L of radium-226 at a polonium-210 concentration of 10 pCi/L. The 15 pCi/L limit, which includes radium-226 but excludes uranium and radon, was based on the conservative assumption that if the radium concentration is limited to 5 pCi/L and the balance of the alpha particle activity is due to polonium-210, the total bone dose would be less than the dose associated with an intake of 6 pCi/L of radium-226.\n\nThe U.S. EPA was concerned about the analytical costs and the capabilities of state laboratories to analyze individual alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides, and concluded that an MCL for gross alpha was more in keeping with costs and capabilities for most state laboratories.\n\nIn 1991, the U.S. EPA proposed excluding radium-226 from the adjusted gross alpha particle activity. In the final 2000 rule, U.S. EPA decided to retain the 1976 standard based on the most current risk analysis using Federal Guidance No. 13 (U.S. EPA, 1999) cancer risk coefficients. These new cancer risk coefficients indicated that the risk from radium-226 was too significant to remove from the gross alpha activity without an appreciable loss of health protection. Excluding those radionuclides that have specific limits, the U.S. EPA also showed that the concentration that represents a 1x10 -4 lifetime cancer risk (an acceptable risk level by U.S. EPA standards) for most alpha-emitting radionuclides, while varying widely, generally falls below the present MCL of 15 pCi/L (U.S. EPA, 2000).\n\nOCCURRENCE OF ALPHA PARTICLE ACTIVITY IN DRINKING WATER\n\nOf all the naturally occurring alpha-emitting radionuclides of concern for drinking water (Table 2), the U.S. EPA considers those from the actinium decay series to be unimportant because the abundance of the parent ( 235 U) is very low in the earth's crust, less than 1 percent of either uranium or thorium (U.S. EPA, 2000). Of the other radionuclides in drinking water, thorium is extremely insoluble and not subject to mobilization in most groundwater environments (U.S. EPA, 2000). Radon is a noble gas that rapidly volatilizes from water when there is an air-water interface. High radon-222 concentrations have been associated with uranium-enriched phosphate strata that contain sulfuric acid water (USGS, 1998).\n\nThe remaining radionuclides include uranium-234 and -238; radium-224, -226 and -228; lead-212; and polonium-210. The occurrences of uranium and radium-226 and -228 are described in separate PHG documents (to be developed), and their levels in drinking water are regulated by separate MCLs. There is little or no occurrence data on lead-212 (U.S. EPA, 2000). However, a recent survey performed by the USGS and the U.S. EPA measured radium-224 and polonium-210 in 103 targeted wells from 27 states (USGS, 1998). These results are summarized in Table 3.\n\nTable 3. Summary of Ground Water Analysis Results of the USGS (1998) Survey\n\n| Statistic | 224U | 210Po |\n|---|---|---|\n| Number of samples | 104 | 95 |\n| Arithmetic mean | 3.2 pCi/L | 0.1 pCi/L |\n| Median | 0.3 pCi/L | 0.01 pCi/L |\n| Standard deviation | 10.1 pCi/L | 0.5 pCi/L |\n| Maximum | 73.6 pCi/L | 4.9 pCi/L |\n\nThe concentrations of radium-224 found ranged from less than 1 to 73.6 pCi/L (0.04 – 2.73 Bq). The maximum concentration was found in a coastal plain aquifer in Maryland. Most samples contained radium-224 in concentrations less than 1 pCi/L, with half of the concentrations being less than 0.3 pCi/L. Only 9 percent of the samples exceeded 7 pCi/L of radium-224. Concentrations of radium-224 and radium-228 were highly correlated because both are derived from the thorium-232 decay series. The few samples with high concentrations of radium-224 were from water with very low pH (< 4).\n\nPolonium-210 was detected above the minimum detectable concentration, 1 pCi/L, in only two wells. The highest concentration (4.9 pCi/L, 0.18 Bq) was detected in a private well located in the coastal plain of Virginia.\n\nThe municipal water systems in the State of California have reported results from 1994 to 2001 on about 20,000 public drinking water supply wells for various alpha emissions, including radium-226, uranium, and gross alpha particle activity. The gross alpha particle MCL was exceeded about 100 times each year (DHS, 2002). The regulation requires that if 5 pCi/L is exceeded (5 pCi/L is the combined Ra-226, -228 MCL), specific analyses for uranium and radium must be conducted. No other alpha particle emitters are evaluated. 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AN IMPACT-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE (IOMK)
FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND MONITORING
Contacts: Audrey Nepveu (IFAD) and Patrick d'Aquino (CIRAD)
1. Overview
How to effectively create local changes that trigger lasting changes and at larger scale through a timelimited intervention? Projects and programmes' outputs are confronted with many social and institutional hurdles which hamper their scaling up and out, within the country and beyond. These hurdles are often merely considered as externalities. Meanwhile, an approach to manage knowledge, right from project design or during implementation, can help overcome these social and institutional obstacles and achieve lasting scaling up and out despite the modest means of a time-limited intervention.
Creating lasting changes first implies taking into account the progress to be achieved in the comprehensive Society knowledge process. Achieving a lasting impact means achieving a sufficient change within the
Impact-oriented management of knowledge: achieving a sufficient change within the knowledge of the different people who are involved in the given impact sought to achieve a lasting impact.
knowledge of the different people involved in the given impact sought. This means that the design or monitoring phase does not only deal with the local target groups, but also includes the necessary links with
Society knowledge process: the progress in knowledge of each element of the society involved in the chain of knowledge assimilation, which ends up in a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.
methodological answer is to develop a other stakeholders, including higher level ones, which are needed to trigger an impact process and to make this impact last. The challenge is thus to achieve changes not only in the local target groups, but also in these other people and key institutions, thereby impacting the knowledge process of the whole context. A
the whole social and institutional context and, to remain manageable and achievable, strategically focuses on creating a practical and realistic first lasting change. This contextualized framework clarifies what practical knowledge progresses are needed contextualized framework of knowledge management
that considers
Contextualized knowledge: the practical knowledge about and from the context which is required to make the different stakeholders of the impact chain progress so far as to provoke a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.
from this diversity of stakeholders in order to trigger various essential micro changes which will result in a lasting impact.
Once the strategic focus related to the management of knowledge is clearly identified, the second priority is to turn the practical progresses in knowledge required into the contextualized personal and institutional
Inclusive conversion step: turn the practical knowledge progresses required into the contextualized personal and institutional changes of practices they imply.
stakeholders and partners abilities, which are best placed to capture the social and institutional specificities of the local context. This is the inclusive step of the management of knowledge process. The methodological challenge in this inclusive step is to identify every contextualized new behaviors, organizations, practices and actions required in the context to trigger a first, modest lasting change. A relevant way to implement this step is by simulating the process of the proposed change.
changes of practices they imply. In other words, convert practical improvements of knowledge into contextualized changes of practices. This conversion requires local
A simulation workshop enables stakeholders to simulate ("play") their behaviors, organizations, practices and actions, including their scaling up and out, and then to also "play" the modifications needed in the knowledge of the actor they are playing in order to integrate the proposed lasting change. The best way to
implement this inclusive step is to implement several workshops, some with local target groups and some with the higher level stakeholders required to achieve a lasting scaling up and out.
In two time-bound steps, the process to manage knowledge of the various stakeholders involved first defines the different practical progresses in knowledge required to affect the different stakeholders of the
Supporting the Management of Knowledge to achieve lasting impacts of project helps define every practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change, and then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.
chain of local progresses which ends up a lasting change; then supports the development of a shared agreement among the stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these various local changes. This impact-oriented management of knowledge process can be implemented at design stage of a project or along its implementation, as support to an impact-oriented strategy.
2. Methodological guidelines
Whether at design or implementation phase, setting a contextualized framework to manage knowledge in order to bring a lasting change involves two stages.
2.1 Designing a contextualized knowledge process
(a) First, designing a contextualized Knowledge Management strategy
The whole method is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process: in the context of the planned intervention, in order to achieve the first but workable progress in empowerment in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious, but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups, in participatory workshops - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders involved, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these needs to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?
A specific "spiral questioning", which progressively turns the initial too general considerations on these questions into refined, contextualized and operational priorities to manage knowledge (Figure 1), helps to define a sufficiently precise operational knowledge management strategy. In particular, progressively highlighting the key pragmatic constraints often implies accepting factors that were originally identified as simple preconditions or external pitfalls as new central targets. The crux of this eliciting process is the Knowledge Management loop, which ends up in defining the exact nature of the "progress in knowledge" required to launch the first
lasting change. In figure 1, tThe prequesites and pitfalls
Figure 1. A spiral questioning to define the contextualized KM strategy
Knowledge Management loop. As long as the answers to step 3 remain "no" these preconditions remain unfulfilled and the process goes back to step 1. This is the way the "keep modest but operational" principle is applied. Several loops may be necessary until there are no more changes to the step 1 objectives through step 3 questionning. Once the Step 1 answers have been defined, one can go directly to Step 4.
identified in step 3 are necessary preconditions in the
During the implementation of this central "Knowledge Management loop", a color-coded specification is used to help participants focus on the very operational and contextualized progresses in knowledge required to bring change about (Figure 2).
Figure 2. A color frame to refine contextualized KM objectives
to manage society's knowledge in the mid- and longterms, which outputs respond to modest short-term objectives but are also embedded within a more ambitious long-term frame (lasting scaling up and out).
In fact, during the definition of the knowledge processes of a given project, one may easily be not practical or contextualized enough… What is at stake is to understand what is exactly needed for each key stakeholder (practical synthesis of different theoretical learning concepts): does s/he merely need to be present? To receive particular information? To develop a specific knowhow? To changing a specific attitude? To have his/her power position modified? This fourth eliciting loop results in a workable short, contextualized strategy
Managing four different types of knowledge: scientific information, know-how, attitudes and leadership capacities.
The minimum conditions and operational processes required to trigger a momentum able to achieve the first priority lasting impact are identified.
(b) Second, identifying methods and tools to support Knowledge Management process within the Project implementation
Once all the targeted practical progresses are clearly and concretely tailored with stakeholders, it becomes easier to select methods and tools suited to achieve each progress in knowledge (see the last loop in Figure 1). With the help of facilitators skilled on implementation methods, this loop helps to select each specific methodological support and the corresponding action that is indispensable to deal with each distinct knowledge progress identified in the previous steps.
Figure 3 presents an example of the diversity of methodological means
selected using this form of knowledge management strategy: participatory appraisal or planning, training, learning by doing exercises, personal exchange, social networking, institutional lobbying, etc. Some unusual
actions can also be identified, e.g. acts that confer a higher status to certain stakeholders in the process could jeopardize achieving the most important impacts.
2.2 Converting the contextualized knowledge process in a chain of local changes, in an inclusive manner
The contextualized conversion is implemented through participatory simulation workshops. It has been increasingly recognised that, when dealing with complex issues, simulation and participation can be mutually reinforcing. A simulation game is very similar to a role playing game. Simulation games are based on the "learning-by-doing" hypothesis that assessing complexity is more efficient when people act (simulate) and then progress on their own with the opportunity to analyze the outcomes of their actions (e.g. Reed et al., 2010). Where a full-fledged learning-by-doing process would be too heavy, the learningby-doing exercise is replaced by "learning-through-simulation".
The simulation game which supports the inclusive conversion of a knowledge process in a chain of local changes is designed with the combination of the outputs from the contextualized knowledge process (2.1 above) and the issue tackled by the project.
According to the issue tackled by the project, a simulation board is developed, which translates in material items on the board the key elements of the issue: products, incomes, natural resources, infrastructure… the material items may be very common, like matches, even for complex issue (burned matches in a match box have been already used to represent avian flu chickens in an ASEAN simulation game on the control of avian flu epidemics). Outputs and outcomes of the project must also be represented by some of the material items of the board (tokens, cards, marbles…).
Participants of the simulation game are identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework (see figure 2 above). They draw on their knowledge of the context to play the roles of the various stakeholders involved in the simulated chain of local changes (also identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework). Participants simulate ("play") the actions of these stakeholders within the current situation of the issue: taping resources, implementing different farming activities, producing incomes and investing, feeding their family, negotiating access rights, agreeing for a new infrastructure… Roles are identified not only for local users and target groups but also for the other stakeholders involved in the chain of changes resulting in a lasting scaling up and out: neighbouring communities, higher levels stakeholders…
Participants "play" the game and enrich it with their own points of view, in particular on the institutional and social contexts. Thanks to simple material items, they are able to assess medium and long-term impacts of their actions while they are using the board game.
Participants are then asked to identify the different changes required to improve the results of the "game" (i.e. indicator(s) of the issue, monitored thanks to simple material items like tokens or matches), and to test their proposals by simulating them (playing again).
After a few cycles of debating/proposing/simulating, participants have tailored precise, concrete and shared assessments on how the context could achieve a lasting change. Since by construction of the game, the group of participants brings together the different key stakeholders required to obtain this change (see below the workshop settings), the output of this inclusive assessment will be more easily transformed in outcomes, and then impacts.
Simulation workshops have to bring together the different key stakeholders required to obtain the targeted change, which often means two different types of stakeholders: the local target groups and the other "surrounding" stakeholders required for a scaling up and out. It is often more convenient to separate these two groups and organize two different simulation workshops: the first one only with local target groups, and the second one with representatives of the local target groups and with the other "surrounding" stakeholders. Simulation workshops need time: the best way to achieve results is to implement a three-day workshop (d'Aquino et al. ref).
Thus in two time-limited steps, this Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support defines all the practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change. The IOMK then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.
3. Training method: what does it takes?
The training method itself is based on knowledge management principles: combining knowledges, learningby-doing, and incremental progress. The whole process, comprising (i) the design of the strategy for Contextualized Management of Knowledge, (ii) the inclusive conversion of this knowledge process into a practical chain of local changes, and (iii) the mobilization of the whole group of key stakeholders for an impact-oriented approach (target groups, projects staff, portfolio resources people, CPM, other key stakeholders at higher scales), is based on three workshops (for a total of 9 days):
- two parallel three-day participatory simulation workshops (one in the field and one in the office); and
- a two-day KM strategy design;
- a one-day completion meeting.
3.1 Training process: learning-by-doing in selected projects, to improve their impact-oriented strategy
The training method is designed to reach three target groups within the same training support: (i) project staff of selected cases; (ii) other interested projects from the region; (iii) the relevant CPMs and CPOs of the regional division.
In practical terms, it is proposed to choose specific field issues (projects issues, policy dialogue…) as case studies and mobilize facilitation skills to implement the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge support through four workshops (see details below). Project staff of the selected case studies will cofacilitate the process with the trainer (cf. learning-by-doing), and the others trainees (interested projects, CPMs and CPOs from the regional division) will attend the process.
The learning-by-doing facilitation process includes four steps and an optional fifth one:
(a) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Finalizing the selected field issue, and its related strategic participants (CPM, projects staff, portfolio resources people, and other key stakeholders) which will be brought together during the following workshops.
A deep knowledge of the context is required to fill in the Knowledge Management framework and progressively refine, loop after loop, a better contextualized strategic position. To implement this eliciting process, it is worth sharing knowledge of the context and views between diverse key partners. Consequently, deciding what is meant by key local partner is a first requirement. According to the strategic and contextualized stance developed, these key people identified are a local strategic alliance, which rallies stakeholders around common goals right from the beginning of the process.
(b) A two-day workshop co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study - Designing the KM contextualized strategy for the selected field issues with the strategic participants.
The whole workshop is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process supported by a spiral questioning framework (see above methodological guidelines on 2.1): in the context of the selected issue, in order to achieve the first but workable and lasting progress in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome, and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first, and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these need to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?
(c) Two three-day workshops co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study Implementing the two KM inclusive workshops on the issue selected from the field, one with local target groups, and one with the strategic participants.
These workshops let participants design on their own the devising process and supports the development of a lasting impact. A simulation game has been designed by the trainer from the outputs of the first two workshops. The support provides a very opened role playing game that enable participants to shape their ideas about the chain of changes which can result in a lasting impact, and then to test them by "playing" them:
* Participants identify the key stakeholders required to achieve a lasting impact, and these key stakeholders become roles in the simulation game.
* Participants then identify the "winning objective" of each of these stakeholders (what motivates the given stakeholder?), and the "activities" they practice (from farming activities to administrative management or power behaviors), and these elements become the playing rules for these roles.
* Then the facilitator suggests an organization of the board game basic elements in order to enable the players to follow key impact indicators (according to the issue, it may be progresses in productivity, incomes, food self-sufficiency, resources stocks or quality, intensity of conflicts…).
* Participants are then able to simulate (spontaneously play, based on their own perception) the behaviours of the stakeholders from whom a change is required to achieve a lasting impact.
* From this first use of the simulation platform, participants debate the best changes required for each stakeholder to achieve the lasting impact sought. They then test their ideas by playing it. After a few cycles, some precise and very diverse actions (from participatory assessments to lobbying) are tailored by participants.
* As the participants are at the origin of the above outputs, their commitment to support the actions devised together is very high. They launch themselves into a strategic planning to implement these actions and support project staff for some of them (lobbying or disseminating knowledge for example).
(d) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Completion training session with project staff to finalize the impact-oriented action plan developed during the previous workshops.
Optional additional step: Monitoring sessions of the impact-oriented action plan can be organized yearly.
3.2 Opening the learning opportunity to others not in the field, through monitoring sessions of the project cases implementation
The training method may include a parallel, less intensive training for IFAD staff interested in a better understanding of the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge organized around monitoring sessions of the implementation of these case studies.
In practical terms, two monitoring sessions of the case study implementation can be organized, in Rome for example: one before and one at the end of the process. These sessions would allow additional people to familiarize and assimilate the approach.
4. Opportunities for IFAD portfolio: project cases for in Southern Asia
4.1 Cambodia: Rural livelihoods improvement project in Kratie, Preah Vihear and Ratanakiri
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively involve these stakeholders in the design and implementation of an up scaling strategy to government offices, especially the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries?
* How to effectively involve commune councils, local extension workers and village elders in the design and implementation of an out scaling strategy of the project results to other villages?
4.2 Cambodia: Tonle Sap poverty reduction and smallholder development project
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively set lasting arrangements to pilot rural communication technology for information on access to technology and markets?
* How to effectively involve key people from provincial, districts, commune and village levels in a collective support to the project target groups, through a more effective governance?
4.3 Lao PDR: Sustainable natural resource management and productivity enhancement project
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively embed projects outcomes within government's overall objectives, for a lasting scaling up and out, especially with regards to Lao Northern lands?
* How to effectively involve national, provincial, district and village levels in a shared action to achieve this lasting impact? The IOMK support proposes tools and methods for a multi-level participatory design of this up scaling (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2013).
* How to effectively stimulate a shared strategy between poor farmers, farmers' organizations, producers' associations and private sectors so that poor farmers remain involved in these processes in the long term?
The IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared responsibility of natural resources, land and water management scales (participatory local land uses x provincial plans x government planning objectives):
* The playing board for the local simulation session can be the participatory land uses mapping, while the board for the 'office' (central) simulation session will be the provincial management plan. As the board game can bring together within the same game session several board maps (d'Aquino abd Bah 2012), the local simulation session can take into account the needed coordination with neighbouring communities' planning while the central session can gather several board maps representing different provinces… and raise discussions about how to coordinate these.
* Whoever they are – farmers in the local session or government officers in the central session –, each participant plays two roles: the local user (by playing the role into the game) and the government officer (because of the way the roles in the game have been designed: see details of step b above). This particular setting leads participants of both sessions to develop a shared understanding and proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.
4.4 Lao PDR: Rural livelihoods improvement program in Attapeu and Sayabouri
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement of the strengthened village institutions by locals as well as by the State?
* How to effectively achieve a lasting scaling out of the new farming technologies introduced?
* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement and support by the State of the newly introduced measures to manage natural resources? How to effectively embed in the long term the local land uses tools into national land uses policies?
The IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared understanding and a common proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.
4.5 Viet Nam: Project for adaptation to climate change in the Mekong delta in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively design a scaling out method so that local stakeholders (from villagers to government officers) themselves disseminate the achievements of the project on rural poor' adaptive capacities to better contend with climate change? The IOMK support provides tools and methods that involve key stakeholders of this scaling up into the strategic design of the process of scaling up and out (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2012).
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http://agents.cirad.fr/pjjimg/[email protected]/Management_of_Knowledge_for_Impact.pdf
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AN IMPACT-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE (IOMK)
FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND MONITORING
Contacts: Audrey Nepveu (IFAD) and Patrick d'Aquino (CIRAD)
1. Overview
How to effectively create local changes that trigger lasting changes and at larger scale through a timelimited intervention? Projects and programmes' outputs are confronted with many social and institutional hurdles which hamper their scaling up and out, within the country and beyond. These hurdles are often merely considered as externalities. Meanwhile, an approach to manage knowledge, right from project design or during implementation, can help overcome these social and institutional obstacles and achieve lasting scaling up and out despite the modest means of a time-limited intervention.
Creating lasting changes first implies taking into account the progress to be achieved in the comprehensive Society knowledge process. Achieving a lasting impact means achieving a sufficient change within the
Impact-oriented management of knowledge: achieving a sufficient change within the knowledge of the different people who are involved in the given impact sought to achieve a lasting impact.
knowledge of the different people involved in the given impact sought. This means that the design or monitoring phase does not only deal with the local target groups, but also includes the necessary links with
Society knowledge process: the progress in knowledge of each element of the society involved in the chain of knowledge assimilation, which ends up in a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.
methodological answer is to develop a other stakeholders, including higher level ones, which are needed to trigger an impact process and to make this impact last. The challenge is thus to achieve changes not only in the local target groups, but also in these other people and key institutions, thereby impacting the knowledge process of the whole context. A
the whole social and institutional context and, to remain manageable and achievable, strategically focuses on creating a practical and realistic first lasting change. This contextualized framework clarifies what practical knowledge progresses are needed contextualized framework of knowledge management
that considers
Contextualized knowledge: the practical knowledge about and from the context which is required to make the different stakeholders of the impact chain progress so far as to provoke a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.
from this diversity of stakeholders in order to trigger various essential micro changes which will result in a lasting impact.
Once the strategic focus related to the management of knowledge is clearly identified, the second priority is to turn the practical progresses in knowledge required into the contextualized personal and institutional
Inclusive conversion step: turn the practical knowledge progresses required into the contextualized personal and institutional changes of practices they imply.
stakeholders and partners abilities, which are best placed to capture the social and institutional specificities of the local context. This is the inclusive step of the management of knowledge process. The methodological challenge in this inclusive step is to identify every contextualized new behaviors, organizations, practices and actions required in the context to trigger a first, modest lasting change. A relevant way to implement this step is by simulating the process of the proposed change.
changes of practices they imply. In other words, convert practical improvements of knowledge into contextualized changes of practices. This conversion requires local
A simulation workshop enables stakeholders to simulate ("play") their behaviors, organizations, practices and actions, including their scaling up and out, and then to also "play" the modifications needed in the knowledge of the actor they are playing in order to integrate the proposed lasting change. The best way to
implement this inclusive step is to implement several workshops, some with local target groups and some with the higher level stakeholders required to achieve a lasting scaling up and out.
In two time-bound steps, the process to manage knowledge of the various stakeholders involved first defines the different practical progresses in knowledge required to affect the different stakeholders of the
Supporting the Management of Knowledge to achieve lasting impacts of project helps define every practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change, and then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.
chain of local progresses which ends up a lasting change; then supports the development of a shared agreement among the stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these various local changes. This impact-oriented management of knowledge process can be implemented at design stage of a project or along its implementation, as support to an impact-oriented strategy.
2. Methodological guidelines
Whether at design or implementation phase, setting a contextualized framework to manage knowledge in order to bring a lasting change involves two stages.
2.1 Designing a contextualized knowledge process
(a) First, designing a contextualized Knowledge Management strategy
The whole method is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process: in the context of the planned intervention, in order to achieve the first but workable progress in empowerment in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious, but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups, in participatory workshops - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders involved, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these needs to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?
A specific "spiral questioning", which progressively turns the initial too general considerations on these questions into refined, contextualized and operational priorities to manage knowledge (Figure 1), helps to define a sufficiently precise operational knowledge management strategy. In particular, progressively highlighting the key pragmatic constraints often implies accepting factors that were originally identified as simple preconditions or external pitfalls as new central targets. The crux of this eliciting process is the Knowledge Management loop, which ends up in defining the exact nature of the "progress in knowledge" required to launch the first
lasting change. In figure 1, tThe prequesites and pitfalls
Figure 1. A spiral questioning to define the contextualized KM strategy
Knowledge Management loop. As long as the answers to step 3 remain "no" these preconditions remain unfulfilled and the process goes back to step 1. This is the way the "keep modest but operational" principle is applied. Several loops may be necessary until there are no more changes to the step 1 objectives through step 3 questionning. Once the Step 1 answers have been defined, one can go directly to Step 4.
identified in step 3 are necessary preconditions in the
During the implementation of this central "Knowledge Management loop", a color-coded specification is used to help participants focus on the very operational and contextualized progresses in knowledge required to bring change about (Figure 2).
Figure 2. A color frame to refine contextualized KM objectives
to manage society's knowledge in the mid- and longterms, which outputs respond to modest short-term objectives but are also embedded within a more ambitious long-term frame (lasting scaling up and out).
In fact, during the definition of the knowledge processes of a given project, one may easily be not practical or contextualized enough… What is at stake is to understand what is exactly needed for each key stakeholder (practical synthesis of different theoretical learning concepts): does s/he merely need to be present? To receive particular information? To develop a specific knowhow? To changing a specific attitude? To have his/her power position modified? This fourth eliciting loop results in a workable short, contextualized strategy
Managing four different types of knowledge: scientific information, know-how, attitudes and leadership capacities.
The minimum conditions and operational processes required to trigger a momentum able to achieve the first priority lasting impact are identified.
(b) Second, identifying methods and tools to support Knowledge Management process within the Project implementation
Once all the targeted practical progresses are clearly and concretely tailored with stakeholders, it becomes easier to select methods and tools suited to achieve each progress in knowledge (see the last loop in Figure 1). With the help of facilitators skilled on implementation methods, this loop helps to select each specific methodological support and the corresponding action that is indispensable to deal with each distinct knowledge progress identified in the previous steps.
Figure 3 presents an example of the diversity of methodological means
selected using this form of knowledge management strategy: participatory appraisal or planning, training, learning by doing exercises, personal exchange, social networking, institutional lobbying, etc. Some unusual
actions can also be identified, e.g. acts that confer a higher status to certain stakeholders in the process could jeopardize achieving the most important impacts.
2.2 Converting the contextualized knowledge process in a chain of local changes, in an inclusive manner
The contextualized conversion is implemented through participatory simulation workshops. It has been increasingly recognised that, when dealing with complex issues, simulation and participation can be mutually reinforcing. A simulation game is very similar to a role playing game. Simulation games are based on the "learning-by-doing" hypothesis that assessing complexity is more efficient when people act (simulate) and then progress on their own with the opportunity to analyze the outcomes of their actions (e.g. Reed et al., 2010). Where a full-fledged learning-by-doing process would be too heavy, the learningby-doing exercise is replaced by "learning-through-simulation".
The simulation game which supports the inclusive conversion of a knowledge process in a chain of local changes is designed with the combination of the outputs from the contextualized knowledge process (2.1 above) and the issue tackled by the project.
According to the issue tackled by the project, a simulation board is developed, which translates in material items on the board the key elements of the issue: products, incomes, natural resources, infrastructure… the material items may be very common, like matches, even for complex issue (burned matches in a match box have been already used to represent avian flu chickens in an ASEAN simulation game on the control of avian flu epidemics). Outputs and outcomes of the project must also be represented by some of the material items of the board (tokens, cards, marbles…).
Participants of the simulation game are identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework (see figure 2 above). They draw on their knowledge of the context to play the roles of the various stakeholders involved in the simulated chain of local changes (also identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework). Participants simulate ("play") the actions of these stakeholders within the current situation of the issue: taping resources, implementing different farming activities, producing incomes and investing, feeding their family, negotiating access rights, agreeing for a new infrastructure… Roles are identified not only for local users and target groups but also for the other stakeholders involved in the chain of changes resulting in a lasting scaling up and out: neighbouring communities, higher levels stakeholders…
Participants "play" the game and enrich it with their own points of view, in particular on the institutional and social contexts. Thanks to simple material items, they are able to assess medium and long-term impacts of their actions while they are using the board game.
Participants are then asked to identify the different changes required to improve the results of the "game" (i.e. indicator(s) of the issue, monitored thanks to simple material items like tokens or matches), and to test their proposals by simulating them (playing again).
After a few cycles of debating/proposing/simulating, participants have tailored precise, concrete and shared assessments on how the context could achieve a lasting change. Since by construction of the game, the group of participants brings together the different key stakeholders required to obtain this change (see below the workshop settings), the output of this inclusive assessment will be more easily transformed in outcomes, and then impacts.
Simulation workshops have to bring together the different key stakeholders required to obtain the targeted change, which often means two different types of stakeholders: the local target groups and the other "surrounding" stakeholders required for a scaling up and out. It is often more convenient to separate these two groups and organize two different simulation workshops: the first one only with local target groups, and the second one with representatives of the local target groups and with the other "surrounding" stakeholders. Simulation workshops need time: the best way to achieve results is to implement a three-day workshop (d'Aquino et al. ref).
Thus in two time-limited steps, this Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support defines all the practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change. The IOMK then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.
3. Training method: what does it takes?
The training method itself is based on knowledge management principles: combining knowledges, learningby-doing, and incremental progress. The whole process, comprising (i) the design of the strategy for Contextualized Management of Knowledge, (ii) the inclusive conversion of this knowledge process into a practical chain of local changes, and (iii) the mobilization of the whole group of key stakeholders for an impact-oriented approach (target groups, projects staff, portfolio resources people, CPM, other key stakeholders at higher scales), is based on three workshops (for a total of 9 days):
- two parallel three-day participatory simulation workshops (one in the field and one in the office); and
- a two-day KM strategy design;
- a one-day completion meeting.
3.1 Training process: learning-by-doing in selected projects, to improve their impact-oriented strategy
The training method is designed to reach three target groups within the same training support: (i) project staff of selected cases; (ii) other interested projects from the region; (iii) the relevant CPMs and CPOs of the regional division.
In practical terms, it is proposed to choose specific field issues (projects issues, policy dialogue…) as case studies and mobilize facilitation skills to implement the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge support through four workshops (see details below). Project staff of the selected case studies will cofacilitate the process with the trainer (cf. learning-by-doing), and the others trainees (interested projects, CPMs and CPOs from the regional division) will attend the process.
The learning-by-doing facilitation process includes four steps and an optional fifth one:
(a) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Finalizing the selected field issue, and its related strategic participants (CPM, projects staff, portfolio resources people, and other key stakeholders) which will be brought together during the following workshops.
A deep knowledge of the context is required to fill in the Knowledge Management framework and progressively refine, loop after loop, a better contextualized strategic position. To implement this eliciting process, it is worth sharing knowledge of the context and views between diverse key partners. Consequently, deciding what is meant by key local partner is a first requirement. According to the strategic and contextualized stance developed, these key people identified are a loc
|
al strategic alliance, which rallies stakeholders around common goals right from the beginning of the process.
|
(b) A two-day workshop co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study - Designing the KM contextualized strategy for the selected field issues with the strategic participants.
The whole workshop is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process supported by a spiral questioning framework (see above methodological guidelines on 2.1): in the context of the selected issue, in order to achieve the first but workable and lasting progress in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome, and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first, and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these need to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?
(c) Two three-day workshops co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study Implementing the two KM inclusive workshops on the issue selected from the field, one with local target groups, and one with the strategic participants.
These workshops let participants design on their own the devising process and supports the development of a lasting impact. A simulation game has been designed by the trainer from the outputs of the first two workshops. The support provides a very opened role playing game that enable participants to shape their ideas about the chain of changes which can result in a lasting impact, and then to test them by "playing" them:
* Participants identify the key stakeholders required to achieve a lasting impact, and these key stakeholders become roles in the simulation game.
* Participants then identify the "winning objective" of each of these stakeholders (what motivates the given stakeholder?), and the "activities" they practice (from farming activities to administrative management or power behaviors), and these elements become the playing rules for these roles.
* Then the facilitator suggests an organization of the board game basic elements in order to enable the players to follow key impact indicators (according to the issue, it may be progresses in productivity, incomes, food self-sufficiency, resources stocks or quality, intensity of conflicts…).
* Participants are then able to simulate (spontaneously play, based on their own perception) the behaviours of the stakeholders from whom a change is required to achieve a lasting impact.
* From this first use of the simulation platform, participants debate the best changes required for each stakeholder to achieve the lasting impact sought. They then test their ideas by playing it. After a few cycles, some precise and very diverse actions (from participatory assessments to lobbying) are tailored by participants.
* As the participants are at the origin of the above outputs, their commitment to support the actions devised together is very high. They launch themselves into a strategic planning to implement these actions and support project staff for some of them (lobbying or disseminating knowledge for example).
(d) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Completion training session with project staff to finalize the impact-oriented action plan developed during the previous workshops.
Optional additional step: Monitoring sessions of the impact-oriented action plan can be organized yearly.
3.2 Opening the learning opportunity to others not in the field, through monitoring sessions of the project cases implementation
The training method may include a parallel, less intensive training for IFAD staff interested in a better understanding of the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge organized around monitoring sessions of the implementation of these case studies.
In practical terms, two monitoring sessions of the case study implementation can be organized, in Rome for example: one before and one at the end of the process. These sessions would allow additional people to familiarize and assimilate the approach.
4. Opportunities for IFAD portfolio: project cases for in Southern Asia
4.1 Cambodia: Rural livelihoods improvement project in Kratie, Preah Vihear and Ratanakiri
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively involve these stakeholders in the design and implementation of an up scaling strategy to government offices, especially the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries?
* How to effectively involve commune councils, local extension workers and village elders in the design and implementation of an out scaling strategy of the project results to other villages?
4.2 Cambodia: Tonle Sap poverty reduction and smallholder development project
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively set lasting arrangements to pilot rural communication technology for information on access to technology and markets?
* How to effectively involve key people from provincial, districts, commune and village levels in a collective support to the project target groups, through a more effective governance?
4.3 Lao PDR: Sustainable natural resource management and productivity enhancement project
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively embed projects outcomes within government's overall objectives, for a lasting scaling up and out, especially with regards to Lao Northern lands?
* How to effectively involve national, provincial, district and village levels in a shared action to achieve this lasting impact? The IOMK support proposes tools and methods for a multi-level participatory design of this up scaling (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2013).
* How to effectively stimulate a shared strategy between poor farmers, farmers' organizations, producers' associations and private sectors so that poor farmers remain involved in these processes in the long term?
The IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared responsibility of natural resources, land and water management scales (participatory local land uses x provincial plans x government planning objectives):
* The playing board for the local simulation session can be the participatory land uses mapping, while the board for the 'office' (central) simulation session will be the provincial management plan. As the board game can bring together within the same game session several board maps (d'Aquino abd Bah 2012), the local simulation session can take into account the needed coordination with neighbouring communities' planning while the central session can gather several board maps representing different provinces… and raise discussions about how to coordinate these.
* Whoever they are – farmers in the local session or government officers in the central session –, each participant plays two roles: the local user (by playing the role into the game) and the government officer (because of the way the roles in the game have been designed: see details of step b above). This particular setting leads participants of both sessions to develop a shared understanding and proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.
4.4 Lao PDR: Rural livelihoods improvement program in Attapeu and Sayabouri
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement of the strengthened village institutions by locals as well as by the State?
* How to effectively achieve a lasting scaling out of the new farming technologies introduced?
* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement and support by the State of the newly introduced measures to manage natural resources? How to effectively embed in the long term the local land uses tools into national land uses policies?
The IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared understanding and a common proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.
4.5 Viet Nam: Project for adaptation to climate change in the Mekong delta in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively design a scaling out method so that local stakeholders (from villagers to government officers) themselves disseminate the achievements of the project on rural poor' adaptive capacities to better contend with climate change? The IOMK support provides tools and methods that involve key stakeholders of this scaling up into the strategic design of the process of scaling up and out (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2012).
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http://agents.cirad.fr/pjjimg/[email protected]/Management_of_Knowledge_for_Impact.pdf
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AN IMPACT-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE (IOMK)
FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND MONITORING
Contacts: Audrey Nepveu (IFAD) and Patrick d'Aquino (CIRAD)
1. Overview
How to effectively create local changes that trigger lasting changes and at larger scale through a timelimited intervention? Projects and programmes' outputs are confronted with many social and institutional hurdles which hamper their scaling up and out, within the country and beyond. These hurdles are often merely considered as externalities. Meanwhile, an approach to manage knowledge, right from project design or during implementation, can help overcome these social and institutional obstacles and achieve lasting scaling up and out despite the modest means of a time-limited intervention.
Creating lasting changes first implies taking into account the progress to be achieved in the comprehensive Society knowledge process. Achieving a lasting impact means achieving a sufficient change within the
Impact-oriented management of knowledge: achieving a sufficient change within the knowledge of the different people who are involved in the given impact sought to achieve a lasting impact.
knowledge of the different people involved in the given impact sought. This means that the design or monitoring phase does not only deal with the local target groups, but also includes the necessary links with
Society knowledge process: the progress in knowledge of each element of the society involved in the chain of knowledge assimilation, which ends up in a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.
methodological answer is to develop a other stakeholders, including higher level ones, which are needed to trigger an impact process and to make this impact last. The challenge is thus to achieve changes not only in the local target groups, but also in these other people and key institutions, thereby impacting the knowledge process of the whole context. A
the whole social and institutional context and, to remain manageable and achievable, strategically focuses on creating a practical and realistic first lasting change. This contextualized framework clarifies what practical knowledge progresses are needed contextualized framework of knowledge management
that considers
Contextualized knowledge: the practical knowledge about and from the context which is required to make the different stakeholders of the impact chain progress so far as to provoke a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.
from this diversity of stakeholders in order to trigger various essential micro changes which will result in a lasting impact.
Once the strategic focus related to the management of knowledge is clearly identified, the second priority is to turn the practical progresses in knowledge required into the contextualized personal and institutional
Inclusive conversion step: turn the practical knowledge progresses required into the contextualized personal and institutional changes of practices they imply.
stakeholders and partners abilities, which are best placed to capture the social and institutional specificities of the local context. This is the inclusive step of the management of knowledge process. The methodological challenge in this inclusive step is to identify every contextualized new behaviors, organizations, practices and actions required in the context to trigger a first, modest lasting change. A relevant way to implement this step is by simulating the process of the proposed change.
changes of practices they imply. In other words, convert practical improvements of knowledge into contextualized changes of practices. This conversion requires local
A simulation workshop enables stakeholders to simulate ("play") their behaviors, organizations, practices and actions, including their scaling up and out, and then to also "play" the modifications needed in the knowledge of the actor they are playing in order to integrate the proposed lasting change. The best way to
implement this inclusive step is to implement several workshops, some with local target groups and some with the higher level stakeholders required to achieve a lasting scaling up and out.
In two time-bound steps, the process to manage knowledge of the various stakeholders involved first defines the different practical progresses in knowledge required to affect the different stakeholders of the
Supporting the Management of Knowledge to achieve lasting impacts of project helps define every practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change, and then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.
chain of local progresses which ends up a lasting change; then supports the development of a shared agreement among the stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these various local changes. This impact-oriented management of knowledge process can be implemented at design stage of a project or along its implementation, as support to an impact-oriented strategy.
2. Methodological guidelines
Whether at design or implementation phase, setting a contextualized framework to manage knowledge in order to bring a lasting change involves two stages.
2.1 Designing a contextualized knowledge process
(a) First, designing a contextualized Knowledge Management strategy
The whole method is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process: in the context of the planned intervention, in order to achieve the first but workable progress in empowerment in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious, but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups, in participatory workshops - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders involved, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these needs to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?
A specific "spiral questioning", which progressively turns the initial too general considerations on these questions into refined, contextualized and operational priorities to manage knowledge (Figure 1), helps to define a sufficiently precise operational knowledge management strategy. In particular, progressively highlighting the key pragmatic constraints often implies accepting factors that were originally identified as simple preconditions or external pitfalls as new central targets. The crux of this eliciting process is the Knowledge Management loop, which ends up in defining the exact nature of the "progress in knowledge" required to launch the first
lasting change. In figure 1, tThe prequesites and pitfalls
Figure 1. A spiral questioning to define the contextualized KM strategy
Knowledge Management loop. As long as the answers to step 3 remain "no" these preconditions remain unfulfilled and the process goes back to step 1. This is the way the "keep modest but operational" principle is applied. Several loops may be necessary until there are no more changes to the step 1 objectives through step 3 questionning. Once the Step 1 answers have been defined, one can go directly to Step 4.
identified in step 3 are necessary preconditions in the
During the implementation of this central "Knowledge Management loop", a color-coded specification is used to help participants focus on the very operational and contextualized progresses in knowledge required to bring change about (Figure 2).
Figure 2. A color frame to refine contextualized KM objectives
to manage society's knowledge in the mid- and longterms, which outputs respond to modest short-term objectives but are also embedded within a more ambitious long-term frame (lasting scaling up and out).
In fact, during the definition of the knowledge processes of a given project, one may easily be not practical or contextualized enough… What is at stake is to understand what is exactly needed for each key stakeholder (practical synthesis of different theoretical learning concepts): does s/he merely need to be present? To receive particular information? To develop a specific knowhow? To changing a specific attitude? To have his/her power position modified? This fourth eliciting loop results in a workable short, contextualized strategy
Managing four different types of knowledge: scientific information, know-how, attitudes and leadership capacities.
The minimum conditions and operational processes required to trigger a momentum able to achieve the first priority lasting impact are identified.
(b) Second, identifying methods and tools to support Knowledge Management process within the Project implementation
Once all the targeted practical progresses are clearly and concretely tailored with stakeholders, it becomes easier to select methods and tools suited to achieve each progress in knowledge (see the last loop in Figure 1). With the help of facilitators skilled on implementation methods, this loop helps to select each specific methodological support and the corresponding action that is indispensable to deal with each distinct knowledge progress identified in the previous steps.
Figure 3 presents an example of the diversity of methodological means
selected using this form of knowledge management strategy: participatory appraisal or planning, training, learning by doing exercises, personal exchange, social networking, institutional lobbying, etc. Some unusual
actions can also be identified, e.g. acts that confer a higher status to certain stakeholders in the process could jeopardize achieving the most important impacts.
2.2 Converting the contextualized knowledge process in a chain of local changes, in an inclusive manner
The contextualized conversion is implemented through participatory simulation workshops. It has been increasingly recognised that, when dealing with complex issues, simulation and participation can be mutually reinforcing. A simulation game is very similar to a role playing game. Simulation games are based on the "learning-by-doing" hypothesis that assessing complexity is more efficient when people act (simulate) and then progress on their own with the opportunity to analyze the outcomes of their actions (e.g. Reed et al., 2010). Where a full-fledged learning-by-doing process would be too heavy, the learningby-doing exercise is replaced by "learning-through-simulation".
The simulation game which supports the inclusive conversion of a knowledge process in a chain of local changes is designed with the combination of the outputs from the contextualized knowledge process (2.1 above) and the issue tackled by the project.
According to the issue tackled by the project, a simulation board is developed, which translates in material items on the board the key elements of the issue: products, incomes, natural resources, infrastructure… the material items may be very common, like matches, even for complex issue (burned matches in a match box have been already used to represent avian flu chickens in an ASEAN simulation game on the control of avian flu epidemics). Outputs and outcomes of the project must also be represented by some of the material items of the board (tokens, cards, marbles…).
Participants of the simulation game are identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework (see figure 2 above). They draw on their knowledge of the context to play the roles of the various stakeholders involved in the simulated chain of local changes (also identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework). Participants simulate ("play") the actions of these stakeholders within the current situation of the issue: taping resources, implementing different farming activities, producing incomes and investing, feeding their family, negotiating access rights, agreeing for a new infrastructure… Roles are identified not only for local users and target groups but also for the other stakeholders involved in the chain of changes resulting in a lasting scaling up and out: neighbouring communities, higher levels stakeholders…
Participants "play" the game and enrich it with their own points of view, in particular on the institutional and social contexts. Thanks to simple material items, they are able to assess medium and long-term impacts of their actions while they are using the board game.
Participants are then asked to identify the different changes required to improve the results of the "game" (i.e. indicator(s) of the issue, monitored thanks to simple material items like tokens or matches), and to test their proposals by simulating them (playing again).
After a few cycles of debating/proposing/simulating, participants have tailored precise, concrete and shared assessments on how the context could achieve a lasting change. Since by construction of the game, the group of participants brings together the different key stakeholders required to obtain this change (see below the workshop settings), the output of this inclusive assessment will be more easily transformed in outcomes, and then impacts.
Simulation workshops have to bring together the different key stakeholders required to obtain the targeted change, which often means two different types of stakeholders: the local target groups and the other "surrounding" stakeholders required for a scaling up and out. It is often more convenient to separate these two groups and organize two different simulation workshops: the first one only with local target groups, and the second one with representatives of the local target groups and with the other "surrounding" stakeholders. Simulation workshops need time: the best way to achieve results is to implement a three-day workshop (d'Aquino et al. ref).
Thus in two time-limited steps, this Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support defines all the practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change. The IOMK then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.
3. Training method: what does it takes?
The training method itself is based on knowledge management principles: combining knowledges, learningby-doing, and incremental progress. The whole process, comprising (i) the design of the strategy for Contextualized Management of Knowledge, (ii) the inclusive conversion of this knowledge process into a practical chain of local changes, and (iii) the mobilization of the whole group of key stakeholders for an impact-oriented approach (target groups, projects staff, portfolio resources people, CPM, other key stakeholders at higher scales), is based on three workshops (for a total of 9 days):
- two parallel three-day participatory simulation workshops (one in the field and one in the office); and
- a two-day KM strategy design;
- a one-day completion meeting.
3.1 Training process: learning-by-doing in selected projects, to improve their impact-oriented strategy
The training method is designed to reach three target groups within the same training support: (i) project staff of selected cases; (ii) other interested projects from the region; (iii) the relevant CPMs and CPOs of the regional division.
In practical terms, it is proposed to choose specific field issues (projects issues, policy dialogue…) as case studies and mobilize facilitation skills to implement the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge support through four workshops (see details below). Project staff of the selected case studies will cofacilitate the process with the trainer (cf. learning-by-doing), and the others trainees (interested projects, CPMs and CPOs from the regional division) will attend the process.
The learning-by-doing facilitation process includes four steps and an optional fifth one:
(a) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Finalizing the selected field issue, and its related strategic participants (CPM, projects staff, portfolio resources people, and other key stakeholders) which will be brought together during the following workshops.
A deep knowledge of the context is required to fill in the Knowledge Management framework and progressively refine, loop after loop, a better contextualized strategic position. To implement this eliciting process, it is worth sharing knowledge of the context and views between diverse key partners. Consequently, deciding what is meant by key local partner is a first requirement. According to the strategic and contextualized stance developed, these key people identified are a loc<cursor_is_here>
(b) A two-day workshop co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study - Designing the KM contextualized strategy for the selected field issues with the strategic participants.
The whole workshop is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process supported by a spiral questioning framework (see above methodological guidelines on 2.1): in the context of the selected issue, in order to achieve the first but workable and lasting progress in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome, and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first, and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these need to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?
(c) Two three-day workshops co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study Implementing the two KM inclusive workshops on the issue selected from the field, one with local target groups, and one with the strategic participants.
These workshops let participants design on their own the devising process and supports the development of a lasting impact. A simulation game has been designed by the trainer from the outputs of the first two workshops. The support provides a very opened role playing game that enable participants to shape their ideas about the chain of changes which can result in a lasting impact, and then to test them by "playing" them:
* Participants identify the key stakeholders required to achieve a lasting impact, and these key stakeholders become roles in the simulation game.
* Participants then identify the "winning objective" of each of these stakeholders (what motivates the given stakeholder?), and the "activities" they practice (from farming activities to administrative management or power behaviors), and these elements become the playing rules for these roles.
* Then the facilitator suggests an organization of the board game basic elements in order to enable the players to follow key impact indicators (according to the issue, it may be progresses in productivity, incomes, food self-sufficiency, resources stocks or quality, intensity of conflicts…).
* Participants are then able to simulate (spontaneously play, based on their own perception) the behaviours of the stakeholders from whom a change is required to achieve a lasting impact.
* From this first use of the simulation platform, participants debate the best changes required for each stakeholder to achieve the lasting impact sought. They then test their ideas by playing it. After a few cycles, some precise and very diverse actions (from participatory assessments to lobbying) are tailored by participants.
* As the participants are at the origin of the above outputs, their commitment to support the actions devised together is very high. They launch themselves into a strategic planning to implement these actions and support project staff for some of them (lobbying or disseminating knowledge for example).
(d) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Completion training session with project staff to finalize the impact-oriented action plan developed during the previous workshops.
Optional additional step: Monitoring sessions of the impact-oriented action plan can be organized yearly.
3.2 Opening the learning opportunity to others not in the field, through monitoring sessions of the project cases implementation
The training method may include a parallel, less intensive training for IFAD staff interested in a better understanding of the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge organized around monitoring sessions of the implementation of these case studies.
In practical terms, two monitoring sessions of the case study implementation can be organized, in Rome for example: one before and one at the end of the process. These sessions would allow additional people to familiarize and assimilate the approach.
4. Opportunities for IFAD portfolio: project cases for in Southern Asia
4.1 Cambodia: Rural livelihoods improvement project in Kratie, Preah Vihear and Ratanakiri
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively involve these stakeholders in the design and implementation of an up scaling strategy to government offices, especially the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries?
* How to effectively involve commune councils, local extension workers and village elders in the design and implementation of an out scaling strategy of the project results to other villages?
4.2 Cambodia: Tonle Sap poverty reduction and smallholder development project
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively set lasting arrangements to pilot rural communication technology for information on access to technology and markets?
* How to effectively involve key people from provincial, districts, commune and village levels in a collective support to the project target groups, through a more effective governance?
4.3 Lao PDR: Sustainable natural resource management and productivity enhancement project
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively embed projects outcomes within government's overall objectives, for a lasting scaling up and out, especially with regards to Lao Northern lands?
* How to effectively involve national, provincial, district and village levels in a shared action to achieve this lasting impact? The IOMK support proposes tools and methods for a multi-level participatory design of this up scaling (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2013).
* How to effectively stimulate a shared strategy between poor farmers, farmers' organizations, producers' associations and private sectors so that poor farmers remain involved in these processes in the long term?
The IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared responsibility of natural resources, land and water management scales (participatory local land uses x provincial plans x government planning objectives):
* The playing board for the local simulation session can be the participatory land uses mapping, while the board for the 'office' (central) simulation session will be the provincial management plan. As the board game can bring together within the same game session several board maps (d'Aquino abd Bah 2012), the local simulation session can take into account the needed coordination with neighbouring communities' planning while the central session can gather several board maps representing different provinces… and raise discussions about how to coordinate these.
* Whoever they are – farmers in the local session or government officers in the central session –, each participant plays two roles: the local user (by playing the role into the game) and the government officer (because of the way the roles in the game have been designed: see details of step b above). This particular setting leads participants of both sessions to develop a shared understanding and proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.
4.4 Lao PDR: Rural livelihoods improvement program in Attapeu and Sayabouri
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement of the strengthened village institutions by locals as well as by the State?
* How to effectively achieve a lasting scaling out of the new farming technologies introduced?
* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement and support by the State of the newly introduced measures to manage natural resources? How to effectively embed in the long term the local land uses tools into national land uses policies?
The IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared understanding and a common proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.
4.5 Viet Nam: Project for adaptation to climate change in the Mekong delta in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces
The Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:
* How to effectively design a scaling out method so that local stakeholders (from villagers to government officers) themselves disseminate the achievements of the project on rural poor' adaptive capacities to better contend with climate change? The IOMK support provides tools and methods that involve key stakeholders of this scaling up into the strategic design of the process of scaling up and out (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2012).
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttp://agents.cirad.fr/pjjimg/[email protected]/Management_of_Knowledge_for_Impact.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nAN IMPACT-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE (IOMK)\n\nFOR PROJECT DESIGN AND MONITORING\n\nContacts: Audrey Nepveu (IFAD) and Patrick d'Aquino (CIRAD)\n\n1. Overview\n\nHow to effectively create local changes that trigger lasting changes and at larger scale through a timelimited intervention? Projects and programmes' outputs are confronted with many social and institutional hurdles which hamper their scaling up and out, within the country and beyond. These hurdles are often merely considered as externalities. Meanwhile, an approach to manage knowledge, right from project design or during implementation, can help overcome these social and institutional obstacles and achieve lasting scaling up and out despite the modest means of a time-limited intervention.\n\nCreating lasting changes first implies taking into account the progress to be achieved in the comprehensive Society knowledge process. Achieving a lasting impact means achieving a sufficient change within the\n\nImpact-oriented management of knowledge: achieving a sufficient change within the knowledge of the different people who are involved in the given impact sought to achieve a lasting impact.\n\nknowledge of the different people involved in the given impact sought. This means that the design or monitoring phase does not only deal with the local target groups, but also includes the necessary links with\n\nSociety knowledge process: the progress in knowledge of each element of the society involved in the chain of knowledge assimilation, which ends up in a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.\n\nmethodological answer is to develop a other stakeholders, including higher level ones, which are needed to trigger an impact process and to make this impact last. The challenge is thus to achieve changes not only in the local target groups, but also in these other people and key institutions, thereby impacting the knowledge process of the whole context. A\n\nthe whole social and institutional context and, to remain manageable and achievable, strategically focuses on creating a practical and realistic first lasting change. This contextualized framework clarifies what practical knowledge progresses are needed contextualized framework of knowledge management\n\nthat considers\n\nContextualized knowledge: the practical knowledge about and from the context which is required to make the different stakeholders of the impact chain progress so far as to provoke a lasting improvement of the society's knowledge.\n\nfrom this diversity of stakeholders in order to trigger various essential micro changes which will result in a lasting impact.\n\nOnce the strategic focus related to the management of knowledge is clearly identified, the second priority is to turn the practical progresses in knowledge required into the contextualized personal and institutional\n\nInclusive conversion step: turn the practical knowledge progresses required into the contextualized personal and institutional changes of practices they imply.\n\nstakeholders and partners abilities, which are best placed to capture the social and institutional specificities of the local context. This is the inclusive step of the management of knowledge process. The methodological challenge in this inclusive step is to identify every contextualized new behaviors, organizations, practices and actions required in the context to trigger a first, modest lasting change. A relevant way to implement this step is by simulating the process of the proposed change.\n\nchanges of practices they imply. In other words, convert practical improvements of knowledge into contextualized changes of practices. This conversion requires local\n\nA simulation workshop enables stakeholders to simulate (\"play\") their behaviors, organizations, practices and actions, including their scaling up and out, and then to also \"play\" the modifications needed in the knowledge of the actor they are playing in order to integrate the proposed lasting change. The best way to\n\nimplement this inclusive step is to implement several workshops, some with local target groups and some with the higher level stakeholders required to achieve a lasting scaling up and out.\n\nIn two time-bound steps, the process to manage knowledge of the various stakeholders involved first defines the different practical progresses in knowledge required to affect the different stakeholders of the\n\nSupporting the Management of Knowledge to achieve lasting impacts of project helps define every practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change, and then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.\n\nchain of local progresses which ends up a lasting change; then supports the development of a shared agreement among the stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these various local changes. This impact-oriented management of knowledge process can be implemented at design stage of a project or along its implementation, as support to an impact-oriented strategy.\n\n2. Methodological guidelines\n\nWhether at design or implementation phase, setting a contextualized framework to manage knowledge in order to bring a lasting change involves two stages.\n\n2.1 Designing a contextualized knowledge process\n\n(a) First, designing a contextualized Knowledge Management strategy\n\nThe whole method is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process: in the context of the planned intervention, in order to achieve the first but workable progress in empowerment in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious, but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups, in participatory workshops - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders involved, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these needs to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?\n\nA specific \"spiral questioning\", which progressively turns the initial too general considerations on these questions into refined, contextualized and operational priorities to manage knowledge (Figure 1), helps to define a sufficiently precise operational knowledge management strategy. In particular, progressively highlighting the key pragmatic constraints often implies accepting factors that were originally identified as simple preconditions or external pitfalls as new central targets. The crux of this eliciting process is the Knowledge Management loop, which ends up in defining the exact nature of the \"progress in knowledge\" required to launch the first\n\nlasting change. In figure 1, tThe prequesites and pitfalls\n\nFigure 1. A spiral questioning to define the contextualized KM strategy\n\nKnowledge Management loop. As long as the answers to step 3 remain \"no\" these preconditions remain unfulfilled and the process goes back to step 1. This is the way the \"keep modest but operational\" principle is applied. Several loops may be necessary until there are no more changes to the step 1 objectives through step 3 questionning. Once the Step 1 answers have been defined, one can go directly to Step 4.\n\nidentified in step 3 are necessary preconditions in the\n\nDuring the implementation of this central \"Knowledge Management loop\", a color-coded specification is used to help participants focus on the very operational and contextualized progresses in knowledge required to bring change about (Figure 2).\n\nFigure 2. A color frame to refine contextualized KM objectives\n\nto manage society's knowledge in the mid- and longterms, which outputs respond to modest short-term objectives but are also embedded within a more ambitious long-term frame (lasting scaling up and out).\n\nIn fact, during the definition of the knowledge processes of a given project, one may easily be not practical or contextualized enough… What is at stake is to understand what is exactly needed for each key stakeholder (practical synthesis of different theoretical learning concepts): does s/he merely need to be present? To receive particular information? To develop a specific knowhow? To changing a specific attitude? To have his/her power position modified? This fourth eliciting loop results in a workable short, contextualized strategy\n\nManaging four different types of knowledge: scientific information, know-how, attitudes and leadership capacities.\n\nThe minimum conditions and operational processes required to trigger a momentum able to achieve the first priority lasting impact are identified.\n\n(b) Second, identifying methods and tools to support Knowledge Management process within the Project implementation\n\nOnce all the targeted practical progresses are clearly and concretely tailored with stakeholders, it becomes easier to select methods and tools suited to achieve each progress in knowledge (see the last loop in Figure 1). With the help of facilitators skilled on implementation methods, this loop helps to select each specific methodological support and the corresponding action that is indispensable to deal with each distinct knowledge progress identified in the previous steps.\n\nFigure 3 presents an example of the diversity of methodological means\n\nselected using this form of knowledge management strategy: participatory appraisal or planning, training, learning by doing exercises, personal exchange, social networking, institutional lobbying, etc. Some unusual\n\nactions can also be identified, e.g. acts that confer a higher status to certain stakeholders in the process could jeopardize achieving the most important impacts.\n\n2.2 Converting the contextualized knowledge process in a chain of local changes, in an inclusive manner\n\nThe contextualized conversion is implemented through participatory simulation workshops. It has been increasingly recognised that, when dealing with complex issues, simulation and participation can be mutually reinforcing. A simulation game is very similar to a role playing game. Simulation games are based on the \"learning-by-doing\" hypothesis that assessing complexity is more efficient when people act (simulate) and then progress on their own with the opportunity to analyze the outcomes of their actions (e.g. Reed et al., 2010). Where a full-fledged learning-by-doing process would be too heavy, the learningby-doing exercise is replaced by \"learning-through-simulation\".\n\nThe simulation game which supports the inclusive conversion of a knowledge process in a chain of local changes is designed with the combination of the outputs from the contextualized knowledge process (2.1 above) and the issue tackled by the project.\n\nAccording to the issue tackled by the project, a simulation board is developed, which translates in material items on the board the key elements of the issue: products, incomes, natural resources, infrastructure… the material items may be very common, like matches, even for complex issue (burned matches in a match box have been already used to represent avian flu chickens in an ASEAN simulation game on the control of avian flu epidemics). Outputs and outcomes of the project must also be represented by some of the material items of the board (tokens, cards, marbles…).\n\nParticipants of the simulation game are identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework (see figure 2 above). They draw on their knowledge of the context to play the roles of the various stakeholders involved in the simulated chain of local changes (also identified thanks to the previous knowledge management framework). Participants simulate (\"play\") the actions of these stakeholders within the current situation of the issue: taping resources, implementing different farming activities, producing incomes and investing, feeding their family, negotiating access rights, agreeing for a new infrastructure… Roles are identified not only for local users and target groups but also for the other stakeholders involved in the chain of changes resulting in a lasting scaling up and out: neighbouring communities, higher levels stakeholders…\n\nParticipants \"play\" the game and enrich it with their own points of view, in particular on the institutional and social contexts. Thanks to simple material items, they are able to assess medium and long-term impacts of their actions while they are using the board game.\n\nParticipants are then asked to identify the different changes required to improve the results of the \"game\" (i.e. indicator(s) of the issue, monitored thanks to simple material items like tokens or matches), and to test their proposals by simulating them (playing again).\n\nAfter a few cycles of debating/proposing/simulating, participants have tailored precise, concrete and shared assessments on how the context could achieve a lasting change. Since by construction of the game, the group of participants brings together the different key stakeholders required to obtain this change (see below the workshop settings), the output of this inclusive assessment will be more easily transformed in outcomes, and then impacts.\n\nSimulation workshops have to bring together the different key stakeholders required to obtain the targeted change, which often means two different types of stakeholders: the local target groups and the other \"surrounding\" stakeholders required for a scaling up and out. It is often more convenient to separate these two groups and organize two different simulation workshops: the first one only with local target groups, and the second one with representatives of the local target groups and with the other \"surrounding\" stakeholders. Simulation workshops need time: the best way to achieve results is to implement a three-day workshop (d'Aquino et al. ref).\n\nThus in two time-limited steps, this Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support defines all the practical progresses in knowledge required to affect key stakeholders in the local chain of changes which results in a lasting change. The IOMK then achieves a common agreement among stakeholders on the practical actions, organizations and proposals to achieve these different local changes.\n\n3. Training method: what does it takes?\n\nThe training method itself is based on knowledge management principles: combining knowledges, learningby-doing, and incremental progress. The whole process, comprising (i) the design of the strategy for Contextualized Management of Knowledge, (ii) the inclusive conversion of this knowledge process into a practical chain of local changes, and (iii) the mobilization of the whole group of key stakeholders for an impact-oriented approach (target groups, projects staff, portfolio resources people, CPM, other key stakeholders at higher scales), is based on three workshops (for a total of 9 days):\n\n- two parallel three-day participatory simulation workshops (one in the field and one in the office); and\n- a two-day KM strategy design;\n- a one-day completion meeting.\n\n3.1 Training process: learning-by-doing in selected projects, to improve their impact-oriented strategy\n\nThe training method is designed to reach three target groups within the same training support: (i) project staff of selected cases; (ii) other interested projects from the region; (iii) the relevant CPMs and CPOs of the regional division.\n\nIn practical terms, it is proposed to choose specific field issues (projects issues, policy dialogue…) as case studies and mobilize facilitation skills to implement the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge support through four workshops (see details below). Project staff of the selected case studies will cofacilitate the process with the trainer (cf. learning-by-doing), and the others trainees (interested projects, CPMs and CPOs from the regional division) will attend the process.\n\nThe learning-by-doing facilitation process includes four steps and an optional fifth one:\n\n(a) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Finalizing the selected field issue, and its related strategic participants (CPM, projects staff, portfolio resources people, and other key stakeholders) which will be brought together during the following workshops.\n\nA deep knowledge of the context is required to fill in the Knowledge Management framework and progressively refine, loop after loop, a better contextualized strategic position. To implement this eliciting process, it is worth sharing knowledge of the context and views between diverse key partners. Consequently, deciding what is meant by key local partner is a first requirement. According to the strategic and contextualized stance developed, these key people identified are a loc<cursor_is_here>\n\n(b) A two-day workshop co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study - Designing the KM contextualized strategy for the selected field issues with the strategic participants.\n\nThe whole workshop is underpinned by a thoroughly pragmatic questioning process supported by a spiral questioning framework (see above methodological guidelines on 2.1): in the context of the selected issue, in order to achieve the first but workable and lasting progress in the context concerned, what hurdles need to be overcome, and how? Which key people and institutions will need to be changed first, and how, to achieve this initial progress? These questions may seem obvious but experience shows that going beyond simple solutions - like involving everybody, especially disadvantaged groups - remains difficult. Indeed, among the many stakeholders, who are the first ones that need changing to make the context amenable to a lasting change? What are the preconditions or external factors which may limit or even prevent the local and global targeted impacts? As a consequence, do these need to be considered as priority goals rather than as externalities?\n\n(c) Two three-day workshops co-facilitated by the trainer and project staff of the selected case study Implementing the two KM inclusive workshops on the issue selected from the field, one with local target groups, and one with the strategic participants.\n\nThese workshops let participants design on their own the devising process and supports the development of a lasting impact. A simulation game has been designed by the trainer from the outputs of the first two workshops. The support provides a very opened role playing game that enable participants to shape their ideas about the chain of changes which can result in a lasting impact, and then to test them by \"playing\" them:\n\n* Participants identify the key stakeholders required to achieve a lasting impact, and these key stakeholders become roles in the simulation game.\n* Participants then identify the \"winning objective\" of each of these stakeholders (what motivates the given stakeholder?), and the \"activities\" they practice (from farming activities to administrative management or power behaviors), and these elements become the playing rules for these roles.\n* Then the facilitator suggests an organization of the board game basic elements in order to enable the players to follow key impact indicators (according to the issue, it may be progresses in productivity, incomes, food self-sufficiency, resources stocks or quality, intensity of conflicts…).\n* Participants are then able to simulate (spontaneously play, based on their own perception) the behaviours of the stakeholders from whom a change is required to achieve a lasting impact.\n* From this first use of the simulation platform, participants debate the best changes required for each stakeholder to achieve the lasting impact sought. They then test their ideas by playing it. After a few cycles, some precise and very diverse actions (from participatory assessments to lobbying) are tailored by participants.\n* As the participants are at the origin of the above outputs, their commitment to support the actions devised together is very high. They launch themselves into a strategic planning to implement these actions and support project staff for some of them (lobbying or disseminating knowledge for example).\n(d) A one-day workshop facilitated by the trainer - Completion training session with project staff to finalize the impact-oriented action plan developed during the previous workshops.\n\nOptional additional step: Monitoring sessions of the impact-oriented action plan can be organized yearly.\n\n3.2 Opening the learning opportunity to others not in the field, through monitoring sessions of the project cases implementation\n\nThe training method may include a parallel, less intensive training for IFAD staff interested in a better understanding of the Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge organized around monitoring sessions of the implementation of these case studies.\n\nIn practical terms, two monitoring sessions of the case study implementation can be organized, in Rome for example: one before and one at the end of the process. These sessions would allow additional people to familiarize and assimilate the approach.\n\n4. Opportunities for IFAD portfolio: project cases for in Southern Asia\n\n4.1 Cambodia: Rural livelihoods improvement project in Kratie, Preah Vihear and Ratanakiri\n\nThe Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:\n\n* How to effectively involve these stakeholders in the design and implementation of an up scaling strategy to government offices, especially the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries?\n* How to effectively involve commune councils, local extension workers and village elders in the design and implementation of an out scaling strategy of the project results to other villages?\n\n4.2 Cambodia: Tonle Sap poverty reduction and smallholder development project\n\nThe Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:\n\n* How to effectively set lasting arrangements to pilot rural communication technology for information on access to technology and markets?\n* How to effectively involve key people from provincial, districts, commune and village levels in a collective support to the project target groups, through a more effective governance?\n\n4.3 Lao PDR: Sustainable natural resource management and productivity enhancement project\n\nThe Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:\n\n* How to effectively embed projects outcomes within government's overall objectives, for a lasting scaling up and out, especially with regards to Lao Northern lands?\n* How to effectively involve national, provincial, district and village levels in a shared action to achieve this lasting impact? The IOMK support proposes tools and methods for a multi-level participatory design of this up scaling (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2013).\n* How to effectively stimulate a shared strategy between poor farmers, farmers' organizations, producers' associations and private sectors so that poor farmers remain involved in these processes in the long term?\n\nThe IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared responsibility of natural resources, land and water management scales (participatory local land uses x provincial plans x government planning objectives):\n\n* The playing board for the local simulation session can be the participatory land uses mapping, while the board for the 'office' (central) simulation session will be the provincial management plan. As the board game can bring together within the same game session several board maps (d'Aquino abd Bah 2012), the local simulation session can take into account the needed coordination with neighbouring communities' planning while the central session can gather several board maps representing different provinces… and raise discussions about how to coordinate these.\n* Whoever they are – farmers in the local session or government officers in the central session –, each participant plays two roles: the local user (by playing the role into the game) and the government officer (because of the way the roles in the game have been designed: see details of step b above). This particular setting leads participants of both sessions to develop a shared understanding and proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.\n\n4.4 Lao PDR: Rural livelihoods improvement program in Attapeu and Sayabouri\n\nThe Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:\n\n* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement of the strengthened village institutions by locals as well as by the State?\n* How to effectively achieve a lasting scaling out of the new farming technologies introduced?\n* How to effectively achieve a lasting acknowledgement and support by the State of the newly introduced measures to manage natural resources? How to effectively embed in the long term the local land uses tools into national land uses policies?\n\nThe IOMK process is particularly devised for launching a multi-level commitment (from villages to government) towards a shared understanding and a common proposal to implement a 'multi-level' chain of changes towards a lasting impact.\n\n4.5 Viet Nam: Project for adaptation to climate change in the Mekong delta in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces\n\nThe Impact-Oriented Management of Knowledge (IOMK) support will help project staff to design and implement a contextualized strategy about:\n\n* How to effectively design a scaling out method so that local stakeholders (from villagers to government officers) themselves disseminate the achievements of the project on rural poor' adaptive capacities to better contend with climate change? The IOMK support provides tools and methods that involve key stakeholders of this scaling up into the strategic design of the process of scaling up and out (e.g. d'Aquino and Bah 2012).\n</text>\n",
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DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5
Three-way cross designs for test lines vs. control line comparisons
Mohd Harun, Cini Varghese * , Eldho Varghese and Seema Jaggi
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi – 110 012
*
Email: [email protected]
(Received: July 2015; Accepted: January 2016)
Abstract
The selection of appropriate parental lines and crossing plans are the most important keys for a successful breeding programme. Three-way crosses are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids and hence are economical with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing. When a number of test lines are to be compared to a control line, the main interest of the experimenter centers around comparing test vs. control lines with a high precision. For such situations, two series of designs have been developed using partially balanced incomplete block designs and their association schemes. In the designs obtained, three-way crosses are arranged in incomplete blocks and hence heterogeneity in the experimental field can be controlled in blocks of smaller sizes. It is found that the proposed designs make test vs. control lines comparisons with a higher precision.
Key words: Triangular association scheme, combining abilities, partially balanced incomplete block designs
Introduction
Crossbreeding has been a major tool for the development of present day commercial breeds. The most common designs used by a geneticist to study genetic parameters and their interpretations are diallele (single cross), triallele (three-way cross) and quadriallele (double cross). There are many cases of plants like maize or corn where three-way and fourway crosses are the commonly used techniques of producing commercial hybrids. Three-way crosses are more useful for plant breeding trials as these are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing [Weatherspoon, 1970]. As the number of lines increases, the number of crosses in a complete threeway cross plan increases manifold and becomes unmanageably large for the investigator to handle. This situation lies in taking a sample of complete triallele crosses, known as partial triallele crosses. Sample is to be drawn in a systematic manner such that there is minimum loss of information regarding combining ability effects. Suitable mating designs are to be chosen carefully as the selection of an efficient crossing plan is as equally important as the selection of appropriate parental lines in a successful breeding programme.
The concept of partial triallele crosses (PTC) was introduced and the relationship between incomplete block designs and PTC is utilized for the purpose of constructing and analyzing appropriate plans by Hinkelmann (1965). Methods of construction of PTC using Trojan square design, generalized incomplete Trojan type designs and mutually orthogonal Latin squares have been obtained by several authors [Dharmalingam (2002), Varghese and Jaggi (2011) and Sharma et al. (2012)].
In comparative experiments, there may be an established line which may be regarded as a control line and the purpose of the trial may be to compare some new lines with the control line to find out the lines worth further study rather than to compare within new lines to find the best genotype. In this instance the greatest economy is obtained if the control is highly replicated than the new lines under test.
Diallele crosses for comparing a control line with test lines were given and designs that estimate control vs. test comparisons with a minimum variance were listed by Choi et al. (2004). A-optimality of diallele cross experiments for comparing two or three test lines with a control line were studied by Hsu and Ting (2005). Some classes of partial diallele cross designs for test vs. control comparisons are obtained in Srivastava et al. (2013). In this study, two series of partial three-way cross designs that are suitable for comparing several test lines with a control line have been obtained.
Materials and methods
Three-way cross: Definition and Model
Let there be n lines. A set of matings is said to be a PTC if it satisfies the following conditions [Hinkelmannn, 1965]:
(i) Each line occurs exactly rH times as half-parent and rF times as full-parent.
(ii) Each cross (ij)k occurs either once or not at all.
Condition (ii) doesn't exclude the simultaneous occurrence of (ij)k, (ik)j and (jk)i. To ensure the structural symmetric property (SSP) of the PTC, all the above mentioned three types of crosses are to be included in the plan. The total number of crosses is nrF. Since each line is equally often represented as half-parent it follows immediately that rH = 2rF.
One can obtain N = n(n-1)(n-2)/2 three-way crosses from n inbred lines. Consider three-way crosses (ignoring reciprocal effects) of the form i × j × k (i, j, k = 1,2,…,n and i ≠ j ≠ k) arranged in b blocks of size k and each cross replicated r times. The model for mating experiments can be expressed in the form
where ylm is the response from the l th cross ( l =1,2,…,N) belonging to the m th (m = 1,2,…,b) block, μ is the grand mean, τ(ijk)l the effect of the l th cross and elm is i.i.d following a normal distribution with 0 mean and constant variance σ 2 .
Model (1) can be rewritten in matrix notations as
(2)
where y is a Nr × 1 vector of responses, 1 is a Nr × 1 vector of ones, Δ' is a Nr × N incidence matrix of response versus crosses, τ is a N × 1 vector of cross effects and e is a Nr × 1 vector of errors. Now, the design matrix X Nr × (N+1) can be partitioned into (X1) and (X2) with respect to parameters of interest and the nuisance parameters.
Some basic concepts of m-class association scheme, partially balanced incomplete block (PBIB) design, , group divisible, triangular and cyclic association schemes is desirable in understanding the methods of constructions explained in the succeeding sections. For more details, one may refer to Dey (1986).
Method 1: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using triangular association scheme
Let the number of lines n be of the form v(v - 1)/2, where v ≥ 5. Consider an arrangement of n lines in a triangular association scheme. The empty diagonal positions are replaced by the control line n + 1. Making all possible distinct three-way crosses of type (ij)k either within each row or column of this arrangement and ensuring the SSP of the plan, we get a partial three-way cross plan where the test lines follow a triangular association scheme. Parameters of this class of designs are as, n = v(v - 1)/2, N = v 2 (v 1)(v - 2)/2, b = v and k = v(v - 1)(v-2)/2.
(1/ 2 ) times the average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents ( ii h V and 0 ii h V ) as well as full parents ( ii g V and
The parameters of the designs obtained using triangular association scheme have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 1.
Example 1: Let v=5, then the number of test lines will be 10. An arrangement of 10 test lines in a triangular association scheme is as
Replacing the empty diagonal positions with a control line, denoted by 11 we get the following arrangement:
Making all possible distinct three-way crosses within each row of this arrangement, the following partial three-way cross plan where the test lines following a triangular association scheme is obtained:
The parameters of this design are: total number of crosses (N) = 150, number of blocks (b) = 5, block size (k) = 30, and degree of fractionation (f) = 10/33. Now, (1/ 2 ) times average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 6349 0. ii h V and 4191 0 0 . ii h V as well as for full parents as 2381 0. ii g V and 1571 0 0 . ii g V to make a comparative study, where, . i i i 0 11 and 1,2,...,10
DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5
Method 2: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using PBIB designs
Consider any PBIB design having small block size. Let the blocks of the design are arranged in b * rows having block size (k * > 2) made up of n test lines. Augment a control line (say, n + 1) to each row. Making all possible three-way crosses within each block, we can obtain a partial three-way cross plan. For this class of designs, N = b * k * (k * - 1)(k * - 2)/6. The parameters of the designs obtained using various PBIB designs (group divisible, triangular, cyclic) have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 2.
Example 2: Partial three-way cross plans using cyclic design
Consider the blocks (arranged in rows) of a cyclic design for n = 5 and augment a control treatment 6 to each block as given below:
The following partial three-way cross plan can be obtained by taking all the possible three-way crosses within each row:
Crosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design
are total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where 11 and ,...,10 2,1 i i i .
0
Example 3: Partial three-way cross plans using a triangular design
Consider n = 10. A triangular PBIB design for 10 symbols and control (denoted 11) augmented blocks are given below:
A partial three-way cross plan for test vs. control comparison obtained by taking all possible distinct three-way crosses within each block of the above design is given below:
Block VI
Block
Block
Block IX
Block X
are total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where . i ,..., , i i 11 and 10 2 1 0
Results and Discussion
In this paper, two different methods have been discussed for constructing PTC plans that are partially variance balanced as these methods are derived from association schemes and partially balanced incomplete block designs. The proposed designs are available for almost every parametric
Again, crosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design
combination and can be easily constructed. The variance of contrasts pertaining to estimated general combining ability effects of full parents as well as half parents are computed for test vs. test lines and test vs. control lines and it was found that test vs. control lines comparisons are made with more precision. For test vs. test line comparisons, contrasts pertaining to general combining ability effects of full parents as well as half parents are estimated with two types of variances. Through the suggested methods, breeders can obtain a small and efficient three-way cross plans without vast knowledge in statistics. By using these designs, breeders can optimize the resource utilization and at the same time reduce the heterogeneity in the experimental field. Combining ability effects of full parents as well as half parents are computed for test vs. test lines and test vs. control lines and it was found that test vs. control lines
comparisons are made with more precision. For test vs. test line comparisons, contrasts pertaining to general combining ability effects of full parents as well as half parents are estimated with two types of variances. Through the suggested methods, breeders can obtain a small and efficient three-way cross plans without vast knowledge in statistics. By using these designs, breeders can optimize the resource
Reference
Choi, K.C., Gupta, S. and Kageyama, S. 2004. Designs for diallel crosses for test versus control comparisons. Utilitas Mathematica, 65: 167-180.
Clatworthy, W.H. 1973. Tables of two-associate partially balanced designs. National Bureau of Standards, Applied Maths. Series No. 63, Washington D.C.
Dey, A. 1986. Theory of Block Designs. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
Dharmalingam, M. 2002. Construction of partial triallel crosses based on Trojan square designs. Journal of Applied Statistics, 29(5): 695-702.
Hinkelmann, K. 1965. Partial triallel crosses. Sankhya, 27: 173–196.
Hsu, Y.F. and Ting, C.P. 2005. A-optimal and efficient diallel cross experiments for comparing test
utilization and at the same time reduce the heterogeneity in the experimental field.
Acknowledgement
The first author would like to thank ICAR for providing financial assistance in the form of Junior Research Fellowship for carrying out the research work. The facilities provided by PG School, IARI are duly acknowledged.
treatments with a control. Statistics and Probability Letters, 71(1): 99-110.
Sharma, M.K., Atsedeweyn, A. and Misganaw, B. 2012. Optimal partial triallel cross designs. Model Assisted Statistics and Applications, 7(2): 99-106.
Srivastava, Sudhir, Varghese, Cini, Jaggi, Seema and Varghese, Eldho. 2013. Diallel cross designs for test versus control comparisons. The Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 73(2): 186-193.
Varghese, C. and Jaggi, S. 2011. Mating designs using generalized incomplete Trojan-type designs. Journal of Statistics and Applications, 6(3-4): 8593.
Weatherspoon, J.H. 1970. Comparative yields of single, three way and double crosses of maize. Crop Science, 10: 157-159.
Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding,
ISSN 0975-928X
Table 1. Partial three-way cross plans for test vs. control comparisons using triangular association scheme
Table 2. Partial three-way cross plans for test vs. control line comparisons using various PBIB designs
* design number in Clatworthy (1973) tables where R stands for regular group divisible design and SR stands for semi-regular group divisible design.
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DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5
Three-way cross designs for test lines vs. control line comparisons
Mohd Harun, Cini Varghese * , Eldho Varghese and Seema Jaggi
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi – 110 012
*
Email: [email protected]
(Received: July 2015; Accepted: January 2016)
Abstract
The selection of appropriate parental lines and crossing plans are the most important keys for a successful breeding programme. Three-way crosses are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids and hence are economical with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing. When a number of test lines are to be compared to a control line, the main interest of the experimenter centers around comparing test vs. control lines with a high precision. For such situations, two series of designs have been developed using partially balanced incomplete block designs and their association schemes. In the designs obtained, three-way crosses are arranged in incomplete blocks and hence heterogeneity in the experimental field can be controlled in blocks of smaller sizes. It is found that the proposed designs make test vs. control lines comparisons with a higher precision.
Key words: Triangular association scheme, combining abilities, partially balanced incomplete block designs
Introduction
Crossbreeding has been a major tool for the development of present day commercial breeds. The most common designs used by a geneticist to study genetic parameters and their interpretations are diallele (single cross), triallele (three-way cross) and quadriallele (double cross). There are many cases of plants like maize or corn where three-way and fourway crosses are the commonly used techniques of producing commercial hybrids. Three-way crosses are more useful for plant breeding trials as these are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing [Weatherspoon, 1970]. As the number of lines increases, the number of crosses in a complete threeway cross plan increases manifold and becomes unmanageably large for the investigator to handle. This situation lies in taking a sample of complete triallele crosses, known as partial triallele crosses. Sample is to be drawn in a systematic manner such that there is minimum loss of information regarding combining ability effects. Suitable mating designs are to be chosen carefully as the selection of an efficient crossing plan is as equally important as the selection of appropriate parental lines in a successful breeding programme.
The concept of partial triallele crosses (PTC) was introduced and the relationship between incomplete block designs and PTC is utilized for the purpose of constructing and analyzing appropriate plans by Hinkelmann (1965). Methods of construction of PTC using Trojan square design, generalized incomplete Trojan type designs and mutually orthogonal Latin squares have been obtained by several authors [Dharmalingam (2002), Varghese and Jaggi (2011) and Sharma et al. (2012)].
In comparative experiments, there may be an established line which may be regarded as a control line and the purpose of the trial may be to compare some new lines with the control line to find out the lines worth further study rather than to compare within new lines to find the best genotype. In this instance the greatest economy is obtained if the control is highly replicated than the new lines under test.
Diallele crosses for comparing a control line with test lines were given and designs that estimate control vs. test comparisons with a minimum variance were listed by Choi et al. (2004). A-optimality of diallele cross experiments for comparing two or three test lines with a control line were studied by Hsu and Ting (2005). Some classes of partial diallele cross designs for test vs. control comparisons are obtained in Srivastava et al. (2013). In this study, two series of partial three-way cross designs that are suitable for comparing several test lines with a control line have been obtained.
Materials and methods
Three-way cross: Definition and Model
Let there be n lines. A set of matings is said to be a PTC if it satisfies the following conditions [Hinkelmannn, 1965]:
(i) Each line occurs exactly rH times as half-parent and rF times as full-parent.
(ii) Each cross (ij)k occurs either once or not at all.
Condition (ii) doesn't exclude the simultaneous occurrence of (ij)k, (ik)j and (jk)i. To ensure the structural symmetric property (SSP) of the PTC, all the above mentioned three types of crosses are to be included in the plan. The total number of crosses is nrF. Since each line is equally often represented as half-parent it follows immediately that rH = 2rF.
One can obtain N = n(n-1)(n-2)/2 three-way crosses from n inbred lines. Consider three-way crosses (ignoring reciprocal effects) of the form i × j × k (i, j, k = 1,2,…,n and i ≠ j ≠ k) arranged in b blocks of size k and each cross replicated r times. The model for mating experiments can be expressed in the form
where ylm is the response from the l th cross ( l =1,2,…,N) belonging to the m th (m = 1,2,…,b) block, μ is the grand mean, τ(ijk)l the effect of the l th cross and elm is i.i.d following a normal distribution with 0 mean and constant variance σ 2 .
Model (1) can be rewritten in matrix notations as
(2)
where y is a Nr × 1 vector of responses, 1 is a Nr × 1 vector of ones, Δ' is a Nr × N incidence matrix of response versus crosses, τ is a N × 1 vector of cross effects and e is a Nr × 1 vector of errors. Now, the design matrix X Nr × (N+1) can be partitioned into (X1) and (X2) with respect to parameters of interest and the nuisance parameters.
Some basic concepts of m-class association scheme, partially balanced incomplete block (PBIB) design, , group divisible, triangular and cyclic association schemes is desirable in understanding the methods of constructions explained in the succeeding sections. For more details, one may refer to Dey (1986).
Method 1: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using triangular association scheme
Let the number of lines n be of the form v(v - 1)/2, where v ≥ 5. Consider an arrangement of n lines in a triangular association scheme. The empty diagonal positions are replaced by the control line n + 1. Making all possible distinct three-way crosses of type (ij)k either within each row or column of this arrangement and ensuring the SSP of the plan, we get a partial three-way cross plan where the test lines follow a triangular association scheme. Parameters of this class of designs are as, n = v(v - 1)/2, N = v 2 (v 1)(v - 2)/2, b = v and k = v(v - 1)(v-2)/2.
(1/ 2 ) times the average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents ( ii h V and 0 ii h V ) as well as full parents ( ii g V and
The parameters of the designs obtained using triangular association scheme have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 1.
Example 1: Let v=5, then the number of test lines will be 10. An arrangement of 10 test lines in a triangular association scheme is as
Replacing the empty diagonal positions with a control line, denoted by 11 we get the following arrangement:
Making all possible distinct three-way crosses within each row of this arrangement, the following partial three-way cross plan where the test lines following a triangular association scheme is obtained:
The parameters of this design are: total number of crosses (N) = 150, number of blocks (b) = 5, block size (k) = 30, and degree of fractionation (f) = 10/33. Now, (1/ 2 ) times average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 6349 0. ii h V and 4191 0 0 . ii h V as well as for full parents as 2381 0. ii g V and 1571 0 0 . ii g V to make a comparative study, where, . i i i 0 11 and 1,2,...,10
DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5
Method 2: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using PBIB designs
Consider any PBIB design having small block size. Let the blocks of the design are arranged in b * rows having block size (k * > 2) made up of n test lines. Augment a control line (say, n + 1) to each row. Making all possible three-way crosses within each block, we can obtain a partial three-way cross plan. For this class of designs, N = b * k * (k * - 1)(k * - 2)/6. The parameters of the designs obtained using various PBIB designs (group divisible, triangular, cyclic) have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 2.
Example 2: Partial three-way cross plans using cyclic design
Consider the blocks (arranged in rows) of a cyclic design for n = 5 and augment a control treatment 6 to each block as given below:
The following partial three-way cross plan can be obtained by taking all the possible three-way crosses within each row:
Crosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design
are total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where 11 and ,...,10 2,1 i i i .
0
Example 3: Partial three-way cross plans using a triangular design
Consider n = 10. A triangular PBIB design for 10 symbols and control (denoted 11) augmented blocks are given below:
A partial three-way cross plan for test vs. control comparison obtained by taking all possible distinct three-way crosses within each block of the above design is given below:
Block VI
Block
Block
Block IX
Block X
are total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where . i ,..., , i i 11 and 10 2 1 0
Results and Discussion
In this paper, two different methods have been discussed for constructing PTC plans that are partially variance balanced as these methods are derived from association schemes and partially balanced incomplete block designs. The proposed designs are available for almost every parametric
Again, crosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design
combination and can be easily constructed. The variance of contrasts pertaining to estimated gener
|
al combining ability effects of full parents as well as half parents are computed for test vs.
| 10,788
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inside_word
|
general
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remove_all
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<url>
http://www.ejplantbreeding.org/index.php/EJPB/article/download/801/570
</url>
<text>
DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5
Three-way cross designs for test lines vs. control line comparisons
Mohd Harun, Cini Varghese * , Eldho Varghese and Seema Jaggi
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi – 110 012
*
Email: [email protected]
(Received: July 2015; Accepted: January 2016)
Abstract
The selection of appropriate parental lines and crossing plans are the most important keys for a successful breeding programme. Three-way crosses are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids and hence are economical with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing. When a number of test lines are to be compared to a control line, the main interest of the experimenter centers around comparing test vs. control lines with a high precision. For such situations, two series of designs have been developed using partially balanced incomplete block designs and their association schemes. In the designs obtained, three-way crosses are arranged in incomplete blocks and hence heterogeneity in the experimental field can be controlled in blocks of smaller sizes. It is found that the proposed designs make test vs. control lines comparisons with a higher precision.
Key words: Triangular association scheme, combining abilities, partially balanced incomplete block designs
Introduction
Crossbreeding has been a major tool for the development of present day commercial breeds. The most common designs used by a geneticist to study genetic parameters and their interpretations are diallele (single cross), triallele (three-way cross) and quadriallele (double cross). There are many cases of plants like maize or corn where three-way and fourway crosses are the commonly used techniques of producing commercial hybrids. Three-way crosses are more useful for plant breeding trials as these are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing [Weatherspoon, 1970]. As the number of lines increases, the number of crosses in a complete threeway cross plan increases manifold and becomes unmanageably large for the investigator to handle. This situation lies in taking a sample of complete triallele crosses, known as partial triallele crosses. Sample is to be drawn in a systematic manner such that there is minimum loss of information regarding combining ability effects. Suitable mating designs are to be chosen carefully as the selection of an efficient crossing plan is as equally important as the selection of appropriate parental lines in a successful breeding programme.
The concept of partial triallele crosses (PTC) was introduced and the relationship between incomplete block designs and PTC is utilized for the purpose of constructing and analyzing appropriate plans by Hinkelmann (1965). Methods of construction of PTC using Trojan square design, generalized incomplete Trojan type designs and mutually orthogonal Latin squares have been obtained by several authors [Dharmalingam (2002), Varghese and Jaggi (2011) and Sharma et al. (2012)].
In comparative experiments, there may be an established line which may be regarded as a control line and the purpose of the trial may be to compare some new lines with the control line to find out the lines worth further study rather than to compare within new lines to find the best genotype. In this instance the greatest economy is obtained if the control is highly replicated than the new lines under test.
Diallele crosses for comparing a control line with test lines were given and designs that estimate control vs. test comparisons with a minimum variance were listed by Choi et al. (2004). A-optimality of diallele cross experiments for comparing two or three test lines with a control line were studied by Hsu and Ting (2005). Some classes of partial diallele cross designs for test vs. control comparisons are obtained in Srivastava et al. (2013). In this study, two series of partial three-way cross designs that are suitable for comparing several test lines with a control line have been obtained.
Materials and methods
Three-way cross: Definition and Model
Let there be n lines. A set of matings is said to be a PTC if it satisfies the following conditions [Hinkelmannn, 1965]:
(i) Each line occurs exactly rH times as half-parent and rF times as full-parent.
(ii) Each cross (ij)k occurs either once or not at all.
Condition (ii) doesn't exclude the simultaneous occurrence of (ij)k, (ik)j and (jk)i. To ensure the structural symmetric property (SSP) of the PTC, all the above mentioned three types of crosses are to be included in the plan. The total number of crosses is nrF. Since each line is equally often represented as half-parent it follows immediately that rH = 2rF.
One can obtain N = n(n-1)(n-2)/2 three-way crosses from n inbred lines. Consider three-way crosses (ignoring reciprocal effects) of the form i × j × k (i, j, k = 1,2,…,n and i ≠ j ≠ k) arranged in b blocks of size k and each cross replicated r times. The model for mating experiments can be expressed in the form
where ylm is the response from the l th cross ( l =1,2,…,N) belonging to the m th (m = 1,2,…,b) block, μ is the grand mean, τ(ijk)l the effect of the l th cross and elm is i.i.d following a normal distribution with 0 mean and constant variance σ 2 .
Model (1) can be rewritten in matrix notations as
(2)
where y is a Nr × 1 vector of responses, 1 is a Nr × 1 vector of ones, Δ' is a Nr × N incidence matrix of response versus crosses, τ is a N × 1 vector of cross effects and e is a Nr × 1 vector of errors. Now, the design matrix X Nr × (N+1) can be partitioned into (X1) and (X2) with respect to parameters of interest and the nuisance parameters.
Some basic concepts of m-class association scheme, partially balanced incomplete block (PBIB) design, , group divisible, triangular and cyclic association schemes is desirable in understanding the methods of constructions explained in the succeeding sections. For more details, one may refer to Dey (1986).
Method 1: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using triangular association scheme
Let the number of lines n be of the form v(v - 1)/2, where v ≥ 5. Consider an arrangement of n lines in a triangular association scheme. The empty diagonal positions are replaced by the control line n + 1. Making all possible distinct three-way crosses of type (ij)k either within each row or column of this arrangement and ensuring the SSP of the plan, we get a partial three-way cross plan where the test lines follow a triangular association scheme. Parameters of this class of designs are as, n = v(v - 1)/2, N = v 2 (v 1)(v - 2)/2, b = v and k = v(v - 1)(v-2)/2.
(1/ 2 ) times the average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents ( ii h V and 0 ii h V ) as well as full parents ( ii g V and
The parameters of the designs obtained using triangular association scheme have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 1.
Example 1: Let v=5, then the number of test lines will be 10. An arrangement of 10 test lines in a triangular association scheme is as
Replacing the empty diagonal positions with a control line, denoted by 11 we get the following arrangement:
Making all possible distinct three-way crosses within each row of this arrangement, the following partial three-way cross plan where the test lines following a triangular association scheme is obtained:
The parameters of this design are: total number of crosses (N) = 150, number of blocks (b) = 5, block size (k) = 30, and degree of fractionation (f) = 10/33. Now, (1/ 2 ) times average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 6349 0. ii h V and 4191 0 0 . ii h V as well as for full parents as 2381 0. ii g V and 1571 0 0 . ii g V to make a comparative study, where, . i i i 0 11 and 1,2,...,10
DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5
Method 2: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using PBIB designs
Consider any PBIB design having small block size. Let the blocks of the design are arranged in b * rows having block size (k * > 2) made up of n test lines. Augment a control line (say, n + 1) to each row. Making all possible three-way crosses within each block, we can obtain a partial three-way cross plan. For this class of designs, N = b * k * (k * - 1)(k * - 2)/6. The parameters of the designs obtained using various PBIB designs (group divisible, triangular, cyclic) have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 2.
Example 2: Partial three-way cross plans using cyclic design
Consider the blocks (arranged in rows) of a cyclic design for n = 5 and augment a control treatment 6 to each block as given below:
The following partial three-way cross plan can be obtained by taking all the possible three-way crosses within each row:
Crosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design
are total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where 11 and ,...,10 2,1 i i i .
0
Example 3: Partial three-way cross plans using a triangular design
Consider n = 10. A triangular PBIB design for 10 symbols and control (denoted 11) augmented blocks are given below:
A partial three-way cross plan for test vs. control comparison obtained by taking all possible distinct three-way crosses within each block of the above design is given below:
Block VI
Block
Block
Block IX
Block X
are total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where . i ,..., , i i 11 and 10 2 1 0
Results and Discussion
In this paper, two different methods have been discussed for constructing PTC plans that are partially variance balanced as these methods are derived from association schemes and partially balanced incomplete block designs. The proposed designs are available for almost every parametric
Again, crosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design
combination and can be easily constructed. The variance of contrasts pertaining to estimated gener<cursor_is_here>
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttp://www.ejplantbreeding.org/index.php/EJPB/article/download/801/570\n</url>\n<text>\nDOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5\n\nThree-way cross designs for test lines vs. control line comparisons\n\nMohd Harun, Cini Varghese * , Eldho Varghese and Seema Jaggi\n\nIndian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi – 110 012\n\n*\n\nEmail: [email protected]\n\n(Received: July 2015; Accepted: January 2016)\n\nAbstract\n\nThe selection of appropriate parental lines and crossing plans are the most important keys for a successful breeding programme. Three-way crosses are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids and hence are economical with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing. When a number of test lines are to be compared to a control line, the main interest of the experimenter centers around comparing test vs. control lines with a high precision. For such situations, two series of designs have been developed using partially balanced incomplete block designs and their association schemes. In the designs obtained, three-way crosses are arranged in incomplete blocks and hence heterogeneity in the experimental field can be controlled in blocks of smaller sizes. It is found that the proposed designs make test vs. control lines comparisons with a higher precision.\n\nKey words: Triangular association scheme, combining abilities, partially balanced incomplete block designs\n\nIntroduction\n\nCrossbreeding has been a major tool for the development of present day commercial breeds. The most common designs used by a geneticist to study genetic parameters and their interpretations are diallele (single cross), triallele (three-way cross) and quadriallele (double cross). There are many cases of plants like maize or corn where three-way and fourway crosses are the commonly used techniques of producing commercial hybrids. Three-way crosses are more useful for plant breeding trials as these are intermediate between single and double cross hybrids with respect to uniformity, yield, stability and the relative simplicity of selecting and testing [Weatherspoon, 1970]. As the number of lines increases, the number of crosses in a complete threeway cross plan increases manifold and becomes unmanageably large for the investigator to handle. This situation lies in taking a sample of complete triallele crosses, known as partial triallele crosses. Sample is to be drawn in a systematic manner such that there is minimum loss of information regarding combining ability effects. Suitable mating designs are to be chosen carefully as the selection of an efficient crossing plan is as equally important as the selection of appropriate parental lines in a successful breeding programme.\n\nThe concept of partial triallele crosses (PTC) was introduced and the relationship between incomplete block designs and PTC is utilized for the purpose of constructing and analyzing appropriate plans by Hinkelmann (1965). Methods of construction of PTC using Trojan square design, generalized incomplete Trojan type designs and mutually orthogonal Latin squares have been obtained by several authors [Dharmalingam (2002), Varghese and Jaggi (2011) and Sharma et al. (2012)].\n\nIn comparative experiments, there may be an established line which may be regarded as a control line and the purpose of the trial may be to compare some new lines with the control line to find out the lines worth further study rather than to compare within new lines to find the best genotype. In this instance the greatest economy is obtained if the control is highly replicated than the new lines under test.\n\nDiallele crosses for comparing a control line with test lines were given and designs that estimate control vs. test comparisons with a minimum variance were listed by Choi et al. (2004). A-optimality of diallele cross experiments for comparing two or three test lines with a control line were studied by Hsu and Ting (2005). Some classes of partial diallele cross designs for test vs. control comparisons are obtained in Srivastava et al. (2013). In this study, two series of partial three-way cross designs that are suitable for comparing several test lines with a control line have been obtained.\n\nMaterials and methods\n\nThree-way cross: Definition and Model\n\nLet there be n lines. A set of matings is said to be a PTC if it satisfies the following conditions [Hinkelmannn, 1965]:\n\n(i) Each line occurs exactly rH times as half-parent and rF times as full-parent.\n\n(ii) Each cross (ij)k occurs either once or not at all.\n\nCondition (ii) doesn't exclude the simultaneous occurrence of (ij)k, (ik)j and (jk)i. To ensure the structural symmetric property (SSP) of the PTC, all the above mentioned three types of crosses are to be included in the plan. The total number of crosses is nrF. Since each line is equally often represented as half-parent it follows immediately that rH = 2rF.\n\nOne can obtain N = n(n-1)(n-2)/2 three-way crosses from n inbred lines. Consider three-way crosses (ignoring reciprocal effects) of the form i × j × k (i, j, k = 1,2,…,n and i ≠ j ≠ k) arranged in b blocks of size k and each cross replicated r times. The model for mating experiments can be expressed in the form\n\nwhere ylm is the response from the l th cross ( l =1,2,…,N) belonging to the m th (m = 1,2,…,b) block, μ is the grand mean, τ(ijk)l the effect of the l th cross and elm is i.i.d following a normal distribution with 0 mean and constant variance σ 2 .\n\nModel (1) can be rewritten in matrix notations as\n\n(2)\n\nwhere y is a Nr × 1 vector of responses, 1 is a Nr × 1 vector of ones, Δ' is a Nr × N incidence matrix of response versus crosses, τ is a N × 1 vector of cross effects and e is a Nr × 1 vector of errors. Now, the design matrix X Nr × (N+1) can be partitioned into (X1) and (X2) with respect to parameters of interest and the nuisance parameters.\n\nSome basic concepts of m-class association scheme, partially balanced incomplete block (PBIB) design, , group divisible, triangular and cyclic association schemes is desirable in understanding the methods of constructions explained in the succeeding sections. For more details, one may refer to Dey (1986).\n\nMethod 1: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using triangular association scheme\n\nLet the number of lines n be of the form v(v - 1)/2, where v ≥ 5. Consider an arrangement of n lines in a triangular association scheme. The empty diagonal positions are replaced by the control line n + 1. Making all possible distinct three-way crosses of type (ij)k either within each row or column of this arrangement and ensuring the SSP of the plan, we get a partial three-way cross plan where the test lines follow a triangular association scheme. Parameters of this class of designs are as, n = v(v - 1)/2, N = v 2 (v 1)(v - 2)/2, b = v and k = v(v - 1)(v-2)/2.\n\n(1/ 2 ) times the average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents ( ii h V and 0 ii h V ) as well as full parents ( ii g V and\n\nThe parameters of the designs obtained using triangular association scheme have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 1.\n\nExample 1: Let v=5, then the number of test lines will be 10. An arrangement of 10 test lines in a triangular association scheme is as\n\nReplacing the empty diagonal positions with a control line, denoted by 11 we get the following arrangement:\n\nMaking all possible distinct three-way crosses within each row of this arrangement, the following partial three-way cross plan where the test lines following a triangular association scheme is obtained:\n\nThe parameters of this design are: total number of crosses (N) = 150, number of blocks (b) = 5, block size (k) = 30, and degree of fractionation (f) = 10/33. Now, (1/ 2 ) times average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 6349 0. ii h V and 4191 0 0 . ii h V as well as for full parents as 2381 0. ii g V and 1571 0 0 . ii g V to make a comparative study, where, . i i i 0 11 and 1,2,...,10 \n\nDOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00006.5\n\nMethod 2: Partial three-way cross plans obtained using PBIB designs\n\nConsider any PBIB design having small block size. Let the blocks of the design are arranged in b * rows having block size (k * > 2) made up of n test lines. Augment a control line (say, n + 1) to each row. Making all possible three-way crosses within each block, we can obtain a partial three-way cross plan. For this class of designs, N = b * k * (k * - 1)(k * - 2)/6. The parameters of the designs obtained using various PBIB designs (group divisible, triangular, cyclic) have been listed for n ≤ 25 in Table 2.\n\nExample 2: Partial three-way cross plans using cyclic design\n\nConsider the blocks (arranged in rows) of a cyclic design for n = 5 and augment a control treatment 6 to each block as given below:\n\nThe following partial three-way cross plan can be obtained by taking all the possible three-way crosses within each row:\n\nCrosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design\n\nare total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where 11 and ,...,10 2,1 i i i .\n\n0\n\nExample 3: Partial three-way cross plans using a triangular design\n\nConsider n = 10. A triangular PBIB design for 10 symbols and control (denoted 11) augmented blocks are given below:\n\nA partial three-way cross plan for test vs. control comparison obtained by taking all possible distinct three-way crosses within each block of the above design is given below:\n\nBlock VI\n\nBlock\n\nBlock\n\nBlock IX\n\nBlock X\n\nare total number of crosses (N) = 126, number of blocks (b) = 6, block size (k) = 21, and degree of fractionation (f) = 6/8. (1/ 2 ) average variances were computed for test vs. test and test vs. control lines of half parents as 2116 .0 ii h V and 1300 .0 0 ii h V as well as for full parents as 0794 .0 ii g V and 0524 .0 0 ii g V ,where . i ,..., , i i 11 and 10 2 1 0 \n\nResults and Discussion\n\nIn this paper, two different methods have been discussed for constructing PTC plans that are partially variance balanced as these methods are derived from association schemes and partially balanced incomplete block designs. The proposed designs are available for almost every parametric\n\nAgain, crosses of types (ik)j and (jk)i are to be considered along with each cross (ij)k in each block to possess SSP. The parameters of the design\n\ncombination and can be easily constructed. The variance of contrasts pertaining to estimated gener<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Founder – CEO
Attorney at Law
Attorney Mazariegos is licensed to practice law in the State of Illinois. She received her law degree from DePaul University College of Law with a Certificate in Business and International law in 2012. She obtained her BA in Political Science from Loyola University with a minor in Latin American Studies.
During Law School, she dedicated herself to the study of Immigration Law and Human Rights Protection. She completed a 3 month internship at El Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolome de Las Casas in Chiapas, Mexico a non-profit organization that works in the defense and promotion of human rights. In law school, she was board member of the Women Bar Association and the Society of Asylum and Immigration Law. She also completed a semester at DePaul College of Law Immigration and Asylum Clinic where she focused on U- Visa. In her last year of law school, she was employed as an Interfaith Student Scholar and led a group of law students to New Orleans, LA to help build houses destroyed by Katrina. Attorney Mazariegos has dedicated her life to public service.
Since attending Loyola Academy High School in Wilmette, Illinois, Attorney Mazariegos has volunteered at Centro Romero’s Legal Department, a non-profit organization. For the past 14 years, she has worked on various complex immigration cases such as NACARA, TPS, U Visa and Appeals. She is proud of her commitment to continue to volunteer weekly at Centro Romero.
After graduation, she immediately started her own firm to make sure that competent representation was accessible to everyone. As a first-generation Guatemalan American, she has first hand knowledge of the vulnerability of the immigrant community and the need for affordable and knowledgeable attorney representation. She speaks German and is fluent Spanish.
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Founder – CEO
Attorney at Law
Attorney Mazariegos is licensed to practice law in the State of Illinois. She received her law degree from DePaul University College of Law with a Certificate in Business and International law in 2012. She obtained her BA in Political Science from Loyola University with a minor in Latin American Studies.
During Law School, she dedicated herself to the study of Immigration Law and Human Rights Protection. She completed a 3 month internship at El Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolome de Las Casas in Chiapas, Mexico a non-profit organization that works in the defense and promotion of human rights. In law school, she was board member of the Women Bar Association and the Society of Asylum and Immigration Law. She also completed a semester at DePaul College of Law Immigration and Asylum Clinic where she focused on U- Visa. In her last year of law school, she was employed as an Interfaith Student Scholar and led a group of law students to New Orleans, LA to help build houses destroyed by Katrina. Attorney Mazariegos has dedicated her life to public service.
Since attending Loyola Academy High School in Wilmette, Illinois, Attorney Mazariegos has volunteered at Centro Romero’s Legal Department, a non-profit organization. For the past 14 years, she has worked on various complex immigration cases such as NACARA, TPS, U Visa and Appeals. She is proud of he
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Founder – CEO
Attorney at Law
Attorney Mazariegos is licensed to practice law in the State of Illinois. She received her law degree from DePaul University College of Law with a Certificate in Business and International law in 2012. She obtained her BA in Political Science from Loyola University with a minor in Latin American Studies.
During Law School, she dedicated herself to the study of Immigration Law and Human Rights Protection. She completed a 3 month internship at El Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolome de Las Casas in Chiapas, Mexico a non-profit organization that works in the defense and promotion of human rights. In law school, she was board member of the Women Bar Association and the Society of Asylum and Immigration Law. She also completed a semester at DePaul College of Law Immigration and Asylum Clinic where she focused on U- Visa. In her last year of law school, she was employed as an Interfaith Student Scholar and led a group of law students to New Orleans, LA to help build houses destroyed by Katrina. Attorney Mazariegos has dedicated her life to public service.
Since attending Loyola Academy High School in Wilmette, Illinois, Attorney Mazariegos has volunteered at Centro Romero’s Legal Department, a non-profit organization. For the past 14 years, she has worked on various complex immigration cases such as NACARA, TPS, U Visa and Appeals. She is proud of he<cursor_is_here>
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Social and Legal Implications of Social Networking Websites
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the social and legal implications of widespread social networking websites. I will start by briefly describing the history of Social Networking Websites (SNWs) and listing some of the most popular current examples. Then, I will view some of the positive cultural effects that SNWs have made. I will also discuss some of the social implications, such as the huge role SNWs play in our children's lives and how they affect our personal security and privacy. Another important aspect of SNWs is the legal issues and cases which I will examine in a general fashion. At the end of the paper I will present my opinion regarding the ethical responsibilities of developers when developing new means of entertainment that have the opportunity to profoundly affect society.
History of & Types of SNWs
Users of the internet started communicating with each other using several means of electronic communication. Since the early development of the internet, e-mails were used as a standard way of communication. However, different situations require different styles of communicating. The result was a wide range of possibilities to view user generated content. Such methods include bulletin boards, Internet newsgroups, on-line chatting, and web logs (blogs). A new approach was social networking services (websites) that, since the early 2000s, have grown exponentially to include millions of users per site. [1] For the purpose of comparison, it is estimated that the most watched TV show in the US, American Idol, is viewed by an average of about 30 million viewers per episode. [2] Of course one of the main differences in the two media platforms is that television is network generated, and more or less performed for the viewer, while SNWs are user generated and very interactive.
There are many types of social networking websites that are different depending on the initially targeted audience of the founders. One type of SNW is targeted towards students attending the same high school or college (e.g. Facebook.com and Classmates.com). Other types are more specific towards one interest such as music (e.g. Last.fm) or Travel & Lifestyle (e.g. WAYN.com). One of the largest, well-known SNWs is MySpace.com. With over 155 million registered users, it is rated sixth by Alexa.com traffic ranking. [3] MySpace is one example of a general type of SNW. Other examples of general SNW include orkut.com (owned by Google, with over 40 million users) and the Korean based Cyworld.com (with 15 million users). Another major type of social networking website is on-line dating websites. The most well-known example is probably eHarmony.com, which has 12 million registered users from more than 200 countries. [4] Another example of a popular on-line dating website is Match.com.
Cultural Impact
Social networking websites have become a massive cultural phenomenon. Never before has it been so easy to connect with thousands of others from around the world. SNWs have virtually eradicated the barrier of distance when it comes to meeting new people. Making new friends that share similar interests and ideas can be rewarding in various ways. SNWs attract a wide range of age groups from teens to old people. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a survey that showed that teens spend an average of 1 hour and 22 minutes on social networking websites. [5] Yong users mostly use SNWs to express themselves via blogs, video clips, music tracks, posting pictures, and messaging other friends.
Similar to television, this large audience attracted a wide-range of advertisers from independent music bands to giant corporations. It is now common for many music bands to rely on sites like MySpace to promote their new releases.
Social Implications
One of the main social issues that have emerged from the usage of SNWs is the concern about children being kept safe from online predators. Teens and young adults are usually unaware of the possibility of getting into trouble or having someone take advantage of them. They are often easily influenced and their curiosity, inexperience and naiveté make it easier for online predators to gradually seduce them through attention, kindness, and fake friendships. According to the Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee, approximately 1 in 7 kids were victims of online predators in 2005. [6] One of the biggest issues when it comes to social networking websites is that online predators can not only know about a victim but also about their friends, activities, and home and school addresses. This assists pedophiles and sex offenders in committing horrible crimes.
One case involved a 38-year-old man that used MySpace to select and locate victims he later assaulted. [7] Thankfully, he was caught and was prosecuted for multiple counts of sexual assault. Another case involved the murder of a 14-year old girl that reportedly told her friends that she had met a man through MySpace. The Center for Missing and Exploited Children reported more than 2,600 cases of adults using sites like MySpace to lure minors. [7]
Unfortunately, security measures restricting ages don't always work since many children simply lie about their age. Since SNW administrators have been unsuccessful at preventing children from creating accounts, they have tried to locate and delete accounts of suspected predators. That solution is short-lived however, since it is very easy for a predator to create a new one. This has been the case for several sex offenders. [8]
Another social implication is the privacy vulnerability issue that affects both teens and adults. Most users post personal journals of where they've been or their future plans. Some times they post their home addresses, school, or work locations. This information is often viewable by the general public and when posted along with birthdates, pet's name, and other personal information, place users' security at risk. Such posts can be an opportunity for fraudsters and con artists to guess passwords and steal property or bank accounts.
An additional implication is the one that involves employment. Many employing agencies suggest that graduates should clean up their profile since companies can easily view their public profiles. Employers sometimes review a candidate's profile and judge the employee based on their personal life. This might violate the privacy of the applicants, but employers often do it. In different cases, employees' profiles can sometimes help them to get a job. When a profile shows a professional candidate it servers more like a resume than a profile for fun. [9]
Legal Implications
Social problems relating to SNWs naturally gave birth to legal issues. Some members of the U.S. government tried to tackle the growing threat of online predators by introducing new laws that might help prevent future cases. One example is the Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006 introduced by republican representative Mike Fitzpatrick. This bill would have required schools and libraries to protect minors from online predators using commercial social networking websites. [11] However, due to the controversy of its effectiveness the bill was not voted on by the Senate.
Another federal law, that is currently effective, is the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998. This law "applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction from children under 13 years of age". [11] Web hosts are required to include in their privacy policy how to get verifiable permission from a parent to use the website. Also, website operators should list the steps they are taking to protect children 13-years old or under. Violation of this law carries economic penalties. A social networking website called Xanga.com had to pay $1 million for violating the COPPA of 1998. The website allowed children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent's permission. [12]
It is very tricky to determine the legal responsibility of SNWs. In one case a 14-year old girl in Texas filed a lawsuit against MySpace when she met a man on the site that later assaulted her. Her representative argued that such sites were careless in not creating safety measures to protect young users. On the other hand, families suing such websites are often accused of bad parenting and as a result what happens to their children.
As much as each group seems to blame the other, the responsibility cannot entirely rest upon just one party. Similarly, the solution will probably require efforts from all sources. The best practice so far is when SNW moderators, government agencies, and families work together to get online predators out of the community. SNWs need to take some responsibility by devising safety measures and access rules. Government agencies help by sharing records of convicted sex offenders and by arresting them either by normal responses to victim calls or by conducting sting operations. And lastly, and most importantly, parents should always be aware of their children's activities online.
Other legal issues involve the content being posted on SNWs. In one incident, a 14-year old posted a threat to a school official on MySpace and was later charged with felony harassment charges. [13] Another incident resulted in the arrest of two teenagers after they allegedly posted a firebombing video on MySpace. [14]
Teens are not the only ones that get legal attention for what is posted. Video hosting websites resemble another type of social networking websites. Universal Music group has filed a lawsuit against MySpace accusing the site of copyright infringement. [15] Several other cases have been filed by music studios against video posting websites. These cases are usually hard to deal with especially that users post all sort of media without realizing what is and isn't legal to post. It is also not realistic for these websites with millions of users to check every post that have been made.
My Opinion
My opinion will be an ethical opinion and I will follow utilitarian reasoning to support it. The issue that I will state my opinion on is that developers share a large responsibility when it comes to protecting children against online predators. When developers work on new technologies they have to keep in mind the implications that this product will have when published to the general public. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) code of ethics clearly states that an essential aim of computing is to minimize negative consequences "including threats to health and safety". It also states in section 1.1 that: "When designing or implementing systems, computing professionals must attempt to ensure that the products of their efforts will be used in socially responsible ways" and "will meet social needs". [16]
In the case of social networking websites, it is true that the developers are not responsible for what is posted by users. However, when it is apparent that all kind of users will be using the technology, safety measures must be taken. Similarly, when developing banking systems, it is not left to good faith that users of that system will not try to break in and do harm to other users. That is why, for the greater good of all parties, security measures are devised and computing solutions for safety are made available.
For social networking websites, measures should include ways of restricting access to certain areas for minors, profanity filtering, and maybe suspicious activities reporting systems. Similar measures should be considered when developing technologies similar to SNWs. The only drawback of such measures would be the relative restriction of user's freedom on what to post and who to contact. Compared to the positive effect of these measures, I think it is morally right to strictly implement them based on the utilitarianism ethical doctrine. [17]
Works Cited
[1] List of Social Networking Websites. (2007, February 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_social_networking_websites
[2] The Programming Insider. (2006, May 25). In Media Week. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002575898
[3] Related Info for: myspace.com. (2007, February 14). Alexa Internet. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?q=myspace&url=http://myspace.com/
[4] eHarmony Celebrates Six Years. (2006, August 22). eHarmony.com. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.eharmony.com/singles/servlet/press/releases?id=49
Hempel J., Lehman P. (2005, December 12). The MySpace Generation. BusinessWeek Online. Retrieved
[5] February 20, 2007, from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_50/b3963001.htm
[6] Internet Statistics and Reports. (2006). The Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from http://netcaucus.org/statistics/
[7] MySpace: Your Kids' Danger? (Feb. 6, 2006). In CBS Evening News. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/06/eveningnews/main1286130.shtml
MySpace Sex Offenders: Offenders Still Using MySpace. (2006). In KCBD - NewsChannel 11. Retrieved
[8] February 22, 2007, from http://www.kcbd.com/Global/story.asp?S=5659988&nav=menu69_3_11
[9] MySpace Is Public Space When It Comes To Job Search. (2006, July 26,). In CollegeGrad.com. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.collegegrad.com/press/myspace.shtml.
[10] Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006. (2007, February 21). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deleting_Online_Predators_Act_of_2006
[11] Children's Online Privacy Protection Act. (2007, January 16). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&oldid =101123126
[12] FTC fines Xanga for violating kids' privacy. (2006, September 7). In MSNBC.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14718350/
[13] MySpace Threat Gets Teen In Trouble. (2006, June 6). In CBS News. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/06/tech/main1685949.shtml
[14] Teens arrested after posting alleged firebombing video on MySpace.com. (2006). In USAtoday.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-04-05-myspace- arrest_x.htm
[15] Universal Music Group sues MySpace. (2006). In Ars Technica. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061117-8247.html
[16] ACM: Code of Ethics. (1992, October 16). The Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html
[17] Utilitarianism. (2007, February 15). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:07, February 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianism
Special Thanks
Special thanks to my friend Kristi Smith for her great comments and insights on this paper.
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Social and Legal Implications of Social Networking Websites
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the social and legal implications of widespread social networking websites. I will start by briefly describing the history of Social Networking Websites (SNWs) and listing some of the most popular current examples. Then, I will view some of the positive cultural effects that SNWs have made. I will also discuss some of the social implications, such as the huge role SNWs play in our children's lives and how they affect our personal security and privacy. Another important aspect of SNWs is the legal issues and cases which I will examine in a general fashion. At the end of the paper I will present my opinion regarding the ethical responsibilities of developers when developing new means of entertainment that have the opportunity to profoundly affect society.
History of & Types of SNWs
Users of the internet started communicating with each other using several means of electronic communication. Since the early development of the internet, e-mails were used as a standard way of communication. However, different situations require different styles of communicating. The result was a wide range of possibilities to view user generated content. Such methods include bulletin boards, Internet newsgroups, on-line chatting, and web logs (blogs). A new approach was social networking services (websites) that, since the early 2000s, have grown exponentially to include millions of users per site. [1] For the purpose of comparison, it is estimated that the most watched TV show in the US, American Idol, is viewed by an average of about 30 million viewers per episode. [2] Of course one of the main differences in the two media platforms is that television is network generated, and more or less performed for the viewer, while SNWs are user generated and very interactive.
There are many types of social networking websites that are different depending on the initially targeted audience of the founders. One type of SNW is targeted towards students attending the same high school or college (e.g. Facebook.com and Classmates.com). Other types are more specific towards one interest such as music (e.g. Last.fm) or Travel & Lifestyle (e.g. WAYN.com). One of the largest, well-known SNWs is MySpace.com. With over 155 million registered users, it is rated sixth by Alexa.com traffic ranking. [3] MySpace is one example of a general type of SNW. Other examples of general SNW include orkut.com (owned by Google, with over 40 million users) and the Korean based Cyworld.com (with 15 million users). Another major type of social networking website is on-line dating websites. The most well-known example is probably eHarmony.com, which has 12 million registered users from more than 200 countries. [4] Another example of a popular on-line dating website is Match.com.
Cultural Impact
Social networking websites have become a massive cultural phenomenon. Never before has it been so easy to connect with thousands of others from around the world. SNWs have virtually eradicated the barrier of distance when it comes to meeting new people. Making new friends that share similar interests and ideas can be rewarding in various ways. SNWs attract a wide range of age groups from teens to old people. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a survey that showed that teens spend an average of 1 hour and 22 minutes on social networking websites. [5] Yong users mostly use SNWs to express themselves via blogs, video clips, music tracks, posting pictures, and messaging other friends.
Similar to television, this large audience attracted a wide-range of advertisers from independent music bands to giant corporations. It is now common for many music bands to rely on sites like MySpace to promote their new releases.
Social Implications
One of the main social issues that have emerged from the usage of SNWs is the concern about children being kept safe from online predators. Teens and young adults are usually unaware of the possibility of getting into trouble or having someone take advantage of them. They are often easily influenced and their curiosity, inexperience and naiveté make it easier for online predators to gradually seduce them through attention, kindness, and fake friendships. According to the Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee, approximately 1 in 7 kids were victims of online predators in 2005. [6] One of the biggest issues when it comes to social networking websites is that online predators can not only know about a victim but also about their friends, activities, and home and school addresses. This assists pedophiles and sex offenders in committing horrible crimes.
One case involved a 38-year-old man that used MySpace to select and locate victims he later assaulted. [7] Thankfully, he was caught and was prosecuted for multiple counts of sexual assault. Another case involved the murder of a 14-year old girl that reportedly told her friends that she had met a man through MySpace. The Center for Missing and Exploited Children reported more than 2,600 cases of adults using sites like MySpace to lure minors. [7]
Unfortunately, security measures restricting ages don't always work since many children simply lie about their age. Since SNW administrators have been unsuccessful at preventing children from creating accounts, they have tried to locate and delete accounts of suspected predators. That solution is short-lived however, since it is very easy for a predator to create a new one. This has been the case for several sex offenders. [8]
Another social implication is the privacy vulnerability issue that affects both teens and adults. Most users post personal journals of where they've been or their future plans. Some times they post their home addresses, school, or work locations. This information is often viewable by the general public and when posted along with birthdates, pet's name, and other personal information, place users' security at risk. Such posts can be an opportunity for fraudsters and con artists to guess passwords and steal property or bank accounts.
An additional implication is the one that involves employment. Many employing agencies suggest that graduates should clean up their profile since companies can easily view their public profiles. Employers sometimes review a candidate's profile and judge the employee based on their personal life. This might violate the privacy of the applicants, but employers often do it. In different cases, employees' profiles can sometimes help them to get a job. When a profile shows a professional candidate it servers more like a resume than a profile for fun. [9]
Legal Implications
Social problems relating to SNWs naturally gave birth to legal issues. Some members of the U.S. government tried to tackle the growing threat of online predators by introducing new laws that might help prevent future cases. One example is the Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006 introduced by republican representative Mike Fitzpatrick. This bill would have required schools and libraries to protect minors from online predators using commercial social networking websites. [11] However, due to the controversy of its effectiveness the bill was not voted on by the Senate.
Another federal law, that is currently effective, is the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998. This law "applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction from children under 13 years of age". [11] Web hosts are required to include in their privacy policy how to get verifiable permission from a parent to use the website. Also, website operators should list the steps they are taking to protect children 13-years old or under. Violation of this law carries economic penalties. A social networking website called Xanga.com had to pay $1 million for violating the COPPA of 1998. The website allowed children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent's permission. [12]
It is very tricky to determine the legal responsibility of SNWs. In one case a 14-year old girl in Texas filed a lawsuit against MySpace when she met a man on the site that later assaulted her. Her representative argued that such sites were careless in not creating safety measures to protect young users. On the other hand, families suing such websites are often accused of bad parenting and as a result what happens to their children.
As much as each group seems to blame the other, the responsibility cannot entirely rest upon just one party. Similarly, the solution will probably require efforts from all sources. The best practice so far is when SNW moderators, government agencies, and families work together to get online predators out of the community. SNWs need to take some responsibility by devising safety measures and access rules. Government agencies help by sharing records of convicted sex offenders and by arresting them either by normal responses to victim calls or by conducting sting operations. And lastly, and most importantly, parents should always be aware of their children's activities online.
Other legal issues involve the content being posted on SNWs. In one incident, a 14-year old posted a threat to a school official on MySpace and was later charged with felony harassment charges. [13] Another incident resulted in the arrest of two teenagers after they allegedly posted a firebombing video on MySpace. [14]
Teens are not the only ones that get legal attention for what is posted. Video hosting websites resemble another type of social networking websites. Universal Music group has filed a lawsuit against MySpace accusing the site of copyright infringement. [15] Several other cases have been filed by music studios against video posting websites. These cases are usually hard to deal with especially that users post all sort of media without realizing what is and isn't legal to post. It is also not realistic for these websites with millions of users to check every post that have been made.
My Opinion
My opinion will be an ethical opinion and I will follow utilitarian reasoning to support it. The issue that I will state my opinion on is that developers share a large responsibility when it comes to protecting children against online predators. When developers work on new technologies they have to keep in mind the implications that this product will have when published to the general public. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) code of ethics clearly states that an essential aim of computing is to minimize negative consequences "including threats to health and safety". It also states in section 1.1 that: "When designing or implementing systems, computing professionals must attempt to ensure that the products of their efforts will be used in socially responsible ways" and "will meet social needs". [16]
In the case of social networking websites, it is true that the developers are not responsible for what is posted by users. However, when it is apparent that all kind of users will be using the technology, safety measures must be taken. Similarly, when developing banking systems, it is not left to good faith that users of that system will not try to break in and do harm to other users. That is why, for the greater good of all parties, security measures are devised and computing solutions for safety are made available.
For social networking websites, measures should include ways of restricting access to certain areas for minors, profanity filtering, and maybe suspicious activities reporting systems. Similar measures should be considered when developing technologies similar to SNWs. The only drawback
|
of such measures would be the relative restriction of user's freedom on what to post and who to contact.
|
Compared to the positive effect of these measures, I think it is morally right to strictly implement them based on the utilitarianism ethical doctrine. [17]
Works Cited
[1] List of Social Networking Websites. (2007, February 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_social_networking_websites
[2] The Programming Insider. (2006, May 25). In Media Week. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002575898
[3] Related Info for: myspace.com. (2007, February 14). Alexa Internet. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?q=myspace&url=http://myspace.com/
[4] eHarmony Celebrates Six Years. (2006, August 22). eHarmony.com. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.eharmony.com/singles/servlet/press/releases?id=49
Hempel J., Lehman P. (2005, December 12). The MySpace Generation. BusinessWeek Online. Retrieved
[5] February 20, 2007, from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_50/b3963001.htm
[6] Internet Statistics and Reports. (2006). The Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from http://netcaucus.org/statistics/
[7] MySpace: Your Kids' Danger? (Feb. 6, 2006). In CBS Evening News. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/06/eveningnews/main1286130.shtml
MySpace Sex Offenders: Offenders Still Using MySpace. (2006). In KCBD - NewsChannel 11. Retrieved
[8] February 22, 2007, from http://www.kcbd.com/Global/story.asp?S=5659988&nav=menu69_3_11
[9] MySpace Is Public Space When It Comes To Job Search. (2006, July 26,). In CollegeGrad.com. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.collegegrad.com/press/myspace.shtml.
[10] Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006. (2007, February 21). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deleting_Online_Predators_Act_of_2006
[11] Children's Online Privacy Protection Act. (2007, January 16). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&oldid =101123126
[12] FTC fines Xanga for violating kids' privacy. (2006, September 7). In MSNBC.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14718350/
[13] MySpace Threat Gets Teen In Trouble. (2006, June 6). In CBS News. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/06/tech/main1685949.shtml
[14] Teens arrested after posting alleged firebombing video on MySpace.com. (2006). In USAtoday.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-04-05-myspace- arrest_x.htm
[15] Universal Music Group sues MySpace. (2006). In Ars Technica. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061117-8247.html
[16] ACM: Code of Ethics. (1992, October 16). The Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html
[17] Utilitarianism. (2007, February 15). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:07, February 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianism
Special Thanks
Special thanks to my friend Kristi Smith for her great comments and insights on this paper.
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<text>
Social and Legal Implications of Social Networking Websites
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the social and legal implications of widespread social networking websites. I will start by briefly describing the history of Social Networking Websites (SNWs) and listing some of the most popular current examples. Then, I will view some of the positive cultural effects that SNWs have made. I will also discuss some of the social implications, such as the huge role SNWs play in our children's lives and how they affect our personal security and privacy. Another important aspect of SNWs is the legal issues and cases which I will examine in a general fashion. At the end of the paper I will present my opinion regarding the ethical responsibilities of developers when developing new means of entertainment that have the opportunity to profoundly affect society.
History of & Types of SNWs
Users of the internet started communicating with each other using several means of electronic communication. Since the early development of the internet, e-mails were used as a standard way of communication. However, different situations require different styles of communicating. The result was a wide range of possibilities to view user generated content. Such methods include bulletin boards, Internet newsgroups, on-line chatting, and web logs (blogs). A new approach was social networking services (websites) that, since the early 2000s, have grown exponentially to include millions of users per site. [1] For the purpose of comparison, it is estimated that the most watched TV show in the US, American Idol, is viewed by an average of about 30 million viewers per episode. [2] Of course one of the main differences in the two media platforms is that television is network generated, and more or less performed for the viewer, while SNWs are user generated and very interactive.
There are many types of social networking websites that are different depending on the initially targeted audience of the founders. One type of SNW is targeted towards students attending the same high school or college (e.g. Facebook.com and Classmates.com). Other types are more specific towards one interest such as music (e.g. Last.fm) or Travel & Lifestyle (e.g. WAYN.com). One of the largest, well-known SNWs is MySpace.com. With over 155 million registered users, it is rated sixth by Alexa.com traffic ranking. [3] MySpace is one example of a general type of SNW. Other examples of general SNW include orkut.com (owned by Google, with over 40 million users) and the Korean based Cyworld.com (with 15 million users). Another major type of social networking website is on-line dating websites. The most well-known example is probably eHarmony.com, which has 12 million registered users from more than 200 countries. [4] Another example of a popular on-line dating website is Match.com.
Cultural Impact
Social networking websites have become a massive cultural phenomenon. Never before has it been so easy to connect with thousands of others from around the world. SNWs have virtually eradicated the barrier of distance when it comes to meeting new people. Making new friends that share similar interests and ideas can be rewarding in various ways. SNWs attract a wide range of age groups from teens to old people. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a survey that showed that teens spend an average of 1 hour and 22 minutes on social networking websites. [5] Yong users mostly use SNWs to express themselves via blogs, video clips, music tracks, posting pictures, and messaging other friends.
Similar to television, this large audience attracted a wide-range of advertisers from independent music bands to giant corporations. It is now common for many music bands to rely on sites like MySpace to promote their new releases.
Social Implications
One of the main social issues that have emerged from the usage of SNWs is the concern about children being kept safe from online predators. Teens and young adults are usually unaware of the possibility of getting into trouble or having someone take advantage of them. They are often easily influenced and their curiosity, inexperience and naiveté make it easier for online predators to gradually seduce them through attention, kindness, and fake friendships. According to the Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee, approximately 1 in 7 kids were victims of online predators in 2005. [6] One of the biggest issues when it comes to social networking websites is that online predators can not only know about a victim but also about their friends, activities, and home and school addresses. This assists pedophiles and sex offenders in committing horrible crimes.
One case involved a 38-year-old man that used MySpace to select and locate victims he later assaulted. [7] Thankfully, he was caught and was prosecuted for multiple counts of sexual assault. Another case involved the murder of a 14-year old girl that reportedly told her friends that she had met a man through MySpace. The Center for Missing and Exploited Children reported more than 2,600 cases of adults using sites like MySpace to lure minors. [7]
Unfortunately, security measures restricting ages don't always work since many children simply lie about their age. Since SNW administrators have been unsuccessful at preventing children from creating accounts, they have tried to locate and delete accounts of suspected predators. That solution is short-lived however, since it is very easy for a predator to create a new one. This has been the case for several sex offenders. [8]
Another social implication is the privacy vulnerability issue that affects both teens and adults. Most users post personal journals of where they've been or their future plans. Some times they post their home addresses, school, or work locations. This information is often viewable by the general public and when posted along with birthdates, pet's name, and other personal information, place users' security at risk. Such posts can be an opportunity for fraudsters and con artists to guess passwords and steal property or bank accounts.
An additional implication is the one that involves employment. Many employing agencies suggest that graduates should clean up their profile since companies can easily view their public profiles. Employers sometimes review a candidate's profile and judge the employee based on their personal life. This might violate the privacy of the applicants, but employers often do it. In different cases, employees' profiles can sometimes help them to get a job. When a profile shows a professional candidate it servers more like a resume than a profile for fun. [9]
Legal Implications
Social problems relating to SNWs naturally gave birth to legal issues. Some members of the U.S. government tried to tackle the growing threat of online predators by introducing new laws that might help prevent future cases. One example is the Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006 introduced by republican representative Mike Fitzpatrick. This bill would have required schools and libraries to protect minors from online predators using commercial social networking websites. [11] However, due to the controversy of its effectiveness the bill was not voted on by the Senate.
Another federal law, that is currently effective, is the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998. This law "applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction from children under 13 years of age". [11] Web hosts are required to include in their privacy policy how to get verifiable permission from a parent to use the website. Also, website operators should list the steps they are taking to protect children 13-years old or under. Violation of this law carries economic penalties. A social networking website called Xanga.com had to pay $1 million for violating the COPPA of 1998. The website allowed children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent's permission. [12]
It is very tricky to determine the legal responsibility of SNWs. In one case a 14-year old girl in Texas filed a lawsuit against MySpace when she met a man on the site that later assaulted her. Her representative argued that such sites were careless in not creating safety measures to protect young users. On the other hand, families suing such websites are often accused of bad parenting and as a result what happens to their children.
As much as each group seems to blame the other, the responsibility cannot entirely rest upon just one party. Similarly, the solution will probably require efforts from all sources. The best practice so far is when SNW moderators, government agencies, and families work together to get online predators out of the community. SNWs need to take some responsibility by devising safety measures and access rules. Government agencies help by sharing records of convicted sex offenders and by arresting them either by normal responses to victim calls or by conducting sting operations. And lastly, and most importantly, parents should always be aware of their children's activities online.
Other legal issues involve the content being posted on SNWs. In one incident, a 14-year old posted a threat to a school official on MySpace and was later charged with felony harassment charges. [13] Another incident resulted in the arrest of two teenagers after they allegedly posted a firebombing video on MySpace. [14]
Teens are not the only ones that get legal attention for what is posted. Video hosting websites resemble another type of social networking websites. Universal Music group has filed a lawsuit against MySpace accusing the site of copyright infringement. [15] Several other cases have been filed by music studios against video posting websites. These cases are usually hard to deal with especially that users post all sort of media without realizing what is and isn't legal to post. It is also not realistic for these websites with millions of users to check every post that have been made.
My Opinion
My opinion will be an ethical opinion and I will follow utilitarian reasoning to support it. The issue that I will state my opinion on is that developers share a large responsibility when it comes to protecting children against online predators. When developers work on new technologies they have to keep in mind the implications that this product will have when published to the general public. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) code of ethics clearly states that an essential aim of computing is to minimize negative consequences "including threats to health and safety". It also states in section 1.1 that: "When designing or implementing systems, computing professionals must attempt to ensure that the products of their efforts will be used in socially responsible ways" and "will meet social needs". [16]
In the case of social networking websites, it is true that the developers are not responsible for what is posted by users. However, when it is apparent that all kind of users will be using the technology, safety measures must be taken. Similarly, when developing banking systems, it is not left to good faith that users of that system will not try to break in and do harm to other users. That is why, for the greater good of all parties, security measures are devised and computing solutions for safety are made available.
For social networking websites, measures should include ways of restricting access to certain areas for minors, profanity filtering, and maybe suspicious activities reporting systems. Similar measures should be considered when developing technologies similar to SNWs. The only drawback<cursor_is_here> Compared to the positive effect of these measures, I think it is morally right to strictly implement them based on the utilitarianism ethical doctrine. [17]
Works Cited
[1] List of Social Networking Websites. (2007, February 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_social_networking_websites
[2] The Programming Insider. (2006, May 25). In Media Week. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002575898
[3] Related Info for: myspace.com. (2007, February 14). Alexa Internet. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?q=myspace&url=http://myspace.com/
[4] eHarmony Celebrates Six Years. (2006, August 22). eHarmony.com. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.eharmony.com/singles/servlet/press/releases?id=49
Hempel J., Lehman P. (2005, December 12). The MySpace Generation. BusinessWeek Online. Retrieved
[5] February 20, 2007, from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_50/b3963001.htm
[6] Internet Statistics and Reports. (2006). The Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from http://netcaucus.org/statistics/
[7] MySpace: Your Kids' Danger? (Feb. 6, 2006). In CBS Evening News. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/06/eveningnews/main1286130.shtml
MySpace Sex Offenders: Offenders Still Using MySpace. (2006). In KCBD - NewsChannel 11. Retrieved
[8] February 22, 2007, from http://www.kcbd.com/Global/story.asp?S=5659988&nav=menu69_3_11
[9] MySpace Is Public Space When It Comes To Job Search. (2006, July 26,). In CollegeGrad.com. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.collegegrad.com/press/myspace.shtml.
[10] Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006. (2007, February 21). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deleting_Online_Predators_Act_of_2006
[11] Children's Online Privacy Protection Act. (2007, January 16). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&oldid =101123126
[12] FTC fines Xanga for violating kids' privacy. (2006, September 7). In MSNBC.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14718350/
[13] MySpace Threat Gets Teen In Trouble. (2006, June 6). In CBS News. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/06/tech/main1685949.shtml
[14] Teens arrested after posting alleged firebombing video on MySpace.com. (2006). In USAtoday.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-04-05-myspace- arrest_x.htm
[15] Universal Music Group sues MySpace. (2006). In Ars Technica. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061117-8247.html
[16] ACM: Code of Ethics. (1992, October 16). The Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html
[17] Utilitarianism. (2007, February 15). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:07, February 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianism
Special Thanks
Special thanks to my friend Kristi Smith for her great comments and insights on this paper.
</text>
|
[
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://ialhashim.github.io/files/documents/social_networking_report.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nSocial and Legal Implications of Social Networking Websites\n\nIntroduction\n\nThe purpose of this paper is to describe some of the social and legal implications of widespread social networking websites. I will start by briefly describing the history of Social Networking Websites (SNWs) and listing some of the most popular current examples. Then, I will view some of the positive cultural effects that SNWs have made. I will also discuss some of the social implications, such as the huge role SNWs play in our children's lives and how they affect our personal security and privacy. Another important aspect of SNWs is the legal issues and cases which I will examine in a general fashion. At the end of the paper I will present my opinion regarding the ethical responsibilities of developers when developing new means of entertainment that have the opportunity to profoundly affect society.\n\nHistory of & Types of SNWs\n\nUsers of the internet started communicating with each other using several means of electronic communication. Since the early development of the internet, e-mails were used as a standard way of communication. However, different situations require different styles of communicating. The result was a wide range of possibilities to view user generated content. Such methods include bulletin boards, Internet newsgroups, on-line chatting, and web logs (blogs). A new approach was social networking services (websites) that, since the early 2000s, have grown exponentially to include millions of users per site. [1] For the purpose of comparison, it is estimated that the most watched TV show in the US, American Idol, is viewed by an average of about 30 million viewers per episode. [2] Of course one of the main differences in the two media platforms is that television is network generated, and more or less performed for the viewer, while SNWs are user generated and very interactive.\n\nThere are many types of social networking websites that are different depending on the initially targeted audience of the founders. One type of SNW is targeted towards students attending the same high school or college (e.g. Facebook.com and Classmates.com). Other types are more specific towards one interest such as music (e.g. Last.fm) or Travel & Lifestyle (e.g. WAYN.com). One of the largest, well-known SNWs is MySpace.com. With over 155 million registered users, it is rated sixth by Alexa.com traffic ranking. [3] MySpace is one example of a general type of SNW. Other examples of general SNW include orkut.com (owned by Google, with over 40 million users) and the Korean based Cyworld.com (with 15 million users). Another major type of social networking website is on-line dating websites. The most well-known example is probably eHarmony.com, which has 12 million registered users from more than 200 countries. [4] Another example of a popular on-line dating website is Match.com.\n\nCultural Impact\n\nSocial networking websites have become a massive cultural phenomenon. Never before has it been so easy to connect with thousands of others from around the world. SNWs have virtually eradicated the barrier of distance when it comes to meeting new people. Making new friends that share similar interests and ideas can be rewarding in various ways. SNWs attract a wide range of age groups from teens to old people. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a survey that showed that teens spend an average of 1 hour and 22 minutes on social networking websites. [5] Yong users mostly use SNWs to express themselves via blogs, video clips, music tracks, posting pictures, and messaging other friends.\n\nSimilar to television, this large audience attracted a wide-range of advertisers from independent music bands to giant corporations. It is now common for many music bands to rely on sites like MySpace to promote their new releases.\n\nSocial Implications\n\nOne of the main social issues that have emerged from the usage of SNWs is the concern about children being kept safe from online predators. Teens and young adults are usually unaware of the possibility of getting into trouble or having someone take advantage of them. They are often easily influenced and their curiosity, inexperience and naiveté make it easier for online predators to gradually seduce them through attention, kindness, and fake friendships. According to the Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee, approximately 1 in 7 kids were victims of online predators in 2005. [6] One of the biggest issues when it comes to social networking websites is that online predators can not only know about a victim but also about their friends, activities, and home and school addresses. This assists pedophiles and sex offenders in committing horrible crimes.\n\nOne case involved a 38-year-old man that used MySpace to select and locate victims he later assaulted. [7] Thankfully, he was caught and was prosecuted for multiple counts of sexual assault. Another case involved the murder of a 14-year old girl that reportedly told her friends that she had met a man through MySpace. The Center for Missing and Exploited Children reported more than 2,600 cases of adults using sites like MySpace to lure minors. [7]\n\nUnfortunately, security measures restricting ages don't always work since many children simply lie about their age. Since SNW administrators have been unsuccessful at preventing children from creating accounts, they have tried to locate and delete accounts of suspected predators. That solution is short-lived however, since it is very easy for a predator to create a new one. This has been the case for several sex offenders. [8]\n\nAnother social implication is the privacy vulnerability issue that affects both teens and adults. Most users post personal journals of where they've been or their future plans. Some times they post their home addresses, school, or work locations. This information is often viewable by the general public and when posted along with birthdates, pet's name, and other personal information, place users' security at risk. Such posts can be an opportunity for fraudsters and con artists to guess passwords and steal property or bank accounts.\n\nAn additional implication is the one that involves employment. Many employing agencies suggest that graduates should clean up their profile since companies can easily view their public profiles. Employers sometimes review a candidate's profile and judge the employee based on their personal life. This might violate the privacy of the applicants, but employers often do it. In different cases, employees' profiles can sometimes help them to get a job. When a profile shows a professional candidate it servers more like a resume than a profile for fun. [9]\n\nLegal Implications\n\nSocial problems relating to SNWs naturally gave birth to legal issues. Some members of the U.S. government tried to tackle the growing threat of online predators by introducing new laws that might help prevent future cases. One example is the Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006 introduced by republican representative Mike Fitzpatrick. This bill would have required schools and libraries to protect minors from online predators using commercial social networking websites. [11] However, due to the controversy of its effectiveness the bill was not voted on by the Senate.\n\nAnother federal law, that is currently effective, is the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998. This law \"applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction from children under 13 years of age\". [11] Web hosts are required to include in their privacy policy how to get verifiable permission from a parent to use the website. Also, website operators should list the steps they are taking to protect children 13-years old or under. Violation of this law carries economic penalties. A social networking website called Xanga.com had to pay $1 million for violating the COPPA of 1998. The website allowed children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent's permission. [12]\n\nIt is very tricky to determine the legal responsibility of SNWs. In one case a 14-year old girl in Texas filed a lawsuit against MySpace when she met a man on the site that later assaulted her. Her representative argued that such sites were careless in not creating safety measures to protect young users. On the other hand, families suing such websites are often accused of bad parenting and as a result what happens to their children.\n\nAs much as each group seems to blame the other, the responsibility cannot entirely rest upon just one party. Similarly, the solution will probably require efforts from all sources. The best practice so far is when SNW moderators, government agencies, and families work together to get online predators out of the community. SNWs need to take some responsibility by devising safety measures and access rules. Government agencies help by sharing records of convicted sex offenders and by arresting them either by normal responses to victim calls or by conducting sting operations. And lastly, and most importantly, parents should always be aware of their children's activities online.\n\nOther legal issues involve the content being posted on SNWs. In one incident, a 14-year old posted a threat to a school official on MySpace and was later charged with felony harassment charges. [13] Another incident resulted in the arrest of two teenagers after they allegedly posted a firebombing video on MySpace. [14]\n\nTeens are not the only ones that get legal attention for what is posted. Video hosting websites resemble another type of social networking websites. Universal Music group has filed a lawsuit against MySpace accusing the site of copyright infringement. [15] Several other cases have been filed by music studios against video posting websites. These cases are usually hard to deal with especially that users post all sort of media without realizing what is and isn't legal to post. It is also not realistic for these websites with millions of users to check every post that have been made.\n\nMy Opinion\n\nMy opinion will be an ethical opinion and I will follow utilitarian reasoning to support it. The issue that I will state my opinion on is that developers share a large responsibility when it comes to protecting children against online predators. When developers work on new technologies they have to keep in mind the implications that this product will have when published to the general public. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) code of ethics clearly states that an essential aim of computing is to minimize negative consequences \"including threats to health and safety\". It also states in section 1.1 that: \"When designing or implementing systems, computing professionals must attempt to ensure that the products of their efforts will be used in socially responsible ways\" and \"will meet social needs\". [16]\n\nIn the case of social networking websites, it is true that the developers are not responsible for what is posted by users. However, when it is apparent that all kind of users will be using the technology, safety measures must be taken. Similarly, when developing banking systems, it is not left to good faith that users of that system will not try to break in and do harm to other users. That is why, for the greater good of all parties, security measures are devised and computing solutions for safety are made available.\n\nFor social networking websites, measures should include ways of restricting access to certain areas for minors, profanity filtering, and maybe suspicious activities reporting systems. Similar measures should be considered when developing technologies similar to SNWs. The only drawback<cursor_is_here> Compared to the positive effect of these measures, I think it is morally right to strictly implement them based on the utilitarianism ethical doctrine. [17]\n\nWorks Cited\n\n[1] List of Social Networking Websites. (2007, February 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_social_networking_websites\n[2] The Programming Insider. (2006, May 25). In Media Week. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002575898\n[3] Related Info for: myspace.com. (2007, February 14). Alexa Internet. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?q=myspace&url=http://myspace.com/\n[4] eHarmony Celebrates Six Years. (2006, August 22). eHarmony.com. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.eharmony.com/singles/servlet/press/releases?id=49\nHempel J., Lehman P. (2005, December 12). The MySpace Generation. BusinessWeek Online. Retrieved\n[5] February 20, 2007, from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_50/b3963001.htm\n[6] Internet Statistics and Reports. (2006). The Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from http://netcaucus.org/statistics/\n[7] MySpace: Your Kids' Danger? (Feb. 6, 2006). In CBS Evening News. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/06/eveningnews/main1286130.shtml\nMySpace Sex Offenders: Offenders Still Using MySpace. (2006). In KCBD - NewsChannel 11. Retrieved\n[8] February 22, 2007, from http://www.kcbd.com/Global/story.asp?S=5659988&nav=menu69_3_11\n[9] MySpace Is Public Space When It Comes To Job Search. (2006, July 26,). In CollegeGrad.com. Retrieved February 22, 2007, from http://www.collegegrad.com/press/myspace.shtml.\n\n[10] Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006. (2007, February 21). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deleting_Online_Predators_Act_of_2006\n[11] Children's Online Privacy Protection Act. (2007, January 16). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&oldid =101123126\n[12] FTC fines Xanga for violating kids' privacy. (2006, September 7). In MSNBC.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14718350/\n\n[13] MySpace Threat Gets Teen In Trouble. (2006, June 6). In CBS News. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/06/tech/main1685949.shtml\n[14] Teens arrested after posting alleged firebombing video on MySpace.com. (2006). In USAtoday.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-04-05-myspace- arrest_x.htm\n[15] Universal Music Group sues MySpace. (2006). In Ars Technica. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061117-8247.html\n[16] ACM: Code of Ethics. (1992, October 16). The Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html\n[17] Utilitarianism. (2007, February 15). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:07, February 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianism\n\nSpecial Thanks\n\nSpecial thanks to my friend Kristi Smith for her great comments and insights on this paper.\n</text>\n",
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Getting started Autumn 2022
September 14, 2022
Prof. Ewald Kibler ([email protected]) Prof. Henri Schildt ([email protected])
Purpose of "Getting Started" (3 ECTS)
- Getting to know each other and the faculty of the department of management studies
- Giving you some basic, practical information about doctoral course work and thesis work
- Providing insights on what academic work is like, and what you may be going though in the coming years, with assignments
- Offering safe space for sharing personal thoughts and for discussing (critical) questions/themes
2
Meetings on Wednesdays at 9-12
Wedn 14.9. (T003) Introductions
+ assignment
Wedn 19.10. (T003) How a doctoral dissertation is made?
+ assignment
Wedn 16.11. (V002) Qualitative research papers
+ assignment
Wedn 14.12. (T003) Quantitative research papers
3
Today's Agenda
1. Common challenges in doctoral studies
2. Intros & Getting to know each other
3. Academic community
4. Getting started in research
5. Assignment for the next session
Responsible Teachers – and thanks to Nina for the great collaboration last year!
Henri Schildt Professor of Organization & Management
5
Ewald Kibler Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship, Head of Entrepreneurship Unit/Doctoral Studies
Ewald Kibler
- Born in Salzburg (1981)
- BA + MA degree in Sociology, Uni Graz (2003 – 2009)
- Erasmus/exchange at Manchester Uni + Oulu Uni
- PhD degree in Economic Geography, Uni Turku (2010 – 2012)
- Assistant Professorship, Aalto (2013 – 2020)
- Teaching/research positions in Austria, Finland, UK
- Associate Professor, Aalto (2020 – today)
6
Ewald Kibler: some further info
- Editorial board member: AMJ, AMD, JBV, ETP, ISBJ, JBVi
- About 170 reviews for journals: e.g. 42 for ETP or 24 for AMJ
- About 30 publications in journals: e.g. AMJ, JBV, ETP, ResPolicy, AMD, HumRelations or EconGeography
- 4 doctoral supervisions until completion
- 4 ongoing supervisions as 1st supervisor – also involved in several processes as 2nd supervisor
- Frequent consultancy/policy work: e.g. OECD/European Commission
7
Multidisciplinary approach to entrepreneurship research Entrepreneurship as a means to explain order, outcomes and change
Psychology
Sociology
Geography
Organization – Management –
International Business – Communication
Entrepreneurship
History
Participants
Our – Small but Amazing (!) – Cohort of New Doctoral Students at our Department of Management Studies
Organization & Management
Entrepreneurship
Doan Hanh Thi Duc
Kevätsalo Anna Kristiina
Yang Baolin
Ganoo Apurva
Anastasia Koptsyukh
International Business
-
Organizational Communication
-
9
Introductions (~ 5 min each)
Please, tell briefly
- Your background
- Why doctoral studies, and why here?
- What is your broader research topic?
- Potential concerns or questions related to the doctoral studies
Usual challenges
Examples based on interviews with doctoral students (O&M, 2018)
To be developed:
Good:
- Professional doctoral program
- Strong student community
- Easy to start and to get to know the system: school orientation and our own Getting started course
- Good to do course assistant work!
- Teaching methods – the student is left quite alone with methods and data collection
- Not always attention to why we should study certain topics – the relevance of research!
- Atomistic – not always known what others do, or how similar topics are addressed in different ways
- Continuation in the beginning of the 2 nd year if the courses have been studied during the first year
- Financing is unclear
Why doing a doctoral thesis takes so much time?
- Course work (1 year of work)
- Finding topic, often also abandoning topics
- Getting to know literatures
- Fieldwork / data collection
- Focusing and refocusing the topic
- Time for "creativity" and "independent" thinking/ideation
- Writing the research gradually and iteratively
* Early vs. later conference papers
* Essays and papers to be published/ and, or the monograph
* Kappa / introduction of the essay-based thesis
* Single-authored and co-authored work
Receiving advise
Build a well-working relationship with an advisor/group of advisors:
* learning research work with the help of a senior colleague
* support in making choices (e.g. focus, reading literatures)
* help in creating a network and integrating into academic community
* concrete pieces of advice in study issues (including funding)
* can suggest credit-generating performances
* responsible for the thesis examination process (selecting preexaminers, opponent)
Relationship with your advisor or advisory group
A group of advisors:
- No single person offers a 100 % match with what you do
- Find people from your area, create "your own pack"
- From our unit, Aalto more broadly, other universities, requirements of the empirical setting
- Who: this changes and develops over time
- Keep relations to your professor at the unit – some responsibility on your studies and thesis research
- If you encounter serious problems in advisory relationships, you can talk to the unit coordinator of doctoral studies, or the head of the doctoral program
Formal Supervision Plan (with a Study Plan) annually https://into.aalto.fi/display/endoctoralbiz/Supervision+plan+and+Study+plan
The academic community
Department of Management Studies who are we?
With five subjects:
- Organization and Management (incl. Philosophy)
- International Business
- Entrepreneurship
- Organizational Communication
https://www.aalto.fi/en/department-ofmanagement-studies
Multidisciplinary
- Management is an applied science drawing on:
* Social sciences (e.g. sociology, communications)
* Economics
* Behavioral sciences (psychology, pedagogy)
* Cultural sciences (anthropology)
* Engineering
- Multiple different schools of thought
* These you get to know and understand during our studies
* Underlying philosophies / ontologies -> bases for assumptions
Head of Department Head of Doctoral Studies at Aalto BIZ
Johanna Moisander Professor of Organizational Communication
Heads of Doctoral Studies & Professors across out units at the Department
Iiris Saittakarri Assistant Professor of International Business, Head of Doctoral Studies in IB
Paula Koskinen Sandberg, Assistant Professor of Organizational Communication, Head of Doctoral Studies in OC
Marjo-Riitta "Maikki" Diehl, Associate Professor of Organization & Management, Ombudsperson at the School of Business
Samuli Patala, Assistant Professor of Organization & Management
O&M - who are we?
Professors
Marjo-Riitta Diehl
Nina Granqvist
Minna Halme
Alexei Koveshnikov
Samuli Patala
Jukka Rintamäki
Henri Schildt
Taija Turunen
Timo Vuori
More information about the staff profiles (post docs!!) https://www.aalto.fi/en/department-of-managementstudies/people-in-organization-and-management
Visiting professors
Farah Kodeih (IESEG Business School)
Mikko Koria (Loughborough University London)
Saku Mantere (McGill University)
Eero Vaara (University of Oxford)
Lecturers
Saija Katila
Leena Lankoski
Entrepreneurship - who are we?
Professors
Myrto Chliova
Tamara Galkina
Ewald Kibler
Arne Kröger
Patrick Schulist
Post-doc researcher
Lauri Laine
Executive Residence
Greg O'Shea
More information about the staff profiles
See:
People in Entrepreneurship | Aalto University
Research in Entrepreneurship
Our research can be broadly characterized as endeavoring to understand the complexity of entrepreneurship as a multifaceted socio-economic phenomenon. Much of our research is applied, with relevance for public policy.
Some of our current research projects include:
* psychological processes underlying entrepreneurial actions
* regional and institutional embeddedness of entrepreneurship
* social and sustainable business venturing
* self-employment and population ageing
* entrepreneurship in times of crisis
Organizational Communication – who are we?
Professors Johanna Moisander Paula Koskinen Sandberg
Senior Lecturers Pekka Pälli
Kirsi Eräranta Kathrin Sele (starting 2023)
Visiting professor
Linda Putnam
More information about the staff profiles
See:
Research in Organizational
Communication | Aalto University
Paula Koskinen Sandberg
[x] Assistant Professor in Organizational Communication, August 2022
[x] PhD from Hanken School of Economics in 2016
[x] Before that, somewhat unusual path to academia:
[x] Master's degree in Sociology in 2005, University of Turku
[x] 8 years of working in mostly research projects in different organizations, without a PhD or even doctoral studies
[x] Also 4 years at Aalto (2009-2013), and I was not particularly interested in a PhD or Aalto's new career models such as the tenure track
[x] Even when finally doing a PhD, I thought it would be a final thing I do in academia, after which I will do something else.
[x] But I changed my mind, and here I am
Research in Org Communication
* We aim to do critical organization studies with a focus on discourses, practices and organizational power
* Many of us are interested in gender and diversity in organizations
* Also business-society relations are central
* My personal research profile:
– Multidisciplinary, somewhere between social sciences and organization studies
– Feminist research: gender equality, policy and politics, in organizations but also labour market more broadly
– Qualitative methods, data is typically documents, media material, interviews
International Business - who are we?
Professors
Kristiina Mäkelä (on leave as Provost)
Rebecca Piekkari
Tiina Ritvala
Iiris Saittakari
Hannu Seristö
Professors of Practice
Kähäri Perttu
Rita Jarventie-Thesleff
More information about the staff profiles See:https://www.aalto.fi/en/department-ofmanagement-studies/people-in-internationalbusiness
Visiting researcher
Jo Angouri
Catherine Welch
Sarianna Lundan
Post-Docs
Olga Lavrusheva
Iiris Saittakari
Assistant Professor of International Business Head of IB Doctoral Program 8/2022
Research interests: Physical and perceptual aspects of location, location and relocation of headquarters, attraction game of sustainable cities, politization of multinational corporations and the associated policy implications.
International Business unit
Research groups/ projects/ interest
* Language in IB research
* Headquarters' Location
* Sustainable Headquarters of the Future
* Attraction Game of Sustainable Cities
* Coastal Energy Hubs, Energy Transition & MNCs
* Innovation Management Practices
* University internationalization in the future: partnerships, satellite campuses or M&As
* Qualitative Research
Coffee break
Advice for getting started
Build your personal networks throughout your studies
* Research interests direct the development of a personal network: empirical setting, theory
* Professors elsewhere, post docs and peers
* Collaborative papers
* Go to conferences, international and local courses
Meet your unit's faculty
- Your task is to prepare a session to present yourselves / each other to our faculty
- Your unit will give you instructions on how to do this
- For instance, Entrepreneurhsip Unit Day, 30 September
- Also, join the regular "Wednesday coffee" for meeting "old & new" faculty members from our Department more generally
- Feel free to join "Aalto Football" – it's every Tuesday (8:30-9:30amm, Otaniemi)
Dealing with feedback
* A key differentiator between successful and less successful scholars is the ability to learn from negative feedback quickly and move on
* Every good scholar has been rejected from every good journal
* There are few things that are absolutes in management research
* If your paper got rejected consider what is useful advice to impove your paper, but you don't have to do all
* If your paper got rejected do see what you can learn from reviewer comments and make some changes as you might well have one of the same reviewers at the next journal
Roles in the support network of doctoral candidates Supervision of Doctoral
Students, AAC's
Decision
Ombudsperson for doctoral students | Aalto University
Workplace Mediation for enhancing the cooperation in teams and solving conflicts | Aalto University
Terveystalo.com for employees Social and health services | espoo.fi – if you live in Espoo
Doctoral programmes - Studies - Into (aalto.fi)
Student support, guidance and study well-being | Aalto University; PhD Pathfinder Guiding you on your PhD journey (mariatornroos.fi)
Research Ethics and Research Integrity | Aalto University
Preventing harassment and inappropriate conduct | Aalto University
doctoral
student
Supervising
professor,
Thesis
advisor(s)
Doctoral
programme
Study
Psychologist
Research
ethics
advisors
Harassment
contact
persons
HR
Occupational
/ public
health care
Workplace
mediation
Ombudsperson
Henkilöstöpalveluiden (HR) yhteystiedot | Aalto-yliopisto
Research work and courses – Finding a suitable rhythm and balance
Do your course work:
- Expectations at the school level: do the course-based studies quickly, in about two years
- Progress in course work considered when deciding on the continuation of funding (after second year)
- Also, provides you a "soft landing" to academia, structure and sense of achievement
However, it is important to start doing research as soon as possible
- Doing courses is a minor and a far less challenging (!!) part of the doctoral studies
- One gets more out of courses if one has an ongoing, own project
- You can only learn research by doing – start early
Spheres of academic work
Research
Service to the community
International courses, tutorials & conferences
* KATAJA - The Finnish Doctoral Program in Business Studies:
‒ Courses in Qualitative methodology, Courses in the fields of Management and Organization, Special courses in different research fields
* EDAMBA - European Doctoral Programmes Association in Management and Business Administration
‒ Organizes an annual summer school and courses in different fields of research.
* EGOS - European Group for Organizational Studies
‒ Organizes tutorials for doctoral students in the connection of the yearly colloquium.
* EIASM - European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management
‒ Organizes summer schools, workshops and tutorials for doctoral students.
* NORDIC ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT (Nordiska Företagsekonomiska Föreningen, NFF)
‒ Organizes tutorials every second year together with a conference.
* EURAM - European Academy of Management
* ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT (USA)
‒ Organizes PhD tutorials, workshops and an annual conference in the field of management studies
* SCANCOR - The Scandinavian Consortium for Organizational Research, Stanford University
‒ Organizes PhD workshops
* AIB - Academy of International Business
- Organizes conferences in the field of international business including a doctoral tutorial
* EIBA – European International Business Association
- Organizes an annual conference including two doctoral tutorials
* BABSON (USA), RENT (Europe) + ISBE (UK) entrepreneurship conference
‒ Organizes PhD tutorials, workshops and an annual conference in the field of entrepreneurship studies
Teaching
[x] Teaching assistant: a great way of learning about teaching
[x] 80 hours per academic year
[x] A!Peda course as optional course
[x] Good to observe different teachers
[x] Learning about different teaching methods
[x] Good to get teaching experience before graduation, but not so much that it slows you down
Service to the community and Impact
[x] Be an active member of the unit and department communities
[x] Participate in (social) events and research seminars
[x] Volunteer and engage in conversations
[x] Help your peers
[x] Your main focus should be on producing academic research, but with a little bit of effort you can have your work have more practical impact and this is increasingly important
[x] Using it in teaching
[x] Getting it into the popular press
[x] Writing practitioner-oriented articles
Pre-Assignment for Session 2
Submit a short essay (as PDF, between 1000-1500 words) about writing a dissertation based on your main insights from interviewing a graduate and her/his supervisor by 17 October 2022. Also, build on your essay to prepare a 5-10-minute presentation for Session 2 (19 October).
Choose a published dissertation (completed after around 2015) that is of genuine interest to you and that was not advised or conducted by your own supervisor. Then, carefully read the dissertation and interview both the graduate and the related 1st (or if not possible the 2nd) supervisor.
Pre-assignment for session 2
Exemplary themes/questions informing the interview and writing your essay should include at least the following:
[x] What were the phases of writing the dissertation, what happened over time?
[x] What was the researcher's main research question and task, and how did that come out in the dissertation? Does the doctoral thesis in your view address this task or question?
[x] An account that presents both from the researcher's and her/his advisor's point of view answers to the following questions:
[x] What made it possible to finish the dissertation (successfully)?
[x] Why is the dissertation like it is? (e.g. regarding the structure, choices of literatures and methods, style and content of the essays, …)
[x] Any observations, insights or questions evoked by this inquiry regarding the process doctoral studies and writing the dissertation
Questions, issues to discuss?
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Getting started Autumn 2022
September 14, 2022
Prof. Ewald Kibler ([email protected]) Prof. Henri Schildt ([email protected])
Purpose of "Getting Started" (3 ECTS)
- Getting to know each other and the faculty of the department of management studies
- Giving you some basic, practical information about doctoral course work and thesis work
- Providing insights on what academic work is like, and what you may be going though in the coming years, with assignments
- Offering safe space for sharing personal thoughts and for discussing (critical) questions/themes
2
Meetings on Wednesdays at 9-12
Wedn 14.9. (T003) Introductions
+ assignment
Wedn 19.10. (T003) How a doctoral dissertation is made?
+ assignment
Wedn 16.11. (V002) Qualitative research papers
+ assignment
Wedn 14.12. (T003) Quantitative research papers
3
Today's Agenda
1. Common challenges in doctoral studies
2. Intros & Getting to know each other
3. Academic community
4. Getting started in research
5. Assignment for the next session
Responsible Teachers – and thanks to Nina for the great collaboration last year!
Henri Schildt Professor of Organization & Management
5
Ewald Kibler Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship, Head of Entrepreneurship Unit/Doctoral Studies
Ewald Kibler
- Born in Salzburg (1981)
- BA + MA degree in Sociology, Uni Graz (2003 – 2009)
- Erasmus/exchange at Manchester Uni + Oulu Uni
- PhD degree in Economic Geography, Uni Turku (2010 – 2012)
- Assistant Professorship, Aalto (2013 – 2020)
- Teaching/research positions in Austria, Finland, UK
- Associate Professor, Aalto (2020 – today)
6
Ewald Kibler: some further info
- Editorial board member: AMJ, AMD, JBV, ETP, ISBJ, JBVi
- About 170 reviews for journals: e.g. 42 for ETP or 24 for AMJ
- About 30 publications in journals: e.g. AMJ, JBV, ETP, ResPolicy, AMD, HumRelations or EconGeography
- 4 doctoral supervisions until completion
- 4 ongoing supervisions as 1st supervisor – also involved in several processes as 2nd supervisor
- Frequent consultancy/policy work: e.g. OECD/European Commission
7
Multidisciplinary approach to entrepreneurship research Entrepreneurship as a means to explain order, outcomes and change
Psychology
Sociology
Geography
Organization – Management –
International Business – Communication
Entrepreneurship
History
Participants
Our – Small but Amazing (!) – Cohort of New Doctoral Students at our Department of Management Studies
Organization & Management
Entrepreneurship
Doan Hanh Thi Duc
Kevätsalo Anna Kristiina
Yang Baolin
Ganoo Apurva
Anastasia Koptsyukh
International Business
-
Organizational Communication
-
9
Introductions (~ 5 min each)
Please, tell briefly
- Your background
- Why doctoral studies, and why here?
- What is your broader research topic?
- Potential concerns or questions related to the doctoral studies
Usual challenges
Examples based on interviews with doctoral students (O&M, 2018)
To be developed:
Good:
- Professional doctoral program
- Strong student community
- Easy to start and to get to know the system: school orientation and our own Getting started course
- Good to do course assistant work!
- Teaching methods – the student is left quite alone with methods and data collection
- Not always attention to why we should study certain topics – the relevance of research!
- Atomistic – not always known what others do, or how similar topics are addressed in different ways
- Continuation in the beginning of the 2 nd year if the courses have been studied during the first year
- Financing is unclear
Why doing a doctoral thesis takes so much time?
- Course work (1 year of work)
- Finding topic, often also abandoning topics
- Getting to know literatures
- Fieldwork / data collection
- Focusing and refocusing the topic
- Time for "creativity" and "independent" thinking/ideation
- Writing the research gradually and iteratively
* Early vs. later conference papers
* Essays and papers to be published/ and, or the monograph
* Kappa / introduction of the essay-based thesis
* Single-authored and co-authored work
Receiving advise
Build a well-working relationship with an advisor/group of advisors:
* learning research work with the help of a senior colleague
* support in making choices (e.g. focus, reading literatures)
* help in creating a network and integrating into academic community
* concrete pieces of advice in study issues (including funding)
* can suggest credit-generating performances
* responsible for the thesis examination process (selecting
|
preexaminers, opponent)
Relationship with your advisor or advisory group
A group of advisors:
- No single person offers a 100 % match with what you do
- Find people from your area, create "your own pack"
- From our unit, Aalto more broadly, other universities, requirements of the empirical setting
- Who: this changes and develops over time
- Keep relations to your professor at the unit – some responsibility on your studies and thesis research
- If you encounter serious problems in advisory relationships, you can talk to the unit coordinator of doctoral studies, or the head of the doctoral program
Formal Supervision Plan (with a Study Plan) annually https://into.
| 4,543
|
end_of_word
|
(selecting
|
remove_all
|
<url>
https://mycourses.aalto.fi/pluginfile.php/1862244/mod_resource/content/1/Slides%20from%20Session%201.pdf
</url>
<text>
Getting started Autumn 2022
September 14, 2022
Prof. Ewald Kibler ([email protected]) Prof. Henri Schildt ([email protected])
Purpose of "Getting Started" (3 ECTS)
- Getting to know each other and the faculty of the department of management studies
- Giving you some basic, practical information about doctoral course work and thesis work
- Providing insights on what academic work is like, and what you may be going though in the coming years, with assignments
- Offering safe space for sharing personal thoughts and for discussing (critical) questions/themes
2
Meetings on Wednesdays at 9-12
Wedn 14.9. (T003) Introductions
+ assignment
Wedn 19.10. (T003) How a doctoral dissertation is made?
+ assignment
Wedn 16.11. (V002) Qualitative research papers
+ assignment
Wedn 14.12. (T003) Quantitative research papers
3
Today's Agenda
1. Common challenges in doctoral studies
2. Intros & Getting to know each other
3. Academic community
4. Getting started in research
5. Assignment for the next session
Responsible Teachers – and thanks to Nina for the great collaboration last year!
Henri Schildt Professor of Organization & Management
5
Ewald Kibler Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship, Head of Entrepreneurship Unit/Doctoral Studies
Ewald Kibler
- Born in Salzburg (1981)
- BA + MA degree in Sociology, Uni Graz (2003 – 2009)
- Erasmus/exchange at Manchester Uni + Oulu Uni
- PhD degree in Economic Geography, Uni Turku (2010 – 2012)
- Assistant Professorship, Aalto (2013 – 2020)
- Teaching/research positions in Austria, Finland, UK
- Associate Professor, Aalto (2020 – today)
6
Ewald Kibler: some further info
- Editorial board member: AMJ, AMD, JBV, ETP, ISBJ, JBVi
- About 170 reviews for journals: e.g. 42 for ETP or 24 for AMJ
- About 30 publications in journals: e.g. AMJ, JBV, ETP, ResPolicy, AMD, HumRelations or EconGeography
- 4 doctoral supervisions until completion
- 4 ongoing supervisions as 1st supervisor – also involved in several processes as 2nd supervisor
- Frequent consultancy/policy work: e.g. OECD/European Commission
7
Multidisciplinary approach to entrepreneurship research Entrepreneurship as a means to explain order, outcomes and change
Psychology
Sociology
Geography
Organization – Management –
International Business – Communication
Entrepreneurship
History
Participants
Our – Small but Amazing (!) – Cohort of New Doctoral Students at our Department of Management Studies
Organization & Management
Entrepreneurship
Doan Hanh Thi Duc
Kevätsalo Anna Kristiina
Yang Baolin
Ganoo Apurva
Anastasia Koptsyukh
International Business
-
Organizational Communication
-
9
Introductions (~ 5 min each)
Please, tell briefly
- Your background
- Why doctoral studies, and why here?
- What is your broader research topic?
- Potential concerns or questions related to the doctoral studies
Usual challenges
Examples based on interviews with doctoral students (O&M, 2018)
To be developed:
Good:
- Professional doctoral program
- Strong student community
- Easy to start and to get to know the system: school orientation and our own Getting started course
- Good to do course assistant work!
- Teaching methods – the student is left quite alone with methods and data collection
- Not always attention to why we should study certain topics – the relevance of research!
- Atomistic – not always known what others do, or how similar topics are addressed in different ways
- Continuation in the beginning of the 2 nd year if the courses have been studied during the first year
- Financing is unclear
Why doing a doctoral thesis takes so much time?
- Course work (1 year of work)
- Finding topic, often also abandoning topics
- Getting to know literatures
- Fieldwork / data collection
- Focusing and refocusing the topic
- Time for "creativity" and "independent" thinking/ideation
- Writing the research gradually and iteratively
* Early vs. later conference papers
* Essays and papers to be published/ and, or the monograph
* Kappa / introduction of the essay-based thesis
* Single-authored and co-authored work
Receiving advise
Build a well-working relationship with an advisor/group of advisors:
* learning research work with the help of a senior colleague
* support in making choices (e.g. focus, reading literatures)
* help in creating a network and integrating into academic community
* concrete pieces of advice in study issues (including funding)
* can suggest credit-generating performances
* responsible for the thesis examination process (selecting<cursor_is_here>
</text>
|
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://mycourses.aalto.fi/pluginfile.php/1862244/mod_resource/content/1/Slides%20from%20Session%201.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nGetting started Autumn 2022\n\nSeptember 14, 2022\n\nProf. Ewald Kibler ([email protected]) Prof. Henri Schildt ([email protected])\n\nPurpose of \"Getting Started\" (3 ECTS)\n\n- Getting to know each other and the faculty of the department of management studies\n- Giving you some basic, practical information about doctoral course work and thesis work\n- Providing insights on what academic work is like, and what you may be going though in the coming years, with assignments\n- Offering safe space for sharing personal thoughts and for discussing (critical) questions/themes\n\n2\n\nMeetings on Wednesdays at 9-12\n\nWedn 14.9. (T003) Introductions\n\n+ assignment\n\nWedn 19.10. (T003) How a doctoral dissertation is made?\n\n+ assignment\n\nWedn 16.11. (V002) Qualitative research papers\n\n+ assignment\n\nWedn 14.12. (T003) Quantitative research papers\n\n3\n\nToday's Agenda\n\n1. Common challenges in doctoral studies\n2. Intros & Getting to know each other\n3. Academic community\n4. Getting started in research\n5. Assignment for the next session\n\nResponsible Teachers – and thanks to Nina for the great collaboration last year!\n\nHenri Schildt Professor of Organization & Management\n\n5\n\nEwald Kibler Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship, Head of Entrepreneurship Unit/Doctoral Studies\n\nEwald Kibler\n\n- Born in Salzburg (1981)\n- BA + MA degree in Sociology, Uni Graz (2003 – 2009)\n- Erasmus/exchange at Manchester Uni + Oulu Uni\n- PhD degree in Economic Geography, Uni Turku (2010 – 2012)\n- Assistant Professorship, Aalto (2013 – 2020)\n- Teaching/research positions in Austria, Finland, UK\n- Associate Professor, Aalto (2020 – today)\n\n6\n\nEwald Kibler: some further info\n\n- Editorial board member: AMJ, AMD, JBV, ETP, ISBJ, JBVi\n- About 170 reviews for journals: e.g. 42 for ETP or 24 for AMJ\n- About 30 publications in journals: e.g. AMJ, JBV, ETP, ResPolicy, AMD, HumRelations or EconGeography\n- 4 doctoral supervisions until completion\n- 4 ongoing supervisions as 1st supervisor – also involved in several processes as 2nd supervisor\n- Frequent consultancy/policy work: e.g. OECD/European Commission\n\n7\n\nMultidisciplinary approach to entrepreneurship research Entrepreneurship as a means to explain order, outcomes and change\n\nPsychology\nSociology\nGeography\nOrganization – Management –\nInternational Business – Communication\nEntrepreneurship\nHistory\n\nParticipants\n\nOur – Small but Amazing (!) – Cohort of New Doctoral Students at our Department of Management Studies \n\nOrganization & Management\n\nEntrepreneurship\n\nDoan Hanh Thi Duc\n\nKevätsalo Anna Kristiina\n\nYang Baolin\n\nGanoo Apurva\n\nAnastasia Koptsyukh\n\nInternational Business\n\n-\n\nOrganizational Communication\n\n-\n\n9\n\nIntroductions (~ 5 min each)\n\nPlease, tell briefly\n\n- Your background\n- Why doctoral studies, and why here?\n- What is your broader research topic?\n- Potential concerns or questions related to the doctoral studies\n\nUsual challenges\n\nExamples based on interviews with doctoral students (O&M, 2018)\n\nTo be developed:\n\nGood:\n\n- Professional doctoral program\n- Strong student community\n- Easy to start and to get to know the system: school orientation and our own Getting started course\n- Good to do course assistant work!\n- Teaching methods – the student is left quite alone with methods and data collection\n- Not always attention to why we should study certain topics – the relevance of research!\n- Atomistic – not always known what others do, or how similar topics are addressed in different ways\n- Continuation in the beginning of the 2 nd year if the courses have been studied during the first year\n- Financing is unclear\n\nWhy doing a doctoral thesis takes so much time?\n\n- Course work (1 year of work)\n- Finding topic, often also abandoning topics\n- Getting to know literatures\n- Fieldwork / data collection\n- Focusing and refocusing the topic\n- Time for \"creativity\" and \"independent\" thinking/ideation\n- Writing the research gradually and iteratively\n* Early vs. later conference papers\n* Essays and papers to be published/ and, or the monograph\n* Kappa / introduction of the essay-based thesis\n* Single-authored and co-authored work\n\nReceiving advise\n\nBuild a well-working relationship with an advisor/group of advisors:\n\n* learning research work with the help of a senior colleague\n* support in making choices (e.g. focus, reading literatures)\n* help in creating a network and integrating into academic community\n* concrete pieces of advice in study issues (including funding)\n* can suggest credit-generating performances\n* responsible for the thesis examination process (selecting<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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Impact of inflation
The possible effect of increased inflation on the ophthalmic market
Recently SWV was asked by the general managers of two ophthalmic lenses companies what the effect of increased inflation could be on sales of ophthalmic lenses. To provide guidance SWV analysed the USA, Germany and the United Kingdom from 1969 to 2019. Economic, demographic and where available optical data was gathered. Interviews were carried out with managers working in the optical industry during that period. By Mark Mackenzie
T he reason for not including 2021 in the period researched was that SWV saw, in certain markets, a volume impact on ophthalmic lens demand in 2021, which we believe was still due to the COVID pandemic. This in the case of the UK meant that ophthalmic lens volume sales in 2021 were lower than in 2019. This would have affected long term trend analysis. Significant inflation was taken as 4% or more per year. The reason for taking 4% was based on the fact that over a ten-year period with inflation at 4% a product which cost 1,000 in year one should cost 1,490 in year ten. This is almost a 50% increase. This we considered significant.
28
The main findings of our study are that:
- Most managers aged under 50, who have worked in western countries are unlikely to have experienced prolonged periods of significant inflation during their working lives.
- Significant inflation once it takes hold tends to stay around for longer than expected.
- Significant inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over (both are important drivers of ophthalmic lens demand).
- What has an impact is a decline or stagnation in Gross Domestic
MAFO6-22
Product (GDP). Consumers tended to wait longer before repurchasing a pair of spectacles. A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle has a big impact on the volume of ophthalmic lenses sold.
- Optical retailers in the USA and in Germany showed themselves well able to manage the impact of inflation.
- There is evidence that longer periods of significant inflation combined with bouts of recession can lead to structural changes affecting the optical industry. In all three cases researched a person/s outside of the optical industry set this change in motion.
USA 1969-2019
Over this fifty-year period consumers in the USA experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and 1980s. In the twenty-year period 1969-1989, fifteen years had an inflation rate of 4% or higher. Inflation peaked at 13.9% in 1980. In the thirty-year period 1989 to 2019 there were only four years of inflation at 4% or higher, two of those were 1990 and 1991. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older.
| USA | 1963-2020 Consumer Price Index for all ur- ban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics | Population of USA Source: World Bank |
|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 35,6 | 202.677.000 |
| 1989 | 121,1 | 246.819.000 |
| 2019 | 251,7 | 328.330.000 |
| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 6,3% | 1,0% |
| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 2,5% | 1,0% |
of immigrants (to the USA) have increased rapidly, mainly because of increased immigration from Latin America and Asia. Important shifts in U.S. immigration law were responsible for this change in flows, including the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which abolished nationalorigin admission quotas, the creation of a formal refugee resettlement program with the Refugee Act of 1980, and the Cold War-era grant of preferential treatment to Cuban immigrants." (Source : Migration Policy Institute). In short, although immigration receives a lot of media coverage nowadays, it is not a new event.
Obtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging. SWV was founded in 2001. Over the first years, we gathered US historical data back to 1995. SOLA data was made available for the period 19911998. From 1986 ophthalmic lens sales in units at the manufacturers' level were published by the OMA (Optical Manufacturers of America.) Ophthalmic lens data from 1978-1981 was provided by a former senior manager at Bausch and Lomb. More Than Meets The Eye (the history of plastic lenses) by PPG was also a valuable source of information. Some estimates on the number of persons wearing Rx glasses for the earlier years had to be made. From 2002 onwards, the task was made easier by the Vision Council, which regularly publishes figures.
The findings of SWV were:
- The repeat purchase interval, which is the period of time between the purchase of the main pair of spectacles (two ophthalmic lenses in a frame) is, in our opinion, the most important lever to affect demand for ophthalmic lenses. An increase of 0.2 years from 2.7 to 2.9 years can reduce ophthalmic lens volumes by 7%. Repeat purchase intervals can increase quite quickly. They take quite a long time to go down to former levels.
Periods of significant inflation compared to periods with lower levels of inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over. Population growth was at the same level in the period 1989 to 2019, a period where inflation averaged 2.5%, as in the period 1969-1989 where inflation averaged 6.3%. A reference to immigration is we believe necessary. "Since 1970, the share and number
- The repeat purchase interval remained remarkably steady over a forty-year period (2.4 years in 1978 compared to 2.5 years in 2019). A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle was seen in the period 1979 to 1983. The US Gross Domestic Product stagnated between 1979 and 1982. The repeat purchase interval lengthened again in 1990 and 1991. This was period of weak economic growth compared to previous years. The repeat purchase interval remained at a fairly high level between 2007 and 2009. This again was a period where the US GDP showed a decline, the economy was in recession.
| USA | GDP AT CONSTANT 2015 US dollars Source: World Bank, in billion dollars | GDP growth calculation: actual year divided by previous year Source: World Bank | Number of persons wearing ophthalmic lenses in millions | Pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to con- sumers in millions | Repeat purchase cycle in years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | $6.877 | 5,5% | 124,6 | 50,9 | 2,4 |
| 1980 | $7.076 | -0,3% | 128,2 | 47,3 | 2,7 |
| 1982 | $7.125 | -1,8% | 131,6 | 47,0 | 2,8 |
| 1989 | $9.623 | 3,7% | 143,6 | 57,0 | 2,5 |
| 1990 | $9.805 | 1,9% | 145,8 | 56,3 | 2,6 |
| 1991 | $9.794 | -0,1% | 148,5 | 55,4 | 2,7 |
| 2007 | $16.349 | 1,9% | 197,0 | 73,0 | 2,70 |
| 2009 | $15.912 | -2,5% | 197,3 | 71,9 | 2,7 |
| 2019 | $19.975 | 2,2% | 211,1 | 83,6 | 2,5 |
MAFO6-22
29
| USA | Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics) |
|---|---|
| 1986 | 109,6 |
| 1992 | 138,1 |
| 2002 | 177,1 |
| 2019 | 251,7 |
| % Annual growth between 1986 and 1992 | 3,9% |
| % Annual growth between 1992 and 2002 | 2,5% |
| % Annual growth between 1986 and 2002 | 3,0% |
US optical retailers as mentioned above were able to manage the impact of inflation. The US Bureau of Labour Statistics publishes a table for the equivalent buying power for eye care, over time, for $100 beginning in 1986. Selling products in stock based on the purchase price of the product can lead to cash flow problems during significant inflation. The figures below show that the annual growth of inflation between 1986 and 2002 was 3%. The annual growth of eye care prices was just below that level at 2.8%.
In the opinion of a senior retired manager in the ophthalmic lens industry, significant inflation could have had a big impact on the structure of the US ophthalmic lens market. In 1978 out of 100 ophthalmic lenses sold 93 were mineral lenses (glass lenses). Plastic lenses existed but were more expensive and scratched easily. Within the mineral market the big money bringers were mineral photochromic lenses. They accounted for 16% of unit volume. Silver was a major cost component of photochromic glass. In the 1970s the Hunt brothers tried to corner the silver market. One of the reported reasons for doing this was that the Hunt brothers wanted to protect their capital from inflation. The selling price of silver increased. Bausch & Lomb as well as American Optical (the two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA at that time) had to dramatically increase the price of photochromic
By 1995 the share of mineral lenses had declined to 12%. The two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA were Essilor (Silor as it was known in the USA then) and SOLA.
Germany 1969-2019
For the period 1969 to 1989 data for the area of Western Germany was used. From 1991 data for unified Germany was used.
Over this fifty-year period consumers in Western Germany experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the twelve-year period between 1970 to 1982, ten of those years had inflation of 4% or more. In the twenty-eight-year period 1991 to 2019 there were only two years of inflation at 4% or higher, these were 1991 and 1992. A person pursuing a course of full-time education born in 1970 would never have experienced significant inflation in their working lives before 2022. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older. The rate of growth of the population in both periods of time (1969-1989) and (19912019) was almost identical. The rate of growth of the population aged 45 and older increased.
Obtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging for Germany as well. Over the first years, we gathered German historical data back to 1995. The Zentralverband der Optiker und Optometristen (ZVA) kindly sent us figures back to 1982. The Kuratorium Gutes Sehen e.V. provided data on the number of persons using eyewear back to 1970. Jörg Spangemacher (Publishers Group Ratingen) shared his optical data back to 1987.
Sales of optical products in the period 1991 to 2019 increased from € 3.6 billion to € 5.8 billion in 2019. This was a compound growth rate of 1.7% per year, the rate of inflation was the same. Hence the comment that German retailers were well able to manage the impact of inflation. Unfortunately, data on pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to consumer is not available for the 1970s and early 1980. It would have been interesting to see, if demand for eyewear in a country with high subsidies was glass and subsequently raised the price of clear glass because they wanted to keep the price differential between photochromic and glass the same.
The glass price increases had several effects:
- Clear glass lenses became more expensive that plastic lenses.
- The price jump slowed the demand for glass
- The price increase left a significant opportunity for plastic lens casters (Armorlite/ Essilor/SOLA).
30
| GERMANY | 1963-1990 Former West Germany, Cost of Living Index 1 (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Population of for- mer West Germany and United Ger- many (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Number of persons aged 45+ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 39,1 | 61.194.591 | 22.030.053 |
| 1989 | 83,6 | 62.679.035 | 25.698.404 |
| 1991 | 65,5 | 80.274.564 | 32.109.826 |
| 2019 | 105,3 | 83.166.711 | 42.415.023 |
| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 3,9% | 0,1% | 0,8% |
| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 1,7% | 0,1% | 1,0% |
* In 1990 the base on which inflation was measured was changed. This followed the reunification of East and West Germany.
MAFO6-22
|
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Impact of inflation
The possible effect of increased inflation on the ophthalmic market
Recently SWV was asked by the general managers of two ophthalmic lenses companies what the effect of increased inflation could be on sales of ophthalmic lenses. To provide guidance SWV analysed the USA, Germany and the United Kingdom from 1969 to 2019. Economic, demographic and where available optical data was gathered. Interviews were carried out with managers working in the optical industry during that period. By Mark Mackenzie
T he reason for not including 2021 in the period researched was that SWV saw, in certain markets, a volume impact on ophthalmic lens demand in 2021, which we believe was still due to the COVID pandemic. This in the case of the UK meant that ophthalmic lens volume sales in 2021 were lower than in 2019. This would have affected long term trend analysis. Significant inflation was taken as 4% or more per year. The reason for taking 4% was based on the fact that over a ten-year period with inflation at 4% a product which cost 1,000 in year one should cost 1,490 in year ten. This is almost a 50% increase. This we considered significant.
28
The main findings of our study are that:
- Most managers aged under 50, who have worked in western countries are unlikely to have experienced prolonged periods of significant inflation during their working lives.
- Significant inflation once it takes hold tends to stay around for longer than expected.
- Significant inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over (both are important drivers of ophthalmic lens demand).
- What has an impact is a decline or stagnation in Gross Domestic
MAFO6-22
Product (GDP). Consumers tended to wait longer before repurchasing a pair of spectacles. A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle has a big impact on the volume of ophthalmic lenses sold.
- Optical retailers in the USA and in Germany showed themselves well able to manage the impact of inflation.
- There is evidence that longer periods of significant inflation combined with bouts of recession can lead to structural changes affecting the optical industry. In all three cases researched a person/s outside of the optical industry set this change in motion.
USA 1969-2019
Over this fifty-year period consumers in the USA experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and 1980s. In the twenty-year period 1969-1989, fifteen years had an inflation rate of 4% or higher. Inflation peaked at 13.9% in 1980. In the thirty-year period 1989 to 2019 there were only four years of inflation at 4% or higher, two of those were 1990 and 1991. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older.
| USA | 1963-2020 Consumer Price Index for all ur- ban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics | Population of USA Source: World Bank |
|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 35,6 | 202.677.000 |
| 1989 | 121,1 | 246.819.000 |
| 2019 | 251,7 | 328.330.000 |
| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 6,3% | 1,0% |
| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 2,5% | 1,0% |
of immigrants (to the USA) have increased rapidly, mainly because of increased immigration from Latin America and Asia. Important shifts in U.S. immigration law were responsible for this change in flows, including the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which abolished nationalorigin admission quotas, the creation of a formal refugee resettlement program with the Refugee Act of 1980, and the Cold War-era grant of preferential treatment to Cuban immigrants." (Source : Migration Policy Institute). In short, although immigration receives a lot of media coverage nowadays, it is not a new event.
Obtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging. SWV was founded in 2001. Over the first years, we gathered US historical data back to 1995. SOLA data was made available for the period 19911998. From 1986 ophthalmic lens sales in units at the manufacturers' level were published by the OMA (Optical Manufacturers of America.) Ophthalmic lens data from 1978-1981 was provided by a former senior manager at Bausch and Lomb. More Than Meets The Eye (the history of plastic lenses) by PPG was also a valuable source of information. Some estimates on the number of persons wearing Rx glasses for the earlier years had to be made. From 2002 onwards, the task was made easier by the Vision Council, which regularly publishes figures.
The findings of SWV were:
- The repeat purchase interval, which is the period of time between the purchase of the main pair of spectacles (two ophthalmic lenses in a frame) is, in our opinion, the most important lever to affect demand for ophthalmic lenses. An increase of 0.2 years from 2.7 to 2.9 years can reduce ophthalmic lens volumes by 7%. Repeat purchase intervals can increase quite quickly. They take quite a long time to go down to former levels.
Periods of significant inflation compared to periods with lower levels of inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over. Population growth was at the same level in the period 1989 to 2019, a period where inflation averaged 2.5%, as in the period 1969-1989 where inflation averaged 6.3%. A reference to immigration is we believe necessary. "Since 1970, the share and number
- The repeat purchase interval remained remarkably steady over a forty-year period (2.4 years in 1978 compared to 2.5 years in 2019). A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle was seen in the period 1979 to 1983. The US Gross Domestic Product stagnated between 1979 and 1982. The repeat purchase interval lengthened again in 1990 and 1991. This was period of weak economic growth compared to previous years. The repeat purchase interval remained at a fairly high level between 2007 and 2009. This again was a period where the US GDP showed a decline, the economy was in recession.
| USA | GDP AT CONSTANT 2015 US dollars Source: World Bank, in billion dollars | GDP growth calculation: actual year divided by previous year Source: World Bank | Number of persons wearing ophthalmic lenses in millions | Pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to con- sumers in millions | Repeat purchase cycle in years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | $6.877 | 5,5% | 124,6 | 50,9 | 2,4 |
| 1980 | $7.076 | -0,3% | 128,2 | 47,3 | 2,7 |
| 1982 | $7.125 | -1,8% | 131,6 | 47,0 | 2,8 |
| 1989 | $9.623 | 3,7% | 143,6 | 57,0 | 2,5 |
| 1990 | $9.805 | 1,9% | 145,8 | 56,3 | 2,6 |
| 1991 | $9.794 | -0,1% | 148,5 | 55,4 | 2,7 |
| 2007 | $16.349 | 1,9% | 197,0 | 73,0 | 2,70 |
| 2009 | $15.912 | -2,5% | 197,3 | 71,9 | 2,7 |
| 2019 | $19.975 | 2,2% | 211,1 | 83,6 | 2,5 |
MAFO6-22
29
| USA | Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics) |
|---|---|
| 1986 | 109,6 |
| 1992 | 138,1 |
| 2002 | 177,1 |
| 2019 | 251,7 |
| % Annual growth between 1986 and 1992 | 3,9% |
| % Annual growth between 19
|
92 and 2002 | 2,5% |
| % Annual growth between 1986 and 2002 | 3,0% |
US optical retailers as mentioned above were able to manage the impact of inflation.
|
The US Bureau of Labour Statistics publishes a table for the equivalent buying power for eye care, over time, for $100 beginning in 1986. Selling products in stock based on the purchase price of the product can lead to cash flow problems during significant inflation. The figures below show that the annual growth of inflation between 1986 and 2002 was 3%. The annual growth of eye care prices was just below that level at 2.8%.
In the opinion of a senior retired manager in the ophthalmic lens industry, significant inflation could have had a big impact on the structure of the US ophthalmic lens market. In 1978 out of 100 ophthalmic lenses sold 93 were mineral lenses (glass lenses). Plastic lenses existed but were more expensive and scratched easily. Within the mineral market the big money bringers were mineral photochromic lenses. They accounted for 16% of unit volume. Silver was a major cost component of photochromic glass. In the 1970s the Hunt brothers tried to corner the silver market. One of the reported reasons for doing this was that the Hunt brothers wanted to protect their capital from inflation. The selling price of silver increased. Bausch & Lomb as well as American Optical (the two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA at that time) had to dramatically increase the price of photochromic
By 1995 the share of mineral lenses had declined to 12%. The two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA were Essilor (Silor as it was known in the USA then) and SOLA.
Germany 1969-2019
For the period 1969 to 1989 data for the area of Western Germany was used. From 1991 data for unified Germany was used.
Over this fifty-year period consumers in Western Germany experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the twelve-year period between 1970 to 1982, ten of those years had inflation of 4% or more. In the twenty-eight-year period 1991 to 2019 there were only two years of inflation at 4% or higher, these were 1991 and 1992. A person pursuing a course of full-time education born in 1970 would never have experienced significant inflation in their working lives before 2022. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older. The rate of growth of the population in both periods of time (1969-1989) and (19912019) was almost identical. The rate of growth of the population aged 45 and older increased.
Obtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging for Germany as well. Over the first years, we gathered German historical data back to 1995. The Zentralverband der Optiker und Optometristen (ZVA) kindly sent us figures back to 1982. The Kuratorium Gutes Sehen e.V. provided data on the number of persons using eyewear back to 1970. Jörg Spangemacher (Publishers Group Ratingen) shared his optical data back to 1987.
Sales of optical products in the period 1991 to 2019 increased from € 3.6 billion to € 5.8 billion in 2019. This was a compound growth rate of 1.7% per year, the rate of inflation was the same. Hence the comment that German retailers were well able to manage the impact of inflation. Unfortunately, data on pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to consumer is not available for the 1970s and early 1980. It would have been interesting to see, if demand for eyewear in a country with high subsidies was glass and subsequently raised the price of clear glass because they wanted to keep the price differential between photochromic and glass the same.
The glass price increases had several effects:
- Clear glass lenses became more expensive that plastic lenses.
- The price jump slowed the demand for glass
- The price increase left a significant opportunity for plastic lens casters (Armorlite/ Essilor/SOLA).
30
| GERMANY | 1963-1990 Former West Germany, Cost of Living Index 1 (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Population of for- mer West Germany and United Ger- many (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Number of persons aged 45+ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 39,1 | 61.194.591 | 22.030.053 |
| 1989 | 83,6 | 62.679.035 | 25.698.404 |
| 1991 | 65,5 | 80.274.564 | 32.109.826 |
| 2019 | 105,3 | 83.166.711 | 42.415.023 |
| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 3,9% | 0,1% | 0,8% |
| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 1,7% | 0,1% | 1,0% |
* In 1990 the base on which inflation was measured was changed. This followed the reunification of East and West Germany.
MAFO6-22
| 7,062
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|
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<url>
https://swv4u.com/news/swv-will-be-attending-opti-in-munich-and-mido-in-milan.html?file=files/themes/swv/publications/2023_MM_%20in%20MAFO_6-22_%20The%20impact%20of%20inflation..pdf
</url>
<text>
Impact of inflation
The possible effect of increased inflation on the ophthalmic market
Recently SWV was asked by the general managers of two ophthalmic lenses companies what the effect of increased inflation could be on sales of ophthalmic lenses. To provide guidance SWV analysed the USA, Germany and the United Kingdom from 1969 to 2019. Economic, demographic and where available optical data was gathered. Interviews were carried out with managers working in the optical industry during that period. By Mark Mackenzie
T he reason for not including 2021 in the period researched was that SWV saw, in certain markets, a volume impact on ophthalmic lens demand in 2021, which we believe was still due to the COVID pandemic. This in the case of the UK meant that ophthalmic lens volume sales in 2021 were lower than in 2019. This would have affected long term trend analysis. Significant inflation was taken as 4% or more per year. The reason for taking 4% was based on the fact that over a ten-year period with inflation at 4% a product which cost 1,000 in year one should cost 1,490 in year ten. This is almost a 50% increase. This we considered significant.
28
The main findings of our study are that:
- Most managers aged under 50, who have worked in western countries are unlikely to have experienced prolonged periods of significant inflation during their working lives.
- Significant inflation once it takes hold tends to stay around for longer than expected.
- Significant inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over (both are important drivers of ophthalmic lens demand).
- What has an impact is a decline or stagnation in Gross Domestic
MAFO6-22
Product (GDP). Consumers tended to wait longer before repurchasing a pair of spectacles. A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle has a big impact on the volume of ophthalmic lenses sold.
- Optical retailers in the USA and in Germany showed themselves well able to manage the impact of inflation.
- There is evidence that longer periods of significant inflation combined with bouts of recession can lead to structural changes affecting the optical industry. In all three cases researched a person/s outside of the optical industry set this change in motion.
USA 1969-2019
Over this fifty-year period consumers in the USA experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and 1980s. In the twenty-year period 1969-1989, fifteen years had an inflation rate of 4% or higher. Inflation peaked at 13.9% in 1980. In the thirty-year period 1989 to 2019 there were only four years of inflation at 4% or higher, two of those were 1990 and 1991. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older.
| USA | 1963-2020 Consumer Price Index for all ur- ban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics | Population of USA Source: World Bank |
|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 35,6 | 202.677.000 |
| 1989 | 121,1 | 246.819.000 |
| 2019 | 251,7 | 328.330.000 |
| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 6,3% | 1,0% |
| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 2,5% | 1,0% |
of immigrants (to the USA) have increased rapidly, mainly because of increased immigration from Latin America and Asia. Important shifts in U.S. immigration law were responsible for this change in flows, including the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which abolished nationalorigin admission quotas, the creation of a formal refugee resettlement program with the Refugee Act of 1980, and the Cold War-era grant of preferential treatment to Cuban immigrants." (Source : Migration Policy Institute). In short, although immigration receives a lot of media coverage nowadays, it is not a new event.
Obtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging. SWV was founded in 2001. Over the first years, we gathered US historical data back to 1995. SOLA data was made available for the period 19911998. From 1986 ophthalmic lens sales in units at the manufacturers' level were published by the OMA (Optical Manufacturers of America.) Ophthalmic lens data from 1978-1981 was provided by a former senior manager at Bausch and Lomb. More Than Meets The Eye (the history of plastic lenses) by PPG was also a valuable source of information. Some estimates on the number of persons wearing Rx glasses for the earlier years had to be made. From 2002 onwards, the task was made easier by the Vision Council, which regularly publishes figures.
The findings of SWV were:
- The repeat purchase interval, which is the period of time between the purchase of the main pair of spectacles (two ophthalmic lenses in a frame) is, in our opinion, the most important lever to affect demand for ophthalmic lenses. An increase of 0.2 years from 2.7 to 2.9 years can reduce ophthalmic lens volumes by 7%. Repeat purchase intervals can increase quite quickly. They take quite a long time to go down to former levels.
Periods of significant inflation compared to periods with lower levels of inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over. Population growth was at the same level in the period 1989 to 2019, a period where inflation averaged 2.5%, as in the period 1969-1989 where inflation averaged 6.3%. A reference to immigration is we believe necessary. "Since 1970, the share and number
- The repeat purchase interval remained remarkably steady over a forty-year period (2.4 years in 1978 compared to 2.5 years in 2019). A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle was seen in the period 1979 to 1983. The US Gross Domestic Product stagnated between 1979 and 1982. The repeat purchase interval lengthened again in 1990 and 1991. This was period of weak economic growth compared to previous years. The repeat purchase interval remained at a fairly high level between 2007 and 2009. This again was a period where the US GDP showed a decline, the economy was in recession.
| USA | GDP AT CONSTANT 2015 US dollars Source: World Bank, in billion dollars | GDP growth calculation: actual year divided by previous year Source: World Bank | Number of persons wearing ophthalmic lenses in millions | Pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to con- sumers in millions | Repeat purchase cycle in years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | $6.877 | 5,5% | 124,6 | 50,9 | 2,4 |
| 1980 | $7.076 | -0,3% | 128,2 | 47,3 | 2,7 |
| 1982 | $7.125 | -1,8% | 131,6 | 47,0 | 2,8 |
| 1989 | $9.623 | 3,7% | 143,6 | 57,0 | 2,5 |
| 1990 | $9.805 | 1,9% | 145,8 | 56,3 | 2,6 |
| 1991 | $9.794 | -0,1% | 148,5 | 55,4 | 2,7 |
| 2007 | $16.349 | 1,9% | 197,0 | 73,0 | 2,70 |
| 2009 | $15.912 | -2,5% | 197,3 | 71,9 | 2,7 |
| 2019 | $19.975 | 2,2% | 211,1 | 83,6 | 2,5 |
MAFO6-22
29
| USA | Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics) |
|---|---|
| 1986 | 109,6 |
| 1992 | 138,1 |
| 2002 | 177,1 |
| 2019 | 251,7 |
| % Annual growth between 1986 and 1992 | 3,9% |
| % Annual growth between 19<cursor_is_here> The US Bureau of Labour Statistics publishes a table for the equivalent buying power for eye care, over time, for $100 beginning in 1986. Selling products in stock based on the purchase price of the product can lead to cash flow problems during significant inflation. The figures below show that the annual growth of inflation between 1986 and 2002 was 3%. The annual growth of eye care prices was just below that level at 2.8%.
In the opinion of a senior retired manager in the ophthalmic lens industry, significant inflation could have had a big impact on the structure of the US ophthalmic lens market. In 1978 out of 100 ophthalmic lenses sold 93 were mineral lenses (glass lenses). Plastic lenses existed but were more expensive and scratched easily. Within the mineral market the big money bringers were mineral photochromic lenses. They accounted for 16% of unit volume. Silver was a major cost component of photochromic glass. In the 1970s the Hunt brothers tried to corner the silver market. One of the reported reasons for doing this was that the Hunt brothers wanted to protect their capital from inflation. The selling price of silver increased. Bausch & Lomb as well as American Optical (the two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA at that time) had to dramatically increase the price of photochromic
By 1995 the share of mineral lenses had declined to 12%. The two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA were Essilor (Silor as it was known in the USA then) and SOLA.
Germany 1969-2019
For the period 1969 to 1989 data for the area of Western Germany was used. From 1991 data for unified Germany was used.
Over this fifty-year period consumers in Western Germany experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the twelve-year period between 1970 to 1982, ten of those years had inflation of 4% or more. In the twenty-eight-year period 1991 to 2019 there were only two years of inflation at 4% or higher, these were 1991 and 1992. A person pursuing a course of full-time education born in 1970 would never have experienced significant inflation in their working lives before 2022. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older. The rate of growth of the population in both periods of time (1969-1989) and (19912019) was almost identical. The rate of growth of the population aged 45 and older increased.
Obtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging for Germany as well. Over the first years, we gathered German historical data back to 1995. The Zentralverband der Optiker und Optometristen (ZVA) kindly sent us figures back to 1982. The Kuratorium Gutes Sehen e.V. provided data on the number of persons using eyewear back to 1970. Jörg Spangemacher (Publishers Group Ratingen) shared his optical data back to 1987.
Sales of optical products in the period 1991 to 2019 increased from € 3.6 billion to € 5.8 billion in 2019. This was a compound growth rate of 1.7% per year, the rate of inflation was the same. Hence the comment that German retailers were well able to manage the impact of inflation. Unfortunately, data on pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to consumer is not available for the 1970s and early 1980. It would have been interesting to see, if demand for eyewear in a country with high subsidies was glass and subsequently raised the price of clear glass because they wanted to keep the price differential between photochromic and glass the same.
The glass price increases had several effects:
- Clear glass lenses became more expensive that plastic lenses.
- The price jump slowed the demand for glass
- The price increase left a significant opportunity for plastic lens casters (Armorlite/ Essilor/SOLA).
30
| GERMANY | 1963-1990 Former West Germany, Cost of Living Index 1 (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Population of for- mer West Germany and United Ger- many (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Number of persons aged 45+ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 39,1 | 61.194.591 | 22.030.053 |
| 1989 | 83,6 | 62.679.035 | 25.698.404 |
| 1991 | 65,5 | 80.274.564 | 32.109.826 |
| 2019 | 105,3 | 83.166.711 | 42.415.023 |
| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 3,9% | 0,1% | 0,8% |
| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 1,7% | 0,1% | 1,0% |
* In 1990 the base on which inflation was measured was changed. This followed the reunification of East and West Germany.
MAFO6-22
</text>
|
[
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://swv4u.com/news/swv-will-be-attending-opti-in-munich-and-mido-in-milan.html?file=files/themes/swv/publications/2023_MM_%20in%20MAFO_6-22_%20The%20impact%20of%20inflation..pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nImpact of inflation\n\nThe possible effect of increased inflation on the ophthalmic market\n\nRecently SWV was asked by the general managers of two ophthalmic lenses companies what the effect of increased inflation could be on sales of ophthalmic lenses. To provide guidance SWV analysed the USA, Germany and the United Kingdom from 1969 to 2019. Economic, demographic and where available optical data was gathered. Interviews were carried out with managers working in the optical industry during that period. By Mark Mackenzie\n\nT he reason for not including 2021 in the period researched was that SWV saw, in certain markets, a volume impact on ophthalmic lens demand in 2021, which we believe was still due to the COVID pandemic. This in the case of the UK meant that ophthalmic lens volume sales in 2021 were lower than in 2019. This would have affected long term trend analysis. Significant inflation was taken as 4% or more per year. The reason for taking 4% was based on the fact that over a ten-year period with inflation at 4% a product which cost 1,000 in year one should cost 1,490 in year ten. This is almost a 50% increase. This we considered significant.\n\n28\n\nThe main findings of our study are that:\n\n- Most managers aged under 50, who have worked in western countries are unlikely to have experienced prolonged periods of significant inflation during their working lives.\n- Significant inflation once it takes hold tends to stay around for longer than expected.\n- Significant inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over (both are important drivers of ophthalmic lens demand).\n- What has an impact is a decline or stagnation in Gross Domestic\n\nMAFO6-22\n\nProduct (GDP). Consumers tended to wait longer before repurchasing a pair of spectacles. A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle has a big impact on the volume of ophthalmic lenses sold.\n- Optical retailers in the USA and in Germany showed themselves well able to manage the impact of inflation.\n- There is evidence that longer periods of significant inflation combined with bouts of recession can lead to structural changes affecting the optical industry. In all three cases researched a person/s outside of the optical industry set this change in motion.\n\nUSA 1969-2019\n\nOver this fifty-year period consumers in the USA experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and 1980s. In the twenty-year period 1969-1989, fifteen years had an inflation rate of 4% or higher. Inflation peaked at 13.9% in 1980. In the thirty-year period 1989 to 2019 there were only four years of inflation at 4% or higher, two of those were 1990 and 1991. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older.\n\n| USA | 1963-2020 Consumer Price Index for all ur- ban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics | Population of USA Source: World Bank |\n|---|---|---|\n| 1969 | 35,6 | 202.677.000 |\n| 1989 | 121,1 | 246.819.000 |\n| 2019 | 251,7 | 328.330.000 |\n| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 6,3% | 1,0% |\n| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 2,5% | 1,0% |\n\nof immigrants (to the USA) have increased rapidly, mainly because of increased immigration from Latin America and Asia. Important shifts in U.S. immigration law were responsible for this change in flows, including the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which abolished nationalorigin admission quotas, the creation of a formal refugee resettlement program with the Refugee Act of 1980, and the Cold War-era grant of preferential treatment to Cuban immigrants.\" (Source : Migration Policy Institute). In short, although immigration receives a lot of media coverage nowadays, it is not a new event.\n\nObtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging. SWV was founded in 2001. Over the first years, we gathered US historical data back to 1995. SOLA data was made available for the period 19911998. From 1986 ophthalmic lens sales in units at the manufacturers' level were published by the OMA (Optical Manufacturers of America.) Ophthalmic lens data from 1978-1981 was provided by a former senior manager at Bausch and Lomb. More Than Meets The Eye (the history of plastic lenses) by PPG was also a valuable source of information. Some estimates on the number of persons wearing Rx glasses for the earlier years had to be made. From 2002 onwards, the task was made easier by the Vision Council, which regularly publishes figures.\n\nThe findings of SWV were:\n\n- The repeat purchase interval, which is the period of time between the purchase of the main pair of spectacles (two ophthalmic lenses in a frame) is, in our opinion, the most important lever to affect demand for ophthalmic lenses. An increase of 0.2 years from 2.7 to 2.9 years can reduce ophthalmic lens volumes by 7%. Repeat purchase intervals can increase quite quickly. They take quite a long time to go down to former levels.\n\nPeriods of significant inflation compared to periods with lower levels of inflation did not influence the growth of the population nor the growth in the number of persons aged 45 and over. Population growth was at the same level in the period 1989 to 2019, a period where inflation averaged 2.5%, as in the period 1969-1989 where inflation averaged 6.3%. A reference to immigration is we believe necessary. \"Since 1970, the share and number\n\n- The repeat purchase interval remained remarkably steady over a forty-year period (2.4 years in 1978 compared to 2.5 years in 2019). A lengthening of the repeat purchase cycle was seen in the period 1979 to 1983. The US Gross Domestic Product stagnated between 1979 and 1982. The repeat purchase interval lengthened again in 1990 and 1991. This was period of weak economic growth compared to previous years. The repeat purchase interval remained at a fairly high level between 2007 and 2009. This again was a period where the US GDP showed a decline, the economy was in recession.\n\n| USA | GDP AT CONSTANT 2015 US dollars Source: World Bank, in billion dollars | GDP growth calculation: actual year divided by previous year Source: World Bank | Number of persons wearing ophthalmic lenses in millions | Pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to con- sumers in millions | Repeat purchase cycle in years |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 1978 | $6.877 | 5,5% | 124,6 | 50,9 | 2,4 |\n| 1980 | $7.076 | -0,3% | 128,2 | 47,3 | 2,7 |\n| 1982 | $7.125 | -1,8% | 131,6 | 47,0 | 2,8 |\n| 1989 | $9.623 | 3,7% | 143,6 | 57,0 | 2,5 |\n| 1990 | $9.805 | 1,9% | 145,8 | 56,3 | 2,6 |\n| 1991 | $9.794 | -0,1% | 148,5 | 55,4 | 2,7 |\n| 2007 | $16.349 | 1,9% | 197,0 | 73,0 | 2,70 |\n| 2009 | $15.912 | -2,5% | 197,3 | 71,9 | 2,7 |\n| 2019 | $19.975 | 2,2% | 211,1 | 83,6 | 2,5 |\n\nMAFO6-22\n\n29\n\n| USA | Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (US Bureau of Labor Statistics) |\n|---|---|\n| 1986 | 109,6 |\n| 1992 | 138,1 |\n| 2002 | 177,1 |\n| 2019 | 251,7 |\n| % Annual growth between 1986 and 1992 | 3,9% |\n| % Annual growth between 19<cursor_is_here> The US Bureau of Labour Statistics publishes a table for the equivalent buying power for eye care, over time, for $100 beginning in 1986. Selling products in stock based on the purchase price of the product can lead to cash flow problems during significant inflation. The figures below show that the annual growth of inflation between 1986 and 2002 was 3%. The annual growth of eye care prices was just below that level at 2.8%.\n\nIn the opinion of a senior retired manager in the ophthalmic lens industry, significant inflation could have had a big impact on the structure of the US ophthalmic lens market. In 1978 out of 100 ophthalmic lenses sold 93 were mineral lenses (glass lenses). Plastic lenses existed but were more expensive and scratched easily. Within the mineral market the big money bringers were mineral photochromic lenses. They accounted for 16% of unit volume. Silver was a major cost component of photochromic glass. In the 1970s the Hunt brothers tried to corner the silver market. One of the reported reasons for doing this was that the Hunt brothers wanted to protect their capital from inflation. The selling price of silver increased. Bausch & Lomb as well as American Optical (the two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA at that time) had to dramatically increase the price of photochromic\n\nBy 1995 the share of mineral lenses had declined to 12%. The two largest ophthalmic lens suppliers in the USA were Essilor (Silor as it was known in the USA then) and SOLA.\n\nGermany 1969-2019\n\nFor the period 1969 to 1989 data for the area of Western Germany was used. From 1991 data for unified Germany was used.\n\nOver this fifty-year period consumers in Western Germany experienced significant levels of inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the twelve-year period between 1970 to 1982, ten of those years had inflation of 4% or more. In the twenty-eight-year period 1991 to 2019 there were only two years of inflation at 4% or higher, these were 1991 and 1992. A person pursuing a course of full-time education born in 1970 would never have experienced significant inflation in their working lives before 2022. A cross check was made with two important drivers of demand for ophthalmic lenses. These are the growth of the population and the growth of the population aged 45 or older. The rate of growth of the population in both periods of time (1969-1989) and (19912019) was almost identical. The rate of growth of the population aged 45 and older increased.\n\nObtaining optical data for a fifty-year period was challenging for Germany as well. Over the first years, we gathered German historical data back to 1995. The Zentralverband der Optiker und Optometristen (ZVA) kindly sent us figures back to 1982. The Kuratorium Gutes Sehen e.V. provided data on the number of persons using eyewear back to 1970. Jörg Spangemacher (Publishers Group Ratingen) shared his optical data back to 1987.\n\nSales of optical products in the period 1991 to 2019 increased from € 3.6 billion to € 5.8 billion in 2019. This was a compound growth rate of 1.7% per year, the rate of inflation was the same. Hence the comment that German retailers were well able to manage the impact of inflation. Unfortunately, data on pairs of ophthalmic lenses sold to consumer is not available for the 1970s and early 1980. It would have been interesting to see, if demand for eyewear in a country with high subsidies was glass and subsequently raised the price of clear glass because they wanted to keep the price differential between photochromic and glass the same.\n\nThe glass price increases had several effects:\n\n- Clear glass lenses became more expensive that plastic lenses.\n- The price jump slowed the demand for glass\n- The price increase left a significant opportunity for plastic lens casters (Armorlite/ Essilor/SOLA).\n\n30\n\n| GERMANY | 1963-1990 Former West Germany, Cost of Living Index 1 (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Population of for- mer West Germany and United Ger- many (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt- Destatis) | Number of persons aged 45+ |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| 1969 | 39,1 | 61.194.591 | 22.030.053 |\n| 1989 | 83,6 | 62.679.035 | 25.698.404 |\n| 1991 | 65,5 | 80.274.564 | 32.109.826 |\n| 2019 | 105,3 | 83.166.711 | 42.415.023 |\n| % Annual growth between 1969 and 1989 | 3,9% | 0,1% | 0,8% |\n| % Annual growth between 1989 and 2019 | 1,7% | 0,1% | 1,0% |\n\n* In 1990 the base on which inflation was measured was changed. 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REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY IN e-COMMERCE: INDIAN SCENARIO
Sambhavna Rai
Research Scholar (Ph.D.)
Department of Law, Sikkim University & Law-Clerk-Cum-Research Assistant, High Court of
Sikkim
Abstract
Technology is the creation of intelligent human beings but ironically these technologies are controlling its creator in this internet saga. Due to this chaos in the human society, many regulatory issues have emerged which needs legislative attention as well as judicial cure. The online activities in the form of e-Commerce have facilitated human lives in many facets and have sadly also troubled their privacy and data. The laws in India are not capable enough to deal with the issues of privacy and data protection and thus have left many grey areas. Thus this paper shall examine the two main regulatory issues involved in e-Commerce.
Keywords: Privacy, Data, e-Commerce, Choice of law, Choice of Jurisdiction, India
1. INTRODUCTION
Information is power 1 when one has full control over it without the intrusion of others. With the advance of internet, distribution of individual's data and intrusions into personal space have increased over the years. An easy access to internet empowers anyone anywhere to distribute information true or false to the world with the help of tech-gadgets and violates the privacy and misuse data of an individual.
The mobile nature of the borderless internet and lack of consumer's knowledge has not only questioned the Indian regulatory system but has also threatened faith of consumers in online
stage. Our laws to deal with these issues are scattered and are not comprehensive.
2
One best
1
2
Peter B. Maggs et alInternet and Computer Law634 (Printed in the United States of America) (2001).
Like the United States of America our Country (India) too lacks comprehensive laws to deal with cybercrimes and related regulatory issues. But still there can be no comparison between these two Countries. Even though United
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
example is that of the Information Technology Act 2000. This Act does not specifically provide the manner of forming a contract which takes on an online platform and untraceable jurisdiction 3 . Borderless nature has made it hard to entertain the issues in hand and has invited more vulnerability in contemporary society.
Privacy and data protection issues coupled with issues of choice of law and choice of jurisdiction has been a topic of debate in e-Commerce world. The right to privacy is infringed by many factors 4 and in the absence of even one legal definition of this term, the concern for its protection becomes even more important. Talking about data protection numerous questions are unheard and unaddressed. To list some, it includes questions like; what types of data are to be regulated? What sorts of activities over the internet are regulated? Are Internet Service Providers, Controllers and users of websites classed as data users or computer bureau operators? What are the obligations of registration for internet data users and computer bureau operator's operating in India as well as abroad, when there are no laws on Data Protection? With the internet often lacks security, what are the principles for adequate data security over the internet? How to protect data which travels within India and those data which flows overseas? Technology has affected personal privacy and is repeatedly influencing our understanding of the notion of privacy. 5
In addition our legal framework on choice of law and jurisdiction were made without bearing in mind the effects of internet as such it is really difficult for regulating the changing
State lacks a complete law but their laws are well framed to address different contours of cybercrimes. In India we have Information Technology Act, 2000, Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008,The Indian Penal Code 1860, The Indian Contract Act 1872, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and Banker's Book Evidence Act, 1891. These Acts nor solely neither jointly can race against the mushrooming cybercrimes.
3 Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal Cyber Laws 95 (APH Publishing Corporation) (2011).
4 The right to privacy is infringed by many factors –
(i) Utilizing private data already collected for a purpose other than that for which it was collected;
(ii) Sending of unsolicited emails or spamming or spam;
(iii) Spimming;
(iv) Adware and Spyware;
(v) Phishing;
(vi) Unauthorized reading of emails of others.
5 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0 Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 15 (HarperCollins Publisher) (Printed at Thomas Press (India) Ltd.)(2018).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
personality of internet in e-Commerce. 6 Traditional style of choice of law and jurisdiction falls short of its universal application. Parties are struggling to track the location of other users in cyber space and in such turmoil it is not easy to determine the applicable law and choice of jurisdiction is another hurdle to be dealt with.
Jurisdiction is the very basis of every justice delivery system. This very basis has been threatened over the internet. In modern technological society, courts are not as free as they were in traditional society in exercising their jurisdiction over the parties to a suit. Transaction taking place in cyberspace are leaving the courts located in physical space in confusion. It is appearing to be a war between the virtual world and physical world with no comprehensive cyber laws to come in aid.
Internet in e-Commerce transaction acts opposite to the concept of Jurisdiction 7 . Mockery of the Jurisdiction by the internet has questioned the liability of the intermediaries/ internet providers. Each Country has their own legislation to answer this question of liability of the middlemen. Questions pertaining to their liability include, - to what extent the intermediaries can be held.
2. DEFINITIONS OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY
"No technology has ever been shut down because of the privacy threat it posed to the existing social order" 8 . The word privacy is not defined by any laws to date. This right was not absolute earlier but today this right is recognised as a right and has formed an integral part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Privacy as a concept differs from person to person and is protected differently in different countries. In India, this right under the Information technology
Act is not defined but is infringed on numerous occasions when an individual is engaged in e-
6 Tatiana Balaban "Choice of law and Jurisdiction in E-commerce contracts with focus on B2C Agreements, available at file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/balaban_tatiana.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
7 Niharika Vij, Law & Technology, 40 (Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,) (2015).
8 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0, Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 26 (HarperCollins Publishers, India) (2018).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
Commerce and other activities online and in other social platforms facilitated by the internet. Due to the technological swift, this basic human right is infringed by many factors. Private data forms part and parcel of privacy and infringement of one may affect the other.
The classical legal definition of privacy is attributed to Judge Cooley (United States judge), who defined privacy as 'the right to be left alone' 9 almost certainly the best-known definition of privacy so far.
Data Privacy law has long been afflicted by an absence of clarity over its aims and conceptual foundations. Although section 2, sub-section 1 clause (o) of the Information Technology Act defines 'Data' but 'Data Privacy' and 'Personal Data' is not yet defined. Apart from this section, there are section 43 and section 66 of the Information Technology Act 2000, which provides Civil and Criminal liability i.e. penalty and compensation for damage to computer, computer system, etc. and other computer related offences respectively. The question here arises is that of 'what constitutes Personal Sensitive Data? Although India has RBI guidelines that provides additional authentication on a system which are based on information encrypted, the guidelines however are limited to the banking sector only and hardly covers any mandates relating to failure to protect personal data and information in e-Commerce online transaction.
9 Ian J. Llyod, Information Technology Law 17 (Published by, Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, United States of America) (Printed in, Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire) (7 th Edition, 2014).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
ISSN NO : 2347-3150
3. THE REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION IN E-COMMERCE
- Issues of choice of law in e-Commerce
Choice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce is one of the toughest questions to be decided by the Court. A court can adjudicate upon a case effectively only if it has the jurisdiction. When a matter involves questions like choice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce, determination of applicable law is very important. With different countries having different laws, how the question of choice of law and jurisdiction are to be decided. Different countries will have different judgements on the same issue. Court can determine its jurisdiction and apply law only on physical location but how can it apply its jurisdiction in cyberspace. Internet users are everywhere belonging to different countries having their own laws and such laws are based on their national interest. Disputes in e-Commerce involve persons of different countries therefore determination of one applicable law is very difficult. 'Choice of law' is a crucial question in this digital era with no answer. Many scholars over the years have debated this issue and have suggested for having a separate law on cyberspace i.e. lex cyberalty. Uniformity in cyber law can prove to be a win-win in resolving 'choice of law' particularly in disputes relating to eCommerce. 10
Data protection is related with the concept of privacy and violation of one may obviously affect the other. 11 Litigation is a weapon for deciding upon a conflict. This weapon of the Court has been threatened with the issue of 'choice of law' and 'jurisdiction'. Internet is the reason in these modern eras, which have questioned the traditional method of proceedings across the globe. 12
In the event of legal problem in e-Commerce 'choice of law' by the parties to contract is one of the most annoying one. In a borderless cyberspace lawyers are often struggling with choosing
10 Yun Zhao, Dispute Resolution in Electronic Commerce, 124-127 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers).
11 Jayanti Ghosh and Uday Shankar "Privacy and Data Protection Laws in India: A Right-Based Analysis" Bharati Law Review 58 (2016).
12 Supra Note at 9.
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
the correct law. Choosing a proper clause in choice of law plays a very crucial role in a contract between two parties of different nations. 13
- Issues of Choice of Forum in e-Commerce
Choosing a forum is easy, when parties involved in a traditional transaction are from different jurisdictions and are also easy to be governed by the laws of the country. The party to disputes, only need to decide upon which law of the country shall govern the transactions so performed. The theory of functional equivalence applies to treat this form of transactions. The issue of choice of forum is difficult in e-Commerce as the theory of functional equivalence is difficult to apply as that of in land. The traditional law of jurisdiction fails when transactions are carried out over the internet. The activities which may be lawful in one country may oppose the law of another country. Indian Courts can grant injunction to only those party in an appropriate case, where it can exercise its personal jurisdiction. Jurisdiction in personam can only be exercised to the people upon whom the court has jurisdiction and should not interfere with the jurisdiction of another court. 14 The issues in e-Commerce, is parties in online activities do not know with whom they are doing business, and where do they reside. In the event of any fraud or wrong, parties are clueless as to which forum to choose and against whom.
- Issues of choice of Jurisdiction in e-Commerce
Unlike physical world, cyber world lacks boundaries and borders. As such it is an admitted fact that it is really a difficult task to frame laws for governing the cyberspace. Till date no single State has been successful in framing law to exercise control over the internet. Due to lack of physical boundaries the consequences arising are more threatening as compared to in the physical world. The difficulty is also in deciding about which State will have jurisdiction to frame cyber law and which State shall adjudicate a cross border dispute. This is a question which every Nation is facing at this moment. Some of the eminent scholars like Johnson and
13 The Choice of law clause in contracts between parties of developing and developed Nations, available at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a9e/271fdd141c9daaebe72ed985e97668ab8c88.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
14 Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal, Cyber Laws 64 (APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi) (2011).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
17 Id.
Post have made a remark on the decreasing significance of one's physical stand in cyberspace in the following words:
"Cyberspace radically undermines the relationship between legally significant (online) phenomenon and physical location. The rise of the global computer network is destroying the link between geographical locations and (1) the power of the local government to assert, control over online behavior; (2) the effects of online behavior on individuals or things; (3)the legitimacy of the efforts of a local sovereign to enforce rules applicable to global phenomenon; (4) the ability of physical location to give notice of which sets of rules apply ". 15
Jurisdiction divides the power of one country with that of the other, whereas on the other hand Internet knows no boundaries. As e-Users engage themselves in online activities there is an involvement of at least three jurisdictions 16 . The issue here is the absence of uniform and internationally recognized laws having a universal application. Problems related to cyber are invited when medium of internet do not understand the limit and sovereignty 17 .
The issue of 'Jurisdiction' has not secured India. The I.T. Act, 2000 has been debated and questioned numerous times over jurisdictional issues. One of the questions is regarding the involvement of parties of different jurisdictions, where person/(s) of one jurisdiction wants to sue another. The confusion is of two areas viz; the defendants residence and the place where cause of action arises 18 .
The positive aspect of this Act is, it extends to the whole of India and also punishes people of other national's if offence is committed by using computer based in the India Territory.
15 Karnika Seth, Computers, Internet and New Technology Laws, A Comprehensive reference work with a special focus on development in India (LexisNexis) (2013).
16 It involves the laws of a State/Nation of such users, the laws of the State/Nation where the transaction takes place and third the law which applies to the person or business with whom the transaction takes place.
Prashant Mali,Cyber Law & Cyber Crimes, Information Technology Act, 2000 with new IT Rules, 2011, 3 (Snow
White Publication Mumbai, 1 Edn.) (2012).
18 Id.
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
st
The negative aspect is theoretically it is possible but practical implementation of the law is not viable. The logical question is even if the wrong doer is summoned, how far our laws will be binding on them.
Yahoo 19 is a well-known case in the genre of jurisdictional conflict. The fact of these case states that Court directed Yahoo! to remove links and all materials from its websites pertaining to Neo Nazism and despite of the order being challenged on the ground that it violated the U.S. Constitution's first amendment, Yahoo, had to remove all the contents as directed by the order. This case is one of the most important cases in the history of jurisdiction because it was for the first time that a foreign court had exercised it preliminary jurisdiction to decide a case not located within its physical boundaries 20 .
Indian Courts have also interpreted Section 75 of the I.T. (Amendment) Act and Section 20 of the C.P.C. in number of cases 21 on issues of extraterrestrial jurisdiction. For instance in Banyan Tree case 22 , the question before the single judge was regarding its jurisdiction to entertain the case. After careful analysis of the facts of the case, the Delhi High Court also highlighted on intention of the wrong doer in "purposefully availing" 23 of the jurisdiction of the U.S. Court in other cases 24 on jurisdictional matters and further it was averred by the Court that mere accessing of a website does not mean that Court has power to exercise the jurisdiction 25 .
19 2001 Us Dist. LEXIS 18378 (N.D. Cal. 2001) & 145 F. Supp.2d 1168 (N.D. Cal. 2001)
20 Dr. Amita Verma, Cyber Crimes and Law, 318,323 (Central Law Publications) (2009).
21 Casio India Co. Ltd. v. Ashita Tele Systems Pvt. Ltd. 2003 Del, India TV v. India Broadcast Live, 2007 Delhi HC, IPRS v. Sanjay Dalia, 2008 Delhi HC.
22 (2009) SCC OnLine Del 3780
23 International Shoe Co. v. Washington 326 U.S. 340 (1945), available at https://www.scconline.com/Members/SearchResult.aspx (Last visited on November 26, 2019).
24 Burger King Corp v Rudzewicz 471 U.S. 462 (1985), Asahi Metal Industries v Superior Court 480 U.S. 102 (1987), Calder v Jones, 465, U.S. 783 (1984), available at https://www.scconline.com/Members/SearchResult.aspx (Last visited on November 26, 2019)
25 Prashant Mali, Cyber Law & Cyber Crimes, Information Technology Act, 2000 with New IT Rules, 2011, 243 (Snow White Publications Pvt. Ltd.)(2012).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
4. ADDITIONAL ISSUES
The legal issue of privacy rights in e-Commerce have dwindled the users faith in electronic mode of transactions. Customers are occupied in e-Commerce yet reluctant for complete involvement owing to the concern for confidentiality of their data and security issues involved. 26
5. CONCLUSION
Trending e-Commerce is a danger to the protection of data and privacy of consumers. There is a need for right based approach for safeguarding data privacy of an individual's over the internet. Privacy and data privacy protection of individual in India is no where guaranteed by any law. Though right to privacy in India is developed by the judiciary on case by case basis, comprehensive law is still in need at the earliest to make all the cyber crime good. Efficient and result oriented legal and regulatory framework is needed to cure the issues of choice of law, jurisdiction and grey areas of our existing legal framework supra. With the growing e-Commerce our old traditional style of dealing with these issues are quite outdated. With trending eCommerce concerns for e-consumers have also evolved. E-contracts plays a vital role in choice of law among the parties involved in e-Commerce as duties and obligations of the parties will be decided at first hand and the application of applicable laws shall also be easy to determine. But it is not an easy case as at least three parties from different jurisdiction is involved who are governed by three different legal systems. To conclude on which law to apply is of a huge concern. In the absence of comprehensive globally accepted cyber laws these issues will continue in circle. Choice of law and jurisdiction is trampled in e-Commerce. There is no segregation of boundaries, regions and borders. Choice of law is especially important in eCommerce as that clause shall be binding the whole E-contract.
26 Talat Fatima, "Cyber Crimes" 274-275 (EBC Publishing) (2016).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
REFERENCES:
1. Dr. Amita Verma, Cyber Crimes and Law, 318,323 (Central Law Publications) (2009).
2. Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal Cyber Laws 95 (APH Publishing Corporation) (2011).
3. Ian J. Llyod, Information Technology Law 17 (Published by, Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, United States of America) (Printed in, Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire) (7 th Edition, 2014).
4. Jayanti Ghosh and Uday Shankar "Privacy and Data Protection Laws in India: A RightBased Analysis" Bharati Law Review 58 (2016).
5. Karnika Seth, Computers, Internet and New Technology Laws, A Comprehensive reference work with a special focus on development in India (LexisNexis) (2013).
6. Niharika Vij, Law & Technology, 40 (Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,) (2015).
7. Prashant Mali, Cyber Law & Cyber Crimes, Information Technology Act, 2000 with New IT Rules, 2011, (Snow White Publications Pvt. Ltd.)(2012).
8. Peter B. Maggs et al Internet and Computer Law 634 (Printed in the United States of America) (2001).
9. Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0, Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 26 (HarperCollins Publishers, India) (2018).
10. Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal, Cyber Laws 64 (APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi) (2011).
11. Talat Fatima, "Cyber Crimes" 274-275 (EBC Publishing) (2016).
12. Tatiana Balaban "Choice of law and Jurisdiction in E-commerce contracts with focus on B2C Agreements, available at file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/balaban_tatiana.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
13. Yun Zhao, Dispute Resolution in Electronic Commerce, 124-127 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers).
14. available at https://www.scconline.com/Members/SearchResult.aspx (Last visited on November 26, 2019).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
15. available
at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a9e/271fdd141c9daaebe72ed985e97668ab8c88.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
16. available at https://www.scconline.com/Members/SearchResult.aspx (Last visited on November 26, 2019)
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
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REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY IN e-COMMERCE: INDIAN SCENARIO
Sambhavna Rai
Research Scholar (Ph.D.)
Department of Law, Sikkim University & Law-Clerk-Cum-Research Assistant, High Court of
Sikkim
Abstract
Technology is the creation of intelligent human beings but ironically these technologies are controlling its creator in this internet saga. Due to this chaos in the human society, many regulatory issues have emerged which needs legislative attention as well as judicial cure. The online activities in the form of e-Commerce have facilitated human lives in many facets and have sadly also troubled their privacy and data. The laws in India are not capable enough to deal with the issues of privacy and data protection and thus have left many grey areas. Thus this paper shall examine the two main regulatory issues involved in e-Commerce.
Keywords: Privacy, Data, e-Commerce, Choice of law, Choice of Jurisdiction, India
1. INTRODUCTION
Information is power 1 when one has full control over it without the intrusion of others. With the advance of internet, distribution of individual's data and intrusions into personal space have increased over the years. An easy access to internet empowers anyone anywhere to distribute information true or false to the world with the help of tech-gadgets and violates the privacy and misuse data of an individual.
The mobile nature of the borderless internet and lack of consumer's knowledge has not only questioned the Indian regulatory system but has also threatened faith of consumers in online
stage. Our laws to deal with these issues are scattered and are not comprehensive.
2
One best
1
2
Peter B. Maggs et alInternet and Computer Law634 (Printed in the United States of America) (2001).
Like the United States of America our Country (India) too lacks comprehensive laws to deal with cybercrimes and related regulatory issues. But still there can be no comparison between these two Countries. Even though United
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
example is that of the Information Technology Act 2000. This Act does not specifically provide the manner of forming a contract which takes on an online platform and untraceable jurisdiction 3 . Borderless nature has made it hard to entertain the issues in hand and has invited more vulnerability in contemporary society.
Privacy and data protection issues coupled with issues of choice of law and choice of jurisdiction has been a topic of debate in e-Commerce world. The right to privacy is infringed by many factors 4 and in the absence of even one legal definition of this term, the concern for its protection becomes even more important. Talking about data protection numerous questions are unheard and unaddressed. To list some, it includes questions like; what types of data are to be regulated? What sorts of activities over the internet are regulated? Are Internet Service Providers, Controllers and users of websites classed as data users or computer bureau operators? What are the obligations of registration for internet data users and computer bureau operator's operating in India as well as abroad, when there are no laws on Data Protection? With the internet often lacks security, what are the principles for adequate data security over the internet? How to protect data which travels within India and those data which flows overseas? Technology has affected personal privacy and is repeatedly influencing our understanding of the notion of privacy. 5
In addition our legal framework on choice of law and jurisdiction were made without bearing in mind the effects of internet as such it is really difficult for regulating the changing
State lacks a complete law but their laws are well framed to address different contours of cybercrimes. In India we have Information Technology Act, 2000, Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008,The Indian Penal Code 1860, The Indian Contract Act 1872, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and Banker's Book Evidence Act, 1891. These Acts nor solely neither jointly can race against the mushrooming cybercrimes.
3 Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal Cyber Laws 95 (APH Publishing Corporation) (2011).
4 The right to privacy is infringed by many factors –
(i) Utilizing private data already collected for a purpose other than that for which it was collected;
(ii) Sending of unsolicited emails or spamming or spam;
(iii) Spimming;
(iv) Adware and Spyware;
(v) Phishing;
(vi) Unauthorized reading of emails of others.
5 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0 Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 15 (HarperCollins Publisher) (Printed at Thomas Press (India) Ltd.)(2018).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
personality of internet in e-Commerce. 6 Traditional style of choice of law and jurisdiction falls short of its universal application. Parties are struggling to track the location of other users in cyber space and in such turmoil it is not easy to determine the applicable law and choice of jurisdiction is another hurdle to be dealt with.
Jurisdiction is the very basis of every justice delivery system. This very basis has been threatened over the internet. In modern technological society, courts are not as free as they were in traditional society in exercising their jurisdiction over the parties to a suit. Transaction taking place in cyberspace are leaving the courts located in physical space in confusion. It is appearing to be a war between the virtual world and physical world with no comprehensive cyber laws to come in aid.
Internet in e-Commerce transaction acts opposite to the concept of Jurisdiction 7 . Mockery of the Jurisdiction by the internet has questioned the liability of the intermediaries/ internet providers. Each Country has their own legislation to answer this question of liability of the middlemen. Questions pertaining to their liability include, - to what extent the intermediaries can be held.
2. DEFINITIONS OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY
"No technology has ever been shut down because of the privacy threat it posed to the existing social order" 8 . The word privacy is not defined by any laws to date. This right was not absolute earlier but today this right is recognised as a right and has formed an integral part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Privacy as a concept differs from person to person and is protected differently in different countries. In India, this right under the Information technology
Act is not defined but is infringed on numerous occasions when an individual is engaged in e-
6 Tatiana Balaban "Choice of law and Jurisdiction in E-commerce contracts with focus on B2C Agreements, available at file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/balaban_tatiana.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
7 Niharika Vij, Law & Technology, 40 (Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,) (2015).
8 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0, Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 26 (HarperCollins Publishers, India) (2018).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
Commerce and other activities online and in other social platforms facilitated by the internet. Due to the technological swift, this basic human right is infringed by many factors. Private data forms part and parcel of privacy and infringement of one may affect the other.
The classical legal definition of privacy is attributed to Judge Cooley (United States judge), who defined privacy as 'the right to be left alone' 9 almost certainly the best-known definition of privacy so far.
Data Privacy law has long been afflicted by an absence of clarity over its aims and conceptual foundations. Although section 2, sub-section 1 clause (o) of the Information Technology Act defines 'Data' but 'Data Privacy' and 'Personal Data' is not yet defined. Apart from this section, there are section 43 and section 66 of the Information Technology Act 2000, which provides Civil and Criminal liability i.e. penalty and compensation for damage to computer, computer system, etc. and other computer related offences respectively. The question here arises is that of 'what constitutes Personal Sensitive Data? Although India has RBI guidelines that provides additional authentication on a system which are based on information encrypted, the guidelines however are limited to the banking sector only and hardly covers any mandates relating to failure to protect personal data and information in e-Commerce online transaction.
9 Ian J. Llyod, Information Technology Law 17 (Published by, Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, United States of America) (Printed in, Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire) (7 th Edition, 2014).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
ISSN NO : 2347-3150
3. THE REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION IN E-COMMERCE
- Issues of choice of law in e-Commerce
Choice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce is one of the toughest questions to be decided by the Court. A court can adjudicate upon a case effectively only if it has the jurisdiction. When a matter involves questions like choice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce, determination of applicable law is very important. With different countries having different laws, how the question of choice of law and jurisdiction are to be decided. Different countries will have different judgements on the same issue. Court can determine its jurisdiction and apply law only on physical location but how can it apply its jurisdiction in cyberspace. Internet users are everywhere belonging to different countries having their own laws and such laws are based on their national interest. Disputes in e-Commerce involve persons of different countries therefore determination of one applicable law is very difficult. 'Choice of law' is a crucial question in this digital era with no answer. Many scholars over the years have debated this issue and have suggested for having a separate law on cyberspace i.e. lex cyberalty. Uniformity in cyber law can prove to be a win-win in resolving 'choice of law' particularly in disputes relating to eCommerce. 10
Data protection is related with the concept of privacy and violation of one may obviously affect the other. 11 Litigation is a weapon for deciding upon a conflict. This weapon of the Court has been threatened with the issue of 'choice of law' and 'jurisdiction'. Internet is the reason in these modern eras, which have questioned the traditional method of proceedings across the globe. 12
In the event of legal problem in e-Commerce 'choice of law' by the parties to contract is one of the most annoying one. In a borderless cyberspace lawyers are often struggling with choosing
10 Yun Zhao, Dispute Resolution in Electronic Commerce, 124-127 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers).
11 Jayanti Ghosh and Uday Shankar "Privacy and Data Protection Laws in India: A Right-Based Analysis" Bharati Law Review 58 (2016).
12 Supra Note at 9.
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
the correct law. Choosing a proper clause in choice of law plays a very crucial role in a contract between two parties of different nations. 13
- Issues of Choice of Forum in e-Commerce
Choosing a forum is easy, when parties involved in a traditional transaction are from different jurisdictions and are also easy to be governed by the laws of the country. The party to disputes, only need to decide upon which law of the country shall govern the transactions so performed. The theory of functional equivalence applies to treat this form of transactions. The issue of choice of forum is difficult in e-Commerce as the theory of functional equivalence is difficult to apply as that of in land. The traditional law of jurisdiction fails when transactions are carried out over the internet. The activities which may be lawful in one country may oppose the law of another country. Indian Courts can grant injunction to only those party in an appropriate case, where it can exercise its personal jurisdiction. Jurisdiction in personam can only be exercised to the people upon whom the court has jurisdiction and should not interfere with the jurisdiction of another court. 14 The issues in e-Commerce, is parties in online activities do not know with whom they are doing business, and where do they reside. In the event of any fraud or wrong, parties are clueless as to which forum to choose and against whom.
- Issues of choice of Jurisdiction in e-Commerce
Unlike physical world, cyber world lacks boundaries and borders. As such it is an admitted fact that it is really a difficult task to frame laws for governing the cyberspace. Till date no single State has been successful in framing law to exercise control over the internet. Due to lack of physical boundaries the consequences arising are more threatening as compared to in the physical world. The difficulty is also in deciding about which State will have jurisdiction to frame cyber law and which State shall adjudicate a cross border dispute. This is a question which every Nation is facing at this moment. Some of the eminent scholars like Johnson and
13 The Choice of law clause in contracts between parties of developing and developed Nations, available at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a9e/271fdd141c9daaebe72ed985e97668ab8c88.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
14 Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal, Cyber Laws 64 (APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi) (2011).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
17 Id.
Post have made a remark on the decreasing significance of one's physical stand in cyberspace in the following words:
"Cyberspace radically undermines the relationship between legally significant (online) phenomenon and physical location. The rise of the global computer network is destroying the link between geographical locations and (1) the power of the local government to assert, control over online behavior; (2) the effects of online behavior on individuals or things; (3)the legitimacy of the efforts of a local sovereign to enforce rules applicable to global phenomenon; (4) the ability of physical location to give notice of which sets of rules apply ". 15
Jurisdiction divides the power of one country with that of the other, whereas on the other hand Internet knows no boundaries. As e-Users engage themselves in online activities there is an involvement of at least three jurisdictions 16 . The issue here is the absence of uniform and internationally recognized laws having a universal application. Problems related to cyber are invited when medium
|
of internet do not understand the limit and sovereignty 17 .
| 14,492
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beginning_of_word
|
of
|
remove_all
|
<url>
http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/595-june2020.pdf
</url>
<text>
REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY IN e-COMMERCE: INDIAN SCENARIO
Sambhavna Rai
Research Scholar (Ph.D.)
Department of Law, Sikkim University & Law-Clerk-Cum-Research Assistant, High Court of
Sikkim
Abstract
Technology is the creation of intelligent human beings but ironically these technologies are controlling its creator in this internet saga. Due to this chaos in the human society, many regulatory issues have emerged which needs legislative attention as well as judicial cure. The online activities in the form of e-Commerce have facilitated human lives in many facets and have sadly also troubled their privacy and data. The laws in India are not capable enough to deal with the issues of privacy and data protection and thus have left many grey areas. Thus this paper shall examine the two main regulatory issues involved in e-Commerce.
Keywords: Privacy, Data, e-Commerce, Choice of law, Choice of Jurisdiction, India
1. INTRODUCTION
Information is power 1 when one has full control over it without the intrusion of others. With the advance of internet, distribution of individual's data and intrusions into personal space have increased over the years. An easy access to internet empowers anyone anywhere to distribute information true or false to the world with the help of tech-gadgets and violates the privacy and misuse data of an individual.
The mobile nature of the borderless internet and lack of consumer's knowledge has not only questioned the Indian regulatory system but has also threatened faith of consumers in online
stage. Our laws to deal with these issues are scattered and are not comprehensive.
2
One best
1
2
Peter B. Maggs et alInternet and Computer Law634 (Printed in the United States of America) (2001).
Like the United States of America our Country (India) too lacks comprehensive laws to deal with cybercrimes and related regulatory issues. But still there can be no comparison between these two Countries. Even though United
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
example is that of the Information Technology Act 2000. This Act does not specifically provide the manner of forming a contract which takes on an online platform and untraceable jurisdiction 3 . Borderless nature has made it hard to entertain the issues in hand and has invited more vulnerability in contemporary society.
Privacy and data protection issues coupled with issues of choice of law and choice of jurisdiction has been a topic of debate in e-Commerce world. The right to privacy is infringed by many factors 4 and in the absence of even one legal definition of this term, the concern for its protection becomes even more important. Talking about data protection numerous questions are unheard and unaddressed. To list some, it includes questions like; what types of data are to be regulated? What sorts of activities over the internet are regulated? Are Internet Service Providers, Controllers and users of websites classed as data users or computer bureau operators? What are the obligations of registration for internet data users and computer bureau operator's operating in India as well as abroad, when there are no laws on Data Protection? With the internet often lacks security, what are the principles for adequate data security over the internet? How to protect data which travels within India and those data which flows overseas? Technology has affected personal privacy and is repeatedly influencing our understanding of the notion of privacy. 5
In addition our legal framework on choice of law and jurisdiction were made without bearing in mind the effects of internet as such it is really difficult for regulating the changing
State lacks a complete law but their laws are well framed to address different contours of cybercrimes. In India we have Information Technology Act, 2000, Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008,The Indian Penal Code 1860, The Indian Contract Act 1872, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and Banker's Book Evidence Act, 1891. These Acts nor solely neither jointly can race against the mushrooming cybercrimes.
3 Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal Cyber Laws 95 (APH Publishing Corporation) (2011).
4 The right to privacy is infringed by many factors –
(i) Utilizing private data already collected for a purpose other than that for which it was collected;
(ii) Sending of unsolicited emails or spamming or spam;
(iii) Spimming;
(iv) Adware and Spyware;
(v) Phishing;
(vi) Unauthorized reading of emails of others.
5 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0 Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 15 (HarperCollins Publisher) (Printed at Thomas Press (India) Ltd.)(2018).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
personality of internet in e-Commerce. 6 Traditional style of choice of law and jurisdiction falls short of its universal application. Parties are struggling to track the location of other users in cyber space and in such turmoil it is not easy to determine the applicable law and choice of jurisdiction is another hurdle to be dealt with.
Jurisdiction is the very basis of every justice delivery system. This very basis has been threatened over the internet. In modern technological society, courts are not as free as they were in traditional society in exercising their jurisdiction over the parties to a suit. Transaction taking place in cyberspace are leaving the courts located in physical space in confusion. It is appearing to be a war between the virtual world and physical world with no comprehensive cyber laws to come in aid.
Internet in e-Commerce transaction acts opposite to the concept of Jurisdiction 7 . Mockery of the Jurisdiction by the internet has questioned the liability of the intermediaries/ internet providers. Each Country has their own legislation to answer this question of liability of the middlemen. Questions pertaining to their liability include, - to what extent the intermediaries can be held.
2. DEFINITIONS OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY
"No technology has ever been shut down because of the privacy threat it posed to the existing social order" 8 . The word privacy is not defined by any laws to date. This right was not absolute earlier but today this right is recognised as a right and has formed an integral part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Privacy as a concept differs from person to person and is protected differently in different countries. In India, this right under the Information technology
Act is not defined but is infringed on numerous occasions when an individual is engaged in e-
6 Tatiana Balaban "Choice of law and Jurisdiction in E-commerce contracts with focus on B2C Agreements, available at file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/balaban_tatiana.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
7 Niharika Vij, Law & Technology, 40 (Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,) (2015).
8 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0, Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 26 (HarperCollins Publishers, India) (2018).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
Commerce and other activities online and in other social platforms facilitated by the internet. Due to the technological swift, this basic human right is infringed by many factors. Private data forms part and parcel of privacy and infringement of one may affect the other.
The classical legal definition of privacy is attributed to Judge Cooley (United States judge), who defined privacy as 'the right to be left alone' 9 almost certainly the best-known definition of privacy so far.
Data Privacy law has long been afflicted by an absence of clarity over its aims and conceptual foundations. Although section 2, sub-section 1 clause (o) of the Information Technology Act defines 'Data' but 'Data Privacy' and 'Personal Data' is not yet defined. Apart from this section, there are section 43 and section 66 of the Information Technology Act 2000, which provides Civil and Criminal liability i.e. penalty and compensation for damage to computer, computer system, etc. and other computer related offences respectively. The question here arises is that of 'what constitutes Personal Sensitive Data? Although India has RBI guidelines that provides additional authentication on a system which are based on information encrypted, the guidelines however are limited to the banking sector only and hardly covers any mandates relating to failure to protect personal data and information in e-Commerce online transaction.
9 Ian J. Llyod, Information Technology Law 17 (Published by, Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, United States of America) (Printed in, Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire) (7 th Edition, 2014).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
ISSN NO : 2347-3150
3. THE REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION IN E-COMMERCE
- Issues of choice of law in e-Commerce
Choice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce is one of the toughest questions to be decided by the Court. A court can adjudicate upon a case effectively only if it has the jurisdiction. When a matter involves questions like choice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce, determination of applicable law is very important. With different countries having different laws, how the question of choice of law and jurisdiction are to be decided. Different countries will have different judgements on the same issue. Court can determine its jurisdiction and apply law only on physical location but how can it apply its jurisdiction in cyberspace. Internet users are everywhere belonging to different countries having their own laws and such laws are based on their national interest. Disputes in e-Commerce involve persons of different countries therefore determination of one applicable law is very difficult. 'Choice of law' is a crucial question in this digital era with no answer. Many scholars over the years have debated this issue and have suggested for having a separate law on cyberspace i.e. lex cyberalty. Uniformity in cyber law can prove to be a win-win in resolving 'choice of law' particularly in disputes relating to eCommerce. 10
Data protection is related with the concept of privacy and violation of one may obviously affect the other. 11 Litigation is a weapon for deciding upon a conflict. This weapon of the Court has been threatened with the issue of 'choice of law' and 'jurisdiction'. Internet is the reason in these modern eras, which have questioned the traditional method of proceedings across the globe. 12
In the event of legal problem in e-Commerce 'choice of law' by the parties to contract is one of the most annoying one. In a borderless cyberspace lawyers are often struggling with choosing
10 Yun Zhao, Dispute Resolution in Electronic Commerce, 124-127 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers).
11 Jayanti Ghosh and Uday Shankar "Privacy and Data Protection Laws in India: A Right-Based Analysis" Bharati Law Review 58 (2016).
12 Supra Note at 9.
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
the correct law. Choosing a proper clause in choice of law plays a very crucial role in a contract between two parties of different nations. 13
- Issues of Choice of Forum in e-Commerce
Choosing a forum is easy, when parties involved in a traditional transaction are from different jurisdictions and are also easy to be governed by the laws of the country. The party to disputes, only need to decide upon which law of the country shall govern the transactions so performed. The theory of functional equivalence applies to treat this form of transactions. The issue of choice of forum is difficult in e-Commerce as the theory of functional equivalence is difficult to apply as that of in land. The traditional law of jurisdiction fails when transactions are carried out over the internet. The activities which may be lawful in one country may oppose the law of another country. Indian Courts can grant injunction to only those party in an appropriate case, where it can exercise its personal jurisdiction. Jurisdiction in personam can only be exercised to the people upon whom the court has jurisdiction and should not interfere with the jurisdiction of another court. 14 The issues in e-Commerce, is parties in online activities do not know with whom they are doing business, and where do they reside. In the event of any fraud or wrong, parties are clueless as to which forum to choose and against whom.
- Issues of choice of Jurisdiction in e-Commerce
Unlike physical world, cyber world lacks boundaries and borders. As such it is an admitted fact that it is really a difficult task to frame laws for governing the cyberspace. Till date no single State has been successful in framing law to exercise control over the internet. Due to lack of physical boundaries the consequences arising are more threatening as compared to in the physical world. The difficulty is also in deciding about which State will have jurisdiction to frame cyber law and which State shall adjudicate a cross border dispute. This is a question which every Nation is facing at this moment. Some of the eminent scholars like Johnson and
13 The Choice of law clause in contracts between parties of developing and developed Nations, available at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a9e/271fdd141c9daaebe72ed985e97668ab8c88.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).
14 Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal, Cyber Laws 64 (APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi) (2011).
Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020
17 Id.
Post have made a remark on the decreasing significance of one's physical stand in cyberspace in the following words:
"Cyberspace radically undermines the relationship between legally significant (online) phenomenon and physical location. The rise of the global computer network is destroying the link between geographical locations and (1) the power of the local government to assert, control over online behavior; (2) the effects of online behavior on individuals or things; (3)the legitimacy of the efforts of a local sovereign to enforce rules applicable to global phenomenon; (4) the ability of physical location to give notice of which sets of rules apply ". 15
Jurisdiction divides the power of one country with that of the other, whereas on the other hand Internet knows no boundaries. As e-Users engage themselves in online activities there is an involvement of at least three jurisdictions 16 . The issue here is the absence of uniform and internationally recognized laws having a universal application. Problems related to cyber are invited when medium <cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttp://shabdbooks.com/gallery/595-june2020.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nREGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY IN e-COMMERCE: INDIAN SCENARIO\n\nSambhavna Rai\n\nResearch Scholar (Ph.D.)\n\nDepartment of Law, Sikkim University & Law-Clerk-Cum-Research Assistant, High Court of\n\nSikkim\n\nAbstract\n\nTechnology is the creation of intelligent human beings but ironically these technologies are controlling its creator in this internet saga. Due to this chaos in the human society, many regulatory issues have emerged which needs legislative attention as well as judicial cure. The online activities in the form of e-Commerce have facilitated human lives in many facets and have sadly also troubled their privacy and data. The laws in India are not capable enough to deal with the issues of privacy and data protection and thus have left many grey areas. Thus this paper shall examine the two main regulatory issues involved in e-Commerce.\n\nKeywords: Privacy, Data, e-Commerce, Choice of law, Choice of Jurisdiction, India\n\n1. INTRODUCTION\n\nInformation is power 1 when one has full control over it without the intrusion of others. With the advance of internet, distribution of individual's data and intrusions into personal space have increased over the years. An easy access to internet empowers anyone anywhere to distribute information true or false to the world with the help of tech-gadgets and violates the privacy and misuse data of an individual.\n\nThe mobile nature of the borderless internet and lack of consumer's knowledge has not only questioned the Indian regulatory system but has also threatened faith of consumers in online\n\nstage. Our laws to deal with these issues are scattered and are not comprehensive.\n\n2\n\nOne best\n\n1\n\n2\n\nPeter B. Maggs et alInternet and Computer Law634 (Printed in the United States of America) (2001).\n\nLike the United States of America our Country (India) too lacks comprehensive laws to deal with cybercrimes and related regulatory issues. But still there can be no comparison between these two Countries. Even though United\n\nVolume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020\n\nexample is that of the Information Technology Act 2000. This Act does not specifically provide the manner of forming a contract which takes on an online platform and untraceable jurisdiction 3 . Borderless nature has made it hard to entertain the issues in hand and has invited more vulnerability in contemporary society.\n\nPrivacy and data protection issues coupled with issues of choice of law and choice of jurisdiction has been a topic of debate in e-Commerce world. The right to privacy is infringed by many factors 4 and in the absence of even one legal definition of this term, the concern for its protection becomes even more important. Talking about data protection numerous questions are unheard and unaddressed. To list some, it includes questions like; what types of data are to be regulated? What sorts of activities over the internet are regulated? Are Internet Service Providers, Controllers and users of websites classed as data users or computer bureau operators? What are the obligations of registration for internet data users and computer bureau operator's operating in India as well as abroad, when there are no laws on Data Protection? With the internet often lacks security, what are the principles for adequate data security over the internet? How to protect data which travels within India and those data which flows overseas? Technology has affected personal privacy and is repeatedly influencing our understanding of the notion of privacy. 5\n\nIn addition our legal framework on choice of law and jurisdiction were made without bearing in mind the effects of internet as such it is really difficult for regulating the changing\n\nState lacks a complete law but their laws are well framed to address different contours of cybercrimes. In India we have Information Technology Act, 2000, Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008,The Indian Penal Code 1860, The Indian Contract Act 1872, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and Banker's Book Evidence Act, 1891. These Acts nor solely neither jointly can race against the mushrooming cybercrimes.\n\n3 Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal Cyber Laws 95 (APH Publishing Corporation) (2011).\n\n4 The right to privacy is infringed by many factors –\n\n(i) Utilizing private data already collected for a purpose other than that for which it was collected;\n\n(ii) Sending of unsolicited emails or spamming or spam;\n\n(iii) Spimming;\n\n(iv) Adware and Spyware;\n\n(v) Phishing;\n\n(vi) Unauthorized reading of emails of others.\n\n5 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0 Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 15 (HarperCollins Publisher) (Printed at Thomas Press (India) Ltd.)(2018).\n\nVolume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020\n\npersonality of internet in e-Commerce. 6 Traditional style of choice of law and jurisdiction falls short of its universal application. Parties are struggling to track the location of other users in cyber space and in such turmoil it is not easy to determine the applicable law and choice of jurisdiction is another hurdle to be dealt with.\n\nJurisdiction is the very basis of every justice delivery system. This very basis has been threatened over the internet. In modern technological society, courts are not as free as they were in traditional society in exercising their jurisdiction over the parties to a suit. Transaction taking place in cyberspace are leaving the courts located in physical space in confusion. It is appearing to be a war between the virtual world and physical world with no comprehensive cyber laws to come in aid.\n\nInternet in e-Commerce transaction acts opposite to the concept of Jurisdiction 7 . Mockery of the Jurisdiction by the internet has questioned the liability of the intermediaries/ internet providers. Each Country has their own legislation to answer this question of liability of the middlemen. Questions pertaining to their liability include, - to what extent the intermediaries can be held.\n\n2. DEFINITIONS OF PRIVACY AND DATA PRIVACY\n\n\"No technology has ever been shut down because of the privacy threat it posed to the existing social order\" 8 . The word privacy is not defined by any laws to date. This right was not absolute earlier but today this right is recognised as a right and has formed an integral part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Privacy as a concept differs from person to person and is protected differently in different countries. In India, this right under the Information technology\n\nAct is not defined but is infringed on numerous occasions when an individual is engaged in e-\n\n6 Tatiana Balaban \"Choice of law and Jurisdiction in E-commerce contracts with focus on B2C Agreements, available at file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/balaban_tatiana.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).\n\n7 Niharika Vij, Law & Technology, 40 (Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,) (2015).\n\n8 Rahul Matthan, Privacy 3.0, Unlocking our Data-Driven Future 26 (HarperCollins Publishers, India) (2018).\n\nVolume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020\n\nCommerce and other activities online and in other social platforms facilitated by the internet. Due to the technological swift, this basic human right is infringed by many factors. Private data forms part and parcel of privacy and infringement of one may affect the other.\n\nThe classical legal definition of privacy is attributed to Judge Cooley (United States judge), who defined privacy as 'the right to be left alone' 9 almost certainly the best-known definition of privacy so far.\n\nData Privacy law has long been afflicted by an absence of clarity over its aims and conceptual foundations. Although section 2, sub-section 1 clause (o) of the Information Technology Act defines 'Data' but 'Data Privacy' and 'Personal Data' is not yet defined. Apart from this section, there are section 43 and section 66 of the Information Technology Act 2000, which provides Civil and Criminal liability i.e. penalty and compensation for damage to computer, computer system, etc. and other computer related offences respectively. The question here arises is that of 'what constitutes Personal Sensitive Data? Although India has RBI guidelines that provides additional authentication on a system which are based on information encrypted, the guidelines however are limited to the banking sector only and hardly covers any mandates relating to failure to protect personal data and information in e-Commerce online transaction.\n\n9 Ian J. Llyod, Information Technology Law 17 (Published by, Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, United States of America) (Printed in, Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire) (7 th Edition, 2014).\n\nVolume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020\n\nISSN NO : 2347-3150\n\n3. THE REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION IN E-COMMERCE\n\n- Issues of choice of law in e-Commerce\n\nChoice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce is one of the toughest questions to be decided by the Court. A court can adjudicate upon a case effectively only if it has the jurisdiction. When a matter involves questions like choice of law and jurisdiction in e-Commerce, determination of applicable law is very important. With different countries having different laws, how the question of choice of law and jurisdiction are to be decided. Different countries will have different judgements on the same issue. Court can determine its jurisdiction and apply law only on physical location but how can it apply its jurisdiction in cyberspace. Internet users are everywhere belonging to different countries having their own laws and such laws are based on their national interest. Disputes in e-Commerce involve persons of different countries therefore determination of one applicable law is very difficult. 'Choice of law' is a crucial question in this digital era with no answer. Many scholars over the years have debated this issue and have suggested for having a separate law on cyberspace i.e. lex cyberalty. Uniformity in cyber law can prove to be a win-win in resolving 'choice of law' particularly in disputes relating to eCommerce. 10\n\nData protection is related with the concept of privacy and violation of one may obviously affect the other. 11 Litigation is a weapon for deciding upon a conflict. This weapon of the Court has been threatened with the issue of 'choice of law' and 'jurisdiction'. Internet is the reason in these modern eras, which have questioned the traditional method of proceedings across the globe. 12\n\nIn the event of legal problem in e-Commerce 'choice of law' by the parties to contract is one of the most annoying one. In a borderless cyberspace lawyers are often struggling with choosing\n\n10 Yun Zhao, Dispute Resolution in Electronic Commerce, 124-127 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers).\n\n11 Jayanti Ghosh and Uday Shankar \"Privacy and Data Protection Laws in India: A Right-Based Analysis\" Bharati Law Review 58 (2016).\n\n12 Supra Note at 9.\n\nVolume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020\n\nthe correct law. Choosing a proper clause in choice of law plays a very crucial role in a contract between two parties of different nations. 13\n\n- Issues of Choice of Forum in e-Commerce\n\nChoosing a forum is easy, when parties involved in a traditional transaction are from different jurisdictions and are also easy to be governed by the laws of the country. The party to disputes, only need to decide upon which law of the country shall govern the transactions so performed. The theory of functional equivalence applies to treat this form of transactions. The issue of choice of forum is difficult in e-Commerce as the theory of functional equivalence is difficult to apply as that of in land. The traditional law of jurisdiction fails when transactions are carried out over the internet. The activities which may be lawful in one country may oppose the law of another country. Indian Courts can grant injunction to only those party in an appropriate case, where it can exercise its personal jurisdiction. Jurisdiction in personam can only be exercised to the people upon whom the court has jurisdiction and should not interfere with the jurisdiction of another court. 14 The issues in e-Commerce, is parties in online activities do not know with whom they are doing business, and where do they reside. In the event of any fraud or wrong, parties are clueless as to which forum to choose and against whom.\n\n- Issues of choice of Jurisdiction in e-Commerce\n\nUnlike physical world, cyber world lacks boundaries and borders. As such it is an admitted fact that it is really a difficult task to frame laws for governing the cyberspace. Till date no single State has been successful in framing law to exercise control over the internet. Due to lack of physical boundaries the consequences arising are more threatening as compared to in the physical world. The difficulty is also in deciding about which State will have jurisdiction to frame cyber law and which State shall adjudicate a cross border dispute. This is a question which every Nation is facing at this moment. Some of the eminent scholars like Johnson and\n\n13 The Choice of law clause in contracts between parties of developing and developed Nations, available at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a9e/271fdd141c9daaebe72ed985e97668ab8c88.pdf (Last visited on September 9, 2019).\n\n14 Rakesh Kumar and Ajay Bhupen Jaiswal, Cyber Laws 64 (APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi) (2011).\n\nVolume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2020\n\n17 Id.\n\nPost have made a remark on the decreasing significance of one's physical stand in cyberspace in the following words:\n\n\"Cyberspace radically undermines the relationship between legally significant (online) phenomenon and physical location. The rise of the global computer network is destroying the link between geographical locations and (1) the power of the local government to assert, control over online behavior; (2) the effects of online behavior on individuals or things; (3)the legitimacy of the efforts of a local sovereign to enforce rules applicable to global phenomenon; (4) the ability of physical location to give notice of which sets of rules apply \". 15\n\nJurisdiction divides the power of one country with that of the other, whereas on the other hand Internet knows no boundaries. As e-Users engage themselves in online activities there is an involvement of at least three jurisdictions 16 . The issue here is the absence of uniform and internationally recognized laws having a universal application. Problems related to cyber are invited when medium <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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At the desktop summit, many contributors got a ExoPC from Intel, but the software on it was quite a disappointment. Meanwhile, there is an official release of Plasma Active that fills the gap. So I sat down and installed it on the ExoPC. It really works quite nice and smooth. Applications like Amarok and a browser make it usable to hear music and do some quick internet surfing. I documented the steps in order to get everything up and running.
Running Plasma Active One from the USB Stick (LIVE version)
To get a quick impression, you can download the file plasma-active-one.iso from open-slx.com. Then, plug in a USB stick to your computer and run the comand
sudo dd if=plasma-active-one.iso of=/dev/<DEVICE> bs=1M
Note: As of 2011-10-15, a installation with this live version is not possible (even though some documentation at some point or the splash screen suggest otherwise).
Installing Plasma Active on the Hard Disk
In order to get Plasma Active on your hard disk, you first have to install openSUSE 11.4. To this end,
- download the 4.7 GB DVD image of openSUSE 11.4 (32 bit), and copy it on the USB stick (in my case
sudo dd if=openSUSE-11.4-DVD-i586.iso of=/dev/
- plug the USB stick into the upper USB port of your ExoPC and press the power on button
- make sure to tap “BBS” immediately and choose the USB stick as boot device
- after this, choose “Installation” to start the install process (you need an external keyboard on the lower USB port)
- follow the installation routine, choose the KDE desktop, do the partition setup, create a new user account and finally start the installation
- copying files takes some time. After this, the system finally boots to proceed with the automatic configuration.
- Finally, the system arrives in KDE. (From now on, the USB stick is not needed anymore.)
The touch screen does not work out of the box. Hence, I restarted X from the console with /etc/init.d/xdm restart. After that, the external mouse and keyboard worked (ignore the fact that you might be greeted by 6 crashed akonadi windows).
Once you have the internet up and running, proceed with 1.5 Installation on Balsam Professional or openSUSE. This updates your kernel to properly support the touchpad and replaces the default Plasma Desktop with Plasma Active.
Kudos to the Plasma Active team and all involved contributors and supporters!
PS: Although a text editor is probably not of much use on a tablet PC, KWrite is available :-)
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At the desktop summit, many contributors got a ExoPC from Intel, but the software on it was quite a disappointment. Meanwhile, there is an official release of Plasma Active that fills the gap. So I sat down and installed it on the ExoPC. It really works quite nice and smooth. Applications like Amarok and a browser make it usable to hear music and do some quick internet surfing. I documented the steps in order to get everything up and running.
Running Plasma Active One from the USB Stick (LIVE version)
To get a quick impression, you can download the file plasma-active-one.iso from open-slx.com. Then, plug in a USB stick to your computer and run the comand
sudo dd if=plasma-active-one.iso of=/dev/<DEVICE> bs=1M
Note: As of 2011-10-15, a installation with this live version is not possible (even though some documentation at some point or the splash screen suggest otherwise).
Installing Plasma Active on the Hard Disk
In order to get Plasma Active on your hard disk, you first h
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At the desktop summit, many contributors got a ExoPC from Intel, but the software on it was quite a disappointment. Meanwhile, there is an official release of Plasma Active that fills the gap. So I sat down and installed it on the ExoPC. It really works quite nice and smooth. Applications like Amarok and a browser make it usable to hear music and do some quick internet surfing. I documented the steps in order to get everything up and running.
Running Plasma Active One from the USB Stick (LIVE version)
To get a quick impression, you can download the file plasma-active-one.iso from open-slx.com. Then, plug in a USB stick to your computer and run the comand
sudo dd if=plasma-active-one.iso of=/dev/<DEVICE> bs=1M
Note: As of 2011-10-15, a installation with this live version is not possible (even though some documentation at some point or the splash screen suggest otherwise).
Installing Plasma Active on the Hard Disk
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Red Beet Hummus
- 1 medium beet cooked (or raw beets work great too!)
- 1- 15 oz garbanzo beans, rinsed and drained
- 1 large garlic clove
- juice of 1 lemon
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- 1 teaspoon salt
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees.
- Wash beet well. Wrap beet and garlic together in foil.
- Bake for 45 minutes or until beet is tender.
- Remove skin off of the garlic and the beet.
- Place beet, beans, garlic, lemon, olive oil and salt in a food processor and puree until smooth.
- Serve and enjoy!
Make It Healthy and Make It Fun!
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Red Beet Hummus
- 1 medium beet cooked (or raw beets work great too!)
- 1- 15 oz garbanzo beans, rinsed and drained
- 1 large garlic clove
- juice of 1 lemon
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- 1 teaspoon salt
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees.
- Wash beet well. Wrap beet and garlic together in foil.
- Bake for 45 minutes or until beet is tender.
- Remove skin off of the garlic and the beet.
- Place beet, beans, garlic, lemon, olive oil and salt in a food processor and puree until smooth.
- Serve and enjoy!
Make It Hea
|
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Red Beet Hummus
- 1 medium beet cooked (or raw beets work great too!)
- 1- 15 oz garbanzo beans, rinsed and drained
- 1 large garlic clove
- juice of 1 lemon
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- 1 teaspoon salt
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees.
- Wash beet well. Wrap beet and garlic together in foil.
- Bake for 45 minutes or until beet is tender.
- Remove skin off of the garlic and the beet.
- Place beet, beans, garlic, lemon, olive oil and salt in a food processor and puree until smooth.
- Serve and enjoy!
Make It Hea<cursor_is_here>
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If your jaw starts to click when you eat or yawn, you should consider visiting our professional to establish the reason. Most jaw clicks are painful and could indicate a serious underlying health problem. Among the reasons why your jaw is clicking include underlying illnesses or disorders, myofascial syndromes, and jaw dislocation and injury.
Illnesses and Disorders
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) is the most common cause of jaw clicking. This disorder occurs when the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a problem. Teeth clenching due to stress, sleep apnea, and arthritis are some of the triggers of TMD. Teeth clenching causes pressure to the TMJ, causing TMD in the long run. If you are a tooth grinder or chew gum often, you might tighten your facial muscles, triggering TMD. In individuals with sleep apnea, the jaw usually clamps down to prevent the blockage of the airway. This exerts excessive stress on the jaw and neck area, triggering TMJ. Arthritis, on the other hand, can cause jaw clicking and TMD if it affects your TMJ.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a pain disorder that causes pain in specific muscle points. Repetitive muscle contraction or pressure triggers MPS, making the disorder common among sporting individuals and people who engage in jobs requiring repetitive muscle movements. MPS in the jaw will cause pain and clicking affecting your physical activities and sleep quality.
Jaw Dislocation and Injury
Jaw dislocation occurs when your jawbone moves out of place. Facial injuries due to sports, accidents, physical trauma to the face, and dental procedures are the leading causes of jaw dislocation. Dislocated and broken jaws can cause TMD symptoms, causing your jaw to click. However, if you seek our professional treatment for the above causes of jaw clicking, you will save yourself the worry and discomfort. Contact us today for more information on jaw clicking.
Dental Blog | Hellertown PA - Allentown PA | Lehigh OMS Lehigh Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1251 S Cedar Crest Blvd #311, Allentown, PA 18103 | (610) 435-6161 | lehighoms.com | 12/3/2022 | Tags: oral surgeon Allentown PA |
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If your jaw starts to click when you eat or yawn, you should consider visiting our professional to establish the reason. Most jaw clicks are painful and could indicate a serious underlying health problem. Among the reasons why your jaw is clicking include underlying illnesses or disorders, myofascial syndromes, and jaw dislocation and injury.
Illnesses and Disorders
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) is the most common cause of jaw clicking. This disorder occurs when the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a problem. Teeth clenching due to stress, sleep apnea, and arthritis are some of the triggers of TMD. Teeth clenching causes pressure to the TMJ, causing TMD in the long run. If you are a tooth grinder or chew gum often, you might tighten your facial muscles, triggering TMD. In individuals with sleep apnea, the jaw usually clamps down to prevent the blockage of the airway. This exerts excessive stress on the jaw and neck area, triggering TMJ. Arthritis, on the other hand, can cause jaw clicking and TMD if it affects your TMJ.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a pain disorder that causes pain in specific muscle points. Repetitive muscle contraction or pressure triggers MPS, making the disorder common among sporting individuals and people who engage in jobs requiring repetitive muscle movements. MPS in the jaw will cause pain and clicking affecting your physical activities and sleep quality.
Jaw Dislocation and Injury
Jaw dislocation occurs when your jawbone moves out of place. Facial injuries due to sports, accidents, physical trauma to the face, and dental procedures are the leading causes of jaw dislocation. Dislocated and broken jaws can cause TMD symptoms, causing your jaw to click. However, if you seek our professional treatment for the above
|
causes of jaw clicking, you will save yourself the worry and discomfort.
|
Contact us today for more information on jaw clicking.
Dental Blog | Hellertown PA - Allentown PA | Lehigh OMS Lehigh Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1251 S Cedar Crest Blvd #311, Allentown, PA 18103 | (610) 435-6161 | lehighoms.com | 12/3/2022 | Tags: oral surgeon Allentown PA |
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If your jaw starts to click when you eat or yawn, you should consider visiting our professional to establish the reason. Most jaw clicks are painful and could indicate a serious underlying health problem. Among the reasons why your jaw is clicking include underlying illnesses or disorders, myofascial syndromes, and jaw dislocation and injury.
Illnesses and Disorders
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) is the most common cause of jaw clicking. This disorder occurs when the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a problem. Teeth clenching due to stress, sleep apnea, and arthritis are some of the triggers of TMD. Teeth clenching causes pressure to the TMJ, causing TMD in the long run. If you are a tooth grinder or chew gum often, you might tighten your facial muscles, triggering TMD. In individuals with sleep apnea, the jaw usually clamps down to prevent the blockage of the airway. This exerts excessive stress on the jaw and neck area, triggering TMJ. Arthritis, on the other hand, can cause jaw clicking and TMD if it affects your TMJ.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a pain disorder that causes pain in specific muscle points. Repetitive muscle contraction or pressure triggers MPS, making the disorder common among sporting individuals and people who engage in jobs requiring repetitive muscle movements. MPS in the jaw will cause pain and clicking affecting your physical activities and sleep quality.
Jaw Dislocation and Injury
Jaw dislocation occurs when your jawbone moves out of place. Facial injuries due to sports, accidents, physical trauma to the face, and dental procedures are the leading causes of jaw dislocation. Dislocated and broken jaws can cause TMD symptoms, causing your jaw to click. However, if you seek our professional treatment for the above <cursor_is_here> Contact us today for more information on jaw clicking.
Dental Blog | Hellertown PA - Allentown PA | Lehigh OMS Lehigh Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1251 S Cedar Crest Blvd #311, Allentown, PA 18103 | (610) 435-6161 | lehighoms.com | 12/3/2022 | Tags: oral surgeon Allentown PA |
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://lehighoms.com/p/BLOG-78792-2021.1.11-Is-It-a-Problem-if-Your-Jaw-Starts-To-Click-p.asp\n</url>\n<text>\nIf your jaw starts to click when you eat or yawn, you should consider visiting our professional to establish the reason. Most jaw clicks are painful and could indicate a serious underlying health problem. Among the reasons why your jaw is clicking include underlying illnesses or disorders, myofascial syndromes, and jaw dislocation and injury.\nIllnesses and Disorders\nTemporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) is the most common cause of jaw clicking. This disorder occurs when the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a problem. Teeth clenching due to stress, sleep apnea, and arthritis are some of the triggers of TMD. Teeth clenching causes pressure to the TMJ, causing TMD in the long run. If you are a tooth grinder or chew gum often, you might tighten your facial muscles, triggering TMD. In individuals with sleep apnea, the jaw usually clamps down to prevent the blockage of the airway. This exerts excessive stress on the jaw and neck area, triggering TMJ. Arthritis, on the other hand, can cause jaw clicking and TMD if it affects your TMJ.\nMyofascial Pain Syndrome\nMyofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a pain disorder that causes pain in specific muscle points. Repetitive muscle contraction or pressure triggers MPS, making the disorder common among sporting individuals and people who engage in jobs requiring repetitive muscle movements. MPS in the jaw will cause pain and clicking affecting your physical activities and sleep quality.\nJaw Dislocation and Injury\nJaw dislocation occurs when your jawbone moves out of place. Facial injuries due to sports, accidents, physical trauma to the face, and dental procedures are the leading causes of jaw dislocation. Dislocated and broken jaws can cause TMD symptoms, causing your jaw to click. However, if you seek our professional treatment for the above <cursor_is_here> Contact us today for more information on jaw clicking.\nDental Blog | Hellertown PA - Allentown PA | Lehigh OMS Lehigh Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1251 S Cedar Crest Blvd #311, Allentown, PA 18103 | (610) 435-6161 | lehighoms.com | 12/3/2022 | Tags: oral surgeon Allentown PA |\n</text>\n",
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WellPoint Will Cover Merck's Gardasil
July 3, 2006
Health insurance company WellPoint Inc. said Thursday it will cover Merck & Co.'s vaccine that blocks the two types of the STD human papillomavirus (HPV) responsible for about 70 percent of cervical cancers. Earlier on Thursday, CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the Gardasil vaccine be routinely given to girls ages 11-12. Health officials estimated that more than half of sexually active women and men will be infected with one or more types of HPV in their lifetime. WellPoint said its decision to cover Gardasil was prompted by the committee's recommendation.
California Supreme Court Rules That Withholding Sexual History Can Be Grounds for Lawsuits Involving HIV Transmission
This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update.
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WellPoint Will Cover Merck's Gardasil
July 3, 2006
Health insurance company WellPoint Inc. said Thursday it will cover Merck & Co.'s vaccine that blocks the two types of the STD human papillomavirus (HPV) responsible for about 70 percent of cervical cancers. Earlier on Thursday, CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the Gardasil vaccine be routinely given to girls ages 11-12. Health officials estimated that more than half of sexually active women and men will be infected with one or more types of HPV in their lifetime. WellPoint said its decision to cover Gardasil was pro
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WellPoint Will Cover Merck's Gardasil
July 3, 2006
Health insurance company WellPoint Inc. said Thursday it will cover Merck & Co.'s vaccine that blocks the two types of the STD human papillomavirus (HPV) responsible for about 70 percent of cervical cancers. Earlier on Thursday, CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the Gardasil vaccine be routinely given to girls ages 11-12. Health officials estimated that more than half of sexually active women and men will be infected with one or more types of HPV in their lifetime. WellPoint said its decision to cover Gardasil was pro<cursor_is_here>
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Louisiana Believes
2017-2018 LEAP 2025 Student Progress
August 29, 2018
Agenda
I. Understanding Student Progress
II. 2018 Student Progress Results
III. Using Student Progress Results
Understanding Student Progress
Today’s Release
By 2025, the average “A” school in Louisiana is one in which students are fully mastering key concepts and skills.
Today’s release is the second in a series of reports this summer and fall that use results from the grade 3-12 LEAP 2025 assessments to provide educators and families with information on students’ progress towards the goals:
1. Subject-area proficiency rates of students, schools, and school systems (July)
1. Annual rates of growth from one year to the next for students, schools, and school systems (today)
1. School performance scores that combine proficiency rates and growth rates, reported in School Finder (fall)
2017-2018 School Performance Scores
Elementary School Performance Scores
- State Assessment Performance: 75%
- Student Progress: 25%
Elementary/Middle School Performance Scores (with Grade 8)
- State Assessment Performance: 70%
- Student Progress: 25%
- Credit Accumulation in 9th grade: 5%
High School Performance Scores
- State Assessment Performance and Progress: 25%
- ACT/WorkKeys: 25%
- Strength of Diploma: 25%
- Graduation Rate: 25%
What is Student Progress?
By 2025, as outlined in the state’s ESSA plan, the average A-rated school in Louisiana is one in which students are proficient in literacy and math skills, demonstrated by a score of Mastery or Advanced on state assessments. To ensure students are improving at a rate that will allow them to reach this goal, the state has developed a measurement tool that assigns each student a tailored growth target to meet each year and then tracks how their performance changes over time.
Academic achievement indicates whether students are prepared for the next level of study. Student progress indicates whether students are improving from one year to the next. Together, achievement and progress provide a more complete picture.
Now the state’s accountability system measures not only where students ended up, but how much progress they made to get there.
How Does Louisiana Measure Student Progress?
Louisiana celebrates all students demonstrating top growth on the progress measure.
Schools earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for assessment results that demonstrate top growth by:
- showing improvement on ELA and math assessments that is on track to Mastery of key skills and content by 8th grade (elementary/middle school) or 10th grade (high school), and/or
- outperforming other similar students statewide, as measured by Louisiana’s value-added model.
Because the student progress measure takes into account where a student started--his or her prior achievement level--schools and school systems serving students who enter school with learning gaps can earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for improving outcomes, even if students need time to reach full mastery.
2018 Student Progress Results
Students are progressing at a faster pace in ELA than in math, mirroring recent subject-area state assessment results: This trend highlights a need for stronger mathematics instruction statewide, particularly in later elementary and middle grades.
Louisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year: This is followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.
Historically disadvantaged groups of students kept pace with their peers but must grow at a faster pace: For example, 46 percent of assessments across all students demonstrated top growth, while 43 percent of assessments among black students, 45 percent among economically disadvantaged, 46 percent among English learners, and 43 percent among students with disabilities achieved that level. However, because their overall achievement levels are lower, these groups of students must improve at a faster pace than their peers to close achievement gaps.
Approximately 48 percent of students statewide demonstrated top growth on ELA assessments, compared to 43 percent on math.
*Grades 4-8 results are based on two years combined; due to the high school assessment transition, results are based on most recent year only.*
Louisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year, followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.
Percent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subject and Prior Year Achievement Level
- **ELA (Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II)**
- **Math (Grades 4-8, Alg. I & Geo.)**
| Achievement Level | ELA | Math |
|------------------|-----|------|
| All | 48 | 43 |
| Below Basic | 49 | 43 |
| Basic | 50 | 44 |
| Mastery & Above | 45 | 42 |
Students across subgroups demonstrated top growth on LEAP 2025 assessments. Historically disadvantaged student groups continue to perform below their peers. Accelerated progress is needed to close achievement gaps.
Percent Mastery & Above and Percent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subgroup
(ELA & Math Combined: Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II, Alg. I, Geo.)
| Subgroup | % Mastery+ | % Top Growth |
|---------------------------|------------|--------------|
| All | 35 | 46 |
| Black | 21 | 43 |
| Economically Disadvantaged| 27 | 45 |
| English Learners | 13 | 46 |
| Students with Disabilities| 10 | 43 |
Outstanding Schools by Region
NORTH LOUISIANA
CENTRAL LOUISIANA
FLORIDA PARISHES
GREATER NEW ORLEANS
ACADIANA
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Wossman High School | City of Monroe School District | 70 |
| Kingston Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 68 |
| Homer Elementary School | Claiborne Parish | 67 |
| Pinecrest Elementary/Middle School | Ouachita Parish | 65 |
| Mangham Elementary School | Richland Parish | 63 |
| Crawford Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 62 |
| Ringgold Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 61 |
| Stockwell Place Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 61 |
| Sterlington High School | Ouachita Parish | 60 |
| Southern Hills Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 60 |
| Choudrant High School | Lincoln Parish | 60 |
| Newellton Elementary School | Tensas Parish | 60 |
| Sterlington Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |
| Jack Hayes Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |
| E.B. Williams Stoner Hill Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 59 |
| Saline High School | Bienville Parish | 59 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|
| Zwolle High School | Sabine Parish | 66 |
| W.O. Hall Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |
| L.S. Rugg Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |
| Cherokee Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 63 |
| Horseshoe Drive Elementary New Vision Academy | Rapides Parish | 62 |
| East Beauregard Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 62 |
| Oberlin Elementary School | Allen Parish | 61 |
| Pineville Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 61 |
| LaSalle Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 60 |
| South Grant Elementary School | Grant Parish | 60 |
| Pine Wood Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 59 |
| Converse High School | Sabine Parish | 59 |
| Caroline Dormon Junior High School | Rapides Parish | 59 |
| Fairview-Alpha Elementary & Junior High School | Natchitoches Parish | 58 |
| Ferriday Upper Elementary School | Concordia Parish | 58 |
| Jena Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 58 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|--------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|
| East Elementary School | St. Landry Parish | 76 |
| St. Charles Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 74 |
| Kaplan High School | Vermilion Parish | 74 |
| Upper Little Caillou Elementary School| Terrebonne Parish | 73 |
| Galvez Primary School | Ascension Parish | 72 |
| Coteau Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 71 |
| Sixth Ward Middle School | Lafourche Parish | 70 |
| Galliano Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 68 |
| Terrebonne High School | Terrebonne Parish | 67 |
| Ossun Elementary School | Lafayette Parish | 66 |
| Dularge Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 66 |
| Pesson Addition Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 66 |
| Hattie A. Watts Elementary School | St. Mary Parish | 66 |
| Southdown Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| Sugarland Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 65 |
| Pointe-aux-Chenes Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| Caldwell Middle School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Juban Parc Elementary School | Livingston Parish | 68 |
| Woodlawn Elementary | East Baton Rouge Parish | 67 |
| Celerity Lanier Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge | 66 |
| Wesley Ray Elementary School | Washington Parish | 65 |
| O.W. Dillon Leadership Academy | Tangipahoa Parish | 64 |
| Baton Rouge Magnet High School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 63 |
| Holden High School | Livingston Parish | 63 |
| Crestworth Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 62 |
| Thomas Elementary School | Washington Parish | 61 |
| B. R. Foreign Language Acad. Immersion Magnet | East Baton Rouge Parish | 61 |
| Celerity Crestworth Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge | 60 |
| Live Oak High School | Livingston Parish | 59 |
| Highland Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 58 |
| Westdale Heights Academic Magnet School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |
| Brownfields Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Benjamin Franklin High School | Orleans Parish | 73 |
| New Orleans Center for Creative Arts | N/A | 66 |
| Patrick F. Taylor Science & Technology Academy | Jefferson Parish | 64 |
| McDonogh 26/Homedale Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Washington Montessori | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Bonella A. St. Ville Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Belle Chasse Primary School | Plaquemines Parish | 63 |
| Harold Keller Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 62 |
| Haynes Academy School for Advanced Studies | Jefferson Parish | 62 |
| Langston Hughes Charter Academy | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| Walter Schneckenburger Elem School | Jefferson Parish | 61 |
| Samuel J. Green Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| W. Smith Jr. Elementary School | St. Bernard Parish | 61 |
| Lake Forest Elementary Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| Paul Habans Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| St. James Parish | 55 |
| Ascension Parish | 55 |
| Lafourche Parish | 53 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 53 |
| Sabine Parish | 52 |
| Vermilion Parish | 52 |
| Lincoln Parish | 52 |
| Natchitoches Parish | 50 |
| DeSoto Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 49 |
| Iberia Parish | 49 |
| Zachary Community School District | 49 |
| Central Community School District | 49 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------|
| St. James Parish | 55 |
| Ascension Parish | 52 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 52 |
| Sabine Parish | 52 |
| Lafourche Parish | 52 |
| Vermilion Parish | 51 |
| Lincoln Parish | 50 |
| Natchitoches Parish | 49 |
| Iberia Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 49 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Iberia Parish | 51 |
| Ascension Parish | 51 |
| St. James Parish | 50 |
| City of Baker School District | 50 |
| St. Bernard Parish | 50 |
| Lafourche Parish | 49 |
| Lincoln Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 48 |
| Vermilion Parish | 48 |
| Washington Parish | 48 |
| St. Mary Parish | 48 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 48 |
| Union Parish | 48 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Zachary Community School District | 61 |
| DeSoto Parish | 60 |
| St. James Parish | 59 |
| Jefferson Davis Parish | 57 |
| Vernon Parish | 57 |
| Concordia Parish | 56 |
| St. Charles Parish | 56 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 56 |
| Vermilion Parish | 55 |
| Beauregard Parish | 53 |
| Pointe Coupee Parish | 53 |
Using Student Progress Results
How are Student Progress Results Used?
By Families
School performance scores are reported in School Finder to provide families with accurate information about the extent to which schools in their community are preparing students for the next level of study. School systems must provide students in D and F schools the option to transfer.
By Teachers
Teachers use student performance and progress data to identify gaps in learning and instruction, provide targeted interventions to students, and set meaningful goals for their classrooms at the start of each school year.
By School & System Leaders
School and school system leaders review data in the principal and superintendent secure reporting portal, and they use the data to identify and implement strategies to support improvement in struggling schools.
By the LDOE
The Department awards funds to schools that persistently struggle overall, and with specific groups of students, to develop improvement plans to better meet the needs of their students. Additionally, schools earning an F rating for four consecutive years are eligible for the Recovery School District.
Next Step: Reporting School Performance Scores
Release of 2018 School Performance Scores
In addition to an overall school performance score and letter grade, schools will also receive a score and letter grade for both student performance and student progress.
HOW IS THIS SCHOOL PERFORMING ON PERFORMANCE SCORE METRICS?
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
D 54.9
View Details
STUDENT PROGRESS
A 90.9
View Details
Next Step: Transparent Reporting and Support for Struggling Schools
• As part of Louisiana’s Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) plan, struggling schools are required to submit an improvement plan to the Department and an application for funding to support its implementation.
• Struggling schools include:
• Comprehensive intervention required for persistently low performance overall, and
• Urgent intervention required for persistently low performance among specific subgroups of students or out-of-school discipline rates.
• Schools with low performance among specific subgroups of students in the current year only will receive the label urgent intervention needed.
• These labels will appear on school report cards in the Louisiana School Finder.
Next Step: Support for Fall Release
The Department is committed to supporting school system and school leaders in communicating the 2018 school performance scores, and new student progress measure to families and communities.
At the September Supervisor Collaborations, the Department will provide school system leaders with a toolkit of resources to support these conversations that includes:
- Training presentation for principals to help them prepare for the fall release
- Customizable presentation for communicating this year’s school system and school performance scores, and Comprehensive and Targeted Intervention designations
- Social media and website graphics celebrating school growth and Top Gains schools
- Louisiana Accountability System and Louisiana School Finder flyers for families
- Animated videos explaining school performance scores, including the new “Student Progress” Index
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Louisiana Believes
2017-2018 LEAP 2025 Student Progress
August 29, 2018
Agenda
I. Understanding Student Progress
II. 2018 Student Progress Results
III. Using Student Progress Results
Understanding Student Progress
Today’s Release
By 2025, the average “A” school in Louisiana is one in which students are fully mastering key concepts and skills.
Today’s release is the second in a series of reports this summer and fall that use results from the grade 3-12 LEAP 2025 assessments to provide educators and families with information on students’ progress towards the goals:
1. Subject-area proficiency rates of students, schools, and school systems (July)
1. Annual rates of growth from one year to the next for students, schools, and school systems (today)
1. School performance scores that combine proficiency rates and growth rates, reported in School Finder (fall)
2017-2018 School Performance Scores
Elementary School Performance Scores
- State Assessment Performance: 75%
- Student Progress: 25%
Elementary/Middle School Performance Scores (with Grade 8)
- State Assessment Performance: 70%
- Student Progress: 25%
- Credit Accumulation in 9th grade: 5%
High School Performance Scores
- State Assessment Performance and Progress: 25%
- ACT/WorkKeys: 25%
- Strength of Diploma: 25%
- Graduation Rate: 25%
What is Student Progress?
By 2025, as outlined in the state’s ESSA plan, the average A-rated school in Louisiana is one in which students are proficient in literacy and math skills, demonstrated by a score of Mastery or Advanced on state assessments. To ensure students are improving at a rate that will allow them to reach this goal, the state has developed a measurement tool that assigns each student a tailored growth target to meet each year and then tracks how their performance changes over time.
Academic achievement indicates whether students are prepared for the next level of study. Student progress indicates whether students are improving from one year to the next. Together, achievement and progress provide a more complete picture.
Now the state’s accountability system measures not only where students ended up, but how much progress they made to get there.
How Does Louisiana Measure Student Progress?
Louisiana celebrates all students demonstrating top growth on the progress measure.
Schools earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for assessment results that demonstrate top growth by:
- showing improvement on ELA and math assessments that is on track to Mastery of key skills and content by 8th grade (elementary/middle school) or 10th grade (high school), and/or
- outperforming other similar students statewide, as measured by Louisiana’s value-added model.
Because the student progress measure takes into account where a student started--his or her prior achievement level--schools and school systems serving students who enter school with learning gaps can earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for improving outcomes, even if students need time to reach full mastery.
2018 Student Progress Results
Students are progressing at a faster pace in ELA than in math, mirroring recent subject-area state assessment results: This trend highlights a need for stronger mathematics instruction statewide, particularly in later elementary and middle grades.
Louisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year: This is followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.
Historically disadvantaged groups of students kept pace with their peers but must grow at a faster pace: For example, 46 percent of assessments across all students demonstrated top growth, while 43 percent of assessments among black students, 45 percent among economically disadvantaged, 46 percent among English learners, and 43 percent among students with disabilities achieved that level. However, because their overall achievement levels are lower, these groups of students must improve at a faster pace than their peers to close achievement gaps.
Approximately 48 percent of students statewide demonstrated top growth on ELA assessments, compared to 43 percent on math.
*Grades 4-8 results are based on two years combined; due to the high school assessment transition, results are based on most recent year only.*
Louisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year, followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.
Percent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subject and Prior Year Achievement Level
- **ELA (Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II)**
- **Math (Grades 4-8, Alg. I & Geo.)**
| Achievement Level | ELA | Math |
|------------------|-----|------|
| All | 48 | 43 |
| Below Basic | 49 | 43 |
| Basic | 50 | 44 |
| Mastery & Above | 45 | 42 |
Students across subgroups demonstrated top growth on LEAP 2025 assessments. Historically disadvantaged student groups continue to perform below their peers. Accelerated progress is needed to close achievement gaps.
Percent Mastery & Above and Percent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subgroup
(ELA & Math Combined: Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II, Alg. I, Geo.)
| Subgroup | % Mastery+ | % Top Growth |
|---------------------------|------------|--------------|
| All | 35 | 46 |
| Black | 21 | 43 |
| Economically Disadvantaged| 27 | 45 |
| English Learners | 13 | 46 |
| Students with Disabilities| 10 | 43 |
Outstanding Schools by Region
NORTH LOUISIANA
CENTRAL LOUISIANA
FLORIDA PARISHES
GREATER NEW ORLEANS
ACADIANA
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Wossman High School | City of Monroe School District | 70 |
| Kingston Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 68 |
| Homer Elementary School | Claiborne Parish | 67 |
| Pinecrest Elementary/Middle School | Ouachita Parish | 65 |
| Mangham Elementary School | Richland Parish | 63 |
| Crawford Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 62 |
| Ringgold Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 61 |
| Stockwell Place Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 61 |
| Sterlington High School | Ouachita Parish | 60 |
| Southern Hills Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 60 |
| Choudrant High School | Lincoln Parish | 60 |
| Newellton Elementary School | Tensas Parish | 60 |
| Sterlington Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |
| Jack Hayes Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |
| E.B. Williams Stoner Hill Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 59 |
| Saline High School | Bienville Parish | 59 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|
| Zwolle High School | Sabine Parish | 66 |
| W.O. Hall Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |
| L.S. Rugg Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |
| Cherokee Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 63 |
| Horseshoe Drive Elementary New Vision Academy | Rapides Parish | 62 |
| East Beauregard Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 62 |
| Oberlin Elementary School | Allen Parish | 61 |
| Pineville Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 61 |
| LaSalle Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 60 |
| South Grant Elementary School | Grant Parish | 60 |
| Pine Wood Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 59 |
| Converse High School | Sabine Parish | 59 |
| Caroline Dormon Junior High School | Rapides Parish | 59 |
| Fairview-Alpha Elementary & Junior High School | Natchitoches Parish | 58 |
| Ferriday Upper Elementary School | Concordia Parish | 58 |
| Jena Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 58 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|--------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|
| East Elementary School | St. Landry Parish | 76 |
| St. Charles Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 74 |
| Kaplan High School | Vermilion Parish | 74 |
| Upper Little Caillou Elementary School| Terrebonne Parish | 73 |
| Galvez Primary School | Ascension Parish | 72 |
| Coteau Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 71 |
| Sixth Ward Middle School | Lafourche Parish | 70 |
| Galliano Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 68 |
| Terrebonne High School | Terrebonne Parish | 67 |
| Ossun Elementary School | Lafayette Parish | 66 |
| Dularge Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 66 |
| Pesson Addition Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 66 |
| Hattie A. Watts Elementary School | St. Mary Parish | 66 |
| Southdown Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| Sugarland Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 65 |
| Pointe-aux-Chenes Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| Caldwell Middle School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Juban Parc Elementary School | Livingston Parish | 68 |
| Woodlawn Elementary | East Baton Rouge Parish | 67 |
| Celerity Lanier Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge
|
| 66 |
| Wesley Ray Elementary School | Washington Parish | 65 |
| O.
|
W. Dillon Leadership Academy | Tangipahoa Parish | 64 |
| Baton Rouge Magnet High School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 63 |
| Holden High School | Livingston Parish | 63 |
| Crestworth Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 62 |
| Thomas Elementary School | Washington Parish | 61 |
| B. R. Foreign Language Acad. Immersion Magnet | East Baton Rouge Parish | 61 |
| Celerity Crestworth Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge | 60 |
| Live Oak High School | Livingston Parish | 59 |
| Highland Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 58 |
| Westdale Heights Academic Magnet School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |
| Brownfields Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Benjamin Franklin High School | Orleans Parish | 73 |
| New Orleans Center for Creative Arts | N/A | 66 |
| Patrick F. Taylor Science & Technology Academy | Jefferson Parish | 64 |
| McDonogh 26/Homedale Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Washington Montessori | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Bonella A. St. Ville Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Belle Chasse Primary School | Plaquemines Parish | 63 |
| Harold Keller Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 62 |
| Haynes Academy School for Advanced Studies | Jefferson Parish | 62 |
| Langston Hughes Charter Academy | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| Walter Schneckenburger Elem School | Jefferson Parish | 61 |
| Samuel J. Green Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| W. Smith Jr. Elementary School | St. Bernard Parish | 61 |
| Lake Forest Elementary Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| Paul Habans Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| St. James Parish | 55 |
| Ascension Parish | 55 |
| Lafourche Parish | 53 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 53 |
| Sabine Parish | 52 |
| Vermilion Parish | 52 |
| Lincoln Parish | 52 |
| Natchitoches Parish | 50 |
| DeSoto Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 49 |
| Iberia Parish | 49 |
| Zachary Community School District | 49 |
| Central Community School District | 49 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------|
| St. James Parish | 55 |
| Ascension Parish | 52 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 52 |
| Sabine Parish | 52 |
| Lafourche Parish | 52 |
| Vermilion Parish | 51 |
| Lincoln Parish | 50 |
| Natchitoches Parish | 49 |
| Iberia Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 49 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Iberia Parish | 51 |
| Ascension Parish | 51 |
| St. James Parish | 50 |
| City of Baker School District | 50 |
| St. Bernard Parish | 50 |
| Lafourche Parish | 49 |
| Lincoln Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 48 |
| Vermilion Parish | 48 |
| Washington Parish | 48 |
| St. Mary Parish | 48 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 48 |
| Union Parish | 48 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Zachary Community School District | 61 |
| DeSoto Parish | 60 |
| St. James Parish | 59 |
| Jefferson Davis Parish | 57 |
| Vernon Parish | 57 |
| Concordia Parish | 56 |
| St. Charles Parish | 56 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 56 |
| Vermilion Parish | 55 |
| Beauregard Parish | 53 |
| Pointe Coupee Parish | 53 |
Using Student Progress Results
How are Student Progress Results Used?
By Families
School performance scores are reported in School Finder to provide families with accurate information about the extent to which schools in their community are preparing students for the next level of study. School systems must provide students in D and F schools the option to transfer.
By Teachers
Teachers use student performance and progress data to identify gaps in learning and instruction, provide targeted interventions to students, and set meaningful goals for their classrooms at the start of each school year.
By School & System Leaders
School and school system leaders review data in the principal and superintendent secure reporting portal, and they use the data to identify and implement strategies to support improvement in struggling schools.
By the LDOE
The Department awards funds to schools that persistently struggle overall, and with specific groups of students, to develop improvement plans to better meet the needs of their students. Additionally, schools earning an F rating for four consecutive years are eligible for the Recovery School District.
Next Step: Reporting School Performance Scores
Release of 2018 School Performance Scores
In addition to an overall school performance score and letter grade, schools will also receive a score and letter grade for both student performance and student progress.
HOW IS THIS SCHOOL PERFORMING ON PERFORMANCE SCORE METRICS?
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
D 54.9
View Details
STUDENT PROGRESS
A 90.9
View Details
Next Step: Transparent Reporting and Support for Struggling Schools
• As part of Louisiana’s Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) plan, struggling schools are required to submit an improvement plan to the Department and an application for funding to support its implementation.
• Struggling schools include:
• Comprehensive intervention required for persistently low performance overall, and
• Urgent intervention required for persistently low performance among specific subgroups of students or out-of-school discipline rates.
• Schools with low performance among specific subgroups of students in the current year only will receive the label urgent intervention needed.
• These labels will appear on school report cards in the Louisiana School Finder.
Next Step: Support for Fall Release
The Department is committed to supporting school system and school leaders in communicating the 2018 school performance scores, and new student progress measure to families and communities.
At the September Supervisor Collaborations, the Department will provide school system leaders with a toolkit of resources to support these conversations that includes:
- Training presentation for principals to help them prepare for the fall release
- Customizable presentation for communicating this year’s school system and school performance scores, and Comprehensive and Targeted Intervention designations
- Social media and website graphics celebrating school growth and Top Gains schools
- Louisiana Accountability System and Louisiana School Finder flyers for families
- Animated videos explaining school performance scores, including the new “Student Progress” Index
| 11,896
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<url>
https://louisianabelieves.com/docs/default-source/test-results/2018-leap-2025-student-progress-media-briefing.pdf?sfvrsn=3b44901f_6
</url>
<text>
Louisiana Believes
2017-2018 LEAP 2025 Student Progress
August 29, 2018
Agenda
I. Understanding Student Progress
II. 2018 Student Progress Results
III. Using Student Progress Results
Understanding Student Progress
Today’s Release
By 2025, the average “A” school in Louisiana is one in which students are fully mastering key concepts and skills.
Today’s release is the second in a series of reports this summer and fall that use results from the grade 3-12 LEAP 2025 assessments to provide educators and families with information on students’ progress towards the goals:
1. Subject-area proficiency rates of students, schools, and school systems (July)
1. Annual rates of growth from one year to the next for students, schools, and school systems (today)
1. School performance scores that combine proficiency rates and growth rates, reported in School Finder (fall)
2017-2018 School Performance Scores
Elementary School Performance Scores
- State Assessment Performance: 75%
- Student Progress: 25%
Elementary/Middle School Performance Scores (with Grade 8)
- State Assessment Performance: 70%
- Student Progress: 25%
- Credit Accumulation in 9th grade: 5%
High School Performance Scores
- State Assessment Performance and Progress: 25%
- ACT/WorkKeys: 25%
- Strength of Diploma: 25%
- Graduation Rate: 25%
What is Student Progress?
By 2025, as outlined in the state’s ESSA plan, the average A-rated school in Louisiana is one in which students are proficient in literacy and math skills, demonstrated by a score of Mastery or Advanced on state assessments. To ensure students are improving at a rate that will allow them to reach this goal, the state has developed a measurement tool that assigns each student a tailored growth target to meet each year and then tracks how their performance changes over time.
Academic achievement indicates whether students are prepared for the next level of study. Student progress indicates whether students are improving from one year to the next. Together, achievement and progress provide a more complete picture.
Now the state’s accountability system measures not only where students ended up, but how much progress they made to get there.
How Does Louisiana Measure Student Progress?
Louisiana celebrates all students demonstrating top growth on the progress measure.
Schools earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for assessment results that demonstrate top growth by:
- showing improvement on ELA and math assessments that is on track to Mastery of key skills and content by 8th grade (elementary/middle school) or 10th grade (high school), and/or
- outperforming other similar students statewide, as measured by Louisiana’s value-added model.
Because the student progress measure takes into account where a student started--his or her prior achievement level--schools and school systems serving students who enter school with learning gaps can earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for improving outcomes, even if students need time to reach full mastery.
2018 Student Progress Results
Students are progressing at a faster pace in ELA than in math, mirroring recent subject-area state assessment results: This trend highlights a need for stronger mathematics instruction statewide, particularly in later elementary and middle grades.
Louisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year: This is followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.
Historically disadvantaged groups of students kept pace with their peers but must grow at a faster pace: For example, 46 percent of assessments across all students demonstrated top growth, while 43 percent of assessments among black students, 45 percent among economically disadvantaged, 46 percent among English learners, and 43 percent among students with disabilities achieved that level. However, because their overall achievement levels are lower, these groups of students must improve at a faster pace than their peers to close achievement gaps.
Approximately 48 percent of students statewide demonstrated top growth on ELA assessments, compared to 43 percent on math.
*Grades 4-8 results are based on two years combined; due to the high school assessment transition, results are based on most recent year only.*
Louisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year, followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.
Percent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subject and Prior Year Achievement Level
- **ELA (Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II)**
- **Math (Grades 4-8, Alg. I & Geo.)**
| Achievement Level | ELA | Math |
|------------------|-----|------|
| All | 48 | 43 |
| Below Basic | 49 | 43 |
| Basic | 50 | 44 |
| Mastery & Above | 45 | 42 |
Students across subgroups demonstrated top growth on LEAP 2025 assessments. Historically disadvantaged student groups continue to perform below their peers. Accelerated progress is needed to close achievement gaps.
Percent Mastery & Above and Percent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subgroup
(ELA & Math Combined: Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II, Alg. I, Geo.)
| Subgroup | % Mastery+ | % Top Growth |
|---------------------------|------------|--------------|
| All | 35 | 46 |
| Black | 21 | 43 |
| Economically Disadvantaged| 27 | 45 |
| English Learners | 13 | 46 |
| Students with Disabilities| 10 | 43 |
Outstanding Schools by Region
NORTH LOUISIANA
CENTRAL LOUISIANA
FLORIDA PARISHES
GREATER NEW ORLEANS
ACADIANA
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Wossman High School | City of Monroe School District | 70 |
| Kingston Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 68 |
| Homer Elementary School | Claiborne Parish | 67 |
| Pinecrest Elementary/Middle School | Ouachita Parish | 65 |
| Mangham Elementary School | Richland Parish | 63 |
| Crawford Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 62 |
| Ringgold Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 61 |
| Stockwell Place Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 61 |
| Sterlington High School | Ouachita Parish | 60 |
| Southern Hills Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 60 |
| Choudrant High School | Lincoln Parish | 60 |
| Newellton Elementary School | Tensas Parish | 60 |
| Sterlington Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |
| Jack Hayes Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |
| E.B. Williams Stoner Hill Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 59 |
| Saline High School | Bienville Parish | 59 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|
| Zwolle High School | Sabine Parish | 66 |
| W.O. Hall Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |
| L.S. Rugg Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |
| Cherokee Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 63 |
| Horseshoe Drive Elementary New Vision Academy | Rapides Parish | 62 |
| East Beauregard Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 62 |
| Oberlin Elementary School | Allen Parish | 61 |
| Pineville Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 61 |
| LaSalle Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 60 |
| South Grant Elementary School | Grant Parish | 60 |
| Pine Wood Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 59 |
| Converse High School | Sabine Parish | 59 |
| Caroline Dormon Junior High School | Rapides Parish | 59 |
| Fairview-Alpha Elementary & Junior High School | Natchitoches Parish | 58 |
| Ferriday Upper Elementary School | Concordia Parish | 58 |
| Jena Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 58 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|--------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|
| East Elementary School | St. Landry Parish | 76 |
| St. Charles Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 74 |
| Kaplan High School | Vermilion Parish | 74 |
| Upper Little Caillou Elementary School| Terrebonne Parish | 73 |
| Galvez Primary School | Ascension Parish | 72 |
| Coteau Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 71 |
| Sixth Ward Middle School | Lafourche Parish | 70 |
| Galliano Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 68 |
| Terrebonne High School | Terrebonne Parish | 67 |
| Ossun Elementary School | Lafayette Parish | 66 |
| Dularge Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 66 |
| Pesson Addition Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 66 |
| Hattie A. Watts Elementary School | St. Mary Parish | 66 |
| Southdown Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| Sugarland Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 65 |
| Pointe-aux-Chenes Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| Caldwell Middle School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Juban Parc Elementary School | Livingston Parish | 68 |
| Woodlawn Elementary | East Baton Rouge Parish | 67 |
| Celerity Lanier Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge <cursor_is_here>W. Dillon Leadership Academy | Tangipahoa Parish | 64 |
| Baton Rouge Magnet High School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 63 |
| Holden High School | Livingston Parish | 63 |
| Crestworth Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 62 |
| Thomas Elementary School | Washington Parish | 61 |
| B. R. Foreign Language Acad. Immersion Magnet | East Baton Rouge Parish | 61 |
| Celerity Crestworth Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge | 60 |
| Live Oak High School | Livingston Parish | 59 |
| Highland Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 58 |
| Westdale Heights Academic Magnet School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |
| Brownfields Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |
| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Benjamin Franklin High School | Orleans Parish | 73 |
| New Orleans Center for Creative Arts | N/A | 66 |
| Patrick F. Taylor Science & Technology Academy | Jefferson Parish | 64 |
| McDonogh 26/Homedale Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Washington Montessori | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Bonella A. St. Ville Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |
| Belle Chasse Primary School | Plaquemines Parish | 63 |
| Harold Keller Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 62 |
| Haynes Academy School for Advanced Studies | Jefferson Parish | 62 |
| Langston Hughes Charter Academy | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| Walter Schneckenburger Elem School | Jefferson Parish | 61 |
| Samuel J. Green Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| W. Smith Jr. Elementary School | St. Bernard Parish | 61 |
| Lake Forest Elementary Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| Paul Habans Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| St. James Parish | 55 |
| Ascension Parish | 55 |
| Lafourche Parish | 53 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 53 |
| Sabine Parish | 52 |
| Vermilion Parish | 52 |
| Lincoln Parish | 52 |
| Natchitoches Parish | 50 |
| DeSoto Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 49 |
| Iberia Parish | 49 |
| Zachary Community School District | 49 |
| Central Community School District | 49 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------|
| St. James Parish | 55 |
| Ascension Parish | 52 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 52 |
| Sabine Parish | 52 |
| Lafourche Parish | 52 |
| Vermilion Parish | 51 |
| Lincoln Parish | 50 |
| Natchitoches Parish | 49 |
| Iberia Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 49 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Iberia Parish | 51 |
| Ascension Parish | 51 |
| St. James Parish | 50 |
| City of Baker School District | 50 |
| St. Bernard Parish | 50 |
| Lafourche Parish | 49 |
| Lincoln Parish | 49 |
| Bienville Parish | 48 |
| Vermilion Parish | 48 |
| Washington Parish | 48 |
| St. Mary Parish | 48 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 48 |
| Union Parish | 48 |
| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |
|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Zachary Community School District | 61 |
| DeSoto Parish | 60 |
| St. James Parish | 59 |
| Jefferson Davis Parish | 57 |
| Vernon Parish | 57 |
| Concordia Parish | 56 |
| St. Charles Parish | 56 |
| Terrebonne Parish | 56 |
| Vermilion Parish | 55 |
| Beauregard Parish | 53 |
| Pointe Coupee Parish | 53 |
Using Student Progress Results
How are Student Progress Results Used?
By Families
School performance scores are reported in School Finder to provide families with accurate information about the extent to which schools in their community are preparing students for the next level of study. School systems must provide students in D and F schools the option to transfer.
By Teachers
Teachers use student performance and progress data to identify gaps in learning and instruction, provide targeted interventions to students, and set meaningful goals for their classrooms at the start of each school year.
By School & System Leaders
School and school system leaders review data in the principal and superintendent secure reporting portal, and they use the data to identify and implement strategies to support improvement in struggling schools.
By the LDOE
The Department awards funds to schools that persistently struggle overall, and with specific groups of students, to develop improvement plans to better meet the needs of their students. Additionally, schools earning an F rating for four consecutive years are eligible for the Recovery School District.
Next Step: Reporting School Performance Scores
Release of 2018 School Performance Scores
In addition to an overall school performance score and letter grade, schools will also receive a score and letter grade for both student performance and student progress.
HOW IS THIS SCHOOL PERFORMING ON PERFORMANCE SCORE METRICS?
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
D 54.9
View Details
STUDENT PROGRESS
A 90.9
View Details
Next Step: Transparent Reporting and Support for Struggling Schools
• As part of Louisiana’s Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) plan, struggling schools are required to submit an improvement plan to the Department and an application for funding to support its implementation.
• Struggling schools include:
• Comprehensive intervention required for persistently low performance overall, and
• Urgent intervention required for persistently low performance among specific subgroups of students or out-of-school discipline rates.
• Schools with low performance among specific subgroups of students in the current year only will receive the label urgent intervention needed.
• These labels will appear on school report cards in the Louisiana School Finder.
Next Step: Support for Fall Release
The Department is committed to supporting school system and school leaders in communicating the 2018 school performance scores, and new student progress measure to families and communities.
At the September Supervisor Collaborations, the Department will provide school system leaders with a toolkit of resources to support these conversations that includes:
- Training presentation for principals to help them prepare for the fall release
- Customizable presentation for communicating this year’s school system and school performance scores, and Comprehensive and Targeted Intervention designations
- Social media and website graphics celebrating school growth and Top Gains schools
- Louisiana Accountability System and Louisiana School Finder flyers for families
- Animated videos explaining school performance scores, including the new “Student Progress” Index
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttps://louisianabelieves.com/docs/default-source/test-results/2018-leap-2025-student-progress-media-briefing.pdf?sfvrsn=3b44901f_6\n</url>\n<text>\nLouisiana Believes\n\n2017-2018 LEAP 2025 Student Progress\n\nAugust 29, 2018\n\nAgenda\n\nI. Understanding Student Progress\n\nII. 2018 Student Progress Results\n\nIII. Using Student Progress Results\n\nUnderstanding Student Progress\n\nToday’s Release\n\nBy 2025, the average “A” school in Louisiana is one in which students are fully mastering key concepts and skills.\n\nToday’s release is the second in a series of reports this summer and fall that use results from the grade 3-12 LEAP 2025 assessments to provide educators and families with information on students’ progress towards the goals:\n\n1. Subject-area proficiency rates of students, schools, and school systems (July)\n\n1. Annual rates of growth from one year to the next for students, schools, and school systems (today)\n\n1. School performance scores that combine proficiency rates and growth rates, reported in School Finder (fall)\n\n2017-2018 School Performance Scores\n\nElementary School Performance Scores\n\n- State Assessment Performance: 75%\n- Student Progress: 25%\n\nElementary/Middle School Performance Scores (with Grade 8)\n\n- State Assessment Performance: 70%\n- Student Progress: 25%\n- Credit Accumulation in 9th grade: 5%\n\nHigh School Performance Scores\n\n- State Assessment Performance and Progress: 25%\n- ACT/WorkKeys: 25%\n- Strength of Diploma: 25%\n- Graduation Rate: 25%\n\nWhat is Student Progress?\n\nBy 2025, as outlined in the state’s ESSA plan, the average A-rated school in Louisiana is one in which students are proficient in literacy and math skills, demonstrated by a score of Mastery or Advanced on state assessments. To ensure students are improving at a rate that will allow them to reach this goal, the state has developed a measurement tool that assigns each student a tailored growth target to meet each year and then tracks how their performance changes over time.\n\nAcademic achievement indicates whether students are prepared for the next level of study. Student progress indicates whether students are improving from one year to the next. Together, achievement and progress provide a more complete picture.\n\nNow the state’s accountability system measures not only where students ended up, but how much progress they made to get there.\n\nHow Does Louisiana Measure Student Progress?\n\nLouisiana celebrates all students demonstrating top growth on the progress measure.\n\nSchools earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for assessment results that demonstrate top growth by:\n\n- showing improvement on ELA and math assessments that is on track to Mastery of key skills and content by 8th grade (elementary/middle school) or 10th grade (high school), and/or\n- outperforming other similar students statewide, as measured by Louisiana’s value-added model.\n\nBecause the student progress measure takes into account where a student started--his or her prior achievement level--schools and school systems serving students who enter school with learning gaps can earn an ‘A’ in the progress measure for improving outcomes, even if students need time to reach full mastery.\n\n2018 Student Progress Results\n\nStudents are progressing at a faster pace in ELA than in math, mirroring recent subject-area state assessment results: This trend highlights a need for stronger mathematics instruction statewide, particularly in later elementary and middle grades.\n\nLouisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year: This is followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.\n\nHistorically disadvantaged groups of students kept pace with their peers but must grow at a faster pace: For example, 46 percent of assessments across all students demonstrated top growth, while 43 percent of assessments among black students, 45 percent among economically disadvantaged, 46 percent among English learners, and 43 percent among students with disabilities achieved that level. However, because their overall achievement levels are lower, these groups of students must improve at a faster pace than their peers to close achievement gaps.\n\nApproximately 48 percent of students statewide demonstrated top growth on ELA assessments, compared to 43 percent on math.\n\n*Grades 4-8 results are based on two years combined; due to the high school assessment transition, results are based on most recent year only.*\n\nLouisiana is demonstrating the greatest growth with students scoring Basic in the prior year, followed closely by the most struggling students, those scoring Approaching Basic or Unsatisfactory in the prior year.\n\nPercent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subject and Prior Year Achievement Level\n\n- **ELA (Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II)**\n- **Math (Grades 4-8, Alg. I & Geo.)**\n\n| Achievement Level | ELA | Math |\n|------------------|-----|------|\n| All | 48 | 43 |\n| Below Basic | 49 | 43 |\n| Basic | 50 | 44 |\n| Mastery & Above | 45 | 42 |\n\nStudents across subgroups demonstrated top growth on LEAP 2025 assessments. Historically disadvantaged student groups continue to perform below their peers. Accelerated progress is needed to close achievement gaps.\n\nPercent Mastery & Above and Percent Demonstrating Top Growth by Subgroup\n(ELA & Math Combined: Grades 4-8, Eng. I & II, Alg. I, Geo.)\n\n| Subgroup | % Mastery+ | % Top Growth |\n|---------------------------|------------|--------------|\n| All | 35 | 46 |\n| Black | 21 | 43 |\n| Economically Disadvantaged| 27 | 45 |\n| English Learners | 13 | 46 |\n| Students with Disabilities| 10 | 43 |\n\nOutstanding Schools by Region\n\nNORTH LOUISIANA\n\nCENTRAL LOUISIANA\n\nFLORIDA PARISHES\n\nGREATER NEW ORLEANS\n\nACADIANA\n\n| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Wossman High School | City of Monroe School District | 70 |\n| Kingston Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 68 |\n| Homer Elementary School | Claiborne Parish | 67 |\n| Pinecrest Elementary/Middle School | Ouachita Parish | 65 |\n| Mangham Elementary School | Richland Parish | 63 |\n| Crawford Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 62 |\n| Ringgold Elementary School | Bienville Parish | 61 |\n| Stockwell Place Elementary School | Bossier Parish | 61 |\n| Sterlington High School | Ouachita Parish | 60 |\n| Southern Hills Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 60 |\n| Choudrant High School | Lincoln Parish | 60 |\n| Newellton Elementary School | Tensas Parish | 60 |\n| Sterlington Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |\n| Jack Hayes Elementary School | Ouachita Parish | 59 |\n| E.B. Williams Stoner Hill Elementary School | Caddo Parish | 59 |\n| Saline High School | Bienville Parish | 59 |\n\n| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|---------------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Zwolle High School | Sabine Parish | 66 |\n| W.O. Hall Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |\n| L.S. Rugg Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 64 |\n| Cherokee Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 63 |\n| Horseshoe Drive Elementary New Vision Academy | Rapides Parish | 62 |\n| East Beauregard Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 62 |\n| Oberlin Elementary School | Allen Parish | 61 |\n| Pineville Elementary School | Rapides Parish | 61 |\n| LaSalle Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 60 |\n| South Grant Elementary School | Grant Parish | 60 |\n| Pine Wood Elementary School | Beauregard Parish | 59 |\n| Converse High School | Sabine Parish | 59 |\n| Caroline Dormon Junior High School | Rapides Parish | 59 |\n| Fairview-Alpha Elementary & Junior High School | Natchitoches Parish | 58 |\n| Ferriday Upper Elementary School | Concordia Parish | 58 |\n| Jena Junior High School | LaSalle Parish | 58 |\n\n| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|--------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|\n| East Elementary School | St. Landry Parish | 76 |\n| St. Charles Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 74 |\n| Kaplan High School | Vermilion Parish | 74 |\n| Upper Little Caillou Elementary School| Terrebonne Parish | 73 |\n| Galvez Primary School | Ascension Parish | 72 |\n| Coteau Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 71 |\n| Sixth Ward Middle School | Lafourche Parish | 70 |\n| Galliano Elementary School | Lafourche Parish | 68 |\n| Terrebonne High School | Terrebonne Parish | 67 |\n| Ossun Elementary School | Lafayette Parish | 66 |\n| Dularge Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 66 |\n| Pesson Addition Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 66 |\n| Hattie A. Watts Elementary School | St. Mary Parish | 66 |\n| Southdown Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |\n| Sugarland Elementary School | Iberia Parish | 65 |\n| Pointe-aux-Chenes Elementary School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |\n| Caldwell Middle School | Terrebonne Parish | 65 |\n\n| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Juban Parc Elementary School | Livingston Parish | 68 |\n| Woodlawn Elementary | East Baton Rouge Parish | 67 |\n| Celerity Lanier Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge <cursor_is_here>W. Dillon Leadership Academy | Tangipahoa Parish | 64 |\n| Baton Rouge Magnet High School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 63 |\n| Holden High School | Livingston Parish | 63 |\n| Crestworth Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 62 |\n| Thomas Elementary School | Washington Parish | 61 |\n| B. R. Foreign Language Acad. Immersion Magnet | East Baton Rouge Parish | 61 |\n| Celerity Crestworth Charter School | RSD-Baton Rouge | 60 |\n| Live Oak High School | Livingston Parish | 59 |\n| Highland Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 58 |\n| Westdale Heights Academic Magnet School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |\n| Brownfields Elementary School | East Baton Rouge Parish | 57 |\n\n| School | School System | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Benjamin Franklin High School | Orleans Parish | 73 |\n| New Orleans Center for Creative Arts | N/A | 66 |\n| Patrick F. Taylor Science & Technology Academy | Jefferson Parish | 64 |\n| McDonogh 26/Homedale Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |\n| Washington Montessori | Jefferson Parish | 63 |\n| Bonella A. St. Ville Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 63 |\n| Belle Chasse Primary School | Plaquemines Parish | 63 |\n| Harold Keller Elementary School | Jefferson Parish | 62 |\n| Haynes Academy School for Advanced Studies | Jefferson Parish | 62 |\n| Langston Hughes Charter Academy | Orleans Parish | 61 |\n| Walter Schneckenburger Elem School | Jefferson Parish | 61 |\n| Samuel J. Green Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |\n| W. Smith Jr. Elementary School | St. Bernard Parish | 61 |\n| Lake Forest Elementary Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |\n| Paul Habans Charter School | Orleans Parish | 61 |\n\n| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| St. James Parish | 55 |\n| Ascension Parish | 55 |\n| Lafourche Parish | 53 |\n| Terrebonne Parish | 53 |\n| Sabine Parish | 52 |\n| Vermilion Parish | 52 |\n| Lincoln Parish | 52 |\n| Natchitoches Parish | 50 |\n| DeSoto Parish | 49 |\n| Bienville Parish | 49 |\n| Iberia Parish | 49 |\n| Zachary Community School District | 49 |\n| Central Community School District | 49 |\n\n| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|--------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| St. James Parish | 55 |\n| Ascension Parish | 52 |\n| Terrebonne Parish | 52 |\n| Sabine Parish | 52 |\n| Lafourche Parish | 52 |\n| Vermilion Parish | 51 |\n| Lincoln Parish | 50 |\n| Natchitoches Parish | 49 |\n| Iberia Parish | 49 |\n| Bienville Parish | 49 |\n\n| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Iberia Parish | 51 |\n| Ascension Parish | 51 |\n| St. James Parish | 50 |\n| City of Baker School District | 50 |\n| St. Bernard Parish | 50 |\n| Lafourche Parish | 49 |\n| Lincoln Parish | 49 |\n| Bienville Parish | 48 |\n| Vermilion Parish | 48 |\n| Washington Parish | 48 |\n| St. Mary Parish | 48 |\n| Terrebonne Parish | 48 |\n| Union Parish | 48 |\n\n| School System Name | % Top Growth 2018 ELA & Math |\n|------------------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Zachary Community School District | 61 |\n| DeSoto Parish | 60 |\n| St. James Parish | 59 |\n| Jefferson Davis Parish | 57 |\n| Vernon Parish | 57 |\n| Concordia Parish | 56 |\n| St. Charles Parish | 56 |\n| Terrebonne Parish | 56 |\n| Vermilion Parish | 55 |\n| Beauregard Parish | 53 |\n| Pointe Coupee Parish | 53 |\n\nUsing Student Progress Results\n\nHow are Student Progress Results Used?\n\nBy Families\n\nSchool performance scores are reported in School Finder to provide families with accurate information about the extent to which schools in their community are preparing students for the next level of study. School systems must provide students in D and F schools the option to transfer.\n\nBy Teachers\n\nTeachers use student performance and progress data to identify gaps in learning and instruction, provide targeted interventions to students, and set meaningful goals for their classrooms at the start of each school year.\n\nBy School & System Leaders\n\nSchool and school system leaders review data in the principal and superintendent secure reporting portal, and they use the data to identify and implement strategies to support improvement in struggling schools.\n\nBy the LDOE\n\nThe Department awards funds to schools that persistently struggle overall, and with specific groups of students, to develop improvement plans to better meet the needs of their students. Additionally, schools earning an F rating for four consecutive years are eligible for the Recovery School District.\n\nNext Step: Reporting School Performance Scores\n\nRelease of 2018 School Performance Scores\n\nIn addition to an overall school performance score and letter grade, schools will also receive a score and letter grade for both student performance and student progress.\n\nHOW IS THIS SCHOOL PERFORMING ON PERFORMANCE SCORE METRICS?\n\nSTUDENT PERFORMANCE\n\nD 54.9\n\nView Details\n\nSTUDENT PROGRESS\n\nA 90.9\n\nView Details\n\nNext Step: Transparent Reporting and Support for Struggling Schools\n\n• As part of Louisiana’s Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) plan, struggling schools are required to submit an improvement plan to the Department and an application for funding to support its implementation.\n\n• Struggling schools include:\n • Comprehensive intervention required for persistently low performance overall, and\n • Urgent intervention required for persistently low performance among specific subgroups of students or out-of-school discipline rates.\n\n• Schools with low performance among specific subgroups of students in the current year only will receive the label urgent intervention needed.\n\n• These labels will appear on school report cards in the Louisiana School Finder.\n\nNext Step: Support for Fall Release\n\nThe Department is committed to supporting school system and school leaders in communicating the 2018 school performance scores, and new student progress measure to families and communities.\n\nAt the September Supervisor Collaborations, the Department will provide school system leaders with a toolkit of resources to support these conversations that includes:\n\n- Training presentation for principals to help them prepare for the fall release\n- Customizable presentation for communicating this year’s school system and school performance scores, and Comprehensive and Targeted Intervention designations\n- Social media and website graphics celebrating school growth and Top Gains schools\n- Louisiana Accountability System and Louisiana School Finder flyers for families\n- Animated videos explaining school performance scores, including the new “Student Progress” Index\n</text>\n",
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Inside this Newsletter
Email and Text Notification
Tips to Maintain your Home
Checks
Megan's Law
Be a Respectful Neighbor
Mother's Day
Memorial Day
Things to do
Your Newsletter
Kids Page
Checks
Checks must be written to Steve Oliver not A. Hunter. Rental payments can be made online at: www.ahunter.com For more details see page 3
We are happy to now have the ability to get information to you via text messages and emails. So, if we need to notify you of a "boiled water advisory" or something else going on in your community, we will now be utilizing this new service. It is imperative that we have your cell number or email address on file in order to contact you. Please contact the office or send a note with your rent payments providing us with this information.
New Website
We are excited to be launching our new website within the next 3 months. In addition to being able to pay your rent on line, you will also be able to complete and pay for applications, which will help get your purchasers of homes screened more quickly. We will also make available your quarterly newsletters, events and happenings at your properties, along with a wealth of other information.
Best Home/Lot Monthly Contest
We are looking for the best kept home and lot! We are thrilled to have so many homes and lots that are well maintained. In order to show our appreciation, our inspectors will be looking for those homes each month. The winner will receive a $25 visa gift card and will be announced in the quarterly newsletter.
Tips to Maintain Your Mobile Home
All homes require a good deal of work to remain in optimum condition. The following tips will help when performing routine maintenance, making repairs, and decorating your mobile home.
Keep it Level
Making sure your home is properly leveled is one of the most important issues. Your mobile home will be leveled when it is set up, but over time, it may need to be adjusted. If doors fail to close properly, windows don't fit right, floors squeak, or you notice cracks in walls or ceilings, your home may not be level. Kits are available with instructions that will walk you through this process, or you can call a professional.
Keep Skirting in Good Repair
The skirting around your mobile home is important for energy efficiency and for protecting the belly of the home. Repair holes immediately before they cause further damage. One simple way to repair small holes is to apply tape from the inside and then coat the hole with caulk from the outside. Use a paint scraper to smooth the caulk. Apply more if necessary. Smooth it again, let it dry, and then sand it. Wipe away any sanding residue. You might be able to find colored caulk that is a close match to the existing color of your skirting.
Keep the Exterior Clean
When cleaning the exterior of your mobile home, consider renting or purchasing a power washer to complete the job quickly. If you do, ask for specific instructions from the dealer before using it. You can damage the siding or injure yourself if you don't know what you're doing. Follow all instructions precisely for the best results. You can also purchase a long extension handle to attach to a scrubber or sponge if you like the idea of getting some exercise while cleaning your siding.
Replace or Repair the Underside
One of the most important parts of a mobile home is its underside (underneath) because it protects the insulation, prevents moisture from seeping, and keeps out unwanted pests. To keep your home free from unwanted havoc, regularly inspect and upkeep the underside of your mobile home. Remove the skirting to inspect the underside. For a small hole or slit, use duct tape.
(continued on next page)
Four Mobile Home Roof Repair Tips
A mobile home roof can suffer damage from many causes. One of the most common causes is excessive weather conditions. The type of roof and the amount of damage that a mobile home experiences will determine how much repair work you can do yourself. Here are some tips on repairing your mobile home roof.
Tip 1 – Go to the Professionals
Bring in contractors for estimates. This will give you a framework for the amount of work that needs to be done, what process to follow, and how long the repairs will last.
Tip 2 – Can You Repair it Yourself?
If your mobile home roof is composed of asphalt, the repairs need to be done by a professional.
Tip 3 – Be Specific
If your roof is made from acrylic elastometric covering, it will require 2 coats of roof coating. There are different types of roof coating which vary in price, so make sure to use the correct type for your needs.
Tip 4 – Fill in Holes
For bigger leaks, use glass fiber or melted plastic to repair the holes, then apply silicone sealant. When the holes have been covered, apply a layer of roof paint for added protection.
Checks
Please no post-dated checks
We are receiving a lot of post-dated checks. First, your bank does not allow you to postdate checks. Secondly, with the amount of checks we receive, we cannot possibly check the date of each check coming through our office. Not to mention, the bank doesn't always catch a post-dated check when we make deposits. When we deposit post-dated checks, residents get very upset. Please do not send post-dated checks to the office. We deposit checks a few days after we receive them. If you send a post-dated check, you run the risk of having it cashed before you would like it to be cashed.
Make checks payable to the property
Checks MUST be written to: Steve Oliver not to A. Hunter. If a check is made payable to A. Hunter, it will be returned, which could then cause your rent payment to be late and cause you to incur a late fee. Rental payments can also be made online at www.ahunter.com. You will need to contact the office first. They will help you set up an online payment profile.
Megan's Law
Residents often call to let us know that there is a registered sex offender living in the community and become indignant when we are not able to notify all the other residents of the situation.
Megan's Law strictly prohibits the use of information obtained from their site to deny housing or employment to a registered sex offender. Furthermore, strict penalties are imposed against those who unlawfully use or distribute information obtained
Our rules, which state that a criminal conviction will result in eviction and/or denial of residency, gives us grounds for not admitting a convicted sex offender. But, the rule must be applied to everyone who has a criminal record. We are on the look out for people with criminal convictions and not allowing them to remain in the community and not admitting people with criminal convictions, because we have this rule in place. But, the key is, that the person must be convicted. Being charged is not the same as being convicted.
through these databases.
Any person who copies, distributes, discloses or receives this record or information from it, will be guilty of a misdemeanor,
"Landlords are clearly prohibited from using information obtained from the internet to discriminate against any registered sex offender…"
As a community owner we can only inform you that if you are concerned about this issue, you are encouraged to check the punishable by imprisonment and fines. Actual damages, attorney fees and exemplary damages are also available for the unauthorized use or distribution of this information. Landlords are clearly prohibited from using information obtained from the internet to discriminate against any registered sex offender, including denying tenancy to an applicant or evicting a current resident.
State Police Website on Megan's Law. We are not currently aware of any specifics of any resident in this community being on this site. We are simply informing you of the availability of the site.
Pennsylvania's Megan's Law Website;
www.pameganslaw.state.pa.us
"Any person who uses the information contained herein (on the Megan's Law website) to threaten, intimidate, or harass the registrant or their family, or who otherwise misuses this information, may be subject to criminal prosecution or civil liability." – Megan's Law Website
Be a Respectful Neighbor
Being a respectful neighbor is important for anybody who wants to receive respect in return. Here are some basic tips that you can keep in mind to ensure that you are a respectful and respected neighbor.
Keep your yard and garden tidy
Weed your garden and mow your lawn regularly. Keep your flowerbeds maintained and keep any trees or bushes trimmed. In the fall, collect and dispose of your leaves.
Put your trash out at the right ti the right day Put your trash out at the right time and on the right day
No one wants lots of garbage sitting outside of their home. Be respectful and take out your trash trash according to the local schedule. No one wants lots of garbage sitting outside of their home. Be respectful and take out your
Be aware of your property boundaries
Just as you probably respect your own privacy, you should respect your neighbors' as well. If you have children, be sure that they are aware of property boundaries.
Give them privacy
Be sure to give your neighbor the same level of privacy that you wish to receive from them.
Deal with any problems calmly, face to face
If your neighbor comes to you with a concern, respond calmly and rationally. If you have an
respond calmly and rationally. If you issue with a neighbor, go to them directly and tell them your concerns. Ask for help in finding a solution that works for both of you. (This doesn't necessarily apply if you're concerned for the yourself, your family or the neighborhood. In this situation, you may w have an issue with a neighbor, it's important to go to them directly and tell them your concerns. Ask for help in finding a solution that works for both of you. (This doesn't necessarily
Keep noise levels low
Be mindful about how much noise you are making, especially during early morning and late evening hours.
Give your neighbors notice before parties
If you plan on having a large party, it never hurts to give your neighbor a heads up. Let them know when it's going to start and how long you expect it to go on. Leave them a telephone number to contact if they need to ask you to turn it down.
Curb your pets
When outside with your pet, keep them on a leash (pets may not be left alone outside). Clean up after your dog or cat. If your dog continuously barks while outside, be courteous and take them inside.
apply if you are concerned for your safety or the safety of your family or neighborhood. In this situation, you may want to contact the local officials for assistance.)
Do good deeds
From time to time, check up on your neighbor. Ask how they are doing. If your neighbor is going out of town, consider offering to watch the house or pick up their mail. If your neighbor is sick, consider raking their leaves or mowing their lawn. Your neighbor just might return the favor down the road.
Having a friendly relationship with your neighbor can be very rewarding. Being a good neighbor does take a bit of extra effort, but many find that it is more than worth it.
Mother's Day May 13, 2018
Mother's Day is an annual holiday celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day is a day to recognize and appreciate mothers and mother figures, motherhood, and the contributions that they make to society.
Fun Facts about Mother's Day
* Mother's Day is celebrated in close to 50 countries in different parts of the world.
* In most countries and languages, the word for mother begins with "m".
* Common gifts on Mother's Day include: flowers, dinner/lunch in a restaurant, jewelry, chocolates, clothing and gift cards.
* There are more phone calls made on Mother's Day than on any other day of the year.
* It is the third-largest card-sending holiday.
* It is the busiest day of the year for restaurants.
* Of all the flowers bought for holidays, one quarter are purchased for Mother's Day.
* Research has proven that there are actually health benefits to receiving flowers.
* The consensus from one research study shows that many mothers dream Mother's Day would involve some alone time.
Memorial Day May 28, 2018
Memorial Day is a solemn day of remembrance, honoring the men and women who died while serving in the American Armed forces. It is observed on the last Monday of May. Originally known as Decoration Day, the holiday started after the Civil War to honor the Union and Confederate dead. In 1971, Memorial Day was declared a national holiday. President Ronald Reagan is credited with reviving the practice of honoring Memorial Day. An excerpt from one of his speeches given at Arlington National Cemetery, Memorial Day, 1986: "Today is the day we put aside to remember fallen heroes and to pray that no heroes will ever have to die for us again. It's a day of thanks for the valor of others, a day to remember the splendor of America and those of her children who rest in this cemetery and others. It's a day to be with the family and remember."
Thank you to all our service men and women and their families for their sacrifice.
Things to do
Pennsylvania State Police Museum
Lebanon Rails to Trails
Mon-Fri 9am-4pm, Sat 10am-3pm (seasonal) 187 Hersheypark Dr, Hershey, PA 17033 Love CSI and Law & Order? Then you'll enjoy this museum. See an exhibit on forensics or one about women in the state police. Many exhibits offer interactive elements, plunging you into the center of an investigation. Call 717 534-0565 or visit www.psp-hemc.org
Park at Governor Dick
3283 Pinch Road, Lebanon, PA 17042
Enjoy the trails, with varying levels of difficulty. Climb to the top of the observation tower and enjoy the beautiful view. Call 717 964-3808 or visit www.parkatgovernordick.org for special events and the Environmental Center hours.
Mt. Gretna Roller Rink
Mt. Gretna, PA (Route 117)
Enjoy some good old-fashioned roller skating fun. Pop Music is played at all sessions, except for Saturday evening which is Live Organ Music. For open skate times call 717-964-3631 or visit www.mtgretnarollerrink.com
Running along the corridor of the old CornwallLebanon Railroad, the 14.5-mile trail lets you experience the beauty of farmland and forest, visit landmarks of the area's historical heritage and enjoy the wide array of outdoor recreation. Visit www.lvrailtrail.com for entrance points.
ZooAmerica ®
201 Park Avenue Hershey, PA 17033 From monkeys to bears to birds, this park features a wide range of species and habitats. Watch the bears swim underwater in a water tank or see a Gray Wolf in the Northlands Biome. Call 717 534-3900 or visit www.zooamerica.com for hours, discounted tickets and special events.
Indian Echo Caverns
9-6pm Memorial Day to Labor Day 368 Middletown Rd, Hummelstown, PA 17036 Enjoy a 45 minute guided tour that reveals the stunning natural underground beauty. Every room offers an array of fantastic geological wonders. Free picnic area, playground & petting animals. Visit www.indianechocaverns.com
Your Newsletter
We will be providing you with a Quarterly Newsletter. Let us know if you would prefer an email or hard copy version. Newsletters will come out Spring, Summer, Winter and Fall. This is YOUR Newsletter.
It will be packed with information on the community, kids' contests, and much more. We would also be happy to place your information in the newsletter such as; homes for sale, items for sale,
announcements, etc. We must have your information by the following deadlines to get it included:
Spring Newsletter deadline March 10th -- Print date will be April 1st Summer Newsletter deadline May 10th -- Print date will be June 1st Fall Newsletter deadline August 10th -- Print date will be September 1st Winter Newsletter deadline November 10th -- Print date will be December 1st
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Inside this Newsletter
Email and Text Notification
Tips to Maintain your Home
Checks
Megan's Law
Be a Respectful Neighbor
Mother's Day
Memorial Day
Things to do
Your Newsletter
Kids Page
Checks
Checks must be written to Steve Oliver not A. Hunter. Rental payments can be made online at: www.ahunter.com For more details see page 3
We are happy to now have the ability to get information to you via text messages and emails. So, if we need to notify you of a "boiled water advisory" or something else going on in your community, we will now be utilizing this new service. It is imperative that we have your cell number or email address on file in order to contact you. Please contact the office or send a note with your rent payments providing us with this information.
New Website
We are excited to be launching our new website within the next 3 months. In addition to being able to pay your rent on line, you will also be able to complete and pay for applications, which will help get your purchasers of homes screened more quickly. We will also make available your quarterly newsletters, events and happenings at your properties, along with a wealth of other information.
Best Home/Lot Monthly Contest
We are looking for the best kept home and lot! We are thrilled to have so many homes and lots that are well maintained. In order to show our appreciation, our inspectors will be looking for those homes each month. The winner will receive a $25 visa gift card and will be announced in the quarterly newsletter.
Tips to Maintain Your Mobile Home
All homes require a good deal of work to remain in optimum condition. The following tips will help when performing routine maintenance, making repairs, and decorating your mobile home.
Keep it Level
Making sure your home is properly leveled is one of the most important issues. Your mobile home will be leveled when it is set up, but over time, it may need to be adjusted. If doors fail to close properly, windows don't fit right, floors squeak, or you notice cracks in walls or ceilings, your home may not be level. Kits are available with instructions that will walk you through this process, or you can call a professional.
Keep Skirting in Good Repair
The skirting around your mobile home is important for energy efficiency and for protecting the belly of the home. Repair holes immediately before they cause further damage. One simple way to repair small holes is to apply tape from the inside and then coat the hole with caulk from the outside. Use a paint scraper to smooth the caulk. Apply mo
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Inside this Newsletter
Email and Text Notification
Tips to Maintain your Home
Checks
Megan's Law
Be a Respectful Neighbor
Mother's Day
Memorial Day
Things to do
Your Newsletter
Kids Page
Checks
Checks must be written to Steve Oliver not A. Hunter. Rental payments can be made online at: www.ahunter.com For more details see page 3
We are happy to now have the ability to get information to you via text messages and emails. So, if we need to notify you of a "boiled water advisory" or something else going on in your community, we will now be utilizing this new service. It is imperative that we have your cell number or email address on file in order to contact you. Please contact the office or send a note with your rent payments providing us with this information.
New Website
We are excited to be launching our new website within the next 3 months. In addition to being able to pay your rent on line, you will also be able to complete and pay for applications, which will help get your purchasers of homes screened more quickly. We will also make available your quarterly newsletters, events and happenings at your properties, along with a wealth of other information.
Best Home/Lot Monthly Contest
We are looking for the best kept home and lot! We are thrilled to have so many homes and lots that are well maintained. In order to show our appreciation, our inspectors will be looking for those homes each month. The winner will receive a $25 visa gift card and will be announced in the quarterly newsletter.
Tips to Maintain Your Mobile Home
All homes require a good deal of work to remain in optimum condition. The following tips will help when performing routine maintenance, making repairs, and decorating your mobile home.
Keep it Level
Making sure your home is properly leveled is one of the most important issues. Your mobile home will be leveled when it is set up, but over time, it may need to be adjusted. If doors fail to close properly, windows don't fit right, floors squeak, or you notice cracks in walls or ceilings, your home may not be level. Kits are available with instructions that will walk you through this process, or you can call a professional.
Keep Skirting in Good Repair
The skirting around your mobile home is important for energy efficiency and for protecting the belly of the home. Repair holes immediately before they cause further damage. One simple way to repair small holes is to apply tape from the inside and then coat the hole with caulk from the outside. Use a paint scraper to smooth the caulk. Apply mo<cursor_is_here>
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Virtual Visits to Colleagues' Classes
Faculty Focus on Teaching
guidebook
Introduction
Faculty Focus on Teaching is a collaborative effort of faculty at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) to develop and share pedagogic insights, ambitions, and techniques. This project, which began in the fall of 2010, uses inventive video strategies, a dedicated website, and face-to-face meetings, to foster a professional community for learning about teaching.
We hope this guide will help to:
» » advance the innovative work on teaching at HGSE
» » share the fruits of this effort, and the underlying approach, with colleagues in other Harvard schools
» » convey the theory and procedures underpinning this work in a form that can eventually be disseminated to other universities.
CONTENTS
History of the Project
In the summer of 2010, Dean Kathleen McCartney asked Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt to lead an initiative to support and enhance teaching at HGSE. Joe recruited the assistance of the School's Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, with enthusiastic support from Chair Susan Moore Johnson and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Matt Miller.
The Committee compiled a list of approximately 15 pedagogical challenges that arise in our classes. At a meeting of the full HGSE faculty, Joe asked colleagues to rank order, via a paper ballot, the three challenges from this list that they would most like to explore. The first priority proved to be "conducting deep and highly interactive discussions in large classes." Subsequent Focus on Teaching topics have included engaging students in active learning during class time, and the appropriate and effective use of lectures.
Joe decided to use documentary video, a website, and faculty discussion meetings as core mechanisms for the Focus on Teaching initiative. He produced the first video example in late November, 2010. The Focus on Teaching website now contains eight diverse examples of pedagogy — typically two cases are added each semester — and we have held several faculty meetings each year to view and discuss these examples.
Project Rationale: The Advantages of Using Video
Previous experience at HGSE revealed that faculty find it difficult to schedule and carry out classroom visits to observe one another's teaching. From a pragmatic standpoint, therefore, the use of video enables "virtual visits" that can take place at individual faculty members' convenience.
But beyond this practical aspect, video provides many other advantages. Here is a brief summary of benefits we have observed:
» » Many people can participate in a video visit at the same time, which would otherwise be difficult without disrupting a class session.
» » A video recording provides a permanent resource for the HGSE community, including those unable to attend discussion meetings and those who join the faculty in future years.
» » Because video playback can be paused and is infinitely repeatable, we can conduct close study of specific moments and interactions, listening for every nuance and even "zooming in" on students' facial expressions.
» » Selecting a limited-length video clip gives us a shared text for discussions, and concentrates our attention on the most pedagogically interesting material. An HGSE faculty colleague participating in a Focus on Teaching discussion session commented: "I sat in on this same class session, right there in the room the whole time — but I saw so much more watching the ten-minute video clip!"
» » In discussion sessions, video fuels perceptive questions and thoughtful responses because participants can readily refer to concrete examples.
» » Our discussions afford reassurance to participants that even experienced faculty members are wrestling with teaching challenges. Gradually these sessions create a feeling of support, and generate an active network of peer "consultants" — empowering participants to take the risk of changing their pedagogic behavior.
» » From a cognitive science perspective, seeing the actual teaching behavior — and being able to replay it and observe how students responded — enhances the modeling effect. Over time, as we review the video, we become able to grasp more deeply a particular pedagogic approach, to extract it from specific course content and imagine how to transfer it to our own teaching settings.
» » Putting the video on a website enables us to add important contextual material, such as assigned readings, handouts, and slides.
» » The website also provides a place for reflective commentary from the instructor (as explained in a later section of this guide.)
Foundations from Research: Learning Theory and Cognitive Science
Cultivating Authentic Learning
Research on the professional development needs of experienced faculty indicates that faculty members value exploring practice-centered and complex teaching problems, particularly in conversation with peers who have similar levels of experience and who also value good teaching (Huston and Weaver, 2008). Faculty members prefer to talk about problems that are specific to courses being taught within their institution and to find out how their colleagues teach.
Research also points to the benefits of faculty observing videos of their colleagues rather than videos of unknown educators teaching in an unfamiliar setting (Borko et al., 2008). Having faculty pay attention to a familiar teaching context enhances the possibility of making connections between what they are viewing and their own teaching practice.
These findings also reflect the more general principle of the value of promoting "authentic" learning experiences (Perkins, 2009) — learning experiences that pay attention to real-world, complex issues and typically involve collaborative learning within a community of learners. Likewise, research and situated learning theory point to the social nature of learning and the important role that learning communities can play in terms of promoting professional knowledge and practice (Borko et al., 2008; Brophy, 2004).
Promoting Transformational Learning
"Instrumental" learning involves technical or practical knowledge; "transformative" learning, which is more powerful, involves questioning our usual thinking and experiencing a shift in perspective (Mezirow, 1991 and 2000). On one level the Focus on Teaching project supports instrumental learning among faculty in that it exposes them to new teaching techniques they can straightforwardly add to their existing repertoire.
However, on another level our initiative promotes more profound learning. Watching a video together can cultivate an analytic approach toward teaching in ways not normally possible in everyday practice. Stepping outside of the constraints and pressures of teaching can help faculty to imagine new ways of doing things and to explore different options for dealing with pedagogic dilemmas (Brophy, 2004, p. 14).
Fostering a Community of Learners
While faculty could presumably benefit from watching the videos in isolation, transformational learning is often best done through discourse. Listening to others' views and ideas can make faculty members think about their own practice in a new light (Cranton and King, 2003) and help them gain new insights by comparing their own practice to those of others.
A substantial body of scholarship has shown how "communities of practice" help participants develop both working knowledge and professional identities (e.g., Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989; Viskovic, 2006; Wenger, 1998); and how institutions can help create and support these collaborative ways of working (Becker and Andrews, 2011; Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder, 2002). Such communities have been shown to enhance student learning and to promote instructors' understanding and interest in work around teaching and learning (Benjamin, 2000; Cox, 2003 and 2004; Nugent, et al., 2008; Smith, et al., 2008).
Our videos and faculty gatherings create collaborative spaces in which the largely tacit knowledge and skills of teachers are made "visible" objects for analysis and discussion. In viewing and discussing the videos together, techniques and ways of talking about teaching are modeled and practiced, and teaching dispositions are created and cultivated (Cox, 2004; Ritchhart and Perkins, 2008). Such faculty collaborations help make departments or schools into learning organizations. Indeed, when individuals' knowledge is shared and distributed, the organization itself becomes more innovative, flexible, and mission-focused (TschannenMoran, Uline, Hoy, and Mackley, 2000).
It is worth noting that some areas of the academy have historically found it challenging to motivate faculty to engage in professional development around their teaching (Bouwma-Gearhart, 2012). Making sessions convivial and a chance to connect with colleagues enhances their appeal.
Procedures:
How to Create Focus on Teaching Materials
Overview
The Faculty Focus on Teaching approach begins with pinpointing a specific challenge that a group of faculty choose to tackle. We then identify examples of relevant teaching practices in use by highly-rated instructors. We capture that pedagogy in action by video recording an entire class session (typically two or three hours). Then we select one or at most two short segments of the video recording, totaling approximately ten minutes; we conduct a follow-up interview with the instructor; and we post the products on a dedicated website.
Periodically faculty members gather to view and react to the video. These discussions result in sharing a repertoire of effective teaching behaviors. They also spark deep inquiry into the purposes and limitations of a wide variety of teaching strategies. The videos and associated materials remain available on the website for review, and for new faculty orientation.
Step-by-Step Process
These are the essential ingredients of the approach we have developed to improve teaching practice at HGSE:
During meetings of the full HGSE faculty, in response to a long list of potential topics, we collectively select an area in which to concentrate our efforts. For example, as mentioned above, the first topic we tackled was "leading deep, highly interactive discussions in large (> 50 student) classes." The full list of topics we have considered is available in Appendix A.
By soliciting student recommendations, combing through course evaluations, and sharing observations among members of the Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, we identify a few colleagues who are especially gifted in carrying out the chosen skill.
We meet with each of these colleagues individually to enlist their participation in the Focus on Teaching project. To date no faculty member has declined this request.
We visit each selected course to get an advance sense for how the instructor runs the class, determine what kinds of student participation may occur, and assess the classroom as a physical environment for recording.
In consultation with the instructor, we pinpoint a session of the course that is likely to display the pedagogy of interest.
We record this session, using multiple video cameras. (What we have learned about how to determine the best video recording strategy is described in a later section of this guide.)
From the full-length class video, we select an uninterrupted segment (stumbles, missteps, and all), approximately ten minutes long. We then insert shots of student participants, student reactions, and closeups of the instructor.
Throughout the editing process we adhere to a core policy, fundamental to the entire Focus on Teaching concept: any editing is limited to synchronous footage from other cameras. In other words, we maintain a strictly real-time portrayal of the class session.
We show the clip to the instructor and interview her or him about general reactions to the video, the overall strategy for the class session, the rationale for various teaching moves, moments of elation and disappointment, reflections and recommendations for others, and goals for personal improvement. We ask: What were the goals for this portion of class? To what extent were they met? What do you see and hear in the students' contributions and behavior? What might you do differently in the future?
We put the video clip on the Focus on Teaching website, along with excerpts from the instructor interview, which we post in both audio and text formats.
The website also features contextual materials, such as directions students receive before the session, the instructor's lesson plan, and relevant visuals used during the session, such as PowerPoint slides, online videos, and other resources.
We invite colleagues to view the video and other online elements, and then to gather for an informal discussion of insights, ideas, and techniques that could be transferred to different teaching contexts. These faculty gatherings are structured to promote interaction: we (re-)view the video together; have a short period during which the featured instructor answers questions; then share reactions to strategies and methods we perceive in the video (during which time the featured instructor remains quiet); and finally segue into an open discussion of pedagogic ideas and reflections sparked by the conversation.
In essence, we begin with close analysis of a video segment, and end by treating the video as a trigger or stimulus for a wide-ranging discussion — a conversation that helps each of us to understand better what we do in class, and to assess the potential utility of strategies and approaches that we have not previously encountered or considered.
The video, other materials, and notes from the discussion remain on the Focus website, where they are available for review — and, importantly, where they may be examined by new members when they join the HGSE faculty.
Production Considerations
Video and Audio Recording
We have investigated how different recording strategies — including the number of cameras, placement of cameras and microphones, and role of the video director — affect the usefulness of the resulting video. We also wanted to find out whether it is possible to economize on the relatively expensive process of video editing by using "live switching" techniques.
A key consideration is deciding whether to use in-house media staff (such as HGSE's Learning Technologies Center) or to hire professional videographers and other crew. This decision has implications for quality, cost, and editorial workload. The following table summarizes these factors:
Planning the Shoot
A reconnaissance trip is essential prior to recording a class. There are many things to look out for, including:
Visuals
» » What is the general landscape/layout of the room? What are the implications for camera shots and the mobility of cameras? Are hand-held cameras going to be necessary? Will there be room for a camera on a dolly?
» » What are students going to be doing and where will they be positioned? Will the instructor be stationary or moving around? For example, a large class in an amphitheater is a very different scenario from a small seminar-style class in a confined space.
» » What kinds of editing techniques are going to be possible given the constraints of the space? Is there room for an equipment bank to do live switching?
» » Given the expected positioning of the cameras, what will be the sight lines for filming? Will there be likely blind spots?
» » Is there a seating area for students who choose not to appear in the recording
Sound
In many ways sound is the more essential aspect of the recording process: good audio is essential for capturing student interactions.
» » Is it possible to patch into existing sound systems?
» » Are wireless microphones going to be the best option for sound?
» » Are there distracting background sounds such as air conditioning units?
» » Will it be possible to fix clamps on to the ceiling tiles to hold microphones?
Logistics
» » What is the availability of the room prior to the class for the set-up process?
» » If there is a class in the room before the one to be recorded, is it possible to ask the instructor to relocate that class, or will set-up have to occur before the earlier class begins?
» » Will the building be open early enough to set up? Will it be necessary to arrange and pay for security to open the building early or to keep it open unusually late?
» » How rapid will the breaking down of equipment need to be? Will there be problems if another class is coming in immediately after the class you are recording?
Permissions
Announce plans for the recording during the reconnaissance visit. Make clear to students what will be entailed on the production day, and what uses will be made of the recording. Students should be given the option of sitting in a section of the classroom that will not be captured on camera.
During the Shoot
Even when using multiple cameras, some important decisions about coverage need to be made in the moment, during the recording of a class. For example, consider the situation in which the instructor asks students to work in small groups:
» » Only some of the groups can be recorded — the director has to make choices.
» » It may be more effective to remove a camera from the tripod and shoot a group close-up — but the resulting video may be less steady.
» » Does the camera follow the instructor's interaction with small groups, or focus on student groups that are working independently?
It is essential for a member of the team to take notes during the class, recording every change in speaker and noting the clock time. This is a key step in making the editing process more efficient.
Editing
Our goal in editing is to select one or two clips from the class, with a total running time of no more than ten or eleven minutes. Choosing the section(s) to use is the most critical decision in the entire process — but the requirement to keep the viewing time brief is essential to the success of the whole venture. Faculty will not sit through long video clips. Moreover, shorter clips help to keep the follow-up discussion more tightly focused and productive.
We also insist on not editing a clip internally. Our model is to present authentic segments of classroom time, complete with stumbles, false starts, and missed opportunities. It is this policy of no internal editing that makes the Faculty Focus on Teaching videos a fair substitute for classroom visits. Ultimately, the goal in choosing a clip is to promote faculty discussion and professional development; it is not necessarily to present individual faculty members in the best possible light.
In fact, as we have argued above, watching the video clips is in some ways better than a live classroom visit. Using multiple cameras, and combining the images — in real time, with no elisions — allows us to see what is happening in the class from more perspectives, and in more close-up view, than a human visitor would find possible.
Questions to consider in making a selection of one or two clips, totaling ten minutes or a bit more, from a class that may last as long as three hours:
» » Which section illustrates most effectively the pedagogy of interest for the targeted challenge or theme?
» » Which section is the "richest" in terms of the variety of classroom moves and responses taking place?
» » Which section is likely to be most useful or informative for other faculty members?
» » Which section is likely to promote an interesting discussion among faculty?
» » Will two shorter sections better serve discussion purposes than one longer section?
We have followed two approaches for integrating the multiple camera images: live-switching at the time of recording, and combining separate ("isolated") camera feeds in post-production. The live-switching scenario requires additional equipment, a technical director, and an audio mixing technician at the time of recording in order to select sources and direct the camera operators. Editing in post-production requires extensive work to import, select, and edit the raw footage from up to three cameras. Surprisingly, the cost proves to be almost exactly the same for both editorial approaches.
The following table summarizes the features of these two approaches:
Interviewing the Instructor
We show the selected video clip(s) to the instructor and confirm permission to use them for the project.
Then we record an audio-only interview with the faculty member, reflecting on the specific segments, as well as on his or her teaching
approach in general. Using audio only creates a more relaxed atmosphere than video tends to do.
The interviews are conducted in a conversational style and are fairly free flowing. However, we always prepare a list of questions, trying to anticipate what other faculty members will want to know. An example of planned questions for an interview is available in Appendix B.
We transcribe the interview in full, and then select the most informative and most reflective segments to post on the site. Some of these interview excerpts help set the stage for the video, and are placed before the video on the website; others presume the user has seen the video, and are presented after the clips.
Visitors to the website can choose to listen to audio excerpts from the interview, or to read text transcripts of these extracts.
The Website
The online page for each class includes the following elements:
» » a short introduction, outlining the subject of the course and the place of this class in the course sequence
» » interview excerpts that set the stage for the video
» » relevant materials, such as slides used during the class, handouts, the instructor's lesson plan, and, in some cases, selected readings assigned for this session
» » video segment(s)
» » interview excerpts in which the instructor reflects on the video segment
The Faculty Focus on Teaching website is based on the iCommons standard iSite platform — though a shift to a newer Harvard-standard platform is planned in the near future. The site requires only a modest level of editorial management and monitoring, though the scale of that task will grow as we add blogging and wiki features to facilitate idea sharing among faculty participants.
Evaluation
As a direct result of the Focus on Teaching activities, HGSE faculty members are becoming familiar with a broader range of strategies for engaging students in class and promoting their learning. Many of us are trying new approaches and new techniques, and discovering for ourselves whether ideas that surface in the Faculty Focus on Teaching discussion sessions prove to be useful tools in our own classes.
We have a few measures of this activity. More than half the full-time faculty have attended at least one of the Focus on Teaching discussion sessions. Several of these sessions have drawn more than 20 faculty participants. There is a steady flow of anecdotal reports about planning class sessions more carefully and inventively, about trying new techniques, and about one-to-one consulting on pedagogic challenges and opportunities.
In the fall of 2013 we plan to conduct a survey of HGSE faculty regarding their experiences of the Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative.
Summary
By way of summary, we would like to highlight three key points:
The Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative is a promising vehicle for bringing faculty together to learn from one another, and inspire one another, in the pursuit of effective teaching strategies and techniques.
This effort is based on an explicit theory of action: the best, perhaps the only, way university faculty will choose to work on improving their teaching is when they can see, discuss, and evaluate teaching moves practiced by colleagues, in class settings that closely match their own.
The Faculty Focus on Teaching methodology represents a low-threshold approach toward professional development — one which engages faculty participants who have previously given little thought to their teaching skills — while at the same time the design affords deep and lasting learning for participants who are already committed to reflective practice.
Acknowledgements
The Faculty Focus on Teaching project began with internal funding from the HGSE Dean's Office. We have undertaken significant expansion of the project thanks to a generous grant from the Harvard Initiative on Learning and Teaching (HILT). We would like to express particular gratitude to Erin Driver-Linn and Brooke Pulitzer for their support.
The Focus on Teaching project is led by HGSE Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt, who is also the producer and director of the videos and website. The HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction provides valuable guidance, as does HGSE Associate Dean Matt Miller.
Much of the initial video and website work was performed by Susan Geddis Eppling, Instructional Media Developer, with the enthusiastic support of Kristin Lofblad Sullivan, Manager of Instructional Technology, both of HGSE's Learning Technologies Center.
Essential assistance in documenting the project and creating this guidebook was provided by HGSE instructor and researcher Liz Dawes Duraisingh.
This guidebook was designed by Opus Design.
Bibliography of Research Cited
Becker, W. E. & Andrews, M. L. (2011). The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: Contributions of research universities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Benjamin, J. (2000). The scholarship of teaching in teams: What does it look like in practice? Higher Education Research & Development, 19 (2): 191-204.
Borko, H., Jacobs, J., Eiteljorg, E., & Pittman, M. E. (2008). Video as a tool for fostering productive discussions in mathematics professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24 (2), 417-436.
Bouwma-Gearhart, J. (2012). Research university STEM faculty members' motivation to engage in teaching professional development: Building the choir through an appeal to extrinsic motivation and ego. Journal of Science Education & Technology, 21 (5), 558-570.
Brophy, J. (Ed.). (2004). Using video in teacher education. Boston: Elsevier.
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18 (1), 32-42.
Cox, M. D. (2003). Fostering the scholarship of teaching through faculty learning communities. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 14 (2/3), 161-198.
Cox, M. D. (2004). Introduction to faculty learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 97, 5-23.
Cranton, P., & King, K. P. (2003). Transformative learning as a professional development goal. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education Special Issue: New Perspectives on Designing and Implementing Professional Development of Teachers of Adults, 98, 31-38.
Huston, T., & Weaver, C. L. (2008). Peer coaching: Professional development for experienced faculty. Innovative Higher Education, 33 (1), 5-20.
Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nugent, J. S., Martin, R. R., Smith, F. G., Rhodes, J. A., Zander, M. J., & Carter, T. J. (2008). Exploring faculty learning communities: Building connections among teaching, learning, and technology. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20 (1), 51-58.
Perkins, D. N. (2009). Making learning whole: How seven principles of teaching can transform education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Ritchhart, R. & Perkins, D. (2008). Making thinking visible. Educational Leadership, 65 (5), 57-61.
Smith, T. R., McGowan, J., Allen, A. R., Johnson, W. D., Dickson, Jr., L. A., Najeeullah, M. A., & Peters, M. (2008). Evaluating the impact of a faculty learning community on STEM teaching and learning. Journal of Negro Education, 77 (3), 203-226.
Tschannen-Moran, M., Uline, C., Hoy, A. W., & Mackley, T. (2000). Creating smarter schools through collaboration. Journal of Educational Administration, 38 (3), 247 — 272.
Viskovic, A. (2006). Becoming a tertiary teacher: Learning in communities of practice. Higher Education Research & Development, 25 (4), 323-339.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Appendix A
Topics proposed by the HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction for Faculty Focus on Teaching treatment.
» » Conducting classroom discussions on challenging issues, and encouraging students to express diverse views related to race, ethnicity, and gender
» » Adapting or re-thinking pedagogy when class size jumps from small to medium or from medium to large
» » Broadening attention to diversity in class discussions to include dimensions of politics, religion, and sexual orientation
» » Using technology more ambitiously and effectively, during class and between class sessions
» » Facilitating deep and highly interactive discussions, especially in large classes
» » Encouraging students to produce original work, in an era when intellectual property is an increasingly fuzzy concept and in a world where some cultures hold different concepts of originality and plagiarism
» » Viewing (edited) video recordings of "master classes," taught by faculty colleagues, and engaging in debriefing and discussion about pedagogical choices
» » Giving feedback on written work in ways that advance student learning
» » Supporting students in carrying out small-group work, especially in project-oriented courses
» » Giving voice in discussions to students who are shy, slower to speak, or whose first language is not English; and finding ways to limit those who speak easily, so they do not dominate
» » Fine-tuning instruction to meet the needs of students with different degrees of prior professional experience in education
» » Integrating more extensive international examples, data, and perspectives into courses
» » Deciding when to let lively discussions trump lesson plans, and coping with the repercussions (falling behind, dealing with disgruntled students)
» » Learning from faculty colleagues with special expertise in particular subjects
Appendix B
Sample of planned questions from an instructor interview. The interview should be tied to the specific course and video segments; this sample is intended just to illustrate the kind of preparation and specificity that contribute to a successful interview:
1. What were your intentions in this class? In two parts:
» » How did you hope students would respond?
» » What did you intend for them to learn?
2. How do you think the students fared, in terms of these two criteria?:
» » performance in discussion
» » learning
3. How do you try to ensure that your learning objectives are met?
» » upfront framing
» » lecturette at end
» » new questions
» » "say more about …"
4. You move around the classroom a lot. In what ways is this strategic? tactical?
» » e.g., moving close to a student you are questioning; or to a student who has made an unpopular comment
» » moving behind students
» » sitting down
5. What are some techniques for getting students to "take a stand"? When does feeding a provocation become putting words in their mouth?
6. How do you decide between calling on students who haven't yet spoken versus calling on someone you are pretty sure will advance the case discussion in a helpful way?
7. How important are the physical dimensions?
» » Body language?
» » Facial expressions?
» » Humor?
To what extent are you "acting" to elicit response?
8. How do you respond when a student says something that is offensive to other students, e.g., a racially charged comment?
9. What are the advantages and the risks of using the case method when you are addressing core issues such as equity?
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Virtual Visits to Colleagues' Classes
Faculty Focus on Teaching
guidebook
Introduction
Faculty Focus on Teaching is a collaborative effort of faculty at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) to develop and share pedagogic insights, ambitions, and techniques. This project, which began in the fall of 2010, uses inventive video strategies, a dedicated website, and face-to-face meetings, to foster a professional community for learning about teaching.
We hope this guide will help to:
» » advance the innovative work on teaching at HGSE
» » share the fruits of this effort, and the underlying approach, with colleagues in other Harvard schools
» » convey the theory and procedures underpinning this work in a form that can eventually be disseminated to other universities.
CONTENTS
History of the Project
In the summer of 2010, Dean Kathleen McCartney asked Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt to lead an initiative to support and enhance teaching at HGSE. Joe recruited the assistance of the School's Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, with enthusiastic support from Chair Susan Moore Johnson and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Matt Miller.
The Committee compiled a list of approximately 15 pedagogical challenges that arise in our classes. At a meeting of the full HGSE faculty, Joe asked colleagues to rank order, via a paper ballot, the three challenges from this list that they would most like to explore. The first priority proved to be "conducting deep and highly interactive discussions in large classes." Subsequent Focus on Teaching topics have included engaging students in active learning during class time, and the appropriate and effective use of lectures.
Joe decided to use documentary video, a website, and faculty discussion meetings as core mechanisms for the Focus on Teaching initiative. He produced the first video example in late November, 2010. The Focus on Teaching website now contains eight diverse examples of pedagogy — typically two cases are added each semester — and we have held several faculty meetings each year to view and discuss these examples.
Project Rationale: The Advantages of Using Video
Previous experience at HGSE revealed that faculty find it difficult to schedule and carry out classroom visits to observe one another's teaching. From a pragmatic standpoint, therefore, the use of video enables "virtual visits" that can take place at individual faculty members' convenience.
But beyond this practical aspect, video provides many other advantages. Here is a brief summary of benefits we have observed:
» » Many people can participate in a video visit at the same time, which would otherwise be difficult without disrupting a class session.
» » A video recording provides a permanent resource for the HGSE community, including those unable to attend discussion meetings and those who join the faculty in future years.
» » Because video playback can be paused and is infinitely repeatable, we can conduct close study of specific moments and interactions, listening for every nuance and even "zooming in" on students' facial expressions.
» » Selecting a limited-length video clip gives us a shared text for discussions, and concentrates our attention on the most pedagogically interesting material. An HGSE faculty colleague participating in a Focus on Teaching discussion session commented: "I sat in on this same class session, right there in the room the whole time — but I saw so much more watching the ten-minute video clip!"
» » In discussion sessions, video fuels perceptive questions and thoughtful responses because participants can readily refer to concrete examples.
» » Our discussions afford reassurance to participants that even experienced faculty members are wrestling with teaching challenges. Gradually these sessions create a feeling of support, and generate an active network of peer "consultants" — empowering participants to take the risk of changing their pedagogic behavior.
» » From a cognitive science perspective, seeing the actual teaching behavior — and being able to replay it and observe how students responded — enhances the modeling effect. Over time, as we review the video, we become able to grasp more deeply a particular pedagogic approach, to extract it from specific course content and imagine how to transfer it to our own teaching settings.
» » Putting the video on a website enables us to add important contextual material, such as assigned readings, handouts, and slides.
» » The website also provides a place for reflective commentary from the instructor (as explained in a later section of this guide.)
Foundations from Research: Learning Theory and Cognitive Science
Cultivating Authentic Learning
Research on the professional development needs of experienced faculty indicates that faculty members value exploring practice-centered and complex teaching problems, particularly in conversation with peers who have similar levels of experience and who also value good teaching (Huston and Weaver, 2008). Faculty members prefer to talk about problems that are specific to courses being taught within their institution and to find out how their colleagues teach.
Research also points to the benefits of faculty observing videos of their colleagues rather than videos of unknown educators teaching in an unfamiliar setting (Borko et al., 2008). Having faculty pay attention to a familiar teaching context enhances the possibility of making connections between what they are viewing and their own teaching practice.
These findings also reflect the more general principle of the value of promoting "authentic" learning experiences (Perkins, 2009) — learning experiences that pay attention to real-world, complex issues and typically involve collaborative learning within a community of learners. Likewise, research and situated learning theory point to the social nature of learning and the important role that learning communities can play in terms of promoting professional knowledge and practice (Borko et al., 2008; Brophy, 2004).
Promoting Transformational Learning
"Instrumental" learning involves technical or practical knowledge; "transformative" learning, which is more powerful, involves questioning our usual thinking and experiencing a shift in perspective (Mezirow, 1991 and 2000). On one level the Focus on Teaching project supports instrumental learning among faculty in that it exposes them to new teaching techniques they can straightforwardly add to their existing repertoire.
However, on another level our initiative promotes more profound learning. Watching a video together can cultivate an analytic approach toward teaching in ways not normally possible in everyday practice. Stepping outside of the constraints and pressures of teaching can help faculty to imagine new ways of doing things and to explore different options for dealing with pedagogic dilemmas (Brophy, 2004, p. 14).
Fostering a Community of Learners
While faculty could presumably benefit from watching the videos in isolation, transformational learning is often best done through discourse. Listening to others' views and ideas can make faculty members think about their own practice in a new light (Cranton and King, 2003) and help them gain new insights by comparing their own practice to those of others.
A substantial body of scholarship has shown how "communities of practice" help participants develop both working knowledge and professional identities (e.g., Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989; Viskovic, 2006; Wenger, 1998); and how institutions can help create and support these collaborative ways of working (Becker and Andrews, 2011; Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder, 2002). Such communities have been shown to enhance student learning and to promote instructors' understanding and interest in work around teaching and learning (Benjamin, 2000; Cox, 2003 and 2004; Nugent, et al., 2008; Smith, et al., 2008).
Our videos and faculty gatherings create collaborative spaces in which the largely tacit knowledge and skills of teachers are made "visible" objects for analysis and discussion. In viewing and discussing the videos together, techniques and ways of talking about teaching are modeled and practiced, and teaching dispositions are created and cultivated (Cox, 2004; Ritchhart and Perkins, 2008). Such faculty collaborations help make departments or schools into learning organizations. Indeed, when individuals' knowledge is shared and distributed, the organization itself becomes more innovative, flexible, and mission-focused (TschannenMoran, Uline, Hoy, and Mackley, 2000).
It is worth noting that some areas of the academy have historically found it challenging to motivate faculty to engage in professional development around their teaching (Bouwma-Gearhart, 2012). Making sessions convivial and a chance to connect with colleagues enhances their appeal.
Procedures:
How to Create Focus on Teaching Materials
Overview
The Faculty Focus on Teaching approach begins with pinpointing a specific challenge that a group of faculty choose to tackle. We then identify examples of relevant teaching practices in use by highly-rated instructors. We capture that pedagogy in action by video recording an entire class session (typically two or three hours). Then we select one or at most two short segments of the video recording, totaling approximately ten minutes; we conduct a follow-up interview with the instructor; and we post the products on a dedicated website.
Periodically faculty members gather to view and react to the video. These discussions result in sharing a repertoire of effective teaching behaviors. They also spark deep inquiry into the purposes and limitations of a wide variety of teaching strategies. The videos and associated materials remain available on the website for review, and for new faculty orientation.
Step-by-Step Process
These are the essential ingredients of the approach we have developed to improve teaching practice at HGSE:
During meetings of the full HGSE faculty, in response to a long list of potential topics, we collectively select an area in which to concentrate our efforts. For example, as mentioned above, the first topic we tackled was "leading deep, highly interactive discussions in large (> 50 student) classes." The full list of topics we have considered is available in Appendix A.
By soliciting student recommendations, combing through course evaluations, and sharing observations among members of the Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, we identify a few colleagues who are especially gifted in carrying out the chosen skill.
We meet with each of these colleagues individually to enlist their participation in the Focus on Teaching project. To date no faculty member has declined this request.
We visit each selected course to get an advance sense for how the instructor runs the class, determine what kinds of student participation may occur, and assess the classroom as a physical environment for recording.
In consultation with the instructor, we pinpoint a session of the course that is likely to display the pedagogy of interest.
We record this session, using multiple video cameras. (What we have learned about how to determine the best video recording strategy is described in a later section of this guide.)
From the full-length class video, we select an uninterrupted segment (stumbles, missteps, and all), approximately ten minutes long. We then insert shots of student participants, student reactions, and closeups of the instructor.
Throughout the editing process we adhere to a core policy, fundamental to the entire Focus on Teaching concept: any editing is limited to synchronous footage from other cameras. In other words, we maintain a strictly real-time portrayal of the class session.
We show the clip to the instructor and interview her or him about general reactions to the video, the overall strategy for the class session, the rationale for various teaching moves, moments of elation and disappointment, reflections and recommendations for others, and goals for personal improvement. We ask: What were the goals for this portion of class? To what extent were they met? What do you see and hear in the students' contributions and behavior? What might you do differently in the future?
We put the video clip on the Focus on Teaching website, along with excerpts from the instructor interview, which we post in both audio and text formats.
The website also features contextual materials, such as directions students receive before the session, the instructor's lesson plan, and relevant visuals used during the session, such as PowerPoint slides, online videos, and other resources.
We invite colleagues to view the video and other online elements, and then to gather for an informal discussion of insights, ideas, and techniques that could be transferred to different teaching contexts. These faculty gatherings are structured to promote interaction: we (re-)view the video together; have a short period during which the featured instructor answers questions; then share reactions to strategies and methods we perceive in the video (during which time the featured instructor remains quiet); and finally segue into an open discussion of pedagogic ideas and reflections sparked by the conversation.
In essence, we begin with close analysis of a video segment, and end by treating the video as a trigger or stimulus for a wide-ranging discussion — a conversation that helps each of us to understand better what we do in class, and to assess the potential utility of strategies and approaches that we have not previously encountered or considered.
The video, other materials, and notes from the discussion remain on the Focus website, where they are available for review — and, importantly, where they may be examined by new members when they join the HGSE faculty.
Production Considerations
Video and Audio Recording
We have investigated how different recording strategies — including the number of cameras, placement of cameras and microphones, and role of the video director — affect the usefulness of the resulting video. We also wanted to find out whether it is possible to economize on the relatively expensive process of video editing by using "live switching" techniques.
A key consideration is deciding whether to use in-house media staff (such as HGSE's Learning Technologies Center) or to hire professional videographers and other crew. This decision has implications for quality, cost, and editorial workload. The following table summarizes these factors:
Planning the Shoot
A reconnaissance trip is essential prior to recording a class. There are many things to look out for, including:
Visuals
» » What is the general landscape/layout of the room? What are the implications for camera shots and the mobility of cameras? Are hand-held cameras going to be necessary? Will there be room for a camera on a dolly?
» » What are students going to be doing and where will they be positioned? Will the instructor be stationary or moving around? For example, a large class in an amphitheater is a very different scenario from a small seminar-style class in a confined space.
» » What kinds of editing techniques are going to be possible given the constraints of the space? Is there room for an equipment bank to do live switching?
» » Given the expected positioning of the cameras, what will be the sight lines for filming? Will there be likely blind spots?
» » Is there a seating area for students who choose not to appear in the recording
Sound
In many ways sound is the more essential aspect of the recording process: good audio is essential for capturing student interactions.
» » Is it possible to patch into existing sound systems?
» » Are wireless microphones going to be the best option for sound?
» » Are there distracting background sounds such as air conditioning units?
» » Will it be possible to fix clamps on to the ceiling tiles to hold microphones?
Logistics
» » What is the availability of the room prior to the class for the set-up process?
» » If there is a class in the room before the one to be recorded, is it possible to ask the instructor to relocate that class, or will set-up have to occur before the earlier class begins?
» » Will the building be open early enough to set up? Will it be necessary to arrange and pay for security to open the building early or to keep it open unusually late?
» » How rapid will the breaking down of equipment need to be? Will there be problems if another class is coming in immediately after the class you are recording?
Permissions
Announce plans for the recording during the reconnaissance visit. Make clear to students what will be entailed on the production day, and what uses will be made of the recording. Students should be given the option of sitting in a section of the classroom that will not be captured on camera.
During the Shoot
Even when using multiple cameras, some important decisions about coverage need to be made in the moment, during the recording of a class. For example, consider the situation in which the instructor asks students to work in small groups:
» » Only some of the groups can be recorded — the director has to make choices.
» » It may be more effective to remove a camera from the tripod and shoot a group close-up — but the resulting video may be less steady.
» » Does the camera follow the instructor's interaction with small groups, or focus on student groups that are working independently?
It is essential for a member of the team to take notes during the class, recording every change in speaker and noting the clock time. This is a key step in making the editing process more efficient.
Editing
Our goal in editing is to select one or two clips from the class, with a total running time of no more than ten or eleven minutes. Choosing the section(s) to use is the most critical decision in the entire process — but the requirement to keep the viewing time brief is essential to the success of the whole venture. Faculty will not sit through long video clips. Moreover, shorter clips help to keep the follow-up discussion more tightly focused and productive.
We also insist on not editing a clip internally. Our model is to present authentic segments of classroom time, complete with stumbles, false starts, and missed opportunities. It is this policy of no internal editing that makes the Faculty Focus on Teaching videos a fair substitute for classroom visits. Ultimately, the goal in choosing a clip is to promote faculty discussion and professional development; it is not necessarily to present individual faculty members in the best possible light.
In fact, as we have argued above, watching the video clips is in some ways better than a live classroom visit. Using multiple cameras, and combining the images — in real time, with no elisions — allows us to see what is happening in the class from more perspectives, and in more close-up view, than a human visitor would find possible.
Questions to consider in making a selection of one or two clips, totaling ten minutes or a bit more, from a class that may last as long as three hours:
» » Which section illustrates most effectively the pedagogy of interest for the targeted challenge or theme?
» » Which section is the "richest" in terms of the variety of classroom moves and responses taking place?
» » Which section is likely to be most useful or informative for other faculty members?
» » Which section is likely to promote an interesting discussion among faculty?
» » Will two shorter sections better serve discussion purposes than one longer section?
We have followed two approaches for integrating the multiple camera images: live-switching at the time of recording, and combining separate ("isolated") camera feeds in post-production. The live-switching scenario requires additional equipment, a technical director, and an audio mixing technician at the time of recording in order to select sources and direct the camera operators. Editing in post-production requires extensive work to import, select, and edit the raw footage from up to three cameras. Surprisingly, the cost proves to be almost exactly the same for both editorial approaches.
The following table summarizes the features of these two approaches:
Interviewing the Instructor
We show the selected video clip(s) to the instructor and confirm permission to use t
|
hem for the project.
|
Then we record an audio-only interview with the faculty member, reflecting on the specific segments, as well as on his or her teaching
approach in general. Using audio only creates a more relaxed atmosphere than video tends to do.
The interviews are conducted in a conversational style and are fairly free flowing. However, we always prepare a list of questions, trying to anticipate what other faculty members will want to know. An example of planned questions for an interview is available in Appendix B.
We transcribe the interview in full, and then select the most informative and most reflective segments to post on the site. Some of these interview excerpts help set the stage for the video, and are placed before the video on the website; others presume the user has seen the video, and are presented after the clips.
Visitors to the website can choose to listen to audio excerpts from the interview, or to read text transcripts of these extracts.
The Website
The online page for each class includes the following elements:
» » a short introduction, outlining the subject of the course and the place of this class in the course sequence
» » interview excerpts that set the stage for the video
» » relevant materials, such as slides used during the class, handouts, the instructor's lesson plan, and, in some cases, selected readings assigned for this session
» » video segment(s)
» » interview excerpts in which the instructor reflects on the video segment
The Faculty Focus on Teaching website is based on the iCommons standard iSite platform — though a shift to a newer Harvard-standard platform is planned in the near future. The site requires only a modest level of editorial management and monitoring, though the scale of that task will grow as we add blogging and wiki features to facilitate idea sharing among faculty participants.
Evaluation
As a direct result of the Focus on Teaching activities, HGSE faculty members are becoming familiar with a broader range of strategies for engaging students in class and promoting their learning. Many of us are trying new approaches and new techniques, and discovering for ourselves whether ideas that surface in the Faculty Focus on Teaching discussion sessions prove to be useful tools in our own classes.
We have a few measures of this activity. More than half the full-time faculty have attended at least one of the Focus on Teaching discussion sessions. Several of these sessions have drawn more than 20 faculty participants. There is a steady flow of anecdotal reports about planning class sessions more carefully and inventively, about trying new techniques, and about one-to-one consulting on pedagogic challenges and opportunities.
In the fall of 2013 we plan to conduct a survey of HGSE faculty regarding their experiences of the Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative.
Summary
By way of summary, we would like to highlight three key points:
The Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative is a promising vehicle for bringing faculty together to learn from one another, and inspire one another, in the pursuit of effective teaching strategies and techniques.
This effort is based on an explicit theory of action: the best, perhaps the only, way university faculty will choose to work on improving their teaching is when they can see, discuss, and evaluate teaching moves practiced by colleagues, in class settings that closely match their own.
The Faculty Focus on Teaching methodology represents a low-threshold approach toward professional development — one which engages faculty participants who have previously given little thought to their teaching skills — while at the same time the design affords deep and lasting learning for participants who are already committed to reflective practice.
Acknowledgements
The Faculty Focus on Teaching project began with internal funding from the HGSE Dean's Office. We have undertaken significant expansion of the project thanks to a generous grant from the Harvard Initiative on Learning and Teaching (HILT). We would like to express particular gratitude to Erin Driver-Linn and Brooke Pulitzer for their support.
The Focus on Teaching project is led by HGSE Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt, who is also the producer and director of the videos and website. The HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction provides valuable guidance, as does HGSE Associate Dean Matt Miller.
Much of the initial video and website work was performed by Susan Geddis Eppling, Instructional Media Developer, with the enthusiastic support of Kristin Lofblad Sullivan, Manager of Instructional Technology, both of HGSE's Learning Technologies Center.
Essential assistance in documenting the project and creating this guidebook was provided by HGSE instructor and researcher Liz Dawes Duraisingh.
This guidebook was designed by Opus Design.
Bibliography of Research Cited
Becker, W. E. & Andrews, M. L. (2011). The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: Contributions of research universities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Benjamin, J. (2000). The scholarship of teaching in teams: What does it look like in practice? Higher Education Research & Development, 19 (2): 191-204.
Borko, H., Jacobs, J., Eiteljorg, E., & Pittman, M. E. (2008). Video as a tool for fostering productive discussions in mathematics professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24 (2), 417-436.
Bouwma-Gearhart, J. (2012). Research university STEM faculty members' motivation to engage in teaching professional development: Building the choir through an appeal to extrinsic motivation and ego. Journal of Science Education & Technology, 21 (5), 558-570.
Brophy, J. (Ed.). (2004). Using video in teacher education. Boston: Elsevier.
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18 (1), 32-42.
Cox, M. D. (2003). Fostering the scholarship of teaching through faculty learning communities. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 14 (2/3), 161-198.
Cox, M. D. (2004). Introduction to faculty learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 97, 5-23.
Cranton, P., & King, K. P. (2003). Transformative learning as a professional development goal. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education Special Issue: New Perspectives on Designing and Implementing Professional Development of Teachers of Adults, 98, 31-38.
Huston, T., & Weaver, C. L. (2008). Peer coaching: Professional development for experienced faculty. Innovative Higher Education, 33 (1), 5-20.
Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nugent, J. S., Martin, R. R., Smith, F. G., Rhodes, J. A., Zander, M. J., & Carter, T. J. (2008). Exploring faculty learning communities: Building connections among teaching, learning, and technology. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20 (1), 51-58.
Perkins, D. N. (2009). Making learning whole: How seven principles of teaching can transform education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Ritchhart, R. & Perkins, D. (2008). Making thinking visible. Educational Leadership, 65 (5), 57-61.
Smith, T. R., McGowan, J., Allen, A. R., Johnson, W. D., Dickson, Jr., L. A., Najeeullah, M. A., & Peters, M. (2008). Evaluating the impact of a faculty learning community on STEM teaching and learning. Journal of Negro Education, 77 (3), 203-226.
Tschannen-Moran, M., Uline, C., Hoy, A. W., & Mackley, T. (2000). Creating smarter schools through collaboration. Journal of Educational Administration, 38 (3), 247 — 272.
Viskovic, A. (2006). Becoming a tertiary teacher: Learning in communities of practice. Higher Education Research & Development, 25 (4), 323-339.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Appendix A
Topics proposed by the HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction for Faculty Focus on Teaching treatment.
» » Conducting classroom discussions on challenging issues, and encouraging students to express diverse views related to race, ethnicity, and gender
» » Adapting or re-thinking pedagogy when class size jumps from small to medium or from medium to large
» » Broadening attention to diversity in class discussions to include dimensions of politics, religion, and sexual orientation
» » Using technology more ambitiously and effectively, during class and between class sessions
» » Facilitating deep and highly interactive discussions, especially in large classes
» » Encouraging students to produce original work, in an era when intellectual property is an increasingly fuzzy concept and in a world where some cultures hold different concepts of originality and plagiarism
» » Viewing (edited) video recordings of "master classes," taught by faculty colleagues, and engaging in debriefing and discussion about pedagogical choices
» » Giving feedback on written work in ways that advance student learning
» » Supporting students in carrying out small-group work, especially in project-oriented courses
» » Giving voice in discussions to students who are shy, slower to speak, or whose first language is not English; and finding ways to limit those who speak easily, so they do not dominate
» » Fine-tuning instruction to meet the needs of students with different degrees of prior professional experience in education
» » Integrating more extensive international examples, data, and perspectives into courses
» » Deciding when to let lively discussions trump lesson plans, and coping with the repercussions (falling behind, dealing with disgruntled students)
» » Learning from faculty colleagues with special expertise in particular subjects
Appendix B
Sample of planned questions from an instructor interview. The interview should be tied to the specific course and video segments; this sample is intended just to illustrate the kind of preparation and specificity that contribute to a successful interview:
1. What were your intentions in this class? In two parts:
» » How did you hope students would respond?
» » What did you intend for them to learn?
2. How do you think the students fared, in terms of these two criteria?:
» » performance in discussion
» » learning
3. How do you try to ensure that your learning objectives are met?
» » upfront framing
» » lecturette at end
» » new questions
» » "say more about …"
4. You move around the classroom a lot. In what ways is this strategic? tactical?
» » e.g., moving close to a student you are questioning; or to a student who has made an unpopular comment
» » moving behind students
» » sitting down
5. What are some techniques for getting students to "take a stand"? When does feeding a provocation become putting words in their mouth?
6. How do you decide between calling on students who haven't yet spoken versus calling on someone you are pretty sure will advance the case discussion in a helpful way?
7. How important are the physical dimensions?
» » Body language?
» » Facial expressions?
» » Humor?
To what extent are you "acting" to elicit response?
8. How do you respond when a student says something that is offensive to other students, e.g., a racially charged comment?
9. What are the advantages and the risks of using the case method when you are addressing core issues such as equity?
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<url>
https://hilt.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/focus_on_teaching_guidebook.pdf
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<text>
Virtual Visits to Colleagues' Classes
Faculty Focus on Teaching
guidebook
Introduction
Faculty Focus on Teaching is a collaborative effort of faculty at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) to develop and share pedagogic insights, ambitions, and techniques. This project, which began in the fall of 2010, uses inventive video strategies, a dedicated website, and face-to-face meetings, to foster a professional community for learning about teaching.
We hope this guide will help to:
» » advance the innovative work on teaching at HGSE
» » share the fruits of this effort, and the underlying approach, with colleagues in other Harvard schools
» » convey the theory and procedures underpinning this work in a form that can eventually be disseminated to other universities.
CONTENTS
History of the Project
In the summer of 2010, Dean Kathleen McCartney asked Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt to lead an initiative to support and enhance teaching at HGSE. Joe recruited the assistance of the School's Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, with enthusiastic support from Chair Susan Moore Johnson and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Matt Miller.
The Committee compiled a list of approximately 15 pedagogical challenges that arise in our classes. At a meeting of the full HGSE faculty, Joe asked colleagues to rank order, via a paper ballot, the three challenges from this list that they would most like to explore. The first priority proved to be "conducting deep and highly interactive discussions in large classes." Subsequent Focus on Teaching topics have included engaging students in active learning during class time, and the appropriate and effective use of lectures.
Joe decided to use documentary video, a website, and faculty discussion meetings as core mechanisms for the Focus on Teaching initiative. He produced the first video example in late November, 2010. The Focus on Teaching website now contains eight diverse examples of pedagogy — typically two cases are added each semester — and we have held several faculty meetings each year to view and discuss these examples.
Project Rationale: The Advantages of Using Video
Previous experience at HGSE revealed that faculty find it difficult to schedule and carry out classroom visits to observe one another's teaching. From a pragmatic standpoint, therefore, the use of video enables "virtual visits" that can take place at individual faculty members' convenience.
But beyond this practical aspect, video provides many other advantages. Here is a brief summary of benefits we have observed:
» » Many people can participate in a video visit at the same time, which would otherwise be difficult without disrupting a class session.
» » A video recording provides a permanent resource for the HGSE community, including those unable to attend discussion meetings and those who join the faculty in future years.
» » Because video playback can be paused and is infinitely repeatable, we can conduct close study of specific moments and interactions, listening for every nuance and even "zooming in" on students' facial expressions.
» » Selecting a limited-length video clip gives us a shared text for discussions, and concentrates our attention on the most pedagogically interesting material. An HGSE faculty colleague participating in a Focus on Teaching discussion session commented: "I sat in on this same class session, right there in the room the whole time — but I saw so much more watching the ten-minute video clip!"
» » In discussion sessions, video fuels perceptive questions and thoughtful responses because participants can readily refer to concrete examples.
» » Our discussions afford reassurance to participants that even experienced faculty members are wrestling with teaching challenges. Gradually these sessions create a feeling of support, and generate an active network of peer "consultants" — empowering participants to take the risk of changing their pedagogic behavior.
» » From a cognitive science perspective, seeing the actual teaching behavior — and being able to replay it and observe how students responded — enhances the modeling effect. Over time, as we review the video, we become able to grasp more deeply a particular pedagogic approach, to extract it from specific course content and imagine how to transfer it to our own teaching settings.
» » Putting the video on a website enables us to add important contextual material, such as assigned readings, handouts, and slides.
» » The website also provides a place for reflective commentary from the instructor (as explained in a later section of this guide.)
Foundations from Research: Learning Theory and Cognitive Science
Cultivating Authentic Learning
Research on the professional development needs of experienced faculty indicates that faculty members value exploring practice-centered and complex teaching problems, particularly in conversation with peers who have similar levels of experience and who also value good teaching (Huston and Weaver, 2008). Faculty members prefer to talk about problems that are specific to courses being taught within their institution and to find out how their colleagues teach.
Research also points to the benefits of faculty observing videos of their colleagues rather than videos of unknown educators teaching in an unfamiliar setting (Borko et al., 2008). Having faculty pay attention to a familiar teaching context enhances the possibility of making connections between what they are viewing and their own teaching practice.
These findings also reflect the more general principle of the value of promoting "authentic" learning experiences (Perkins, 2009) — learning experiences that pay attention to real-world, complex issues and typically involve collaborative learning within a community of learners. Likewise, research and situated learning theory point to the social nature of learning and the important role that learning communities can play in terms of promoting professional knowledge and practice (Borko et al., 2008; Brophy, 2004).
Promoting Transformational Learning
"Instrumental" learning involves technical or practical knowledge; "transformative" learning, which is more powerful, involves questioning our usual thinking and experiencing a shift in perspective (Mezirow, 1991 and 2000). On one level the Focus on Teaching project supports instrumental learning among faculty in that it exposes them to new teaching techniques they can straightforwardly add to their existing repertoire.
However, on another level our initiative promotes more profound learning. Watching a video together can cultivate an analytic approach toward teaching in ways not normally possible in everyday practice. Stepping outside of the constraints and pressures of teaching can help faculty to imagine new ways of doing things and to explore different options for dealing with pedagogic dilemmas (Brophy, 2004, p. 14).
Fostering a Community of Learners
While faculty could presumably benefit from watching the videos in isolation, transformational learning is often best done through discourse. Listening to others' views and ideas can make faculty members think about their own practice in a new light (Cranton and King, 2003) and help them gain new insights by comparing their own practice to those of others.
A substantial body of scholarship has shown how "communities of practice" help participants develop both working knowledge and professional identities (e.g., Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989; Viskovic, 2006; Wenger, 1998); and how institutions can help create and support these collaborative ways of working (Becker and Andrews, 2011; Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder, 2002). Such communities have been shown to enhance student learning and to promote instructors' understanding and interest in work around teaching and learning (Benjamin, 2000; Cox, 2003 and 2004; Nugent, et al., 2008; Smith, et al., 2008).
Our videos and faculty gatherings create collaborative spaces in which the largely tacit knowledge and skills of teachers are made "visible" objects for analysis and discussion. In viewing and discussing the videos together, techniques and ways of talking about teaching are modeled and practiced, and teaching dispositions are created and cultivated (Cox, 2004; Ritchhart and Perkins, 2008). Such faculty collaborations help make departments or schools into learning organizations. Indeed, when individuals' knowledge is shared and distributed, the organization itself becomes more innovative, flexible, and mission-focused (TschannenMoran, Uline, Hoy, and Mackley, 2000).
It is worth noting that some areas of the academy have historically found it challenging to motivate faculty to engage in professional development around their teaching (Bouwma-Gearhart, 2012). Making sessions convivial and a chance to connect with colleagues enhances their appeal.
Procedures:
How to Create Focus on Teaching Materials
Overview
The Faculty Focus on Teaching approach begins with pinpointing a specific challenge that a group of faculty choose to tackle. We then identify examples of relevant teaching practices in use by highly-rated instructors. We capture that pedagogy in action by video recording an entire class session (typically two or three hours). Then we select one or at most two short segments of the video recording, totaling approximately ten minutes; we conduct a follow-up interview with the instructor; and we post the products on a dedicated website.
Periodically faculty members gather to view and react to the video. These discussions result in sharing a repertoire of effective teaching behaviors. They also spark deep inquiry into the purposes and limitations of a wide variety of teaching strategies. The videos and associated materials remain available on the website for review, and for new faculty orientation.
Step-by-Step Process
These are the essential ingredients of the approach we have developed to improve teaching practice at HGSE:
During meetings of the full HGSE faculty, in response to a long list of potential topics, we collectively select an area in which to concentrate our efforts. For example, as mentioned above, the first topic we tackled was "leading deep, highly interactive discussions in large (> 50 student) classes." The full list of topics we have considered is available in Appendix A.
By soliciting student recommendations, combing through course evaluations, and sharing observations among members of the Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, we identify a few colleagues who are especially gifted in carrying out the chosen skill.
We meet with each of these colleagues individually to enlist their participation in the Focus on Teaching project. To date no faculty member has declined this request.
We visit each selected course to get an advance sense for how the instructor runs the class, determine what kinds of student participation may occur, and assess the classroom as a physical environment for recording.
In consultation with the instructor, we pinpoint a session of the course that is likely to display the pedagogy of interest.
We record this session, using multiple video cameras. (What we have learned about how to determine the best video recording strategy is described in a later section of this guide.)
From the full-length class video, we select an uninterrupted segment (stumbles, missteps, and all), approximately ten minutes long. We then insert shots of student participants, student reactions, and closeups of the instructor.
Throughout the editing process we adhere to a core policy, fundamental to the entire Focus on Teaching concept: any editing is limited to synchronous footage from other cameras. In other words, we maintain a strictly real-time portrayal of the class session.
We show the clip to the instructor and interview her or him about general reactions to the video, the overall strategy for the class session, the rationale for various teaching moves, moments of elation and disappointment, reflections and recommendations for others, and goals for personal improvement. We ask: What were the goals for this portion of class? To what extent were they met? What do you see and hear in the students' contributions and behavior? What might you do differently in the future?
We put the video clip on the Focus on Teaching website, along with excerpts from the instructor interview, which we post in both audio and text formats.
The website also features contextual materials, such as directions students receive before the session, the instructor's lesson plan, and relevant visuals used during the session, such as PowerPoint slides, online videos, and other resources.
We invite colleagues to view the video and other online elements, and then to gather for an informal discussion of insights, ideas, and techniques that could be transferred to different teaching contexts. These faculty gatherings are structured to promote interaction: we (re-)view the video together; have a short period during which the featured instructor answers questions; then share reactions to strategies and methods we perceive in the video (during which time the featured instructor remains quiet); and finally segue into an open discussion of pedagogic ideas and reflections sparked by the conversation.
In essence, we begin with close analysis of a video segment, and end by treating the video as a trigger or stimulus for a wide-ranging discussion — a conversation that helps each of us to understand better what we do in class, and to assess the potential utility of strategies and approaches that we have not previously encountered or considered.
The video, other materials, and notes from the discussion remain on the Focus website, where they are available for review — and, importantly, where they may be examined by new members when they join the HGSE faculty.
Production Considerations
Video and Audio Recording
We have investigated how different recording strategies — including the number of cameras, placement of cameras and microphones, and role of the video director — affect the usefulness of the resulting video. We also wanted to find out whether it is possible to economize on the relatively expensive process of video editing by using "live switching" techniques.
A key consideration is deciding whether to use in-house media staff (such as HGSE's Learning Technologies Center) or to hire professional videographers and other crew. This decision has implications for quality, cost, and editorial workload. The following table summarizes these factors:
Planning the Shoot
A reconnaissance trip is essential prior to recording a class. There are many things to look out for, including:
Visuals
» » What is the general landscape/layout of the room? What are the implications for camera shots and the mobility of cameras? Are hand-held cameras going to be necessary? Will there be room for a camera on a dolly?
» » What are students going to be doing and where will they be positioned? Will the instructor be stationary or moving around? For example, a large class in an amphitheater is a very different scenario from a small seminar-style class in a confined space.
» » What kinds of editing techniques are going to be possible given the constraints of the space? Is there room for an equipment bank to do live switching?
» » Given the expected positioning of the cameras, what will be the sight lines for filming? Will there be likely blind spots?
» » Is there a seating area for students who choose not to appear in the recording
Sound
In many ways sound is the more essential aspect of the recording process: good audio is essential for capturing student interactions.
» » Is it possible to patch into existing sound systems?
» » Are wireless microphones going to be the best option for sound?
» » Are there distracting background sounds such as air conditioning units?
» » Will it be possible to fix clamps on to the ceiling tiles to hold microphones?
Logistics
» » What is the availability of the room prior to the class for the set-up process?
» » If there is a class in the room before the one to be recorded, is it possible to ask the instructor to relocate that class, or will set-up have to occur before the earlier class begins?
» » Will the building be open early enough to set up? Will it be necessary to arrange and pay for security to open the building early or to keep it open unusually late?
» » How rapid will the breaking down of equipment need to be? Will there be problems if another class is coming in immediately after the class you are recording?
Permissions
Announce plans for the recording during the reconnaissance visit. Make clear to students what will be entailed on the production day, and what uses will be made of the recording. Students should be given the option of sitting in a section of the classroom that will not be captured on camera.
During the Shoot
Even when using multiple cameras, some important decisions about coverage need to be made in the moment, during the recording of a class. For example, consider the situation in which the instructor asks students to work in small groups:
» » Only some of the groups can be recorded — the director has to make choices.
» » It may be more effective to remove a camera from the tripod and shoot a group close-up — but the resulting video may be less steady.
» » Does the camera follow the instructor's interaction with small groups, or focus on student groups that are working independently?
It is essential for a member of the team to take notes during the class, recording every change in speaker and noting the clock time. This is a key step in making the editing process more efficient.
Editing
Our goal in editing is to select one or two clips from the class, with a total running time of no more than ten or eleven minutes. Choosing the section(s) to use is the most critical decision in the entire process — but the requirement to keep the viewing time brief is essential to the success of the whole venture. Faculty will not sit through long video clips. Moreover, shorter clips help to keep the follow-up discussion more tightly focused and productive.
We also insist on not editing a clip internally. Our model is to present authentic segments of classroom time, complete with stumbles, false starts, and missed opportunities. It is this policy of no internal editing that makes the Faculty Focus on Teaching videos a fair substitute for classroom visits. Ultimately, the goal in choosing a clip is to promote faculty discussion and professional development; it is not necessarily to present individual faculty members in the best possible light.
In fact, as we have argued above, watching the video clips is in some ways better than a live classroom visit. Using multiple cameras, and combining the images — in real time, with no elisions — allows us to see what is happening in the class from more perspectives, and in more close-up view, than a human visitor would find possible.
Questions to consider in making a selection of one or two clips, totaling ten minutes or a bit more, from a class that may last as long as three hours:
» » Which section illustrates most effectively the pedagogy of interest for the targeted challenge or theme?
» » Which section is the "richest" in terms of the variety of classroom moves and responses taking place?
» » Which section is likely to be most useful or informative for other faculty members?
» » Which section is likely to promote an interesting discussion among faculty?
» » Will two shorter sections better serve discussion purposes than one longer section?
We have followed two approaches for integrating the multiple camera images: live-switching at the time of recording, and combining separate ("isolated") camera feeds in post-production. The live-switching scenario requires additional equipment, a technical director, and an audio mixing technician at the time of recording in order to select sources and direct the camera operators. Editing in post-production requires extensive work to import, select, and edit the raw footage from up to three cameras. Surprisingly, the cost proves to be almost exactly the same for both editorial approaches.
The following table summarizes the features of these two approaches:
Interviewing the Instructor
We show the selected video clip(s) to the instructor and confirm permission to use t<cursor_is_here>
Then we record an audio-only interview with the faculty member, reflecting on the specific segments, as well as on his or her teaching
approach in general. Using audio only creates a more relaxed atmosphere than video tends to do.
The interviews are conducted in a conversational style and are fairly free flowing. However, we always prepare a list of questions, trying to anticipate what other faculty members will want to know. An example of planned questions for an interview is available in Appendix B.
We transcribe the interview in full, and then select the most informative and most reflective segments to post on the site. Some of these interview excerpts help set the stage for the video, and are placed before the video on the website; others presume the user has seen the video, and are presented after the clips.
Visitors to the website can choose to listen to audio excerpts from the interview, or to read text transcripts of these extracts.
The Website
The online page for each class includes the following elements:
» » a short introduction, outlining the subject of the course and the place of this class in the course sequence
» » interview excerpts that set the stage for the video
» » relevant materials, such as slides used during the class, handouts, the instructor's lesson plan, and, in some cases, selected readings assigned for this session
» » video segment(s)
» » interview excerpts in which the instructor reflects on the video segment
The Faculty Focus on Teaching website is based on the iCommons standard iSite platform — though a shift to a newer Harvard-standard platform is planned in the near future. The site requires only a modest level of editorial management and monitoring, though the scale of that task will grow as we add blogging and wiki features to facilitate idea sharing among faculty participants.
Evaluation
As a direct result of the Focus on Teaching activities, HGSE faculty members are becoming familiar with a broader range of strategies for engaging students in class and promoting their learning. Many of us are trying new approaches and new techniques, and discovering for ourselves whether ideas that surface in the Faculty Focus on Teaching discussion sessions prove to be useful tools in our own classes.
We have a few measures of this activity. More than half the full-time faculty have attended at least one of the Focus on Teaching discussion sessions. Several of these sessions have drawn more than 20 faculty participants. There is a steady flow of anecdotal reports about planning class sessions more carefully and inventively, about trying new techniques, and about one-to-one consulting on pedagogic challenges and opportunities.
In the fall of 2013 we plan to conduct a survey of HGSE faculty regarding their experiences of the Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative.
Summary
By way of summary, we would like to highlight three key points:
The Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative is a promising vehicle for bringing faculty together to learn from one another, and inspire one another, in the pursuit of effective teaching strategies and techniques.
This effort is based on an explicit theory of action: the best, perhaps the only, way university faculty will choose to work on improving their teaching is when they can see, discuss, and evaluate teaching moves practiced by colleagues, in class settings that closely match their own.
The Faculty Focus on Teaching methodology represents a low-threshold approach toward professional development — one which engages faculty participants who have previously given little thought to their teaching skills — while at the same time the design affords deep and lasting learning for participants who are already committed to reflective practice.
Acknowledgements
The Faculty Focus on Teaching project began with internal funding from the HGSE Dean's Office. We have undertaken significant expansion of the project thanks to a generous grant from the Harvard Initiative on Learning and Teaching (HILT). We would like to express particular gratitude to Erin Driver-Linn and Brooke Pulitzer for their support.
The Focus on Teaching project is led by HGSE Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt, who is also the producer and director of the videos and website. The HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction provides valuable guidance, as does HGSE Associate Dean Matt Miller.
Much of the initial video and website work was performed by Susan Geddis Eppling, Instructional Media Developer, with the enthusiastic support of Kristin Lofblad Sullivan, Manager of Instructional Technology, both of HGSE's Learning Technologies Center.
Essential assistance in documenting the project and creating this guidebook was provided by HGSE instructor and researcher Liz Dawes Duraisingh.
This guidebook was designed by Opus Design.
Bibliography of Research Cited
Becker, W. E. & Andrews, M. L. (2011). The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: Contributions of research universities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Benjamin, J. (2000). The scholarship of teaching in teams: What does it look like in practice? Higher Education Research & Development, 19 (2): 191-204.
Borko, H., Jacobs, J., Eiteljorg, E., & Pittman, M. E. (2008). Video as a tool for fostering productive discussions in mathematics professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24 (2), 417-436.
Bouwma-Gearhart, J. (2012). Research university STEM faculty members' motivation to engage in teaching professional development: Building the choir through an appeal to extrinsic motivation and ego. Journal of Science Education & Technology, 21 (5), 558-570.
Brophy, J. (Ed.). (2004). Using video in teacher education. Boston: Elsevier.
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18 (1), 32-42.
Cox, M. D. (2003). Fostering the scholarship of teaching through faculty learning communities. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 14 (2/3), 161-198.
Cox, M. D. (2004). Introduction to faculty learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 97, 5-23.
Cranton, P., & King, K. P. (2003). Transformative learning as a professional development goal. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education Special Issue: New Perspectives on Designing and Implementing Professional Development of Teachers of Adults, 98, 31-38.
Huston, T., & Weaver, C. L. (2008). Peer coaching: Professional development for experienced faculty. Innovative Higher Education, 33 (1), 5-20.
Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nugent, J. S., Martin, R. R., Smith, F. G., Rhodes, J. A., Zander, M. J., & Carter, T. J. (2008). Exploring faculty learning communities: Building connections among teaching, learning, and technology. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20 (1), 51-58.
Perkins, D. N. (2009). Making learning whole: How seven principles of teaching can transform education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Ritchhart, R. & Perkins, D. (2008). Making thinking visible. Educational Leadership, 65 (5), 57-61.
Smith, T. R., McGowan, J., Allen, A. R., Johnson, W. D., Dickson, Jr., L. A., Najeeullah, M. A., & Peters, M. (2008). Evaluating the impact of a faculty learning community on STEM teaching and learning. Journal of Negro Education, 77 (3), 203-226.
Tschannen-Moran, M., Uline, C., Hoy, A. W., & Mackley, T. (2000). Creating smarter schools through collaboration. Journal of Educational Administration, 38 (3), 247 — 272.
Viskovic, A. (2006). Becoming a tertiary teacher: Learning in communities of practice. Higher Education Research & Development, 25 (4), 323-339.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Appendix A
Topics proposed by the HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction for Faculty Focus on Teaching treatment.
» » Conducting classroom discussions on challenging issues, and encouraging students to express diverse views related to race, ethnicity, and gender
» » Adapting or re-thinking pedagogy when class size jumps from small to medium or from medium to large
» » Broadening attention to diversity in class discussions to include dimensions of politics, religion, and sexual orientation
» » Using technology more ambitiously and effectively, during class and between class sessions
» » Facilitating deep and highly interactive discussions, especially in large classes
» » Encouraging students to produce original work, in an era when intellectual property is an increasingly fuzzy concept and in a world where some cultures hold different concepts of originality and plagiarism
» » Viewing (edited) video recordings of "master classes," taught by faculty colleagues, and engaging in debriefing and discussion about pedagogical choices
» » Giving feedback on written work in ways that advance student learning
» » Supporting students in carrying out small-group work, especially in project-oriented courses
» » Giving voice in discussions to students who are shy, slower to speak, or whose first language is not English; and finding ways to limit those who speak easily, so they do not dominate
» » Fine-tuning instruction to meet the needs of students with different degrees of prior professional experience in education
» » Integrating more extensive international examples, data, and perspectives into courses
» » Deciding when to let lively discussions trump lesson plans, and coping with the repercussions (falling behind, dealing with disgruntled students)
» » Learning from faculty colleagues with special expertise in particular subjects
Appendix B
Sample of planned questions from an instructor interview. The interview should be tied to the specific course and video segments; this sample is intended just to illustrate the kind of preparation and specificity that contribute to a successful interview:
1. What were your intentions in this class? In two parts:
» » How did you hope students would respond?
» » What did you intend for them to learn?
2. How do you think the students fared, in terms of these two criteria?:
» » performance in discussion
» » learning
3. How do you try to ensure that your learning objectives are met?
» » upfront framing
» » lecturette at end
» » new questions
» » "say more about …"
4. You move around the classroom a lot. In what ways is this strategic? tactical?
» » e.g., moving close to a student you are questioning; or to a student who has made an unpopular comment
» » moving behind students
» » sitting down
5. What are some techniques for getting students to "take a stand"? When does feeding a provocation become putting words in their mouth?
6. How do you decide between calling on students who haven't yet spoken versus calling on someone you are pretty sure will advance the case discussion in a helpful way?
7. How important are the physical dimensions?
» » Body language?
» » Facial expressions?
» » Humor?
To what extent are you "acting" to elicit response?
8. How do you respond when a student says something that is offensive to other students, e.g., a racially charged comment?
9. What are the advantages and the risks of using the case method when you are addressing core issues such as equity?
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://hilt.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/focus_on_teaching_guidebook.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nVirtual Visits to Colleagues' Classes\n\nFaculty Focus on Teaching\n\nguidebook\n\nIntroduction\n\nFaculty Focus on Teaching is a collaborative effort of faculty at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) to develop and share pedagogic insights, ambitions, and techniques. This project, which began in the fall of 2010, uses inventive video strategies, a dedicated website, and face-to-face meetings, to foster a professional community for learning about teaching.\n\nWe hope this guide will help to:\n\n» » advance the innovative work on teaching at HGSE\n» » share the fruits of this effort, and the underlying approach, with colleagues in other Harvard schools\n» » convey the theory and procedures underpinning this work in a form that can eventually be disseminated to other universities.\n\nCONTENTS\n\nHistory of the Project\n\nIn the summer of 2010, Dean Kathleen McCartney asked Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt to lead an initiative to support and enhance teaching at HGSE. Joe recruited the assistance of the School's Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, with enthusiastic support from Chair Susan Moore Johnson and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Matt Miller.\n\nThe Committee compiled a list of approximately 15 pedagogical challenges that arise in our classes. At a meeting of the full HGSE faculty, Joe asked colleagues to rank order, via a paper ballot, the three challenges from this list that they would most like to explore. The first priority proved to be \"conducting deep and highly interactive discussions in large classes.\" Subsequent Focus on Teaching topics have included engaging students in active learning during class time, and the appropriate and effective use of lectures.\n\nJoe decided to use documentary video, a website, and faculty discussion meetings as core mechanisms for the Focus on Teaching initiative. He produced the first video example in late November, 2010. The Focus on Teaching website now contains eight diverse examples of pedagogy — typically two cases are added each semester — and we have held several faculty meetings each year to view and discuss these examples.\n\nProject Rationale: The Advantages of Using Video\n\nPrevious experience at HGSE revealed that faculty find it difficult to schedule and carry out classroom visits to observe one another's teaching. From a pragmatic standpoint, therefore, the use of video enables \"virtual visits\" that can take place at individual faculty members' convenience.\n\nBut beyond this practical aspect, video provides many other advantages. Here is a brief summary of benefits we have observed:\n\n» » Many people can participate in a video visit at the same time, which would otherwise be difficult without disrupting a class session.\n» » A video recording provides a permanent resource for the HGSE community, including those unable to attend discussion meetings and those who join the faculty in future years.\n» » Because video playback can be paused and is infinitely repeatable, we can conduct close study of specific moments and interactions, listening for every nuance and even \"zooming in\" on students' facial expressions.\n» » Selecting a limited-length video clip gives us a shared text for discussions, and concentrates our attention on the most pedagogically interesting material. An HGSE faculty colleague participating in a Focus on Teaching discussion session commented: \"I sat in on this same class session, right there in the room the whole time — but I saw so much more watching the ten-minute video clip!\"\n» » In discussion sessions, video fuels perceptive questions and thoughtful responses because participants can readily refer to concrete examples.\n\n» » Our discussions afford reassurance to participants that even experienced faculty members are wrestling with teaching challenges. Gradually these sessions create a feeling of support, and generate an active network of peer \"consultants\" — empowering participants to take the risk of changing their pedagogic behavior.\n» » From a cognitive science perspective, seeing the actual teaching behavior — and being able to replay it and observe how students responded — enhances the modeling effect. Over time, as we review the video, we become able to grasp more deeply a particular pedagogic approach, to extract it from specific course content and imagine how to transfer it to our own teaching settings.\n» » Putting the video on a website enables us to add important contextual material, such as assigned readings, handouts, and slides.\n» » The website also provides a place for reflective commentary from the instructor (as explained in a later section of this guide.)\n\nFoundations from Research: Learning Theory and Cognitive Science\n\nCultivating Authentic Learning\n\nResearch on the professional development needs of experienced faculty indicates that faculty members value exploring practice-centered and complex teaching problems, particularly in conversation with peers who have similar levels of experience and who also value good teaching (Huston and Weaver, 2008). Faculty members prefer to talk about problems that are specific to courses being taught within their institution and to find out how their colleagues teach.\n\nResearch also points to the benefits of faculty observing videos of their colleagues rather than videos of unknown educators teaching in an unfamiliar setting (Borko et al., 2008). Having faculty pay attention to a familiar teaching context enhances the possibility of making connections between what they are viewing and their own teaching practice.\n\nThese findings also reflect the more general principle of the value of promoting \"authentic\" learning experiences (Perkins, 2009) — learning experiences that pay attention to real-world, complex issues and typically involve collaborative learning within a community of learners. Likewise, research and situated learning theory point to the social nature of learning and the important role that learning communities can play in terms of promoting professional knowledge and practice (Borko et al., 2008; Brophy, 2004).\n\nPromoting Transformational Learning\n\n\"Instrumental\" learning involves technical or practical knowledge; \"transformative\" learning, which is more powerful, involves questioning our usual thinking and experiencing a shift in perspective (Mezirow, 1991 and 2000). On one level the Focus on Teaching project supports instrumental learning among faculty in that it exposes them to new teaching techniques they can straightforwardly add to their existing repertoire.\n\nHowever, on another level our initiative promotes more profound learning. Watching a video together can cultivate an analytic approach toward teaching in ways not normally possible in everyday practice. Stepping outside of the constraints and pressures of teaching can help faculty to imagine new ways of doing things and to explore different options for dealing with pedagogic dilemmas (Brophy, 2004, p. 14).\n\nFostering a Community of Learners\n\nWhile faculty could presumably benefit from watching the videos in isolation, transformational learning is often best done through discourse. Listening to others' views and ideas can make faculty members think about their own practice in a new light (Cranton and King, 2003) and help them gain new insights by comparing their own practice to those of others.\n\nA substantial body of scholarship has shown how \"communities of practice\" help participants develop both working knowledge and professional identities (e.g., Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989; Viskovic, 2006; Wenger, 1998); and how institutions can help create and support these collaborative ways of working (Becker and Andrews, 2011; Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder, 2002). Such communities have been shown to enhance student learning and to promote instructors' understanding and interest in work around teaching and learning (Benjamin, 2000; Cox, 2003 and 2004; Nugent, et al., 2008; Smith, et al., 2008).\n\nOur videos and faculty gatherings create collaborative spaces in which the largely tacit knowledge and skills of teachers are made \"visible\" objects for analysis and discussion. In viewing and discussing the videos together, techniques and ways of talking about teaching are modeled and practiced, and teaching dispositions are created and cultivated (Cox, 2004; Ritchhart and Perkins, 2008). Such faculty collaborations help make departments or schools into learning organizations. Indeed, when individuals' knowledge is shared and distributed, the organization itself becomes more innovative, flexible, and mission-focused (TschannenMoran, Uline, Hoy, and Mackley, 2000).\n\nIt is worth noting that some areas of the academy have historically found it challenging to motivate faculty to engage in professional development around their teaching (Bouwma-Gearhart, 2012). Making sessions convivial and a chance to connect with colleagues enhances their appeal.\n\nProcedures:\n\nHow to Create Focus on Teaching Materials\n\nOverview\n\nThe Faculty Focus on Teaching approach begins with pinpointing a specific challenge that a group of faculty choose to tackle. We then identify examples of relevant teaching practices in use by highly-rated instructors. We capture that pedagogy in action by video recording an entire class session (typically two or three hours). Then we select one or at most two short segments of the video recording, totaling approximately ten minutes; we conduct a follow-up interview with the instructor; and we post the products on a dedicated website.\n\nPeriodically faculty members gather to view and react to the video. These discussions result in sharing a repertoire of effective teaching behaviors. They also spark deep inquiry into the purposes and limitations of a wide variety of teaching strategies. The videos and associated materials remain available on the website for review, and for new faculty orientation.\n\nStep-by-Step Process\n\nThese are the essential ingredients of the approach we have developed to improve teaching practice at HGSE:\n\nDuring meetings of the full HGSE faculty, in response to a long list of potential topics, we collectively select an area in which to concentrate our efforts. For example, as mentioned above, the first topic we tackled was \"leading deep, highly interactive discussions in large (> 50 student) classes.\" The full list of topics we have considered is available in Appendix A.\n\nBy soliciting student recommendations, combing through course evaluations, and sharing observations among members of the Committee on Curriculum and Instruction, we identify a few colleagues who are especially gifted in carrying out the chosen skill.\n\nWe meet with each of these colleagues individually to enlist their participation in the Focus on Teaching project. To date no faculty member has declined this request.\n\nWe visit each selected course to get an advance sense for how the instructor runs the class, determine what kinds of student participation may occur, and assess the classroom as a physical environment for recording.\n\nIn consultation with the instructor, we pinpoint a session of the course that is likely to display the pedagogy of interest.\n\nWe record this session, using multiple video cameras. (What we have learned about how to determine the best video recording strategy is described in a later section of this guide.)\n\nFrom the full-length class video, we select an uninterrupted segment (stumbles, missteps, and all), approximately ten minutes long. We then insert shots of student participants, student reactions, and closeups of the instructor.\n\nThroughout the editing process we adhere to a core policy, fundamental to the entire Focus on Teaching concept: any editing is limited to synchronous footage from other cameras. In other words, we maintain a strictly real-time portrayal of the class session.\n\nWe show the clip to the instructor and interview her or him about general reactions to the video, the overall strategy for the class session, the rationale for various teaching moves, moments of elation and disappointment, reflections and recommendations for others, and goals for personal improvement. We ask: What were the goals for this portion of class? To what extent were they met? What do you see and hear in the students' contributions and behavior? What might you do differently in the future?\n\nWe put the video clip on the Focus on Teaching website, along with excerpts from the instructor interview, which we post in both audio and text formats.\n\nThe website also features contextual materials, such as directions students receive before the session, the instructor's lesson plan, and relevant visuals used during the session, such as PowerPoint slides, online videos, and other resources.\n\nWe invite colleagues to view the video and other online elements, and then to gather for an informal discussion of insights, ideas, and techniques that could be transferred to different teaching contexts. These faculty gatherings are structured to promote interaction: we (re-)view the video together; have a short period during which the featured instructor answers questions; then share reactions to strategies and methods we perceive in the video (during which time the featured instructor remains quiet); and finally segue into an open discussion of pedagogic ideas and reflections sparked by the conversation.\n\nIn essence, we begin with close analysis of a video segment, and end by treating the video as a trigger or stimulus for a wide-ranging discussion — a conversation that helps each of us to understand better what we do in class, and to assess the potential utility of strategies and approaches that we have not previously encountered or considered.\n\nThe video, other materials, and notes from the discussion remain on the Focus website, where they are available for review — and, importantly, where they may be examined by new members when they join the HGSE faculty.\n\nProduction Considerations\n\nVideo and Audio Recording\n\nWe have investigated how different recording strategies — including the number of cameras, placement of cameras and microphones, and role of the video director — affect the usefulness of the resulting video. We also wanted to find out whether it is possible to economize on the relatively expensive process of video editing by using \"live switching\" techniques.\n\nA key consideration is deciding whether to use in-house media staff (such as HGSE's Learning Technologies Center) or to hire professional videographers and other crew. This decision has implications for quality, cost, and editorial workload. The following table summarizes these factors:\n\nPlanning the Shoot\n\nA reconnaissance trip is essential prior to recording a class. There are many things to look out for, including:\n\nVisuals\n\n» » What is the general landscape/layout of the room? What are the implications for camera shots and the mobility of cameras? Are hand-held cameras going to be necessary? Will there be room for a camera on a dolly?\n» » What are students going to be doing and where will they be positioned? Will the instructor be stationary or moving around? For example, a large class in an amphitheater is a very different scenario from a small seminar-style class in a confined space.\n» » What kinds of editing techniques are going to be possible given the constraints of the space? Is there room for an equipment bank to do live switching?\n» » Given the expected positioning of the cameras, what will be the sight lines for filming? Will there be likely blind spots?\n» » Is there a seating area for students who choose not to appear in the recording\n\nSound\n\nIn many ways sound is the more essential aspect of the recording process: good audio is essential for capturing student interactions.\n\n» » Is it possible to patch into existing sound systems?\n» » Are wireless microphones going to be the best option for sound?\n» » Are there distracting background sounds such as air conditioning units?\n» » Will it be possible to fix clamps on to the ceiling tiles to hold microphones?\n\nLogistics\n\n» » What is the availability of the room prior to the class for the set-up process?\n» » If there is a class in the room before the one to be recorded, is it possible to ask the instructor to relocate that class, or will set-up have to occur before the earlier class begins?\n» » Will the building be open early enough to set up? Will it be necessary to arrange and pay for security to open the building early or to keep it open unusually late?\n» » How rapid will the breaking down of equipment need to be? Will there be problems if another class is coming in immediately after the class you are recording?\n\nPermissions\n\nAnnounce plans for the recording during the reconnaissance visit. Make clear to students what will be entailed on the production day, and what uses will be made of the recording. Students should be given the option of sitting in a section of the classroom that will not be captured on camera.\n\nDuring the Shoot\n\nEven when using multiple cameras, some important decisions about coverage need to be made in the moment, during the recording of a class. For example, consider the situation in which the instructor asks students to work in small groups:\n\n» » Only some of the groups can be recorded — the director has to make choices.\n» » It may be more effective to remove a camera from the tripod and shoot a group close-up — but the resulting video may be less steady.\n» » Does the camera follow the instructor's interaction with small groups, or focus on student groups that are working independently?\n\nIt is essential for a member of the team to take notes during the class, recording every change in speaker and noting the clock time. This is a key step in making the editing process more efficient.\n\nEditing\n\nOur goal in editing is to select one or two clips from the class, with a total running time of no more than ten or eleven minutes. Choosing the section(s) to use is the most critical decision in the entire process — but the requirement to keep the viewing time brief is essential to the success of the whole venture. Faculty will not sit through long video clips. Moreover, shorter clips help to keep the follow-up discussion more tightly focused and productive.\n\nWe also insist on not editing a clip internally. Our model is to present authentic segments of classroom time, complete with stumbles, false starts, and missed opportunities. It is this policy of no internal editing that makes the Faculty Focus on Teaching videos a fair substitute for classroom visits. Ultimately, the goal in choosing a clip is to promote faculty discussion and professional development; it is not necessarily to present individual faculty members in the best possible light.\n\nIn fact, as we have argued above, watching the video clips is in some ways better than a live classroom visit. Using multiple cameras, and combining the images — in real time, with no elisions — allows us to see what is happening in the class from more perspectives, and in more close-up view, than a human visitor would find possible.\n\nQuestions to consider in making a selection of one or two clips, totaling ten minutes or a bit more, from a class that may last as long as three hours:\n\n» » Which section illustrates most effectively the pedagogy of interest for the targeted challenge or theme?\n» » Which section is the \"richest\" in terms of the variety of classroom moves and responses taking place?\n» » Which section is likely to be most useful or informative for other faculty members?\n» » Which section is likely to promote an interesting discussion among faculty?\n» » Will two shorter sections better serve discussion purposes than one longer section?\n\nWe have followed two approaches for integrating the multiple camera images: live-switching at the time of recording, and combining separate (\"isolated\") camera feeds in post-production. The live-switching scenario requires additional equipment, a technical director, and an audio mixing technician at the time of recording in order to select sources and direct the camera operators. Editing in post-production requires extensive work to import, select, and edit the raw footage from up to three cameras. Surprisingly, the cost proves to be almost exactly the same for both editorial approaches.\n\nThe following table summarizes the features of these two approaches:\n\nInterviewing the Instructor\n\nWe show the selected video clip(s) to the instructor and confirm permission to use t<cursor_is_here>\n\nThen we record an audio-only interview with the faculty member, reflecting on the specific segments, as well as on his or her teaching\n\napproach in general. Using audio only creates a more relaxed atmosphere than video tends to do.\n\nThe interviews are conducted in a conversational style and are fairly free flowing. However, we always prepare a list of questions, trying to anticipate what other faculty members will want to know. An example of planned questions for an interview is available in Appendix B.\n\nWe transcribe the interview in full, and then select the most informative and most reflective segments to post on the site. Some of these interview excerpts help set the stage for the video, and are placed before the video on the website; others presume the user has seen the video, and are presented after the clips.\n\nVisitors to the website can choose to listen to audio excerpts from the interview, or to read text transcripts of these extracts.\n\nThe Website\n\nThe online page for each class includes the following elements:\n\n» » a short introduction, outlining the subject of the course and the place of this class in the course sequence\n» » interview excerpts that set the stage for the video\n» » relevant materials, such as slides used during the class, handouts, the instructor's lesson plan, and, in some cases, selected readings assigned for this session\n» » video segment(s)\n» » interview excerpts in which the instructor reflects on the video segment\n\nThe Faculty Focus on Teaching website is based on the iCommons standard iSite platform — though a shift to a newer Harvard-standard platform is planned in the near future. The site requires only a modest level of editorial management and monitoring, though the scale of that task will grow as we add blogging and wiki features to facilitate idea sharing among faculty participants.\n\nEvaluation\n\nAs a direct result of the Focus on Teaching activities, HGSE faculty members are becoming familiar with a broader range of strategies for engaging students in class and promoting their learning. Many of us are trying new approaches and new techniques, and discovering for ourselves whether ideas that surface in the Faculty Focus on Teaching discussion sessions prove to be useful tools in our own classes.\n\nWe have a few measures of this activity. More than half the full-time faculty have attended at least one of the Focus on Teaching discussion sessions. Several of these sessions have drawn more than 20 faculty participants. There is a steady flow of anecdotal reports about planning class sessions more carefully and inventively, about trying new techniques, and about one-to-one consulting on pedagogic challenges and opportunities.\n\nIn the fall of 2013 we plan to conduct a survey of HGSE faculty regarding their experiences of the Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative.\n\nSummary\n\nBy way of summary, we would like to highlight three key points:\n\nThe Faculty Focus on Teaching initiative is a promising vehicle for bringing faculty together to learn from one another, and inspire one another, in the pursuit of effective teaching strategies and techniques.\n\nThis effort is based on an explicit theory of action: the best, perhaps the only, way university faculty will choose to work on improving their teaching is when they can see, discuss, and evaluate teaching moves practiced by colleagues, in class settings that closely match their own.\n\nThe Faculty Focus on Teaching methodology represents a low-threshold approach toward professional development — one which engages faculty participants who have previously given little thought to their teaching skills — while at the same time the design affords deep and lasting learning for participants who are already committed to reflective practice.\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nThe Faculty Focus on Teaching project began with internal funding from the HGSE Dean's Office. We have undertaken significant expansion of the project thanks to a generous grant from the Harvard Initiative on Learning and Teaching (HILT). We would like to express particular gratitude to Erin Driver-Linn and Brooke Pulitzer for their support.\n\nThe Focus on Teaching project is led by HGSE Senior Lecturer Joe Blatt, who is also the producer and director of the videos and website. The HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction provides valuable guidance, as does HGSE Associate Dean Matt Miller.\n\nMuch of the initial video and website work was performed by Susan Geddis Eppling, Instructional Media Developer, with the enthusiastic support of Kristin Lofblad Sullivan, Manager of Instructional Technology, both of HGSE's Learning Technologies Center.\n\nEssential assistance in documenting the project and creating this guidebook was provided by HGSE instructor and researcher Liz Dawes Duraisingh.\n\nThis guidebook was designed by Opus Design.\n\nBibliography of Research Cited\n\nBecker, W. E. & Andrews, M. L. (2011). The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: Contributions of research universities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.\n\nBenjamin, J. (2000). The scholarship of teaching in teams: What does it look like in practice? Higher Education Research & Development, 19 (2): 191-204.\n\nBorko, H., Jacobs, J., Eiteljorg, E., & Pittman, M. E. (2008). Video as a tool for fostering productive discussions in mathematics professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24 (2), 417-436.\n\nBouwma-Gearhart, J. (2012). Research university STEM faculty members' motivation to engage in teaching professional development: Building the choir through an appeal to extrinsic motivation and ego. Journal of Science Education & Technology, 21 (5), 558-570.\n\nBrophy, J. (Ed.). (2004). Using video in teacher education. Boston: Elsevier.\n\nBrown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18 (1), 32-42.\n\nCox, M. D. (2003). Fostering the scholarship of teaching through faculty learning communities. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 14 (2/3), 161-198.\n\nCox, M. D. (2004). Introduction to faculty learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 97, 5-23.\n\nCranton, P., & King, K. P. (2003). Transformative learning as a professional development goal. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education Special Issue: New Perspectives on Designing and Implementing Professional Development of Teachers of Adults, 98, 31-38.\n\nHuston, T., & Weaver, C. L. (2008). Peer coaching: Professional development for experienced faculty. Innovative Higher Education, 33 (1), 5-20.\n\nMezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\n\nMezirow, J. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\n\nNugent, J. S., Martin, R. R., Smith, F. G., Rhodes, J. A., Zander, M. J., & Carter, T. J. (2008). Exploring faculty learning communities: Building connections among teaching, learning, and technology. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20 (1), 51-58.\n\nPerkins, D. N. (2009). Making learning whole: How seven principles of teaching can transform education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.\n\nRitchhart, R. & Perkins, D. (2008). Making thinking visible. Educational Leadership, 65 (5), 57-61.\n\nSmith, T. R., McGowan, J., Allen, A. R., Johnson, W. D., Dickson, Jr., L. A., Najeeullah, M. A., & Peters, M. (2008). Evaluating the impact of a faculty learning community on STEM teaching and learning. Journal of Negro Education, 77 (3), 203-226.\n\nTschannen-Moran, M., Uline, C., Hoy, A. W., & Mackley, T. (2000). Creating smarter schools through collaboration. Journal of Educational Administration, 38 (3), 247 — 272.\n\nViskovic, A. (2006). Becoming a tertiary teacher: Learning in communities of practice. Higher Education Research & Development, 25 (4), 323-339.\n\nWenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.\n\nWenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.\n\nAppendix A\n\nTopics proposed by the HGSE Committee on Curriculum and Instruction for Faculty Focus on Teaching treatment.\n\n» » Conducting classroom discussions on challenging issues, and encouraging students to express diverse views related to race, ethnicity, and gender\n» » Adapting or re-thinking pedagogy when class size jumps from small to medium or from medium to large\n» » Broadening attention to diversity in class discussions to include dimensions of politics, religion, and sexual orientation\n» » Using technology more ambitiously and effectively, during class and between class sessions\n» » Facilitating deep and highly interactive discussions, especially in large classes\n» » Encouraging students to produce original work, in an era when intellectual property is an increasingly fuzzy concept and in a world where some cultures hold different concepts of originality and plagiarism\n» » Viewing (edited) video recordings of \"master classes,\" taught by faculty colleagues, and engaging in debriefing and discussion about pedagogical choices\n» » Giving feedback on written work in ways that advance student learning\n» » Supporting students in carrying out small-group work, especially in project-oriented courses\n» » Giving voice in discussions to students who are shy, slower to speak, or whose first language is not English; and finding ways to limit those who speak easily, so they do not dominate\n» » Fine-tuning instruction to meet the needs of students with different degrees of prior professional experience in education\n\n» » Integrating more extensive international examples, data, and perspectives into courses\n» » Deciding when to let lively discussions trump lesson plans, and coping with the repercussions (falling behind, dealing with disgruntled students)\n» » Learning from faculty colleagues with special expertise in particular subjects\n\nAppendix B\n\nSample of planned questions from an instructor interview. The interview should be tied to the specific course and video segments; this sample is intended just to illustrate the kind of preparation and specificity that contribute to a successful interview:\n\n1. What were your intentions in this class? In two parts:\n» » How did you hope students would respond?\n» » What did you intend for them to learn?\n2. How do you think the students fared, in terms of these two criteria?:\n» » performance in discussion\n» » learning\n3. How do you try to ensure that your learning objectives are met?\n» » upfront framing\n» » lecturette at end\n» » new questions\n» » \"say more about …\"\n4. You move around the classroom a lot. In what ways is this strategic? tactical?\n» » e.g., moving close to a student you are questioning; or to a student who has made an unpopular comment\n» » moving behind students\n» » sitting down\n5. What are some techniques for getting students to \"take a stand\"? When does feeding a provocation become putting words in their mouth?\n\n6. How do you decide between calling on students who haven't yet spoken versus calling on someone you are pretty sure will advance the case discussion in a helpful way?\n7. How important are the physical dimensions?\n» » Body language?\n» » Facial expressions?\n» » Humor?\n\nTo what extent are you \"acting\" to elicit response?\n\n8. How do you respond when a student says something that is offensive to other students, e.g., a racially charged comment?\n9. What are the advantages and the risks of using the case method when you are addressing core issues such as equity?\n</text>\n",
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ENROLLED ORIGINAL
AN ACT
IN THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________
To amend the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act to authorize the involuntary dissolution of a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school when the charter for the school has been revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to provide that a plan of distribution for such a nonprofit corporation be developed and executed by the chartering authority in accordance with procedures established by the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995; to amend the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995 to require that a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school dissolve if the charter for the school is revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to establish procedures for the dissolution, to clarify that the powers conferred upon a public charter school can only be used for the purposes of operating the public charter school, and to clarify that the only purpose for the nonprofit corporation is operating the public charter school; to amend An Act To establish and provide for the maintenance of a free public library and reading room in the District of Columbia to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept donations, gifts, grants, and other assets for the benefit of the District of Columbia Public Library; to amend the Acceptance of use of gifts by District Entities Act of 2002 to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept and use gifts to the District of Columbia Public Library without prior approval by the Mayor.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, That this act may be cited as the "Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006".
Sec. 2. The District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 49 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.49) is amended as follows:
(1) The lead-in text is amended by striking the word "A" and inserting the phrase "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a" in its place.
(2) A new subsection (b) is added to read as follows:
Codification District of Columbia Official Code
2001 Edition
2007 Winter Supp.
West Group Publisher
Amend § 29-301.49
"(b) A plan of distribution for a corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11-135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.)("Public Charter Schools Act"), or the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 12, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.) ("School Reform Act"), shall be developed and executed in accordance with sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.".
(b) Section 53 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.53) is amended by adding a new subsection (c) to read as follows:
"(c) A corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act or the School Reform Act shall be dissolved involuntarily by a decree of the court in an action instituted by the Mayor or his designee in the name of the District of Columbia if the charter for the public charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished and the corporation has failed to voluntarily dissolve as required by sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.".
Sec. 3. The Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 101 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01) is amended by adding a new paragraph (10A) to read as follows:
"(10A) "Nonprofit Corporation Act" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).".
(b) Section 202 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.02) is amended as follows:
(1) Subsection (a)(11) is amended by striking the phrase "school;" and inserting the phrase "school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 210a;" in its place.
(2) Subsection (d) is amended as follows:
(A) Paragraph (1) is amended by striking the word "and" at the end.
(B) Paragraph (2) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase "; and" in its place.
(C) A new paragraph (3) is added to read as follows:
"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 210a.".
(c) Section 205 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.05) is amended as follows:
(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:
Amend § 29-301.53
Amend § 38-1701.01
Amend § 38-1702.02
Amend § 38-1702.05
"(b-1) Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.".
(2) Subsection (p) is amended to read as follows:
"(p)(1) A charter school shall be organized under the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school.
"(2) The charter school shall not be deemed, considered, or construed to be an entity of the District of Columbia government.".
(d) A new section 210a is added to read as follows:
"Sec. 210a. Mandatory dissolution.
"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:
"(1) Has been revoked by the Board;
"(2) Has not been renewed by the Board; or
"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.
"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.
"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:
"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and
"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office of the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships and used solely for educational purposes.
"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 201.
"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.
"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:
"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in a timely fashion and in a manner that will achieve maximum value;
"(B) Discharging the corporation's debts; and
"(C) Distributing any remaining assets in accordance with this section and section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act.
including:
"(2) The plan shall:
"(A) Provide that assets to be distributed pursuant to section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act be transferred or conveyed to the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships within the State Education Office and used solely for educational purposes; and
"(B) Be in accordance with the terms of existing creditor agreements and applicable laws, and creditors shall retain all rights, powers, and remedies available to them to cure default as defined in their agreements with the charter school.
"(3) As soon as feasible after closure of the school, the Board of Trustees shall complete and submit to the chartering authority a closeout audit, which shall include:
"(A) An account of the present value of the charter school's liabilities held by all of its creditors, including:
"(i) Banking institutions;
"(ii) Vendors; and
"(iii) State pension and health benefits agencies; and
"(B) An account of the present value of the charter school's assets,
"(i) Books;
"(ii) Supplies;
"(iii) Motor vehicles;
"(iv) Furnishings;
"(v) Equipment; and
"(vi) Facilities.
"(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as making the chartering authority or the District of Columbia liable for debts incurred by the corporation.
"(e) The authorizing entity, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall arrange for the transfer and storage of necessary student records in the possession of the charter school.
"(f) The authorizing entity may utilize assets of the charter school to provide for:
"(1) The transfer and storage of student records pursuant to subsection (e) of this
section; and
"(2) Any other actual expenses incurred by the authorizing entity as a result of the dissolution of the nonprofit organization operating the charter school.".
Sec. 4. The District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 26, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 2002 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.02) is amended by adding a new paragraph (24A) to read as follows:
Amend § 38-1800.02
ENROLLED ORIGINAL
"(24A) NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT. - The term "Nonprofit Corporation Act" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).
(b) Section 2202(8) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.02(8)) is amended by striking the phrase "school;" and inserting the phrase "school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 2213a;" in its place.
(c) Section 2204 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.04) is amended as follows:
(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:
"(b-1) Limitation on powers – Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.".
(2) Subsection (c)(16) is amended by striking the phrase "the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act (D.C. Code, sec. 29-501 et seq.)" and inserting the phrase "the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school" in its place.
(d) Section 2206(c) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.06(c)) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase ", or to an applicant who is a child of a member of the public charter school's founding board, so long as enrollment of founders' children is limited to no more than 10% of the school's total enrollment or to 20 students, whichever is less." in its place.
(e) Section 2212 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.12) is amended by adding a new paragraph (3) to read as follows:
"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 2213a.".
(f) A new section 2213a is added to read as follows:
"Sec. 2213a. Mandatory dissolution.
"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:
"(1) Has been revoked by the authorizing entity;
"(2) Has not been renewed by the authorizing entity; or
"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.
"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.
"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:
Amend § 38-1802.02
Amend § 38-1802.04
Amend § 38-1802.06
Amend § 38-1802.12
"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and
"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office
of the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and
Partnerships and used solely for educational purposes.
"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 2212.
"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.
"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:
"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in a timely fashion and in a manner that will achieve maximum value;
"(B) Discharging the corporation's debts; and
"(C) Distributing any remaining assets in accordance with this section and section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act.
"(2) The plan shall:
"(A) Provide that assets to be distributed pursuant to section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act be transferred or conveyed to the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships within the State Education Office and used solely for educational purposes; and
"(B) Be in accordance with the terms of existing creditor agreements and applicable laws, and creditors shall retain all rights, powers, and remedies available to them to cure default as defined in their agreements with the charter school.
"(3) As soon as feasible, the Board of Trustees shall complete and submit to the authorizing entity a closeout audit, which shall include:
"(A) An account of the present value of the charter school's liabilities held by all of its creditors, including:
"(i) Banking institutions;
"(ii) Vendors; and
"(iii) State pension and health benefits agencies; and
"(B) An account of the present value of the charter school's assets,
"(i) Books;
"(ii) Supplies;
including:
ENROLLED ORIGINAL
```
"(iii) Motor vehicles; "(iv) Furnishing; "(v) Equipment; and "(vi) Facilities.
```
"(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as making the chartering authority or the District of Columbia liable for debts incurred by the corporation.
"(e) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall arrange for the transfer and storage of necessary student records in the possession of the charter school.
"(f) The chartering authority may utilize assets of the charter school to provide for:
"(1) The transfer and storage of student records pursuant to subsection (e) of this section; and
"(2) Any other actual expenses incurred by the authorizing entity as a result of the dissolution of the nonprofit organization operating the charter school.".
Sec. 5. An Act To establish and provide for the maintenance of a free public library and reading room in the District of Columbia, approved June 3, 1896 (29 Stat. 244; D.C. Official Code § 39-101 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 1 (D.C. Official Code § 39-101) is amended by striking the phrase "and the Mayor of the said District is authorized on behalf of said District to accept and take title to all gifts, bequests, and devises for the purpose of aiding in the maintenance or endowment of said library".
(b) A new section 7a is added to read as follows:
"Sec. 7a. Authority to accept donations and gifts.
"(a) The Board of Library Trustees may accept donations, gifts by devise or bequest, grants, and any other type of asset, except real property as defined in section 1a of An Act authorizing the sole of certain real estate in the District of Columbia no longer required for public purposes, effective March 15, 1990 (D.C. Law 8-96; D.C. Official Code § 10-801.01), from individuals, clubs, groups, corporations, partnerships, and other governmental entities. The Board shall approve any donation, gift, grant, or asset with a value of $10,000 or more, but may delegate the acceptance of any donation, gift, grant, or asset with a value of less than $10,000 to the librarian of the public library.
"(b) The Board shall manage the property or funds in accordance with the provisions or conditions of the donation, gift, grant, or other type of asset, including the investment of the principal of the property or funds.
"(c) All monetary donations permitted under subsection (a) of this section shall be made available to the District of Columbia Public Library through the private grant revenue source included in the District of Columbia Public Library's annual operating budget.
Amend § 39-101
ENROLLED ORIGINAL
"(d) The Board shall issue rules to implement this section. The rules shall govern the acceptance and use of donations and gifts, record-keeping requirements, audit procedures, accessibility of records for public inspection, and any other areas that the Board considers appropriate.".
Sec. 6. Section 4602 of the Acceptance and use of gifts by District Entities Act of 2000, effective October 19, 2000 (D.C. Law 13-172; D.C. Official Code § 1-329.01), is amended by adding a new subsection (e) to read as follows:
"(e) This section shall not apply to the Board of Library Trustees, which may, pursuant to the laws and regulations of the District of Columbia, accept and use gifts to the District of Columbia Public Library without prior approval by the Mayor.".
Sec. 7. Fiscal impact statement.
The Council adopts the fiscal impact statement in the committee report as the fiscal impact statement required by section 602(c)(3) of the District of Columbia Home Rule Act, approved December 24, 1973 (87 Stat. 813; D.C. Official Code § 1-206.02(c)(3)).
Sec. 8. Effective date.
This act shall take effect following approval by the Mayor (or in the event of veto by the Mayor, action by the Council to override the veto), a 30-day period of Congressional review as provided in section 602(c)(1) of the District of Columbia Home Rule Act, approved December 24, 1973 (87 Stat. 813; D.C. Official Code § 1-206.02(c)(1)), and publication in the District of Columbia Register.
Chairman
Council of the District of Columbia
Mayor District of Columbia
Amend § 1-329.01
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://code.dccouncil.us/us/dc/council/laws/docs/16-268.pdf
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ENROLLED ORIGINAL
AN ACT
IN THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________
To amend the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act to authorize the involuntary dissolution of a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school when the charter for the school has been revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to provide that a plan of distribution for such a nonprofit corporation be developed and executed by the chartering authority in accordance with procedures established by the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995; to amend the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995 to require that a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school dissolve if the charter for the school is revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to establish procedures for the dissolution, to clarify that the powers conferred upon a public charter school can only be used for the purposes of operating the public charter school, and to clarify that the only purpose for the nonprofit corporation is operating the public charter school; to amend An Act To establish and provide for the maintenance of a free public library and reading room in the District of Columbia to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept donations, gifts, grants, and other assets for the benefit of the District of Columbia Public Library; to amend the Acceptance of use of gifts by District Entities Act of 2002 to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept and use gifts to the District of Columbia Public Library without prior approval by the Mayor.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, That this act may be cited as the "Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006".
Sec. 2. The District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 49 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.49) is amended as follows:
(1) The lead-in text is amended by striking the word "A" and inserting the phrase "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a" in its place.
(2) A new subsection (b) is added to read as follows:
Codification District of Columbia Official Code
2001 Edition
2007 Winter Supp.
West Group Publisher
Amend § 29-301.49
"(b) A plan of distribution for a corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11-135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.)("Public Charter Schools Act"), or the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 12, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.) ("School Reform Act"), shall be developed and executed in accordance with sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.".
(b) Section 53 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.53) is amended by adding a new subsection (c) to read as follows:
"(c) A corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act or the School Reform Act shall be dissolved involuntarily by a decree of the court in an action instituted by the Mayor or his designee in the name of the District of Columbia if the charter for the public charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished and the corporation has failed to voluntarily dissolve as required by sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.".
Sec. 3. The Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 101 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01) is amended by adding a new paragraph (10A) to read as follows:
"(10A) "Nonprofit Corporation Act" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).".
(b) Section 202 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.02) is amended as follows:
(1) Subsection (a)(11) is amended by striking the phrase "school;" and inserting the phrase "school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 210a;" in its place.
(2) Subsection (d) is amended as follows:
(A) Paragraph (1) is amended by striking the word "and" at the end.
(B) Paragraph (2) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase "; and" in its place.
(C) A new paragraph (3) is added to read as follows:
"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 210a.".
(c) Section 205 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.05) is amended as follows:
(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:
Amend § 29-301.53
Amend § 38-1701.01
Amend § 38-1702.02
Amend § 38-1702.05
"(b-1) Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.".
(2) Subsection (p) is amended to read as follows:
"(p)(1) A charter school shall be organized under the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school.
"(2) The charter school shall not be deemed, considered, or construed to be an entity of the District of Columbia government.".
(d) A new section 210a is added to read as follows:
"Sec. 210a. Mandatory dissolution.
"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:
"(1) Has been revoked by the Board;
"(2) Has not been renewed by the Board; or
"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.
"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.
"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:
"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and
"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office of the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships and used solely for educational purposes.
"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 201.
"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.
"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:
"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in a timely fashion and in a manner that will achieve maximum value;
"(B) Discharging the corporation's debts; and
"(C) Distributing any remaining assets in accordance with this section and section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act.
including:
"(2) The plan shall:
"(A) Provide that assets to be distributed pursuant to section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act be transferred or conveyed to the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships within the State Education Office and used solely for educational purposes; and
"(B) Be in accordance with the terms of existing creditor agreements and applicable laws, and creditors shall retain all rights, powers, and remedies available to them to cure default as defined in their agreements with the charter school.
"(3) As soon as feasible after closure of the school, the Board of Trustees shall complete and submit to the chartering authority a closeout audit, which shall include:
"(A) An account of the present value of the charter school's liabilities held by all of its creditors, including:
"(i) Banking institutions;
"(ii) Vendors; and
"(iii) State pension and health benefits agencies; and
"(B) An account of the present value of the charter school's assets,
"(i) Books;
"(ii) Supplies;
"(iii) Motor vehicles;
"(iv) Furnishings;
"(v) Equipment; and
"(vi) Facilities.
"(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as making the chartering authority or the District of Columbia liable for debts incurred by the corporation.
"(e) The authorizing entity, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall arrange for the transfer and storage of necessary student records in the possession of the charter school.
"(f) The authorizing entity may utilize assets of the charter school to provide for:
"(1) The transfer and storage of student records pursuant to subsection (e) of this
section; and
"(2) Any other actual expenses incurred by the authorizing entity as a result of the dissolution of the nonprofit organization operating the charter school.".
Sec. 4. The District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 26, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 2002 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.02) is amended by adding a new paragraph (24A) to read as follows:
Amend § 38-1800.02
ENROLLED ORIGINAL
"(24A) NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT. - The term "Nonprofit Corporation Act" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).
(b) Section 2202(8) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.02(8)) is amended by striking the phrase "school;" and inserting the phrase "school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 2213a;" in its place.
(c) Section 2204 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.04) is amended as follows:
(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:
"(b-1) Limitation on powers – Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.".
(2) Subsection (c)(16) is amended by striking the phrase "the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act (D.C. Code, sec. 29-501 et seq.)" and inserting the phrase "the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school" in its place.
(d) Section 2206(c) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.06(c)) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase ", or to an applicant who is a child of a member of the public charter school's founding board, so long as enrollment of founders' children is limited to no more than 10% of the school's total enrollment or to 20 students, whichever is less." in its place.
(e) Section 2212 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.12) is amended by adding a new paragraph (3) to read as follows:
"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 2213a.".
(f) A new section 2213a is added to read as follows:
"Sec. 2213a. Mandatory dissolution.
"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:
"(1) Has been revoked by the authorizing entity;
"(2) Has not been renewed by the authorizing entity; or
"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.
"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.
"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:
Amend § 38-1802.02
Amend § 38-1802.04
Amend § 38-1802.06
Amend § 38-1802.12
"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and
"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office
of the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and
Partnerships and used solely for educational purposes.
"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 2212.
"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.
"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:
"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in
|
a timely fashion and in a manner that will achieve maximum value;
"(B) Discharging the corporation's debts; and
"(C) Distributing any remaining assets in accordance with this section and section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act.
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<url>
https://code.dccouncil.us/us/dc/council/laws/docs/16-268.pdf
</url>
<text>
ENROLLED ORIGINAL
AN ACT
IN THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________
To amend the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act to authorize the involuntary dissolution of a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school when the charter for the school has been revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to provide that a plan of distribution for such a nonprofit corporation be developed and executed by the chartering authority in accordance with procedures established by the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995; to amend the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995 to require that a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school dissolve if the charter for the school is revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to establish procedures for the dissolution, to clarify that the powers conferred upon a public charter school can only be used for the purposes of operating the public charter school, and to clarify that the only purpose for the nonprofit corporation is operating the public charter school; to amend An Act To establish and provide for the maintenance of a free public library and reading room in the District of Columbia to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept donations, gifts, grants, and other assets for the benefit of the District of Columbia Public Library; to amend the Acceptance of use of gifts by District Entities Act of 2002 to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept and use gifts to the District of Columbia Public Library without prior approval by the Mayor.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, That this act may be cited as the "Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006".
Sec. 2. The District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 49 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.49) is amended as follows:
(1) The lead-in text is amended by striking the word "A" and inserting the phrase "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a" in its place.
(2) A new subsection (b) is added to read as follows:
Codification District of Columbia Official Code
2001 Edition
2007 Winter Supp.
West Group Publisher
Amend § 29-301.49
"(b) A plan of distribution for a corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11-135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.)("Public Charter Schools Act"), or the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 12, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.) ("School Reform Act"), shall be developed and executed in accordance with sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.".
(b) Section 53 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.53) is amended by adding a new subsection (c) to read as follows:
"(c) A corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act or the School Reform Act shall be dissolved involuntarily by a decree of the court in an action instituted by the Mayor or his designee in the name of the District of Columbia if the charter for the public charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished and the corporation has failed to voluntarily dissolve as required by sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.".
Sec. 3. The Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 101 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01) is amended by adding a new paragraph (10A) to read as follows:
"(10A) "Nonprofit Corporation Act" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).".
(b) Section 202 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.02) is amended as follows:
(1) Subsection (a)(11) is amended by striking the phrase "school;" and inserting the phrase "school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 210a;" in its place.
(2) Subsection (d) is amended as follows:
(A) Paragraph (1) is amended by striking the word "and" at the end.
(B) Paragraph (2) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase "; and" in its place.
(C) A new paragraph (3) is added to read as follows:
"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 210a.".
(c) Section 205 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.05) is amended as follows:
(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:
Amend § 29-301.53
Amend § 38-1701.01
Amend § 38-1702.02
Amend § 38-1702.05
"(b-1) Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.".
(2) Subsection (p) is amended to read as follows:
"(p)(1) A charter school shall be organized under the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school.
"(2) The charter school shall not be deemed, considered, or construed to be an entity of the District of Columbia government.".
(d) A new section 210a is added to read as follows:
"Sec. 210a. Mandatory dissolution.
"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:
"(1) Has been revoked by the Board;
"(2) Has not been renewed by the Board; or
"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.
"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.
"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:
"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and
"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office of the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships and used solely for educational purposes.
"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 201.
"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.
"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:
"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in a timely fashion and in a manner that will achieve maximum value;
"(B) Discharging the corporation's debts; and
"(C) Distributing any remaining assets in accordance with this section and section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act.
including:
"(2) The plan shall:
"(A) Provide that assets to be distributed pursuant to section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act be transferred or conveyed to the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships within the State Education Office and used solely for educational purposes; and
"(B) Be in accordance with the terms of existing creditor agreements and applicable laws, and creditors shall retain all rights, powers, and remedies available to them to cure default as defined in their agreements with the charter school.
"(3) As soon as feasible after closure of the school, the Board of Trustees shall complete and submit to the chartering authority a closeout audit, which shall include:
"(A) An account of the present value of the charter school's liabilities held by all of its creditors, including:
"(i) Banking institutions;
"(ii) Vendors; and
"(iii) State pension and health benefits agencies; and
"(B) An account of the present value of the charter school's assets,
"(i) Books;
"(ii) Supplies;
"(iii) Motor vehicles;
"(iv) Furnishings;
"(v) Equipment; and
"(vi) Facilities.
"(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as making the chartering authority or the District of Columbia liable for debts incurred by the corporation.
"(e) The authorizing entity, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall arrange for the transfer and storage of necessary student records in the possession of the charter school.
"(f) The authorizing entity may utilize assets of the charter school to provide for:
"(1) The transfer and storage of student records pursuant to subsection (e) of this
section; and
"(2) Any other actual expenses incurred by the authorizing entity as a result of the dissolution of the nonprofit organization operating the charter school.".
Sec. 4. The District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 26, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:
(a) Section 2002 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.02) is amended by adding a new paragraph (24A) to read as follows:
Amend § 38-1800.02
ENROLLED ORIGINAL
"(24A) NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT. - The term "Nonprofit Corporation Act" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).
(b) Section 2202(8) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.02(8)) is amended by striking the phrase "school;" and inserting the phrase "school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 2213a;" in its place.
(c) Section 2204 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.04) is amended as follows:
(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:
"(b-1) Limitation on powers – Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.".
(2) Subsection (c)(16) is amended by striking the phrase "the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act (D.C. Code, sec. 29-501 et seq.)" and inserting the phrase "the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school" in its place.
(d) Section 2206(c) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.06(c)) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase ", or to an applicant who is a child of a member of the public charter school's founding board, so long as enrollment of founders' children is limited to no more than 10% of the school's total enrollment or to 20 students, whichever is less." in its place.
(e) Section 2212 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.12) is amended by adding a new paragraph (3) to read as follows:
"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 2213a.".
(f) A new section 2213a is added to read as follows:
"Sec. 2213a. Mandatory dissolution.
"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:
"(1) Has been revoked by the authorizing entity;
"(2) Has not been renewed by the authorizing entity; or
"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.
"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.
"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:
Amend § 38-1802.02
Amend § 38-1802.04
Amend § 38-1802.06
Amend § 38-1802.12
"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and
"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office
of the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and
Partnerships and used solely for educational purposes.
"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 2212.
"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.
"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:
"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in <cursor_is_here>
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://code.dccouncil.us/us/dc/council/laws/docs/16-268.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nENROLLED ORIGINAL\n\nAN ACT\n\nIN THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA\n\n_________________________\n\nTo amend the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act to authorize the involuntary dissolution of a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school when the charter for the school has been revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to provide that a plan of distribution for such a nonprofit corporation be developed and executed by the chartering authority in accordance with procedures established by the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995; to amend the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996 and the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995 to require that a nonprofit corporation operating a public charter school dissolve if the charter for the school is revoked, not renewed, or voluntarily relinquished, and to establish procedures for the dissolution, to clarify that the powers conferred upon a public charter school can only be used for the purposes of operating the public charter school, and to clarify that the only purpose for the nonprofit corporation is operating the public charter school; to amend An Act To establish and provide for the maintenance of a free public library and reading room in the District of Columbia to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept donations, gifts, grants, and other assets for the benefit of the District of Columbia Public Library; to amend the Acceptance of use of gifts by District Entities Act of 2002 to authorize the Board of Library Trustees to accept and use gifts to the District of Columbia Public Library without prior approval by the Mayor.\n\nBE IT ENACTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, That this act may be cited as the \"Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006\".\n\nSec. 2. The District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:\n\n(a) Section 49 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.49) is amended as follows:\n\n(1) The lead-in text is amended by striking the word \"A\" and inserting the phrase \"Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a\" in its place.\n\n(2) A new subsection (b) is added to read as follows:\n\nCodification District of Columbia Official Code\n\n2001 Edition\n\n2007 Winter Supp.\n\nWest Group Publisher\n\nAmend § 29-301.49\n\n\"(b) A plan of distribution for a corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11-135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.)(\"Public Charter Schools Act\"), or the District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 12, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.) (\"School Reform Act\"), shall be developed and executed in accordance with sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.\".\n(b) Section 53 (D.C. Official Code § 29-301.53) is amended by adding a new subsection (c) to read as follows:\n\"(c) A corporation organized under this act for the purpose of operating a public charter school pursuant to either the Public Charter Schools Act or the School Reform Act shall be dissolved involuntarily by a decree of the court in an action instituted by the Mayor or his designee in the name of the District of Columbia if the charter for the public charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished and the corporation has failed to voluntarily dissolve as required by sections 210a and 2213a of those acts, respectively.\".\nSec. 3. The Public Charter Schools Act of 1996, effective May 29, 1996 (D.C. Law 11135; D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:\n(a) Section 101 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1701.01) is amended by adding a new paragraph (10A) to read as follows:\n\"(10A) \"Nonprofit Corporation Act\" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).\".\n(b) Section 202 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.02) is amended as follows:\n(1) Subsection (a)(11) is amended by striking the phrase \"school;\" and inserting the phrase \"school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 210a;\" in its place.\n(2) Subsection (d) is amended as follows:\n(A) Paragraph (1) is amended by striking the word \"and\" at the end.\n(B) Paragraph (2) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase \"; and\" in its place.\n(C) A new paragraph (3) is added to read as follows:\n\"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 210a.\".\n(c) Section 205 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1702.05) is amended as follows:\n(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:\n\nAmend § 29-301.53\n\nAmend § 38-1701.01\n\nAmend § 38-1702.02\n\nAmend § 38-1702.05\n\n\"(b-1) Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.\".\n(2) Subsection (p) is amended to read as follows:\n\"(p)(1) A charter school shall be organized under the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school.\n\"(2) The charter school shall not be deemed, considered, or construed to be an entity of the District of Columbia government.\".\n(d) A new section 210a is added to read as follows:\n\"Sec. 210a. Mandatory dissolution.\n\"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:\n\"(1) Has been revoked by the Board;\n\"(2) Has not been renewed by the Board; or\n\"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.\n\"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.\n\"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:\n\"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and\n\"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office of the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships and used solely for educational purposes.\n\"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 201.\n\"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.\n\"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:\n\"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in a timely fashion and in a manner that will achieve maximum value;\n\"(B) Discharging the corporation's debts; and\n\"(C) Distributing any remaining assets in accordance with this section and section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act.\n\nincluding:\n\n\"(2) The plan shall:\n\n\"(A) Provide that assets to be distributed pursuant to section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act be transferred or conveyed to the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and Partnerships within the State Education Office and used solely for educational purposes; and\n\"(B) Be in accordance with the terms of existing creditor agreements and applicable laws, and creditors shall retain all rights, powers, and remedies available to them to cure default as defined in their agreements with the charter school.\n\"(3) As soon as feasible after closure of the school, the Board of Trustees shall complete and submit to the chartering authority a closeout audit, which shall include:\n\"(A) An account of the present value of the charter school's liabilities held by all of its creditors, including:\n\"(i) Banking institutions;\n\"(ii) Vendors; and\n\"(iii) State pension and health benefits agencies; and\n\"(B) An account of the present value of the charter school's assets,\n\"(i) Books;\n\"(ii) Supplies;\n\"(iii) Motor vehicles;\n\"(iv) Furnishings;\n\"(v) Equipment; and\n\"(vi) Facilities.\n\"(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as making the chartering authority or the District of Columbia liable for debts incurred by the corporation.\n\"(e) The authorizing entity, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall arrange for the transfer and storage of necessary student records in the possession of the charter school.\n\"(f) The authorizing entity may utilize assets of the charter school to provide for:\n\"(1) The transfer and storage of student records pursuant to subsection (e) of this\n\nsection; and\n\n\"(2) Any other actual expenses incurred by the authorizing entity as a result of the dissolution of the nonprofit organization operating the charter school.\".\nSec. 4. The District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995, approved April 26, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321-107; D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.01 et seq.), is amended as follows:\n(a) Section 2002 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1800.02) is amended by adding a new paragraph (24A) to read as follows:\n\nAmend § 38-1800.02\n\nENROLLED ORIGINAL\n\n\"(24A) NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT. - The term \"Nonprofit Corporation Act\" means the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, approved August 6, 1962 (76 Stat. 265; D.C. Official Code § 29-301.01 et seq.).\n(b) Section 2202(8) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.02(8)) is amended by striking the phrase \"school;\" and inserting the phrase \"school, which shall include provisions governing the distribution of the corporation's assets upon dissolution that comply with the requirements of section 2213a;\" in its place.\n(c) Section 2204 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.04) is amended as follows:\n(1) A new subsection (b-1) is added to read as follows:\n\"(b-1) Limitation on powers – Each power conferred upon a public charter school under subsection (b) of this section can only be used for the sole purpose of operating the public charter school.\".\n(2) Subsection (c)(16) is amended by striking the phrase \"the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act (D.C. Code, sec. 29-501 et seq.)\" and inserting the phrase \"the Nonprofit Corporation Act and its sole purpose shall be the operation of the public charter school\" in its place.\n(d) Section 2206(c) (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.06(c)) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting the phrase \", or to an applicant who is a child of a member of the public charter school's founding board, so long as enrollment of founders' children is limited to no more than 10% of the school's total enrollment or to 20 students, whichever is less.\" in its place.\n(e) Section 2212 (D.C. Official Code § 38-1802.12) is amended by adding a new paragraph (3) to read as follows:\n\"(3) The articles of incorporation and bylaws of the nonprofit corporation operating the charter school, which shall contain provisions satisfying the requirements of section 2213a.\".\n(f) A new section 2213a is added to read as follows:\n\n\"Sec. 2213a. Mandatory dissolution.\n\n\"(a) A nonprofit corporation operating a charter school shall dissolve if the charter for the school:\n\"(1) Has been revoked by the authorizing entity;\n\"(2) Has not been renewed by the authorizing entity; or\n\"(3) Has been voluntarily relinquished by the charter school.\n\"(b) The distribution of assets upon dissolution required by subsection (a) of this section shall be in accordance with section 48 of the Nonprofit Corporation Act and this section.\n\"(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the articles of incorporation or the bylaws of a nonprofit corporation operating the charter school shall require that:\n\nAmend § 38-1802.02\n\nAmend § 38-1802.04\n\nAmend § 38-1802.06\n\nAmend § 38-1802.12\n\n\"(A) The corporation shall dissolve if the charter for the charter school has been revoked, has not been renewed, or has been voluntarily relinquished; and\n\n\"(B) Any assets to be distributed pursuant to a plan of distribution under section 48(3) of the Nonprofit Corporation Act shall be transferred to the State Education Office\n\nof the District of Columbia, to be controlled by the Office of Education Facilities and\n\nPartnerships and used solely for educational purposes.\n\n\"(2) A nonprofit corporation with an existing charter as of the effective date of the Public Charter School Assets and Facilities Preservation Amendment Act of 2006, passed on 2 nd reading on December 19, 2006 (Enrolled version of Bill 16-624), shall not be required to amend its articles of incorporation or bylaws to comply with the requirements of this section until the time of its charter renewal under section 2212.\n\"(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as exempting the corporation from any other requirements of this section.\n\"(d)(1) The chartering authority, in consultation with the Board of Trustees, shall develop and execute a plan for:\n\"(A) Liquidating the corporation's assets in <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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The former Memorial Hospital built in homage to the fallen of the Great War is to be largely demolished and re-built, despite a promise it would be protected.
The hospital, which opened in 1928 thanks to public funds, is to form part of a new 630-place primary school at the former Peterborough District Hospital site in Thorpe Road.
The administrative core of the memorial hospital was meant to remain untouched as part of an outline planning application agreed last July.
But a detailed application passed by city councillors on Tuesday means only the façade remains as it is now.
Local historians have always opposed any suggestion the memorial hospital building be demolished because of its emotional and historical importance.
Peter Lee, of the Peterborough Civic Society, called the change disappointing, but said there would be no issue if the core was re-built close to how it looks now.
However, he warned: “Disappointment would become anger if we lost that façade.”
A report by city council planning officers said detailed design proposals showed the existing hospital roof needed to be replaced. The report added that because the building’s use had changed, the issue of ‘disproportionate collapse’ needed to be addressed.
Applicants Kier Construction Limited and the council say rebuilding the core would allow it to meet modern building standards.
Works on the new school should start in the next month so it can open for September 2016. The school will replace West Town Primary Academy.
The council is providing £500,000 of funding for the school, while the government is providing £6 million. A council spokesman said: “The change to retain the front façade and reconstruct the rest of the structure does not significantly change the cost of the new school building.”
Addressing the committee on Tuesday, Cllr Wayne Fitzgerald said: “On balance, what we are proposing will keep the important façade and protect the heritage. I think it’s the right decision.”
Objector Dan Windwood said: “It’s not just a memorial but a living building for those who survived the war.”
Cllr David Harrington said it was a difficult decision, but added: “I’m sure every soldier who gave their lives would like to see children going through the doors.” Cllr Peter Hiller said changes have been made to the building in the past.
Peterborough District Hospital closed in 2010, with services moving to Peterborough City Hospital. The site was sold in 2013 to Lands Improvement Holdings for £7.75 million. There will also be 350 homes built on the site.
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The former Memorial Hospital built in homage to the fallen of the Great War is to be largely demolished and re-built, despite a promise it would be protected.
The hospital, which opened in 1928 thanks to public funds, is to form part of a new 630-place primary school at the former Peterborough District Hospital site in Thorpe Road.
The administrative core of the memorial hospital was meant to remain untouched as part of an outline planning application agreed last July.
But a detailed application passed by city councillors on Tuesday means only the façade remains as it is now.
Local historians have always opposed any suggestion the memorial hospital building be demolished because of its emotional and historical importance.
Peter Lee, of the Peterborough Civic Society, called the change disappointing, but said there would be no issue if the core was re-built close to how it
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The former Memorial Hospital built in homage to the fallen of the Great War is to be largely demolished and re-built, despite a promise it would be protected.
The hospital, which opened in 1928 thanks to public funds, is to form part of a new 630-place primary school at the former Peterborough District Hospital site in Thorpe Road.
The administrative core of the memorial hospital was meant to remain untouched as part of an outline planning application agreed last July.
But a detailed application passed by city councillors on Tuesday means only the façade remains as it is now.
Local historians have always opposed any suggestion the memorial hospital building be demolished because of its emotional and historical importance.
Peter Lee, of the Peterborough Civic Society, called the change disappointing, but said there would be no issue if the core was re-built close to how it <cursor_is_here>
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Has someone close to you been arrested? Are you in need of a reputable bondsman? Look no further. CJ Johnson has over 50 years experience and is conveniently located in Downtown Tacoma.
For most people, being arrested is a very troubling, embarrassing, scary, and painful experience. We understand so we can help you through it, emotionally and financially, by guiding you step by step through the process and then making it easier for you to pay for services you need.
From this site, you'll be able to learn about how bail works, release options, and your rights as a co-signer. You can even view the Pierce County Jail Roster. We've also provided useful community links for you to learn more about how you can help your community.
Call Now For A Free Consultation
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Has someone close to you been arrested? Are you in need of a reputable bondsman? Look no further. CJ Johnson has over 50 years experience and is conveniently located in Downtown Tacoma.
For most people, being arrested is a very troubling, embarrassing, scary, and painful experience. We understand so we can help you through it, emotionally and financially, by guiding you step
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HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP (HC)
HC 4000 Healthcare Systems and Regulatory Environments (4 Credits)
This course opens with a comprehensive overview of the functions of various types of healthcare organizations: providers, insurance companies, government agencies, and professional associations. Alternative payment and provider models are reviewed, regulatory bodies and issues are explored, and healthcare reform efforts and proposals are discussed. Supply and demand projections for personnel are examined. The work of key federal agencies (NIH, National Center for Disease Control, and Food and Drug Administration) is reviewed as well as the activity of national and international non-governmental organizations. Major national and global public health challenges are introduced.
HC 4005 Healthcare Macroeconomics (4 Credits)
This course focuses on macro analysis of the current financial state of healthcare in the United States. The relationships of value, quality, and price are analyzed. Transparency related to price and quality is considered. Fundamental items such as balance sheets/income statements, accounting vs. financial reporting, equity, cash flows, and debt financing are covered in detail. Payment and incentive models are considered in connection with employer-furnished benefits, private health insurance plans, Medicare and Medicaid. Current issues, such as pay for performance, shared savings, cost shifting, and healthcare for the aging, under and uninsured are discussed. Students will discuss variations in health policy related to payment and coverage systems.
HC 4010 Healthcare Communication and Leadership (4 Credits)
This course focuses on the welfare of patient, family, and community in the context of medical team communication and leadership. Models for communicating highly technical medical information with patients and others involved in their care are examined. Students weigh and assess differences in personal and organizational cultures to optimize patient-centered outcomes. Students acquire a sound body of knowledge and terminology to facilitate communication and leadership across a multitude of disciplines essential in the delivery of healthcare. NOTE: This course is strongly recommended within the first 3 terms of study.
HC 4015 Healthcare Finance (4 Credits)
This course presents an overview of financial management in healthcare organizations operating in the United States. Students will gain a broad overview of the business of healthcare in the United States, including interpretation of financial statements, budgeting, variance analysis, operational analysis, capital investment analysis, expense management issues, revenues, and payment systems used in the current United States healthcare system. The course will use a case-based approach where students will demonstrate mastery of financial management skills through application of knowledge to real-life scenarios from the industry.
HC 4100 Management Principles in Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)
Healthcare systems are complex, dynamic, multilayered and unpredictable. They require constant situational awareness to maintain safety, efficiency, compliance, relevance and fiscal responsibility. Management and leadership need to have the vision to respond to changes and unexpected events. In this course, students encounter and explore the management functions required to lead and administer various types of healthcare systems. Students will engage in activities such as analyzing a healthcare system or organization's current level of performance or culture to inform ways to lead that organization toward excellence.
HC 4110 Healthcare: Innovative Strategies and Change Management (4 Credits)
Effective healthcare takes continual innovation to meet the ever-changing needs of the population. Through an examination of disruptions that create a catalyst for change, this course focuses on teaching students how innovative strategies can enable quality care and sustainability both within the healthcare delivery system and the health industry. Further, the drivers of innovation are explored from their use in grassroots efforts through regulatory reform through the lens of supply and demand. Finally, strategic planning for maximum use of financial resources to meet stakeholder expectations is ventured into in this course.
HC 4130 Organizational Behavior in Healthcare (4 Credits)
Customer and employee satisfaction elements of healthcare management are often a result of how well the entire healthcare system functions. Students examine successful and less successful examples of cooperation, compatibility, and dedication within the workplace and explore what contributes to a harmonious and effective healthcare environment. Interpersonal skills are discussed, as are ethical guidelines and laws that define acceptable workplace behavior.
HC 4200 Comparative Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)
This course describes variations in healthcare delivery systems locally, nationally, and globally as they relate to policy, structure, and finance. Comparisons of systems are made relative to expenditure of resources and outcomes. Students learn about healthcare coverage, access to care, healthcare rationing, provider manpower distribution, and seeking healthcare in foreign countries (medical tourism). The discrepancy between the desirable and the practical is explored, and students are asked to outline and defend a system that they believe is both desirable and practical.
HC 4210 Quality Improvement for HC Leaders (4 Credits)
This course is designed to review the body of knowledge and core competencies needed to function at the level of Certified Professional in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ) in a healthcare organization. Skills gained are applicable to managers and administrators of hospitals, practices, and clinics. Course content is beneficial to clinicians and others interested in quality and patient safety. This course facilitates the successful pursuit of the CPHQ certification exam. Core competencies, aligned with the CPHQ certification exam, to be explored in detail include: Leadership and Management; Quality and Performance Improvement; Healthcare Safety; Information Management and Regulation, Accreditation and Continuous Readiness. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC4000 and HC4220 prior to registering for the course.
1
HC 4220 Ethical Considerations in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course explores ethical considerations encountered throughout the United States' healthcare industry as well as within the broader global environment. Both clinical and non-clinical scenarios will be examined. Students will learn to apply ethical principles, theories, and concepts to analyze and draw conclusions for a broad range of ethical dilemmas. Through readings, class discussions, and assignments, students will recognize how ethical considerations vary depending on the perspective of the stakeholder or assessor, a critcal step in making ethical decisions with no single right answer.
HC 4225 Healthcare Public Policy and the Legislative Process (4 Credits)
This class provides students with an understanding of the political and legislative procedures that lead to healthcare policy change and reform. Students examine the influences and functions of government agencies, legislative processes and procedures and executive branch rule-making. Students objectively evaluate how policy changes occur at the federal and state levels and subsequently affect the functioning as a citizen and a professional. Class lecture focuses on the legislative path of federal law and then follows it through to the outcomes at the state level. Students explore the importance of developing relationships, communication and advocacy strategies with elected officials and various stakeholder groups that interact with the federal and state legislative processes.
HC 4230 Implementation and Evaluation of Healthcare Public Policy (4 Credits)
This course examines strategies for implementation and evaluation of healthcare public policy. Students develop skills in analyzing issues, considering and weighing pros and cons of proposed policy, and defending strategies for bringing about change. Beginning with the passage of a new law, policy, or regulation, students track the process to implement and evaluate new policy. Topics related to implementation of a new policy include funding the implementation, effect on constituents and the overall national economy, sustainability, and short- and long-term evaluation of the policy. At the conclusion of this course, students will prepare an implementation plan for selected recently passed state legislation. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC 4000 prior to registering for this course.
HC 4400 Legal Dynamics of Healthcare Leadership (4 Credits)
This course is a primer on the legal and compliance considerations associated with organization, payment, and administration of facilities and provider groups. Topics will include the corporate and contract law, Stark and anti-kickback law, licensure and credentialing, professional liability, professional review and patient safety, HIPAA and patient privacy, and other laws affecting healthcare providers and organizations.
HC 4410 Legal Frameworks of the Healthcare Industry (4 Credits)
This course reviews the recent history of healthcare reform in the United States beginning with the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) and moving to health reform since the ACA. Students examine the influences and functions of Medicare and Medicaid as well as the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) role in shaping benefit coverage throughout the healthcare industry. Students will explore the importance of, and examine legal issues related to, public health and healthcare provided by entities within the Federal Government such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Defense (DoD), and Indian Health Service (IHS). Students will objectively evaluate the legalities and ethical issues associated with clinical research as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s involvement in the development of pharmaceutical agents and medical devices. The course concludes with students analyzing the future landscape of health reform and public sector influence in healthcare.
HC 4420 Legal Fundamentals of Revenue in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course provides an understanding of the legal complexities of creating and managing delivery and payment models for healthcare services. Course content revolves around the current challenges of evolving from volume-based to value-based payment principles. Topics will include fraud and abuse and compliance, legal foundations of private and public payment systems, fee for service, managed care, value-based systems, and a review of current healthcare payment reform efforts. The course wraps up with the role of clinical health information and related data systems in healthcare delivery and payment.
HC 4430 Significant Healthcare Law (4 Credits)
As a foundation, students begin with an overview of healthcare law and an analysis of the sources of law to include the Constitution, statutes, regulations, and case law. Throughout the course, students will objectively analyze constitutional issues and major federal healthcare laws and will further delve into regulations implementing statutes as well as cases interpreting them. Students will examine the intersection of traditional areas of law and healthcare to include torts, antitrust, contracts, and intellectual property. They will explore the contemporary and emerging areas of information and innovation in healthcare law as well as the Affordable Care Act, to include the Supreme Court's landmark decision. The course concludes with a consideration of the pervasive problem of fraud, waste, and abuse. This course is delivered in a seminar style with significant independent work/research on the part of students and should be taken after introductory and concentration courses.
HC 4500 Operational Challenges in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course presents challenges in operations that are unique to healthcare services and products being delivered in the international market. Topics include international marketing of services and healthcare products, negotiation styles, ethical considerations, organizational structure, transporting of medical goods and personnel, individual travel health and medical tourism as a business model. Cultural and religious considerations in healthcare delivery are discussed. Grants and research management for global health are compared with domestic procedures.
HC 4510 Legal and Employment Issues in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course presents legal considerations involved in conducting global programs and business related to healthcare services and products. Employment and labor law are discussed in relationship to employment across international lines and within foreign countries. Intellectual property, patent and copyright of healthcare products, curriculum, and programs are examined. Customs laws, foreign trade, and other regulations such as healthcare licensing and credentialing of personnel are developed. Human resource challenges such as remote team management are discussed.
HC 4520 Global Health NGO Management (4 Credits)
Students will examine factors that impact organizational performance in the global nonprofit health sector. Students expore current challenges associated with Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that operate in low-income and middle-income countries. Examples include Doctors Without Borders, Shoulder to Shoulder, and others. Students are empowered to research and compare different NGOs and analyze factors that impact organizational effectiveness. Key challenges facing NGO leaders are analyzed and students provide recommendations to improve organizational performance. Course topics include assessment of NGO strategies, organizational resources and financing, and stakeholder relations. Other topics include analysis of countries' demographics, culture, healthcare delivery, policies, and external environment. It is recommended that students in the Global Health Program Management concentration or certificate complete HC4500 and HC4510 prior to registering for this course. Students in other concentrations or programs may take this course at any time as an elective.
HC 4530 Regulatory Affairs in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course discusses the various regulatory requirements of conducting healthcare related business from the perspective of research, development, and marketing of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Both domestic and international requirements will be examined. Students will develop a template of skills for investigating healthcare related compliance issues that can be adapted to specific markets as needed.
HC 4701 Topics in Healthcare Management (1-10 Credits)
This is an advanced special topics seminar course. The focus is on specialized areas of interest. Topics courses may be used as electives within the Healthcare Leadership degree and certificates, and, with advance approval from Academic Director, may substitute for core courses in the degree or certificate programs.
HC 4900 Experiential Learning in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course is for students who want to do independent research by completing an industry project and serves as a connector between research methods and a student's Capstone Project. The course will connect an academic research question with an experiential learning opportunity in healthcare for students as they prepare for their Capstone Project experience. Students will choose a Capstone Advisor, choose a topic, develop a thesis statement, explore project methodologies, write a proposal, and complete the necessary Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements. Students will also agree to the structure and deliverables of their projects. There is an expectation for face to face (virtual is acceptable) meetings between students and their prospective Capstone Advisor during this course. This course is a prerequisite for any students planning to complete the Capstone Project (HC 4901) as it is the beginning of the Capstone Project process. Prerequisites: approval by Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, and completion of between 30-40 quarter-hours. This course meets an elective option.
HC 4901 Capstone Project (4 Credits)
The Capstone Project provides students the opportunity to research a topic, problem, or issue within their field of study, and work individually with a Capstone advisor. Similar in weight to a thesis, but more flexible, this final project will synthesize and apply core concepts acquired from the program. The student will select an appropriate Capstone advisor who is knowledgeable in the field of study to work closely with and whom can guide the research project. Evaluation will be focused on the quality and professionalism of applied research and writing; critical and creative thinking; problemsolving skills; knowledge of research design, method, and implementation; and contribution to the field and topic of study. Please see the Capstone Guidelines for additional details. Prerequisites: A Capstone Proposal that has been approved by both the Capstone Advisor and the Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of a B- or better is required to pass.
HC 4902 Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)
The Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem in their degree field of study. The students produce a Capstone of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem, supports the position with professional and academic literature, analyzes and tests the proposed solution, and discusses the findings as related to the field of study. The seminar is dependent upon quality, collegial discussion, and feedback of students' research and work products, under the facilitation of a faculty member. The course structure guides the students through the process of independent, secondary research and writing of a Capstone. No primary research is allowed. Students generate the course content through ongoing discussion and peer feedback on the Capstone process and individual topic areas under investigation. Students professionally and academically communicate through written work and oral presentation. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.
HC 4904 Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)
The Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem or issue in the degree field of study. Members of the class will include students from various UCOL programs, representing multiple topics of study. On campus offerings of this course include required online components. The student produces a paper of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem or issue, supports the position with professional and academic work in the field, analyzes and tests the paper position, and discusses the role of the findings within the field of study. Students professionally and academically communicate their findings through written work and oral presentations. The seminar is dependent upon active and collegial discussion and critique of student research and work under the facilitation of a faculty member, and it is governed by the quality of participation and contributions of the students. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.
3
4
HC 4910 Research Practices and Applications (4 Credits)
This course develops competency in principles of research and measurement for use in the professional setting. As an initial course in the program of study, students will learn research methods to apply to program and systems design and evaluation to achieve successful measurement of outcomes and goals. Students will become critical consumers of pertinent literature to provide background and support for the choice and application of proper qualitative and quantitative research methods and data analysis for professional application. Critical thinking through comparing and contrasting cause and effect is used to build logic models. Research, design, and evaluation processes that address issues of implementation, feasibility, and sustainability are emphasized. At the conclusion of this course students will be prepared to apply and clearly communicate the practice of scientific research principles in the professional environment to ensure that the question being asked can be answered through rigorous research and the design and formative assessment of the program or system. Completion of Institutional Review Board (IRB) training via CITI Program is required as a basis for discussion of research ethics and IRB procedures. Competencies gained in this course, including practices of inquiry, self-analysis, and evaluation, will be applied and integrated throughout the course of study and demonstrated in the culminating capstone work of the master's degree. This course is required of all degree-seeking students and should be taken in the first three quarters of enrollment.
HC 4915 Experiential Learning in Business (4 Credits)
This course is for learners who want to increase their range of business skills and industry experience. As learners navigate ten modules, they will walk through reflection on specific activities related to professional business skills. These skills include items such as building a personal brand, creating value add, informational interviewing, negotiating, and system evaluation. This course will use virtual reality to ensure an equitable experience for remote students. At the culmination of this course, learners will have a basic set of professional business skills they can use throughout their careers.
HC 4980 Internship (0-10 Credits)
The Healthcare Internship is designed to offer students a purposeful experience in a practical, industry related setting. The internship is an individualized learning experience. A training plan is created for each student in conjunction with the internship site supervisor to provide experiences related to the skills and knowledge covered in the certificate and master's programs as well as professional goals. Students are responsible for finding their own internship site and proposing their internship ideas. University College will send notification to all Healthcare students if they hear of internship possibilities. Students may also work through the DU career center, to explore opportunities for internship experiences.
HC 4991 Independent Study (1-8 Credits)
This is an advanced course for students wishing to pursue an independent course of study. The student must be accepted in a degree program, have earned a grade point average of 3.0 or better, obtained the approval of the department director, and have completed the Independent Study form and filed the form with all appropriate offices before registering for the independent study. Independent Study is offered only on a for-credit basis.
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HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP (HC)
HC 4000 Healthcare Systems and Regulatory Environments (4 Credits)
This course opens with a comprehensive overview of the functions of various types of healthcare organizations: providers, insurance companies, government agencies, and professional associations. Alternative payment and provider models are reviewed, regulatory bodies and issues are explored, and healthcare reform efforts and proposals are discussed. Supply and demand projections for personnel are examined. The work of key federal agencies (NIH, National Center for Disease Control, and Food and Drug Administration) is reviewed as well as the activity of national and international non-governmental organizations. Major national and global public health challenges are introduced.
HC 4005 Healthcare Macroeconomics (4 Credits)
This course focuses on macro analysis of the current financial state of healthcare in the United States. The relationships of value, quality, and price are analyzed. Transparency related to price and quality is considered. Fundamental items such as balance sheets/income statements, accounting vs. financial reporting, equity, cash flows, and debt financing are covered in detail. Payment and incentive models are considered in connection with employer-furnished benefits, private health insurance plans, Medicare and Medicaid. Current issues, such as pay for performance, shared savings, cost shifting, and healthcare for the aging, under and uninsured are discussed. Students will discuss variations in health policy related to payment and coverage systems.
HC 4010 Healthcare Communication and Leadership (4 Credits)
This course focuses on the welfare of patient, family, and community in the context of medical team communication and leadership. Models for communicating highly technical medical information with patients and others involved in their care are examined. Students weigh and assess differences in personal and organizational cultures to optimize patient-centered outcomes. Students acquire a sound body of knowledge and terminology to facilitate communication and leadership across a multitude of disciplines essential in the delivery of healthcare. NOTE: This course is strongly recommended within the first 3 terms of study.
HC 4015 Healthcare Finance (4 Credits)
This course presents an overview of financial management in healthcare organizations operating in the United States. Students will gain a broad overview of the business of healthcare in the United States, including interpretation of financial statements, budgeting, variance analysis, operational analysis, capital investment analysis, expense management issues, revenues, and payment systems used in the current United States healthcare system. The course will use a case-based approach where students will demonstrate mastery of financial management skills through application of knowledge to real-life scenarios from the industry.
HC 4100 Management Principles in Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)
Healthcare systems are complex, dynamic, multilayered and unpredictable. They require constant situational awareness to maintain safety, efficiency, compliance, relevance and fiscal responsibility. Management and leadership need to have the vision to respond to changes and unexpected events. In this course, students encounter and explore the management functions required to lead and administer various types of healthcare systems. Students will engage in activities such as analyzing a healthcare system or organization's current level of performance or culture to inform ways to lead that organization toward excellence.
HC 4110 Healthcare: Innovative Strategies and Change Management (4 Credits)
Effective healthcare takes continual innovation to meet the ever-changing needs of the population. Through an examination of disruptions that create a catalyst for change, this course focuses on teaching students how innovative strategies can enable quality care and sustainability both within the healthcare delivery system and the health industry. Further, the drivers of innovation are explored from their use in grassroots efforts through regulatory reform through the lens of supply and demand. Finally, strategic planning for maximum use of financial resources to meet stakeholder expectations is ventured into in this course.
HC 4130 Organizational Behavior in Healthcare (4 Credits)
Customer and employee satisfaction elements of healthcare management are often a result of how well the entire healthcare system functions. Students examine successful and less successful examples of cooperation, compatibility, and dedication within the workplace and explore what contributes to a harmonious and effective healthcare environment. Interpersonal skills are discussed, as are ethical guidelines and laws that define acceptable workplace behavior.
HC 4200 Comparative Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)
This course describes variations in healthcare delivery systems locally, nationally, and globally as they relate to policy, structure, and finance. Comparisons of systems are made relative to expenditure of resources and outcomes. Students learn about healthcare coverage, access to care, healthcare rationing, provider manpower distribution, and seeking healthcare in foreign countries (medical tourism). The discrepancy between the desirable and the practical is explored, and students are asked to outline and defend a system that they believe is both desirable and practical.
HC 4210 Quality Improvement for HC Leaders (4 Credits)
This course is designed to review the body of knowledge and core competencies needed to function at the level of Certified Professional in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ) in a healthcare organization. Skills gained are applicable to managers and administrators of hospitals, practices, and clinics. Course content is beneficial to clinicians and others interested in quality and patient safety. This course facilitates the successful pursuit of the CPHQ certification exam. Core competencies, aligned with the CPHQ certification exam, to be explored in detail include: Leadership and Management; Quality and Performance Improvement; Healthcare Safety; Information Management and Regulation, Accreditation and Continuous Readiness. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC4000 and HC4220 prior to registering for the course.
1
HC 4220 Ethical Considerations in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course explores ethical considerations encountered throughout the United States' healthcare industry as well as within the broader global environment. Both clinical and non-clinical scenarios will be examined. Students will learn to apply ethical principles, theories, and concepts to analyze and draw conclusions for a broad range of ethical dilemmas. Through readings, class discussions, and assignments, students will recognize how ethical considerations vary depending on the perspective of the stakeholder or assessor, a critcal step in making ethical decisions with no single right answer.
HC 4225 Healthcare Public Policy and the Legislative Process (4 Credits)
This class provides students with an understanding of the political and legislative procedures that lead to healthcare policy change and reform. Students examine the influences and functions of government agencies, legislative processes and procedures and executive branch rule-making. Students objectively evaluate how policy changes occur at the federal and state levels and subsequently affect the functioning as a citizen and a professional. Class lecture focuses on the legislative path of federal law and then follows it through to the outcomes at the state level. Students explore the importance of developing relationships, communication and advocacy strategies with elected officials and various stakeholder groups that interact with the federal and state legislative processes.
HC 4230 Implementation and Evaluation of Healthcare Public Policy (4 Credits)
This course examines strategies for implementation and evaluation of healthcare public policy. Students develop skills in analyzing issues, considering and weighing pros and cons of proposed policy, and defending strategies for bringing about change. Beginning with the passage of a new law, policy, or regulation, students track the process to implement and evaluate new policy. Topics related to implementation of a new policy include funding the implementation, effect on constituents and the overall national economy, sustainability, and short- and long-term evaluation of the policy. At the conclusion of this course, students will prepare an implementation plan for selected recently passed state legislation. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC 4000 prior to registering for this course.
HC 4400 Legal Dynamics of Healthcare Leadership (4 Credits)
This course is a primer on the legal and compliance considerations associated with organization, payment, and administration of facilities and provider groups. Topics will include the corporate and contract law, Stark and anti-kickback law, licensure and credentialing, professional liability, professional review and patient safety, HIPAA and patient privacy, and other laws affecting healthcare providers and organizations.
HC 4410 Legal Frameworks of the Healthcare Industry (4 Credits)
This course reviews the recent history of healthcare reform in the United States beginning with the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) and moving to health reform since the ACA. Students examine the influences and functions of Medicare and Medicaid as well as the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) role in shaping benefit coverage throughout the healthcare industry. Students will explore the importance of, and examine legal issues related to, public health and healthcare provided by entities within the Federal Government such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Defense (DoD), and Indian Health Service (IHS). Students will objectively evaluate the legalities and ethical issues associated with clinical research as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s involvement in the development of pharmaceutical agents and medical devices. The course concludes with students analyzing the future landscape of health reform and public sector influence in healthcare.
HC 4420 Legal Fundamentals of Revenue in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course provides an understanding of the legal complexities of creating and managing delivery and payment models for healthcare services. Course content revolves around the current challenges of evolving from volume-based to value-based payment principles. Topics will include fraud and abuse and compliance, legal foundations of private and public payment systems, fee for service, managed care, value-based systems, and a review of current healthcare payment reform efforts. The course wraps up with the role of clinical health information and related data systems in healthcare delivery and payment.
HC 4430 Significant Healthcare Law (4 Credits)
As a foundation, students begin with an overview of healthcare law and an analysis of the sources of law to include the Constitution, statutes, regulations, and case law. Throughout the course, students will objectively analyze constitutional issues and major federal healthcare laws and will further delve into regulations implementing statutes as well as cases interpreting them. Students will examine the intersection of traditional areas of law and healthcare to include torts, antitrust, contracts, and intellectual property. They will explore the contemporary and emerging areas of information and innovation in healthcare law as well as the Affordable Care Act, to include the Supreme Court's landmark decision. The course concludes with a consideration of the pervasive problem of fraud, waste, and abuse. This course is delivered in a seminar style with significant independent work/research on the part of students and should be taken after introductory and concentration courses.
HC 4500 Operational Challenges in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course presents challenges in operations that are unique to healthcare services and products being delivered in the international market. Topics include international marketing of services and healthcare products, negotiation styles, ethical considerations, organizational structure, transporting of medical goods and personnel, individual travel health and medical tourism as a business model. Cultural and religious considerations in healthcare delivery are discussed. Grants and research management for global health are compared with domestic procedures.
HC 4510 Legal and Employment Issues in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course presents legal considerations involved in conducting global programs and business related to healthcare services and products. Employment and labor law are discussed in relationship to employment across international lines and within foreign countries. Intellectual property, patent and copyright of healthcare products, curriculum, and programs are examined. Customs laws, foreign trade, and other regulations such as healthcare licensing and credentialing of personnel are developed. Human resource challenges such as remote team management are discussed.
HC 4520 Global Health NGO Management (4 Credits)
Students will examine factors that impact organizational performance in the global nonprofit health sector. Students expore current challenges associated with Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that operate in low-income and middle-income countries. Examples include Doctors Without Borders, Shoulder to Shoulder, and others. Students are empowered to research and compare different NGOs and analyze factors that impact organizational effectiveness. Key challenges facing NGO leaders are analyzed and students provide recommendations to improve organizational performance. Course topics include assessment of NGO strategies, organizational resources and financing, and stakeholder relations. Other topics include analysis of countries' demographics, culture, healthcare delivery, policies, and external environment. It is recommended that students in the Global Health Program Management concentration or certificate complete HC4500 and HC4510 prior to registering for this course. Students in other concentrations or programs may take this course at any time as an elective.
HC 4530 Regulatory Affairs in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course discusses the various regulatory requirements of conducting healthcare related business from the perspective of research, development, and marketing of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Both domestic and international requirements will be examined. Students will develop a template of skills for investigating healthcare related compliance issues that can be adapted to specific markets as needed.
HC 4701 Topics in Healthcare Management (1-10 Credits)
This is an advanced special topics seminar course. The focus is on specialized areas of interest. Topics courses may be used as electives within the Healthcare Leadership degree and certificates, and, with advance approval from Academic Director, may substitute for core courses in the degree or certificate programs.
HC 4900 Experiential Learning in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course is for students who want to do independent research by completing an industry project and serves as a connector between research methods and a student's Capstone Project. The course will connect an academic research question with an experiential learning opportunity in healthcare for students as they prepare for their Capstone Project experience. Students will choose a Capstone Advisor, choose a topic, develop a thesis statement, explore project methodologies, write a proposal, and complete the necessary Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements. Students will also agree to the structure and deliverables of their projects. There is an expectation for face to face (virtual is acceptable) meetings between students and their prospective Capstone Advisor during this course. This course is a prerequisite for any students planning to complete the Capstone Project (HC 4901) as it is the beginning of the Capstone Project process. Prerequisites: approval by Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, and completion of between 30-40 quarter-hours. This course meets an elective option.
HC 4901 Capstone Project (4 Credits)
The Capstone Project provides students the opportunity to research a topic, problem, or issue within their field of study, and work individually with a Capstone advisor. Similar in weight to a thesis, but more flexible, this final project will synthesize and apply core concepts acquired from the program. The student will select an appropriate Capstone advisor who is knowledgeable in the field of study to work closely with and whom can guide the research project. Evaluation will be focused on the quality and professionalism of applied research and writing; critical and creative thinking; problemsolving skills; knowledge of research design, method, and implementation; and contribution to the field and topic of study. Please see the Capstone Guidelines for additional details. Prerequisites: A Capstone Proposal that has been approved by both the Capstone Advisor and the Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of a B- or better is required to pass.
HC 4902 Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)
The Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem in their degree field of study. The students produce a Capstone of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem, supports the position with professional and academic literature, analyzes and tests the proposed solution, and discusses the findings as related to the field of study. The seminar is dependent upon quality, collegial discussion, and feedback of students' research and work products, under the facilitation of a faculty member. The course structure guides the students through the process of independent, secondary research and writing of a Capstone. No primary research is allowed. Students generate the course content through ongoing discussion and peer feedback on the Capstone process and individual topic areas under investigation. Students professionally and academically communicate through written work and oral presentation. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.
HC 4904 Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)
The Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem or issue in the degree field of study. Members of the class will include students from various UCOL programs, representing multiple topics of study. On campus offerings of this course include required online components. The student produces a paper of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem or issue, supports the position with professional and academic work in the field, analyzes and tests the paper position, and discusses the role of the findings within the field of study. Students professionally and academically communicate their findings through written work and oral presentations. The seminar is dependent upon active and collegial discussion and critique of student research and work under the facilitation of a faculty member, and it is governed by the quality of participation and contributions of the students. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.
3
4
HC 4910 Research Practices and Applications (4 Credits)
This course develops competency in principles of research and measurement for use in the professional setting. As an initial course in the program of study, students will learn research methods to apply to program and systems design and evaluation to achieve successful measurement of outcomes and goals. Students will become critical consumers of pertinent literature to provide background and support for the choice and application of proper qualitative and quantitative research methods and data analysis for professional application. Critical thinking through comparing and contrasting cause and effect is used to build logic models. Research, design, and evaluation processes that address issues of implementation, feasibility, and sustainability are emphasized. At the conclusion of this course students will be prepared to apply and clearly communicate the practice of scientific research principles in the professional environment to ensure that the question being asked can be answered through rigorous research and the design and formative assessment of the program or system. Completion of Institutional Review Board (IRB) training via CITI Program is required as a basis for discussion of research ethics and IRB procedures. Competencies gained in this course, including practices of inquiry, self-analysis, and evaluation, will be applied and integrated throughout the course of study and demonstrated in the culminating capstone work of the master's degree. This course is required of all degree-seeking students and should be taken in the first three quarters of enrollment.
HC 4915 Experiential Learning in Business (4 Credits)
This course is for learners who want to increase their range of business skills and industry experience. As learners navigate ten modules, they will walk through reflection on specific activities related to professional business skills. These skills include items such as building a personal brand, creating value add, informational interviewing, negotiating, and system evaluation. This course will use virtual reality to ensure an equitable experience for remote students. At the culmination of this course, learners will have a basic set of professional business skills they can use throughout their careers.
HC 4980 Internship (0-10 Credits)
The Healthcare Internship is designed to offer students a purposeful experience in a practical, industry related setting. The internship is an individualized learning experience. A training plan is created for each student in conjunction with the internship site supervisor to provide experiences related to the skills and knowledge covered in the certificate and master's programs as well as professional goals. Students are responsible for finding their own internship site and proposing their internship ideas
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University College will send notification to all Healthcare students if they hear of internship possibilities. Students may also work through the DU career center, to explore opportunities for internship experiences.
HC 4991 Independent Study (1-8 Credits)
This is an advanced course for students wishing to pursue an independent course of study. The student must be accepted in a degree program, have earned a grade point average of 3.0 or better, obtained the approval of the department director, and have completed the Independent Study form and filed the form with all appropriate offices before registering for the independent study. Independent Study is offered only on a for-credit basis.
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<url>
http://bulletin.du.edu/graduate/coursedescriptions/hc/hc.pdf
</url>
<text>
HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP (HC)
HC 4000 Healthcare Systems and Regulatory Environments (4 Credits)
This course opens with a comprehensive overview of the functions of various types of healthcare organizations: providers, insurance companies, government agencies, and professional associations. Alternative payment and provider models are reviewed, regulatory bodies and issues are explored, and healthcare reform efforts and proposals are discussed. Supply and demand projections for personnel are examined. The work of key federal agencies (NIH, National Center for Disease Control, and Food and Drug Administration) is reviewed as well as the activity of national and international non-governmental organizations. Major national and global public health challenges are introduced.
HC 4005 Healthcare Macroeconomics (4 Credits)
This course focuses on macro analysis of the current financial state of healthcare in the United States. The relationships of value, quality, and price are analyzed. Transparency related to price and quality is considered. Fundamental items such as balance sheets/income statements, accounting vs. financial reporting, equity, cash flows, and debt financing are covered in detail. Payment and incentive models are considered in connection with employer-furnished benefits, private health insurance plans, Medicare and Medicaid. Current issues, such as pay for performance, shared savings, cost shifting, and healthcare for the aging, under and uninsured are discussed. Students will discuss variations in health policy related to payment and coverage systems.
HC 4010 Healthcare Communication and Leadership (4 Credits)
This course focuses on the welfare of patient, family, and community in the context of medical team communication and leadership. Models for communicating highly technical medical information with patients and others involved in their care are examined. Students weigh and assess differences in personal and organizational cultures to optimize patient-centered outcomes. Students acquire a sound body of knowledge and terminology to facilitate communication and leadership across a multitude of disciplines essential in the delivery of healthcare. NOTE: This course is strongly recommended within the first 3 terms of study.
HC 4015 Healthcare Finance (4 Credits)
This course presents an overview of financial management in healthcare organizations operating in the United States. Students will gain a broad overview of the business of healthcare in the United States, including interpretation of financial statements, budgeting, variance analysis, operational analysis, capital investment analysis, expense management issues, revenues, and payment systems used in the current United States healthcare system. The course will use a case-based approach where students will demonstrate mastery of financial management skills through application of knowledge to real-life scenarios from the industry.
HC 4100 Management Principles in Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)
Healthcare systems are complex, dynamic, multilayered and unpredictable. They require constant situational awareness to maintain safety, efficiency, compliance, relevance and fiscal responsibility. Management and leadership need to have the vision to respond to changes and unexpected events. In this course, students encounter and explore the management functions required to lead and administer various types of healthcare systems. Students will engage in activities such as analyzing a healthcare system or organization's current level of performance or culture to inform ways to lead that organization toward excellence.
HC 4110 Healthcare: Innovative Strategies and Change Management (4 Credits)
Effective healthcare takes continual innovation to meet the ever-changing needs of the population. Through an examination of disruptions that create a catalyst for change, this course focuses on teaching students how innovative strategies can enable quality care and sustainability both within the healthcare delivery system and the health industry. Further, the drivers of innovation are explored from their use in grassroots efforts through regulatory reform through the lens of supply and demand. Finally, strategic planning for maximum use of financial resources to meet stakeholder expectations is ventured into in this course.
HC 4130 Organizational Behavior in Healthcare (4 Credits)
Customer and employee satisfaction elements of healthcare management are often a result of how well the entire healthcare system functions. Students examine successful and less successful examples of cooperation, compatibility, and dedication within the workplace and explore what contributes to a harmonious and effective healthcare environment. Interpersonal skills are discussed, as are ethical guidelines and laws that define acceptable workplace behavior.
HC 4200 Comparative Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)
This course describes variations in healthcare delivery systems locally, nationally, and globally as they relate to policy, structure, and finance. Comparisons of systems are made relative to expenditure of resources and outcomes. Students learn about healthcare coverage, access to care, healthcare rationing, provider manpower distribution, and seeking healthcare in foreign countries (medical tourism). The discrepancy between the desirable and the practical is explored, and students are asked to outline and defend a system that they believe is both desirable and practical.
HC 4210 Quality Improvement for HC Leaders (4 Credits)
This course is designed to review the body of knowledge and core competencies needed to function at the level of Certified Professional in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ) in a healthcare organization. Skills gained are applicable to managers and administrators of hospitals, practices, and clinics. Course content is beneficial to clinicians and others interested in quality and patient safety. This course facilitates the successful pursuit of the CPHQ certification exam. Core competencies, aligned with the CPHQ certification exam, to be explored in detail include: Leadership and Management; Quality and Performance Improvement; Healthcare Safety; Information Management and Regulation, Accreditation and Continuous Readiness. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC4000 and HC4220 prior to registering for the course.
1
HC 4220 Ethical Considerations in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course explores ethical considerations encountered throughout the United States' healthcare industry as well as within the broader global environment. Both clinical and non-clinical scenarios will be examined. Students will learn to apply ethical principles, theories, and concepts to analyze and draw conclusions for a broad range of ethical dilemmas. Through readings, class discussions, and assignments, students will recognize how ethical considerations vary depending on the perspective of the stakeholder or assessor, a critcal step in making ethical decisions with no single right answer.
HC 4225 Healthcare Public Policy and the Legislative Process (4 Credits)
This class provides students with an understanding of the political and legislative procedures that lead to healthcare policy change and reform. Students examine the influences and functions of government agencies, legislative processes and procedures and executive branch rule-making. Students objectively evaluate how policy changes occur at the federal and state levels and subsequently affect the functioning as a citizen and a professional. Class lecture focuses on the legislative path of federal law and then follows it through to the outcomes at the state level. Students explore the importance of developing relationships, communication and advocacy strategies with elected officials and various stakeholder groups that interact with the federal and state legislative processes.
HC 4230 Implementation and Evaluation of Healthcare Public Policy (4 Credits)
This course examines strategies for implementation and evaluation of healthcare public policy. Students develop skills in analyzing issues, considering and weighing pros and cons of proposed policy, and defending strategies for bringing about change. Beginning with the passage of a new law, policy, or regulation, students track the process to implement and evaluate new policy. Topics related to implementation of a new policy include funding the implementation, effect on constituents and the overall national economy, sustainability, and short- and long-term evaluation of the policy. At the conclusion of this course, students will prepare an implementation plan for selected recently passed state legislation. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC 4000 prior to registering for this course.
HC 4400 Legal Dynamics of Healthcare Leadership (4 Credits)
This course is a primer on the legal and compliance considerations associated with organization, payment, and administration of facilities and provider groups. Topics will include the corporate and contract law, Stark and anti-kickback law, licensure and credentialing, professional liability, professional review and patient safety, HIPAA and patient privacy, and other laws affecting healthcare providers and organizations.
HC 4410 Legal Frameworks of the Healthcare Industry (4 Credits)
This course reviews the recent history of healthcare reform in the United States beginning with the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) and moving to health reform since the ACA. Students examine the influences and functions of Medicare and Medicaid as well as the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) role in shaping benefit coverage throughout the healthcare industry. Students will explore the importance of, and examine legal issues related to, public health and healthcare provided by entities within the Federal Government such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Defense (DoD), and Indian Health Service (IHS). Students will objectively evaluate the legalities and ethical issues associated with clinical research as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s involvement in the development of pharmaceutical agents and medical devices. The course concludes with students analyzing the future landscape of health reform and public sector influence in healthcare.
HC 4420 Legal Fundamentals of Revenue in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course provides an understanding of the legal complexities of creating and managing delivery and payment models for healthcare services. Course content revolves around the current challenges of evolving from volume-based to value-based payment principles. Topics will include fraud and abuse and compliance, legal foundations of private and public payment systems, fee for service, managed care, value-based systems, and a review of current healthcare payment reform efforts. The course wraps up with the role of clinical health information and related data systems in healthcare delivery and payment.
HC 4430 Significant Healthcare Law (4 Credits)
As a foundation, students begin with an overview of healthcare law and an analysis of the sources of law to include the Constitution, statutes, regulations, and case law. Throughout the course, students will objectively analyze constitutional issues and major federal healthcare laws and will further delve into regulations implementing statutes as well as cases interpreting them. Students will examine the intersection of traditional areas of law and healthcare to include torts, antitrust, contracts, and intellectual property. They will explore the contemporary and emerging areas of information and innovation in healthcare law as well as the Affordable Care Act, to include the Supreme Court's landmark decision. The course concludes with a consideration of the pervasive problem of fraud, waste, and abuse. This course is delivered in a seminar style with significant independent work/research on the part of students and should be taken after introductory and concentration courses.
HC 4500 Operational Challenges in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course presents challenges in operations that are unique to healthcare services and products being delivered in the international market. Topics include international marketing of services and healthcare products, negotiation styles, ethical considerations, organizational structure, transporting of medical goods and personnel, individual travel health and medical tourism as a business model. Cultural and religious considerations in healthcare delivery are discussed. Grants and research management for global health are compared with domestic procedures.
HC 4510 Legal and Employment Issues in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course presents legal considerations involved in conducting global programs and business related to healthcare services and products. Employment and labor law are discussed in relationship to employment across international lines and within foreign countries. Intellectual property, patent and copyright of healthcare products, curriculum, and programs are examined. Customs laws, foreign trade, and other regulations such as healthcare licensing and credentialing of personnel are developed. Human resource challenges such as remote team management are discussed.
HC 4520 Global Health NGO Management (4 Credits)
Students will examine factors that impact organizational performance in the global nonprofit health sector. Students expore current challenges associated with Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that operate in low-income and middle-income countries. Examples include Doctors Without Borders, Shoulder to Shoulder, and others. Students are empowered to research and compare different NGOs and analyze factors that impact organizational effectiveness. Key challenges facing NGO leaders are analyzed and students provide recommendations to improve organizational performance. Course topics include assessment of NGO strategies, organizational resources and financing, and stakeholder relations. Other topics include analysis of countries' demographics, culture, healthcare delivery, policies, and external environment. It is recommended that students in the Global Health Program Management concentration or certificate complete HC4500 and HC4510 prior to registering for this course. Students in other concentrations or programs may take this course at any time as an elective.
HC 4530 Regulatory Affairs in Global Health Management (4 Credits)
This course discusses the various regulatory requirements of conducting healthcare related business from the perspective of research, development, and marketing of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Both domestic and international requirements will be examined. Students will develop a template of skills for investigating healthcare related compliance issues that can be adapted to specific markets as needed.
HC 4701 Topics in Healthcare Management (1-10 Credits)
This is an advanced special topics seminar course. The focus is on specialized areas of interest. Topics courses may be used as electives within the Healthcare Leadership degree and certificates, and, with advance approval from Academic Director, may substitute for core courses in the degree or certificate programs.
HC 4900 Experiential Learning in Healthcare (4 Credits)
This course is for students who want to do independent research by completing an industry project and serves as a connector between research methods and a student's Capstone Project. The course will connect an academic research question with an experiential learning opportunity in healthcare for students as they prepare for their Capstone Project experience. Students will choose a Capstone Advisor, choose a topic, develop a thesis statement, explore project methodologies, write a proposal, and complete the necessary Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements. Students will also agree to the structure and deliverables of their projects. There is an expectation for face to face (virtual is acceptable) meetings between students and their prospective Capstone Advisor during this course. This course is a prerequisite for any students planning to complete the Capstone Project (HC 4901) as it is the beginning of the Capstone Project process. Prerequisites: approval by Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, and completion of between 30-40 quarter-hours. This course meets an elective option.
HC 4901 Capstone Project (4 Credits)
The Capstone Project provides students the opportunity to research a topic, problem, or issue within their field of study, and work individually with a Capstone advisor. Similar in weight to a thesis, but more flexible, this final project will synthesize and apply core concepts acquired from the program. The student will select an appropriate Capstone advisor who is knowledgeable in the field of study to work closely with and whom can guide the research project. Evaluation will be focused on the quality and professionalism of applied research and writing; critical and creative thinking; problemsolving skills; knowledge of research design, method, and implementation; and contribution to the field and topic of study. Please see the Capstone Guidelines for additional details. Prerequisites: A Capstone Proposal that has been approved by both the Capstone Advisor and the Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of a B- or better is required to pass.
HC 4902 Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)
The Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem in their degree field of study. The students produce a Capstone of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem, supports the position with professional and academic literature, analyzes and tests the proposed solution, and discusses the findings as related to the field of study. The seminar is dependent upon quality, collegial discussion, and feedback of students' research and work products, under the facilitation of a faculty member. The course structure guides the students through the process of independent, secondary research and writing of a Capstone. No primary research is allowed. Students generate the course content through ongoing discussion and peer feedback on the Capstone process and individual topic areas under investigation. Students professionally and academically communicate through written work and oral presentation. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.
HC 4904 Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)
The Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem or issue in the degree field of study. Members of the class will include students from various UCOL programs, representing multiple topics of study. On campus offerings of this course include required online components. The student produces a paper of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem or issue, supports the position with professional and academic work in the field, analyzes and tests the paper position, and discusses the role of the findings within the field of study. Students professionally and academically communicate their findings through written work and oral presentations. The seminar is dependent upon active and collegial discussion and critique of student research and work under the facilitation of a faculty member, and it is governed by the quality of participation and contributions of the students. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.
3
4
HC 4910 Research Practices and Applications (4 Credits)
This course develops competency in principles of research and measurement for use in the professional setting. As an initial course in the program of study, students will learn research methods to apply to program and systems design and evaluation to achieve successful measurement of outcomes and goals. Students will become critical consumers of pertinent literature to provide background and support for the choice and application of proper qualitative and quantitative research methods and data analysis for professional application. Critical thinking through comparing and contrasting cause and effect is used to build logic models. Research, design, and evaluation processes that address issues of implementation, feasibility, and sustainability are emphasized. At the conclusion of this course students will be prepared to apply and clearly communicate the practice of scientific research principles in the professional environment to ensure that the question being asked can be answered through rigorous research and the design and formative assessment of the program or system. Completion of Institutional Review Board (IRB) training via CITI Program is required as a basis for discussion of research ethics and IRB procedures. Competencies gained in this course, including practices of inquiry, self-analysis, and evaluation, will be applied and integrated throughout the course of study and demonstrated in the culminating capstone work of the master's degree. This course is required of all degree-seeking students and should be taken in the first three quarters of enrollment.
HC 4915 Experiential Learning in Business (4 Credits)
This course is for learners who want to increase their range of business skills and industry experience. As learners navigate ten modules, they will walk through reflection on specific activities related to professional business skills. These skills include items such as building a personal brand, creating value add, informational interviewing, negotiating, and system evaluation. This course will use virtual reality to ensure an equitable experience for remote students. At the culmination of this course, learners will have a basic set of professional business skills they can use throughout their careers.
HC 4980 Internship (0-10 Credits)
The Healthcare Internship is designed to offer students a purposeful experience in a practical, industry related setting. The internship is an individualized learning experience. A training plan is created for each student in conjunction with the internship site supervisor to provide experiences related to the skills and knowledge covered in the certificate and master's programs as well as professional goals. Students are responsible for finding their own internship site and proposing their internship ideas<cursor_is_here> University College will send notification to all Healthcare students if they hear of internship possibilities. Students may also work through the DU career center, to explore opportunities for internship experiences.
HC 4991 Independent Study (1-8 Credits)
This is an advanced course for students wishing to pursue an independent course of study. The student must be accepted in a degree program, have earned a grade point average of 3.0 or better, obtained the approval of the department director, and have completed the Independent Study form and filed the form with all appropriate offices before registering for the independent study. Independent Study is offered only on a for-credit basis.
</text>
|
[
{
"content": "<url>\nhttp://bulletin.du.edu/graduate/coursedescriptions/hc/hc.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nHEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP (HC)\n\nHC 4000 Healthcare Systems and Regulatory Environments (4 Credits)\n\nThis course opens with a comprehensive overview of the functions of various types of healthcare organizations: providers, insurance companies, government agencies, and professional associations. Alternative payment and provider models are reviewed, regulatory bodies and issues are explored, and healthcare reform efforts and proposals are discussed. Supply and demand projections for personnel are examined. The work of key federal agencies (NIH, National Center for Disease Control, and Food and Drug Administration) is reviewed as well as the activity of national and international non-governmental organizations. Major national and global public health challenges are introduced.\n\nHC 4005 Healthcare Macroeconomics (4 Credits)\n\nThis course focuses on macro analysis of the current financial state of healthcare in the United States. The relationships of value, quality, and price are analyzed. Transparency related to price and quality is considered. Fundamental items such as balance sheets/income statements, accounting vs. financial reporting, equity, cash flows, and debt financing are covered in detail. Payment and incentive models are considered in connection with employer-furnished benefits, private health insurance plans, Medicare and Medicaid. Current issues, such as pay for performance, shared savings, cost shifting, and healthcare for the aging, under and uninsured are discussed. Students will discuss variations in health policy related to payment and coverage systems.\n\nHC 4010 Healthcare Communication and Leadership (4 Credits)\n\nThis course focuses on the welfare of patient, family, and community in the context of medical team communication and leadership. Models for communicating highly technical medical information with patients and others involved in their care are examined. Students weigh and assess differences in personal and organizational cultures to optimize patient-centered outcomes. Students acquire a sound body of knowledge and terminology to facilitate communication and leadership across a multitude of disciplines essential in the delivery of healthcare. NOTE: This course is strongly recommended within the first 3 terms of study.\n\nHC 4015 Healthcare Finance (4 Credits)\n\nThis course presents an overview of financial management in healthcare organizations operating in the United States. Students will gain a broad overview of the business of healthcare in the United States, including interpretation of financial statements, budgeting, variance analysis, operational analysis, capital investment analysis, expense management issues, revenues, and payment systems used in the current United States healthcare system. The course will use a case-based approach where students will demonstrate mastery of financial management skills through application of knowledge to real-life scenarios from the industry.\n\nHC 4100 Management Principles in Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)\n\nHealthcare systems are complex, dynamic, multilayered and unpredictable. They require constant situational awareness to maintain safety, efficiency, compliance, relevance and fiscal responsibility. Management and leadership need to have the vision to respond to changes and unexpected events. In this course, students encounter and explore the management functions required to lead and administer various types of healthcare systems. Students will engage in activities such as analyzing a healthcare system or organization's current level of performance or culture to inform ways to lead that organization toward excellence.\n\nHC 4110 Healthcare: Innovative Strategies and Change Management (4 Credits)\n\nEffective healthcare takes continual innovation to meet the ever-changing needs of the population. Through an examination of disruptions that create a catalyst for change, this course focuses on teaching students how innovative strategies can enable quality care and sustainability both within the healthcare delivery system and the health industry. Further, the drivers of innovation are explored from their use in grassroots efforts through regulatory reform through the lens of supply and demand. Finally, strategic planning for maximum use of financial resources to meet stakeholder expectations is ventured into in this course.\n\nHC 4130 Organizational Behavior in Healthcare (4 Credits)\n\nCustomer and employee satisfaction elements of healthcare management are often a result of how well the entire healthcare system functions. Students examine successful and less successful examples of cooperation, compatibility, and dedication within the workplace and explore what contributes to a harmonious and effective healthcare environment. Interpersonal skills are discussed, as are ethical guidelines and laws that define acceptable workplace behavior.\n\nHC 4200 Comparative Healthcare Systems (4 Credits)\n\nThis course describes variations in healthcare delivery systems locally, nationally, and globally as they relate to policy, structure, and finance. Comparisons of systems are made relative to expenditure of resources and outcomes. Students learn about healthcare coverage, access to care, healthcare rationing, provider manpower distribution, and seeking healthcare in foreign countries (medical tourism). The discrepancy between the desirable and the practical is explored, and students are asked to outline and defend a system that they believe is both desirable and practical.\n\nHC 4210 Quality Improvement for HC Leaders (4 Credits)\n\nThis course is designed to review the body of knowledge and core competencies needed to function at the level of Certified Professional in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ) in a healthcare organization. Skills gained are applicable to managers and administrators of hospitals, practices, and clinics. Course content is beneficial to clinicians and others interested in quality and patient safety. This course facilitates the successful pursuit of the CPHQ certification exam. Core competencies, aligned with the CPHQ certification exam, to be explored in detail include: Leadership and Management; Quality and Performance Improvement; Healthcare Safety; Information Management and Regulation, Accreditation and Continuous Readiness. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC4000 and HC4220 prior to registering for the course.\n\n1\n\nHC 4220 Ethical Considerations in Healthcare (4 Credits)\n\nThis course explores ethical considerations encountered throughout the United States' healthcare industry as well as within the broader global environment. Both clinical and non-clinical scenarios will be examined. Students will learn to apply ethical principles, theories, and concepts to analyze and draw conclusions for a broad range of ethical dilemmas. Through readings, class discussions, and assignments, students will recognize how ethical considerations vary depending on the perspective of the stakeholder or assessor, a critcal step in making ethical decisions with no single right answer.\n\nHC 4225 Healthcare Public Policy and the Legislative Process (4 Credits)\n\nThis class provides students with an understanding of the political and legislative procedures that lead to healthcare policy change and reform. Students examine the influences and functions of government agencies, legislative processes and procedures and executive branch rule-making. Students objectively evaluate how policy changes occur at the federal and state levels and subsequently affect the functioning as a citizen and a professional. Class lecture focuses on the legislative path of federal law and then follows it through to the outcomes at the state level. Students explore the importance of developing relationships, communication and advocacy strategies with elected officials and various stakeholder groups that interact with the federal and state legislative processes.\n\nHC 4230 Implementation and Evaluation of Healthcare Public Policy (4 Credits)\n\nThis course examines strategies for implementation and evaluation of healthcare public policy. Students develop skills in analyzing issues, considering and weighing pros and cons of proposed policy, and defending strategies for bringing about change. Beginning with the passage of a new law, policy, or regulation, students track the process to implement and evaluate new policy. Topics related to implementation of a new policy include funding the implementation, effect on constituents and the overall national economy, sustainability, and short- and long-term evaluation of the policy. At the conclusion of this course, students will prepare an implementation plan for selected recently passed state legislation. Students are strongly encouraged to complete HC 4000 prior to registering for this course.\n\nHC 4400 Legal Dynamics of Healthcare Leadership (4 Credits)\n\nThis course is a primer on the legal and compliance considerations associated with organization, payment, and administration of facilities and provider groups. Topics will include the corporate and contract law, Stark and anti-kickback law, licensure and credentialing, professional liability, professional review and patient safety, HIPAA and patient privacy, and other laws affecting healthcare providers and organizations.\n\nHC 4410 Legal Frameworks of the Healthcare Industry (4 Credits)\n\nThis course reviews the recent history of healthcare reform in the United States beginning with the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) and moving to health reform since the ACA. Students examine the influences and functions of Medicare and Medicaid as well as the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) role in shaping benefit coverage throughout the healthcare industry. Students will explore the importance of, and examine legal issues related to, public health and healthcare provided by entities within the Federal Government such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Defense (DoD), and Indian Health Service (IHS). Students will objectively evaluate the legalities and ethical issues associated with clinical research as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s involvement in the development of pharmaceutical agents and medical devices. The course concludes with students analyzing the future landscape of health reform and public sector influence in healthcare.\n\nHC 4420 Legal Fundamentals of Revenue in Healthcare (4 Credits)\n\nThis course provides an understanding of the legal complexities of creating and managing delivery and payment models for healthcare services. Course content revolves around the current challenges of evolving from volume-based to value-based payment principles. Topics will include fraud and abuse and compliance, legal foundations of private and public payment systems, fee for service, managed care, value-based systems, and a review of current healthcare payment reform efforts. The course wraps up with the role of clinical health information and related data systems in healthcare delivery and payment.\n\nHC 4430 Significant Healthcare Law (4 Credits)\n\nAs a foundation, students begin with an overview of healthcare law and an analysis of the sources of law to include the Constitution, statutes, regulations, and case law. Throughout the course, students will objectively analyze constitutional issues and major federal healthcare laws and will further delve into regulations implementing statutes as well as cases interpreting them. Students will examine the intersection of traditional areas of law and healthcare to include torts, antitrust, contracts, and intellectual property. They will explore the contemporary and emerging areas of information and innovation in healthcare law as well as the Affordable Care Act, to include the Supreme Court's landmark decision. The course concludes with a consideration of the pervasive problem of fraud, waste, and abuse. This course is delivered in a seminar style with significant independent work/research on the part of students and should be taken after introductory and concentration courses.\n\nHC 4500 Operational Challenges in Global Health Management (4 Credits)\n\nThis course presents challenges in operations that are unique to healthcare services and products being delivered in the international market. Topics include international marketing of services and healthcare products, negotiation styles, ethical considerations, organizational structure, transporting of medical goods and personnel, individual travel health and medical tourism as a business model. Cultural and religious considerations in healthcare delivery are discussed. Grants and research management for global health are compared with domestic procedures.\n\nHC 4510 Legal and Employment Issues in Global Health Management (4 Credits)\n\nThis course presents legal considerations involved in conducting global programs and business related to healthcare services and products. Employment and labor law are discussed in relationship to employment across international lines and within foreign countries. Intellectual property, patent and copyright of healthcare products, curriculum, and programs are examined. Customs laws, foreign trade, and other regulations such as healthcare licensing and credentialing of personnel are developed. Human resource challenges such as remote team management are discussed.\n\nHC 4520 Global Health NGO Management (4 Credits)\n\nStudents will examine factors that impact organizational performance in the global nonprofit health sector. Students expore current challenges associated with Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that operate in low-income and middle-income countries. Examples include Doctors Without Borders, Shoulder to Shoulder, and others. Students are empowered to research and compare different NGOs and analyze factors that impact organizational effectiveness. Key challenges facing NGO leaders are analyzed and students provide recommendations to improve organizational performance. Course topics include assessment of NGO strategies, organizational resources and financing, and stakeholder relations. Other topics include analysis of countries' demographics, culture, healthcare delivery, policies, and external environment. It is recommended that students in the Global Health Program Management concentration or certificate complete HC4500 and HC4510 prior to registering for this course. Students in other concentrations or programs may take this course at any time as an elective.\n\nHC 4530 Regulatory Affairs in Global Health Management (4 Credits)\n\nThis course discusses the various regulatory requirements of conducting healthcare related business from the perspective of research, development, and marketing of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Both domestic and international requirements will be examined. Students will develop a template of skills for investigating healthcare related compliance issues that can be adapted to specific markets as needed.\n\nHC 4701 Topics in Healthcare Management (1-10 Credits)\n\nThis is an advanced special topics seminar course. The focus is on specialized areas of interest. Topics courses may be used as electives within the Healthcare Leadership degree and certificates, and, with advance approval from Academic Director, may substitute for core courses in the degree or certificate programs.\n\nHC 4900 Experiential Learning in Healthcare (4 Credits)\n\nThis course is for students who want to do independent research by completing an industry project and serves as a connector between research methods and a student's Capstone Project. The course will connect an academic research question with an experiential learning opportunity in healthcare for students as they prepare for their Capstone Project experience. Students will choose a Capstone Advisor, choose a topic, develop a thesis statement, explore project methodologies, write a proposal, and complete the necessary Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements. Students will also agree to the structure and deliverables of their projects. There is an expectation for face to face (virtual is acceptable) meetings between students and their prospective Capstone Advisor during this course. This course is a prerequisite for any students planning to complete the Capstone Project (HC 4901) as it is the beginning of the Capstone Project process. Prerequisites: approval by Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, and completion of between 30-40 quarter-hours. This course meets an elective option.\n\nHC 4901 Capstone Project (4 Credits)\n\nThe Capstone Project provides students the opportunity to research a topic, problem, or issue within their field of study, and work individually with a Capstone advisor. Similar in weight to a thesis, but more flexible, this final project will synthesize and apply core concepts acquired from the program. The student will select an appropriate Capstone advisor who is knowledgeable in the field of study to work closely with and whom can guide the research project. Evaluation will be focused on the quality and professionalism of applied research and writing; critical and creative thinking; problemsolving skills; knowledge of research design, method, and implementation; and contribution to the field and topic of study. Please see the Capstone Guidelines for additional details. Prerequisites: A Capstone Proposal that has been approved by both the Capstone Advisor and the Academic Director, acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of a B- or better is required to pass.\n\nHC 4902 Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)\n\nThe Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem in their degree field of study. The students produce a Capstone of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem, supports the position with professional and academic literature, analyzes and tests the proposed solution, and discusses the findings as related to the field of study. The seminar is dependent upon quality, collegial discussion, and feedback of students' research and work products, under the facilitation of a faculty member. The course structure guides the students through the process of independent, secondary research and writing of a Capstone. No primary research is allowed. Students generate the course content through ongoing discussion and peer feedback on the Capstone process and individual topic areas under investigation. Students professionally and academically communicate through written work and oral presentation. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.\n\nHC 4904 Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar (4 Credits)\n\nThe Interdisciplinary Capstone Seminar is a graduate seminar in which students utilize the knowledge and skills gained through the degree program to create a culminating work that critically addresses a problem or issue in the degree field of study. Members of the class will include students from various UCOL programs, representing multiple topics of study. On campus offerings of this course include required online components. The student produces a paper of 7000-8000 words that presents a position on a relevant problem or issue, supports the position with professional and academic work in the field, analyzes and tests the paper position, and discusses the role of the findings within the field of study. Students professionally and academically communicate their findings through written work and oral presentations. The seminar is dependent upon active and collegial discussion and critique of student research and work under the facilitation of a faculty member, and it is governed by the quality of participation and contributions of the students. Students must have: Acceptance as a degree candidate, completion of at least 40 quarter-hours (including all core courses) with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. A final grade of B- or better is required in this course to meet degree requirements. Students must complete the Capstone Seminar in one quarter; no incomplete grades are assigned.\n\n3\n\n4\n\nHC 4910 Research Practices and Applications (4 Credits)\n\nThis course develops competency in principles of research and measurement for use in the professional setting. As an initial course in the program of study, students will learn research methods to apply to program and systems design and evaluation to achieve successful measurement of outcomes and goals. Students will become critical consumers of pertinent literature to provide background and support for the choice and application of proper qualitative and quantitative research methods and data analysis for professional application. Critical thinking through comparing and contrasting cause and effect is used to build logic models. Research, design, and evaluation processes that address issues of implementation, feasibility, and sustainability are emphasized. At the conclusion of this course students will be prepared to apply and clearly communicate the practice of scientific research principles in the professional environment to ensure that the question being asked can be answered through rigorous research and the design and formative assessment of the program or system. Completion of Institutional Review Board (IRB) training via CITI Program is required as a basis for discussion of research ethics and IRB procedures. Competencies gained in this course, including practices of inquiry, self-analysis, and evaluation, will be applied and integrated throughout the course of study and demonstrated in the culminating capstone work of the master's degree. This course is required of all degree-seeking students and should be taken in the first three quarters of enrollment.\n\nHC 4915 Experiential Learning in Business (4 Credits)\n\nThis course is for learners who want to increase their range of business skills and industry experience. As learners navigate ten modules, they will walk through reflection on specific activities related to professional business skills. These skills include items such as building a personal brand, creating value add, informational interviewing, negotiating, and system evaluation. This course will use virtual reality to ensure an equitable experience for remote students. At the culmination of this course, learners will have a basic set of professional business skills they can use throughout their careers.\n\nHC 4980 Internship (0-10 Credits)\n\nThe Healthcare Internship is designed to offer students a purposeful experience in a practical, industry related setting. The internship is an individualized learning experience. A training plan is created for each student in conjunction with the internship site supervisor to provide experiences related to the skills and knowledge covered in the certificate and master's programs as well as professional goals. Students are responsible for finding their own internship site and proposing their internship ideas<cursor_is_here> University College will send notification to all Healthcare students if they hear of internship possibilities. Students may also work through the DU career center, to explore opportunities for internship experiences.\n\nHC 4991 Independent Study (1-8 Credits)\n\nThis is an advanced course for students wishing to pursue an independent course of study. The student must be accepted in a degree program, have earned a grade point average of 3.0 or better, obtained the approval of the department director, and have completed the Independent Study form and filed the form with all appropriate offices before registering for the independent study. Independent Study is offered only on a for-credit basis.\n</text>\n",
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Date of issue: 11/19/2007
Revision date:
12/13/2021
Supersedes: 11/19/2007
SECTION 1: Identification
1.1. Identification
Product form
Product name
Synonyms
: Mixture
: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO
: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO 5W-40
1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use
Use of the substance/mixture: PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL
1.3. Supplier
Manufacturer
Pilot Thomas Logistics
1051 Mustang Drive, Suite
600 Grapevine, TX 76051
T: 844-785-8326
www.pilotthomas.com
1.4. Emergency telephone number
Emergency number
PERS: 1-800-633-8253
CUSTOMER #1898
SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification
2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS-US classification
Eye Irrit. 2
H319
Causes serious eye irritation
Asp. Tox. 1
H304
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
Full text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16
2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
GHS-US labeling
Hazard pictograms (GHS-US) :
Signal word (GHS-US): Danger
Hazard statements (GHS-US): H304 - May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
H319 - Causes serious eye irritation
Precautionary statements (GHS-US)
: P264 - Wash hands thoroughly after handling. P280 - Wear protective gloves, eye protection. P301+P310 - If swallowed: Immediately call a doctor P305+P351+P338 - If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing P331 - Do NOT induce vomiting.
P337+P313 - If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P405 - Store locked up.
P501 - Dispose of contents/container to hazardous or special waste collection point,
in accordance with local, regional, national and/or international regulation
2.3. Other hazards which do not result in classification
No additional information available
2.4. Unknown acute toxicity (GHS US)
Not applicable
SECTION 3: Composition/Information on ingredients
3.1. Substances
Not applicable
3.2. Mixtures
Full text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16
SECTION 4: First-aid measures
4.1. Description of first aid measures
First-aid measures after inhalation
: If inhaled and if breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get immediate medical attention.
First-aid measures after skin contact: Wash skin with mild soap and water.
First-aid measures after eye contact
: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
First-aid measures after ingestion
: If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious). Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. To prevent aspiration, keep head below knees. Do NOT induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that stomach content doesn't get into lungs. Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.
4.2. Most important symptoms and effects (acute and delayed)
Symptoms/effects after eye contact: Causes serious eye irritation.
Symptoms/effects after ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
4.3. Immediate medical attention and special treatment, if necessary
All treatments should be based on observed signs and symptoms of distress in the patient.
SECTION 5: Fire-fighting measures
5.1. Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media: Dry chemical, CO2, or water spray or regular foam.
Unsuitable extinguishing media: Do not use a solid water stream as it may scatter and spread fire.
5.2. Specific hazards arising from the chemical
Reactivity
: No dangerous reactions known.
5.3. Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters
Protection during firefighting
: Do not enter fire area without proper protective equipment, including respiratory protection. Use self-contained breathing apparatus. Fire-resistant protective clothing.
SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
6.1.1. For non-emergency personnel
Protective equipment
6.1.2. For emergency responders
No additional information available
6.2. Environmental precautions
Do not discharge into drains or the environment. May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.
6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
For containment
: Stop leak if safe to do so. Contain any spills with dikes or absorbents to prevent migration and entry into sewers or streams. Contain and/or absorb spill with inert material, then place in suitable container.
Methods for cleaning up
6.4. Reference to other sections
Reference to other sections (8, 13).
SECTION 7: Handling and storage
7.1. Precautions for safe handling
Additional hazards when processed
Precautions for safe handling
: Product can accumulate electrostatic charges that may cause fire by electrical discharges. Never use pressure to empty container. Over pressure may rupture containers, cause serious injury, cause or accelerate fire.
: Handling this product may result in electrostatic accumulation. Use proper grounding procedures. Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Empty containers should be taken for recycling, recovery or waste in accordance with local regulation.
Hygiene measures
: Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in areas of storage and use. Always wash hands after handling the product.
7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Technical measures
: Take precautionary measures against static discharge. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
Incompatible materials
: Strong oxidizers. Strong acids.
SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
8.1. Control parameters
: Large Spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite, sand, or earth to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal. Small quantities of liquid spill: take up in noncombustible absorbent material and shovel into container for disposal.
: Avoid all eye and skin contact and do not breathe vapor and mist. Wear suitable gloves. Nitrile gloves. VITON gloves. Use splash goggles when eye contact due to splashing is possible.
Phosphorodithioic acid, mixed O,O-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl and iso-Pr) esters, zinc salts (84605-29-8)
Not applicable
8.2. Appropriate engineering controls
Appropriate engineering controls
: Avoid splashing. Avoid creating mist or spray. Either local exhaust or general room ventilation is usually required.
8.3. Individual protection measures/Personal protective equipment
Hand protection:
Wear suitable gloves resistant to chemical penetration. VITON gloves. nitrile rubber gloves
Eye protection:
Use splash goggles when eye contact due to splashing is possible
Respiratory protection:
Where exposure through inhalation may occur from use, respiratory protection equipment is recommended. Use an approved respirator equipped with oil/mist cartridges or P100.
SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties
Physical state
: Liquid
Appearance: Amber liquid.
Color
: amber
Odor
: petroleum-like odor
Odor threshold: No data available
pH
: Not applicable
Melting point
: No data available
Freezing point
: No data available
Boiling point
: > 315 °C
Flash point
: 215 °C
Relative evaporation rate (butyl acetate=1): No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Vapor pressure: < 0.01 mm Hg @ 37.8 C (100 F)
Relative vapor density at 20 °C: > 1
Relative density: 0.89 @ 15.6 C (60.1 F)
Solubility
: Soluble in organic solvents. insoluble in water.
Log Pow
: No data available
Auto-ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive limits
: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
9.2. Other information
No additional information available
SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity
10.1. Reactivity
No dangerous reactions known.
10.2. Chemical stability
Stable under normal conditions.
10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions
Hazardous polymerization will not occur.
10.4.
Conditions to avoid
Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.
10.5. Incompatible materials
Strong oxidizing agents. Strong acids.
10.6. Hazardous decomposition products
Carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
SECTION 11: Toxicological information
11.1. Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity (oral): Not classified
Acute toxicity (dermal): Not classified
Acute toxicity (inhalation): Not classified
SECTION 12: Ecological information
12.1.
Toxicity
Ecology - general: No ecotoxicological data about this product are known.
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light paraffinic (DMSO <3%) (64742-55-8)
LC50 fish 1
> 100 mg/l LL50.
12.2. Persistence and degradability
SPX FULL SYNTHETIC ENGINE OIL
Persistence and degradability
This product is not expected to be biodegradable.
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light paraffinic (DMSO <3%) (64742-55-8)
Persistence and degradability
Not readily biodegradable.
Phosphorodithioic acid, mixed O,O-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl and iso-Pr) esters, zinc salts (84605-29-8)
Biodegradation
1.5 % 28 days
12.3. Bioaccumulative potential
Phosphorodithioic acid, mixed O,O-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl and iso-Pr) esters, zinc salts (84605-29-8)
Log Kow
0.56
12.4. Mobility in soil
12.5. Other adverse effects
Effect on the ozone layer: None known
Effect on global warming
None known
Other information: No additional information available.
SECTION 13: Disposal considerations
13.1. Disposal methods
Waste disposal recommendations
: Dispose of contents/container to hazardous or special waste collection point, in accordance with local, regional, national and/or international regulation.
SECTION 14: Transport information
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Not regulated.
Transportation of Dangerous Goods
Not regulated.
Transport by sea
Not regulated.
Air transport
Not regulated.
SECTION 15: Regulatory information
15.1. US Federal regulations
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy paraffinic (DMSO < 3%) (64742-54-7)
Listed on the United States TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light paraffinic (DMSO <3%) (64742-55-8)
Listed on the United States TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory
Phosphorodithioic acid, mixed O,O-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl and iso-Pr) esters, zinc salts (84605-29-8)
Listed on the United States TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory
15.2. International regulations
CANADA
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy paraffinic (DMSO < 3%) (64742-54-7)
Listed on the Canadian DSL (Domestic Substances List)
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light paraffinic (DMSO <3%) (64742-55-8)
Listed on the Canadian DSL (Domestic Substances List)
Phosphorodithioic acid, mixed O,O-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl and iso-Pr) esters, zinc salts (84605-29-8)
Listed on the Canadian DSL (Domestic Substances List)
EU-Regulations
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light paraffinic (DMSO <3%) (64742-55-8)
Listed on the EEC inventory EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances)
Phosphorodithioic acid, mixed O,O-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl and iso-Pr) esters, zinc salts (84605-29-8)
Listed on the EEC inventory EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances)
National regulations
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light paraffinic (DMSO <3%) (64742-55-8)
Listed on IECSC (Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances Produced or Imported in China)
Listed on PICCS (Philippines Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances)
Listed on KECI (Korean Existing Chemicals Inventory)
Listed on NZIoC (New Zealand Inventory of Chemicals)
Listed on Taiwan National Chemical Inventory
Listed on the AICS (Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances)
Listed on the Japanese ENCS (Existing & New Chemical Substances) inventory
Phosphorodithioic acid, mixed O,O-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl and iso-Pr) esters, zinc salts (84605-29-8)
Not listed on the Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances of China (IECSC).
Listed on KECI (Korean Existing Chemicals Inventory)
Listed on Taiwan National Chemical Inventory
Listed on the AICS (Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances)
15.3. US State regulations
No additional information.
SECTION 16: Other information
according to Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Revision date
: 07/09/2018
Data sources: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) C&L Inventory database. Accessed at http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) Registered Substances list. Accessed at http://echa.europa.eu/.
Component Supplier SDSs.
Manufacturer Information.
Full text of H-phrases:
Abbreviations and acronyms:
NFPA health hazard : 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant
irritation.
NFPA fire hazard
: 1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur.
NFPA reactivity
: 0 - Material that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.
Indication of changes:
SDS US (GHS HazCom 2012)
SDS prepared by: The Redstone Group, LLC 6077 Frantz Rd. Suite 206 Dublin, OH USA 43017 T 614-923-7472 www.redstonegrp.com.
This information is based on our current knowledge and is intended to describe the product for the purposes of health, safety and environmental requirements only. It should not therefore be construed as guaranteeing any specific property of the product
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Date of issue: 11/19/2007
Revision date:
12/13/2021
Supersedes: 11/19/2007
SECTION 1: Identification
1.1. Identification
Product form
Product name
Synonyms
: Mixture
: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO
: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO 5W-40
1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use
Use of the substance/mixture: PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL
1.3. Supplier
Manufacturer
Pilot Thomas Logistics
1051 Mustang Drive, Suite
600 Grapevine, TX 76051
T: 844-785-8326
www.pilotthomas.com
1.4. Emergency telephone number
Emergency number
PERS: 1-800-633-8253
CUSTOMER #1898
SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification
2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS-US classification
Eye Irrit. 2
H319
Causes serious eye irritation
Asp. Tox. 1
H304
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
Full text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16
2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
GHS-US labeling
Hazard pictograms (GHS-US) :
Signal word (GHS-US): Danger
Hazard statements (GHS-US): H304 - May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
H319 - Causes serious eye irritation
Precautionary statements (GHS-US)
: P264 - Wash hands thoroughly after handling. P280 - Wear protective gloves, eye protection. P301+P310 - If swallowed: Immediately call a doctor P305+P351+P338 - If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing P331 - Do NOT induce vomiting.
P337+P313 - If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P405 - Store locked up.
P501 - Dispose of contents/container to hazardous or special waste collection point,
in accordance with local, regional, national and/or international regulation
2.3. Other hazards which do not result in classification
No additional information available
2.4. Unknown acute toxicity (GHS US)
Not applicable
SECTION 3: Composition/Information on ingredients
3.1. Substances
Not applicable
3.2. Mixtures
Full text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16
SECTION 4: First-aid measures
4.1. Description of first aid measures
First-aid measures after inhalation
: If inhaled and if breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get immediate medical attention.
First-aid measures after skin contact: Wash skin with mild soap and water.
First-aid measures after eye contact
: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
First-aid measures after ingestion
: If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious). Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. To prevent aspiration, keep head below knees. Do NOT induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that stomach content doesn't get into lungs. Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.
4.2. Most important symptoms and effects (acute and delayed)
Symptoms/effects after eye contact: Causes serious eye irritation.
Symptoms/effects after ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
4.3. Immediate medical attention and special treatment, if necessary
All treatments should be based on observed signs and symptoms of distress in the patient.
SECTION 5: Fire-fighting measures
5.1. Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media: Dry chemical, CO2, or water spray or regular foam.
Unsuitable extinguishing media: Do not use a solid water stream as it may scatter and spread fire.
5.2. Specific hazards arising from the chemical
Reactivity
: No dangerous reactions known.
5.3. Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters
Protection during firefighting
: Do not enter fire area without proper protective equipment, including respiratory protection. Use self-contained breathing apparatus. Fire-resistant protective clothing.
SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
6.1.1. For non-emergency personnel
Protective equipment
6.1.2. For emergency responders
No additional information available
6.2. Environmental precautions
Do not discharge into drains or the environment. May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.
6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
For containment
: Stop leak if safe to do so. Contain any spills with dikes or absorbents to prevent migration and entry into sewers or streams. Contain and/or absorb spill with inert material, then place in suitable container.
Methods for cleaning up
6.4. Reference to other sections
Reference to other sections (8, 13).
SECTION 7: Handling and storage
7.1. Precautions for safe handling
Additional hazards when processed
Precautions for safe handling
: Product can accumulate electrostatic charges that may cause fire by electrical discharges. Never use pressure to empty container. Over pressure may rupture containers, cause serious injury, cause or accelerate fire.
: Handling this product may result in electrostatic accumulation. Use proper grounding procedures. Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Empty containers should be taken for recycling, recovery or waste in accordance with local regulation.
Hygiene measures
: Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in areas of storage and use. Always wash hands after handling the product.
7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Technical measures
: Take precautionary measures against static discharge. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
Incompatible materials
: Strong oxidizers. Strong acids.
SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
8.1. Control parameters
: Large Spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite, sand, or earth to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal. Small quantities of liquid spill: take up in noncombustible absorbent
|
material and shovel into container for disposal.
| 6,115
|
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|
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|
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|
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https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f6cb3372054066fcd4e5f33/61c344c494108d93de8dded2_SPX%20SELECT%20FULL%20SYN%20EURO_SDS_12.13.21.pdf
</url>
<text>
Date of issue: 11/19/2007
Revision date:
12/13/2021
Supersedes: 11/19/2007
SECTION 1: Identification
1.1. Identification
Product form
Product name
Synonyms
: Mixture
: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO
: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO 5W-40
1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use
Use of the substance/mixture: PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL
1.3. Supplier
Manufacturer
Pilot Thomas Logistics
1051 Mustang Drive, Suite
600 Grapevine, TX 76051
T: 844-785-8326
www.pilotthomas.com
1.4. Emergency telephone number
Emergency number
PERS: 1-800-633-8253
CUSTOMER #1898
SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification
2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS-US classification
Eye Irrit. 2
H319
Causes serious eye irritation
Asp. Tox. 1
H304
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
Full text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16
2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
GHS-US labeling
Hazard pictograms (GHS-US) :
Signal word (GHS-US): Danger
Hazard statements (GHS-US): H304 - May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
H319 - Causes serious eye irritation
Precautionary statements (GHS-US)
: P264 - Wash hands thoroughly after handling. P280 - Wear protective gloves, eye protection. P301+P310 - If swallowed: Immediately call a doctor P305+P351+P338 - If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing P331 - Do NOT induce vomiting.
P337+P313 - If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P405 - Store locked up.
P501 - Dispose of contents/container to hazardous or special waste collection point,
in accordance with local, regional, national and/or international regulation
2.3. Other hazards which do not result in classification
No additional information available
2.4. Unknown acute toxicity (GHS US)
Not applicable
SECTION 3: Composition/Information on ingredients
3.1. Substances
Not applicable
3.2. Mixtures
Full text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16
SECTION 4: First-aid measures
4.1. Description of first aid measures
First-aid measures after inhalation
: If inhaled and if breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get immediate medical attention.
First-aid measures after skin contact: Wash skin with mild soap and water.
First-aid measures after eye contact
: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
First-aid measures after ingestion
: If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious). Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. To prevent aspiration, keep head below knees. Do NOT induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that stomach content doesn't get into lungs. Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.
4.2. Most important symptoms and effects (acute and delayed)
Symptoms/effects after eye contact: Causes serious eye irritation.
Symptoms/effects after ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
4.3. Immediate medical attention and special treatment, if necessary
All treatments should be based on observed signs and symptoms of distress in the patient.
SECTION 5: Fire-fighting measures
5.1. Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media: Dry chemical, CO2, or water spray or regular foam.
Unsuitable extinguishing media: Do not use a solid water stream as it may scatter and spread fire.
5.2. Specific hazards arising from the chemical
Reactivity
: No dangerous reactions known.
5.3. Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters
Protection during firefighting
: Do not enter fire area without proper protective equipment, including respiratory protection. Use self-contained breathing apparatus. Fire-resistant protective clothing.
SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
6.1.1. For non-emergency personnel
Protective equipment
6.1.2. For emergency responders
No additional information available
6.2. Environmental precautions
Do not discharge into drains or the environment. May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.
6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
For containment
: Stop leak if safe to do so. Contain any spills with dikes or absorbents to prevent migration and entry into sewers or streams. Contain and/or absorb spill with inert material, then place in suitable container.
Methods for cleaning up
6.4. Reference to other sections
Reference to other sections (8, 13).
SECTION 7: Handling and storage
7.1. Precautions for safe handling
Additional hazards when processed
Precautions for safe handling
: Product can accumulate electrostatic charges that may cause fire by electrical discharges. Never use pressure to empty container. Over pressure may rupture containers, cause serious injury, cause or accelerate fire.
: Handling this product may result in electrostatic accumulation. Use proper grounding procedures. Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Empty containers should be taken for recycling, recovery or waste in accordance with local regulation.
Hygiene measures
: Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in areas of storage and use. Always wash hands after handling the product.
7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Technical measures
: Take precautionary measures against static discharge. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
Incompatible materials
: Strong oxidizers. Strong acids.
SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
8.1. Control parameters
: Large Spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite, sand, or earth to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal. Small quantities of liquid spill: take up in noncombustible absorbent <cursor_is_here>
</text>
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f6cb3372054066fcd4e5f33/61c344c494108d93de8dded2_SPX%20SELECT%20FULL%20SYN%20EURO_SDS_12.13.21.pdf\n</url>\n<text>\nDate of issue: 11/19/2007\n\nRevision date:\n\n12/13/2021\n\nSupersedes: 11/19/2007\n\nSECTION 1: Identification\n\n1.1. Identification\n\nProduct form\n\nProduct name\n\nSynonyms\n\n: Mixture\n\n: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO\n\n: SPX SELECT FULL SYN EURO 5W-40\n\n1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use\n\nUse of the substance/mixture: PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL\n\n1.3. Supplier\n\nManufacturer\n\nPilot Thomas Logistics\n\n1051 Mustang Drive, Suite\n\n600 Grapevine, TX 76051\n\nT: 844-785-8326\n\nwww.pilotthomas.com\n\n1.4. Emergency telephone number\n\nEmergency number\n\nPERS: 1-800-633-8253\n\nCUSTOMER #1898\n\nSECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification\n\n2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture\n\nGHS-US classification\n\nEye Irrit. 2\n\nH319\n\nCauses serious eye irritation\n\nAsp. Tox. 1\n\nH304\n\nMay be fatal if swallowed and enters airways\n\nFull text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16\n\n2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements\n\nGHS-US labeling\n\nHazard pictograms (GHS-US) :\n\nSignal word (GHS-US): Danger\n\nHazard statements (GHS-US): H304 - May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways\n\nH319 - Causes serious eye irritation\n\nPrecautionary statements (GHS-US)\n\n: P264 - Wash hands thoroughly after handling. P280 - Wear protective gloves, eye protection. P301+P310 - If swallowed: Immediately call a doctor P305+P351+P338 - If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing P331 - Do NOT induce vomiting.\n\nP337+P313 - If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.\n\nP405 - Store locked up.\n\nP501 - Dispose of contents/container to hazardous or special waste collection point,\n\nin accordance with local, regional, national and/or international regulation\n\n2.3. Other hazards which do not result in classification\n\nNo additional information available\n\n2.4. Unknown acute toxicity (GHS US)\n\nNot applicable\n\nSECTION 3: Composition/Information on ingredients\n\n3.1. Substances\n\nNot applicable\n\n3.2. Mixtures\n\nFull text of hazard classes and H-statements : see section 16\n\nSECTION 4: First-aid measures\n\n4.1. Description of first aid measures\n\nFirst-aid measures after inhalation\n\n: If inhaled and if breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get immediate medical attention.\n\nFirst-aid measures after skin contact: Wash skin with mild soap and water.\n\nFirst-aid measures after eye contact\n\n: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.\n\nFirst-aid measures after ingestion\n\n: If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious). Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. To prevent aspiration, keep head below knees. Do NOT induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that stomach content doesn't get into lungs. Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.\n\n4.2. Most important symptoms and effects (acute and delayed)\n\nSymptoms/effects after eye contact: Causes serious eye irritation.\n\nSymptoms/effects after ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.\n\n4.3. Immediate medical attention and special treatment, if necessary\n\nAll treatments should be based on observed signs and symptoms of distress in the patient.\n\nSECTION 5: Fire-fighting measures\n\n5.1. Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing media\n\nSuitable extinguishing media: Dry chemical, CO2, or water spray or regular foam.\n\nUnsuitable extinguishing media: Do not use a solid water stream as it may scatter and spread fire.\n\n5.2. Specific hazards arising from the chemical\n\nReactivity\n\n: No dangerous reactions known.\n\n5.3. Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters\n\nProtection during firefighting\n\n: Do not enter fire area without proper protective equipment, including respiratory protection. Use self-contained breathing apparatus. Fire-resistant protective clothing.\n\nSECTION 6: Accidental release measures\n\n6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures\n\n6.1.1. For non-emergency personnel\n\nProtective equipment\n\n6.1.2. For emergency responders\n\nNo additional information available\n\n6.2. Environmental precautions\n\nDo not discharge into drains or the environment. May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.\n\n6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up\n\nFor containment\n\n: Stop leak if safe to do so. Contain any spills with dikes or absorbents to prevent migration and entry into sewers or streams. Contain and/or absorb spill with inert material, then place in suitable container.\n\nMethods for cleaning up\n\n6.4. Reference to other sections\n\nReference to other sections (8, 13).\n\nSECTION 7: Handling and storage\n\n7.1. Precautions for safe handling\n\nAdditional hazards when processed\n\nPrecautions for safe handling\n\n: Product can accumulate electrostatic charges that may cause fire by electrical discharges. Never use pressure to empty container. Over pressure may rupture containers, cause serious injury, cause or accelerate fire.\n: Handling this product may result in electrostatic accumulation. Use proper grounding procedures. Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Empty containers should be taken for recycling, recovery or waste in accordance with local regulation.\n\nHygiene measures\n\n: Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in areas of storage and use. Always wash hands after handling the product.\n\n7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities\n\nTechnical measures\n\n: Take precautionary measures against static discharge. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.\n\nIncompatible materials\n\n: Strong oxidizers. Strong acids.\n\nSECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection\n\n8.1. Control parameters\n\n: Large Spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite, sand, or earth to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal. Small quantities of liquid spill: take up in noncombustible absorbent <cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
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"role": "assistant"
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eng_Latn
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eng_Latn
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"eng_Latn",
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rolmOCR
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[
1473,
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6349,
7566,
8886,
9125,
10559,
12882,
13594,
13974
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This project by Duane Dalton is an exploration in the art of reduction. It breaks down album imagery into its purist form by discarding any unnecessary information.
This is achieved using a strict grid that displays the relevant album details, which leaves a central void to convey a response to the album. This void is filled by my personal response to an album. It can be influenced by a key track, the cover art or the overall flavour of the album.
|
<urn:uuid:0688a654-993f-419e-883c-40200492b118>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
https://bldgwlf.com/album-anatomy/
|
2019-12-12T22:05:45Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540547165.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212205036-20191212233036-00378.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936046
| 92
|
This project by Duane Dalton is an exploration in the art of reduction. It breaks down album imagery into its purist form by discarding any unnecessary information.
This is achieved using a strict grid that displays the relevant album de
|
tails, which leaves a central void to convey a response to the album.
| 237
|
inside_word
|
details,
|
remove_all
|
<url>
https://bldgwlf.com/album-anatomy/
</url>
<text>
This project by Duane Dalton is an exploration in the art of reduction. It breaks down album imagery into its purist form by discarding any unnecessary information.
This is achieved using a strict grid that displays the relevant album de<cursor_is_here>
</text>
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"content": "<url>\nhttps://bldgwlf.com/album-anatomy/\n</url>\n<text>\nThis project by Duane Dalton is an exploration in the art of reduction. It breaks down album imagery into its purist form by discarding any unnecessary information.\nThis is achieved using a strict grid that displays the relevant album de<cursor_is_here>\n</text>\n",
"role": "user"
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"content": "tails, which leaves a central void to convey a response to the album.",
"role": "assistant"
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