diff --git "a/results_retrieval/emb_bge_base/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" "b/results_retrieval/emb_bge_base/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" --- "a/results_retrieval/emb_bge_base/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" +++ "b/results_retrieval/emb_bge_base/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [ { "top_k": 10, - "mrr": 0.4281640211640212, - "recall": 0.6033333333333334, + "mrr": 0.5111679894179895, + "recall": 0.74, "count_empty_strings": 37 }, [ @@ -202,6 +202,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Jacobsen, 'Benchmark density functional theory calculations for nanoscale conductance', J. Chem. Phys. 128 (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2839275.\n- [25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordej'on, and D. S'anchez-Portal, 'The SIESTA method for ab initio ordern materials simulation', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" + }, { "text": "- [19] T. Vo, Y.-D. Wu, R. Car, and M. Robert, 'Structures, interactions, and ferromagnetism of Fe-carbon nanotube systems', J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (22), 400 (May 2008), doi:10.1021/jp0761968.\n- [20] J. A. Furst, M. Brandbyge, A.-P. Jauho, and K. Stokbro, ' Ab initio study of spin-dependent transport in carbon nanotubes with iron and vanadium adatoms', Phys. Rev. B 78 (19), 195405 (Nov. 2008), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405.\n- [21] A. V. Krasheninnikov, P. O. Lehtinen, A. S. Foster, P. Pyykko, and R. M. Nieminen, 'Embedding transitionmetal atoms in graphene: Structure, bonding, and magnetism', Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (12), 126807 (Mar. 2009), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807.\n- [22] J. J. Mortensen, L. B. Hansen, and K. W. Jacobsen, 'Real-space grid implementation of the projector augmented wave method', Phys. Rev. B 71 (3), 035109 (Jan. 2005), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035109.\n- [23] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, 'Generalized gradient approximation made simple', Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (18), 3865 (Oct. 1996), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865.", "page_start": 3, @@ -215,16 +221,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" }, { - "text": "on the model (see above). The purely two-dimensional character of the KMC was extended to a 'pseudo three-dimensional' one by making the effective chemical potential dependent on the mean liquid coverage [38]. As the latter is related to a mean film thickness, this corresponds to the introduction of a 'global' thickness-dependent disjoining pressure into the evaporation term without an explicit consideration of a film thickness. The amended model can reproduce bimodal structures that are beyond the scope of the purely two-dimensional model [38, 39]. Fully threedimensional models are also discussed in the literature [76, 77].\n\n## B. Dynamical Density Functional theory\n\nThe limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related to its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle. This implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid, i.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to distinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the substrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential.\n\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78-83] one can develop a model for the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit ourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to incorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid ρ l and the nanoparticles ρ n . The densities ρ l and ρ n are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied by a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond to number densities as we use the lattice spacing σ = 1 as our unit of length.\n\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional F [ ρ l , ρ n ] , and secondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the non-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively. For a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams) approximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution and contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid). The free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is coupled to a reservoir with chemical potential µ ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFIG. 8: (Colour online) Space-time plots are given for (left) the film thickness h and (right) the nanoparticle layer height h p = hφ . The plot corresponds to the complete evolution resulting in the ring profile of Fig. 6(b). In both panels bright [dark] parts denote high [low] regions. The prominent central dark-bright border in the left panel indicates the change of the position of the contact line in time. Over time, four regimes can be distinguished: (i) fast motion before pinning, (ii) nearly no front motion during self-pinning, (iii) slow motion after depinning, and (iv) final evaporation from the center.\n\n\n\nshould also be investigated further in the simple case presented here.\n\n## IV. CONCLUSION\n\nWe have discussed recent work on pattern formation processes in films and drops of evaporating suspensions/solutions of polymers and particles. After reviewing experiments on suspensions of thiol-coated gold nanoparticles in toluene we have focused on the modelling of the transport and phase change processes involved. A theoretical approach to the modelling of the hydrodynamics on the mesoscale has been described as well as more microscopic models for the dynamics in the observed nanoscopic 'postcursor' film. In particular, we have introduced (i) a microscopic kinetic Monte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film model.\n\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory can both be used to investigate and understand the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched structures resulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin 'postcursor' film that remains behind the mesoscopic dewetting front. They are, however, not capable of describing the dynamical processes in a meso-", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" } ] }, @@ -246,6 +246,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\nJohn Jairo Molina 1 , 2 , 3 , ∗ Jean-Fran¸cois Dufrˆeche 1 , 2 , 3 , † Mathieu Salanne 1 , 2 , Olivier Bernard 1 , 2 , Marie Jardat 1 , 2 , and Pierre Turq 1 , 2 1 UPMC-Universit'e Paris 06, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 3 Institut de Chimie S'eparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 CEA-CNRS-Universit'e Montpellier 2, Site de Marcoule,\n\nBˆatiment 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-C'eze Cedex, France\n\nWe present a method to derive implicit solvent models of electrolyte solutions from all-atom descriptions; providing analytical expressions of the thermodynamic and structural properties of the ions consistent with the underlying explicit solvent representation. Effective potentials between ions in solution are calculated to perform perturbation theory calculations, in order to derive the best possible description in terms of charged hard spheres. Applying this method to NaCl solutions yields excellent agreement with the all-atom model, provided ion association is taken into account.\n\nSince the pioneering works of Debye, Huckel, and Onsager, electrolyte solutions have been commonly described by continuous solvent models, for which the McMillan-Mayer theory [1] provides a rigorous statistical-mechanical foundation. Within that level of description, simple phenomenological models such as the primitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimilated to charged hard spheres [2], can lead to explicit formulas for the thermodynamic and structural properties (e.g., with the help of the mean spherical approximation (MSA) [3] or the binding MSA (BIMSA) [4]). These models are the most practical to use [5], since they allow for a direct link between the experimental measurements and the microscopic parameters of the system. Nevertheless, they ignore the molecular structure of the solvent. Consequently, they cannot properly account for the complex specific effects of the ions, which appear in numerous biological, chemical, and physical interfacial phenomena [6, 7], without further developments.\n\nAn alternative procedure consists in carrying out molecular simulations, where both the solvent and solute are treated explicitly. After a rigorous averaging over the solvent configurations, a coarse-grained description of the ions, which still includes the effect of the solvent structure, can be obtained [8-11]. However, this set of methods is purely numeric; they do not provide any analytical expression for thermodynamic quantities. They are therefore restricted to simple geometries [12, 13] (bulk solutions or planar interfaces). The description of complex systems, such as porous or electrochemical materials, is still based on continuous solvent models [14].\n\nIn this letter we present a method aimed at bridging the gap between analytical and numerical approaches. It is based on the application of liquid perturbation theory (LPT) [15] to effective ion-ion potentials extracted from\n\nmolecular dynamics (MD) results. Different approximations of the PM are employed for the case of NaCl electrolyte solutions: a two component model (MSA2), that only takes free ions into account, and two different three component models (MSA3 and BIMSA3), which include a third species (the contact ion pair). As we proceed to show, LPT allows us to select the best simple model which accurately accounts for the thermodynamics and the physical-chemistry of the system.", "page_start": 0, @@ -289,16 +295,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" }, { - "text": "1\n\nFIG. 11: The evolution of the optical integral in the NS (top) and the SCS (bottom) in the original MFLI model. Parameters are the same as above. Note that only ∼ 75 -80% of the spectral weight is recovered up to 1 eV .\n\n\n\nFIG. 12: Evolution of the difference of the optical integrals in the SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c . Parameters are the same as before. Observe that the optical sum in the SCS is larger than in the NS and that ∆ W has not yet reached ∆ W K up to the bandwidth. The dashed line is the FGT result.\n\n\n\nc\n\nThis clearly affects n k because it is expressed via the full Green's function and competes with the conventional effect of the gap opening. The distribution function from this model, which we show in Fig.2b brings this point out by showing that in a MFLI model, at /epsilon1 < 0, n k in a superconductor is larger than n k in the normal state, in clear difference with the BCSI case.\n\nWe analyzed the original MFLI model for various parameters and found that the behavior presented in Fig. 12, where ∆ W ( ω c ) > 0 for all frequencies, is typical but\n\nFIG. 13: Behavior of W K with Γ for the original MFLI model at very small α = 0 . 05. We set ω 1 = ∆ = 32 meV . Observe the inconsistency with W K in the BCSI model in Fig 4.\n\n\n\nFIG. 14: The special case of α = 1 . 5,Γ = 5 meV , other parameters the same as in Fig. 10. These parameters are chosen to illustrate that two sign changes (indicated by arrows in the figure) are also possible within the original MFLI model.\n\n\n\nnot not a generic one. There exists a range of parameters α and Γ where ∆ W K is still positive, but ∆ W ( ω c ) changes the sign twice and is negative at intermediate frequencies. We show an example of such behavior in Fig14. Still, for most of the parameters, the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) is the same as in Fig. 12.\n\nOn more careful looking we found the problem with the original MFLI model. We recall that in this model the self-energy in the SCS state was obtained by just cutting the NS self energy at ω 1 (see Eq.18). We argue that this phenomenological formalism is not fully consistent, at least for small α . Indeed, for α = 0, the MFLI model reduces to BCSI model for which the behavior of the selfenergy is given by Eq. (12). This self-energy evolves with ω and Σ '' has a square-root singularity at ω = ∆ + ω o (with ω o = 0). Meanwhile Σ '' in the original MFLI model in Eq. (18) simply jumps to zero at ω = ω 1 = ∆, and this happens for all values of α including α = 0 where the MFLI and BCSI model should merge. This inconsistency is reflected in Fig 13, where we plot the near-BCS limit of MFLI model by taking a very small α = 0 . 05. We see that the optical integral W K in the SCS still remains larger than in the NS over a wide range of Γ, in clear difference with the exactly known behavior in the BCSI", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "∆\n\nFIG. 6: Evolution of ∆ W in the presence of a lattice (solid line) compared with the case of no lattice(a constant DOS, dashed line) for clean and dirty limits. ∆ = 30 meV , Γ = 3 . 5 meV (clean limit), Γ = 150 meV (dirty limit)\n\n\n\nΣ ' ( ω ) = -1 2 λ n ω o Re ∫ dω ' 1 ω 2 o -ω ' 2 -iδ ω + ω ' √ ( ω + ω ' ) 2 -∆ 2 (16)\n\nObserve that Σ '' ( ω ) is no-zero only for ω < -ω o -∆. Also, although it does not straightforwardly follow from Eq. 16, but real and imaginary parts of the self-energy do satisfy Σ ' ( ω ) = -Σ ' ( -ω ) and Σ '' ( ω ) = Σ '' ( -ω ).\n\nFig7 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) and Kubo sums W K as a function of the dimensionless coupling λ . We see that, like in the previous case, the Kubo sum in the NS is larger than that in the SCS. The difference ∆ W K is between 5 and 8 meV.\n\nFig 8 shows the evolution of the optical integrals. Here we see the difference with the BCSI model - only about 75% of the optical integral is recovered, both in the NS and SCS, when we integrate up to the bandwidth of 1 eV . The rest comes from higher frequencies.\n\nIn Fig 9 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of ω c . We see the same behavior as in the BCSI model in a clean limit - ∆ W ( ω c ) is positive at small frequencies, crosses zero at some ω c , passes through a deep minimum at a larger frequency, and eventually saturates at a negative value at the largest w c . However, in distinction to BCSI model, ∆ W ( ω c ) keeps varying with ω c up a much larger scale and saturates only at around 0 . 8 eV . In between the dip at 0 . 1 eV and 0 . 8 eV , the behavior of the optical integral is predominantly determined by the variation of the cut-off term ∆ f ( ω c ) as evidenced by a close similarity between the behavior of the actual ∆ W and ∆ W in the absence\n\n1\n\nFIG. 7: Top- conductivities in the NS and the SCS for the EB model. The conductivity in the NS vanishes below ω 0 because of no phase space for scattering. Bottom - Kubo sums as a function of coupling. Observe that W K in the SCS is below that in the NS. We set ω o = 40 meV , ∆ = 30 meV , λ = . 5\n\n\n\nFIG. 8: Evolution of the optical integrals in the EB model. Note that W (0) has a non zero value at T = 0 in the NS because the self-energy at small frequencies is purely real and linear in ω , hence the polarization bubble Π(0) = 0, as in an ideal Fermi gas. Parameters are the same as in fig. 7\n\n\n\nc\n\n/negationslash", + "text": "134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394 (1987).\n- 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).\n- 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999).\n- 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979).\n- 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York (1995).\n- 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" } ] }, @@ -554,6 +554,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Weisberg, Josh. \"The hard problem of consciousness\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard\\_problem\\_of\\_consciousness&oldid=1261818884\"", + "page_start": 27, + "page_end": 27, + "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 34. Chalmers, David (2020). \"Is the hard problem of consciousness universal?\" (http://consc.ne t/papers/universal.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 27 (5-6): 227-257. Retrieved 22 February 2022.\n - 35. Locke, John (1722). The works of John Locke: in three volumes . Vol. 1. London: Printed for A. Churchill, and A. Manship, and sold by W. Taylor in Pater-noster-Row. p. 293 (https://book s.google.com/books?id=0BfmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA293).\n - 36. Leibniz, Monadology, 17, as quoted by Aranyosi, Istvan (2004). \"Chalmers's zombie arguments\" (http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/Istvan\\_Aranyosi/Chapter%20IV.pdf) (PDF) (draft ed.). Central European University Personal Pages.\n - 37. Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic (1843), Book V, Chapter V, section 3\n - 38. Huxley, Thomas Henry; Youmans, William Jay (1868). The elements of physiology and hygiene: a text-book for educational institutions . New York: D. Appleton and company. p. 178 (https://books.google.com/books?id=aVUAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA178).\n - 39. Arnold, Dan (2021). \"Philosophy of Mind's \"Hard Problem\" in Light of Buddhist Idealism\". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). Philosophy's Big Questions: Comparing Buddhist and Western Approaches . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 97-128. ISBN 978-0231174879.\n - 40. Bryan Van Norden, Buddhism Comes to China (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1xv3H mUddY), 17 March 2021, retrieved 2021-12-29\n - 41. Tiwald, Justin; Van Norden, Bryan W. eds. (2005), Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy, p. 101. Hackett Publishing.\n - 42. Levine, J. 1983. 'Materialism and qualia: the explanatory gap'. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly , 64: 354-361.\n - 43. Weisberg, Josh. \"The Hard Problem of Consciousness\" (https://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n - 44. Seager, William. \"Are Zombies Logically Possible?\" (https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~seager/z ombie.html). www.utsc.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 45. Kaszniak, Alfred W.; Scott, Andrew C. (2007). \"Zombie Killer\". Association of Scientific Studies of Consciousness . S2CID 14891432 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148 91432).\n - 46. Polger, Tom. \"Zombies: Entry\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155145/http://host.unir oma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm). host.uniroma3.it . Archived from the original (https:// host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm) on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 47. Kirk, Robert (2019), \"Zombies\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/zombie s/), in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-09-03\n - 48. David Chalmers (1996) The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory , pp. 15356. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-511789-1 (Pbk.)\n - 49. Dennett, Daniel (1999), \"The Zombie Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition?\" (https://www.nyu.ed u/gsas/dept/philo/courses/consciousness/papers/DD-zombie.html), Royal Institute of Philosophy Millennial Lecture\n - 50. Martine Nida-Rümelin; Donnchadh O Conaill (2019). \"Qualia: The Knowledge Argument\" (htt ps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qualia-knowledge/). In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 51. Bourget, David; Chalmers, David J. (2014). \"What Do Philosophers Believe?\" (https://philpa pers.org/rec/BOUWDP). Philosophical Studies . 170 (3): 465-500. doi:10.1007/s11098-0130259-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-013-0259-7). S2CID 254936498 (https://api.sem anticscholar.org/CorpusID:254936498).", "page_start": 20, @@ -589,12 +595,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "patterns. A clock, a hurricane, and the easy problems, are all the sum of their parts (as are most things). [27]\n\nThe easy problems relevant to consciousness concern mechanistic analysis of the neural processes that accompany behaviour. Examples of these include how sensory systems work, how sensory data is processed in the brain, how that data influences behaviour or verbal reports, the neural basis of thought and emotion, and so on. They are problems that can be analyzed through \"structures and functions\". [27]\n\n## Hard problem\n\nThe hard problem, in contrast, is the problem of why and how those processes are accompanied by experience. [1] It may further include the question of why these processes are accompanied by this or that particular experience, rather than some other kind of experience. In other words, the hard problem is the problem of explaining why certain mechanisms are accompanied by conscious experience. [27] For example, why should neural processing in the brain lead to the felt sensations of, say, feelings of hunger? And why should those neural firings lead to feelings of hunger rather than some other feeling (such as, for example, feelings of thirst)?\n\nChalmers argues that it is conceivable that the relevant behaviours associated with hunger, or any other feeling, could occur even in the absence of that feeling. This suggests that experience is irreducible to physical systems such as the brain. This is the topic of the next section.\n\n## How the easy and hard problems are related\n\nChalmers believes that the hard problem is irreducible to the easy problems: solving the easy problems will not lead to a solution to the hard problems. This is because the easy problems pertain to the causal structure of the world while the hard problem pertains to consciousness, and facts about consciousness include facts that go beyond mere causal or structural description. [32]\n\nFor example, suppose someone were to stub their foot and yelp. In this scenario, the easy problems are mechanistic explanations that involve the activity of the nervous system and brain and its relation to the environment (such as the propagation of nerve signals from the toe to the brain, the processing of that information and how it leads to yelping, and so on). The hard problem is the question of why these mechanisms are accompanied by the feeling of pain , or why these feelings of pain feel the particular way that they do. Chalmers argues that facts about the neural mechanisms of pain, and pain behaviours, do not lead to facts about conscious experience. Facts about conscious experience are, instead, further facts, not derivable from facts about the brain. [27][32]\n\nAn explanation for all of the relevant physical facts about neural processing would leave unexplained facts about what it is like to feel pain. This is in part because functions and physical structures of any sort could conceivably exist in the absence of experience. Alternatively, they could exist alongside a different set of experiences. For example, it is logically possible for a perfect replica of Chalmers to have no experience at all, or for it to have a different set of experiences (such as an inverted visible spectrum, so that the blue-yellow red-green axes of its visual field are flipped). [32]\n\nThe same cannot be said about clocks, hurricanes, or other physical things. In those cases, a structural or functional description is a complete description. A perfect replica of a clock is a clock, a perfect replica of a hurricane is a hurricane, and so on. The difference is that physical things are nothing more than their", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -714,6 +714,12 @@ "page_end": 33, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nThis paper represents the work of seven authors, but some were required by their employer to remove their names. The remaining listed authors are extremely grateful to our colleagues for the effort and wisdom they contributed to this paper.\n\nIn addition, in drafting and revising this paper, we benefited from thoughtful comments and discussion from many people: Alex Hanna, Amandalynne Paullada, Ben Hutchinson, Ben Packer, Brendan O'Connor, Dan Jurafsky, Ehud Reiter, Emma Strubell, Emily Denton, Gina-Anne Levow, Iason Gabriel, Jack Clark, Kristen Howell, Lucy Vasserman, Maarten Sap, Mark Díaz, Miles Brundage, Nick Doiron, Rob Munro, Roel Dobbe, Samy Bengio, Suchin Gururangan, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, William Agnew, William Isaac, and Yejin Choi and our anonymous reviewers.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## 3.1.1 How to browse through the Editorial Content of the Portal\n\nThe editorial content of the Portal is organized into 4 main menu items:\n\n- 1. What we do\n- 2. Providing Data\n- 3. Using Data\n- 4. Resources\n\n\n\n## 1. Click on 'What we do' , then on submenu 'Our Activities'\n\nThe system displays a separate page with information on what is done in the Portal.\n\n", "page_start": 9, @@ -737,12 +743,6 @@ "page_start": 30, "page_end": 30, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- GLYPH<129> A udit Committee - reviews our accounting policies and practices, the integrity of our financial reporting processes and procedures and the financial statements and other relevant disclosure for release to the public. It also assists the Board in its oversight of our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements for financial reporting, and assesses our internal accounting and financial control systems and the qualifications, independence and work of our internal and external auditors.\n - GLYPH<129> Corporate Governance Committee - assists the Board so it has appropriate systems and procedures for carrying out its responsibilities. This committee develops governance policies and practices and recommends them to the board for approval, and leads the Board in its periodic review of board and committee performance.\n - GLYPH<129> Nominating Committee - identifies prospective candidates to serve on our Board. Nominated directors are either elected by shareholders at a meeting, or appointed by the Board. The committee also recommends nominees for each Board committee, including each committee chair.\n - GLYPH<129> Human Resources Committee - assists the Board in monitoring, reviewing and approving compensation and benefit policies and practices. It is also responsible for recommending the compensation of senior management and monitoring the senior executive succession plan.", - "page_start": 74, - "page_end": 74, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -753,8 +753,8 @@ "target_page": 5, "target_passage": "The observed behaviour in region iii) can be reason- ably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con- tribution to the total energy of the system coming from the competitive interactions among NNN planes as the film thickness decreases", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -764,6 +764,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [110] L. Rockford, Y. Liu, P. Mansky, T. P. Russell, M. Yoon, and S. G. J. Mochrie, 'Polymers on nanoperiodic, heterogeneous surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 , 2602-2605 (1999).\n - [111] A. Sehgal, V. Ferreiro, J. F. Douglas, E. J. Amis, and A. Karim, 'Pattern-directed dewetting of ultrathin polymer films,' Langmuir 18 , 7041-7048 (2002).\n - [112] M. Geoghegan and G. Krausch, 'Wetting at polymer surfaces and interfaces,' Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 , 261-302 (2003).\n - [113] P. Lenz and R. Lipowsky, 'Morphological transitions of wetting layers on structured surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 , 1920-1923 (1998).\n - [114] C. Bauer, S. Dietrich, and A. O. Parry, 'Morphological phase transitions of thin fluid films on chemically structured substrates,' Europhys. Lett. 47 , 474-480 (1999).\n - [115] R. Konnur, K. Kargupta, and A. Sharma, 'Instability and morphology of thin liquid films on chemically heterogeneous substrates,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 , 931-934 (2000).\n - [116] M. Brinkmann and R. Lipowsky, 'Wetting morphologies on substrates with striped surface domains,' J. Appl. Phys. 92 , 4296-4306 (2002).\n - [117] L. Brusch, H. Kuhne, U. Thiele, and M. Bar, 'Dewetting of thin films on heterogeneous substrates: Pinning vs. coarsening,' Phys. Rev. E 66 , 011602 (2002).\n - [118] U. Thiele, L. Brusch, M. Bestehorn, and M. Bar, 'Modelling thin-film dewetting on structured substrates and templates: Bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations,' Eur. Phys. J. E 11 , 255-271 (2003).\n - [119] U. Thiele, 'Open questions and promising new fields in dewetting,' Eur. Phys. J. E 12 , 409-416 (2003).\n - [120] D. M. Anderson, G. B. McFadden, and A. A. Wheeler, 'Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics,' Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30 , 139-165 (1998).\n - [121] U. Thiele, S. Madruga, and L. Frastia, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: I. Model derivation and stratified base states,' Phys. Fluids 19 , 122106 (2007).\n - [122] O. A. Frolovskaya, A. A. Nepomnyashchy, A. Oron, and A. A. Golovin, 'Stability of a two-layer binary-fluid system with a diffuse interface,' Phys. Fluids 20 , 112105 (2008).\n - [123] S. Madruga and U. Thiele, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: II. Influence of convective transport on linear stability,' Phys. Fluids 21 , 062104 (2009).", + "page_start": 32, + "page_end": 32, + "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nFIG. 8: (Colour online) Space-time plots are given for (left) the film thickness h and (right) the nanoparticle layer height h p = hφ . The plot corresponds to the complete evolution resulting in the ring profile of Fig. 6(b). In both panels bright [dark] parts denote high [low] regions. The prominent central dark-bright border in the left panel indicates the change of the position of the contact line in time. Over time, four regimes can be distinguished: (i) fast motion before pinning, (ii) nearly no front motion during self-pinning, (iii) slow motion after depinning, and (iv) final evaporation from the center.\n\n\n\nshould also be investigated further in the simple case presented here.\n\n## IV. CONCLUSION\n\nWe have discussed recent work on pattern formation processes in films and drops of evaporating suspensions/solutions of polymers and particles. After reviewing experiments on suspensions of thiol-coated gold nanoparticles in toluene we have focused on the modelling of the transport and phase change processes involved. A theoretical approach to the modelling of the hydrodynamics on the mesoscale has been described as well as more microscopic models for the dynamics in the observed nanoscopic 'postcursor' film. In particular, we have introduced (i) a microscopic kinetic Monte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film model.\n\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory can both be used to investigate and understand the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched structures resulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin 'postcursor' film that remains behind the mesoscopic dewetting front. They are, however, not capable of describing the dynamical processes in a meso-", "page_start": 22, @@ -811,12 +817,6 @@ "page_start": 26, "page_end": 26, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- [97] U. Thiele, M. G. Velarde, K. Neuffer, and Y. Pomeau, 'Film rupture in the diffuse interface model coupled to hydrodynamics,' Phys. Rev. E 64 , 031602 (2001).\n - [98] J. Heier, J. Groenewold, F. A. Castro, F. Nueesch, and R. Hany, 'Enlarged bilayer interfaces from liquid-liquid dewetting for photovoltaic applications,' P Soc Photo-Opt Instrum Eng 6999 , J9991J9991 (2008).\n - [99] M. D. Haw, M. Gillie, and W. C. K. Poon, 'Effects of phase behavior on the drying of colloidal suspensions,' Langmuir 18 , 1626-1633 (2002).\n - [100] L. V. Govor, J. Parisi, G. H. Bauer, and G. Reiter, 'Instability and droplet formation in evaporating thin films of a binary solution,' Phys. Rev. E 71 , 051603 (2005).\n - [101] L. V. Govor, G. Reiter, G. H. Bauer, and J. Parisi, 'Self-assembled treelike patterns from an evaporating binary solution,' Phys. Rev. E 74 , 061603 (2006).\n - [102] M. Yamamura, T. Nishio, T. Kajiwara, and K. Adachi, 'Evaporation-induced pattern formation in polymer films via secondary phase separation,' Chem. Eng. Sci. 57 , 2901-2905 (2002).\n - [103] P. Muller-Buschbaum, E. Bauer, S. Pfister, S. V. Roth, M. Burghammer, C. Riekel, C. David, and U. Thiele, 'Creation of multi-scale stripe-like patterns in thin polymer blend films,' Europhys. Lett. 73 , 35-41 (2006).\n - [104] E. Bormashenko, R. Pogreb, O. Stanevsky, Y. Bormashenko, T. Stein, and O. Gengelman, 'Mesoscopic patterning in evaporated polymer solutions: New experimental data and physical mechanisms,' Langmuir 21 , 9604-9609 (2005).\n - [105] E. Bormashenko, R. Pogreb, O. Stanevsky, Y. Bormashenko, T. Stein, V. Z. Gaisin, R. Cohen, and O. V. Gendelman, 'Mesoscopic patterning in thin polymer films formed under the fast dip-coating process,' Macromol. Mater. Eng. 290 , 114-121 (2005).\n - [106] J. B. Gibson, K. Zhang, K. Chen, S. Chynoweth, and C. W. Manke, 'Simulation of colloid-polymer systems using dissipative particle dynamics,' Mol. Simul. 23 , 1-41 (1999).\n - [107] K. Stratford and I. Pagonabarraga, 'Parallel simulation of particle suspensions with the lattice Boltzmann method,' Comput. Math. Appl. 55 , 1585-1593 (2008).\n - [108] G. Drazer, B. Khusid, J. Koplik, and A. Acrivos, 'Wetting and particle adsorption in nanoflows,' Phys. Fluids 17 , 017102 (2005).\n - [109] J. Kromkamp, D. van den Ende, D. Kandhai, R. van der Sman, and R. Boom, 'Lattice Boltzmann simulation of 2d and 3d non-Brownian suspensions in Couette flow,' Chem. Eng. Sci. 61 , 858-873 (2006).", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1244,6 +1244,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Jacobsen, 'Benchmark density functional theory calculations for nanoscale conductance', J. Chem. Phys. 128 (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2839275.\n- [25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordej'on, and D. S'anchez-Portal, 'The SIESTA method for ab initio ordern materials simulation', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" + }, { "text": "to a certain extent the particle-particle attraction. Normally, the solution is deposited on to a plain silicon substrate that is covered by the native oxide layer only [34]. However, one may locally change the wetting behaviour of the solvent by further oxidising the substrate [38]. By adding excess thiol one can also vary the properties of the solvent [40].\n\nTwo different procedures are employed for the deposition of the solution on to the substrate: spincoating or a meniscus technique [61, 62]. The choice is important as it strongly influences the evaporation rate and, as a result, the pattern formation process. When using spin-coating, one finds that directly after deposition, evaporation competes with dewetting until all the solvent has evaporated. The resulting deposits of nanoparticles are imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). For spin-coated films, the evaporation rate is high and structuring is normally finished before the spincoater is stopped. Conversely, the solvent evaporation rate is strongly decreased when employing the meniscus technique [61], i.e., by depositing a drop of solution on a Teflon ring that is wetted by the solvent. This allows for a better control of the process and enables the use of contrast-enhanced microscopy to observe the dewetting process in situ [40]. All pattern formation is confined to the region of the receding contact line of toluene, silicon and air. With both techniques one may find mono-modal or bi-modal polygonal networks [34], labyrinthine spinodal structures, or branched patterns (see Fig. 1). The meniscus technique allows for the study of branched structures in a more controlled manner. The work in Ref. [40] indicates that fingering strongly depends on the interaction strength of the particles, i.e., on the chain length of the thiol molecules coating the gold cores. For short chains (C 5 and C 8 ) no formation of branched structures is observed. At similar concentrations, well-developed branched structures are formed for longer chains (C 10 and C 12 ). For even longer chains (C 14 ), however, one again finds less branching. It also depends on the amount of excess thiol in the solvent (for details see Ref. [40]).\n\nWhen following the evolution of the branched patterns in situ (see the complementary video material of Ref. [40]), one clearly observes that different processes occur on different lenght scales. First, a macroscopic dewetting front recedes, leaving behind a seemingly dry substrate. The macroscopic front can be transversely unstable resulting in large-scale ( > 100 µ m) strongly anisotropic fingered structures. For fronts that move relatively quickly these macroscopic structures cover all the available substrate. However, when at a later stage the macroscopic front becomes slower, those fingers become scarce and 'macroscopic fingering' finally ceases. At this stage it is possible to appreciate that the seemingly dry region left behind by the front is not at all dry, but covered by an ultrathin 'postcursor' film that is itself unstable. The thickness of this film", "page_start": 5, @@ -1255,12 +1261,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- [34] P. Moriarty, M. D. R. Taylor, and M. Brust, 'Nanostructured cellular networks,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 , 248303 (2002).\n - [35] E. Rabani, D. R. Reichman, P. L. Geissler, and L. E. Brus, 'Drying-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles,' Nature 426 , 271-274 (2003).\n - [36] L. V. Govor, G. Reiter, J. Parisi, and G. H. Bauer, 'Self-assembled nanoparticle deposits formed at the contact line of evaporating micrometer-size droplets,' Phys. Rev. E 69 , 061609 (2004).\n - [37] C. P. Martin, M. O. Blunt, and P. Moriarty, 'Nanoparticle networks on silicon: Self-organized or disorganized?' Nano Lett. 4 , 2389-2392 (2004).\n - [38] C. P. Martin, M. O. Blunt, E. Pauliac-Vaujour, A. Stannard, P. Moriarty, I. Vancea, and U. Thiele, 'Controlling pattern formation in nanoparticle assemblies via directed solvent dewetting,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 116103 (2007).\n - [39] A. Stannard, C. P. Martin, E. Pauliac-Vaujour, P. Moriarty, and U. Thiele, 'Dual-scale pattern formation in nanoparticle assemblies,' J. Chem. Phys. C 112 , 15195-15203 (2008).\n - [40] E. Pauliac-Vaujour, A. Stannard, C. P. Martin, M. O. Blunt, I. Notingher, P. J. Moriarty, I. Vancea, and U. Thiele, 'Fingering instabilities in dewetting nanofluids,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 176102 (2008).\n - [41] I. Vancea, U. Thiele, E. Pauliac-Vaujour, A. Stannard, C. P. Martin, M. O. Blunt, and P. J. Moriarty, 'Front instabilities in evaporatively dewetting nanofluids,' Phys. Rev. E 78 , 041601 (2008).\n - [42] U. Thiele, Entnetzung von Kollagenfilmen , Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universitat Dresden (1998).\n - [43] H. Yabu and M. Shimomura, 'Preparation of self-organized mesoscale polymer patterns on a solid substrate: Continuous pattern formation from a receding meniscus,' Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 , 575-581 (2005).\n - [44] R. D. Deegan, O. Bakajin, T. F. Dupont, G. Huber, S. R. Nagel, and T. A. Witten, 'Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops,' Nature 389 , 827-829 (1997).\n - [45] E. Adachi, A. S. Dimitrov, and K. Nagayama, 'Stripe patterns formed on a glass-surface during droplet evaporation,' Langmuir 11 , 1057-1060 (1995).\n - [46] R. D. Deegan, 'Pattern formation in drying drops,' Phys. Rev. E 61 , 475-485 (2000).\n - [47] R. D. Deegan, O. Bakajin, T. F. Dupont, G. Huber, S. R. Nagel, and T. A. Witten, 'Contact line deposits in an evaporating drop,' Phys. Rev. E 62 , 756-765 (2000).\n - [48] L. Shmuylovich, A. Q. Shen, and H. A. Stone, 'Surface morphology of drying latex films: Multiple ring formation,' Langmuir 18 , 3441-3445 (2002).\n - [49] V. X. Nguyen and K. J. Stebe, 'Patterning of small particles by a surfactant-enhanced Marangoni-", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1331,10 +1331,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" }, { - "text": "FIG. 2: Typical KMC results for the final dried-in nanoparticle structures resulting from the evaporative dewetting processes of nanoparticle solutions (nanofluids) in the case of (a) a spinodal-like process at µ = -2 . 55 , (b) nucleation and growth of holes at µ = -2 . 3 , (c) unstable fronts at µ = -2 . 3 and low mobility M = 5 , and (d) unstable fronts at µ = -2 . 3 and medium mobility M = 10 . The starting configuration in (a) and (b) is a homogeneous liquid film with uniformly distributed particles whereas in (c) and (d) a hole at the center is nucleated 'by hand'. The remaining parameters are (a,b) M = 50 , glyph[epsilon1] nl = 2 . 0 , glyph[epsilon1] nn = 1 . 5 , ρ av n = 0 . 2 , kT = 0 . 3 , MC steps = 500 , domain size 1200 × 1200 ; (c,d) ε nn = 2 . 0 , glyph[epsilon1] nl = 1 . 5 , ρ av n = 0 . 2 , kT = 0 . 2 , MC steps = 3000 , domain size 1200 × 1200 . Lattice sites occupied by particles are coloured black, and the empty sites are coloured white.\n\n", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" + "text": "- [24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Jacobsen, 'Benchmark density functional theory calculations for nanoscale conductance', J. Chem. Phys. 128 (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2839275.\n- [25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordej'on, and D. S'anchez-Portal, 'The SIESTA method for ab initio ordern materials simulation', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1664,6 +1664,12 @@ "page_end": 151, "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## 3. Emission factors\n\n - a. Ozone precursors and SO2 from oil refining Crude oil throughput\n\nNOx = 0.06\n\nCO = 0.09\n\nNMVOC = 0.62\n\nSO2 = 0.93\n\n - b. Ozone precursors and SO2 from oil refining Catalytic cracker throughput\n - c. NMVOC emissions from storage and handling Crude oil throughput\n\nNOx = 0.2\n\nCO = 42.6\n\nNMVOC = 0.6\n\nSO2 = 1.5\n\nSecondary seals = 0.2\n\nPrimary seals = 0.7\n\nFixed Roof = 4.9\n\n - d. SO2 from Sulphur Recovery Plants 139 kg/t\n - 4. CKD correction factor = 1.02\n - 5. Methane Correction Factor (MCF)\n - 6. Inventory time period (for Cropland remaining Cropland - Carbon stock change - Mineral soils) = 20 years\n\nManaged - 1.0\n\nUnmanaged - deep (>= 5m) - 0.8\n\nUnmanaged - shallow (< 5m) - 0.4\n\nMethane Correction Factor - 0.6", + "page_start": 49, + "page_end": 49, + "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Annex 3: Global Warming Potentials (GWPs)\n\n| Greenhouse gas | Chemical formula | 1995 IPCC GWP |\n|----------------------|--------------------|-----------------|\n| Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 1 |\n| Methane | CH4 | 21 |\n| Nitrous oxide | N2O | 310 |\n| HFC-23 | CHF3 | 11,700 |\n| HFC-32 | CH2F2 | 650 |\n| HFC-41 | CH3F | 150 |\n| HFC-43-10mee | C5H2F10 | 1,300 |\n| HFC-125 | C2HF5 | 2,800 |\n| HFC-134 | C2H2F4 | 1,000 |\n| HFC-134a | CH2FCF3 | 1,300 |\n| HFC-152a | C2H4F2 | 140 |\n| HFC-143 | C2H3F3 | 300 |\n| HFC-143a | CF3CH3 | 3,800 |\n| HFC-227ea | C3HF7 | 2,900 |\n| HFC-236fa | C3H2F6 | 6,300 |\n| HFC-254ca | C3H3F5 | 560 |\n| Perfluoromethane | CF4 | 6,500 |\n| Perfluroethane | C2F6 | 9,200 |\n| Perfluoropropape | C3F8 | 7,000 |\n| Perfluorobutane | C2F10 | 7,000 |\n| Perfluorocyclobutane | c-c4F8 | 8,700 |\n| Perfluoropentane | C5F12 | 7,500 |\n| Perfluorohexane | C6F14 | 7,400 |\n| Sulphur hexafluoride | SF6 | 23,900 |\n\nSource: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, page 22.", "page_start": 47, @@ -1699,12 +1705,6 @@ "page_start": 12, "page_end": 12, "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "IPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\nHadGEM2-ES\n\n\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\nACCESS1-0\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 16. Di/fference in consecutive dry days between 2 ° Cand1.5 ° C global warming, for individual ensemble members and ensemble mean.\n\n\n\nensemble meanIPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\nHadGEM2-ES\n\n\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\n\n\nACCESS1-0Figure 17. Di/fference in annual maximum 5 day rainfall between 2 ° Cand1.5 ° C global warming, for individual ensemble members and ensemble mean.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1824,6 +1824,18 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "The authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.\n\n- [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104 (2007).\n- [13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n- [14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n- [15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids (Academic Press, 1986).\n- [16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n- [17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 , 041202 (2002).\n- [18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Editora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n- [19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 , 333 (1984).\n- [20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol. Phys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n- [21] The average contact distance between a symmetric dumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "canonical ensemble. The free energy functional is first defined on the original KMC lattice. However, after re-writing the interaction terms employing gradient operators [78] one finally obtains the free energy functional for a continuous system\n\nF [ ρ l , ρ n ] = ∫ d r [ f ( ρ l , ρ n ) + ε ll 2 ( ∇ ρ l ) 2 + ε nn 2 ( ∇ ρ n ) 2 + ε nl ( ∇ ρ n ) · ( ∇ ρ l ) -µρ l ] , (4)\n\nwhere\n\nf ( ρ l , ρ n ) = kT [ ρ l ln ρ l +(1 -ρ l ) ln(1 -ρ l )] + kT [ ρ n ln ρ n +(1 -ρ n ) ln(1 -ρ n )] -2 ε ll ρ 2 l -2 ε nn ρ 2 n -4 ε nl ρ n ρ l . (5)\n\nSince the liquid may evaporate from the surface into the vapour above the surface, µ is the (true) chemical potential of this reservoir and determines the rate of evaporation [condensation] from [to] the surface. Note that normally a free energy of the form in Eq. (4) is obtained by making a gradient expansion of the free energy functional of a continuous system [84]. However, here we have made the mapping from the free energy of the lattice KMC system.\n\nThe chemical potential for the nanoparticles may be determined from the functional derivative µ n = δF [ ρ n , ρ l ] /δρ n ( r ) . In equilibrium it is constant throughout the system, but it may vary spatially in a non-equilibrium system, i.e., µ n = µ n ( r , t ) . We assume that the dynamics of the nanoparticles is governed by the thermodynamic force ∇ µ n - i.e. that the nanoparticle current is j = -M n ρ n ∇ µ n , where M n ( ρ l ) is a mobility coefficient that depends on the local density of the liquid. Combining this expression for the current with the continuity equation, we obtain the following evolution equation for the nanoparticle density profile\n\n∂ρ n ∂t = ∇· [ M n ρ n ∇ δF [ ρ n , ρ l ] δρ n ] . (6)\n\nNote that this equation of motion may also be obtained by assuming that the nanoparticles have over-damped stochastic equations of motion [80-83]. Here, we assume that M n ( ρ l ) = α Θ s ( ρ l -0 . 5) , where Θ s ( x ) is a continuous function that switches smoothly from the value 0 to the value 1 at x = 0 (i.e. it is essentially a smooth analogue of the Heaviside function). This ensures that the nanoparticles are immobile when the local liquid density is small (dry substrate) and have a mobility coefficient α when ρ l is high (wet substrate).\n\nFor the evolution of the liquid density distribution we assume that the liquid is able to evaporate from the surface into the vapour (reservoir) above the surface (non-conserved dynamics) and may", "page_start": 14, @@ -1841,18 +1853,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "H = -  J 0 ∑ 〈 ij 〉 /vector S i · /vector S j + J 1 ∑ 〈 ik 〉 /vector S i · /vector S k + J 2 ∑ 〈 il 〉 /vector S i · /vector S l   . (1)\n\n/vector S i are classical planar unit vectors representing the direction of the total angular momentum of the magnetic ions, whose magnitude √ j ( j +1) ( j = 8 for Holmium ions) is already encompassed within the definition of the interaction constants J 0 , 1 , 2 . As sketched in Fig. 1, the magnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) lattice; the first sum appearing in the Hamiltonian describes the in-plane ( xy ) nearest neighbor (NN) interaction, which is taken ferromagnetic (FM), with exchange strength J 0 > 0; the second sum represents the coupling, of exchange strength J 1 , between spins belonging to nearest neighbor (NN) planes along the z -direction (which we will assume to coincide with the film growth direction); finally, the third sum takes into account the interaction, of exchange strength J 2 , between spins lying on next-nearest neighbor (NNN) planes along z . In order to have frustration, giving rise to noncollinear order along z in the bulk, NN interaction J 1 can be taken both ferro- or antiferromagnetic, but NNN coupling J 2 has necessarily to be antiferromagnetic, and the condition | J 2 | > | J 1 | / 4 must be fulfilled. Such simplified Hamiltonian was already employed to simulate helical ordering in bulk systems by Diep 1,17 and Loison 18 . In the bulk limit, the state of minimal energy of a system described by Eq.(1) corresponds to a helical arrangement of spins. The ground state energy per spin is equal to e g ( Q z ) = [ -4 J 0 -2 J 1 (4 cos ( Q z c ' ) + δ cos (2 Q z c ' ))] where c ' is the distance between NN layers, δ = J 2 J 1 , and Q z c ' = arccos ( -1 δ ) is the angle between spins lying on adjacent planes along the z -direction. The observed helical arrangement in bulk holmium corresponds to Q z c ' /similarequal 30 . 5 · 10 : such value can be obtained from the formula above with the set of coupling constants J 0 =67.2K, J 1 =20.9K, and J 2 = -24.2 K, that we have employed in our simulations. The given values for the exchange constants are the same already used by Weschke et al. in Ref. 13 to interpret experimental data on Holmium films on the basis of a J 1 -J 2 model, after a proper scaling by the numbers of NN and NNN on neighboring layers of a BCT lattice.\n\nIn the following we will denote with n the film thickness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction, and with L × L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L is the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In our simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were considered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to 64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x and y , while free boundaries were obviously taken along the film growth direction z .\n\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual Metropolis algorithm 19 , supplemented by the overrelaxed technique 20 in order to speed-up the sampling of the spin configuration space: a typical 'Monte Carlo step' was composed by four Metropolis and four-five over-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of moves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium and to minimize the correlation 'time' between successive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in-", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "on the model (see above). The purely two-dimensional character of the KMC was extended to a 'pseudo three-dimensional' one by making the effective chemical potential dependent on the mean liquid coverage [38]. As the latter is related to a mean film thickness, this corresponds to the introduction of a 'global' thickness-dependent disjoining pressure into the evaporation term without an explicit consideration of a film thickness. The amended model can reproduce bimodal structures that are beyond the scope of the purely two-dimensional model [38, 39]. Fully threedimensional models are also discussed in the literature [76, 77].\n\n## B. Dynamical Density Functional theory\n\nThe limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related to its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle. This implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid, i.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to distinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the substrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential.\n\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78-83] one can develop a model for the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit ourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to incorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid ρ l and the nanoparticles ρ n . The densities ρ l and ρ n are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied by a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond to number densities as we use the lattice spacing σ = 1 as our unit of length.\n\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional F [ ρ l , ρ n ] , and secondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the non-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively. For a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams) approximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution and contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid). The free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is coupled to a reservoir with chemical potential µ ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1863,11 +1863,17 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "The principle of LPT is to describe the properties of a given system in terms of those of a well known reference system, with the differ- ence between them treated as a perturbation in the ref- erence potential", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "The authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.\n\n- [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104 (2007).\n- [13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n- [14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n- [15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids (Academic Press, 1986).\n- [16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n- [17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 , 041202 (2002).\n- [18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Editora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n- [19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 , 333 (1984).\n- [20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol. Phys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n- [21] The average contact distance between a symmetric dumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "on the model (see above). The purely two-dimensional character of the KMC was extended to a 'pseudo three-dimensional' one by making the effective chemical potential dependent on the mean liquid coverage [38]. As the latter is related to a mean film thickness, this corresponds to the introduction of a 'global' thickness-dependent disjoining pressure into the evaporation term without an explicit consideration of a film thickness. The amended model can reproduce bimodal structures that are beyond the scope of the purely two-dimensional model [38, 39]. Fully threedimensional models are also discussed in the literature [76, 77].\n\n## B. Dynamical Density Functional theory\n\nThe limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related to its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle. This implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid, i.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to distinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the substrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential.\n\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78-83] one can develop a model for the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit ourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to incorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid ρ l and the nanoparticles ρ n . The densities ρ l and ρ n are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied by a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond to number densities as we use the lattice spacing σ = 1 as our unit of length.\n\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional F [ ρ l , ρ n ] , and secondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the non-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively. For a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams) approximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution and contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid). The free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is coupled to a reservoir with chemical potential µ ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the", "page_start": 13, @@ -1921,12 +1927,6 @@ "page_start": 30, "page_end": 30, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where γ is the liquid-gas surface tension and f ( h ) is a local free energy term that describes the wettability of the surface. Since µ corresponds to a chemical potential, the term µh may either bias the system towards the liquid or towards the gas state. The variation of F w.r.t. h gives the pressure. It contains the curvature (Laplace) pressure -γ ∆ h and the disjoining pressure Π( h ) = -∂ h f ( h ) . Many different forms for the latter are in use (see, e.g., Refs. [4, 8, 63, 70-73]).\n\nFor the present system a thin film description using Eq. (1) is not appropriate because the nanoparticles are not taken into account. However, under certain conditions one can augment equation (1) for the evolution of the film thickness by coupling it to an equation for the evolution of the mean particle concentration. The resulting model is able to describe the behaviour of an evaporating solution on the meso- and macroscale. Such an approach is briefly discussed below in Section III C. Weshould expect such a model to describe the mesoscopic dewetting front discussed above. However, the theory is less suited to a description of the dewetting dynamics of the ultrathin postcursor\n\nfilm.\n\nThe dewetting of the ultrathin film of highly concentrated suspension may be described by a discrete stochastic model such as, for instance, a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model based solely on evaporation/condensation dynamics of the solvent and diffusion of the solute [35, 39, 41]. The validity of this strong assumption regarding the relevant transport processes can be confirmed from an estimate based on Eq. (1): The pressure p = δF/δh drives convection and evaporation. The convective mobility is proportional to h 3 , i.e., it is large for thick films but decreases strongly with reduced film thickness. The evaporative mobility, however, is a constant, implying that evaporation will dominate below a certain (cross-over) thickness. For the parameter values of Ref. [57] and a small contact angle ( ≈ 0 . 01 ), the cross-over thickness is in the range of 1-5 nanometers. This estimate justifies the neglect of convective transport in a description of the postcursor film and may explain why one has such good agreement between the experimentally observed patterns and the patterns obtained from a purely two-dimensional (single layer) kinetic Monte Carlo model [35]. We introduce the KMC model below in Section III A.\n\nIn several respects, however, the kinetic Monte Carlo model is rather simplistic, limiting its potential applications. For instance, the thermodynamic chemical potential as well as any wetting interaction of the solvent with the substrate are collected in a single parameter - an effective chemical potential. This implies that any influence of a disjoining pressure is 'smeared out' over the whole system and that no distinction between the short- and the long-range parts of the disjoining pressure is possible. It is furthermore based on the assumption that evaporation/condensation is", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2233,8 +2233,8 @@ "target_page": 12, "target_passage": "India is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase in length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased length of drought which is again projected in all members", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -2330,6 +2330,12 @@ "page_end": 16, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Glob. Environ. Change 25 , 121-132. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.004)\n - 23. Richardson K, Lewis K, Krishnamurthy K, Kent C, Wiltshire A, Hanlon H. 2018 Food security outcomes under a changing climate: impacts of mitigation and adaptation on vulnerability to food insecurity. Clim. Change , 147 , 327-341. (doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2137-y)\n - 24. Best M et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description-part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 677-699. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011)\n - 25. Clark D et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model descriptionpart 2: carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 701-722. (doi:10.5194/ gmd-4-701-2011)\n - 26. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ. 2000 Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 , 184-187. (doi:10.1038/ 35041539)\n - 27. Jones CD et al. 2011 The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 543-570. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-543-2011)\n - 28. Betts RA et al. 2015 Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial ecosystems and river flows in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using the representative concentration pathways. Biogeosciences 12 , 1317. (doi:10.5194/bg-12-1317-2015)\n - 29. Falloon PD, Betts RA. 2006 The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 7 , 62-68. (doi:10.1002/asl.133)\n - 30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, Betts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological forcing in determining future global water stress. Glob. Environ. Change 23 , 1083-1097. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005)\n - 31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows - exploring the effects of forcing biases. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 , 1785-1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785)\n - 32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 946-949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046)\n - 33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 10 019-10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113)\n - 34. Betts RA et al. 2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon dioxide rise. Nature 448 , 1037-1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045)\n - 35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases on global runoff simulations of a land surface model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 , 4379-4401. (doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017)\n - 36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J. Climate 19 , 3088-3111. (doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1)\n - 37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily GCMprecipitation output. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 3150-3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323)\n - 38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 3609-3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017)", + "page_start": 26, + "page_end": 26, + "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 2. Methods and models\n\n## (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° Cand2 ° Cglobalwarming\n\nThere are a number of ways in which 1.5°C or 2°C global warming can be defined-one could be the long-term climate state following a stabilization of warming at that level, another could be the state over a shorter period around the time of first reaching that level. Here we choose the second definition, which is what is seen first and hence needs to be adapted to. There are also a number of methods with which such changes can be assessed [10]. We take the opportunity of availability of a new set of higher-resolutions transient climate and impacts simulations, and use a time-sampling methodology [10] to assess global-scale impacts at these resolutions for the first time.", "page_start": 2, @@ -2365,12 +2371,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ensemble mean\n\nIPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\nACCESS1-0\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6. Simulated changes in the average length of /flood events (number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall excess is positive, compared with the 95th percentile in 1981-2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from di/fferent members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean. The labels above each panel identify the driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\n\n\n\nensemble meanIPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\n\n\nFigure 7. Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index calculated for simulated climate states at 2 ° C global warming for /five individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from di/fferent members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean.\n\n\n\n\n\nchange in length of average flood event (days)\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2435,15 +2435,15 @@ "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" }, { - "text": "In the global warming network, politics was the second-largest discourse cluster (20% of the network), where 'tcot', short for 'Top Conservatives on Twitter', was the node ranked highest, and 'p2', short for 'Progressives 2.0', is also included. Several political figures, such as Obama and Al Gore, are frequently mentioned. Action toward the global climate issue was the third-largest cluster (16%), including both domestic e GLYPH<11> orts, such as 'us', 'trump', 'climatechangeisreal', 'climateaction', and 'epa', and two international items, like 'china' and 'india'. The fourth cluster (in blue) referred to emissions, including hashtags like 'co2', 'green', and 'carbon'. The smallest cluster (8%) was composed of 'snow', 'winter', 'heatwave', and 'summer', referring to the temperature abnormalities on the earth.\n\n## 4.3. Temporal Analysis of the Associations in the Two Discourses\n\nThe online presentations of the climate change and global warming discourses are dynamic. As shown in Table 2, for the global warming discourse, 11 key concepts remained in the top 50 central hashtags each year for all 10 years, with 16 for the climate change'discourse. By comparing the 11 nodes of the global warming discourse and the 16 nodes of the climate change discourse, we found that the two lists shared nine concepts. We found 'pollution' and 'earth' were unique to the keyword list of the global warming discourse, and 'economy', 'water', 'china', 'coal', 'solar', 'sustainability', and 'food' only occurred on the critical list for the climate change discourse.\n\nTable 2. Hashtags that remained on the top 50 list for the climate change or the global warming discourse from 2009 to 2018.\n\n| | Unique | Shared |\n|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| #climatechange #globalwarming | china, solar, water, food, economy, coal, sustainability pollution, earth | co2, news, carbon, green, climate, us, energy, science, environment |\n\nFigures 3 and 4 show the overall evolution of critical hashtags' associations in the 10-year period, where the nodes in the 10 graphs are located in the same position but the strength of associations varies across longitudinal time. Vector graphics with the label of nodes are provided in the Supplementary Materials. Four themes were identified in each discourse according to the nodes' associations. To more explicitly demonstrate the relative importance of each cluster in each year, we calculated the sum of the degree centrality of all the nodes belonging to each cluster and their change in centrality over the 10 years, as shown in Figure 5.", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, + "text": "- 104. Walter, S.; De Silva-Schmidt, F.; Brüggemann, M. From 'knowledge brokers' to opinion makers: How physical presence a GLYPH<11> ected scientists' Twitter use during the COP21 climate change conference. Int. J. Commun. 2017 , 11 , 570-591.\n - 105. Peterson, T.C.; Connolley, W.M.; Fleck, J. The myth of the 1970s global cooling scientific consensus. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2008 , 89 , 1325-1338. [CrossRef]\n - 106. Mazur, A. Global environmental change in the news: 1987-1990 vs. 1992-1996. Int. Sociol. 1998 , 13 , 457-472. [CrossRef]\n - 107. Statista. Reach of Selected Social Networks in the United States as of February 2017, by Age Group. Available online: https: // www.statista.com / statistics / 305245 / us-social-network-penetration-age-group / (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n - 108. O'Connor, B.; Balasubramanyan, R.; Routledge, B.R.; Smith, N.A. From tweets to polls: Linking text sentiment to public opinion time series. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Washington, DC, USA, 23-26 May 2010.\n - 109. Zannettou, S.; Caulfield, T.; De Cristofaro, E.; Sirivianos, M.; Stringhini, G.; Blackburn, J. Disinformation warfare: Understanding state-sponsored trolls on Twitter and their influence on the web. In Proceedings of the Companion of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13-17 May 2019; pp. 218-226.\n - 110. Shao, C.; Ciampaglia, G.L.; Varol, O.; Yang, K.C.; Flammini, A.; Menczer, F. The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nat. Commun. 2018 , 9 , 4787. [CrossRef]\n\n\n\n' 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by / 4.0 / ).", + "page_start": 21, + "page_end": 21, "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" }, { - "text": "## 5.1.3. Discourse Structure\n\nIn the discourse surrounding #climatechange, 'environment', 'energy', and 'global action' represented the themes of the three largest clusters in the network. However, three popularly recurring hashtags, '#environment', '#energy', and '#climateaction', did not belong to any of the three clusters above, but formed another small tight cluster together, sitting in the most central part of the semantic network, as shown in Figure 2b. As each of the three hashtags can almost represent one sub-theme of the climate change topic and these three hashtags were tightly bundled might indicate an attempt by #climatechange users to address all three communities together [91], consolidating climate change as a topic rather than a loosely organized topic. Previous communication studies also confirmed hashtags' function of serving as a hybrid forum [68], where heterogeneous individuals coordinate to solve", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, + "text": "In the global warming network, politics was the second-largest discourse cluster (20% of the network), where 'tcot', short for 'Top Conservatives on Twitter', was the node ranked highest, and 'p2', short for 'Progressives 2.0', is also included. Several political figures, such as Obama and Al Gore, are frequently mentioned. Action toward the global climate issue was the third-largest cluster (16%), including both domestic e GLYPH<11> orts, such as 'us', 'trump', 'climatechangeisreal', 'climateaction', and 'epa', and two international items, like 'china' and 'india'. The fourth cluster (in blue) referred to emissions, including hashtags like 'co2', 'green', and 'carbon'. The smallest cluster (8%) was composed of 'snow', 'winter', 'heatwave', and 'summer', referring to the temperature abnormalities on the earth.\n\n## 4.3. Temporal Analysis of the Associations in the Two Discourses\n\nThe online presentations of the climate change and global warming discourses are dynamic. As shown in Table 2, for the global warming discourse, 11 key concepts remained in the top 50 central hashtags each year for all 10 years, with 16 for the climate change'discourse. By comparing the 11 nodes of the global warming discourse and the 16 nodes of the climate change discourse, we found that the two lists shared nine concepts. We found 'pollution' and 'earth' were unique to the keyword list of the global warming discourse, and 'economy', 'water', 'china', 'coal', 'solar', 'sustainability', and 'food' only occurred on the critical list for the climate change discourse.\n\nTable 2. Hashtags that remained on the top 50 list for the climate change or the global warming discourse from 2009 to 2018.\n\n| | Unique | Shared |\n|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| #climatechange #globalwarming | china, solar, water, food, economy, coal, sustainability pollution, earth | co2, news, carbon, green, climate, us, energy, science, environment |\n\nFigures 3 and 4 show the overall evolution of critical hashtags' associations in the 10-year period, where the nodes in the 10 graphs are located in the same position but the strength of associations varies across longitudinal time. Vector graphics with the label of nodes are provided in the Supplementary Materials. Four themes were identified in each discourse according to the nodes' associations. To more explicitly demonstrate the relative importance of each cluster in each year, we calculated the sum of the degree centrality of all the nodes belonging to each cluster and their change in centrality over the 10 years, as shown in Figure 5.", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" } ] @@ -2656,17 +2656,17 @@ "page_end": 16, "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nThis paper represents the work of seven authors, but some were required by their employer to remove their names. The remaining listed authors are extremely grateful to our colleagues for the effort and wisdom they contributed to this paper.\n\nIn addition, in drafting and revising this paper, we benefited from thoughtful comments and discussion from many people: Alex Hanna, Amandalynne Paullada, Ben Hutchinson, Ben Packer, Brendan O'Connor, Dan Jurafsky, Ehud Reiter, Emma Strubell, Emily Denton, Gina-Anne Levow, Iason Gabriel, Jack Clark, Kristen Howell, Lucy Vasserman, Maarten Sap, Mark Díaz, Miles Brundage, Nick Doiron, Rob Munro, Roel Dobbe, Samy Bengio, Suchin Gururangan, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, William Agnew, William Isaac, and Yejin Choi and our anonymous reviewers.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + }, { "text": "The data of the first overview (based on data from 1990) were updated in 2019 and show an even worse picture:\n\n'From 1990 to 2019, the global number of DALYs due to mental disorders increased from 80.8 million to 125.3 million, …. Age-standardised DALY rates remained largely consistent between 1990 (1581·DALYs per 100,000 population) and 2019 (1566 DALYs per 100,000 population). YLDs 226 contributed to almost all of the mental disorder burden, accounting for 125.3 million YLDs or 14.6% of global YLDs in 2019.' 227\n\nIn 2019 the WHO stated that one in every eight people, or 970 million people around the world, were", "page_start": 85, "page_end": 85, "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Five-Year Summary (1)\n\nIn thousands (except per share data)", - "page_start": 95, - "page_end": 95, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2677,11 +2677,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Many people have the same name Names may change through marriage or other circumstances Individuals use different alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions People use different versions of their name during their career", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers\n\n## What's in a Name?\n\nMost names are not unique\n\n\n\nMany people have the same name\n\nPeople use di/fferent versions of their name during their career\n\nIndividuals use di/fferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions\n\n## Researchers are mobile!\n\n\n\nFor example,\n\n30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE\n\nSource: Science Magazine\n\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n\n\n\n- Benchmark their organization against others\n- Identify, track, and report on researchers' a/ffiliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)\n\n## Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research\n\n\n\n\n\nInstitutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate the impact of all types of research contributions\n\n\n\n## Tackling Information Overload\n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n\nConnects individuals and their professional contributions across disciplines, organizations, and time\n\nEnables recognition of all types of research contributions and innovation\n\n\n\nHelps research institutions, funders, publishers, and other organizations better track and support research work\n\n## How ORCID Works\n\n\n\n- It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers\n- It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions\n- It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems\n\n## Why Connect with ORCID?\n\nHundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally\n\n## 5.5 MILLION+\n\nlive ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch\n\n\n\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n\n\n\nNames may\n\nchange through\n\nmarriage or other\n\ncircumstances\n\n\n\n## Evidence of Institutional Value\n\nExamples of time/sta/ff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n\n\n\nUK: 0.2 - 0.4 FTEs per institution 1 Portugal: 100,000 researcher hours per year 2 Australia: 15-30 minutes per grant application 3\n\n1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015 2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017 3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018\n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing authoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in reviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n\n-Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union\n\n## How Organizations and Researchers Benefit\n\n## INSTITUTIONS\n\n- Save time and reduce errors with automated information-sharing and cross-system interoperability\n- Manage your organization name and your researchers' connections with it\n- Maintain links with your researchers - past, present, and future\n\n## RESEARCHERS\n\n- Improve recognition and discoverability of their research\n- Spend more time doing research, less time managing it\n- Control and manage a trusted and easily shareable record of their research activities and a/ffiliations - for free\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Three Ways to Get Involved\n\n- 1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD\n- 2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems\n- 3. Connect data to and from your researchers' ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations\n\nSponsored by ORCID\n\nTo learn more go to https://orcid.org\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nThis paper represents the work of seven authors, but some were required by their employer to remove their names. The remaining listed authors are extremely grateful to our colleagues for the effort and wisdom they contributed to this paper.\n\nIn addition, in drafting and revising this paper, we benefited from thoughtful comments and discussion from many people: Alex Hanna, Amandalynne Paullada, Ben Hutchinson, Ben Packer, Brendan O'Connor, Dan Jurafsky, Ehud Reiter, Emma Strubell, Emily Denton, Gina-Anne Levow, Iason Gabriel, Jack Clark, Kristen Howell, Lucy Vasserman, Maarten Sap, Mark Díaz, Miles Brundage, Nick Doiron, Rob Munro, Roel Dobbe, Samy Bengio, Suchin Gururangan, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, William Agnew, William Isaac, and Yejin Choi and our anonymous reviewers.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + }, { "text": "## ?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\n\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use autogenerated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot more and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme's book or some of the many SPARQL tools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography.\n\nOne final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open World Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter 4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1. For now, though remember that SPARQL is not subject to either of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic reasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the value for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist.", "page_start": 71, @@ -2729,18 +2741,6 @@ "page_start": 21, "page_end": 21, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Just as environmental impact scales with model size, so does the difficulty of understanding what is in the training data. In §4, we discuss how large datasets based on texts from the Internet overrepresent hegemonic viewpoints and encode biases potentially damaging to marginalized populations. In collecting ever larger datasets we risk incurring documentation debt. We recommend mitigating these risks by budgeting for curation and documentation at the start of a project and only creating datasets as large as can be sufficiently documented.\n\nAs argued by Bender and Koller [14], it is important to understand the limitations of LMs and put their success in context. This not only helps reduce hype which can mislead the public and researchers themselves regarding the capabilities of these LMs, but might encourage new research directions that do not necessarily depend on having larger LMs. As we discuss in §5, LMs are not performing natural language understanding (NLU), and only have success in tasks that can be approached by manipulating linguistic form [14]. Focusing on state-of-the-art results on leaderboards without encouraging deeper understanding of the mechanism by which they are achieved can cause misleading results as shown", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A well-chosen name serves both as a label for an object and as a tool for tracking and managing the object. Choosing a meaningful name is important if you decide to use configuration backup and restore.\n\nWhen you choose a name for an object, apply the following naming rules:\n\n - /SM590000 Names must begin with a letter.\n\nImportant : Do not start names by using an underscore (\\_) character, even though it is possible. The use of the underscore as the first character of a name is a reserved naming convention that is used by the system configuration restore process.", - "page_start": 205, - "page_end": 205, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2751,11 +2751,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers\n\n## What's in a Name?\n\nMost names are not unique\n\n\n\nMany people have the same name\n\nPeople use di/fferent versions of their name during their career\n\nIndividuals use di/fferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions\n\n## Researchers are mobile!\n\n\n\nFor example,\n\n30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE\n\nSource: Science Magazine\n\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n\n\n\n- Benchmark their organization against others\n- Identify, track, and report on researchers' a/ffiliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)\n\n## Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research\n\n\n\n\n\nInstitutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate the impact of all types of research contributions\n\n\n\n## Tackling Information Overload\n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n\nConnects individuals and their professional contributions across disciplines, organizations, and time\n\nEnables recognition of all types of research contributions and innovation\n\n\n\nHelps research institutions, funders, publishers, and other organizations better track and support research work\n\n## How ORCID Works\n\n\n\n- It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers\n- It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions\n- It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems\n\n## Why Connect with ORCID?\n\nHundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally\n\n## 5.5 MILLION+\n\nlive ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch\n\n\n\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n\n\n\nNames may\n\nchange through\n\nmarriage or other\n\ncircumstances\n\n\n\n## Evidence of Institutional Value\n\nExamples of time/sta/ff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n\n\n\nUK: 0.2 - 0.4 FTEs per institution 1 Portugal: 100,000 researcher hours per year 2 Australia: 15-30 minutes per grant application 3\n\n1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015 2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017 3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018\n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing authoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in reviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n\n-Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union\n\n## How Organizations and Researchers Benefit\n\n## INSTITUTIONS\n\n- Save time and reduce errors with automated information-sharing and cross-system interoperability\n- Manage your organization name and your researchers' connections with it\n- Maintain links with your researchers - past, present, and future\n\n## RESEARCHERS\n\n- Improve recognition and discoverability of their research\n- Spend more time doing research, less time managing it\n- Control and manage a trusted and easily shareable record of their research activities and a/ffiliations - for free\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Three Ways to Get Involved\n\n- 1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD\n- 2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems\n- 3. Connect data to and from your researchers' ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations\n\nSponsored by ORCID\n\nTo learn more go to https://orcid.org\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" + }, { "text": "- /SM590000 OpenVMS UDID: Each OpenVMS Fibre Channel-attached volume requires a user-defined identifier or unit device identifier (UDID). A UDID is a nonnegative integer that is used in the creation of the OpenVMS device name.", "page_start": 290, @@ -2809,12 +2815,6 @@ "page_start": 429, "page_end": 429, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- /SM590000 The volume UID", - "page_start": 529, - "page_end": 529, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2860,6 +2860,12 @@ "page_end": 25, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [110] L. Rockford, Y. Liu, P. Mansky, T. P. Russell, M. Yoon, and S. G. J. Mochrie, 'Polymers on nanoperiodic, heterogeneous surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 , 2602-2605 (1999).\n - [111] A. Sehgal, V. Ferreiro, J. F. Douglas, E. J. Amis, and A. Karim, 'Pattern-directed dewetting of ultrathin polymer films,' Langmuir 18 , 7041-7048 (2002).\n - [112] M. Geoghegan and G. Krausch, 'Wetting at polymer surfaces and interfaces,' Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 , 261-302 (2003).\n - [113] P. Lenz and R. Lipowsky, 'Morphological transitions of wetting layers on structured surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 , 1920-1923 (1998).\n - [114] C. Bauer, S. Dietrich, and A. O. Parry, 'Morphological phase transitions of thin fluid films on chemically structured substrates,' Europhys. Lett. 47 , 474-480 (1999).\n - [115] R. Konnur, K. Kargupta, and A. Sharma, 'Instability and morphology of thin liquid films on chemically heterogeneous substrates,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 , 931-934 (2000).\n - [116] M. Brinkmann and R. Lipowsky, 'Wetting morphologies on substrates with striped surface domains,' J. Appl. Phys. 92 , 4296-4306 (2002).\n - [117] L. Brusch, H. Kuhne, U. Thiele, and M. Bar, 'Dewetting of thin films on heterogeneous substrates: Pinning vs. coarsening,' Phys. Rev. E 66 , 011602 (2002).\n - [118] U. Thiele, L. Brusch, M. Bestehorn, and M. Bar, 'Modelling thin-film dewetting on structured substrates and templates: Bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations,' Eur. Phys. J. E 11 , 255-271 (2003).\n - [119] U. Thiele, 'Open questions and promising new fields in dewetting,' Eur. Phys. J. E 12 , 409-416 (2003).\n - [120] D. M. Anderson, G. B. McFadden, and A. A. Wheeler, 'Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics,' Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30 , 139-165 (1998).\n - [121] U. Thiele, S. Madruga, and L. Frastia, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: I. Model derivation and stratified base states,' Phys. Fluids 19 , 122106 (2007).\n - [122] O. A. Frolovskaya, A. A. Nepomnyashchy, A. Oron, and A. A. Golovin, 'Stability of a two-layer binary-fluid system with a diffuse interface,' Phys. Fluids 20 , 112105 (2008).\n - [123] S. Madruga and U. Thiele, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: II. Influence of convective transport on linear stability,' Phys. Fluids 21 , 062104 (2009).", + "page_start": 32, + "page_end": 32, + "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" + }, { "text": "is similar to the size of the nanoparticles. At a certain distance from the macroscopic front, the ultrathin film starts to evolve a locally isotropic pattern of holes. The holes themselves grow in an unstable manner resulting in an array of isotropically branched structures as shown, e.g., above in Fig. 1. This indicates that at least some of the patterns described in the literature may have arisen from processes in similar ultrathin 'postcursor' films.\n\nThe existence of the ultrathin 'postcursor' film is an experimental finding that can be drawn on when choosing a theoretical approach to account for the pattern formation (see below). Note however, that at the moment there exists no explanation for its existence. A possible hypothesis is that the substrate strongly attracts the nanoparticles. As a result they form a dense suspension layer having a thickness roughly equal to the diameter of the nanoparticles. The observed mesoscopic dewetting front then actually correspond to an autophobic dewetting of a low concentration suspension from the higher concentration suspension on the surface of the substrate.\n\n## III. MODELLING APPROACHES\n\nModels of dewetting thin films of pure liquids or polymers are often based on thin film hydrodynamics. Starting from the Stokes equations, together with continuity and boundary conditions at the substrate and free surface, one applies a long-wave approximation (assuming small surface slopes and contact angles) [8, 63] and obtains a non-linear evolution equation for the film thickness profile h ( x, y, t ) . In the case of volatile liquids one finds [55-58, 64]\n\n∂ t h = ∇· [ Q c ∇ δF δh ] -Q e δF δh , (1)\n\nwith the mobility functions Q c ( h ) = h 3 / 3 η ≥ 0 (assuming Poiseuille flow in the film and no slip at the substrate; η is the dynamic viscosity) and Q e ≥ 0 for the convective and evaporative part of the dynamics, respectively. Q e is a rate constant that can be obtained from gas kinetic theory or from experiment [57]. Note that Eq. (1) only applies if the pressure in the vapour above the film is close to the saturation pressure. For alternative expressions that are used to describe the non-conserved evaporative dynamics see, e.g., Refs. [56, 57, 65-69]. Finally, ∇ = ( ∂ x , ∂ y ) , and ∂ t , ∂ x and ∂ y denote partial derivatives w.r.t. time and the coordinates.\n\nFocusing on the influence of capillarity and wettability only, the energy functional F [ h ] is given by\n\nF [ h ] = ∫ dx ∫ dy [ γ 2 ( ∇ h ) 2 + f ( h ) -µh ] (2)", "page_start": 6, @@ -2883,12 +2889,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- [20] C. Tomlinson, 'On the motion of certain liquids on the surface of water,' Phil. Mag. Ser. 4 39 , 32-48 (1870).\n - [21] C. G. Marangoni, 'Ueber die Ausbreitung der Tropfen einer Flussigkeit auf der Oberflache einer anderen,' Ann. Phys. (Poggendorf) 143 , 337-354 (1871).\n - [22] O. Karthaus, L. Grasjo, N. Maruyama, and M. Shimomura, 'Formation of ordered mesoscopic polymer arrays by dewetting,' Chaos 9 , 308-314 (1999).\n - [23] X. Gu, D. Raghavan, J. F. Douglas, and A. Karim, 'Hole-growth instability in the dewetting of evaporating polymer solution films,' J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. 40 , 2825-2832 (2002).\n - [24] S. W. Hong, J. F. Xia, and Z. Q. Lin, 'Spontaneous formation of mesoscale polymer patterns in an evaporating bound solution,' Adv. Mater. 19 , 1413-1417 (2007).\n - [25] G. Liu, C. F. Zhang, J. Zhao, and Y. X. Zhu, 'Study of the morphology of the three-phase contact line and its evolution by morphological examination after droplet evaporation of aqueous polymer solutions,' Langmuir 24 , 7923-7930 (2008).\n - [26] M. Mertig, U. Thiele, J. Bradt, G. Leibiger, W. Pompe, and H. Wendrock, 'Scanning force microscopy and geometrical analysis of two-dimensional collagen network formation,' Surface and Interface Analysis 25 , 514-521 (1997).\n - [27] M. Mertig, U. Thiele, J. Bradt, D. Klemm, and W. Pompe, 'Dewetting of thin collagenous precursor films,' Appl. Phys. A 66 , S565-S568 (1998).\n - [28] U. Thiele, M. Mertig, and W. Pompe, 'Dewetting of an evaporating thin liquid film: Heterogeneous nucleation and surface instability,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 , 2869-2872 (1998).\n - [29] H. Maeda, 'An atomic force microscopy study of ordered molecular assemblies and concentric ring patterns from evaporating droplets of collagen solutions,' Langmuir 15 , 8505-8513 (1999).\n - [30] I. I. Smalyukh, O. V. Zribi, J. C. Butler, O. D. Lavrentovich, and G. C. L. Wong, 'Structure and dynamics of liquid crystalline pattern formation in drying droplets of DNA,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 177801 (2006).\n - [31] L. Zhang, S. Maheshwari, H. C. Chang, and Y. X. Zhu, 'Evaporative self-assembly from complex DNA-colloid suspensions,' Langmuir 24 , 3911-3917 (2008).\n - [32] M. Maillard, L. Motte, A. T. Ngo, and M. P. Pileni, 'Rings and hexagons made of nanocrystals: A Marangoni effect,' J. Phys. Chem. B 104 , 11871-11877 (2000).\n - [33] G. L. Ge and L. Brus, 'Evidence for spinodal phase separation in two-dimensional nanocrystal selfassembly,' J. Phys. Chem. B 104 , 9573-9575 (2000).", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3121,8 +3121,8 @@ "target_page": 5, "target_passage": "According to statistics in 2018, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries is almost 80% of the total maize yield of the whole world. The United States accounts for more than 32%", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -3138,6 +3138,12 @@ "page_end": 8, "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Author contributions\n\nK.L. designed the framework of the article and analyzed the yield results and the maize price under future scenarios. J.P. simulated the climate data from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. W.X. simulated the maize yields in whole world under di/fferent scenarios. W.X. simulated the market price of maize at national and global levels. T.A. helped the revision of language.\n\n## Funding\n\nFunding was provided by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0607403 and 2017YFD0300301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41961124007 and 41871026).\n\n## Competing interests\n\n/T\\_he authors declare no competing interests.\n\n## Additional information\n\nCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.L.\n\nReprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.\n\nPublisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional a/ffiliations.\n\n\n\nOpen Access /T\\_his article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. /T\\_he images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/.\n\n© /T\\_he Author(s) 2022\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nFigure 3. Distribution of yield loss rate on maize in the world under global warming by 1.5 °C (up: IPSLCM5A-LR model, RCP 2.6; down: GFDL-ESM2M model, RCP 4.5). /T\\_he /figure has been generated using ArcGIS 10.2 and Natural Earth-Free vector and raster map data @ https:// natur alear thdata. com.\n\n\n\nwarming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. So, there are apparent challenges and opportunities for maize production in the whole world under climate change. We should grasp the opportunities and expand the yield increasing potentials; meanwhile, the threat of maize yield loss should be controlled and compressed to the minimum in the high-risk regions.\n\nFrom the results simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR model under RCP 2.6 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2020 and 2039 would decrease by 6.8% relative to 1986-2005. /T\\_he area is 37.7% of the whole maize planting regions in the world, in which the yield loss would be less than 50%, mainly located in the low and middle latitude of South America and Asia, and the middle latitude of Africa and North America. /T\\_he area is 16.4% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield loss would be more than 50%, mainly located in the low latitude of South America and the middle latitude of Asia and Europe. /T\\_he area is 45.8% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield would increase, mainly located in the low latitude of Africa, Asia and North America, the high latitude of Europe. From the results simulated by the GFDL-ESM2M model under RCP 4.5 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2041 and 2060 would increase by 7.2% relative to 1986-2005. /T\\_here are opposite trends of maize yield under global warming by 1.5 °C, which are simulated by di/fferent global climate models. However, the spatial distributions of maize yield change are similar to each other. /T\\_he di/fference is that the regions of high yield loss rate are decreasing, and the regions of yield increasing are going up. In a comprehensive perspective, under global warming by 1.5 °C, maize yield in the whole world would increase 0.18% relative to 1986-2005 (Fig. 3). According to Paris Agreement, all countries should do their best to limit the global warming by 1.5 °C until the end of 21 century. If that objective could be accomplished, gross maize production of the whole world would not be in/fluenced so much by climate change, but the food\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", "page_start": 5, @@ -3179,12 +3185,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Data availability\n\n/T\\_he historical weather data (1986-2005) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at https:// data. giss. nasa. gov/ impac ts/ agmip cf/; the future climate scenario data (2006-2099) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at https:// pcmdi. llnl. gov/? cmip5 and https:// esgf- node. llnl. gov/ proje cts/ esgf- llnl/. /T\\_he spatial data of harvest area, yield, crop calendar, irrigation portion and chemical N input for maize that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available at http:// mapsp am. info/ (SPAM) and http:// www. sage. wisc. edu (SAGE); the soil data that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available from the WISE database (https:// www. isric. online/ index. php/) and the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) (http:// www. fao. org/ land- water/ land/ land- gover nance/ land- resou rces- plann ing- toolb ox/ categ ory/ detai ls/ en/c/ 10265 64/). All other relevant data are available from the corresponding authors.\n\nReceived: 6 June 2022; Accepted: 11 October 2022\n\n## References\n\n- 1. Angélil, O. et al. An independent assessment of anthropogenic attribution statements for recent extreme temperature and rainfall events. J. Clim. 30 (1), 5-16 (2017).\n- 2. Rosenzweig, C. et al. Coordinating AgMIP data and models across global and regional scales for 1.5°C and 2.0°C assessments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A. 376 , 20160455 (2018).\n- 3. Mitchell, D. et al. Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): Background and experimental design. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 571-583 (2017).\n- 4. Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. A decade of weather extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 2 , 491-496 (2012).\n- 5. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2013: /T\\_he Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fi/f\\_th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4-6 (Cambridge University Press, 2013).\n- 6. Di/ffenbaugh, N. S. et al. Quantifying the in/fluence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events. PNAS 114 (19), 4881-4886 (2016).\n- 7. Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V. & Heald, C. L. /T\\_hreat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution. Nat. Clim. Change 4 , 817-821 (2014).\n- 8. Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J. J. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival. PNAS 117 (8), 4211-4217 (2020).\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3230,6 +3230,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Author contributions\n\nK.L. designed the framework of the article and analyzed the yield results and the maize price under future scenarios. J.P. simulated the climate data from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. W.X. simulated the maize yields in whole world under di/fferent scenarios. W.X. simulated the market price of maize at national and global levels. T.A. helped the revision of language.\n\n## Funding\n\nFunding was provided by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0607403 and 2017YFD0300301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41961124007 and 41871026).\n\n## Competing interests\n\n/T\\_he authors declare no competing interests.\n\n## Additional information\n\nCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.L.\n\nReprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.\n\nPublisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional a/ffiliations.\n\n\n\nOpen Access /T\\_his article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. /T\\_he images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/.\n\n© /T\\_he Author(s) 2022\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nFigure 5. Yield loss rates on maize in top 20 countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n\n\n\nthat maize yield would decrease severely. For the whole world more mitigation and adaptation actions should be taken from now on. Food security would be a signi/ficant challenge in this century.\n\nYield change of maize in main countries. /T\\_here are huge di/fferences in impacts on maize yield under climate change, which would in/fluence the food crisis in di/fferent regions. /T\\_here are 159 countries in the whole world which plant maize. /T\\_he gross yield of maize the top 20 countries accounts for more than 90% of the total yield in the 159 countries. So, the changes in the top 20 countries under future scenarios would in/fluence the food security of the whole world (Fig. 5). From the results of simulated by CRESE-maize under global warming by 1.5 °C, there would be 75 countries facing with yield loss of maize; the mean yield loss rate would become 33.5%. /T\\_here would be 84 countries experiencing yield increases. Overall, the global maize yield would slightly increase. Under global warming by 2.0 °C, there would be 82 countries facing with yield loss of maize, for which the mean yield loss rate is approximate to that under global warming by 1.5 °C. /T\\_here would be 77 countries experiencing yield increase; however, the mean yield increase is apparently smaller than that under global warming by 1.5 °C. Generally, the global maize yield would decrease. /T\\_he results show that the adverse e/ffect of warming up 2.0 °C on global maize production is far greater than warming up 1.5 °C. It is important to take actions to develop forward-looking adaptation measures to cope with future climate change.\n\nAccording to statistics in 2018, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries is almost 80% of the total maize yield of the whole world. /T\\_he United States accounts for more than 32%; China accounts for about 24%; Brazil, Argentina and Mexico account for about 23%. /T\\_he /fluctuation of maize production in these /five top countries will have a signi/ficant impact on the global maize trade. Based on the simulation results, comparing to 1986-2005, the maize yield in China, Brazil and Argentina would decrease under global warming by 1.5 °C; the yield loss rate would reach more than 20% in Brazil; Argentina would decrease by 14.7%; China would decrease by 3.7%. However, there would be increasing trends in the United States and Mexico; the change in the United States would not be signi/ficant and the maize yield would increase by 0.5%; the yield increasing rate would exceed 50% in Mexico. Overall, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries would decrease by 2% under global warming\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", "page_start": 7, @@ -3253,12 +3259,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 15. Roche, K. R., Müller-Itten, M., Dralle, D. N., Bolster, D. & Müller, M. F. Climate change and the opportunity cost of con/flict. PNAS 117 (4), 1935-1940 (2020).\n - 16. Challinor, A. J. et al. A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation. Nat. Clim. Change 4 , 287-291 (2014).\n - 17. Lobell, D. B. et al. Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science 319 , 607-610 (2017).\n - 18. Lv, S. et al. Yield gap simulations using ten maize cultivars commonly planted in Northeast China during the past /five decades. Agric. For. Meteorol. 205 , 1-10 (2015).\n - 19. Chao, W., Kehui, C. & Shah, F. Heat stress decreases rice grain weight: Evidence and physiological mechanisms of heat e/ffects prior to /flowering. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (18), 10922 (2022).\n - 20. Chao, W. et al. Estimating the yield stability of heat-tolerant rice genotypes under various heat conditions across reproductive stages: A 5-year case study. Sci. Rep. 11 , 13604 (2021).\n - 21. IPCC. Food security and food production systems. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fi/f\\_th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change 485-533 (Cambridge University Press, 2014).\n - 22. Tigchelaar, M., Battisti, D. S., Naylor, R. L. & Ray, D. K. Future warming increases probability of globally synchronized maize production shocks. PNAS 115 (26), 6644-6649 (2018).\n - 23. Zhao, C. et al. Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates. PNAS 114 , 9326-9331 (2017).\n - 24. Di/ffenbaugh, N. S., Hertel, T. W., Scherer, M. & Verma, M. Response of corn markets to climate volatility under alternative energy futures. Nat. Clim. Change 2 , 514-518 (2012).\n - 25. Jensen, H. G. & Anderson, K. Grain price spikes and beggar-thy-neighbor policy responses: A global economywide analysis. World Bank Econ. Rev. 31 , 158-175 (2017).\n - 26. Fraser, E. D. G., Simelton, E., Termansen, M., Gosling, S. N. & South, A. 'Vulnerability hotspots': Integrating socio-economic and hydrological models to identify where cereal production may decline in the future due to climate change induced drought. Agric. For. Meteorol. 170 , 195-205 (2013).\n - 27. Puma, M. J., Bose, S., Chon, S. Y. & Cook, B. I. Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system. Environ. Res. Lett. 10 , 024007 (2015).\n - 28. Wheeler, T. & Braun, J. V. Climate change impacts on global food security. Science 341 (6145), 508-513 (2013).\n - 29. Lunt, T., Jones, A. W., Mulhern, W. S., Lezaks, D. P. M. & Jahn, M. M. Vulnerabilities to agricultural production shocks: An extreme, plausible scenario for assessment of risk for the insurance sector. Clim. Risk Manag. 13 , 1-9 (2016).\n - 30. Jägermeyr, J. & Frieler, K. Spatial variations in crop growing seasons pivotal to reproduce global /fluctuations in maize and wheat\n - yields. Sci. Adv. 4 (11), eaat4517 (2018).\n - 31. Elliott, J. et al. Characterizing agricultural impacts of recent large-scale US droughts and changing technology and management. Agric. Syst. 159 , 275-281 (2017).\n - 32. Tack, J., Barkley, A. & Nalley, L. L. E/ffect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112 , 6931-6936 (2015).\n - 33. Tao, F., Zhang, Z., Liu, J. & Yokozawa, M. Modelling the impacts of weather and climate variability on crop productivity over a large area: A new super-ensemblebased probabilistic projection. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149 , 1266-1278 (2009).\n - 34. Parent, B. et al. Maize yields over Europe may increase in spite of climate change, with an appropriate use of the genetic variability of /flowering time. PNAS 115 (42), 10642-10647 (2018).", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3618,17 +3618,17 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "In the present study, processing errors in the input data for one ensemble member, the HadGEM2-ES-driven member, caused the results to be invalid. Results for this member for the HCVI are, therefore, not presented here.\n\n## (d) Freshwater resources: run-o/ff\n\nImpacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [24,25], a coupled ecosystem-hydrology-surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way, typically applied at global scales. Variants of JULES form the land surface scheme of Met Office Hadley Centre Earth System Models [26,27] and have been used to assess impacts of climate change on global terrestrial ecosystems and hydrology [28-30] within such models. JULES can also be used outside of the Earth System Model (ESM), driven by meteorological outputs of other ESMs to assess impacts of a wider range of climate projections [6,8]. Here we use a new, higher-resolution configuration of JULES on a global grid of 0.5° resolution [31].\n\nIt has been noted that hydrological impacts models driven by climate-change projections from climate models tend to give more severe drying than simulated in the climate models themselves [32-34]. This is largely attributed to the inclusion of plant stomatal closure in response to elevated CO2 in the climate model land surface schemes, which generally reduces evapotranspiration relative to climate projections without this process and hence further increases run-off/streamflow or ameliorates decreases [34]. This process is often omitted from standard hydrological models. Plant physiological responses to CO 2 are included in the JULES model, so our projections of changes in run-off here do account for this process.\n\nWe used each HadGEM3 simulation to drive JULES to simulate changes in run-off due to the effects of climate change and CO 2 rise on precipitation, evaporation and transpiration. We analysed 30 year periods centred around the year of crossing GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to pre-industrial. We examined changes in both mean flows and low flows (defined as the flows for the lowest 10% of time).\n\n## (e) Correcting biases in climate model output and implications for de/fining levels of global warming\n\nThe ClimPACT extreme weather indices, HCVI and JULES run-off simulations were all performed using outputs from the higher-resolution HadGEM3 projections described in §2a. However, there were some differences in how these data were applied, with different approaches to the treatment of systematic biases in the climate model output. For the ClimPACT analysis, it was considered important to assess changes in the raw climate model output, because this directly represents the behaviour of the model itself. The main focus was on the changes relative to the presentday baseline climate, defined as 1981-2010, with absolute values in either the baseline or the GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C being only of secondary interest. For the HCVI and JULES run-off analyses, however, it was considered important to correct for systematic biases in the climate model output, because these can lead to unrealistic representations of the key quantities in the present-day simulation [35]. A bias-correction methodology was, therefore, applied for these two parts of the analysis, whereby the model output was adjusted to make it consistent with an observed climatology [36]. We used a multi-segment statistical bias-correction methodology for precipitation [37], and a modification of this for other variables [37].", "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "IPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\n\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\nACCESS1-0\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Simulated changes in the number of consecutive dry days relative to 1981-2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from di/fferent members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean. The labels above each panel identify the driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\n\n\n\nTable 5. Global mean changes at 2 ° C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the ClimPACT indices, the /flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean precipitation (Pmean), mean run-o/ff (Rmean) and low run-o/ff (Rlow).", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3657,13 +3657,25 @@ "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, { - "text": "\n\n## PROJECTIONS OVER LAND\n\nThe land projections comprise three components:\n\n## 60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS\n\n20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.\n\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the drivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of UKCP09. A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated using an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model. These projections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states to reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning. They will be generated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of CMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative to other climate models.\n\n## 25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS\n\nCaptures natural variability and climate change . Updated models and observations. Provides seasonal scale projections.\n\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for estimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis. Probabilistic projections will be updated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest IPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest observations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks. Projections will be on a 25 km grid for the UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP09 11 . The new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge of the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability density functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month. This contrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided 12 .\n\n## DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS\n\nDownscaled versions of the global model for the UK. For the most spatially detailed downscaling this includes hourly data. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple UK locations.\n\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance to adaptation at two different resolutions. The 12 km model provides a downscaled product that is similar to UKCP09's 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global model and at a higher resolution. This may be especially useful for those interested in water availability and some aspects of agriculture. A key reason for providing this data is that users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX 13 .\n\nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting models at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving atmospheric processes. Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the information provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and potential improvements in the diurnal cycle.\n\nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some output, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained. Specific time slices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be confirmed.\n\n - 11 SRESA1B: IPCC future scenario based on rapid economic growth and a balance of energy sources\n - 12 30-year means can be created using the UKCP18 PDF data\n - 13 http://www.euro-cordex.net/\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, + "text": "| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, { - "text": "rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org\n\n## Research\n\n\n\n\n\nCite this article: Betts RA et al . 2018 Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5 ° Cand2 ° C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376 : 20160452.\n\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0452\n\nAccepted:13February2018\n\nOne contribution of 20 to a theme issue 'The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5 ° C above pre-industrial levels'.\n\n## Subject Areas:\n\nclimatology, hydrology\n\n## Keywords:\n\n1.5 ° C, Paris Agreement, 2 ° C, global climate impacts, water resources, terrestrial ecosystems\n\n## Author for correspondence:\n\nRichard A. Betts\n\ne-mail: richard.betts@meto/ffice.gov.uk\n\n\n\nChanges in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model\n\nRichard A. Betts 1,2 , Lorenzo Al/fieri 3 , Catherine Bradshaw 2 ,JohnCaesar 2 ,LucFeyen 3 ,Pierre Friedlingstein 4 , Laila Gohar 2 , Aristeidis Koutroulis 5 , Kirsty Lewis 2 , Catherine Morfopoulos 1 , Lamprini Papadimitriou 5,6 ,KatyJ.Richardson 2 , Ioannis Tsanis 5 and Klaus Wyser 7\n\n7 Rossby Centre, SMHI, 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden\n\n\n\n- RAB, 0000-0002-4929-0307\n\nWe projected changes in weather extremes, hydrological impacts and vulnerability to food insecurity at global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to pre-industrial, using a new global atmospheric general circulation model HadGEM3A-GA3.0 driven by patterns of sea-surface temperatures and sea ice from selected members of the 5th Coupled\n\n2018 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.", + "text": "- * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## PROJECTIONS OVER LAND\n\nThe land projections comprise three components:\n\n## 60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS\n\n20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.\n\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the drivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of UKCP09. A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated using an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model. These projections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states to reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning. They will be generated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of CMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative to other climate models.\n\n## 25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS\n\nCaptures natural variability and climate change . Updated models and observations. Provides seasonal scale projections.\n\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for estimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis. Probabilistic projections will be updated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest IPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest observations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks. Projections will be on a 25 km grid for the UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP09 11 . The new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge of the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability density functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month. This contrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided 12 .\n\n## DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS\n\nDownscaled versions of the global model for the UK. For the most spatially detailed downscaling this includes hourly data. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple UK locations.\n\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance to adaptation at two different resolutions. The 12 km model provides a downscaled product that is similar to UKCP09's 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global model and at a higher resolution. This may be especially useful for those interested in water availability and some aspects of agriculture. A key reason for providing this data is that users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX 13 .\n\nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting models at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving atmospheric processes. Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the information provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and potential improvements in the diurnal cycle.\n\nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some output, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained. Specific time slices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be confirmed.\n\n - 11 SRESA1B: IPCC future scenario based on rapid economic growth and a balance of energy sources\n - 12 30-year means can be created using the UKCP18 PDF data\n - 13 http://www.euro-cordex.net/\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", + "page_start": 2, + "page_end": 2, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org\n\n## Research\n\n\n\n\n\nCite this article: Betts RA et al . 2018 Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5 ° Cand2 ° C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376 : 20160452.\n\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0452\n\nAccepted:13February2018\n\nOne contribution of 20 to a theme issue 'The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5 ° C above pre-industrial levels'.\n\n## Subject Areas:\n\nclimatology, hydrology\n\n## Keywords:\n\n1.5 ° C, Paris Agreement, 2 ° C, global climate impacts, water resources, terrestrial ecosystems\n\n## Author for correspondence:\n\nRichard A. Betts\n\ne-mail: richard.betts@meto/ffice.gov.uk\n\n\n\nChanges in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model\n\nRichard A. Betts 1,2 , Lorenzo Al/fieri 3 , Catherine Bradshaw 2 ,JohnCaesar 2 ,LucFeyen 3 ,Pierre Friedlingstein 4 , Laila Gohar 2 , Aristeidis Koutroulis 5 , Kirsty Lewis 2 , Catherine Morfopoulos 1 , Lamprini Papadimitriou 5,6 ,KatyJ.Richardson 2 , Ioannis Tsanis 5 and Klaus Wyser 7\n\n7 Rossby Centre, SMHI, 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden\n\n\n\n- RAB, 0000-0002-4929-0307\n\nWe projected changes in weather extremes, hydrological impacts and vulnerability to food insecurity at global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to pre-industrial, using a new global atmospheric general circulation model HadGEM3A-GA3.0 driven by patterns of sea-surface temperatures and sea ice from selected members of the 5th Coupled\n\n2018 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.", "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" @@ -3691,18 +3703,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Rather than using the original CMIP5 ensemble as in previous studies, the aim is to allow for an improved representation of atmospheric and land surface processes including extremes by using higher spatial resolution [11].\n\nHadGEM3 (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3) is a configuration of the UK Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) which has been developed for use for both climate research and weather prediction applications. It is the result of converging the development of the Met Office's weather and climate global atmospheric model components so that, where possible, atmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and timescales.\n\nThe high-resolution simulations were performed using the HadGEM3A Global Atmosphere (GA) 3.0 model [12-14] at a resolution of N216 (0.556° of latitude by 0.833° of longitude with gridboxes of approx. 60 km length in mid-latitudes). This is the atmospheric component of the HadGEM3-GC2 coupled climate model [15,16], which is part of the HadGEM3 family of climate models [12]. This represents the third generation of HadGEM configurations, leading on from the HadGEM2 family of climate model configurations [13] which was used for CMIP5. Key improvements over the previous model, HadGEM2, include increased vertical levels in the atmosphere (85 compared to 38) and substantial changes to the model dynamics (ENDGame) [17]. This version of the HadGEM3 model lies in the transition from CMIP5 to CMIP6 versions. The Met Office is currently operationally running the coupled HadGEM3-GC2 model at N216 resolution for seasonal and decadal forecasting and clear benefits are emerging from this use at higher resolution [18,19].\n\nWe ran the model using only its atmosphere and land components, with time-varying seasurface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-ice concentrations (SICs) prescribed as input quantities. This approach was taken for two reasons: (i) to provide a rapid first analysis of the implications of the higher resolution for projections of climate extremes and impacts-an atmosphereonly simulation requires considerably less computing time than a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM); (ii) to allow us to explore, to some degree, uncertainties in regional climate changes by using SSTs and SICs from different climate models. To explore these uncertainties in the regional impacts of climate change, we carried out six HadGEM3 atmospheric simulations driven by time-varying SSTs and SICs from a subset of projections from the CMIP5 with the RCP8.5 scenario. The assumption here is that SSTs and SICs provide a substantial influence on regional patterns of climate change over land, so using a range of SST and SIC patterns in a single atmosphere model goes some way towards representing the range of regional climate changes that would arise in a set of different coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs. This approach will not capture the full range of uncertainty affecting regional climate changes over land, because it still relies on one atmosphere model and one land surface scheme, so responses to radiative forcing that depend mainly on atmospheric process or land-atmosphere interactions will still be constrained by the behaviour of that single model. Nevertheless, we consider that our experimental design avoids the reliance on one single realization of climate and hence allows some of the uncertainties in regional climate-change impacts to be illustrated and explored.", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The SSTs and SICs were taken from a subset of the CMIP5 transient projections performed with the RCP8.5 scenario from 1979 to 2100-the CMIP5 members were selected as representative of a range of outcomes for future climate change, including high and low climate sensitivity, different biases in baseline precipitation climatology, and different global patterns of precipitation change. Specific levels of global warming such as 1.5°C or 2°C were defined on the basis of the global mean temperature in the original CMIP5 projections. The time of reaching a specific level of global warming, therefore, varied between ensemble members. The CMIP5 SSTs were not bias-corrected, which means that the results here may be sensitive to systematic errors arising from biases in the present-day SST patterns.\n\nAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed from the standard RCP8.5 concentration scenario. Aerosol concentrations were calculated within the model, with aerosol emissions prescribed again from the standard RCP8.5 scenario. This means that the greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations, and hence radiative forcing, were the same in all ensemble", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3713,8 +3713,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "1981-2080", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -3724,6 +3724,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n## UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW\n\n\n\n## What is UKCP18 and why do we need it?\n\nFollowing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change in December 2015, the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs announced a major upgrade to the UK Climate Projections.\n\nThe UKCP18 project will build upon the current set of projections (UKCP09) to provide the most up-todate assessment of how the climate of the UK may change over the 21st century. This information will be essential to future Climate Change Risk Assessments 1 and to equip the UK with information to help adapt to the challenges and opportunities of climate change in line with the National Adaptation Programme 2 .\n\nOrganisations and individual users will use UKCP18 to inform risk assessments and adaptation plans to ensure they are resilient to extreme weather and climate change. Some organisations will use UKCP18 in responding to the Adaptation Reporting Power 3 for example.\n\n\n\n## What improvements does UKCP18 deliver?\n\nUKCP18 will benefit from a range of developments since the release of UKCP09, including:\n\n- · Greater understanding of user needs as a result of the adaptation community's use of UKCP09 projections and the subsequent feedback - user workshops indicated that users supported the continued use of probabilistic projections and the importance of spatially coherent information 4 .\n- · Advances in climate models in recent years, such as the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 5 model and the CMIP5 6 set of models. Improvements include better representation of the past climate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol processes and the ability to model important climate phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).\n- · Groundbreaking Met Office research on modelling of extreme events in high resolution regional climate models 7 .\n- · The increased quantity and range of observations available since 2009.\n- · Use of the new Met Office supercomputer, enabling a credible range of climate projections to be generated in greater spatial detail.\n- 1 The 2008 Climate Change Act allows UK government to mandate or invite certain organisations to produce reports to assess the impacts of climate change on their operations and present proposals for adaptation. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-changeadaptationreporting-second-round-reports\n- 2 Expected in 2018, the National Adaptation Programme will be supported by the Evidence Report of the Adaptation Sub-Committee of the Committee on Climate Change (ASC): https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/introduction-to-the-ccra/ 3 Under the 2008 Climate Change Act, organisations are invited to produce Adaptation Reporting Power reports to assess the impacts of climate change on their operations and present proposals for adaptation: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-adaptation-\n\n## reporting-second-round-reports\n\n- 4 Spatial coherence means that climate projections can be compared between locations and aggregated over larger areas, enabling climate change to be assessed consistently over larger study areas.\n- 5 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/modelling-systems/unified-model/climate-models/hadgem3\n- 6 Coupled model intercomparison project phase 5, see http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/\n- 7 Kendon, E. J., Roberts, N. M., Senior, C. A. & Roberts, M. J. Realism of rainfall in a very high resolution regional climate model. J. Clim. 25, 5791-5806 (2012) http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1", "page_start": 0, @@ -3736,6 +3742,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 1: Single Crab occultation step in a single GBM NaI detector. Horizontal scale is in seconds centered on the occultation time. Vertical scale is in measured counts.\n\n\n\nThe shape of the individual occultation steps depends on energy and occultation angle. Transmission as a function of time is modeled as T ( t ) = exp [ -µ ( E ) A ( h )], where µ ( E ) is the mass attenuation coefficient of gamma rays at energy E in air and A ( h ) is the air mass along the line of sight at a given altitude h ( t ). Account is taken of the detector response as it changes as a function of angle across the fit window. For each source, occultation times are predicted. Each step is fit over a 4-minute window along with a quadratic background and using an assumed spectrum to determine the detector count rate due to the source. The instrument response is used to convert the count rate to a flux. Up to 31 steps are possible for a given source in a day, and these steps are summed to get a single daily average flux. The GBM occultation sensitivity exceeds that of BATSE at energies below ∼ 25 keV and above ∼ 1 . 5 MeV [5].\n\nThis work uses the GBM CTIME data, with its 8 broad energy channels and 0.256-second resolution, rebinned to 2-second resolution. The occultation technique relies on an input catalog of known sources. Currently, we are monitoring 64 sources. Of these 64 sources, 6 steady sources are detected above 100 keV with a significance of at least 5 σ after ∼ 490 days of observations, and one transient source.\n\n## III. RESULTS\n\nThe results presented here are preliminary. We have not completed the fine tuning of our algorithms, though the average fluxes are not expected to change much. Future work will include using the GBM CSPEC data, with its finer energy binning, to examine the detailed spectra for these sources.\n\nThe measured 20 - 50 keV GBM light curves are compared to Swift's 15 - 50 keV light curves for sev-\n\nFIG. 2: Crab light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days over the 490 day GBM exposure period. Vertical scale is in photons/cm 2 /sec/keV averaged over daily intervals. Horizontal lines show the average flux in each of five energy bands increasing from top to bottom\n\n\n\neral sources over the same time intervals in ref. [2], where it is seen that the results measured by the two instruments compare well. At energies above the upper energy limit of ∼ 195 keV of the Swift 22-month catalog [6], however, the GBM observations provide the only wide-field monitor available of the low energy gamma ray sky.\n\n## A. Steady Sources\n\nThe sources Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E 1740-29, Cen A, and GRS 1915+105 are detected by GBM at energies above 100 keV. We show GBM light curves generated from the Earth occultation analysis in several energy bands with one day resolution for these six sources in Figures 2 - 7.\n\nTable I gives the fluxes and significances averaged over all the days from Aug. 12, 2008 (the beginning of science operations) to Dec. 15, 2009, approximately 490 days.\n\nThe Crab (Fig. 2) spectrum in the hard x-ray/low energy gamma-ray region can be described by a broken power law, with the spectrum steepening at 100 keV and then hardening at 650 keV [7, 8]. While the GBMCTIMEdata do not have the spectral resolution", "page_start": 1, @@ -3765,18 +3777,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 3. Time of reaching GWLs of 1.5 ° Cand2 ° C in the raw output from the HadGEM3 climate simulations, driven by di/fferent sets of CMIP5 sea-surface temperatures. The dates are the centre year of a 20-year period for which the climate data are applied to the calculation of the ClimPACT indices.\n\n| driving SSTs | 1.5 ° C | 2.0 ° C |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|\n| IPSL-CM5A-LR .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2015 | 2030 |\n| GFDL-ESM2M .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2040 | 2055 |\n| HadGEM2-ES .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2027 | 2039 |\n| IPSL-CM5A-MR .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2020 | 2034 |\n| MIROC-ESM-CHEM .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2023 | 2035 |\n| ACCESS1-0 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2034 | 2046 |\n\nup to present-day plus model-projected warming thereafter (table 4). While this does lead to inconsistent definitions of dates of the GWLs for applications of the climate model output with and without bias correction, the focus here is on the level of warming relative to pre-industrial rather than the timing of this warming. Therefore, priority is given to an accurate quantification of GWLs in all parts of the study, at the expense of inconsistencies in the dates of these warming levels. The inconsistency between the dates of the GWLs ranged from 2 to 9 years depending on the model and warming level. This inconsistency would have consequences if these results were applied to time-dependent impacts and adaptation assessments, but that is not the case here so this concern does not apply. However, one issue is that the time-dependent nature of the aerosol forcing means that the spatial pattern of regional climate responses varies over time, so this will lead to some degree of inconsistency between the analysis of the ClimPACT extremes and the HCVI and JULES impacts projections.\n\n## 3. Results", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 2. Murphy JM et al. 2009 UKclimate projections science report: climate change projections . Exeter, UK: Met Office Hadley Centre. See http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk.\n - 3. United Nations. 2010 Report of the Conference Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen, 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ 11a01.pdf.\n - 4. United Nations. 2016 Report of the Conference Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris, 30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/ 10a01.pdf.\n - 5. Hewitson B et al. 2014 Regional context. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds VR Barros et al. ), pp. 1133-1197. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 6. Dankers R et al. 2013 First look at changes in flood hazard in the inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project ensemble. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3257-3261. (doi:10.1073/ pnas.1302078110)\n - 7. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al. ), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 8. Schewe J et al. 2014 Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3245-3250. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110)\n - 9. Schleussner C-F et al. 2015 Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5°C and 2°C. Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. 6 , 2447-2505. (doi:10.5194/ esdd-6-2447-2015)\n - 10. James R, Washington R, Schleussner C-F, Rogeli J, Conway D. 2017 Characterizing half-adegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global warming targets. WIREs Clim Change 8 , e457. (doi:10.1002/wcc.457)\n - 11. Haarsma RJ et al. 2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev. 9 , 4185-4208. (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016)\n - 12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke EC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation Met Office climate modelling system. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 223-253. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4223-2011).\n - 13. Martin GM et al. 2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 723-757. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011)\n - 14. Walters DN et al. 2011 The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES global land 3.0/3.1 configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 919-941. (doi:10.5194/gmd4-919-2011)\n - 15. Williams KD et al. 2015 The Met Office Global Coupled Model 2.0 (GC2) configuration. Geosci. Model Dev. 8 , 1509-1524. (doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015)\n - 16. Senior CA et al. 2016 Idealized climate change simulations with a high-resolution physical model: HadGEM3-GC2. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 8 , 813-830. (doi:10.1002/2015MS000614)\n - 17. Wood N et al. 2014 An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian discretization of the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140 , 1505-1520. (doi:10.1002/qj.2235)\n - 18. MacLachlan C et al. 2014 Global seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): a highresolution seasonal forecast system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 141 , 1072-1084. (doi:10.1002/qj.2396)", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3798,6 +3798,12 @@ "page_end": 152, "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 74. Home page (https://web.archive.org/web/20060512161815/http://membres.lycos.fr/adlcj/). Association Pour le Developpement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises . Retrieved on 12 May 2006.\n - 75. \"Bus 47 - Meyzieu ZI - Aéroport St Exupéry - St-Laurent de Maréchal Juin | TCL\" (https://www.tcl.fr/lignes/bus47). www.tcl.fr . Retrieved 10 March 2020.\n - 76. Zeilinger, Stefan (July 2003). \"On the Fast Track: French Railway Modernization and the Origins of the TGV, 1944-1983 (review)\" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/46124). Technology and Culture . 44 (3): 613-614. doi:10.1353/tech.2003.0143 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.2003.0143). ISSN 1097-3729 (https://search.wo rldcat.org/issn/1097-3729). S2CID 109613366 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109613366).\n - 77. \"Eurolines - Lyon Tourist Office\" (https://en.visiterlyon.com/stay/access-come-and-move-in-lyon/transport-andtransfers/eurolines). en.visiterlyon.com . Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n - 78. \"Le réseau TCL | TCL\" (https://www.tcl.fr/a-propos-de-tcl/le-reseau-tcl). www.tcl.fr . Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n - 79. \"Plan interactif - Carte de Lyon et ses environs | TCL\" (https://www.tcl.fr/se-deplacer/plan-interactif). www.tcl.fr . Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n - 80. \"Discover the service | Rhônexpress\" (https://www.rhonexpress.fr/en\\_GB/discover-the-service). www.rhonexpress.fr . Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n - 81. \"RhônExpress\" (https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/rhonexpress/). Railway Technology . Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n - 82. \"Lyon Public Transportation Statistics\" (https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit\\_Insights\\_Public\\_Transit\\_Ind ex\\_France\\_Lyon-3483). Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (ht tps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n - 83. Council of Europe (2011). \"Intercultural city: Lyon, France\" (http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Citi es/lyon\\_en.asp). coe.int . Retrieved 22 May 2011.\n - 84. \"Jumelage\" (http://www.economie.grandlyon.com/tous-les-partenariats-internationaux-villes.html). economie.grandlyon.com (in French). Grand Lyon économie. Retrieved 14 November 2019.\n - 85. \"World Trade Center Saint Louis\" (https://worldtradecenter-stl.com/st-louis-sister-cities-program/lyon-france/). worldtradecenter-stl.com . World Trade Center Saint Louis. Retrieved 18 May 2020.\n\n## External links", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, + "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" + }, { "text": "| | SyntecReranking | Allopr ofReranking | SyntecRetrie v al | BSARDRetrie v al | Allopr ofRetrie v al |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|----------------------|---------------------|--------------------|------------------------|\n| | Reranking | Reranking | Reranking | Retrieval | Retrieval |\n| bge-m3 | 0.88 | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.60 | 0.49 |\n| distilbert-base-25lang-cased | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.01 |\n| distilbert-base-en-fr-cased | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.01 |\n| distilbert-base-fr-cased | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.01 |\n| sentence-camembert-large | 0.82 | 0.63 | 0.79 | 0.56 | 0.33 |\n| sentence-flaubert-base | 0.81 | 0.48 | 0.69 | 0.42 | 0.18 |\n| Solon-embeddings-base-0.1 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.41 |\n| Solon-embeddings-large-0.1 | 0.87 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 0.58 | 0.47 |\n| sentence-croissant-llm-base | 0.78 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 0.30 |\n| bert-base-multilingual-cased | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.02 |\n| bert-base-multilingual-uncased | 0.59 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.06 |\n| camembert-base | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 |\n| camembert-large | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.02 |\n| sentence-camembert-base | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.69 | 0.39 | 0.22 |\n| embed-multilingual-light-v3.0 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.52 | 0.35 |\n| embed-multilingual-v3.0 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.44 | 0.38 |\n| flaubert\\_base\\_cased | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.02 |\n| flaubert\\_base\\_uncased flaubert\\_large\\_cased | 0.49 0.32 | 0.30 0.29 | 0.22 0.02 | 0.03 0.00 | 0.02 |\n| e5-mistral-7b-instruct | 0.90 | 0.74 | | 0.64 | 0.01 0.45 |", "page_start": 22, @@ -3828,6 +3834,12 @@ "page_end": 20, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## External links\n\n - Ranum, Orest, ed. (1972). The Century of Louis XIV (http://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182952/https://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997) from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2017. {{cite book}} : |work= ignored (help)\n - Works by or about Louis XIV (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%22Louis+XIV%22+OR+%22Louis+the +Great%22+OR+%22Sun+King%22+OR+%28%221638-1715%22+AND+Louis%29+%29) at the Internet Archive\n - Works by Louis XIV (https://librivox.org/author/9631) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)\n - Louis XIV (http://www.history.com/topics/louis-xiv) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170622232619/http://w ww.history.com/topics/louis-xiv) 22 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine at History.com\n - Full text of marriage contract (https://web.archive.org/web/20070616071522/http://www.smae.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ch oiseul/ressource/pdf/D16590004.pdf), France National Archives transcription (in French)\n - Le Siècle de Louis XIV by Voltaire, 1751, hosted by French Wikisource\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis\\_XIV&oldid=1267574624\"", + "page_start": 33, + "page_end": 33, + "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" + }, { "text": "Chin-Yew Lin. 2004. ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In Text Summarization Branches Out , pages 74-81, Barcelona, Spain. Association for Computational Linguistics.\n\nAntoine Louis and Gerasimos Spanakis. 2022. A statutory article retrieval dataset in French. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages 6789-6803, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics.\n\nLouis Martin, Benjamin Muller, Pedro Ortiz Suarez, Yoann Dupont, Laurent Romary, Eric Villemonte de la Clergerie, Djamé Seddah, and Benoît Sagot. 2019. Camembert: a tasty french language model. In Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics .\n\nPhilip May. 2021. Machine translated multilingual sts benchmark dataset.\n\nJulian McAuley and Jure Leskovec. 2013. Hidden factors and hidden topics: understanding rating dimensions with review text. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems , RecSys '13, page 165-172, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.", "page_start": 9, @@ -3839,18 +3851,6 @@ "page_start": 155, "page_end": 155, "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Contents\n\n| Consolidated Five-Year Summary | 70 |\n|-------------------------------------------------|------|\n| Business and Other Risks | 71 |\n| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 72 |\n| Consolidated Statements of Income | 74 |\n| Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity | 75 |\n| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 76 |\n| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 77 |\n| Report of Independent Auditors | 104 |\n| Non-consolidated Five-Year Summary | 105 |", - "page_start": 70, - "page_end": 70, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| II.10. Subcontracting .......................................................................................................... 22 |\n| II.11. Amendments ............................................................................................................ 23 |\n| II.12. Assignment............................................................................................................... 23 |\n| II.13. Intellectual property rights ......................................................................................... 23 |\n| II.14. Force majeure ........................................................................................................... 27 |\n| II.15. Liquidated damages ................................................................................................... 28 |\n| II.16. Reduction in price ...................................................................................................... 29 |\n| II.17. Suspension of the implementation of the FWC ............................................................... 29 |\n| II.18. Termination of the FWC .............................................................................................. 30 |\n| II.19. Invoices, value added tax and e-invoicing..................................................................... 32 |\n| II.21. Payments and guarantees .......................................................................................... 33 |", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3884,6 +3884,12 @@ "page_end": 32, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\nThis paper represents the work of seven authors, but some were required by their employer to remove their names. The remaining listed authors are extremely grateful to our colleagues for the effort and wisdom they contributed to this paper.\n\nIn addition, in drafting and revising this paper, we benefited from thoughtful comments and discussion from many people: Alex Hanna, Amandalynne Paullada, Ben Hutchinson, Ben Packer, Brendan O'Connor, Dan Jurafsky, Ehud Reiter, Emma Strubell, Emily Denton, Gina-Anne Levow, Iason Gabriel, Jack Clark, Kristen Howell, Lucy Vasserman, Maarten Sap, Mark Díaz, Miles Brundage, Nick Doiron, Rob Munro, Roel Dobbe, Samy Bengio, Suchin Gururangan, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, William Agnew, William Isaac, and Yejin Choi and our anonymous reviewers.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 139. Power, Jennifer; Pym, Tinonee; James, Alexandra; Waling, Andrea (5 July 2024). \"Smart Sex Toys: A Narrative Review of Recent Research on Cultural, Health and Safety Considerations\" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11930-024-00392-3). Current Sexual Health Reports . 16 (3): 199-215. doi:10.1007/s11930-024-00392-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11 930-024-00392-3). ISSN 1548-3592 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-3592).\n - 140. Marcantonio, Tiffany L.; Avery, Gracie; Thrash, Anna; Leone, Ruschelle M. (10 September 2024). \"Large Language Models in an App: Conducting a Qualitative Synthetic Data Analysis of How Snapchat's \"My AI\" Responds to Questions About Sexual Consent, Sexual Refusals, Sexual Assault, and Sexting\" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224 499.2024.2396457). The Journal of Sex Research : 1-15. doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2396457 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224499.2024.239645 7). ISSN 0022-4499 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4499).\n - 141. Hanson, Kenneth R.; Bolthouse, Hannah (2024). \" \"Replika Removing Erotic Role-Play Is Like Grand Theft Auto Removing Guns or Cars\": Reddit Discourse on Artificial Intelligence Chatbots and Sexual Technologies\" (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23780231241259627). Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World . 10 . doi:10.1177/23780231241259627 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23780231241259627). ISSN 2378-0231 (https://search.worldca t.org/issn/2378-0231).\n - 142. Mania, Karolina (1 January 2024). \"Legal Protection of Revenge and Deepfake Porn Victims in the European Union: Findings From a Comparative Legal Study\" (https://journals.sagepu b.com/doi/abs/10.1177/15248380221143772?journalCode=tvaa). Trauma, Violence, & Abuse . 25 (1): 117-129. doi:10.1177/15248380221143772 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1524 8380221143772). ISSN 1524-8380 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-8380).\n - 143. Singh, Suyesha; Nambiar, Vaishnavi (2024). \"Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Prevention of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Literature\" (https://www.tandfonline.c om/doi/full/10.1080/19361610.2024.2331885). Journal of Applied Security Research . 19 (4): 586-627. doi:10.1080/19361610.2024.2331885 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19361610.202 4.2331885). ISSN 1936-1610 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-1610).\n - 144. Razi, Afsaneh; Kim, Seunghyun; Alsoubai, Ashwaq; Stringhini, Gianluca; Solorio, Thamar; De Choudhury, Munmun; Wisniewski, Pamela J. (13 October 2021). \"A Human-Centered Systematic Literature Review of the Computational Approaches for Online Sexual Risk Detection\" (https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3479609). Proceedings of the ACM on HumanComputer Interaction . 5 (CSCW2): 1-38. doi:10.1145/3479609 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F 3479609). ISSN 2573-0142 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2573-0142).\n - 145. Grant, Eugene F.; Lardner, Rex (25 July 1952). \"The Talk of the Town - It\" (https://www.new yorker.com/magazine/1952/08/02/it). The New Yorker . ISSN 0028-792X (https://search.worl dcat.org/issn/0028-792X). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200216034025/https://w ww.newyorker.com/magazine/1952/08/02/it) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n - 146. Anderson, Mark Robert (11 May 2017). \"Twenty years on from Deep Blue vs Kasparov: how a chess match started the big data revolution\" (https://theconversation.com/twenty-years-onfrom-deep-blue-vs-kasparov-how-a-chess-match-started-the-big-data-revolution-76882). The Conversation . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240917000827/https://theconver sation.com/twenty-years-on-from-deep-blue-vs-kasparov-how-a-chess-match-started-the-bi g-data-revolution-76882) from the original on 17 September 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.", "page_start": 36, @@ -3919,12 +3925,6 @@ "page_start": 60, "page_end": 60, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "found on the web, and this additional information can help contextualize the provenance and veracity of information.\n\n - · Breadth, Diversity, and Mitigating Bias: Books can serve a critical role in ensuring AI models are inclusive of a broad range of topics and categories that may be underrepresented in other content. For all that the Internet has generated an explosion in human creativity and information sharing, it generally represents only a few decades of information and a small portion of the world's creative population. A books dataset, by comparison, is capable of representing centuries of human knowledge. As a result such a dataset can help ensure AI systems behavior is based on centuries of historical information from modern books. It can help ensure broad geographic and linguistic diversity. What's more, the greater breadth and diversity of high-quality content help mitigate challenges around bias and misinformation. Using a more diverse pool of training data can help support the production of a model and outputs of the model that are more representative of that diversity. Books can be useful in evaluation datasets to test existing models for memorization capabilities, which can help prevent unintended reproduction of existing works. Of course, this is all contingent on actual composition of the corpus; in order to have the benefits described, the books would need to be curated and included with characteristics like time, geographic and linguistic diversity.\n - · Other Modalities: Finally, books do not just contain text, they often contain images and captions of those images. As such, they can be an important training source for multi-modal LLMs, which can receive and generate data in media other than text.\n\n## Lowering Barriers to Entry & Facilitating Competition\n\nBroad access to books for AI training is critical to ensure powerful AI models are not concentrated in the hands of only a few companies. Access to training data, in general, has been cited as a potential competitive concern in the AI field because of the performance 11 benefits to be gained by training on larger and larger datasets. But this competitive wedge is even more acute when we look specifically at access to book datasets.\n\nThe largest technology companies building commercial AI models have the resources and capacity to mass digitize books for AI training. Google has scanned 40 million books, many of which came from digitization partnerships they formed with libraries. They may already use some or all of these books to train their AI systems. It's unclear to what extent other 12 companies already have acquired books for AI training (for instance, whether Amazon's existing licenses with publishers or self-published authors may permit such uses);", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4157,8 +4157,8 @@ "target_page": 14, "target_passage": "'Grave professional misconduct': a violation of applicable laws or regulations or ethical standards of the profession to which a contractor or a related person belongs, including any conduct leading to sexual or other exploitation or abuse, or any wrongful conduct of the contractor or a related person which has an impact on its professional credibility where such conduct denotes wrongful intent or gross negligence.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 4 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -4231,11 +4231,17 @@ "target_page": 12, "target_passage": "Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "C ORPORATE VALUES :\n\nCorning's Values provide an unchanging moral and ethical compass that guides the actions of everyone in the company. The corporate values are: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual.\n\nquality integri performance leadership innovation independence i i i i i i i T OTAL Q UALITY : In alignment with the quality policy of thecorporation, our policy is to achieve Total Quality performance. Total Quality performance means understanding who the customer is, what the requirements are, and meeting those requirements better than anyone else, without error, on time, every time.", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" + }, { "text": "## S CIENCE & TECHNOLOGY\n\n\n\nCorning' the context of managing the sensitive balance between the near alignment of R&D and business objectives, and longer discovery research and new opportunity creation.\n\nOver the past year with business conditions. markets and create life-changing innovations.\n\nWe opportunities more quickly and efficiently. We critical intellectual assets of our scientific organization.\n\nOur R&D or new product development, but also new process development. lowered cost and increased quality performance.\n\nInnovation is one of Corning's core V language and mindset of the company. Even in the face of dif commitment to research and development.\n\nC RITICAL T ECHNOLOGIES : CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITIONM ATERIALS R ESEARCH : OPTICAL PROPERTIES\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 8, @@ -4289,12 +4295,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## T O O UR S HAREHOLDERS :\n\nJAMES R. HOUGHTON\n\n\n\nC HAIRMAN AND C HIEF E XECUTIVE O FFICER\n\nWe will long remember 2002 as one of the most challenging years-if not the most challenginglong history. I quickly became even more steeped in these challenges in I returned to the company as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.\n\nfilled with opportunity.\n\nBut in the meantime, we have been living in a very dif revenue. You, our shareholders-along with our employees and our friends in the communities we servewatched our businesses retrench, battered by a weakened global economy and Wall Street turmoil. what bad news would be next as our stock value continued its seemingly relentless decline.\n\nWith the severe drop-off in revenues from our telecommunications customers, we knew we could no longer af up the costly infrastructure of facilities and staff we had in place. Put simply, we couldn'\n\nWe also knew our strengths - and they were many! We knew we were not - nor had we ever been - merely a telecommunications company. Rather, we are a technology company life-changing products. That's what we've been for all of our 152 years; that's what we'll continue to be.\n\nAnd we knew something else … that our Values, the historic strength of our company, Performance, Leadership,Innovation,Independence and The Individual continue to guide our every move, apart from other companies-", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4675,8 +4675,8 @@ "target_page": 18, "target_passage": "A person shall be qualified for election as President if, and shall not be qualified unless, he or she- (a) is a citizen of Botswana by birth or descent; (b) has attained the age of 30 years; and (c) is qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 4 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -5542,17 +5542,17 @@ "page_end": 13, "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## NAVWEPS OO-EOT-80 INDEX\n\nproprllcrs\n\nlmd", + "page_start": 433, + "page_end": 433, + "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + }, { "text": "- /SM590000 http(s)://< service IP address of config node > click Service Assistant Tool", "page_start": 756, "page_end": 756, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/Redbooks.nsf/domains/sds", - "page_start": 810, - "page_end": 810, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5678,29 +5678,29 @@ "page_end": 11, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n| Arts and Entertainment | Food & Drink | Real\\_Estate | | Veterans Outdoors |\n|--------------------------|-------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------|\n| Real Estate | Human Interest | Human Interest | Money & Finance | Fashion & Beauty |\n| Money and Finance | Money and Finance | Books & Entertainment Books | Books & Entertainment Books | Arts & Entertainment |\n\n\n\nContact Us\n\nWork From Home\n\nPrivacy Policy\n\nTerms of Use\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "news3.pdf" + }, { "text": "It is also an example predicated on copyright's limitations and exceptions - in this case, on U.S. fair use. While the Authors Guild filed a copyright infringement suit against HathiTrust, federal courts in 2012 and 2014 ruled that HathiTrust's use of books was fair use. 32\n\nA nonprofit founded in 2008, HathiTrust grew out of a partnership among major US university libraries and today is 'an international community of research libraries committed to the long-term curation and availability of the cultural record.' It started in what it calls the 'early 33 days of mass digitization' - that is, at a time when it started to become economical to take existing physical artifacts in libraries and turn them into digital files at a large scale.\n\nThe founding members of HathiTrust were among the initial partners for Google's Book Search product, which allows people to search across and view small snippets of text from in-copyright books and read full copies of public domain books scanned from libraries' 34 collections. The libraries provided Google with books from their collections, Google would then scan the books for use in Book Search, and return to the libraries a digital copy for their own uses. These uses included setting up HathiTrust not only to ensure long-term preservation of the digital books and their metadata, but also to facilitate other uses, including full text search of books and accessibility for people with print disabilities. In separate court cases, both Google and HathiTrust's uses of the books were deemed consistent with copyright law.\n\nThe uses most relevant to this paper are those enabled by what HathiTrust refers to today as the Research Center. The Center grew in part out of a research discipline called 'digital humanities,' which, among other things, seeks to use computational resources or other digital technologies to analyze information and contribute to the study of literature, media, history, and other areas. For instance, imagine you want to understand how a given term (e.g., 'war on drugs') became used; one might seek to analyze when the term was first used and how often it was used over time by analyzing a vast quantity of sources, searching out the term's use. The insight here is that there is much to be learned not just from reading or otherwise consuming specific material, but also from 'non-consumptive research,' or \"research in which computational analysis is performed on one or more volumes (textual or image objects)\" to derive other sorts of insights. AI training is a type of non-consumptive use.\n\nToday, the Center '[s]upports large-scale computational analysis of the works in the HathiTrust Digital Library to facilitate non-profit and educational research.' It includes over 18 million books in over 400 languages from the HathiTrust Digital Library collection. Roughly 58% of the corpus is in copyright. HathiTrust notes that, while this corpus is large, it has limitations in terms of its representation across subject matter, language, geography, and other dimensions. In terms of subject matter, the corpus is skewed towards humanities (64.9%) and social sciences (14.3%). In terms of language, 51% of the books are in English,", "page_start": 14, "page_end": 14, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "ISBN: 978-1-78655-073-6\n\nISSN: 1756-3666\n\n\n\n© Crown copyright 2016\n\nThis publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.\n\nWhere we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.", + "page_start": 44, + "page_end": 44, + "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "engagement. And, at least in the U.S., it could generate billions of dollars in damages if the specific design choices and technical constraints are not adequate to justify a finding of fair use.\n\nThis sort of books dataset could be built by expanding use of in-copyright books that have already been digitized from existing libraries and other sources. Specifically, workshop participants mentioned that the Internet Archive, HathiTrust, and Google as entities that have digitized books and could repurpose their use to build a books commons, although challenges with using these datasets were noted. The Internet Archive is in the midst of litigation brought by book publishers for its program for lending digital books; while not directly relevant to the issue of AI training using their corpus of books, this sort of litigation creates a chilling effect on organizations seeking to make new uses of these digitized books. Meanwhile, Google encumbered HathiTrust's digital copies with certain contractual restrictions, which would need to be addressed to develop a books dataset for AI training, and Google itself is unlikely to share its own copies while it provides them a competitive advantage.\n\nPerhaps as a matter of public policy, these existing copies could be made more freely available. For instance, to ensure robust competition around AI and advance other public interests, policymakers could remove legal obstacles to the sharing of digitized book files for use in AI training. Alternatively, policymakers could go further and affirmatively compel sharing access to these digital book files for AI training.\n\nIt's possible that there could be a new mass digitization initiative, turning physical books into new digital scans. At least in theory, one could try to replicate the existing corpora of HathiTrust, for example, without Google's contractual limitations. At the same time, such an effort would take many years, and it seems unlikely that many libraries would want to go to the trouble to have their collections digitized a second time. Moreover, while new scans may provide some incremental benefit over use of existing ones (e.g., by using the most modern digitization and OCR tools and thus improving accuracy), there is no inherent social value to making every entity that wants to do or allow AI training invest in their own redundant scanning.\n\nA new digitization effort could target works that have not been yet digitized. This may be particularly useful given that previous book digitization efforts, and the Google Books project in particular, have focused heavily (though not exclusively) on libraries in English-speaking countries. Additional digitization efforts might make more sense for books in those languages that have not yet been digitized at a meaningful scale. Any new digitization effort might therefore start with a mapping of the extent to which a books corpus in a given language has been digitized.", "page_start": 16, "page_end": 16, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 6. Cross-cutting design questions\n\nThe workshops briefly touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most relevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these questions may be relevant across both tracks.\n\n## Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders and creators have any ability to exclude their works?\n\nOne of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of copyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this context), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training.\n\nWhile a system that required affirmative 'opt-in' consent would limit utility significantly (as discussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some forms of 'opt-out' could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context of use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so significant. Since most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain in the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various dimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue to commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the potential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come forward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a license may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached.\n\nWorkshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example, opt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for example to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or mirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to copyright. Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular 38 uses or other categories of users, given that rights holders have many different sets of preferences.\n\nAnother question is about who can opt-out particular works from the dataset. This could solely be an option for copyright holders, although authors might be allowed to exercise an opt-out for their books even if they don't hold the copyrights. This might create challenges if the author and rightsholder disagree about whether to opt a particular book out of the corpus. Another related issue is that individual books, such as anthologies, may comprise works created (and rights held) by many different entities. The images in a book may have come from third-party sources, for instance, or a compendium of poetry might involve many", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 5. Examining approaches to building a books data commons\n\nThere are many possible permutations for building a books data commons. To structure our exploration, we focused on two particular tracks, discussed below. We chose these tracks mindful of the above legal issues, and because there are already existence proofs that help to illuminate tradeoffs, challenges and potential paths forward for each.\n\n## 5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books\n\n## Existing Project Example : The Pile v2 27\n\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile - a large, diverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own training of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28\n\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets. The first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second and third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books by otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published prior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project Gutenberg.\n\nAs the awareness about The Pile dataset grew, certain rightsholders began sending copyright notices to have the dataset taken down from various websites.\n\nDespite the takedown requests, the importance of books to EleutherAI and the broader community's AI research remained. In hoping to forge a path forward EleutherAI announced in 2024 that they would create a new version of the dataset, which they will call The Pile v2. 29 Among other things, v2 would 'have many more books than the original Pile had, for example, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.' At the same time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed content. As before, this corpus focuses on English language books.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5785,11 +5785,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "Log in\n\n\n\nHome / Arts and Entertainment / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\n## New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n07/31/2024\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain America's global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit Series.\n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and technologists to address the challenges of AI's energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant energy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote partnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy efficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in overcoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\n\nSCSP's recent 'Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,' raises many issues related to AI and energy, including recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and other issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American adversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP's Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\n\nArticle Link\n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with…\n\n## RELATED ARTICLES\n\n\n\n\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nCelebrate St. Patrick's Day with No Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and Entertainment\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nExplore Downtown San Pedro with Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car Trolley for Free\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the Stapleton Library Job Fair in Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service\n\n\n\n\n\nFeb 22, 2024\n\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A Natural Alternative to Weight Loss Drugs\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.\n\nFeb 21, 2024\n\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us How to Go the Distance in Business and in Life\n\nNEWSUSA\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a Unique Fusion of Groove and Collage\n\nFASHION\n\nBUSINESS\n\nINFOGRAPHIC\n\nENVIRONMENT\n\nHEALTH\n\nMONEY\n\nFOOD\n\nTRAVEL\n\nBRIDAL\n\nRECREATION\n\nTECHNOLOGY\n\nHOME\n\nEDUCATION\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAUTO\n\nCHILDREN\n\nFITNESS\n\nHOLIDAY\n\nINSURANCE\n\nLAWN & GARDEN\n\nLISTICLE\n\nNUTRITION\n\nPARENTING\n\nPETS\n\nSEASONAL\n\nSENIORS\n\nSPANISH\n\nTIPS AND HOW TO\n\nENTERTAINMENT\n\nCAREER\n\nCOMMUNITY\n\nFAMILY\n\nTIPS\n\nINTERNET\n\nHUMAN\\_INTEREST\n\nBEAUTY\n\nARTS\n\nREALESTATE\n\nSAFETY\n\nMEDICINE\n\nBOOK\\_REVIEW\n\nRECIPE\n\nAFRICAN\\_AMERICANS\n\nHOW\\_TO\n\nBYLINED\\_COLUMN\n\nCHARITY\n\nSPORTS\n\nHOME\\_IMPROVEMENT\n\nTECH\n\nWELLNESS\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\nFOOD & DRINK\n\nREAL\\_ESTATE\n\nVETERANS\n\nOUTDOORS\n\nREAL ESTATE\n\nHUMAN INTEREST\n\nMONEY & FINANCE\n\nFASHION & BEAUTY\n\nMONEY AND FINANCE\n\nBOOKS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nBOOKS\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nRECENT POSTS", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 314. Milmo, Dan (3 November 2023). \"Hope or Horror? The great AI debate dividing its pioneers\". The Guardian Weekly . pp. 10-12.\n - 315. \"The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123904/https://www.gov.uk/government/public ations/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countrie s-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023). GOV.UK . 1 November 2023. Archived from the original (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-20 23-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-s ummit-1-2-november-2023) on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.\n - 316. \"Countries agree to safe and responsible development of frontier AI in landmark Bletchley Declaration\" (https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible -development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration). GOV.UK (Press release). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231101115016/https://www.gov.uk/government/ne ws/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchle y-declaration) from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.\n - 317. \"Second global AI summit secures safety commitments from companies\" (https://www.reuter s.com/technology/global-ai-summit-seoul-aims-forge-new-regulatory-agreements-2024-05-2 1). Reuters. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n - 318. \"Frontier AI Safety Commitments, AI Seoul Summit 2024\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2024 0523201611/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-aiseoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024). gov.uk. 21 May 2024. Archived from the original (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safe ty-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-202 4) on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n - 319. Russell & Norvig 2021, p. 9.\n - 320. Copeland, J., ed. (2004). The Essential Turing: the ideas that gave birth to the computer age . Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-1982-5079-7.\n - 321. \"Google books ngram\" (https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain& year\\_start=1930&year\\_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3). Archived (https://web.ar chive.org/web/20241005170209/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic +brain&year\\_start=1930&year\\_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 322. AI's immediate precursors: McCorduck (2004, pp. 51-107), Crevier (1993, pp. 27-32), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 8-17), Moravec (1988, p. 3)\n - 323. Turing's original publication of the Turing test in \"Computing machinery and intelligence\": Turing (1950) Historical influence and philosophical implications: Haugeland (1985, pp. 69), Crevier (1993, p. 24), McCorduck (2004, pp. 70-71), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 2, 984)\n - 324. Crevier (1993), pp. 47-49.\n - 325. Russell & Norvig (2003), p. 17.\n - 326. Russell & Norvig (2003), p. 18.\n - 327. Newquist (1994), pp. 86-86.\n - 328. Simon (1965, p. 96) quoted in Crevier (1993, p. 109)\n - 329. Minsky (1967, p. 2) quoted in Crevier (1993, p. 109)\n - 330. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 21.\n - 331. Lighthill (1973).\n - 332. NRC 1999, pp. 212-213.\n - 333. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 22.\n - 334. Expert systems: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 23, 292), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227331), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 17.4), McCorduck (2004, pp. 327-335, 434-435), Crevier (1993, pp. 145-162, 197-203), Newquist (1994, pp. 155-183)", "page_start": 47, @@ -5843,12 +5849,6 @@ "page_start": 41, "page_end": 41, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "energy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act. [210] The US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades Nuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October 2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a nuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of Constellation. [211]\n\nAfter the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of Taoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages. [212] Taiwan aims to phase out nuclear power by 2025. [212] On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of data centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban. [212]\n\nAlthough most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, according to an October 2024 Bloomberg article in Japanese, cloud gaming services company Ubitus, in which Nvidia has a stake, is looking for land in Japan near nuclear power plant for a new data center for generative AI. [213] Ubitus CEO Wesley Kuo said nuclear power plants are the most efficient, cheap and stable power for AI. [213]\n\nOn 1 November 2024, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) rejected an application submitted by Talen Energy for approval to supply some electricity from the nuclear power station Susquehanna to Amazon's data center. [214] According to the Commission Chairman Willie L. Phillips, it is a burden on the electricity grid as well as a significant cost shifting concern to households and other business sectors. [214]\n\n## Misinformation\n\nYouTube, Facebook and others use recommender systems to guide users to more content. These AI programs were given the goal of maximizing user engagement (that is, the only goal was to keep people watching). The AI learned that users tended to choose misinformation, conspiracy theories, and extreme partisan content, and, to keep them watching, the AI recommended more of it. Users also tended to watch more content on the same subject, so the AI led people into filter bubbles where they received multiple versions of the same misinformation. [215] This convinced many users that the misinformation was true, and ultimately undermined trust in institutions, the media and the government. [216] The AI program had correctly learned to maximize its goal, but the result was harmful to society. After the U.S. election in 2016, major technology companies took steps to mitigate the problem .\n\nIn 2022, generative AI began to create images, audio, video and text that are indistinguishable from real photographs, recordings, films, or human writing. It is possible for bad actors to use this technology to create massive amounts of misinformation or propaganda. [217] AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton expressed concern about AI enabling \"authoritarian leaders to manipulate their electorates\" on a large scale, among other risks. [218]\n\n## Algorithmic bias and fairness\n\nMachine learning applications will be biased [k] if they learn from biased data. [220] The developers may not be aware that the bias exists. [221] Bias can be introduced by the way training data is selected and by the way a model is deployed. [222][220] If a biased algorithm is used to make decisions that can seriously", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5859,8 +5859,8 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "he Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -5876,6 +5876,12 @@ "page_end": 83, "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Log in\n\n\n\nHome / Arts and Entertainment / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\n## New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n07/31/2024\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain America's global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit Series.\n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and technologists to address the challenges of AI's energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant energy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote partnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy efficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in overcoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\n\nSCSP's recent 'Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,' raises many issues related to AI and energy, including recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and other issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American adversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP's Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\n\nArticle Link\n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with…\n\n## RELATED ARTICLES\n\n\n\n\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nCelebrate St. Patrick's Day with No Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and Entertainment\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nExplore Downtown San Pedro with Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car Trolley for Free\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the Stapleton Library Job Fair in Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service\n\n\n\n\n\nFeb 22, 2024\n\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A Natural Alternative to Weight Loss Drugs\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.\n\nFeb 21, 2024\n\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us How to Go the Distance in Business and in Life\n\nNEWSUSA\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a Unique Fusion of Groove and Collage\n\nFASHION\n\nBUSINESS\n\nINFOGRAPHIC\n\nENVIRONMENT\n\nHEALTH\n\nMONEY\n\nFOOD\n\nTRAVEL\n\nBRIDAL\n\nRECREATION\n\nTECHNOLOGY\n\nHOME\n\nEDUCATION\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAUTO\n\nCHILDREN\n\nFITNESS\n\nHOLIDAY\n\nINSURANCE\n\nLAWN & GARDEN\n\nLISTICLE\n\nNUTRITION\n\nPARENTING\n\nPETS\n\nSEASONAL\n\nSENIORS\n\nSPANISH\n\nTIPS AND HOW TO\n\nENTERTAINMENT\n\nCAREER\n\nCOMMUNITY\n\nFAMILY\n\nTIPS\n\nINTERNET\n\nHUMAN\\_INTEREST\n\nBEAUTY\n\nARTS\n\nREALESTATE\n\nSAFETY\n\nMEDICINE\n\nBOOK\\_REVIEW\n\nRECIPE\n\nAFRICAN\\_AMERICANS\n\nHOW\\_TO\n\nBYLINED\\_COLUMN\n\nCHARITY\n\nSPORTS\n\nHOME\\_IMPROVEMENT\n\nTECH\n\nWELLNESS\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\nFOOD & DRINK\n\nREAL\\_ESTATE\n\nVETERANS\n\nOUTDOORS\n\nREAL ESTATE\n\nHUMAN INTEREST\n\nMONEY & FINANCE\n\nFASHION & BEAUTY\n\nMONEY AND FINANCE\n\nBOOKS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nBOOKS\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nRECENT POSTS", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/Redbooks.nsf/domains/sds", "page_start": 810, @@ -5917,12 +5923,6 @@ "page_start": 280, "page_end": 280, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Certain Investigations and Other Matters\n\nWe regularly receive requests for information, including subpoenas, from regulators and governmental authorities such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission ('SEC'), the Department of Justice ('DOJ'), and various local, state, federal, and international agencies. The ongoing requests for information include topics such as operations, technology (e.g., vehicle functionality, vehicle incidents, Autopilot and FSD Capability), compliance, finance, data privacy, and other matters related to Tesla's business, its personnel, and related parties. We routinely cooperate with such formal and informal requests for information, investigations, and other inquiries. To our knowledge no government agency in any ongoing investigation has concluded that any wrongdoing occurred. We cannot predict the outcome or impact of any ongoing matters. Should the government decide to pursue an enforcement action, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation, prospects, cash flows, financial position or brand.\n\nWe are also subject to various other legal proceedings, risks and claims that arise from the normal course of business activities. For example, during the second quarter of 2023, a foreign news outlet reported that it obtained certain misappropriated data including, purportedly non-public Tesla business and personal information. Tesla has made notifications to potentially affected individuals (current and former employees) and regulatory authorities and we are working with certain law enforcement and other authorities. On August 5, 2023, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, purportedly on behalf of all U.S. individuals impacted by the data incident, followed by several additional lawsuits, that each assert claims under various state laws and seeks monetary damages and other relief. If an unfavorable ruling or development were to occur in these or other possible legal proceedings, risks and claims, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, prospects, cash flows, financial position or brand.\n\n## Note 11 - Variable Interest Entity Arrangements\n\nThe aggregate carrying values of the variable interest entities' assets and liabilities, after elimination of any intercompany transactions and balances, in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in millions):\n\nTable of Contents", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5933,8 +5933,8 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -5944,6 +5944,12 @@ "page_end": 13, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Log in\n\n\n\nHome / Arts and Entertainment / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\n## New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n07/31/2024\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain America's global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit Series.\n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and technologists to address the challenges of AI's energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant energy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote partnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy efficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in overcoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\n\nSCSP's recent 'Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,' raises many issues related to AI and energy, including recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and other issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American adversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP's Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\n\nArticle Link\n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with…\n\n## RELATED ARTICLES\n\n\n\n\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nCelebrate St. Patrick's Day with No Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and Entertainment\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nExplore Downtown San Pedro with Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car Trolley for Free\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the Stapleton Library Job Fair in Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service\n\n\n\n\n\nFeb 22, 2024\n\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A Natural Alternative to Weight Loss Drugs\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.\n\nFeb 21, 2024\n\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us How to Go the Distance in Business and in Life\n\nNEWSUSA\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a Unique Fusion of Groove and Collage\n\nFASHION\n\nBUSINESS\n\nINFOGRAPHIC\n\nENVIRONMENT\n\nHEALTH\n\nMONEY\n\nFOOD\n\nTRAVEL\n\nBRIDAL\n\nRECREATION\n\nTECHNOLOGY\n\nHOME\n\nEDUCATION\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAUTO\n\nCHILDREN\n\nFITNESS\n\nHOLIDAY\n\nINSURANCE\n\nLAWN & GARDEN\n\nLISTICLE\n\nNUTRITION\n\nPARENTING\n\nPETS\n\nSEASONAL\n\nSENIORS\n\nSPANISH\n\nTIPS AND HOW TO\n\nENTERTAINMENT\n\nCAREER\n\nCOMMUNITY\n\nFAMILY\n\nTIPS\n\nINTERNET\n\nHUMAN\\_INTEREST\n\nBEAUTY\n\nARTS\n\nREALESTATE\n\nSAFETY\n\nMEDICINE\n\nBOOK\\_REVIEW\n\nRECIPE\n\nAFRICAN\\_AMERICANS\n\nHOW\\_TO\n\nBYLINED\\_COLUMN\n\nCHARITY\n\nSPORTS\n\nHOME\\_IMPROVEMENT\n\nTECH\n\nWELLNESS\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\nFOOD & DRINK\n\nREAL\\_ESTATE\n\nVETERANS\n\nOUTDOORS\n\nREAL ESTATE\n\nHUMAN INTEREST\n\nMONEY & FINANCE\n\nFASHION & BEAUTY\n\nMONEY AND FINANCE\n\nBOOKS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nBOOKS\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nRECENT POSTS", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news1.pdf" + }, { "text": "Artificial intelligent (AI) agents are software entities designed to perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions autonomously to achieve specific goals. These agents can interact with users, their environment, or other agents. AI agents are used in various applications, including virtual assistants, chatbots, autonomous vehicles, game-playing systems, and industrial robotics. AI agents operate within the constraints of their programming, available computational resources, and hardware limitations. This means they are restricted to performing tasks within their defined scope and have finite memory and processing capabilities. In real-world applications, AI agents often face time constraints for decision-making and action execution. Many AI agents incorporate learning algorithms, enabling them to improve their performance over time through experience or training. Using machine learning, AI agents can adapt to new situations and optimise their behaviour for their designated tasks. [175][176][177]\n\nVincent van Gogh in watercolour created by generative AI software\n\n\n\n## Other industry-specific tasks\n\nThere are also thousands of successful AI applications used to solve specific problems for specific industries or institutions. In a 2017 survey, one in five companies reported having incorporated \"AI\" in some offerings or processes. [178] A few examples are energy storage, medical diagnosis, military logistics, applications that predict the result of judicial decisions, foreign policy, or supply chain management.\n\nAI applications for evacuation and disaster management are growing. AI has been used to investigate if and how people evacuated in large scale and small scale evacuations using historical data from GPS, videos or social media. Further, AI can provide real time information on the real time evacuation conditions. [179][180][181]\n\nIn agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments or increasing yield. Agronomists use AI to conduct research and development. AI has been used to predict the ripening time for crops such as tomatoes, monitor soil moisture, operate agricultural robots, conduct predictive analytics, classify livestock pig call emotions, automate greenhouses, detect diseases and pests, and save water.\n\nArtificial intelligence is used in astronomy to analyze increasing amounts of available data and applications, mainly for \"classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the development of new scientific insights.\" For example, it is used for discovering exoplanets, forecasting solar activity, and distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects in gravitational wave astronomy. Additionally, it could be used for activities in space, such as space exploration, including the analysis of data from space missions, real-time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris avoidance, and more autonomous operation.", "page_start": 11, @@ -5991,12 +5997,6 @@ "page_start": 63, "page_end": 63, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955). \"A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence\" (https://web.archive.org/w eb/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html). Archived from the original (http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth. html) on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007.\n - McCarthy, John (2007), \"From Here to Human-Level AI\", Artificial Intelligence , p. 171\n - McCarthy, John (1999), What is AI? (http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/inde x.html), archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221204051737/http://jmc.stanford.edu/artifi cial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index.html) from the original on 4 December 2022, retrieved 4 December 2022\n - McCauley, Lee (2007). \"AI armageddon and the three laws of robotics\". Ethics and Information Technology . 9 (2): 153-164. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.85.8904 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdo c/summary?doi=10.1.1.85.8904). doi:10.1007/s10676-007-9138-2 (https://doi.org/10.1007% 2Fs10676-007-9138-2). S2CID 37272949 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:372729 49).\n - McGarry, Ken (1 December 2005). \"A survey of interestingness measures for knowledge discovery\". The Knowledge Engineering Review . 20 (1): 39-61. doi:10.1017/S0269888905000408 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269888905000408). S2CID 14987656 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14987656).\n - McGaughey, E (2022), Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\\_id=3044448), p. 51(3) Industrial Law Journal 511-559, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3044448 (https://doi.org/10.213 9%2Fssrn.3044448), S2CID 219336439 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2193364 39), SSRN 3044448 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\\_id=3044448), archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210131074722/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/paper s.cfm?abstract\\_id=3044448) from the original on 31 January 2021, retrieved 27 May 2023\n - Merkle, Daniel; Middendorf, Martin (2013). \"Swarm Intelligence\". In Burke, Edmund K.; Kendall, Graham (eds.). Search Methodologies: Introductory Tutorials in Optimization and Decision Support Techniques . Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4614-6940-7.\n - Minsky, Marvin (1967), Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines , Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall\n - Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children (https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2 0200726131644/https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora) from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.\n - Morgenstern, Michael (9 May 2015). \"Automation and anxiety\" (https://www.economist.com/new s/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-a nd-anxiety). The Economist . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214621/https:// www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-une mployment-automation-and-anxiety) from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.\n - Müller, Vincent C.; Bostrom, Nick (2014). \"Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Poll Among Experts\" (http://www.sophia.de/pdf/2014\\_PT-AI\\_polls.pdf) (PDF). AI Matters . 1 (1): 9-11. doi:10.1145/2639475.2639478 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2639475.2639478). S2CID 8510016 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8510016). Archived (https://web. archive.org/web/20160115114604/http://www.sophia.de/pdf/2014\\_PT-AI\\_polls.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2016.", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6604,6 +6604,12 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nCorporate Headquarters\n\n1 Applied Plaza Cleveland, Ohio 44115 216/426-4000 Applied.com", + "page_start": 47, + "page_end": 47, + "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Customers:\n\n## Expanding Our Value-Add\n\nAt every level of the organization, our associates are committed to our customers' success. Simply stated, we keep industry running - productively - and our efforts and performance are regularly acknowledged. For the twelfth consecutive year, we earned Supplier of the Year status from Vulcan Materials Company for our strong execution in the areas of product quality, service, support, ease of transaction and value. And, just recently, Applied was named the recipient of Excellence, Innovation, and Sustainability awards from Eastman Chemical Company. This marks the first time in Eastman Chemical history that one company was selected to receive all three awards in a single year.\n\nWhile our Company is proud of these past achievements and our associates have earned well-deserved recognition for their hard work and dedication, we are not satisfied. We are committed to expanding our product offering, fully leveraging our service capabilities and delivering value-added solutions to our existing customers - and to new customers.\n\nNaturally, our success is greatly aided by the partnerships with our suppliers. We represent leading manufacturers with the highest quality brands - delivering innovative solutions for our customers' needs. Across our collective supply chain, we are committed to expanding our value-add and to generating success for our customers.\n\n## Acquisitions: Extending Our Reach\n\nStrategic acquisitions continue to play an important role in our overall growth strategy, as demonstrated in fiscal 2012. In August 2011, we entered the Montreal market with the acquisition of Chaines-Plus. In February 2012, we purchased two additional Quebec distributors - Solutions Industrielles Chicoutimi and Spécialités Industrielles Harvey - as part of our continuing strategy to expand in Eastern Canada. Together, these businesses distribute bearings, power transmission products, fluid power, and electrical components, in addition to providing various repair services.\n\n## Across our collective supply chain, we are committed to expanding our value-add and generating success for our customers.\n\nNet Sales (Dollars in Billions)\n\n\n\nNet Income Per Share (Dollars)\n\n\n\n - * The goodwill impairment charge in fiscal 2009 reduced net income per share by $0.54.\n\nShareholders' Equity\n\n(Dollars in Millions)\n\n\n\n$633.6", "page_start": 3, @@ -6657,12 +6663,6 @@ "page_start": 39, "page_end": 39, "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## (a) General Development of Business\n\nHormel Foods Corporation, a Delaware corporation, was founded by George A. Hormel in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, as George A. Hormel & Company. The Company started as a processor of meat and food products and continues in this line of business. The Company name was changed to Hormel Foods Corporation on January 31, 1995. The Company is primarily engaged in the production of a variety of meat and food products and the marketing of those products throughout the United States. Although pork and turkey remain the major raw materials for Hormel products, the Company has emphasized for several years the manufacture and distribution of branded, consumer packaged items rather than the commodity fresh meat business.\n\nThe Company's branding strategy led to the development of a joint venture between Hormel Foods Corporation and Excel Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Cargill Incorporated. This joint venture began marketing and selling nationally branded fresh case ready beef and pork under the existing HORMEL ALWAYS TENDER brand name in fiscal year 2003. This 50 percent owned joint venture, named Precept Foods LLC, is based in Austin, Minn.\n\nIn fiscal 2001, the Jennie-O Turkey Store (JOTS) business was formed as a result of merging the Company's existing Jennie-O Foods, Inc. business with the operations of The Turkey Store Company, which was acquired in the second quarter of fiscal 2001. The Turkey Store Company was a turkey processing business headquartered in Barron, Wisconsin. The merged JOTS operation is currently the largest turkey processor in the world. JOTS", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6844,6 +6844,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "provide a language that is called Description Logic or DL for short. One of the key features of DL is that these superclass-subclass relationships (aka subsumption relationships) can be computed automatically by a reasoner - more on this later. Figure 3.3 shows a representation of some classes containing individuals classes are represented as ovals, like sets in Venn diagrams.\n\nIn OWL classes can be built up of descriptions that specify the conditions that must be satisfied by an individual for it to be a member of the class. How to formulate these descriptions will be explained as the tutorial progresses.", "page_start": 9, @@ -6856,6 +6862,18 @@ "page_end": 10, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "We designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 5. One last thing we want to do is to configure the reasoner. By default, the reasoner does not perform all possible inferences because some inferences can take a long time for large and complex ontologies. In this tutorial we will always be dealing with small and simple ontologies so we want to see everything the reasoner can do. Go to: Reasoner>Configure. This will bring up a dialog with several check boxes of inferences that the reasoner can perform. If they aren't all checked then check them all. You may receive a warning that some inferences can take a lot of time, but you can ignore those since your ontology will be small.\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\n## 4.3 Disjoint Classes\n\nHaving added the classes Pizza , PizzaTopping , and PizzaBase to the ontology, we now want to say that these classes are disjoint . I.e., no individual can be an instance of more than one of those classes. In set theory terminology the intersection of these three classes is the empty set: owl:Nothing .\n\n## Exercise 6: Make Pizza, PizzaTopping, and PizzaBase disjoint from each other\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\n - 1. Select the class Pizza in the class hierarchy.\n\n\n\n - 2. Find the Disjoint With option in the Description view and select the (+) sign next to it. See the red circle in figure 4.6.\n - 3. This should bring up a dialog with two tabs: Class hierarchy and Expression editor. You want Class hierarchy for now (we will use the expression editor later). This gives you an interface to select a class that is identical to the Class hierarchy view. Use it to navigate to PizzaBase. Hold down the shift key and select PizzaBase and PizzaTopping. Select OK.\n - 4. Do a Reasoner>Synchronize reasoner. Then look at PizzaBase and PizzaTopping . You should see that they each have the appropriate disjoint axioms defined to indicate that each of these classes is disjoint with the other two.\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_", "page_start": 16, @@ -6867,24 +6885,6 @@ "page_start": 66, "page_end": 66, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "relations, transitive relations, and many more. An understanding of the basic concepts of set theory will help the user get the most out of OWL but is not required. One of the benefits of Protégé is that it presents an intuitive GUI that enables domain experts to define models without a background in set theory. However, developers are encouraged to refresh their knowledge on logic and set theory. A good source is the first 3 chapters in Elements of the Theory of Computation by Lewis and Papadamitrious. Another good source is the PDF document Overview of Set Theory available at:\n\nhttps://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/owl-theoretical-basics\n\n## 3.1.1 Individuals\n\nIndividuals represent objects in the domain of interest. An important difference between OWL and most programming and knowledge representation languages is that OWL does not use the Unique Name Assumption (UNA). This means that two different names could actually refer to the same individual. For example, 'Queen Elizabeth', 'The Queen' and 'Elizabeth Windsor' might all refer to the same individual. In OWL, it must be explicitly stated that individuals are the same as each other, or different from each other. Figure 3.1 shows a representation of some individuals in a domain of people, nations, and relations - in this tutorial we represent individuals as diamonds.\n\nFigure 3.2: Representation of Properties\n\n\n\nIndividuals are also known as instances . Individuals can be referred to as instances of classes .\n\n", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "next section. Which option you choose for your ontology will depend on the specific requirements you have as well as the standards established by your organization or organizations that you work with.\n\nFinally, another name related concept you should be aware of is the concept of a namespace. If you have worked with most modern programming languages such as Python or Java, you are already familiar with the concept of a namespace. The concept is identical in OWL. A namespace is used to avoid naming conflicts between different ontologies. For example, you may have a class called Network in an ontology about telecommunications. You might also have a class called Network in an ontology about graph theory. The two concepts are related but are different. Just as with programming languages you use namespace prefixes to determine what specific namespace a name refers to. E.g., in this example you might have the prefix tc for the Telecom ontology and gt for the Graph Theory ontology. Thus, when you referred to the Network class for the Telecom ontology you would use tc:Network and gt:Network for the graph theory class.\n\nNote that you already have some experience with other namespaces. The OWL namespace prefix is owl and is used to refer to classes such as owl:Thing and owl:Nothing . The Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS) is a model that OWL is built on top of and thus some properties that ontologies use such as rdfs:label leverage this namespace.\n\nIn the bottom view of the Active ontology tab there is a tab called Ontology Prefixes. This tab shows all the current namespace mappings in your ontology. There are certain concepts from OWL, RDF, RDFS, XML and XSD that are required for every ontology, so those namespaces are by default mapped in every new Protégé ontology. There is also a mapping to the empty string for whatever the namespace is for your ontology. This allows you to display and refer to entities in your ontology without entering a namespace prefix. If you look at that tab now you should see a row where the first column is blank, and the second column has the base IRI for your ontology. It should be the same IRI as the Ontology IRI at the top of the Active ontology tab, except it also has a # sign at the end. E.g., the Pizza tutorial developed for this tutorial has an IRI of: http://www.semanticweb.org/pizzatutorial/ontologies/2020/PizzaTutorial and the row that has a blank first column in Ontology Prefixes has the IRI:\n\nhttp://www.semanticweb.org/pizzatutorial/ontologies/2020/PizzaTutorial#.", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- Neumann, Bernd; Möller, Ralf (January 2008). \"On scene interpretation with description logics\". Image and Vision Computing . 26 (1): 82-101. doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2007.08.013 (https://doi. org/10.1016%2Fj.imavis.2007.08.013). S2CID 10767011 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Co rpusID:10767011).", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7340,7 +7340,7 @@ "target_passage": "Knee flexors 3,060 ", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 6 + "index": 7 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -7380,6 +7380,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 8. Abe T , Buckner SL , Mattocks KT , Jessee MB , Dankel SJ , Mouser JG , Bell ZW , Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass and architecture of the world ' s strongest raw powerlifter: a case study. Asian J Sports Med 9: e61763, 2018. doi:10.5812/asjsm.61763.\n - 9. Powell PL , Roy RR , Kanim P , Bello MA , Edgerton VR. Predictability of skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in guinea pig hindlimbs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 57: 1715 -1721, 1984. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1715.\n - 10. Maden-Wilkinson TM , Balshaw TG , Massey G , Folland JP. What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 1000 -1011, 2019. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.00224.2019.\n - 11. Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Massey GJ , Folland JP. The human muscle size and strength relationship: effects of architecture, muscle force, and measurement location. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 2140 -2151, 2021. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002691.\n - 12. Baxter JR , Piazza SJ. Plantar /uniFB02 exor moment arm and muscle volume predict torque-generating capacity in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 538 -544, 2014. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01140.2013.\n - 13. Miller R , Balshaw TG , Massey GJ , Maeo S , Lanza MB , Johnston M , Allen SJ , Folland JP. The muscle morphology of elite sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 804 -815, 2021. doi:10.1249/ mss.0000000000002522.\n - 14. Balshaw TG , Funnell MP , McDermott E , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Abela S , Quteishat B , Edsey M , James LJ , Folland JP. The effect of speci /uniFB01 c bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remodeling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237: e13903, 2023 [Erratum in Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237:e13952, 2023]. doi:10.1111/apha.13903.\n - 15. Massey GJ , Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Folland JP. Tendinous tissue properties after short- and long-term functional overload: differences between controls, 12 weeks and 4 years of resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 222: e13019, 2018. doi:10.1111/ apha.13019.\n - 16. Sugisaki N , Kobayashi K , Tsuchie H , Kanehisa H. Associations between individual lower-limb muscle volumes and 100-m sprint time in male sprinters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13: 214 -219, 2018. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0703.\n - 17. Seynnes OR , Erskine RM , Maganaris CN , Longo S , Simoneau EM , Grosset JF , Narici MV. Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107: 523 -530, 2009. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2009.\n - 18. Beckham GK , Sato K , Santana HAP , Mizuguchi S , Haff GG , Stone MH. Effect of body position on force production during the isometric midthigh pull. JStrengthCondRes 32: 48 -56, 2018. doi:10.1519/ jsc.0000000000001968.\n - 19. Travis SK , Goodin JR , Beckham GK , Bazyler CD. Identifying a test to monitor weightlifting performance in competitive male and female weightlifters. Sports 6: 46, 2018. doi:10.3390/sports6020046.\n - 20. Beckham G , Mizuguchi S , Carter C , Sato K , Ramsey M , Lamont H , Hornsby G , Haff G , Stone M. Relationships of isometric mid-thigh pull variables to weightlifting performance. J Sports Med Phys Fit 53: 573 -581, 2013.\n - 21. Hornsby WG , Gentles JA , MacDonald CJ , Mizuguchi S , Ramsey MW , Stone MH. Maximum strength, rate of force development, jump height, and peak power alterations in weightlifters across /uniFB01 ve months of training. Sports 5: 78, 2017. doi:10.3390/sports5040078.\n - 22. Beckham GK , Lamont HS , Sato K , Ramsey MW , Gh G , Stone MH. Isometric strength of powerlifters in key positions of the conventional deadlift. J Trainology 1: 32 -35, 2012. doi:10.17338/trainology.1.2\\_32.", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" + }, { "text": "| | Muscle Volume, cm 3 | Muscle Volume, cm 3 | Muscle Volume, cm 3 | Muscle Volume, cm 3 |\n|------------------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------|\n| Muscle Group/Muscle or Compartment | WSM | Elite Sprinters ( n 5 5) | Subelite Sprinters ( n 5 26) | Untrained ( n 5 11) |\n| All muscles | 14,922 | 11,323 ± 1,328 | 9,164 ± 1,207 | 7,628 ± 1,548 |\n| Hip /uniFB02 exors | 1,704 | 1,620 ± 200 | 1,314 ± 216 | 1,031 ± 151 |\n| Hip extensors | 4,724 | 4,002±489 | 3,029±422 | 2,257 ± 220 |\n| Knee /uniFB02 exors | 3,060 | 2,304 ± 178 | 1,859 ± 301 | 1,460 ± 196 |\n| Knee extensors | 4,386 | 3,218 ± 400 | 2,636±401 | 2,202±315 |\n| Plantar /uniFB02 exors | 1,888 | 1,112 ± 181 | 943±156 | 860±172 |\n| Iliopsoas | 681 | 702±97 | 618±101 | 514 ± 75 |\n| Sartorius | 429 | 306±46 | 209±50 | 142 ± 25 |\n| Tensor fasciae latae | 142 | 135 ± 41 | 86±25 | 73±24 |\n| Adductor magnus | 1,334 | 1,056 ± 83 | 828±128 | 624±81 |\n| Gracilis | 235 | 180±37 | 142 ± 37 | 98±23 |\n| Gluteus maximus | 1,980 | 1,797 ± 376 | 1,257 ± 197 | 931 ± 108 |\n| Gluteus medius and minimus | 1,172 | 626±129 | 575±97 | 583±76 |\n| Rectus femoris | 453 | 476±45 | 401±78 | 303±55 |\n| Vastus lateralis | 1,508 | 1,132 ± 180 | 925±156 | 743±98 |\n| Vastus intermedius | 1,336 | 962±145 | 789±140 | 680±115 |\n| Vastus medialis | 1,088 | 649±97 | 521±79 | 476±111 |\n| Semimembranosus | 392 | 359±60 | 327±59 | 262±18 |\n| Semitendinosus | 563 | 449±70 | 350±79 | 219 ± 39 |\n| Biceps femoris long head | 454 | 340±31 | 267±47 | 221±42 |\n| Biceps femoris short head | 135 | 167 ± 26 | 131 ± 34 | 110 ± 28 |\n| Popliteus | 27 | 23±5 | 17 ± 5 | 19 ± 6 156±41 |\n| Lateral gastrocnemius | 310 | 202±34 | 170 ± 37 | |", "page_start": 6, @@ -7397,12 +7403,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 5. Overall hamstrings (HAMS; A ), semimembranosus (SM; B ), semitendinosus (ST; C ), biceps femoris long head (BFlh; D ), and biceps femoris short head (BFsh; E ) muscle volume of a World ' s Strongest Man and deadlift champion (WSM) compared with long-term resistance trained [ n ¼ 16, from the work by Maden-Wilkinson et al. (10)], elite sprint runners [ n ¼ 5, from the work by Miller et al. (13)], subelite sprint runners [ n ¼ 26, from the work by Miller et al. (13)], and untrained control populations [ n ¼ 50, pooled population from the works by Miller et al. (13)( n ¼ 11) and Balshaw et al. (14) (pretest data n ¼ 39)].\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\npatellar tendon moment arm ( þ 18%). Therefore, of these two key strength determinants, muscle size, rather than joint leverage, appeared to be the predominant factor responsible for the WSM ' s extraordinary strength. Indeed, when we previously compared the muscle morphology and joint mechanics of individuals with distinct maximum strength capacity (long-term resistance-trained individuals vs. untrained controls), muscle size was the primary factor separating the groups with much more subtle differences in moment arm (10). The extreme exampleofmusclesizeprovidedbytheWSM ' squadriceps\n\nfemoris also gave the opportunity to investigate the scaling of tendon size to muscle size; extreme muscular size (greater than or equal to twice that for untrained controls) might be expected to be accompanied by comparable tendinous tissue size to effectively transmit high muscular forces to the skeleton. However, the WSM ' s patellar tendon CSA was only 30% larger than untrained controls and within the range of individuals we have previously measured (Fig. 6 A ). This observation supports the notion that tendon structure may be largely /uniFB01 xed by adulthood (40), with only slow/limited\n\n\n\nFigure 6. Patellar tendon mean cross-sectional area ( A ) and patellar tendon moment arm ( B )ofaWorld ' sStrongestManand deadlift champion (WSM) compared with long-term resistance trained [ n ¼ 16, from theworkbyMasseyetal.(15)] and untrained control populations [ n ¼ 39, from the work by Massey et al. (15)].\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7414,7 +7414,7 @@ "target_passage": "The WSM’s nutritional supplement consumption included protein, branched-chain amino acids, and electrolytes", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 4 + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -7442,6 +7442,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 8. Abe T , Buckner SL , Mattocks KT , Jessee MB , Dankel SJ , Mouser JG , Bell ZW , Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass and architecture of the world ' s strongest raw powerlifter: a case study. Asian J Sports Med 9: e61763, 2018. doi:10.5812/asjsm.61763.\n - 9. Powell PL , Roy RR , Kanim P , Bello MA , Edgerton VR. Predictability of skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in guinea pig hindlimbs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 57: 1715 -1721, 1984. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1715.\n - 10. Maden-Wilkinson TM , Balshaw TG , Massey G , Folland JP. What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 1000 -1011, 2019. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.00224.2019.\n - 11. Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Massey GJ , Folland JP. The human muscle size and strength relationship: effects of architecture, muscle force, and measurement location. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 2140 -2151, 2021. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002691.\n - 12. Baxter JR , Piazza SJ. Plantar /uniFB02 exor moment arm and muscle volume predict torque-generating capacity in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 538 -544, 2014. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01140.2013.\n - 13. Miller R , Balshaw TG , Massey GJ , Maeo S , Lanza MB , Johnston M , Allen SJ , Folland JP. The muscle morphology of elite sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 804 -815, 2021. doi:10.1249/ mss.0000000000002522.\n - 14. Balshaw TG , Funnell MP , McDermott E , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Abela S , Quteishat B , Edsey M , James LJ , Folland JP. The effect of speci /uniFB01 c bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remodeling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237: e13903, 2023 [Erratum in Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237:e13952, 2023]. doi:10.1111/apha.13903.\n - 15. Massey GJ , Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Folland JP. Tendinous tissue properties after short- and long-term functional overload: differences between controls, 12 weeks and 4 years of resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 222: e13019, 2018. doi:10.1111/ apha.13019.\n - 16. Sugisaki N , Kobayashi K , Tsuchie H , Kanehisa H. Associations between individual lower-limb muscle volumes and 100-m sprint time in male sprinters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13: 214 -219, 2018. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0703.\n - 17. Seynnes OR , Erskine RM , Maganaris CN , Longo S , Simoneau EM , Grosset JF , Narici MV. Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107: 523 -530, 2009. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2009.\n - 18. Beckham GK , Sato K , Santana HAP , Mizuguchi S , Haff GG , Stone MH. Effect of body position on force production during the isometric midthigh pull. JStrengthCondRes 32: 48 -56, 2018. doi:10.1519/ jsc.0000000000001968.\n - 19. Travis SK , Goodin JR , Beckham GK , Bazyler CD. Identifying a test to monitor weightlifting performance in competitive male and female weightlifters. Sports 6: 46, 2018. doi:10.3390/sports6020046.\n - 20. Beckham G , Mizuguchi S , Carter C , Sato K , Ramsey M , Lamont H , Hornsby G , Haff G , Stone M. Relationships of isometric mid-thigh pull variables to weightlifting performance. J Sports Med Phys Fit 53: 573 -581, 2013.\n - 21. Hornsby WG , Gentles JA , MacDonald CJ , Mizuguchi S , Ramsey MW , Stone MH. Maximum strength, rate of force development, jump height, and peak power alterations in weightlifters across /uniFB01 ve months of training. Sports 5: 78, 2017. doi:10.3390/sports5040078.\n - 22. Beckham GK , Lamont HS , Sato K , Ramsey MW , Gh G , Stone MH. Isometric strength of powerlifters in key positions of the conventional deadlift. J Trainology 1: 32 -35, 2012. doi:10.17338/trainology.1.2\\_32.", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\npredictions of skeletal muscle mass nor dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provides detailed information on the size of speci /uniFB01 c individual muscles. Given the known importance of muscle size as a determinant of muscular strength (9 -11), pronounced muscle size seems likely to be critical to extreme human strength; however, the speci /uniFB01 c muscle size of extremely strong individuals remains unknown. Similarly, a large moment arm (e.g., of the patella tendon at the knee joint) could contribute to the expression of high muscular strength (10, 12), and a large tendon may mitigate the mechanical stress it experiences with very high muscular loads, and therefore, these characteristics may also be expected in individuals selected for exceptional strength.\n\nIn this paper, we present the /uniFB01 ndings from a unique opportunity to examine the laboratory function, muscle size, and distribution of muscle mass, as well as patellar tendon size and moment arm, of a World ' s Strongest Man and deadlift champion (WSM) in comparison with existing data on untrained individuals, power athletes (100-m-track sprinters), and long-term resistance-trained populations that we have assessed previously (10, 11, 13 -15).\n\n## MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n## Participant\n\nThe WSM ' s achievements included one World ' sStrongest Man title (14 mo prior to measurement), /uniFB01 ve Britain ' s Strongest Man titles (the most recent 6 mo prior to measurement), twice being World Deadlift Champion and Deadlift WorldRecordholder(500kg;atthetimeofmeasurement), and second place at Europe ' s Strongest Man. Prior to agreeing to participate, the purpose of the research study and the testing procedures were explained to the participant along with the risks and bene /uniFB01 ts of taking part. The participant gave his written informed consent to participate in the study that was approved by the Loughborough University Ethical Advisory Committee (Ethics Number R18-P090). Included in the written consent was a statement providing permission for publication of the collected data and the likelihood that their identity may be evident based on their achievements and characteristics, despite anonymization.\n\n## Training History\n\nThe WSM had been continuously involved in systematic, regular upper- and lower-body resistance training for 15 yr at the time of testing. In the 12 mo prior to testing, the participant ' s resistance training consisted of the following typical exercises: lower body: squats, deadlifts, leg press, and knee extension; and upper body: bench press, shoulder press, dumbbell/barbell rows, and lat pull-down. The proportion of the participant ' s training within the following repetition ranges over the last 12 mo was as follows: near maximum loads [1 -5 repetition maximum (RM)]: 10%; heavy loads (6 -14 RM): 80%; and moderate loads ( /C21 15 RM): 10%. The participant reported only occasional ( < 1 /C2 /week) use of advanced resistance training practices (i.e., complex training and accommodating resistance method) but frequently ( > 3 /C2 / week) executed training repetitions with the intention to move the load as fast as possible. The WSM ' snutritional\n\nsupplement consumption included protein, branched-chain amino acids, and electrolytes.\n\n## Overview", "page_start": 1, @@ -7471,12 +7477,6 @@ "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ncomparative populations drawn from the existing literature can be found in Supplemental Materials 1 (gross IMTP peak force and net IMTP peak force) and 2 (CMJ peak power and height).\n\n## Isometric Midthigh Pull and Countermovement Jump\n\nGross (including body weight) and net (above body weight) IMTP peak forces of the WSM were 9,171 N and 7,480 N, respectively. The WSM ' s gross IMTP peak force was 54% greater than the highest comparable group mean we located (subelite weightlifters: 5,942 ± 844 N (20); Fig. 2 A ). The WSM ' s net IMTP peak force was 100% greater than the highest comparable group mean value in the literature (collegiate soccer athletes: 3,740 ± 692 N (26); Fig. 2 B ).\n\nThe WSM ' s CMJ peak power and jump height were 9,866 W and 53.3 cm, respectively. The peak CMJ power of the WSM was > 2.5-fold (164%) that of the mean of an untrained control group previously measured in our laboratory (3,735 ± 760 W; unpublished) and 51% greater than the highest comparable group mean value we located in the literature (professional basketball players: 6,518 ± 923 W (32); Fig. 2 C ). Not surprisingly, given the WSM ' shighbodymass,hisjumpheightwas less exceptional, while still being 20% greater than that of a group of untrained control participants previously measured in our laboratory (44.3 ± 9.2 cm; unpublished). However, his jump height was 25% lower than the highest group mean CMJ height we are aware of in the published literature (elite international gymnasts: 71.3 ± 4.5 cm (37); Fig. 2 D ).\n\n## Leg Muscle Volumes\n\nThe total unilateral muscle volume of the 22 measured muscles/compartments of WSM (14,922 cm 3 ) was nearly twice that of a relatively modest ( n ¼ 11) sample of untrained controls (7,628 ± 1,548 cm 3 ; þ 96%; Fig. 3), while being 63% greater than subelite (9,164 ± 1,207 cm 3 ) and þ 32% greater than elite 100-m sprinters (11,323± 1,328 cm 3 ; Table 2). The muscle group differences were largest for the plantar /uniFB02 exors ( þ 120% vs. untrained; þ 100% vs. subelite sprinters; þ 70% vs. elite sprinters) and smallest for the hip /uniFB02 exors ( þ 65% vs. untrained; þ 30% vs. subelite sprinters; þ 5% vs. elite sprinters). The WSM had the highest values of any individual we have observed for four out of /uniFB01 ve muscle groups, but not the hip /uniFB02 exors, which were inferior to three of the elite 100-m sprinters ( n ¼ 5).\n\nCompared with untrained control participants ( n ¼ 11), all 22 of the WSM ' s individual muscles/compartments were larger than untrained controls (Table 2 and Fig. 3). However, the differences in muscle volume were extremely variable, with the biggest differences being for the ' guy ropes, ' which were 2.5 -3.0 times that of untrained controls ( þ 140% gracilis; þ 157% ST; þ 202% sartorius), compared with more modest differences such as 23% (BFsh) and 32% (iliopsoas) greater.\n\n## Quadriceps Femoris and Hamstring Size\n\nOverall quadriceps femoris volume of the WSM (4,386 cm 3 ) was 127% greater than a large, pooled population of untrained controls (1,932 ± 336; n ¼ 102), 66% greater than subelite sprinters (2,636 ± 401 cm 3 ), 53% greater than long-term resistancetrained individuals (2,876 ± 311 cm 3 ), and 36% greater than elite\n\nFigure 3. Percentage differences in muscle volumes of all muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, and 23 individual muscles/compartments between the World ' s Strongest Man and deadlift champion (WSM; n ¼ 1) and untrained control participants ( n ¼ 11) from the work by Miller et al. (13). A positive value indicates greater muscle volume of WSM relative to the group mean of the untrained controls. The functional muscle groups and individual muscles are ordered according to the magnitude of the percentage differences for absolute muscle volume.\n\n", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7590,6 +7590,12 @@ "page_end": 28, "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic | Consultation with the MS nurse (20 min) to address work-related issues based on a structured guide comprising the following themes: knowledge of MS at the workplace, experienced work-related challenges due to MS, potential needs and facilitators . Physiotherapy assessment (60 min) to explore the potential for changes in balance and walking aiming to turn focus toward possibilities and thus, |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Based on these assessments the MS nurse and the physiotherapist indicated the aspects of importance on a standardized form to inform the municipal physiotherapist. |\n| | Standardized testing (baseline, for the RCT). |\n| Week 2 - 5: Municipality | Physiotherapy assessment (60 - 90 min) to explore the patient ' s impairments and potential for improvements in a clinical examination prior to group-training. |\n| | Indoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). There were three to /uniFB01 ve participants in each group and one physiotherapist. Trunk control, balance and physical activity were addressed (GroupCoreDIST). Participants received a link to CoreDIST digital exercise-videos and were advised to do them 1 × weekly throughout the intervention. (videos can be accessed here: https://www.nord.no/en/node/35,098) |\n| | Digital meeting with a multidisciplinary team (pwMS, employer, physiotherapist & MS nurse) (20 min) regarding barriers to work participation and needs for adaptations regarding work and physical activity, according to a structured meeting-guide (one meeting). |\n| Week 6 | Standardized testing (midway, for the RCT). |\n| Week 7 - 10: Municipality | Outdoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). A maximum of ten participants and two physiotherapists were included in each group. Trunk control and balance (GroupCoreDIST exercises) were addressed, and high-intensity walking or running was performed. The intervention was conducted in a city park where both /uniFB02 at and uneven surfaces and hilly terrain were available (Table 2). |", "page_start": 2, @@ -7619,12 +7625,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "before 1960 was removed and because DIP tests are only administered to those aged 18 and over, so only using data to 2013 means it would not be possible for anyone to be born in 1996 or afterwards to be included. Even so, it is clear from the year-of-birth distribution (Figure 2) that positive opiate tests drop off sharply for those born after 1982. This is in line with other evidence suggesting that the number of new users of opiates decreased sharply in the 2000s. This needs to be considered when interpreting the analysis that follows. When DIP and the NDTMS treatment system began in the mid-2000s, there already existed a cohort of around 320,000 OCUs, according to available estimates by Hay et al ., (2013). And most of these individuals began using opiates/crack during the epidemic years of the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of data capture this means it is hard to separate the gradual inclusion of more and more individuals from this original cohort from genuinely new users of these drugs.\n\nFigure 2: Year of birth distribution for all opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.\n\n\n\nFigure 3, which shows the age of the individual at a positive test, also reveals that although the average age at positive test is 32, the peak is quite flat, with high numbers of positive tests still being recorded by individuals in their late 30s and even into their 40s.", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7659,10 +7659,16 @@ "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, { - "text": "given the heterogenic pathology and symptoms of MS (41, 42). However, our /uniFB01 ndings illuminate qualitative aspects of how to achieve tailored and meaningful intersubjective interactions in an exercise intervention.\n\nWe consider the instances of the physiotherapist running together with the participant, which were perceived as important for participants ' performance, to be an example of ' participatory sense-making ' (22) . As participants appreciated being guided or even pushed by the physiotherapists, it appears that the physiotherapists were trusted in directing this interaction. As such, we argue that the physiotherapists ' ability to adapt to participants ' movements, speech and gestures -tailoring the interaction to their needs -was important for this ability to be perceived as purposeful. This is supported by the few negative incidents described where the participant-physiotherapist interaction seemed to not be jointly coordinated and appeared to fail. The reported mutual in /uniFB02 uences of sensorimotor capabilities and interpersonal coordination, with the physiotherapists but also the group, are in accordance with sensorimotor capacities and intersubjective interactions being important for sensemaking in the world (35). The bene /uniFB01 ts of these individualized participant-physiotherapist interactions are also described in speci /uniFB01 c core-stability exercises in indoor groups (16, 43) and are in line with the theoretical framework of facilitation of movement through hands-on interaction previously proposed (44, 45). Our study informs new knowledge of physiotherapistparticipant interactions to achieve the recommended highintensity training and calls for physiotherapy clinical reasoning through bodily and verbal communication skills adapted to the participants ' responses in an ongoing and situated way.\n\nEnjoyment has previously been reported to promote PA in pwMS, and our study brings requested knowledge of what can constitute enjoyment in an exercise intervention (46): playful group-exercise tasks, a cheerful physiotherapist, and the outdoor environment.\n\nThe appreciation of being active outdoors in the study sample aligns with that in the general population (47). The outdoors provided a natural environment, which both invited participants to actively explore abilities thought of as left behind after their diagnosis with MS, such as running, and provided an appreciated break from focusing on MS symptoms. We also suggest that the positive experiences of mastering the challenging weather conditions and the added meaning of exercising among other people in the city park can be explained according to such terms. These positive experiences show how we are enmeshed in our history, context and social encounters (35) and how these aspects should also be accounted for when designing exercise interventions.\n\n## 4.3 Methodological considerations\n\nThe design and methods were adequate for deriving knowledge from individuals ' experiences. The participants selfreferred to the intervention and were recruited based on pre-set criteria. This approach yielded rich information from people with mild to moderate disabilities due to MS who were\n\nmotivated for physical activity (PA), employed, and residing in northern Norway. Ethnicity or socio-economic class were not recorded. However, considering that all these factors can in /uniFB02 uence PA engagement (46), it is possible that additional aspects of the phenomenon could be uncovered in a different sample (48). There was a higher percentage of women participating than men; however, this corresponds to the gender distribution in the MS population (1).\n\nThe use of enactive theory was innovative within the /uniFB01 eld and allowed for, in particular, new aspects of importance for selfef /uniFB01 cacy to be identi /uniFB01 ed. Transference of our results to similar populations can be achieved through theoretical generalization (28).\n\n## 4.4 Implications for clinical practice", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + "text": "- 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "given the heterogenic pathology and symptoms of MS (41, 42). However, our /uniFB01 ndings illuminate qualitative aspects of how to achieve tailored and meaningful intersubjective interactions in an exercise intervention.\n\nWe consider the instances of the physiotherapist running together with the participant, which were perceived as important for participants ' performance, to be an example of ' participatory sense-making ' (22) . As participants appreciated being guided or even pushed by the physiotherapists, it appears that the physiotherapists were trusted in directing this interaction. As such, we argue that the physiotherapists ' ability to adapt to participants ' movements, speech and gestures -tailoring the interaction to their needs -was important for this ability to be perceived as purposeful. This is supported by the few negative incidents described where the participant-physiotherapist interaction seemed to not be jointly coordinated and appeared to fail. The reported mutual in /uniFB02 uences of sensorimotor capabilities and interpersonal coordination, with the physiotherapists but also the group, are in accordance with sensorimotor capacities and intersubjective interactions being important for sensemaking in the world (35). The bene /uniFB01 ts of these individualized participant-physiotherapist interactions are also described in speci /uniFB01 c core-stability exercises in indoor groups (16, 43) and are in line with the theoretical framework of facilitation of movement through hands-on interaction previously proposed (44, 45). Our study informs new knowledge of physiotherapistparticipant interactions to achieve the recommended highintensity training and calls for physiotherapy clinical reasoning through bodily and verbal communication skills adapted to the participants ' responses in an ongoing and situated way.\n\nEnjoyment has previously been reported to promote PA in pwMS, and our study brings requested knowledge of what can constitute enjoyment in an exercise intervention (46): playful group-exercise tasks, a cheerful physiotherapist, and the outdoor environment.\n\nThe appreciation of being active outdoors in the study sample aligns with that in the general population (47). The outdoors provided a natural environment, which both invited participants to actively explore abilities thought of as left behind after their diagnosis with MS, such as running, and provided an appreciated break from focusing on MS symptoms. We also suggest that the positive experiences of mastering the challenging weather conditions and the added meaning of exercising among other people in the city park can be explained according to such terms. These positive experiences show how we are enmeshed in our history, context and social encounters (35) and how these aspects should also be accounted for when designing exercise interventions.\n\n## 4.3 Methodological considerations\n\nThe design and methods were adequate for deriving knowledge from individuals ' experiences. The participants selfreferred to the intervention and were recruited based on pre-set criteria. This approach yielded rich information from people with mild to moderate disabilities due to MS who were\n\nmotivated for physical activity (PA), employed, and residing in northern Norway. Ethnicity or socio-economic class were not recorded. However, considering that all these factors can in /uniFB02 uence PA engagement (46), it is possible that additional aspects of the phenomenon could be uncovered in a different sample (48). There was a higher percentage of women participating than men; however, this corresponds to the gender distribution in the MS population (1).\n\nThe use of enactive theory was innovative within the /uniFB01 eld and allowed for, in particular, new aspects of importance for selfef /uniFB01 cacy to be identi /uniFB01 ed. Transference of our results to similar populations can be achieved through theoretical generalization (28).\n\n## 4.4 Implications for clinical practice", + "page_start": 8, + "page_end": 8, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, { "text": "## 1 Introduction\n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive in /uniFB02 ammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30 -40 years of age (1). A great concern is the signi /uniFB01 cantly lower levels of physical activity (PA) in people with MS (pwMS) across disability levels than in their healthy counterparts (2, 3).\n\nEarly promotion of PA and exercise is recommended due to numerous established bene /uniFB01 ts in health, symptom management and well-being for pwMS (4). In particular, high-intensity training is endorsed, as it has possible neuroprotective effects in the disease course (5, 6). In addition, exercises addressing sensorimotor impairments (e.g., reduced muscle strength, reduced neuromuscular control) are recommended, as they target individuals ' capability to remain physically active (7). Sensorimotor impairments can in /uniFB02 uence trunk control, which is commonly disturbed in pwMS, even when disability is low (8, 9), and correlate with impaired balance, walking capacity and distance (10, 11). PwMS ' s knowledge of exercise bene /uniFB01 ts, attitudes and motivations, as well as contextual aspects such as lack of optimal exercise interventions, accessibility and support, affect the level of PA and exercise participation (12).\n\nCoreDISTparticipation (Table 1) is a new comprehensive intervention addressing sensorimotor function, trunk control, high-intensity running/walking and work participation in pwMS with low disability (13). It is based on the GroupCoreDIST 1 intervention, which has been shown to have signi /uniFB01 cant shortand long-term effects on trunk control, balance and walking among pwMS (14, 15). However, no effects of the intervention on objectively measured PA have been identi /uniFB01 ed, even though the participants reported perceptions of new possibilities to be\n\nDiscussion: High-intensity training combined with detailed exercises in a physiotherapy outdoor group was perceived to create meaningful bodily changes and enhance PA and prospects for both PA and life. Importantly, however, some negative experiences were also reported from the high-intensity training. Enactive theory allowed for the illumination of new perspectives: the importance of embodiment for self-ef /uniFB01 cacy and of tailored physiotherapy and an outdoor-group environment for exploring one ' s own limits to physical capabilities. These aspects should inform future exercise interventions in pwMS with low disability.\n\nKEYWORDS\n\nphysical activity, physiotherapy, multiple sclerosis, qualitative study, exercise therapy, postural balance, enactive theory\n\nphysically active as their sensorimotor impairments improved (16). To address PA challenges in pwMS, GroupCoreDIST was further developed to include a four-week period of outdoor training, in which high-intensity walking/running and GroupCoreDIST exercises are integrated (Table 2). To our knowledge, combinations of high-intensity training and rehabilitation of speci /uniFB01 c sensorimotor functions have been sparsely explored. Patient perspectives are essential for the evaluation of healthcare interventions (17); however, the new outdoor component of CoreDISTparticipation has yet to be investigated from a /uniFB01 rst-person perspective. Particularly interesting is what participants perceive as meaningful regarding the intervention, as this is essential for motivation, motor learning and exercise adherence (18).", @@ -7693,12 +7699,6 @@ "page_start": 12, "page_end": 12, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Resource\n\nResearch (FIBRE) and the UCI Institute for Clinical and Translational Science for phlebotomy assistance; B. Tranquada-Torres, R. Woodry and N. Hatamian for their assistance with data collection, as well as P. Mozayeni, C. Taylor, B. Peng and P.J.C. Peng for their support; and S. Kühn and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development for creating the Day2Day dataset and sharing it with our team. The authors would also like to thank M. Martínez-García, S. Carmona, S. Grafton, J. Gonzalez-Castillo and P. Bandettini for their insightful discussions and feedback on this project. This study was supported by the Ann S. Bowers Women's Brain Health Initiative (to E.G.J. and C.T.), UC Irvine Campus Funds (to E.R.C.), UC Academic Senate (to E.G.J.), ReproGrants (to H.G., E.G.J. and E.R.C.), NIH F99AG07979 (to L.P.), NIH T32 AG00096-40 (to D.C.), NIH AG063843 (to E.G.J.) and NIH ZIAMH002783 (to J.F. and D.A.H.).\n\n## Author contributions\n\nL.P., C.M.T., E.R.C. and E.G.J. conceived the overall study. L.P., C.M.T., D.C., T.S., E.L., E.R.C. and E.G.J. performed the experiments. L.P., C.M.T., D.C., J.F., T.S., D.A.H., E.R.C. and E.G.J. conceived the data analysis strategy. L.P., C.M.T. and D.C. implemented the data analysis strategy.\n\nL.P., C.M.T., D.C., E.R.C. and E.G.J. wrote the manuscript. J.F., T.S., H.G., D.A.H. and E.L. edited the manuscript.\n\n## Competing interests\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\n## Additional information\n\nSupplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01741-0.\n\nCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Laura Pritschet, Elizabeth R. Chrastil or Emily G. Jacobs.\n\nPeer review information Nature Neuroscience thanks Jessica Bernard and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.\n\nReprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7763,15 +7763,15 @@ "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, { - "text": "To deepen our understanding of what the participants perceive as meaningful, we turn to a theoretical perspective that integrates bodily capacities with the construction of meaning. Enactive theory emphasizes that making sense of the world depends essentially on the biological (living) body and the phenomenological (lived or experienced) body (19), which implies that the body is viewed as a neurobiological organism that is concurrently experiencing, expressing and social (embodiment) (20). Thus, what is experienced by an individual during an exercise intervention is constituted by her sensorimotor repertoire for perception and action in interactions with the requirements of the task and the context (21). From this perspective, dysfunctions related to MS, such as sensorimotor impairments, can in /uniFB02 uence how individuals with MS interpret and understand their participation in a PA intervention. Moreover, the notion of ' participatory sensemaking ' (22) extends the body into the social domain, enabling an understanding of how the interaction processes between two embodied individuals affect shared and individual meaning-making. These concepts may illuminate pwMS ' s experiences and direct the focus toward bodily, contextual, and interactional aspects that may generate new insights regarding sensorimotor exercise and high-intensity training as part of PA.\n\nThe aim of this study was to explore participants ' experiences of the content, delivery and setting of a new outdoor group intervention combining high-intensity training and detailed exercises to generate new knowledge about important aspects of exercise interventions for pwMS with low disability.", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, + "text": "- 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, { - "text": "| The outdoor environment | How was it to exercise outdoors? |\n| | How did you perceive the city park environment for exercise? |\n| Closing questions | Are there any experiences from participation that you would like to elaborate on? Is anything related to this project that we have not talked about that you would like to say? |", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, + "text": "To deepen our understanding of what the participants perceive as meaningful, we turn to a theoretical perspective that integrates bodily capacities with the construction of meaning. Enactive theory emphasizes that making sense of the world depends essentially on the biological (living) body and the phenomenological (lived or experienced) body (19), which implies that the body is viewed as a neurobiological organism that is concurrently experiencing, expressing and social (embodiment) (20). Thus, what is experienced by an individual during an exercise intervention is constituted by her sensorimotor repertoire for perception and action in interactions with the requirements of the task and the context (21). From this perspective, dysfunctions related to MS, such as sensorimotor impairments, can in /uniFB02 uence how individuals with MS interpret and understand their participation in a PA intervention. Moreover, the notion of ' participatory sensemaking ' (22) extends the body into the social domain, enabling an understanding of how the interaction processes between two embodied individuals affect shared and individual meaning-making. These concepts may illuminate pwMS ' s experiences and direct the focus toward bodily, contextual, and interactional aspects that may generate new insights regarding sensorimotor exercise and high-intensity training as part of PA.\n\nThe aim of this study was to explore participants ' experiences of the content, delivery and setting of a new outdoor group intervention combining high-intensity training and detailed exercises to generate new knowledge about important aspects of exercise interventions for pwMS with low disability.", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" } ] @@ -7978,6 +7978,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 26 K. S. Raman, R. Moessner, S. L. Sondhi, Phys. Rev. B 72 , 064413 (2005).\n - 27 D. F. Schroeter, E. Kapit, R. Thomale, and M. Greiter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 097202 (2007); R. Thomale, E. Kapit, D. F. Schroeter, and M. Greiter, Phys. Rev. B 80 , 104406 (2009).\n - 28 O. Tchernyshyov, R. Moessner, S. L. Sondhi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 , 067203 (2002).\n - 29 F. Becca, F. Mila, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 , 037204 (2002).\n - 30 K. Penc, N. Shannon, H. Shiba, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 197203 (2004).\n - 31 C. Weber, F. Becca, F. Mila, Phys. Rev. B 72 , 024449 (2005).\n - 32 G.-W. Chern, C. J. Fennie, O. Tchernyshyov, Phys. Rev.\n - B 74 , 060405(R) (2006).\n - 33 D. L. Bergman, R. Shindou, G. A. Fiete, L. Balents, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 134409 (2006).\n - 34 Fa Wang, Ashvin Vishwanath, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 077201 (2008).\n - 35 O. Tchernyshyov, G.-W. Chern, arXiv:0907.1693 (2009).\n - 36 Y. Taguchi, Y. Oohara, H. Yoshizawa, N. Nagaosa, Y. Tokura, Science 291 , 2573 (2001).\n - 37 X. G. Wen, Frank Wilczek, A. Zee, Phys. Rev. B 39, 11413 (1989); X. G. Wen, Phys. Rev. B 40 , 7387 (1989).\n - 38 Dimitris I. Tsomokos, Juan Jos'e Garc'ıa-Ripoll, Nigel R. Cooper, Jiannis K. Pachos, Phys. Rev. A 77 , 012106 (2008).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" + }, { "text": "modified MFLI models. It is interesting that this holds despite the fact that for large λ CB model displays the physics one apparently needs to reverse the sign of ∆ W K - the absence of the quasiparticle peak in the NS and its emergence in the SCS accompanied by the dip and the hump at larger energies. The absence of coherent quasiparticle in the NS at large λ is also apparent form Fig 21 where we show the normal state distribution functions for two different λ . For large λ the jump (which indicates the presence of quasiparticles) virtually disappears.\n\nOn a more careful look, we found that indifference of δW ( ω c ) to the increase of λ is merely the consequence of the fact that above we kept λω sf constant. Indeed, at small frequencies, fermionic self-energy in the NS is Σ ' = λω , Σ' = λ 2 ω 2 / ( λω sf ), and both Σ ' and Σ '' increase with λ if we keep λω sf constant. But at frequencies larger than ω sf , which we actually probe by ∆ W ( ω c ), the selfenergy essentially depends only on λω sf , and increasing λ but keeping λω sf constant does not bring us closer to the physics associated with the recovery of electron coherence in the SCS. To detect this physics, we need to see how things evolve when we increase λω sf above the scale of ∆ , i.e., consider a truly strong coupling when not only λ /greatermuch 1 but also the normal state Σ NS ( ω ≥ ∆) >> ∆.\n\nTo address this issue, we took a larger λ for the same ω sf and re-did the calculation of the conductivities and optical integrals. The results for σ ( ω ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) are presented in Fig. 22. We found the same behavior as before, i.e., ∆ W K is negative. But we also found that the larger is the overall scale for the self-energy, the larger is a frequency of zero-crossing of ∆ W ( ω c ). In particular, for the same λ and ω sf that were used in Ref. 33 to fit the NS conductivity data, the zero crossing is at ∼ 0 . 8 eV which is quite close to the bandwidth. This implies that at a truly strong coupling the frequency at which ∆ W ( ω c ) changes sign can well be larger than the bandwidth of 1 eV in which case ∆ W integrated up to the bandwidth does indeed remain positive. Such behavior would be consistent with Refs.8,9. we also see from Fig. 22 that ∆ W K becomes small at a truly strong coupling, and over a wide range of frequencies the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) is predominantly governed by ∆ f ( ω c ), i.e. by the cut-off term. 50 The implication is that, to first approximation, ∆ W K can be neglected and positive ∆ W ( w c ) integrated to a frequency where it is still positive is almost compensated by the integral over larger frequencies. This again would be consistent with the experimental data in Refs. 8,9.\n\nIt is also instructive to understand the interplay between the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) and the behavior of the difference of the kinetic energy between the SCS and the NS, δ KE . We computed the kinetic energy as a function of λω sf and present the results in Fig. 23 for λ = 1 and 10. For a relatively weak λ = 1 the behavior is clearly BCS likeδ KE > 0 and increases with increasing λω sf . However, at large λ = 10, we see that the kinetic energy begin decreasing at large λω sf and eventually changes sign. The behavior of δ KE at a truly strong coupling is\n\nconsistent with earlier calculation of the kinetic energy for Ornstein-Zernike form of the spin susceptibility 43 .\n\nWe clearly see that the increase of the zero crossing frequency of ∆ W ( ω c ) at a truly strong coupling is correlated with the non-BCS behavior of δ KE . At the same time, the behavior of δW ( ω c ) is obviously not driven by the kinetic energy as eventually δW ( ω c ) changes sign and become negative. Rather, the increase in the frequency range where ∆ W ( ω c ) remains positive and non-BCS behavior of δ KE are two indications of the same effect that fermions are incoherent in the NS but acquire coherence in the SCS.\n\n## III. CONCLUSION", "page_start": 13, @@ -7989,12 +7995,6 @@ "page_start": 12, "page_end": 12, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "∆\n\nFIG. 6: Evolution of ∆ W in the presence of a lattice (solid line) compared with the case of no lattice(a constant DOS, dashed line) for clean and dirty limits. ∆ = 30 meV , Γ = 3 . 5 meV (clean limit), Γ = 150 meV (dirty limit)\n\n\n\nΣ ' ( ω ) = -1 2 λ n ω o Re ∫ dω ' 1 ω 2 o -ω ' 2 -iδ ω + ω ' √ ( ω + ω ' ) 2 -∆ 2 (16)\n\nObserve that Σ '' ( ω ) is no-zero only for ω < -ω o -∆. Also, although it does not straightforwardly follow from Eq. 16, but real and imaginary parts of the self-energy do satisfy Σ ' ( ω ) = -Σ ' ( -ω ) and Σ '' ( ω ) = Σ '' ( -ω ).\n\nFig7 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) and Kubo sums W K as a function of the dimensionless coupling λ . We see that, like in the previous case, the Kubo sum in the NS is larger than that in the SCS. The difference ∆ W K is between 5 and 8 meV.\n\nFig 8 shows the evolution of the optical integrals. Here we see the difference with the BCSI model - only about 75% of the optical integral is recovered, both in the NS and SCS, when we integrate up to the bandwidth of 1 eV . The rest comes from higher frequencies.\n\nIn Fig 9 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of ω c . We see the same behavior as in the BCSI model in a clean limit - ∆ W ( ω c ) is positive at small frequencies, crosses zero at some ω c , passes through a deep minimum at a larger frequency, and eventually saturates at a negative value at the largest w c . However, in distinction to BCSI model, ∆ W ( ω c ) keeps varying with ω c up a much larger scale and saturates only at around 0 . 8 eV . In between the dip at 0 . 1 eV and 0 . 8 eV , the behavior of the optical integral is predominantly determined by the variation of the cut-off term ∆ f ( ω c ) as evidenced by a close similarity between the behavior of the actual ∆ W and ∆ W in the absence\n\n1\n\nFIG. 7: Top- conductivities in the NS and the SCS for the EB model. The conductivity in the NS vanishes below ω 0 because of no phase space for scattering. Bottom - Kubo sums as a function of coupling. Observe that W K in the SCS is below that in the NS. We set ω o = 40 meV , ∆ = 30 meV , λ = . 5\n\n\n\nFIG. 8: Evolution of the optical integrals in the EB model. Note that W (0) has a non zero value at T = 0 in the NS because the self-energy at small frequencies is purely real and linear in ω , hence the polarization bubble Π(0) = 0, as in an ideal Fermi gas. Parameters are the same as in fig. 7\n\n\n\nc\n\n/negationslash", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8324,6 +8324,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, { "text": "where ˜ D ( i ) kl are the c-number Langevin di ff usion coe ffi cients, related to quantum Langevin di ff usion coe ffi cients D ( i ) kl as in [27].\n\nSteady-state solutions: The steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser operation are obtained by dropping the noise terms of the cnumber Langevin equations and setting the time derivatives equal to zero. The analytical solutions are very complex, and one could numerically solve the steady-state equations. In this paper, we only care about the bad cavity limit γ max /lessmuch T -1 /lessmuch τ -1 /lessmuch κ/ 2. Since the atomic transit time is much shorter than the damping times of atomic variables, one could ignore the e ff ect of the spontaneous emission of the atom. By the standard way [25], We get the following steady-state values:\n\n∣ ∣ ∣ ˜ Ass ∣ ∣ ∣ 2 = R (1 -A 0 + A 1 -A 2) κ = R ( B 0 -B 1 + B 2) κ ,\n\n˜ Nass = R τ 2 [ 1 + C 0 -C 1 + C 2 g τ √ κ R ( B 0 -B 1 + B 2) ] ,", "page_start": 1, @@ -8359,12 +8365,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## C ORNING T ECHNOLOGIES\n\n\n\nEnvironmental T overall R&D investment. We 1970s. Today emission control business is today in Erwin, N.Y in support of this great diesel opportunity.\n\nOur Semiconductor Optics business - with some exciting new and continued breakthroughs in the creation of HPFS ® fused silica -chemistry and metrology.\n\n\n\nS EMICONDUCTOR O PTICS: CALCIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTALS\n\n\n\n\n\nE NABLING : MICROCIRCUIT LINES AT 1/1000 THE WIDTH OF A HUMAN HAIR\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8404,6 +8404,24 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030 (2009).\n - [8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n - [9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n - [10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n - [11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n - [12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n - [13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].\n - [14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n - [15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n - [16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n - [17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n - [18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n - [19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n - [20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n - [21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n - [22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n - [23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n - [24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n - [25] Z. Ahmed et al. [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].\n - [26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" + }, { "text": "cus on the stimulated emission spectrum via multiple coherent interactions inside the cavity. We find this Ramsey laser can provide a stimulated-emission spectrum with a linewidth much narrower than that of any conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy, which is commonly applied in optical atomic clock. Our results also show that a subnatural linewidth spectroscopy, superior to any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10], can be reached by this kind of laser, if a suitable atomic level structure is chosen. Thus, this method can provide an e ff ective subnatural spectroscopy, and the possibilities for the new optical clock scheme [15] and atom interferometers [2].\n\nTheoretical framework: We consider the case of a two-level atomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity of separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode linewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus we call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. All atoms are pumped onto the upper lasing state a before entering the first cavity of seperated field, and the lower lasing state is b . We assume all the atoms have the same velocities υ , that means what we consider here is a homogeneous laser system. And for the sake of simplicity, we consider the two-standing waves linear optical Ramsey configuration with a grid as spatial selector [20, 21]. Our treatment can be extended to other configurations as in [22-24]. The length of each oscillating part is l , and the length of the free drift region is L . The corresponding Hamiltonian is\n\nH = /planckover2pi1 ω ˆ a † ˆ a + /planckover2pi1 ∑ j [ ω j a ( t ) σ j a + ω j b ( t ) σ j b ] + /planckover2pi1 g ∑ j Γ j ( t )(ˆ a † ˆ σ j -e -i /vector k · /vector rj + ˆ σ j + ˆ ae i /vector k · /vector rj ) , (1)\n\nwhere ˆ a , ˆ a † are the annihilation and creation operators of the field mode inside the cavity, with the frequency ω , σ j a = ( | a 〉 〈 a | ) j and σ j b = ( | b 〉 〈 b | ) j are the projection operators for the jth atom corresponding to the upper and lower lasing levels,", "page_start": 0, @@ -8421,24 +8439,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1\n\nFIG. 11: The evolution of the optical integral in the NS (top) and the SCS (bottom) in the original MFLI model. Parameters are the same as above. Note that only ∼ 75 -80% of the spectral weight is recovered up to 1 eV .\n\n\n\nFIG. 12: Evolution of the difference of the optical integrals in the SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c . Parameters are the same as before. Observe that the optical sum in the SCS is larger than in the NS and that ∆ W has not yet reached ∆ W K up to the bandwidth. The dashed line is the FGT result.\n\n\n\nc\n\nThis clearly affects n k because it is expressed via the full Green's function and competes with the conventional effect of the gap opening. The distribution function from this model, which we show in Fig.2b brings this point out by showing that in a MFLI model, at /epsilon1 < 0, n k in a superconductor is larger than n k in the normal state, in clear difference with the BCSI case.\n\nWe analyzed the original MFLI model for various parameters and found that the behavior presented in Fig. 12, where ∆ W ( ω c ) > 0 for all frequencies, is typical but\n\nFIG. 13: Behavior of W K with Γ for the original MFLI model at very small α = 0 . 05. We set ω 1 = ∆ = 32 meV . Observe the inconsistency with W K in the BCSI model in Fig 4.\n\n\n\nFIG. 14: The special case of α = 1 . 5,Γ = 5 meV , other parameters the same as in Fig. 10. These parameters are chosen to illustrate that two sign changes (indicated by arrows in the figure) are also possible within the original MFLI model.\n\n\n\nnot not a generic one. There exists a range of parameters α and Γ where ∆ W K is still positive, but ∆ W ( ω c ) changes the sign twice and is negative at intermediate frequencies. We show an example of such behavior in Fig14. Still, for most of the parameters, the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) is the same as in Fig. 12.\n\nOn more careful looking we found the problem with the original MFLI model. We recall that in this model the self-energy in the SCS state was obtained by just cutting the NS self energy at ω 1 (see Eq.18). We argue that this phenomenological formalism is not fully consistent, at least for small α . Indeed, for α = 0, the MFLI model reduces to BCSI model for which the behavior of the selfenergy is given by Eq. (12). This self-energy evolves with ω and Σ '' has a square-root singularity at ω = ∆ + ω o (with ω o = 0). Meanwhile Σ '' in the original MFLI model in Eq. (18) simply jumps to zero at ω = ω 1 = ∆, and this happens for all values of α including α = 0 where the MFLI and BCSI model should merge. This inconsistency is reflected in Fig 13, where we plot the near-BCS limit of MFLI model by taking a very small α = 0 . 05. We see that the optical integral W K in the SCS still remains larger than in the NS over a wide range of Γ, in clear difference with the exactly known behavior in the BCSI", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We also see from Fig. 4 that ∆ W K decreases with Γ reflecting the fact that with too much impurity scattering there is little difference in n k between NS and SCS.\n\nFig 5 shows the optical sum in NS and SCS in clean and dirty limits (the parameters are stated in the figure). This plot shows that the Kubo sums are almost completely recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth of 1 eV : the recovery is 95% in the clean limit and ∼ 90% in the dirty limit. In Fig 6 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of ω c in clean and dirty limits. ∆ W ( ∞ ) is now non-zero, in agreement with Fig. 4 and we also see that there is", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our method of Ramsey laser is suitable for any atoms with metastable energy level, as an example, we choose the transition from the metastable state 4 s 4 p 3 P 1 to the ground state 4 s 2 1 S 0 of 40 Ca to check the striking feature of this laser: subnatural linewidth. As mentioned in [29], the corresponding natural linewidth of the metastable state 4 s 4 p 3 P 1 is 320Hz. As in the recently proposed active optical clock with atomic beam [15], the velocity of the atoms in thermal atomic beam is about 500m / s, and the length of the interaction region is about 1mm, then the time for the atom to traverse each coherentinteraction region is on the order of magnitude of 1 µ s. If a bad cavity with κ is on the order of 10 7 Hz, the relation κ/ 2 /greatermuch τ -1 is satisfied. Then when g is on the order of the magnitude of kHz, which can be easily achieved for current technique [30], from the linewidth expression of Eq.(16) the order of magnitude of linewidth is below 1 Hz. This means the linewidth of a Ramsey laser can be more than two orders of magnitude narrower than the atomic natural linewidth, therefore our Ramsey method provides a new subnatural spectroscopy technique. And since it is stimulated-emission spectrum, it overcomes the di ffi culty in other subnatural linewidth spectroscopy schemes where the quick reduction of signal to noise ratio is a formidable limit. We should point out that this Ramsey laser does not escape the limitation of all active optical clock: in order to pump atoms to the excited state effectively and to be stimulated emit photon during the lifetime of a metastable state, this new method will only be applicable to some special transitions [17].", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8449,8 +8449,8 @@ "target_page": 3, "target_passage": " For regular injection (p = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection (p = 0), the linewidth is the broadest.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -8484,6 +8484,12 @@ "page_end": 252, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "1\n\nFIG. 11: The evolution of the optical integral in the NS (top) and the SCS (bottom) in the original MFLI model. Parameters are the same as above. Note that only ∼ 75 -80% of the spectral weight is recovered up to 1 eV .\n\n\n\nFIG. 12: Evolution of the difference of the optical integrals in the SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c . Parameters are the same as before. Observe that the optical sum in the SCS is larger than in the NS and that ∆ W has not yet reached ∆ W K up to the bandwidth. The dashed line is the FGT result.\n\n\n\nc\n\nThis clearly affects n k because it is expressed via the full Green's function and competes with the conventional effect of the gap opening. The distribution function from this model, which we show in Fig.2b brings this point out by showing that in a MFLI model, at /epsilon1 < 0, n k in a superconductor is larger than n k in the normal state, in clear difference with the BCSI case.\n\nWe analyzed the original MFLI model for various parameters and found that the behavior presented in Fig. 12, where ∆ W ( ω c ) > 0 for all frequencies, is typical but\n\nFIG. 13: Behavior of W K with Γ for the original MFLI model at very small α = 0 . 05. We set ω 1 = ∆ = 32 meV . Observe the inconsistency with W K in the BCSI model in Fig 4.\n\n\n\nFIG. 14: The special case of α = 1 . 5,Γ = 5 meV , other parameters the same as in Fig. 10. These parameters are chosen to illustrate that two sign changes (indicated by arrows in the figure) are also possible within the original MFLI model.\n\n\n\nnot not a generic one. There exists a range of parameters α and Γ where ∆ W K is still positive, but ∆ W ( ω c ) changes the sign twice and is negative at intermediate frequencies. We show an example of such behavior in Fig14. Still, for most of the parameters, the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) is the same as in Fig. 12.\n\nOn more careful looking we found the problem with the original MFLI model. We recall that in this model the self-energy in the SCS state was obtained by just cutting the NS self energy at ω 1 (see Eq.18). We argue that this phenomenological formalism is not fully consistent, at least for small α . Indeed, for α = 0, the MFLI model reduces to BCSI model for which the behavior of the selfenergy is given by Eq. (12). This self-energy evolves with ω and Σ '' has a square-root singularity at ω = ∆ + ω o (with ω o = 0). Meanwhile Σ '' in the original MFLI model in Eq. (18) simply jumps to zero at ω = ω 1 = ∆, and this happens for all values of α including α = 0 where the MFLI and BCSI model should merge. This inconsistency is reflected in Fig 13, where we plot the near-BCS limit of MFLI model by taking a very small α = 0 . 05. We see that the optical integral W K in the SCS still remains larger than in the NS over a wide range of Γ, in clear difference with the exactly known behavior in the BCSI", "page_start": 8, @@ -8497,22 +8503,16 @@ "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" }, { - "text": "| | mvi 1(r14),c' ' Put in blank 01160005 |\n| la r14,2(,r14) Skip 01170005 | |\n| | 01180005 |\n| c r3,=f'60' More than 60 chars 01190005 | jnh singlwto No - issue it 01200005 |\n| | lhi r3,60 Only first 60 chars 01210005 |\n| | 01220005 |\n| * We only need to issue a single WTO 01230005 | |\n| | 01240005 |\n| | singlwto ds 0h 01250005 |\n| | la r4,msgtxt+2 Get start of text 01260005 |\n| | lr r15,r14 Get where we stopped 01270005 |\n| | sr r15,r4 Get how much we've done 01280005 ar r15,r3 add length of text 01290005 |\n| | stcm r15,b'0011',msgtxt Set the length 01300005 |\n| | bctr r3,0 subtract 1 01310005 |\n| | l r15,msgtxta Get source address 01320005 |\n| mvc wtoe,wto1 init the execute form 01350007 | 01340000 |", - "page_start": 279, - "page_end": 279, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 8 pretraining hyper-parameters for V-JEPA.\n\n| Hyper-parameter | ViT-L/16 224 | ViT-H/16 224 | ViT-H/16 384 |\n|-------------------------------|----------------|----------------------------------|----------------|\n| data | | | |\n| datasets | | VideoMix2M VideoMix2M VideoMix2M | |\n| resolution | 224 | 224 | 384 |\n| num\\_frames | 16 | 16 | 16 |\n| temporal\\_stride | 4 | 4 | 4 |\n| horizontal\\_flip | true | true | true |\n| random\\_resize\\_scale | (0.3, 1.0) | (0.3, 1.0) | (0.3, 1.0) |\n| random\\_resize\\_aspect\\_ratio | (0.75, 1.35) | (0.75, 1.35) | (0.75, 1.35) |\n| masking | | | |\n| block\\_aspect\\_ratio | (0.75, 1.5) | (0.75, 1.5) | (0.75, 1.5) |\n| shortrange\\_mask\\_num\\_blocks | 8 | 8 | 8 |\n| shortrange\\_mask\\_spatial\\_scale | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |\n| longrange\\_mask\\_num\\_blocks | 2 | 2 | 2 |\n| longrange\\_mask\\_spatial\\_scale | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 |\n| optimization | | | |\n| batch\\_size | 3072 | 3072 | 2400 |\n| total\\_number\\_ofiterations | 90000 | 90000 | 90000 |\n| warmup\\_iterations | 12000 | 12000 | 12000 |\n| lr | 6.25e-4 | 6.25 × 10 - 4 | 6.25 × 10 - 4 |\n| start\\_lr | 2 × 10 - 4 | 2 × 10 - 4 | 2 × 10 - 4 |\n| final\\_lr | 1 × 10 - 6 | 1 × 10 - 6 | 1 × 10 - 6 |\n| start\\_momentum | 0.998 | 0.998 | 0.998 |\n| final\\_momentum | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |\n| start\\_weight\\_decay | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |\n| final\\_weight\\_decay | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |\n| scheduler\\_scale\\_factor | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 |\n| architecture | | | |\n| patch\\_size | 16 | 16 | 16 |\n| tubelet\\_size | 2 | 2 | 2 |\n| pred\\_depth | 12 | 12 | 12 |\n| pred\\_embed\\_dim | 384 | 384 | 384 |\n| hardware | | | |\n| dtype | bfloat16 | bfloat16 | bfloat16 |\n| accelerator | A100 80G | A100 80G | A100 80G |", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" + "text": "The authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.\n\n- [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104 (2007).\n- [13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n- [14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n- [15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids (Academic Press, 1986).\n- [16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n- [17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 , 041202 (2002).\n- [18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Editora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n- [19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 , 333 (1984).\n- [20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol. Phys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n- [21] The average contact distance between a symmetric dumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, { - "text": "We also see from Fig. 4 that ∆ W K decreases with Γ reflecting the fact that with too much impurity scattering there is little difference in n k between NS and SCS.\n\nFig 5 shows the optical sum in NS and SCS in clean and dirty limits (the parameters are stated in the figure). This plot shows that the Kubo sums are almost completely recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth of 1 eV : the recovery is 95% in the clean limit and ∼ 90% in the dirty limit. In Fig 6 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of ω c in clean and dirty limits. ∆ W ( ∞ ) is now non-zero, in agreement with Fig. 4 and we also see that there is", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" + "text": "134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394 (1987).\n- 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).\n- 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999).\n- 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979).\n- 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York (1995).\n- 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8671,8 +8671,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar (but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag netic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx imately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -8706,6 +8706,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" }, + { + "text": "/s32\n\nFIG. 3. (color online) (a) Polarization-averaged Mn L 2 , 3 spectrum for a Fe/(Ga,Mn)As film; (b) XMCD spectra measured in remanence at 2 K; (c) XMCD spectra measured under a 1000 Oe applied field at 2 K; (d) XMCD spectrum measured under a 2000 Oe applied field at 300 K. XMCD spectra are obtained using TEY (thick red lines) and FY (thin blue lines) detection.\n\n\n\n/s32", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" + }, { "text": "dependence of different samples during the measurement stage. For each temperature we have usually performed three independent simulations, each one containing at least 2 × 10 5 measurements, taken after discarding up to 5 × 10 4 Monte Carlo steps in order to assure thermal equilibration.\n\nIn the proximity of the critical region the multiple histogram (MH) technique was also employed 21 , as it allows us to estimate the physical observables of interest over a whole temperature range in a substantially continuous way by interpolating results obtained from sets of simulations performed at some different temperatures.\n\nFor all the quantities of interest, the average value and the error estimate were obtained by the bootstrap resampling method 22 given that, as pointed out in Ref. 23, for a large enough number of measurements, this method turns out to be more accurate than the usual blocking technique. In our implementation, we pick out randomly a sizable number of measurements (typically, between 1 and 1 × 10 3 for the single simulation, and between 1 and 5 × 10 4 for the MH technique), and iterate the re-sampling at least one hundred times.\n\nThe thermodynamic observables we have investigated include the FM order parameter for each plane l :\n\nm l = √ ( m x l ) 2 +( m y l ) 2 , (2)\n\nwhich is related to the SO (2) symmetry breaking. At the same time, it turns out to be significant also the average order parameter of the film, defined as\n\nM = 1 n n ∑ l =1 m l . (3)\n\nTurning to the helical order, which is the relevant quantity for the Z 2 × SO (2) symmetry, we can explore it along two different directions. The first one is by the introduction of the chirality order parameter 1,2\n\nκ = 1 4( n -1) L 2 sin Q z ∑ 〈 ij 〉 [ S x i S y j -S y i S x j ] , (4)\n\nwhere the sum refers to spins belonging to NN layers i and j , respectively, while Q z is the bulk helical pitch vector along the z direction. The second possibility is that of looking at the integral of the structure factor:\n\nM HM = 1 K ∫ π 0 dq z S ( /vector q ) (5)\n\nwhere S ( /vector q ), with /vectorq = (0 , 0 , q z ), is the structure factor 24 (i.e. the Fourier transform of the spin correlation function) along the z-direction of the film, while the normalization factor K is the structure factor integral at T = 0. Although the use of the last observable can be seen as a suitable and elegant way to overcome the intrinsic difficulties met in defining a correct helical order parameter, free of any undue external bias (as the wave-vector Q z\n\nFIG. 2: (color online) Specific heat c v per spin vs. temperature for thickness n = 16 (for lateral dimension, see the legend inside the figure). Inset: Maximum of c v vs. L obtained through MH technique. The continuum red line is a power law fit.\n\n\n\nentering the definition of κ in Eq. (4)), we remind that such quantity has generally to be managed with particular care, as discussed in details in Refs. 14,15 , where it was shown that the presence of block structures prevents us to unambiguously relate the evolution of S ( /vectorq ) with the onset of helical order. However, for the specific case of the model under investigation such integrated quantity can still be considered a fairly significant order parameter, as no block structures emerge from the simulations (see below).\n\nIn order to get a clear picture of the critical region and to give an accurate estimate of the critical temperature, we look also at the following quantities\n\nc v = nL 2 β 2 ( 〈 e 2 〉 - 〈 e 〉 2 ) , (6)\n\n∂ β o = nL 2 ( �� oe 〉 - 〈 o 〉〈 e 〉 ) , (8)\n\nχ o = nL 2 β ( 〈 o 2 〉 - 〈 o 〉 2 ) , (7)\n\nu 4 ( o ) = 1 -〈 o 4 〉 3 〈 o 2 〉 2 , (9)", "page_start": 2, @@ -8729,12 +8735,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 7: (color online) ∆ ϕ l ( T ) vs. temperature for the surface planes, l = 1 (triangles), l = 2 (squares), l = 3 (diamonds), l = 4 (circles). Straight lines and full symbols: n = 8. Dashed lines and open symbols: n = 16.\n\n\n\nfilm leads to an effective 2d-like trend. Region ii ) looks however more intriguing, and requires a more accurate discussion, which can benefit from a careful comparison of the behaviour of a given quantity in regions i ) and ii ).\n\n/negationslash\n\nFor this purpose, we look at the temperature dependence of the rotation angle of the magnetization between NN planes. In Fig. 7, ∆ ϕ l ( T ) for n = 8 and n = 16 (continuous and dashed lines, respectively), is plotted for the outermost planes, l = 1 . . . 4. For both thicknesses, a monotonic trend is observed for all l , but at variance with what happens for the highest thickness, for n = 8 we see, starting from a temperature T /lessorsimilar T N (8), an abrupt drop of ∆ ϕ 3 and ∆ ϕ 4 , which rapidly reach an almost constant value, only slightly larger than ∆ ϕ 1 . In the temperature range T N (8) /lessorsimilar T < T C (8) we thus substantially observe the same small magnetic phase shifts between all NN layers, testifying an energetically stable quasi -FM configuration giving no contribution to the helical order parameters. The latter point can be made clearer by looking at the the peak position Q z,max of the structure factor S (0 , 0 , q z ). In Fig. 8 the average of Q z,max vs T is reported, again for n = 8 and for different lateral dimensions L 26 . As expected from the previous argument, we see that Q z,max = 0 for T N (8) < T < T C (8), while it begins to shift to higher values as soon as the temperature decreases below T N (8), making apparent a progressive fan stabilization with Q z,max = 0 and reaching a value of about 21 · for T = 10K.\n\nIn a previous study, where the magnetic properties of Ho thin films were investigated by MC simulations of a Heisenberg model with easy-plane single-ion anisotropy and six out-of-plane coupling constants (as obtained by experimental neutron scattering measurements 16 ) on a HCPlattice 14,15 , it was found that for thicknesses comparable with the helical pitch the phase diagram landscape is quite different from what we find here. Indeed, for n = 9 -16, three different magnetic phases could be sin-\n\nFIG. 8: (color online) Q z , position of the maximum of S ( /vector q ), vs. temperature for thickness n = 8. Inset: magnetic vector ( m x l , m y l ) profile for some temperatures for L = 64. Colors and symbols as in Fig. 2.\n\n\n\nFIG. 9: ∆ ϕ l for a BCT lattice and n = 12, when the six coupling constants set employed in Ref. 14,15 (see text) is used. The temperature range has been chosen around T C ( n ) (error bars lye within point size).\n\n\n\ngled out, with the high-temperature, paramagnetic phase separated from the low-temperature, long-range ordered one, by an intermediate-temperature block phase where outer ordered 4-layers blocks coexist with some inner disordered ones. Moreover, it was observed that the phase transition of such inner layers turns out to have the signatures of a Kosterlitz-Thouless one.\n\nThe absence of the block phase in the J 1 -J 2 model here investigated has to be attributed to the different range of interactions, rather than to the different lattice structure. We came to this conclusion by doing some simulations using the same set of interaction constants employed in Refs. 14,15, but using a BCT lattice: the results we obtained for ∆ ϕ l with n = 12 are reported in Fig. 9. The latter is absolutely similar to Fig.7 of Ref. 15 and clearly displays the footmarks of the block phase (see down-triangle), with two external blocks of ordered layers ( l =1.. . 5 and 8. . . 12 ), where ∆ ϕ l is roughly 10 · , separated by a block of disordered layers, and with almost", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9274,6 +9274,12 @@ "page_end": 29, "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Alternative format versions of this report are available on request from the Ministry of Justice at statistics.enquiries@justice.gsi.gov.uk\n\n© Crown copyright Produced by the Ministry of Justice", + "page_start": 30, + "page_end": 30, + "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "## FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT\n\n## Investor Relations\n\n## Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.\n\nGlobal Communications, CSR and IR Division 17-1, Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-8023, Japan phone: +81(0)3-5565-2334 fax: +81(0)3-3546-2669 e-mail: nissan-ir@mail.nissan.co.jp\n\n## Corporate Information Website\n\nhttp://www.nissan-global.com/\n\n## Investor Relations Website\n\nhttp://www.nissan-global.com/EN/IR/", "page_start": 111, @@ -9304,6 +9310,12 @@ "page_end": 38, "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738458376 SG24-8459-00\n\n", + "page_start": 269, + "page_end": 269, + "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" + }, { "text": "| iezwpl 03040005 | |", "page_start": 280, @@ -9311,22 +9323,10 @@ "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" }, { - "text": "- - Contact information of the person in the organization responsible for the system", - "page_start": 201, - "page_end": 201, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## 3.5 Help Desk\n\n## 3.5.1 How to contact th e Portal's Help Desk\n\nThe European Data Portal Help Desk can be contacted:\n\n - · By email : help@europeandataportal.eu\n - · By phone : the Portal 's Help Desk is staffed by a multilingual team of experts, who can be contacted from Monday to Friday from 09:30 to 17:30 (CET).\n - o EN: (+352) 31 44 01-448\n - o FR: (+352) 31 44 01-449\n - · By providing comments and suggestions via the online contact/feedback form available from the P ortal's home page.\n\n## From the header:\n\n\n\n## From the footer:\n\n\n\nAfter clicking on the ' Contact ' item, the following form is displayed:\n\n", - "page_start": 47, - "page_end": 47, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES\n\n## NUMBER - ECHA/2019/355\n\n- 1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki ('the contracting authority'), represented for the purposes of signing this framework contract by [ forename, surname, function, directorate of authorising officer ],\n\nof the one part and\n\n- 2. [ Full official name ]\n\n[ Official legal form ]\n\n[ Statutory registration number or ID or passport number ]\n\n[ Full official address ]\n\n[ VAT registration number ]\n\n[appointed as the leader of the group by the members of the group that submitted the joint tender]\n\n[ For joint tenders, r epeat these data as many times as there are contractors and continue numbering ]\n\n([collectively] 'the contractor'), represented for the purposes of the signature of this framework contract by [ forename, surname, function of legal representative and name of company in the case of a joint tender ],\n\non the other part,\n\nHAVE AGREED\n\nto the special conditions, the general conditions for framework contracts for services and the following annexes:\n\nAnnex I - Tender specifications (reference No [ complete ] of [ insert date ])\n\nAnnex II - Contractor's tender (reference No [ complete ] of [ insert date ])\n\nAnnex III - [Model for order forms] [and] [model for specific contracts]", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" + "text": "ISBN: 978-1-78655-073-6\n\nISSN: 1756-3666\n\n\n\n© Crown copyright 2016\n\nThis publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.\n\nWhere we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.", + "page_start": 44, + "page_end": 44, + "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9485,8 +9485,8 @@ "target_page": 20, "target_passage": "The Home Page displays the latest tweets on the European Data Portal in the “Tweets” panel on the right hand side. ‐ ‐ Click on any of the tweets to display the complete tweet on twitter. Scroll vertically to see previous tweets. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -9584,20 +9584,20 @@ }, { "text": "- 1. Open the FlashCopy window from the Copy Services → FlashCopy menu.", - "page_start": 503, - "page_end": 503, + "page_start": 502, + "page_end": 502, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- 1. Open the FlashCopy window from the Copy Services → FlashCopy menu.", - "page_start": 501, - "page_end": 501, + "page_start": 503, + "page_end": 503, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- 1. Open the FlashCopy window from the Copy Services → FlashCopy menu.", - "page_start": 502, - "page_end": 502, + "page_start": 501, + "page_end": 501, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { @@ -9644,6 +9644,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "name is meant to be entered into a field it will only be highlighted rather than highlighted and printed in Consolas font.\n\nMenu options are shown with the name of the top-level menu, followed by a > followed by the next level down to the desired selection. For example, to indicate how to open the Individuals by class tab under the Tabs section in the Window menu the following text would be used: Window>Tabs> Individuals by class.\n\nWhen a word or phrase is emphasized, it is shown in italics like this .\n\nExercises are presented like this:\n\n## Exercise 1: Accomplish this\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\n- 1. Do this.\n- 2. Then do this.\n- 3. Then do this.\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\nPotential pitfalls and warnings are presented like this.\n\nTips and suggestions related to using Protégé are presented like this.\n\nExplanations as to what things mean are presented like this.\n\nGeneral notes are presented like this.\n\nVocabulary explanations and alternative names are presented like this.", "page_start": 5, @@ -9656,6 +9662,12 @@ "page_end": 189, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Get help with Word\n\n\n\nThe Tell me search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n\n## Try it: Get help:\n\n - 1. Go to Tell me what you want to do at the top of the window.\n - 2. Type what you want to do.\n\nFor example, type:\n\n -  Add watermark to quickly get to the watermark command.\n -  Help to go to Word help.\n -  Training to see the list of Word training courses.\n -  What's new for a list of the most recent updates to Word\n\n## Let us know what you think\n\nPlease give us feedback on this template, so we can provide content that's truly useful and helpful. Thanks!\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" + }, { "text": "## SELECTING COLUMNS\n\nIf you want to make changes to an entire column , such as bolding all of the headings in a column or changing the font of all the cell entries, you must first select the column. This is done by\n\nclicking on the column header directly above the column. Remember that any changes you make will apply to every cell in the column all the way down to row 1,048,576!\n\n## Try This Yourself:\n\n\n\n - Sa m e File file with this exercise, or open the file E705 Ranges\\_1.xlsx...\n\nContinue using the previous\n\n -  Press + to make cell A1 the active cell\n -  Move the mouse pointer to the column heading for column B\n - Notice that the mouse pointer changes to a black arrow pointing down the column…\n -  Click once to select the column\n - This time the row headers\n - change to orange to indicate that at least one cell (but not all) in each row is selected…\n -  Click in cell D6 and press\n\n+\n\nThis key combination also selects an entire column…\n\n -  Click on the column header for column B to select it\n -  Hold down and click on the column header for column D\n - This time, columns B, C, and D are all selected…\n -  Click in the column header for column A , then hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse pointer across the column headings to column E\n\n## For Your Reference…\n\n## To select an entire column :", "page_start": 18, @@ -9685,18 +9697,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Welcome to Word\n\n## Instructions you can edit, share, and print\n\n\n\nUnlike old-school user guides, this doc is yours to tailor exactly for your needs. Reading it will teach you some basics about Word, but this document isn't just for reading. It's for editing too, so you can learn by doing.\n\nFor practice using Word features, watch for Try it text in red throughout this document.\n\n\n\nTime saver: If you've only got a minute and you want to see how this works, watch this Video: Welcome to Word.\n\n## Write eloquently, with a little help\n\nWord automatically checks spelling and grammar, and marks misspelled words with a red squiggly underline. Grammatical glitches get a blue double underline.\n\nTry it: Put your cursor at the end of this paragraph, and hit Enter to start a new paragraph. Write a sentence with some spelling or grammatical mistakes, and press Enter to finish the paragraph.\n\nRight-click the text that's marked with underlines, or Press F7. Choose a suggestion to correct the mistakes.", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- ii. Click the Select tool.\n - iii. In the Select window, under Triggers, double-click the trigger. The graphical indexer highlights the text string in the current document.\n - Double-click the trigger again. The graphical indexer highlights the text string on the first page of the next document.\n - iv. Use the Select window to move forward to the first page of each document and return to the first document in the input file.", - "page_start": 194, - "page_end": 194, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9822,6 +9822,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries", "page_start": 1, @@ -9839,12 +9845,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4: The γ -ray index versus submillimeter index plane. The blazars fall more steeply in the γ -rays than in the submillimeter band, where most are, in fact, rising. This LAT-detected sample contrasts with the full SMA sample, where the blazars are more distributed around α S ∼ 0.\n\n\n\nas the presence of SSC versus ERC. Here, we use submillimeter luminosity as a proxy for jet power, which is correlated with the integrated luminosity of the synchrotron component. Elevated γ -ray luminosity with respect to the synchrotron component (which is often seen in FSRQs) suggests the upscattering of external photons off the synchrotron-emitting electrons. These objects should occupy the upper right of the ratio/jet power plot, and BL Lacs, which generally exhibit components with roughly comparable luminosities, should occupy the lower left. It is clear from the figure, however, that many FSRQs exhibit ratios similar to those of the BL Lacs and vis versa.\n\nSikora et al. [10] report that, during its flaring epochs, 3C 454.3 transitions from its typical FSRQ state to a more BL Lac-like state, where the synchrotron component emits much more strongly compared to the γ -ray component than during its 'low state'. 3C 454.3, which is the highest submillimeter luminosity FSRQ in our sample, would then shift down and to the right in Figure 5 when it enters a flaring period. For the first three months of the Fermi mission, 3C 454.3 was not flaring, which may explain its present location in Figure 5. The three objects for which there is a type discrepancy between CGRaBS and LBAS are all FSRQs (in CGRaBS) and exhibit\n\nlow luminosity ratios and high luminosity, which suggest they may be undergoing the same changes as 3C 454.3. A possible interpretation of the elevated luminosity ratios observed in some BL Lacs objects is that there has been a dramatic increase in γ -ray luminosity due to ERC, which would not be reflected in the synchrotron component.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSIONS\n\nThe motivation for observing blazars in the submillimeter is to study behavior close to the central engine, where the jet material is presumably still being accelerated. The separate emission processes that contribute to overall SED may present differently in BL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the similarities and differences between blazar types. We have investigated these differences between objects in terms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion, find that\n\n- · The SMA blazars exhibit submillimeter energy spectral indexes that follow the spectral sequence interpretation of blazars.", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9855,8 +9855,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "The blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How ever, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate peaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec trum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in crease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -9915,10 +9915,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, { - "text": "Figure 5: Ratio of γ -ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this plot should be directly correlated with its blazar 'state', with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower left. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot.\n\n\n\n - · BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant differences in amplitude of submillimeter variability or characteristic timescale, but our sample of BL Lacs may be dominated by highpeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit observational similarities with FSRQs.\n - · Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both high and low states, with characteristic timescales 10 < τ rest < 500 days.\n - · The blazars detected by Fermi have synchrotron peaks at higher frequencies, regardless of submillimeter luminosity.\n - · FSRQs exhibit higher ratios of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity than BL Lacs (Figure 5), but all objects inhabit a region of parameter space suggesting transitions between states during flaring epochs.\n\nAs Fermi continues to observe fainter sources, the sample of objects for which we can perform this type of analysis will increase and provide better limits on our results. To understand the physical relevance of these results, however, it is important to be able to distinguish between the difference in variability between BL\n\nLacs and FSRQs. One avenue for exploring this difference is to monitor changing submillimeter energy spectral index and the ratio of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity as functions of time. The full meaning of the results of our autoregressive method is not yet clear, and will require better-sampled blazar light curves and the comparison between τ rest with physical timescales such as the synchrotron cooling timescale. These analyses would allow us to place constraints on the processes occurring near the base of the jet in blazars and further understand the intimate connection between them.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work was supported in part by the NSF REU and DoD ASSURE programs under Grant no. 0754568 and by the Smithsonian Institution. Partial support was also provided by NASA contract NAS8-39073 and NASA grant NNX07AQ55G. We have made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France, and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the JPL, Caltech, under contract with NASA.", + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9976,6 +9976,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in Fermi Blazars\n\nA. Strom Univ. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA A. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly\n\nCfA, MA 02138, USA\n\nWe present multi-epoch observations from the Submillimeter Array ( SMA ) for a sample of 171 bright blazars, 43 of which were detected by Fermi during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation between their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special emphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is determined using a combination of Fermi designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS), resulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate submillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands during the months August-October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous autoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity. All of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low and high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during flaring epochs.\n\n## 1. INTRODUCTION\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring events occur in blazars indicate that much of the energy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emission differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs objects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) may offer important insight into the similarity between blazars and, furthermore, can provide constraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets themselves.\n\nFor the synchrotron component of blazar spectra, the low-frequency spectral break due to synchrotron self-absorption moves to higher frequencies as one measures closer to the base of the jet [2]. This often places the peak of the spectrum in the millimeter and submillimeter bands, where the emission is optically-thin and originates on parsec and sub-parsec scales [3], allowing direct observation of the most compact regions near the central engine. The high energy γ -ray emission originates as a Compton process, typically a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) and external-radiation-Compton (ERC). Depending on the source properties, the synchrotron photons or external photons are upscattered by the same population of electrons that emit the millimeter and submillimeter spectra. Therefore the submillimeter and γ -ray emission are closely linked and give the full information about the source emission.\n\nA systematic study of the submillimeter properties of the entire sample of Fermi blazars has yet to be conducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We present here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter properties of Fermi blazars detected by the Submil-\n\nlimeter Array 1 ( SMA ) at 1mm and 850 µ m, including an investigation of variable behavior and the determination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In addition, we consider the connection to the observed γ -ray indices and luminosities.\n\n## 2. SMA BLAZARS", "page_start": 0, @@ -9987,12 +9993,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1: The SMA light curves for 3C 454.3. The open circles represent the 850 µ m observations, and the open triangles represent the 1mm observations.\n\n\n\nJ1751+096) which have conflicting classifications between Fermi and CGRaBS. Some blazars found in the calibrator list have been studied extensively (e.g., 3C 279 and 3C 454.3) but the SMA blazars have not been studied collectively.\n\nForty-four of the objects in our total blazar sample were detected by Fermi and can be found in the catalog of LAT Bright AGN Sources (LBAS) from Abdo et al. [7]. J0050-094 has no redshift in either the LBAS catalog or CGRaBS and is not included in our study. Of the 43 remaining sources, 14 are BL Lac objects and 29 are FSRQs, with 0 . 03 ≤ z ≤ 2 . 19.\n\nWe examined submillimeter light curves for all of the SMA blazars, with observations beginning in approximately 2003 (see Figure 1). Typically, the 1mm band is much more well-sampled in comparison to the 850m band, but visual inspection reveals that the regularity and quality of observations vary greatly from source to source. Many of the objects exhibit nonperiodic variability, either in the form of persistent, low-amplitude fluctuations or higher amplitude flaring behavior.\n\n## 2.1. Submillimeter Properties\n\nSubmillimeter Luminosities. Since we are primarily concerned with comparisons to Fermi observations, we note that only 129 of the SMA blazars (23 BL Lacs and 106 FSRQs) were observed by the SMA in either band during the three months August-October 2008. For these objects, submillimeter luminosities are calculated in the standard way:\n\nν e L ν e = 4 πD 2 L ν obs F obs 1 + z , (1)\n\nwhere D L is the luminosity distance, ν obs is the frequency of the observed band, and F obs is the average\n\nFigure 2: Variability index for our sample (top: 1mm, bottom: 850 µ m), with FSRQs as the hatched distribution and BL Lacs as the solid distribution. There is no signicant difference in the class distributions in either band; the 'tail' to the left is populated by objects with errors larger than the intrinsic variability.\n\n\n\nflux (in erg cm -2 s -1 Hz -1 ) over the three month period. We adopt a lambda cold dark matter cosmology with values of H 0 = 71 km s -1 Mpc -1 , Ω M = 0 . 27, and Λ = 0 . 73.\n\nEnergy Spectral Indices. We derive submillimeter spectral energy indices from observations quasisimultaneous with the Fermi observations. To be consistent with the use of α γ , we define spectral energy index as νF ν = ν -α S and calculate α S from the average of the energy spectral indices over the corresponding three months. We only calculate α S for the 16 objects (8 BL Lacs and 35 FSRQs) with observations at both 1mm and 850 µ m during this time frame.\n\n## 3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS\n\n## 3.1. Variability Index\n\nWe roughly characterize the level of variability of each source using the variability index from Hovatta et al. [8]:\n\nV = ( F max -σ F max ) -( F min + σ F min ) ( F max -σ F max ) + ( F min + σ F min ) (2)\n\nFigure 2 shows the distribution for the SMA blazars. Objects with V ≤ 0 are typically unsuitable for more", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10126,14 +10126,14 @@ }, { "text": "- - System A", - "page_start": 578, - "page_end": 578, + "page_start": 579, + "page_end": 579, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System A", - "page_start": 579, - "page_end": 579, + "page_start": 578, + "page_end": 578, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { @@ -10151,8 +10151,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": " The Partially Observable Markov Decision Process is a type of flexible generative model that is widely used in the AIF literature. In discrete time and usually a discrete state space, this model type is parametrised to fit a given task by a set matrices containing probability distributions.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -10226,7 +10226,7 @@ "target_passage": "Dyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 4 + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -10248,6 +10248,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J Anaesth . 2011;106:463-474.\n- 6. NederJ,BertonD,MüllerP,etal. Ventilatory inef /uniFB01 ciency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc . 2017;14(suppl\\_1): S22-S29.\n- 7. Gruenberger JB, Vietri J, Keininger DL, Mahler DA. Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health- related quality of life among European patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017;12: 937-944.\n- 8. Preteroti M, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Population-based case/uniFB01 nding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2020;55:2000024.\n- 9. Huynh C, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Derivation and validation of the UCAP-Q case/uniFB01 nding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J . 2022;60(3):2103243.\n- 10. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom-based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol . 2010;20: 27-34.\n- 11. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest . 2006;129: 1531-1539.\n- 12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ, et al. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration . 2006;73:285-295.\n- 13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al. Development and /uniFB01 rst validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J . 2009;34:648-654.\n- 14. Jones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax . 1991;46:676-682.\n- 15. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir Med . 1991;85:25-31.\n\n- 16. Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire: MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis . 2005;2:75-79.\n- 17. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https:// ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/ 07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23\\_07\\_06-WMS.pdf\n- 18. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/GOLD-2023-ver-1.3-17 Feb2023\\_WMV.pdf\n- 19. Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) using pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly-sampled symptomatic cohort. Am J Resp Crit Care Med . 2023;208(10): 1129-1131.\n- 20. Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activityrelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: physical and psychological consequences, unmet needs, and future directions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2019;14: 1127-1138.\n- 21. Reilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1, 2024. http://www.reillyassociates.net/wpai\\_ scoring.html\n- 22. Carlsen HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory /uniFB02 ow in allergic asthma during pollen season -a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Health . 2022;21:63.\n- 23. Ekström M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations: results from the RHINESSA generation study. Thorax . 2022;77(2): 172-177.\n- 24. Ziegler B, Fernandes AK, Sanches PR, Konzen GL, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects\n\n[", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was negatively associated with all domains of quality of life, including physical functioning (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.655; P < .001), role limitations due to physical health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.628; P < .001), general health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.382; P < .001), and total score (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.473; P < .001) (Table 7).\n\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was associated with an increased likelihood of annual visits to health care providers for respiratory complaints (OR,", "page_start": 7, @@ -10283,12 +10289,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "TABLE 9 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Work Productivity (WPAI)\n\n| | Unadjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Adjusted |\n|-----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------|--------------------------------------|------------|\n| Measure | Dyspnea OR (95% CI) | P Value | Dyspnea OR (95% CI) | P Value |\n| Are you currently employed (working for pay)? | 0.995 (0.992-0.998) | .002 | 0.993 (0.990-0.997) | < .001 |\n| Measure a | Dyspnea Coef /uniFB01 cient (95% CI) | P Value | Dyspnea Coef /uniFB01 cient (95% CI) | P Value |\n| Absenteeism | 0.061 (0.040-0.083) | < .001 | 0.066 (0.044-0.089) | < .001 |\n| Presenteeism | 0.334 (0.293-0.375) | < .001 | 0.349 (0.306-0.392) | < .001 |\n| Work productivity loss | 0.368 (0.323-0.413) | < .001 | 0.383 (0.336-0.430) | < .001 |\n| Activity impairment | 0.503 (0.463-0.544) | < .001 | 0.501 (0.458-0.544) | < .001 |\n\nORs and regression coef /uniFB01 cients are presented with 95% CIs and P values. Adjusted coef /uniFB01 cients are adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. WPAI ¼ Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire.\n\n[\n\n]", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10760,6 +10760,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, He Y, Wu SS, George SZ. Prediction of persistent musculoskeletal pain at 12 months: a secondary analysis of the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) validation cohort study. Phys Ther. 2018;98:290 -301.\n - 22. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169:251 -8.\n - 23. Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Jackman A, Knauer S, Wallace A, et al. Race, care seeking, and utilization for chronic back and neck pain: population perspectives. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2010;11:343 -50.\n - 24. Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD. Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999;83:157 -62.\n - 25. Bolton JE. Accuracy of recall of usual pain intensity in back pain patients. Pain. 1999;83:533 -9.\n - 26. Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005;30:1331 -4.\n - 27. Vernon H. The neck disability index: state-of-the-art, 1991-2008. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008;31:491 -502.\n - 28. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1991;14:409 -15.\n - 29. Hudson-Cook N, Tomes-Nicholson K, Breen A. A revised Oswestry disability questionnaire. In: Roland M, Jenner J, editors. Back pain: new approaches to rehabilitation and education. New York: Manchester University Press; 1989. p. 187 -204.\n - 30. Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire and the Quebec back pain disability scale. Phys Ther. 2001;81:776 -88.\n - 31. Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group. Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1038 -46.\n - 32. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P, et al. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:600 -13.\n - 33. Butera KA, Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, George SZ. Preliminary evaluation of a modified STarT back screening tool across different musculoskeletal pain conditions. Phys Ther. 2016;96:1251 -61.\n - 34. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373 -83.\n - 35. Katz JN, Chang LC, Sangha O, Fossel AH, Bates DW. Can comorbidity be measured by questionnaire rather than medical record review? Med Care. 1996;34:73 -84.\n - 36. George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Lentz TA, Zeppieri G, Pei Q, et al. Development of a review-of-systems screening tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45: 512 -26.\n - 37. Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Zeppieri G, Dai Y, Wu SS, et al. Development of a yellow flag assessment tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46:327 -43.\n - 38. Beneciuk JM, Fritz JM, George SZ. The STarT back screening tool for prediction of 6-month clinical outcomes: relevance of change patterns in outpatient physical therapy settings. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44: 656 -64.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" + }, { "text": "| Any care | Change in pain | 0.37 | 0.11 | < 0.001 | 1.45 | | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 1.28 | |\n| Opioids | Surgery for condition | | | | | 0.33 | 0.95 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 2.58 | 0.36 |\n| | Chronicity | 1.03 | 0.59 | 0.08 | 2.80 | | | | | | |\n| | CCI | 0.43 | 0.13 | < 0.001 | 1.54 | | 0.47 | 0.14 | < 0.001 | 1.60 | |\n| | Baseline pain | 0.53 | 0.13 | < 0.001 | 1.70 | | 0.57 | 0.15 | < 0.001 | 1.76 | |\n| | Baseline 10-item OSPRO-YF | | | | | | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |\n| | Change in pain | 0.54 | 0.14 | < 0.001 | 1.71 | | 0.53 | 0.15 | < 0.001 | 1.70 | |", "page_start": 8, @@ -10801,12 +10807,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Block 2: 10-item OSPRO-YF and 10-item OSPRO-ROS at baseline.\n\nBlock 3: Remaining items from the OSPRO-YF (+ 7 items) and OSPRO-ROS (+ 13 items). These were included to determine whether full-length versions of the tools provided better prediction over shortened versions.\n\nBlock 4: Baseline-to-4 week change in pain intensity, region-specific disability, and OSPRO-YF scores. Early changes in these variables may be associated with improved prediction of outcomes over baseline variables alone [38]. This approach modeled change in these variables as a measure of treatment response and allowed us to assess the relative value of treatment monitoring for the prediction of healthcare utilization outcomes.\n\nFor the first analysis, binary logistic regression was used to determine predictors of any healthcare utilization following physical therapy, with the dependent variable defined as reporting one or more utilization events for any of the potential healthcare services over the entire follow-up period. For analyses of specific services, utilization was dichotomized for each service. Specific service utilization over early (through 6 months) and late (6 months to 12 months) phases following physical therapy were collapsed to create a single dichotomous utilization indicator for each service over the entire study follow-up period. Any utilization of the service over that period was categorized as YES. Separate multivariate binary logistic regression models were then fitted for the dichotomous utilization indicator (i.e. YES or NO) of each healthcare service (e.g. opioid use, injection, imaging, surgery, and emergency room visits).\n\nFor all analyses, full hierarchical multivariate models were first fit to assess the unique contributions of each block. This approach allowed us to determine the relative contributions of baseline demographic and health-related variables, the newly developed OSPRO-ROS and OSPRO-YF tools, and response to treatment via time varying variables (e.g., pain intensity and region specific function). However, since our primary aim was to develop concise and accurate utilization prediction models for efficient assessment of risk, we then separately developed stepwise models using backward selection for each dependent variable to derive parsimonious prediction item sets. Parsimonious models were chosen as a more conservative approach to identifying individual predictors given the potential for overfitting full multivariate models because of high subject attrition. For stepwise models, the p -value threshold was 0.05 for entry and 0.10 for removal. Overall fit for each model was examined with Hosmer & Lemeshow test, chi-square and pseudo-R 2 values (e.g. Nagelkerke) when\n\nappropriate. Comparison of adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine the relative strength of each predictor in parsimonious models. Multicollinearity was assessed using variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance, where VIFs < 10 and tolerances > 0.1 suggested no significant collinearity among independent variables [39].\n\n## Planned sensitivity analyses for missing data", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10892,16 +10892,34 @@ "target_passage": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ { - "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", - "page_start": 1, + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", + "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## A Note from Leadership\n\nCC staff photos are licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n\n\n2023 was a busy year at Creative Commons. Our Open Culture program and Open Climate Campaign entered their third and second years, respectively. We hosted our first in-person CC Global Summit since 2019 in Mexico City. We held critical consultations and open panels on AI, copyright, and the CC Licenses, cultural heritage, education, and science; and we launched our Open Infrastructure Circle in an effort to ensure the CC Licenses are funded well into the future.\n\nWe also marked transitions in leadership. At the end of December, Catherine Stihler concluded her time as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at Creative Commons, and I transitioned in as Interim. In March 2024, I was appointed CC's permanent CEO. I look forward to working closely with our Board of Directors, staff, and larger community on the critical work that awaits us in 2024 .\n\n## Anna Tumadóttir, CEO\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 2, @@ -10937,24 +10955,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 5. Examining approaches to building a books data commons\n\nThere are many possible permutations for building a books data commons. To structure our exploration, we focused on two particular tracks, discussed below. We chose these tracks mindful of the above legal issues, and because there are already existence proofs that help to illuminate tradeoffs, challenges and potential paths forward for each.\n\n## 5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books\n\n## Existing Project Example : The Pile v2 27\n\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile - a large, diverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own training of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28\n\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets. The first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second and third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books by otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published prior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project Gutenberg.\n\nAs the awareness about The Pile dataset grew, certain rightsholders began sending copyright notices to have the dataset taken down from various websites.\n\nDespite the takedown requests, the importance of books to EleutherAI and the broader community's AI research remained. In hoping to forge a path forward EleutherAI announced in 2024 that they would create a new version of the dataset, which they will call The Pile v2. 29 Among other things, v2 would 'have many more books than the original Pile had, for example, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.' At the same time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed content. As before, this corpus focuses on English language books.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Our Impact\n\nCC believes that opening up knowledge is key to addressing the world's most pressing challenges. Today, we steer campaigns, programming, and training in many areas:\n\n## Open Culture\n\n2023 was quite a year for the CC Open Culture Program, thanks to generous funding from Arcadia . We grew our Open Culture team from one to two and a half staff, rolling out new initiatives like TAROC (Towards a Recommendation on Open Culture) and Open Culture Live: A Webinar Series . We invite you to read ' What did Creative Commons do for Open Culture in 2023? ' to learn more.\n\n## Open Journalism\n\nThanks to generous funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation , CC hosted its very first Open Journalism track at the CC Global Summit, including eight presentations, lightning talks, panel discussions, and workshops as well as a keynote by Anya Kamenetz .\n\nRepresentatives from 33 news outlets and digital rights-focused organizations attended the CC Summit sessions. The Open Journalism track built on numerous collaborations and workshops throughout 2023.\n\n## Open Education\n\nWe delivered workshops and presentations on CC Licenses and Open Educational Resources at over 16 conferences and events. The CC Open Education Platform also funded six global projects, including work to advance the UNESCO Recommendation on OER.\n\n\"Follow the Color Brick Road\" by Bert Kaufmann is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10988,6 +10988,24 @@ "page_end": 630, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "ISBN: 978-1-78655-073-6\n\nISSN: 1756-3666\n\n\n\n© Crown copyright 2016\n\nThis publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.\n\nWhere we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.", + "page_start": 44, + "page_end": 44, + "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -11011,24 +11029,6 @@ "page_start": 12, "page_end": 12, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Industry Canada sets technical standards for telecommunications under the Radiocommunication Act (Canada) (Radiocommunication Act) and the Telecommunications Act. It licences and oversees:\n\n - GLYPH<129> the technical aspects of the operation of radio and television stations\n - GLYPH<129> the frequency-related operations of cable television networks\n - GLYPH<129> awarding and supervising spectrum for wireless communications systems in Canada.\n\n## Royalties\n\nThe Copyright Board of Canada (Copyright Board) oversees the administration of copyright royalties in Canada and establishes the royalties to be paid for the use of certain copyrighted works. It sets the copyright tariff royalties that Canadian broadcasting undertakings, including cable, radio, television and specialty services, pay to copyright collectives.\n\n## Billing and Contracts\n\nThe Quebec Consumer Protection Act amendments, effective June 2010, introduced new provisions applicable to wireless, wireline and Internet service contracts. These amendments include new rules on the content of such contracts, the determination of the early cancellation fees that can be charged to customers, the use of security deposits and the cancellation and renewal rights of the consumers. The amendments also established new provisions on the sale of prepaid cards and the disclosure of related costs.\n\nAmendments to the Manitoba Consumer Protection Act took effect in September 2012 and parallel the changes to the Quebec Consumer Protection Act. Similar legislation also came into effect in September 2012 in Newfoundland and Labrador and has been tabled in Nova Scotia. A private member's bill proposing similar legislation has been introduced in New Brunswick.\n\nIn April 2012, the Ontario government announced that it would be introducing legislation addressing wireless bills and contracts. The legislation seeks to ensure that contracts are written in plain language and spell out which services come with the basic fee and which would result in a higher bill. It requires providers to obtain consent in writing before they renew or amend a contract. The legislation also seeks a cap on the cost of cancelling a fixed-term contract that would vary depending on the circumstances of the contract. The proposed legislation, which would affect new contracts, would take effect six months after being passed and would also cover existing agreements that are amended, renewed or extended after that date. The legislation was passed into law in October 2013.\n\nSee also 'CRTC Wireless Code' section under Wireless Regulation.\n\n## Foreign Ownership and Control\n\nNon-Canadians can own and control directly or indirectly:", - "page_start": 70, - "page_end": 70, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- (b) carried out by or on behalf of-\n - (i) the national system operator,\n - (ii) a person holding a transmission licence,\n - (iii) a person holding a distribution licence,\n - (iv) a person holding a licence under section 7 and 7ZA of the Gas Act 1986( a ),\n - (v) an LNG import or export facility as defined in section 48 of the Gas Act 1986( b ), or\n - (vi) a person holding a network licence under section 8 of the Railways Act 1993( c ),\n\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom for the purposes of their work.", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- /SM590000 Enabled Compression license", - "page_start": 442, - "page_end": 442, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11056,12 +11056,24 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Our Impact\n\nCC believes that opening up knowledge is key to addressing the world's most pressing challenges. Today, we steer campaigns, programming, and training in many areas:\n\n## Open Culture\n\n2023 was quite a year for the CC Open Culture Program, thanks to generous funding from Arcadia . We grew our Open Culture team from one to two and a half staff, rolling out new initiatives like TAROC (Towards a Recommendation on Open Culture) and Open Culture Live: A Webinar Series . We invite you to read ' What did Creative Commons do for Open Culture in 2023? ' to learn more.\n\n## Open Journalism\n\nThanks to generous funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation , CC hosted its very first Open Journalism track at the CC Global Summit, including eight presentations, lightning talks, panel discussions, and workshops as well as a keynote by Anya Kamenetz .\n\nRepresentatives from 33 news outlets and digital rights-focused organizations attended the CC Summit sessions. The Open Journalism track built on numerous collaborations and workshops throughout 2023.\n\n## Open Education\n\nWe delivered workshops and presentations on CC Licenses and Open Educational Resources at over 16 conferences and events. The CC Open Education Platform also funded six global projects, including work to advance the UNESCO Recommendation on OER.\n\n\"Follow the Color Brick Road\" by Bert Kaufmann is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Areas of Exploration\n\n## Support for Creators in the Time of Artificial Intelligence\n\nIn 2023, we convened hundreds via roundtables, community conferences (e.g. MozFest , Wikimania ), and public events (e.g. symposium on Generative AI & Creativity )to debate copyright law, the ethics of open sharing, and other relevant areas that touch AI.\n\nAt our CC Global Summit, participants drafted community-driven principles on AI that are a valuable input and will help inform the organization's thinking as we determine CC's exact role in the AI space.\n\n'The Pillars of Creation' by James Webb Space Telescope is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 8, @@ -11080,29 +11092,17 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Acknowledgements\n\nAuthored by Alek Tarkowski and Paul Keller (Open Future), Derek Slater and Betsy Masiello (Proteus Strategies) in collaboration with Creative Commons.\n\nWe are grateful to participants in the workshops, including Luis Villa, Tidelift and openml.fyi; Jonathan Band; Peter Brantley, UC Davis; Aaron Gokaslan, Cornell; Lila Bailey, Internet Archive; Jennifer Vinopal, HathiTrust Digital Library; Jennie Rose Halperin, Library Futures/ NYU Engelberg Center, Nicholas P. Garcia, Public Knowledge; Sayeed Choudhury; Erik Stallman, UC Berkeley School of Law. The paper represents the views of the authors, however, and should not be attributed to the workshop as a whole. All mistakes or errors are the authors'.\n\n\n\nThis report is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.", + "page_start": 21, + "page_end": 21, + "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## For example (unaudited):\n\n - · Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews per month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in more than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer community.\n - · For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation's largest project, Wikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles.\n - · For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and sound files to the Foundation's multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files.\n - · Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation's wiki software: volunteer software developers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code base by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, there were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of which 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers.\n\n## (7) Operating Leases\n\nOur operating lease relates to the Foundation's headquarters in San Francisco and has a non-cancelable remaining term of 3 months as of June 30, 2024. The discount rate is 2.9%, the risk-free rate based on daily U.S. Treasury with a term comparable to the lease term. The lease provides the Foundation the option to extend the lease term for one additional period of five years. The Foundation determined during the year ended June 30, 2024 not to renew the lease. Operating lease expense was $1,859,383 and $1,489,134 for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n\nUndiscounted lease payments as of June 30, 2024 were as follows:\n\n| | Lease payments |\n|------------------------------|------------------|\n| Year ending June 30: | |\n| 2025 | 419,791 |\n| Total minimum lease payments | $ 419,791 |\n\n## (8) Retirement Plan\n\nThe Foundation offers a 401(k) plan (the Plan) to all of its employees residing in the United States. Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan upon employment. The Foundation matches employee contributions on a dollar-for-dollar basis up to 4% of the employee's compensation. The Foundation contributed $1,859,839 and $1,859,012 to the Plan for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (4) Property and Equipment, Net\n\nProperty and equipment at June 30, 2024 and 2023 consist of the following:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|------------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|\n| Furniture | $ 72,042 | 737,143 |\n| Leasehold improvements | - | 2,074,581 |\n| Computer equipment | 22,821,120 | 21,941,684 |\n| Internal use software | 2,507,701 | 5,198,574 |\n| Total | 25,400,863 | 29,951,982 |\n| Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (13,574,727) | (15,906,843) |\n| Property and equipment, net | $ 11,826,136 | 14,045,139 |\n\n## (5) Net Assets\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions at June 30, 2024 and 2023 are available for the following purposes:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|----------------------------------------------|-------------|-----------|\n| Restricted to future periods: | $ 50,000 | 100,000 |\n| Restricted by purpose: | | |\n| Abstract Wikipedia | 861,008 | 1,249,004 |\n| Artificial intelligence | 239,878 | - |\n| Endowment support | - | 1,297,620 |\n| Future Audiences | 500,000 | - |\n| Knowledge equity | 965,910 | 2,228,134 |\n| Machine learning | 24,528 | 860,620 |\n| Media Wiki | 1,500,000 | - |\n| Other | 125,000 | 147,295 |\n| Restricted to future periods and by purpose: | | |\n| Artificial intelligence | 1,430,000 | - |\n| Net assets with donor restrictions | $ 5,696,324 | 5,782,673 |\n\n## (6) Functional Allocation of Expenses\n\nCosts of providing the Foundation's activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. Programs comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform that enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, growing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in key geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support Wikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for which the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and fundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent and office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows\n\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11142,6 +11142,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nKillam properties Inc. suite 100 3700 Kempt road Halifax, nova scotia B3K 4X8\n\n1.866.453.8900 killamproperties.com tsx: kmp", + "page_start": 97, + "page_end": 97, + "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Geographic Diversification\n\nGeographic diversification in the apartment segment is a priority for Killam. With a 14.2% market share in its core markets in Atlantic Canada, Killam is the region's largest residential landlord. The maximum market share Management foresees Killam reaching in Atlantic Canada is between 15%-18%. With Atlantic Canada representing only 4.9% of the Canadian rental market, Killam's growth opportunities increase significantly when considering assets outside Atlantic Canada.\n\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is actively building a portfolio in targeted Ontario markets, including Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment in Ontario, and potentially Western Canada, will increase the Company's diversification and exposure in high growth centres in Canada. Based on the Company's portfolio at year-end, 15% of Killam's 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario. Management has set a long-term target of growing the amount of NOI generated outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%.\n\nIn 2013, Killam sold a portfolio of ten MHCs in New Brunswick that allowed Killam to crystallize the increased value of this portfolio at attractive cap-rates. This creates moderate short-term dilution but it provides the Company with funds to continue its geographic diversification by accretively growing its apartment portfolio in Ontario.", "page_start": 28, @@ -11171,12 +11177,6 @@ "page_start": 28, "page_end": 28, "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Killam Fundamentals\n\n## atlantic Canada's Market leader\n\nWe are Atlantic Canada's largest residential landlord with a 14% market share of apartments in the region's six largest cities. With a portfolio of over 11,000 apartment units in Atlantic Canada, including 5,000 in Halifax, we have strong market recognition and are able to meet the rental needs of a diversi/fied and growing customer base. Our established operating platform allows us to maximize e/fficiencies and support additional growth in the region and beyond.\n\n## apartment net operating Income by Core Market\n\nfor the year ended December 31, 2013\n\n\n\nHalifax | 47% Ontario | 10% Fredericton | 10% Moncton | 10% St. John's | 7% Charlottetown | 7% Saint John | 6% Other | 3%\n\n## expanding annually through acquisitions and Development\n\nWe have grown our real estate portfolio on an annual basis through the acquisition of apartments and MHCs. Since 2010, we have been complementing our growth with developments. 2013 marked the Company's biggest year for acquisitions and developments in eight years, adding $191 million in properties to the portfolio. Growth is funded through a combination of equity, mortgage debt and the recycling of assets, further increasing the quality of the portfolio. In 2013 we sold a portfolio of MHCs in New Brunswick, the proceeds of which will be used primarily for apartment acquisitions.\n\n## annual Investment in acquisitions and Development\n\n$ millions\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11370,6 +11370,12 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## JAMANetworkOpen | EmergencyMedicine\n\n - 43 . Liu Y, Ott M, Goyal N, et al. Roberta: a robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv . Preprint posted online July 26, 2019. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1907.11692\n - 44 . Touvron H, Martin L, Stone K, et al. Llama 2: open foundation and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv . Preprint posted online July 19, 2023. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2307.09288\n - 45 . World Health Organization. Conceptual framework for the international classification for patient safety version 1.1: final technical report January 2009. 2010. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/ i/item/WHO-IER-PSP-2010.2\n - 46 . Lin CY. Rouge: a package for automatic evaluation of summaries. 2004. Accessed October 23, 2024. https:// aclanthology.org/W04-1013/\n - 47 . Zhang T, Kishore V, Wu F, Weinberger KQ, Artzi Y. Bertscore: Evaluating text generation with bert. arXiv . Preprint posted online February 24, 2020. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1904.09675\n - 48 . Lattimer BM, Chen P, Zhang X, Yang Y. Fast and accurate factual inconsistency detection over long documents. Presented at: Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. December 6-10, 2023; Singapore.\n - 49 . Schaye V, Miller L, Kudlowitz D, et al. Development of a clinical reasoning documentation assessment tool for resident and fellow admission notes: a shared mental model for feedback. J Gen Intern Med . 2022;37(3):507-512. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06805-6\n - 50 . Zaretsky J, Kim JM, Baskharoun S, et al. Generative artificial intelligence to transform inpatient discharge summaries to patient-friendly language and format. JAMANetwOpen . 2024;7(3):e240357. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2024.0357\n - 51 . Choudhury A, Chaudhry Z. Large language models and user trust: consequence of self-referential learning loop and the deskilling of health care professionals. J Med Internet Res . 2024;26:e56764. doi:10.2196/56764\n - 52 . Gisev N, Bell JS, Chen TF. Interrater agreement and interrater reliability: key concepts, approaches, and applications. Res Social Adm Pharm . 2013;9(3):330-338. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.04.004\n - 53 . Baxter SL, Longhurst CA, Millen M, Sitapati AM, Tai-Seale M. Generative artificial intelligence responses to patient messages in the electronic health record: early lessons learned. JAMIA Open . 2024;7(2):ooae028. doi:10. 1093/jamiaopen/ooae028\n - 54 . Goodman KE, Paul HY, Morgan DJ. LLM-generated clinical summaries require more than accuracy. JAMA . 2024;331(8):637-638. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.0555\n - 55 . Achiam J, Adler S, Agarwal S, et al. Gpt-4 technical report. arXiv . Preprint posted online March 4, 2024. doi:10. 48550/arXiv.2303.08774\n - 56 . Chung HW, Hou L, Longpre S, et al. Scaling instruction-finetuned language models. J Mach Learn Res . 2024; 25(70):1-53.\n\n## SUPPLEMENT1.\n\neAppendix 1. Technology Specifications, Model Training, and Inference eAppendix 2. Automated Method of SCALE eTable 1. Definitions From the Clinical Assessment\n\neTable 2. Worst Case Scenario of Incorrectness Examples From LLM-Generated Notes\n\n## SUPPLEMENT2.\n\nData Sharing Statement\n\n\n\n(Reprinted)", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" + }, { "text": "Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers) , pages 4171-4186.", "page_start": 13, @@ -11393,12 +11399,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "to explore the idea of extracting dependency trees\n\nHowever, syntactic information can be recovered from BERT token representations . Hewitt and Manning (2019) were able to learn transformation matrices that successfully recovered syntactic dependencies in PennTreebank data from BERT's token embeddings (see also Manning et al., 2020). Jawahar et al. (2019) experimented with transformations of the [CLS] token using Tensor Product Decomposition Networks (McCoy et al., 2019a), concluding that dependency trees are the best match among 5 decomposition schemes (although the reported MSE differences are very small). Miaschi and Dell'Orletta (2020) performs a range of syntactic probing experiments with concatenated token representations as input. to a heatmap of an impact matrix. Setup. We extract impact matrices by feeding BERT with 1,000 sentences from the English Parallel Universal Dependencies (PUD) treebank of the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task (Zeman et al., 2017). We follow the setup and pre-processing steps employed in pre-training BERT. An example impact map is shown in Figure 1. Dependency. We notice that the impact map contains many stripes , which are short series of vertical/horizontal cells, typically located along the diagonal. Take the word ' different ' as an example (which is illustrated by the second-to-last column in the impact matrix). We observe a clear vertical stripe above the main diagonal. The interpretation is that this particular occurrence of the word ' different ' strongly affects the occurrences\n\nfollow\n\nsocia\n\nFigure\n\nConstitue\n\nstituency tre\n\nby Stanford\n\nthis sentence\n\nthat are adja\n\nhowever, we\n\ntions\n\n' than '\n\nIf a model is\n\nexpect '\n\nmedi\n\npacts on the\n\nversa. Howe\n\n(darker color\n\nthan that bet\n\nfurther suppo\n\nperiments in\n\nOther Str\n\nimpact map,\n\nfour contigu\n\n(e.g., a noun\n\nobserve that t\n\nstrong inter-c\n\ning that gro\n\nverb phrase.\n\nmay capture\n\nIn the follo\n\nuate these ob\n\n4\n\nSyntact\n\nWe start wit\n\nprobe and co\n\n4.1\n\nDepen\n\nWith the goa\n\nrelations are\n\nswer the foll\n\nform linguist\n\npervised dep\n\ntent?\n\nWe begin\n\nmasking tech\n\nfor each sent\n\ngorithms to i\n\ncompare it ag\n\nrelations are captured in BERT, we set out to an-\n\nWe begin by using the token-level perturbed\n\nmasking technique to extract an impact matrix\n\nfor each sentence. We then utilize graph-based al-\n\ngorithms to induce a dependency tree from\n\nF\n\n, and\n\ncompare it against ground-truth whose annotations\n\nF\n\nNote that all these approaches look for the evidence of gold-standard linguistic structures, and add some amount of extra knowledge to the probe. Most recently, Wu et al. (2020) proposed a of those words before it. These strong influences are shown by the darker-colored pixels seen in the second last column of the impact map. This observation agrees with the ground-truth dependency tree, which selects ' different ' as the head of all\n\nremaining words in the phrase '\n\nthis will be a lit-\n\ntle different\n\n.' We also observe similar patterns on\n\n'\n\ntransitions\n\n' and '\n\nHill\n\n'. Such correlations lead us\n\nto explore the idea of extracting dependency trees\n\nfrom the matrices (see Section 4.1).", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12001,17 +12001,35 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "I am aware of the above [framework] [specific] contract, especially Articles [I.10 and II.13] concerning intellectual property rights and exploitation of the results and I confirm that I transferred all the relevant rights to [ insert name of contractor or other intermediary right holder ].\n\nI declare that [I have received full remuneration] [I agreed to receive remuneration by [ insert date ]].\n\n[As creator, I also confirm that I do not object to the following:\n\n - (a) that my name be mentioned or not mentioned when the results are presented to the public;\n - (b) that the results be divulged or not after they have been delivered in their final version to the contracting authority;\n - (c) that the results be adapted, provided that this is done in a manner which is not prejudicial to my honour or reputation.]\n\nDate, place, signature", + "page_start": 48, + "page_end": 48, + "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Share information\n\nShare issues", "page_start": 46, "page_end": 46, "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "different rightsholders and authors. Managing opt-outs for so many different interests within one book may get overly complicated very fast.\n\nIn any event, creating an opt-out system will need some ways of authenticating whether someone has the relevant authority to make choices about inclusion of a work.\n\n## Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?\n\nA commons might be made publicly available to all, as has been done with datasets like The Pile. Another possible design choice is to restrict access only to authorized users and to enforce particular responsibilities or obligations in return for authorization. Three particular dimensions of permitted uses and users came up in our discussions:\n\n - · Defining and ensuring acceptable and ethical use: Participants discussed to what extent restrictions should be put on use of the resource. In the case of HathiTrust, acceptable use is implicitly ensured by limiting access to researchers from member institutions; other forms of 'gated access' are possible, allowing access only to certain types of users and for certain uses. One can imagine more fine-grained 39 mechanisms, based on a review of the purpose for which datasets are used. This imagined resource could become a useful lever to demand responsible development and use of AI; alongside 'sticks' like legal penalties, this would be a 'carrot' that could incentivize good behavior. At the same time, drawing the lines around, let alone enforcing, 'good behavior' would constitute a significant challenge.\n - · Charging for use to support sustainability of the training corpus itself: While wanting to ensure broad access to this resource, it is important to consider economic sustainability, including support for continuing to update the resource with new works and appropriate tooling for AI training. Requiring some form of payment to use the resource could support sustainability, perhaps with different requirements for different types of users (e.g., differentiating between non-commercial and commercial users, or high-volume, well-resourced users and others). 40\n - · Ensuring benefits of AI are broadly shared, including with book authors or publishers: The creation of a training resource might lower barriers to the development of AI tools, and in that way support broadly shared benefits by facilitating greater competition and mitigating concentration of power. On the other hand, just as concentration of technology industries is already a significant challenge, AI might not look much different, and the benefits of this resource may still simply go to a few large firms in 'winner takes all-or-most' markets. The workshops discussed how, for instance, large commercial users might be expected to contribute to a fund that supported contributors of training data, or more generally to fund writers, to ensure everyone contributing to the development of AI benefits.", "page_start": 18, @@ -12047,24 +12065,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast six CC Licenses and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n\n## We've estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The great growling engine of change - technology. Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n\n## In 2023, we launched the Open Infrastructure Circle (OIC) to ensure consistent funding for this work.\n\nWe're grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## NOTE 11 - STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY\n\nShare repurchases are only conducted under repurchase programs approved by the Board of Directors and publicly announced. Share repurchase activity was as follows:\n\n| Year Ended December 31 (In thousands) | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|------------|\n| August 2001 authorization (0, 1.4 million and 6.4 million shares purchased). . . . . . . . . . . . . | $ - | $ 36,034 | $ 207,590 |\n| February 2003 authorization (10 million shares purchased) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | - | 335,911 | - |\n| November 2003 authorization (8 million and 2 million shares purchased) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 348,895 | 70,919 | - |\n| | $ 348,895 | $ 442,864 | $ 207,590 |\n| Average price of shares repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . | $ 43.59 | $ 33.17 | $ 32.28 |\n\nAt December 31, 2004, we had 10 million shares available for repurchase under a July 2004 authorization.\n\nIn May 2002, the Board of Directors approved a restricted stock plan. The plan allowed for the issuance of up to 1 million shares of Company common stock to certain key employees. The restrictions on selling these shares lapse 50% on the third anniversary date from the grant date and 50% on the fourth anniversary date after the grant date. Through December 31, 2004, 903,000 shares were issued, with an aggregate value of $32 million. This amount was recorded as deferred compensation in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and is being amortized to operating expenses on a straight-line basis through the period in which the restrictions fully lapse. Amortization of deferred compensation was $7 million, $8 million and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively, and 855,000 shares were outstanding under the plan at December 31, 2004. In November 2002, the Board of Directors determined that no more awards would be granted under the plan.\n\n## NOTE 12 - EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS\n\nEmployees of the Company who are members of various unions are covered by union-sponsored, collectively bargained, multi-employer health and welfare and defined benefit pension plans. The Company recorded an expense of $86 million in 2004, $77 million in 2003 and $66 million in 2002 under such plans. The plans' sponsors have not provided sufficient information to permit the Company to determine its share of unfunded vested benefits, if any.\n\nThe Company is self-insured for most health care benefits for its non-union employees. The liability for claims filed and estimates of claims incurred but not reported is included in the 'Other accrued liabilities' caption in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.\n\nThe Company has a retirement savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code for eligible employees not covered by a collective bargaining agreement that does not specifically provide for participation in the plan. The plans allow employees to defer, within prescribed limits, up to 30% of their income on a pre-tax basis through contributions to the plans. The Company matches, within prescribed limits, a portion of eligible employees' contributions. In the case of certain union employees, the Company contributes to the plan are based on hours worked. The Company recorded charges for 401(k) contributions of $12 million in 2004, $10 million in 2003 and $12 million in 2002.", - "page_start": 72, - "page_end": 72, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In April 2000 the Company entered into two separate subscription agreements for the sale of an aggregate of 354,777 new common shares of the C o m p a n y. Of the total new shares, closing with respect to 254,777 shares took place on April 10, 2000, and closing with respect to 100,000 share s took place on May 4, 2000. These agreements were signed with certain foreign persons in transactions exempt from registration under the exemption provided in Regulation S of the Act. The weighted average purchase price of each share was $7.50. The aggregate amount of pro c e e d s to the Company from the private placement was $2.7 million. Under each of the agreements, for each two shares of common stock purchased in the private placement, the purchaser was issued one warrant to purchase a share of Euronet common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $12.50, expiring in each case on the one year anniversary date of the subscription agreement.\n\nIn July 2000 the Company entered into subscription agreements for the sale of 877,946 new common shares of the Company. These agre e m e n t s w e re signed with accredited investors in transactions exempt from registration pursuant to the exemptions provided in Section 4(2) and Regulation D of the Act. Closing with respect to such sale took place on July 14 and August 29, 2000. The purchase price of each share was $6.97. The aggregate amount of proceeds to the Company from the private placement was $6.1 million.\n\nThe Company leases many of its ATMs under capital lease arrangements that expire between 2001 and 2005. The leases bear interest between 8% and 12% per annum. As of December 31, 2000 the Company owed $11.5 million under such capital lease arrangements. (See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Leases.)\n\nThe Company expects that its capital re q u i rements will continue in the future but will not be as great as they were in the past, as the Company intends to continue to promote its outsourcing capabilities and re-deploy under- p e rf o rming ATMs currently operating in the network. This strategy should reduce the Company's reliance on capital expenditures in the future as the business continues to gro w. Fixed asset purchases and capital lease payments for 2001 are expected to be approximately $6.2 million in the Company's existing markets, notably We s t e rn and Central E u rope. Acquisitions of related ATM business and investments in new markets in furtherance of the Company's strategy may re q u i re additional capital expenditures.\n\nBased on the Company's current business plan and financial projections, the Company expects to continue to reduce operating losses and net cash used in operating activities in 2001. In the Network Services Segment, the Company anticipates that increased transaction levels in its AT M network will result in additional revenues without a corresponding increase in expenses. In addition, the Company expects to further expand its ATM outsourcing services and offer new value-added services, which will provide continued revenue growth without significantly increasing dire c t operating expenses or capital investments. In the Software Solutions Segment, the Company expects that the benefits of a re s t ructuring pro g r a m commenced in the first quarter of 2001 will reduce the operating losses and bring operating costs more in line with anticipated revenues. The Company believes that the credit facility, certain asset sales and cash and cash equivalents will provide the Company with sufficient capital until it achieves positive cash flow. As a result, the Company believes it has sufficient liquidity re s o u rces to meet current and future cash re q u i rements.\n\n## BA L A N C E SH E E T IT E M S", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12075,11 +12075,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -12110,6 +12122,12 @@ "page_end": 442, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- /SM590000 The systems must have the necessary licenses that enable remote copy partnerships to be configured between two systems. No separate license is required to enable IP partnership.", "page_start": 571, @@ -12117,28 +12135,10 @@ "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { - "text": "Activation of the license can be performed in one of two ways:", - "page_start": 630, - "page_end": 630, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "different rightsholders and authors. Managing opt-outs for so many different interests within one book may get overly complicated very fast.\n\nIn any event, creating an opt-out system will need some ways of authenticating whether someone has the relevant authority to make choices about inclusion of a work.\n\n## Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?\n\nA commons might be made publicly available to all, as has been done with datasets like The Pile. Another possible design choice is to restrict access only to authorized users and to enforce particular responsibilities or obligations in return for authorization. Three particular dimensions of permitted uses and users came up in our discussions:\n\n - · Defining and ensuring acceptable and ethical use: Participants discussed to what extent restrictions should be put on use of the resource. In the case of HathiTrust, acceptable use is implicitly ensured by limiting access to researchers from member institutions; other forms of 'gated access' are possible, allowing access only to certain types of users and for certain uses. One can imagine more fine-grained 39 mechanisms, based on a review of the purpose for which datasets are used. This imagined resource could become a useful lever to demand responsible development and use of AI; alongside 'sticks' like legal penalties, this would be a 'carrot' that could incentivize good behavior. At the same time, drawing the lines around, let alone enforcing, 'good behavior' would constitute a significant challenge.\n - · Charging for use to support sustainability of the training corpus itself: While wanting to ensure broad access to this resource, it is important to consider economic sustainability, including support for continuing to update the resource with new works and appropriate tooling for AI training. Requiring some form of payment to use the resource could support sustainability, perhaps with different requirements for different types of users (e.g., differentiating between non-commercial and commercial users, or high-volume, well-resourced users and others). 40\n - · Ensuring benefits of AI are broadly shared, including with book authors or publishers: The creation of a training resource might lower barriers to the development of AI tools, and in that way support broadly shared benefits by facilitating greater competition and mitigating concentration of power. On the other hand, just as concentration of technology industries is already a significant challenge, AI might not look much different, and the benefits of this resource may still simply go to a few large firms in 'winner takes all-or-most' markets. The workshops discussed how, for instance, large commercial users might be expected to contribute to a fund that supported contributors of training data, or more generally to fund writers, to ensure everyone contributing to the development of AI benefits.", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Reliance on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions\n\nEven if a book is in copyright, it's possible that copying books for AI training may be covered by existing limitations and exceptions to copyright law in particular jurisdictions. For example:\n\n - · In the United States, many argue using existing works to train generative AI is 'fair use,' consistent with existing law and legal precedents. This is the subject of a 19 number of currently active court cases, and different actors and tools may yield different results, as fair use is applied case-by-case using a flexible balancing test.\n - · In the European Union, there are explicit exceptions in the law for 'text and data mining' uses of in-copyright works, both for non-commercial research and for commercial purposes. However, for commercial uses and for users outside of research and heritage institutions, they must respect the rights of rightsholders who choose to 'reserve their rights' (i.e., opt-out of allowing text and data mining) via machine readable mechanisms. The exception also requires that users have 'lawful 20 access' to the works.\n - · Finally, Japan provides a specific text and data mining exception, without any comparable opt-out requirement for commercial uses as is embedded in EU law. 21\n\nWhile exceptions that allow AI training exist in several other countries, such as Singapore and Israel, most countries do not provide exceptions that appear to permit AI training. Even where potentially available, as in the United States, legal uncertainty and risk create a hurdle for anyone building a books commons. 22", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" + "text": "ISBN: 978-1-78655-073-6\n\nISSN: 1756-3666\n\n\n\n© Crown copyright 2016\n\nThis publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.\n\nWhere we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.", + "page_start": 44, + "page_end": 44, + "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12149,17 +12149,29 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "Activation of the license can be performed in one of two ways:", "page_start": 630, "page_end": 630, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "Generally, our licences are granted for a specified term and are subject to conditions on the maintenance of these licences. These licencing conditions may be modified at any time by the regulators. The regulators may decide not to renew a licence when it expires, and any failure by us to comply with the conditions on the maintenance of a licence could result in a revocation or forfeiture of any of our licences or the imposition of fines.\n\nThe licences include conditions requiring us to comply with Canadian ownership restrictions of the applicable legislation. We are currently in compliance with all of these Canadian ownership and control requirements. However, if these requirements are violated, we would be subject to various penalties, possibly including, in the extreme case, the loss of a licence.\n\n## The Wireless Code\n\nThe CRTC's decision to implement its wireless consumer code of conduct, among other things, effectively requires Canadian wireless carriers to move away from offering three-year service contracts and instead offer two-year contracts, and this could change our customer acquisition and retention costs and subscriber churn. The Wireless Code also sets billing caps on data roaming and domestic data overage charges, creates a prohibition on requiring customers to provide 30days' notice of cancellation, and requires the payment of interest on security deposits, which could also reduce our results of operations.\n\nOur wireless business could be materially adversely affected if laws, regulation or customer behaviour makes it difficult for us to impose term commitments or early cancellation fees on customers or receive the service revenues we anticipate from the term commitments.\n\n## S pectrum\n\nRadio spectrum is one of the fundamental assets required to carry on the wireless business. Our ability to continue to offer and improve current services and to offer new services depends on, among other factors, continued access to and deployment of adequate spectrum, including both the ability to renew current spectrum licenses and acquire new spectrum licenses.\n\nIf we cannot acquire and retain needed spectrum, we may not be able to continue to offer and improve our current services and deploy new services on a timely basis including providing competitive data speeds that customers want. As a result, our ability to attract and retain customers could be materially adversely affected. In addition, an inability to acquire and retain needed spectrum could affect network quality and result in higher capital expenditures, as a consequence of network densification and other related network upgrades.\n\n## S pectrum Fees\n\nChanges to government spectrum fees could significantly increase our payments and therefore materially reduce our operating profit. Spectrum licences are an indefinite life intangible asset and we do not amortize them, however, any potential increases in spectrum licence fees may affect our current accounting policies.", "page_start": 78, @@ -12178,6 +12190,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast six CC Licenses and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n\n## We've estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The great growling engine of change - technology. Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n\n## In 2023, we launched the Open Infrastructure Circle (OIC) to ensure consistent funding for this work.\n\nWe're grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.\n\n", "page_start": 3, @@ -12195,24 +12213,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Problems with automatic license activation\n\nIf connections problems occur with the automatic license activation procedure, the system times out after 3 minutes with an error.\n\nCheck whether the personal computer that is used to connect to the Storwize V7000 GUI and activate the license can access the internet. If you cannot complete the automatic activation procedure, use the manual activation procedure that is described in 12.3.5, 'Activate the license manually' on page 617.\n\nAlthough authorization codes and encryption license keys use the same format (four groups of four hexadecimal digits), you can only use each of them in the appropriate activation process. If you use a license key when the system expects an authorization code, the system displays an error message, as shown in Figure 12-16.\n\nFigure 12-16 Authorization code failure\n\n", - "page_start": 637, - "page_end": 637, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- /SM590000 Enabled Compression license", - "page_start": 442, - "page_end": 442, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 8. Select whether the encryption feature was purchased for this system. In this example, it is assumed encryption was not purchased, as shown in Figure 4-14. Click Next .\n\nNote: If you purchased the encryption feature, you are prompted to activate your encryption license manually or automatically. For more information about how to activate your encryption license during the system setup wizard, see Chapter 12, 'Encryption' on page 603.\n\nFigure 4-14 System setup: Encryption\n\n", - "page_start": 121, - "page_end": 121, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12758,6 +12758,18 @@ "page_end": 14, "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\nnordstrom.com/companyreview | Connect with us:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n#NORDSTROM\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis annual report is printed on FSC ® certified paper. The recycled content of our paper is 30% post-consumer waste. ©2015 Nordstrom, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA. 374047840 PLEASE RECYCLE.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", + "page_start": 95, + "page_end": 95, + "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## HOW DOES IT WORK?\n\n## When to put my garbage container outside?\n\nThe evening before the waste collection day.\n\n## Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?\n\nYou will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n\n## Container stolen: What to do?\n\nIn case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n\n## Out container = full container\n\nPut your rubbish container out only when full.\n\nAttention ! Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\n\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n\n## HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?\n\nBuy your own compost kit and get\n\ntips for good composting practice.\n\nOnly during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department).\n\n30 minute workshops/awarenessraising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops ** .\n\nRegistration and information with the service.\n\n| Compost kit | Plastic | Wood |\n|---------------|-----------|--------|\n| 300 L | 20 € | 30 € |\n| 400 L | 25 € | 35 € |\n\n- * Only payment by cheque made payable to the\n- 'Tresor Public' are accepted\n- ** Specific condition of acquisition apply accor-\n- ding to your municipality of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n| Town | Black container | Yellow container |\n|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | AGNAC |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ARMILLAC |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | BOURGOUGNAGUE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | CAMBES |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | LACHAPELLE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | LAPERCHE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT |\n| MONDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LAVERGNE |\n| TUESDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | MOUSTIER |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | PEYRIÈRE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | PUYSSERAMPION |\n| MONDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ROUMAGNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN |\n| MONDAY white weeks | FRIDAY green weeks | SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SEGALAS |\n\n## MORE QUESTIONS ?\n\nWebsite:\n\nwww.ccpl47.fr\n\n/ Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n\nEnvironnement Service :\n\n12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN\n\n05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr\n\nComposting : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n\nRecycling centre access, registration or modification : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\n\nOn the CCPL website\n\n\n\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n\n\n\n\n\neepik\n\nr\n\ntock - F\n\nS\n\ndobe\n\nto : A\n\nédits pho\n\nr\n\nC", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Compost Questions and Answers\n\n## What is compost?\n\nCompost is a natural humus-like soil amendment that results from the controlled aerobic (with oxygen) decomposition of organic materials. Compost is not soil - it should be mixed with soil. It is not fertilizer, although it contains many slowly released nutrients.\n\n## What materials ('feedstocks') are used to make compost?\n\nCompost facilities in Washington recycle a variety of organic materials, including yard debris, food scraps, manure, biosolids, forest residuals like sawdust and bark, construction wood, and agricultural residues. All of these materials can be used to produce high quality compost. Your supplier can tell you which materials they compost.\n\n## How do I know I'm getting safe, quality compost?\n\nFortunately, in Washington we have strict permitting and production standards for compost facilities, that include both time and temperature requirements and contaminant limits.\n\n## What about weed seeds, plant diseases or pesticide residues?\n\nThe controlled time, aeration, and temperature process required in Washington has been shown to kill weed seeds and plant diseases. That same process breaks down most pesticide residues. There are a few agricultural pesticides that are not easily broken down, and permitted Washington compost manufacturers carefully watch their feedstocks to keep those materials out of the composting process.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Compost Beginnings\n\nThe yard debris or food scraps* that you place into your home compost bin, take to a drop-off site, or set out for curbside collection could become the compost that you later use on your garden, lawn, and flowerbeds.\n\nIt is essential to place only quality organic material into the composting process. Here are some tips:\n\n - l The products you use or spray in your yard can end up in the compost process. Carefully read the labels of pesticide and herbicide products you use. (See page 9.)\n - l Please keep yard debris free of :\n - x Garbage\n - x Plastic of any sort\n - - Plastic plant pots\n - - Plastic plant tabs\n - - Plastic bags (if you want to bag your yard debris, use paper garden bags - available at most garden centers)\n - x Rock, brick, or masonry\n - x Glass or metal\n - x Pet waste.\n - * Many localities now collect food scraps and food-soiled paper along with yard debris for composting. Call your local collection service to find out what is collected in your area.\n\n", "page_start": 4, @@ -12793,18 +12805,6 @@ "page_start": 15, "page_end": 15, "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Glossary of terms and abbreviations\n\nAD - Activity Data\n\nAWMS - Animal Waste Management System\n\nBOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand\n\nC - Carbon\n\nC2F6 - Hexafluoroethane\n\nCF4 - Tetrafluoromethane\n\nCH4 - Methane\n\nCO - Carbon Monoxide\n\nCO2 - Carbon dioxide\n\nCOD - Chemical Oxygen Demand\n\ndm - dry matter\n\nGg - Gigagram\n\nha - hectare\n\nHFC - Hydrofluorocarbon\n\nhl - hectolitre\n\nk - kilo\n\nkg - kilogram\n\nkha - kilo hectare\n\nkt - kilotonne\n\nLTO - Landing/Take Off\n\nLUCF - Land-Use Change and Forestry\n\nLULUCF - Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry\n\nm 3 - cubic meter\n\nMCF - Methane Correction Factor\n\nMg - Megagram\n\nMha - Megahectare\n\nMSW - Municipal Solid Waste\n\nN - Nitrogen\n\nN2O - Nitrous Oxide\n\nNFP - National Focal Point\n\nNH3 - Ammonia\n\nNMVOC - Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound\n\nNOX - Nitrogen Dioxide\n\nPFC - Perfluorocarbon\n\nRA - Reference Approach\n\nSE - Sectoral Expert\n\nSF6 - Sulphur Hexafluoride\n\nSO2 - Sulphur Dioxide\n\nSWDS - Solid Waste Disposal Site\n\nt - tonne\n\nTg - Teragram\n\nTJ - Terajoules\n\nXML - Extensible Markup Language\n\nyear t - inventory year", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Garbage was analyzed in the Kugenuma Beach cleanup event, in which SMFG and its Group companies participated\n\n## Donations through 'The World Bank Green Fund'\n\nSMBC and SMBC Nikko Securities donate a SMBC and SMBC Nikko Securities donate a portion of the profits from marketing of the portion of the profits from marketing of the SMBC Nikko World Bank Bond Fund SMBC Nikko World Bank Bond Fund ('The 'The World Bank Green Fund World Bank Green Fund') to the Japanese ) to the Japanese Red Cross Society and the Japan Committee Red Cross Society and the Japan Committee for UNICEF. for UNICEF.\n\nThis investment trust is the world This investment trust is the world's firsts first fund developed in cooperation with the fund developed in cooperation with the World Bank that invests in World Bank green World Bank that invests in World Bank green bonds, according to research by Nikko bonds, according to research by Nikko Asset Management Co., Ltd. Funds from Asset Management Co., Ltd. Funds from the World Bank green bonds support only the World Bank green bonds support only World Bank-funded projects in developing World Bank-funded projects in developing countries to mitigate global warming. countries to mitigate global warming.\n\n*Research by Nikko Asset Management Co., Ltd.\n\nDonating to the Japanese Red CrossDonating to Japan Committee for UNICEF\n\n\n\n## SMBC Nikko Securities' 'Green Week'\n\nIn the fall of 2010, SMBC Nikko Securities In the fall of 2010, SMBC Nikko Securities established its 'Green Week' for strength established its 'Green Week' for strengthening environmental protection and social ening environmental protection and social contribution activities, with the aim of contribution activities, with the aim of promoting communication within regional promoting communication within regional society and among participating employees society and among participating employees and their families, while deepening under and their families, while deepening understanding of environmental protection through standing of environmental protection through participation in social contribution activities. participation in social contribution activities. Between November 13 and December 5, Between November 13 and December 5, 2010, environmental protection programs 2010, environmental protection programs were rolled out by cross-organizational were rolled out by cross-organizational 'Green Committees' in four locations in 'Green Committees' in four locations in Japan, with the participation of 280 employ Japan, with the participation of 280 employees and their families. In addition, regional ees and their families. In addition, regional contribution activities were carried out by contribution activities were carried out by\n\nRegional contribution activities at the branch level\n\n\n\nCollection of PET bottle caps for international contribution purposes\n\n\n\nbranches at their own initiative. A wide variety branches at their own initiative. A wide variety of social contribution activities, such as the of social contribution activities, such as the collection of used stamps and PET bottle collection of used stamps and PET bottle caps, were carried out for global causes. caps, were carried out for global causes. SMBC Nikko Securities will continue activi SMBC Nikko Securities will continue activities that contribute to society and prioritize ties that contribute to society and prioritize communication between employees. communication between employees.\n\nEmployees and their families pitch in to clean up the bed of the Ara River in Tokyo\n\n\n\n## Environmental protection activities\n\nForestry management volunteering experience in Osaka (Izumi no Mori)\n\n## 117 participants\n\nVolunteers at the Shonan Erosion Control Forest project\n\n## 62 participants\n\nHelping clean up Senju Shinbashi bridge that spans Ara River\n\n## 64 participants\n\n37 participants Helping clean up Nishi Araibashi bridge that spans Ara River", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12815,8 +12815,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "LACHAPELLE MONDAY green weeks", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -12826,6 +12826,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## HOW DOES IT WORK?\n\n## When to put my garbage container outside?\n\nThe evening before the waste collection day.\n\n## Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?\n\nYou will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n\n## Container stolen: What to do?\n\nIn case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n\n## Out container = full container\n\nPut your rubbish container out only when full.\n\nAttention ! Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\n\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n\n## HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?\n\nBuy your own compost kit and get\n\ntips for good composting practice.\n\nOnly during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department).\n\n30 minute workshops/awarenessraising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops ** .\n\nRegistration and information with the service.\n\n| Compost kit | Plastic | Wood |\n|---------------|-----------|--------|\n| 300 L | 20 € | 30 € |\n| 400 L | 25 € | 35 € |\n\n- * Only payment by cheque made payable to the\n- 'Tresor Public' are accepted\n- ** Specific condition of acquisition apply accor-\n- ding to your municipality of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n| Town | Black container | Yellow container |\n|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | AGNAC |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ARMILLAC |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | BOURGOUGNAGUE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | CAMBES |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | LACHAPELLE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | LAPERCHE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT |\n| MONDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LAVERGNE |\n| TUESDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | MOUSTIER |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | PEYRIÈRE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | PUYSSERAMPION |\n| MONDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ROUMAGNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN |\n| MONDAY white weeks | FRIDAY green weeks | SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SEGALAS |\n\n## MORE QUESTIONS ?\n\nWebsite:\n\nwww.ccpl47.fr\n\n/ Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n\nEnvironnement Service :\n\n12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN\n\n05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr\n\nComposting : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n\nRecycling centre access, registration or modification : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\n\nOn the CCPL website\n\n\n\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n\n\n\n\n\neepik\n\nr\n\ntock - F\n\nS\n\ndobe\n\nto : A\n\nédits pho\n\nr\n\nC", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" + }, { "text": "## INSTRUCTIONS\n\n## in the Pays de Lauzun district\n\n\n\n## ORGANIC WASTE\n\n//50% green materials : all fruit and vegetable peelings, leftover meat, egg shells, tea and coffee…\n\n//50% brown materials : dead leaves, twigs, kitchen rolls, shavings, possibly paper, newspaper and cardboard …\n\n## ALL GLASS BOTTLES\n\n## Bocaux et bouteilles\n\n//Sans les couvercles !\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## RECYCLING CENTRE\n\n\n\n## HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE\n\nMasks, nappies, Broken dishes, toothbrush, Disposable wipes, Vacuum bags...\n\n\n\nBLACK BIN OR BLACK COLUMN\n\n\n\nCOMPOSTER\n\n\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 2, @@ -12873,12 +12879,6 @@ "page_start": 191, "page_end": 191, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "parameter to be consistent with the current observations. We also calculate the scattering cross section between the DM particle and nucleon and discuss the implication for the direct DM search experiments. We summarize our results in the section IV. Our notations and the formulas used in our analysis are listed in Appendix.\n\n## II. THE MINIMAL GAUGED U (1) B -L MODEL WITH Z 2 PARITY\n\nThe model is based on the gauge group SU (3) C × SU (2) L × U (1) Y × U (1) B -L . Additional fields besides the standard model fields are a gauge field Z ' µ of the U (1) B -L , a SM singlet B -L Higgs boson Ψ with two U (1) B -L charge, and three RH neutrinos N i which are necessary for the gauge and gravitational anomaly cancellations. In describing the RH neutrinos, we use the four component representation of RH neutrino constructed from the Weyl spinor ν R i ,\n\nN i ≡   ν R i /epsilon1 ν ∗ R i   , (1)\n\nFor the two RH neutrinos, N 1 and N 2 , we assign Z 2 parity even, while odd for N 3 , so that the RH neutrino N 3 is stable and, hence, the DM candidate.\n\nDue to the additional gauge symmetry U (1) B -L , the covariant derivative for each fields is given by\n\nD µ = D ( SM ) µ -iq B -L g B -L Z ' µ , (2)\n\nwhere D ( SM ) µ is the covariant derivative in the SM, and q B -L is the charge of each fields under the U (1) B -L with its gauge coupling g B -L .\n\nYukawa interactions relevant for the neutrino masses are given by\n\nL int = 3 ∑ α =1 2 ∑ i =1 y αi ¯ L α ˜ Φ N i -1 2 3 ∑ i =1 λ R i ¯ N i Ψ P R N i +h . c ., (3)\n\nwhere ˜ Φ = -iτ 2 Φ ∗ for Φ being the SM Higgs doublet, and without loss of generality we have worked out in the basis where the second term in the right-hand-side is in flavor diagonal for RH neutrinos. Because of the Z 2 parity, the DM candidate N 3 has no Yukawa couplings with the left-handed lepton doublets.\n\nThe general Higgs potential for the SU (2) L doublet Φ and a singlet B -L Higgs Ψ is generally given by\n\nV (Φ , Ψ) = m 2 1 | Φ | 2 + m 2 2 | Ψ | 2 + λ 1 | Φ | 4 + λ 2 | Ψ | 4 + λ 3 | Φ | 2 | Ψ | 2 . (4)", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12889,11 +12889,17 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "Container stolen: What to do? In case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## HOW DOES IT WORK?\n\n## When to put my garbage container outside?\n\nThe evening before the waste collection day.\n\n## Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?\n\nYou will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n\n## Container stolen: What to do?\n\nIn case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n\n## Out container = full container\n\nPut your rubbish container out only when full.\n\nAttention ! Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\n\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n\n## HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?\n\nBuy your own compost kit and get\n\ntips for good composting practice.\n\nOnly during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department).\n\n30 minute workshops/awarenessraising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops ** .\n\nRegistration and information with the service.\n\n| Compost kit | Plastic | Wood |\n|---------------|-----------|--------|\n| 300 L | 20 € | 30 € |\n| 400 L | 25 € | 35 € |\n\n- * Only payment by cheque made payable to the\n- 'Tresor Public' are accepted\n- ** Specific condition of acquisition apply accor-\n- ding to your municipality of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n| Town | Black container | Yellow container |\n|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | AGNAC |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ARMILLAC |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | BOURGOUGNAGUE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | CAMBES |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | LACHAPELLE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | LAPERCHE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT |\n| MONDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LAVERGNE |\n| TUESDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | MOUSTIER |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | PEYRIÈRE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | PUYSSERAMPION |\n| MONDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ROUMAGNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN |\n| MONDAY white weeks | FRIDAY green weeks | SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SEGALAS |\n\n## MORE QUESTIONS ?\n\nWebsite:\n\nwww.ccpl47.fr\n\n/ Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n\nEnvironnement Service :\n\n12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN\n\n05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr\n\nComposting : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n\nRecycling centre access, registration or modification : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\n\nOn the CCPL website\n\n\n\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n\n\n\n\n\neepik\n\nr\n\ntock - F\n\nS\n\ndobe\n\nto : A\n\nédits pho\n\nr\n\nC", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 12.7 Recovering from a provider loss\n\nIf both encryption key providers are enabled, and you lose one of them (by losing all copies of the encryption key kept on the USB flash drives or by losing all SKLM servers), you can recover from this situation by disabling the provider to which you lost the access. To disable the unavailable provider, you must have access to a valid master access key on the remaining provider.\n\nIf you have lost access to the encryption key server provider, issue the following command:\n\nchencryption -keyserver disable\n\nIf you have lost access to the USB flash drives provider, issue the following command:\n\nchencryption -usb disable\n\nIf you want to restore the configuration with both encryption key providers, follow the instructions that are described in 12.5, 'Configuring more providers' on page 647.\n\nNote: If you lose access to all encryption key providers that are defined in the system, no method is available to recover access to the data protected by the master access key.\n\n## 12.8 Using encryption\n\nThe design for encryption is based on the concept that a system is fully encrypted or not encrypted. Encryption implementation is intended to encourage solutions that contain only encrypted volumes or only unencrypted volumes. For example, after encryption is enabled on the system, all new objects (for example, pools) are by default created as encrypted.\n\nSome unsupported configurations are actively policed in code. For example, no support exists for creating unencrypted child pools from encrypted parent pools. However, exceptions exist:", "page_start": 677, @@ -12947,12 +12953,6 @@ "page_start": 532, "page_end": 532, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are three LEDs in a row in the upper middle position of the canister that indicates the status and the functionality of the node (see Table 13-4).\n\nTable 13-4 Node canister LEDs\n\n| Position | Color | Name | State | Meaning |\n|------------|---------|--------|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Left | Green | Power | On | The node is started and active. It might not be safe to remove the canister. If the fault LED is off, the node is an active member of a cluster or candidate. If the fault LED is also on, node is in service state or in error, preventing the software to start. |\n| Left | Green | Power | Flashing (2 Hz) | Canister is started and in standby mode. |\n| Left | Green | Power | Flashing (4 Hz) | Node is running power-on self-test (POST). |\n| Left | Green | Power | Off | No power to the canister or it is running on battery. |\n| Middle | Green | Status | On | The node is a member of a cluster. |\n| Middle | Green | Status | Flashing (2 Hz) | The node is a candidate for or in a service state. |\n| Middle | Green | Status | Flashing (4 Hz) | The node is performing a fire hose dump. Never unplug the canister at this time. |\n| Middle | Green | Status | Off | No power to the canister or canister is in standby mode. |", - "page_start": 697, - "page_end": 697, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13078,29 +13078,29 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## How Much Compost to Use\n\n - l Estimate the planting area (Math Hint: Square feet = length x width)\n - l Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4)\n - l Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs. (Abbreviations: ft = foot; yd = yard; sq = square; cu = cubic.)\n - l Conversions: 9 square feet = 1 square yard; 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.\n\n## Question: I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?\n\n| Plot Size | # of Sq Feet | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|----------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| 5' x 10' plot | 50 sq ft | 2.08 cu ft of compost | 8.33 cu ft of compost (0.31 cu yd) |\n| 10' x 10' plot | 100 sq ft | 4.17 cu ft of compost | 16.66 cu ft of compost (0.62 cu yd) |\n| 20 x 50' plot | 1000 sq ft | 41.7 cu ft of compost | 166.7 cu ft of compost (6.2 cu yd) |\n| 1 acre | 43,600 sq ft | 1,815 cu ft of compost (67 cu yd) | 7,257 cu ft of compost (268 cu yd) |\n\n## Question: If I buy this much compost, how many square feet will it cover?\n\n\n\n| Compost Quantity | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|\n| 1 cu ft bag of compost 2.2 cu ft bag of compost | 24 sq foot area | 6 sq foot area 9 sq foot area 13 sq foot area |\n| 1.5 cu ft bag of compost | 36 sq foot area | |\n| | 53 sq foot area | |\n| 2.5 cu ft bag of compost | 60 sq foot area | 15 sq foot area |\n| 1 cubic yard of compost | 648 sq foot area | 162 sq foot area |\n\nCompost Works! Soil blending trials conducted in 2008 by the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with funding from the Washington Department of Ecology,\n\n\n\ndemonstrated that compost improves soil structure (lowers bulk density), nutrient availability (increases cation exchange capacity), moisture holding capacity, and supplies both nutrients that plants need and organic matter that supports soil life. See the 2008 Soil Blending Trial report at\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Resources\n\n## Compost Organizations\n\n## Washington Organic Recycling Council\n\nFind a compost producer in your area www.compostwashington.org\n\n## US Composting Council\n\nSeal of Testing Assurance (STA) program www.compostingcouncil.org/programs/sta/\n\n## Restoring the Soil to Protect our Waterways\n\nwww.soilsforsalmon.org\n\nCompost amendment and erosion control during construction: information for builders www.buildingsoil.org\n\n## Natural Lawn & Garden Care, Soils, and Home Composting\n\nCity of Seattle\n\nwww.seattle.gov/util/services/yard\n\nKing County\n\nwww.kingcounty.gov/soils\n\nWashington State University\n\nwww.puyallup.wsu.edu/soilmgmt/\n\n\n\n\n\n## The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden Blossoms from the Soil\n\nThank you for your interest in compost.\n\nCompost is a versatile product with many benefits. It enhances soil quality, helps save water, and supports your community's efforts to recycle organic debris. All this helps to conserve our natural resources and reduces the amount of material sent to the landfill.\n\nCompost-amended soil also helps break down pollutants and absorb stormwater runoff. By making nutrients slowly available to plants and enhancing plant health, compost can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. All these benefits help protect our lakes, rivers, and marine waters from pollution and excessive runoff.\n\nCompost is a natural amendment for your lawn or garden, and can be used regularly to enrich your soil. This guide is designed to help you get the most from the compost that you buy.", "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## HOW DOES IT WORK?\n\n## When to put my garbage container outside?\n\nThe evening before the waste collection day.\n\n## Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?\n\nYou will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n\n## Container stolen: What to do?\n\nIn case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n\n## Out container = full container\n\nPut your rubbish container out only when full.\n\nAttention ! Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\n\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n\n## HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?\n\nBuy your own compost kit and get\n\ntips for good composting practice.\n\nOnly during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department).\n\n30 minute workshops/awarenessraising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops ** .\n\nRegistration and information with the service.\n\n| Compost kit | Plastic | Wood |\n|---------------|-----------|--------|\n| 300 L | 20 € | 30 € |\n| 400 L | 25 € | 35 € |\n\n- * Only payment by cheque made payable to the\n- 'Tresor Public' are accepted\n- ** Specific condition of acquisition apply accor-\n- ding to your municipality of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n| Town | Black container | Yellow container |\n|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | AGNAC |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ARMILLAC |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | BOURGOUGNAGUE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | CAMBES |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | LACHAPELLE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | LAPERCHE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT |\n| MONDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LAVERGNE |\n| TUESDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | MOUSTIER |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | PEYRIÈRE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | PUYSSERAMPION |\n| MONDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ROUMAGNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN |\n| MONDAY white weeks | FRIDAY green weeks | SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SEGALAS |\n\n## MORE QUESTIONS ?\n\nWebsite:\n\nwww.ccpl47.fr\n\n/ Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n\nEnvironnement Service :\n\n12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN\n\n05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr\n\nComposting : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n\nRecycling centre access, registration or modification : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\n\nOn the CCPL website\n\n\n\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n\n\n\n\n\neepik\n\nr\n\ntock - F\n\nS\n\ndobe\n\nto : A\n\nédits pho\n\nr\n\nC", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" + }, { "text": "## INSTRUCTIONS\n\n## in the Pays de Lauzun district\n\n\n\n## ORGANIC WASTE\n\n//50% green materials : all fruit and vegetable peelings, leftover meat, egg shells, tea and coffee…\n\n//50% brown materials : dead leaves, twigs, kitchen rolls, shavings, possibly paper, newspaper and cardboard …\n\n## ALL GLASS BOTTLES\n\n## Bocaux et bouteilles\n\n//Sans les couvercles !\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## RECYCLING CENTRE\n\n\n\n## HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE\n\nMasks, nappies, Broken dishes, toothbrush, Disposable wipes, Vacuum bags...\n\n\n\nBLACK BIN OR BLACK COLUMN\n\n\n\nCOMPOSTER\n\n\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| | | | | gol | | snow, | | My | |\n| | | | | | My | | | | |\n| | | | gardening | | | | | | |\n| Dyspnea | | | | | | | | | |\n| Questions About | | | | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | | | | heavy |\n| | | | | breathing | | | | manual | manual |\n| | | | | | carrying | | | swimming, | |\n| | 0.123) | | | | | | | 0.108) | |", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| PLANT FACILITIES PLANT FACILITIES AT DEC. 31, 2003 | Telephone | CATV |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|\n| Route Miles Route Miles | 2,133.6 2,134 | 550.5 551 |\n| Customers Per Route Mile Customers Per Route Mile | 11.7 12 | 15.8 16 |\n| Miles of Distribution Wire Miles of Distribution Wire | 579.3 579 | 157.8 158 |\n| Telephone Poles Telephone Poles | 7,675 7,675 | 36 36 |\n| Miles of Aerial Copper Cable Miles of Aerial Copper Cable | 337.2 337 | 162.0 162 |\n| Miles of Buried Copper Cable Miles of Buried Copper Cable | 1,314.4 1,314 | 352.7 353 |\n| Miles of Underground Copper Cable Miles of Underground Copper Cable | 39.2 39 | 2.0 2 |\n| Fiber Optic Cable-Fiber Miles Fiber Optic Cable-Fiber Miles | 256.9 257 | - |\n| Inter-toll Circuits to Interexchange Carriers Inter-toll Circuits to Interexchange Carriers | 1,622 1,622 | - |\n| Special Service Circuits to Interexchange Carriers Special Service Circuits to Interexchange Carriers | 313 313 | - |\n\n\n\n■", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13158,6 +13158,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## How Much Compost to Use\n\n - l Estimate the planting area (Math Hint: Square feet = length x width)\n - l Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4)\n - l Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs. (Abbreviations: ft = foot; yd = yard; sq = square; cu = cubic.)\n - l Conversions: 9 square feet = 1 square yard; 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.\n\n## Question: I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?\n\n| Plot Size | # of Sq Feet | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|----------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| 5' x 10' plot | 50 sq ft | 2.08 cu ft of compost | 8.33 cu ft of compost (0.31 cu yd) |\n| 10' x 10' plot | 100 sq ft | 4.17 cu ft of compost | 16.66 cu ft of compost (0.62 cu yd) |\n| 20 x 50' plot | 1000 sq ft | 41.7 cu ft of compost | 166.7 cu ft of compost (6.2 cu yd) |\n| 1 acre | 43,600 sq ft | 1,815 cu ft of compost (67 cu yd) | 7,257 cu ft of compost (268 cu yd) |\n\n## Question: If I buy this much compost, how many square feet will it cover?\n\n\n\n| Compost Quantity | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|\n| 1 cu ft bag of compost 2.2 cu ft bag of compost | 24 sq foot area | 6 sq foot area 9 sq foot area 13 sq foot area |\n| 1.5 cu ft bag of compost | 36 sq foot area | |\n| | 53 sq foot area | |\n| 2.5 cu ft bag of compost | 60 sq foot area | 15 sq foot area |\n| 1 cubic yard of compost | 648 sq foot area | 162 sq foot area |\n\nCompost Works! Soil blending trials conducted in 2008 by the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with funding from the Washington Department of Ecology,\n\n\n\ndemonstrated that compost improves soil structure (lowers bulk density), nutrient availability (increases cation exchange capacity), moisture holding capacity, and supplies both nutrients that plants need and organic matter that supports soil life. See the 2008 Soil Blending Trial report at\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Glossary of terms and abbreviations\n\nAD - Activity Data\n\nAWMS - Animal Waste Management System\n\nBOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand\n\nC - Carbon\n\nC2F6 - Hexafluoroethane\n\nCF4 - Tetrafluoromethane\n\nCH4 - Methane\n\nCO - Carbon Monoxide\n\nCO2 - Carbon dioxide\n\nCOD - Chemical Oxygen Demand\n\ndm - dry matter\n\nGg - Gigagram\n\nha - hectare\n\nHFC - Hydrofluorocarbon\n\nhl - hectolitre\n\nk - kilo\n\nkg - kilogram\n\nkha - kilo hectare\n\nkt - kilotonne\n\nLTO - Landing/Take Off\n\nLUCF - Land-Use Change and Forestry\n\nLULUCF - Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry\n\nm 3 - cubic meter\n\nMCF - Methane Correction Factor\n\nMg - Megagram\n\nMha - Megahectare\n\nMSW - Municipal Solid Waste\n\nN - Nitrogen\n\nN2O - Nitrous Oxide\n\nNFP - National Focal Point\n\nNH3 - Ammonia\n\nNMVOC - Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound\n\nNOX - Nitrogen Dioxide\n\nPFC - Perfluorocarbon\n\nRA - Reference Approach\n\nSE - Sectoral Expert\n\nSF6 - Sulphur Hexafluoride\n\nSO2 - Sulphur Dioxide\n\nSWDS - Solid Waste Disposal Site\n\nt - tonne\n\nTg - Teragram\n\nTJ - Terajoules\n\nXML - Extensible Markup Language\n\nyear t - inventory year", "page_start": 43, @@ -13165,16 +13171,10 @@ "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" }, { - "text": "## C ORNING T ECHNOLOGIES\n\n\n\nEnvironmental T overall R&D investment. We 1970s. Today emission control business is today in Erwin, N.Y in support of this great diesel opportunity.\n\nOur Semiconductor Optics business - with some exciting new and continued breakthroughs in the creation of HPFS ® fused silica -chemistry and metrology.\n\n\n\nS EMICONDUCTOR O PTICS: CALCIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTALS\n\n\n\n\n\nE NABLING : MICROCIRCUIT LINES AT 1/1000 THE WIDTH OF A HUMAN HAIR\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- (d) 'specified activities' means-\n - (i) crop maintenance,\n - (ii) crop harvesting,\n - (iii) tunnel construction and dismantling,\n - (iv) irrigation installation and maintaining,\n - (v) crop husbandry,\n - (vi) packing and processing of crops on employer's premises,\n - (vii) preparing and dismantling growing areas and media,\n - (viii) general primary production work in edible horticulture,\n - (ix) activities relating to supervising teams of horticulture workers.\n - 44. -(1) A domestic elite sportsperson, an international elite sportsperson, a domestic ancillary sportsperson or an international ancillary sportsperson.", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" + "text": "## 3. Emission factors\n\n - a. Ozone precursors and SO2 from oil refining Crude oil throughput\n\nNOx = 0.06\n\nCO = 0.09\n\nNMVOC = 0.62\n\nSO2 = 0.93\n\n - b. Ozone precursors and SO2 from oil refining Catalytic cracker throughput\n - c. NMVOC emissions from storage and handling Crude oil throughput\n\nNOx = 0.2\n\nCO = 42.6\n\nNMVOC = 0.6\n\nSO2 = 1.5\n\nSecondary seals = 0.2\n\nPrimary seals = 0.7\n\nFixed Roof = 4.9\n\n - d. SO2 from Sulphur Recovery Plants 139 kg/t\n - 4. CKD correction factor = 1.02\n - 5. Methane Correction Factor (MCF)\n - 6. Inventory time period (for Cropland remaining Cropland - Carbon stock change - Mineral soils) = 20 years\n\nManaged - 1.0\n\nUnmanaged - deep (>= 5m) - 0.8\n\nUnmanaged - shallow (< 5m) - 0.4\n\nMethane Correction Factor - 0.6", + "page_start": 49, + "page_end": 49, + "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13430,6 +13430,12 @@ "page_end": 16, "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Table 16 Sample efficiency. We compare the sample efficiency of pretraining various state-of-the-art image and video models. The #Samples Seen entry corresponds to the number of samples (image or video clips) processed by the network during pretraining, which is larger than the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch training. The V-JEPA results in this paper are obtained while processing an order of magnitude fewer samples than previous methods.\n\n| Method | Arch. | Data | #Samples Seen |\n|------------|--------------|-----------------|-----------------|\n| OpenCLIP | ViT-G/14 | LAION-2B | 39000M |\n| DINOv2 | ViT-g/14 | LVD 142M | 1900M |\n| VideoMAEv2 | ViT-g/14 | UnlabeledHybrid | 1600M |\n| V-JEPA | ViT-H/16 384 | VideoMix2M | 210M |\n\nFigure 9 Illustration of mask with number of blocks and block size. Each mask is constructed by sampling several (possibly overlapping) blocks and taking their union.\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8 Masking Strategy Ablation. Evaluating a linear probe on a ViT-B/16 pretrained with V-JEPA on K400 under various 3D Multi-Block masking settings. We examine the impact of (a) sampling several masks per video, (b) varying the number of blocks in a mask, and (c) varying the average spatial and temporal masking ratio. A temporal masking ratio of 100% extends the spatial mask across all the frames in the clip. We find it important to maintain a high spatial and temporal masking ratio during pretraining.\n\n\n\n(a) Num. Blocks: 8, Spatial Block Size: 32 × 32\n\n\n\n(b) Num. Blocks: 4, Spatial Block Size: 80 × 80\n\n\n\n(c) Num. Blocks: 2, Spatial Block Size: 160 × 160\n\n", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 4 SSv2 fine-tuning performance vs. Samples Seen. We report SSv2 fine-tuning for V-JEPA and pixel-reconstruction baselines using a ViT-L/16 or Hiera-L architecture. V-JEPA outperforms all pixel-reconstruction methods using a ViTL/16 and matches the Hiera-L performance while seeing significantly less samples during pretraining.\n\n\n\nageNet; hence, V-JEPA achieves comparable ImageNet performance despite only pretraining on video.\n\nUnder the fine-tuning protocol, V-JEPA also achieves the best performance of any model trained with a ViT-L/16, and matches the performance of the Hiera-L on SSv2, which benefits from a hierachical prior (Ryali et al., 2023). The V-JEPA models achieve this result while processing significantly fewer samples during pretraining (Figure 4), demonstrating the efficiency of feature prediction as a learning principle.\n\n## 5.2 Comparison with State-of-the-Art\n\nNext, in Table 6, we inspect how the V-JEPA models pretrained on video stack up next to the largest stateof-the-art self-supervised image and video models when freezing the backbone encoder and training an attentive probe on top. Our image pretrained baselines include OpenCLIP (Cherti et al., 2023), DINOv2 (Oquab et al., 2023), and I-JEPA (Assran et al., 2023). The OpenCLIP model is trained with a contrastive image-text alignment objective, DINOv2 and I-JEPA are trained with self-supervision. These models are known to excel in their frozen-evaluation performance (Oquab et al., 2023); i.e., their ability to produce visual features that can be applied to many downstream tasks simultaneously, without end-to-end fine-tuning, and thus provide highly competitive baselines. Our video pretrained baselines include VideoMAE (Tong et al., 2022), OmniMAE (Girdhar et al., 2023), Hiera (Ryali et al., 2023), VideoMAEv2 (Wang et al., 2023a), and MVD (Wang et al., 2023b). The OpenCLIP, DINOv2 and VideoMAEv2 models are parameterized as Giant/Gigantic vision transformer architectures containing over 1B parameters trained on large-scale image or video datasets.\n\nComparison with video models. Compared to large-scale video baselines, the V-JEPA models outperform all previous models on every downstream video\n\nFigure 5 SSv2 frozen-evaluation performance vs. Pretraining Time. Wallclock times for all methods are measured on a single GPU with a batch size of 10 clips, using the official codebases for VideoMAE and VideoMAEv2, and linearly extrapolated assuming a global batch size of 2400 samples. However, note that the SSv2 accuracies of video pixel prediction methods are actually obtained with small batch sizes and significantly longer training schedules. V-JEPA outperforms pixel-reconstruction methods while training significantly faster.\n\n\n\nand image task with notable margin (see Table 6). Our H/16 model outperforms the largest publicly available VideoMAE, VideoMAEv2, OmniMAE, MVD, and Hiera models by at least +5 points in motion understanding (Something-Something-v2), +2 points in action recognition (Kinetics-400), +5 points on action detection (AVA), +1 point on object recognition (ImageNet-1K), +2 points in scene recognition (Places205), and +0 . 2 points on finegrained recognition (iNaturalist). Moreover, when comparing pretraining wallclock time in Figure 5, we see that V-JEPA achieves this performance with a roughly 2 × speedup compared to the large pixel prediction models.\n\nComparison with image models. On tasks that require a fine-grained understanding of motion (SomethingSomething-v2), the V-JEPA models provide a major improvement (over +21 points) compared to large-scale image baselines, such as DINOv2, OpenCLIP, and IJEPA. Self-supervised pretraining from videos allows to model dynamic concepts that are not easily learned from static image datasets. Similarly, we observe that the V-JEPA models outperform image-based pretraining on action localization.", "page_start": 7, @@ -13465,12 +13471,6 @@ "page_start": 20, "page_end": 20, "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Multi-Mask Prediction. To increase the efficiency of V-JEPA , we use a multi-masking strategy (Caron et al., 2020; Baevski et al., 2022a), which enables us to amortize the cost of the target computation. As mentioned in Section 3, for a given video clip, we sample 2 different masks, short-range and long-range. While we need to forward propagate the x -encoder and predictor separately for each mask, we only need to compute the y -representation once.\n\n## C Pretraining details\n\nIn section, we report V-JEPA pretraining details. Table 8 summarizes the main hyperparameters used during pretraining.\n\nArchitectures. We use Vision Transformer (Dosovitskiy et al., 2020) (ViT) architectures for the x -encoder and y -encoder. We train three V-JEPA encoders: a ViT-L/16 224 , a ViT-H/16 224 and a ViT-H/16 384 . All three encoders take as input a short video clip of 16 frames with a temporal stride of 4 between consecutive frames. The subscripts, 224 and 384 , indicate the spatial resolution of the video clip. V-JEPA flattens the video clip into a sequence of non-overlapping spatio-temporal patches of size 16 × 16 × 2 (see Figure 7). For all three models, the predictor is designed as a narrow ViT architecture, consisting of 12 transformer blocks with an embedding dimension of 384. For simplicity, we keep the number of self-attention heads in the predictor equal to that of the backbone used for the context-encoder/target-encoder. V-JEPA is pretrained without using a [cls] token.\n\nOptimization. We use AdamW (Loshchilov and Hutter, 2017) to optimize the x -encoder and predictor weights. The ViT-L/16 224 and ViT-H/16 224 models use a batch size of 3072 while the ViT-H/16 384 uses a batch size of 2400 . Models are trained for a total of 90,000 iterations. The learning rate is linearly increased from 2 × 10 -4 to 6 . 25 × 10 -4 during the first 12 , 000 iterations of pretraining, and decayed to 10 -6 following a cosine schedule.", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13566,6 +13566,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" }, + { + "text": "dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS\n\nVerDate Sep 11 2014\n\n15:46 Aug 08, 2019\n\nJkt 089139\n\nPO 00030\n\nFrm 00002\n\nFmt 6580\n\nSfmt 6580\n\nE:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116\n\nPUBL030\n\n''(2) new construction would be required to create a lactation room in the public building and the cost of such construction is unfeasible.\n\n''(d) NO UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.-Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building or portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized to enter.''.\n\n(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.-The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following new item:\n\n40 USC 3301 prec.\n\n''3318. Lactation room in public buildings.''.\n\n(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.-The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. 40 USC 3318 note.\n\nApproved July 25, 2019.\n\n", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" + }, { "text": "- (3) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)(d) and (e), a person or laboratory (as the case may be) meets the relevant requirements for accreditation to a standard where the person who is the operator of the laboratory complies with the requirements of regulation 6 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Testing Requirements and Standards) (England) Regulations 2020 as if-\n - (a) a reference to an applicable test were a reference to a day 2 test;\n - (b) a reference to a test provider were a reference to a private provider.\n\n## Day 8 tests: general test requirements", "page_start": 62, @@ -13613,12 +13619,6 @@ "page_start": 59, "page_end": 59, "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Day 8 tests: private provider requirements\n\n - 9. -(1) For the purposes of paragraph 8(1)(b)(iii), a private provider complies with this paragraph where-\n - (a) they comply with the requirements of paragraph 3(1)(a) and (e) to (h) of Schedule 10 as if any reference in those provisions to an appropriate test were a reference to a day 8 test;\n - (b) if the provider is a laboratory that conducts diagnostic test evaluation for testing in accordance with this Schedule, they have made a declaration to the Department of Health and Social Care that they meet the minimum standards for private sector-provided testing at https://support-covid-19-testing.dhsc.gov.uk/InternationalTesting;", - "page_start": 62, - "page_end": 62, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13629,8 +13629,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -13640,6 +13640,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" }, + { + "text": "dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS\n\nVerDate Sep 11 2014\n\n15:46 Aug 08, 2019\n\nJkt 089139\n\nPO 00030\n\nFrm 00002\n\nFmt 6580\n\nSfmt 6580\n\nE:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116\n\nPUBL030\n\n''(2) new construction would be required to create a lactation room in the public building and the cost of such construction is unfeasible.\n\n''(d) NO UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.-Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building or portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized to enter.''.\n\n(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.-The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following new item:\n\n40 USC 3301 prec.\n\n''3318. Lactation room in public buildings.''.\n\n(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.-The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. 40 USC 3318 note.\n\nApproved July 25, 2019.\n\n", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 115. P ensions law s and protection of pensions rights\n\n - (1) The law to be applied w ith respect to any pensions benefits that w ere granted to any person before the com ing into operation of this C onstitution shall be the law that w as in force at the date on w hich those benefits w ere granted or any law in force at a later date that is not less favourable to that person.\n - (2) The law to be applied w ith respect to any pensions benefits (not being benefits to w hich subsection (1) of this section applies) shall-\n - ( a ) in so far as those benefits are w holly in respect of a period of service as a public officer that com m enced before the date on w hich this C onstitution com es into operation, be the law that w as in force im m ediately before that date; and\n - ( b ) in so far as those benefits are w holly or partly in respect of a period of service as a public officer that com m enced after the date on w hich this C onstitution com es into operation, be the law in force on the date on w hich that period of service com m enced,\n\nor any law in force at a later date that is not less favourable to that person.", "page_start": 49, @@ -13687,12 +13693,6 @@ "page_start": 37, "page_end": 37, "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 15. Protection from discrim ination on the grounds of race, etc.\n\n - (1) S ubject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law shall m ake any provision that is discrim inatory either of itself or in its effect.\n - (2) S ubject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discrim inatory m anner by any person acting by virtue of any w ritten law or in the perform ance of the functions of any public office or any public authority.\n - (3) In this section, the expression \"discrim inatory\" m eans affording different treatm ent to different persons, attributable w holly or m ainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex w hereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to w hich persons of another such description are not m ade subject or are accorded privileges or advantages w hich are not accorded to persons of another such description.\n - (4) S ubsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law m akes provision-\n - ( a ) for the appropriation of public revenues or other public funds;\n - ( b ) w ith respect to persons w ho are not citizens of B otsw ana;\n - ( c ) w ith respect to adoption, m arriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other m atters of personal law ;", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13925,8 +13925,8 @@ "target_page": 16, "target_passage": "To freeze panes in a worksheet: 1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the area you want to freeze/unfreeze 2. Click on the VIEW tab 3. Click on Freeze Panes in the Window group, then select Freeze Panes ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -14222,7 +14222,7 @@ "target_passage": "178,471,109", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 5 + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -14250,6 +14250,12 @@ "page_end": 12, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (9) Liquidity and Availability of Financial Assets\n\nThe Foundation's financial assets available for general expenditure within one year of the balance sheet date, June 30, 2024 and 2023, are as follows:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-------------|\n| Cash and cash equivalents | $ 82,845,159 | 75,808,401 |\n| Current contributions receivable | 856,657 | - |\n| Short-term investments | 116,074,763 | 132,216,667 |\n| Total financial assets | 199,776,579 | 208,025,068 |\n| Less: | | |\n| Restricted by donors for programs | 5,696,323 | 5,882,673 |\n| Donations payable to Wikimedia Endowment | 525,607 | 5,274,448 |\n| Financial assets available to meet cash needs for general expenditures within one year | $ 193,554,649 | 196,867,947 |\n\nThe Foundation's liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to meet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and cash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the primary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the short-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed.\n\n## (10) Related Party Transactions\n\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on September 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the operations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by and advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The Foundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the Wikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a related party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the Foundation.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to services provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative support under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation ' s expenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the costs is recorded within other income, net.", "page_start": 18, @@ -14279,12 +14285,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements June 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies\n\n## (a) Organization and Purpose\n\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net assets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC.\n\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. Based in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily through donations and contributions.\n\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the Foundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for charitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes.\n\n## (b) Risks and Uncertainties\n\nThe Foundation's operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts from foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not experienced an adverse impact on its business operations.\n\n## (c) Income Taxes\n\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of Revenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined that the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions.\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated the financial statement impact of positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax returns. The Foundation is subject to income taxes on any net income that is derived from a trade or business, regularly carried on, and not in furtherance of the purposes for which it was granted exemption. Net income from any unrelated trade or business, in the opinion of management, is not material to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.\n\n## (d) Financial Statement Presentation\n\nNet assets, support and revenue, expenses, gains, and losses are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 958, Not-for-Profit Entities .\n\nNet assets without donor restrictions represent unrestricted resources available to support operations and also include previously temporarily restricted resources, which have become available for use by the Foundation in accordance with the intentions of donors.\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions represent contributions that are limited in use by the Foundation in accordance with donor-imposed stipulations. The stipulations may expire with time or may be satisfied and removed by the actions of the Foundation according to the terms of the contribution by the donor.", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14296,10 +14296,16 @@ "target_passage": "External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 4 + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## For example (unaudited):\n\n - · Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews per month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in more than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer community.\n - · For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation's largest project, Wikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles.\n - · For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and sound files to the Foundation's multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files.\n - · Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation's wiki software: volunteer software developers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code base by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, there were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of which 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers.\n\n## (7) Operating Leases\n\nOur operating lease relates to the Foundation's headquarters in San Francisco and has a non-cancelable remaining term of 3 months as of June 30, 2024. The discount rate is 2.9%, the risk-free rate based on daily U.S. Treasury with a term comparable to the lease term. The lease provides the Foundation the option to extend the lease term for one additional period of five years. The Foundation determined during the year ended June 30, 2024 not to renew the lease. Operating lease expense was $1,859,383 and $1,489,134 for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n\nUndiscounted lease payments as of June 30, 2024 were as follows:\n\n| | Lease payments |\n|------------------------------|------------------|\n| Year ending June 30: | |\n| 2025 | 419,791 |\n| Total minimum lease payments | $ 419,791 |\n\n## (8) Retirement Plan\n\nThe Foundation offers a 401(k) plan (the Plan) to all of its employees residing in the United States. Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan upon employment. The Foundation matches employee contributions on a dollar-for-dollar basis up to 4% of the employee's compensation. The Foundation contributed $1,859,839 and $1,859,012 to the Plan for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.", "page_start": 17, @@ -14353,12 +14359,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nConsolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n(With Independent Auditors' Report Thereon)", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14370,7 +14370,7 @@ "target_passage": "Restricted cash includes standby letters of credit for (1) the Foundation’s headquarters office lease and (2) one of the Foundation’s Employer of Record responsible for administering compensation and benefits for non-US personnel.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 2 + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -14380,6 +14380,12 @@ "page_end": 10, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (9) Liquidity and Availability of Financial Assets\n\nThe Foundation's financial assets available for general expenditure within one year of the balance sheet date, June 30, 2024 and 2023, are as follows:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-------------|\n| Cash and cash equivalents | $ 82,845,159 | 75,808,401 |\n| Current contributions receivable | 856,657 | - |\n| Short-term investments | 116,074,763 | 132,216,667 |\n| Total financial assets | 199,776,579 | 208,025,068 |\n| Less: | | |\n| Restricted by donors for programs | 5,696,323 | 5,882,673 |\n| Donations payable to Wikimedia Endowment | 525,607 | 5,274,448 |\n| Financial assets available to meet cash needs for general expenditures within one year | $ 193,554,649 | 196,867,947 |\n\nThe Foundation's liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to meet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and cash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the primary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the short-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed.\n\n## (10) Related Party Transactions\n\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on September 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the operations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by and advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The Foundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the Wikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a related party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the Foundation.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to services provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative support under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation ' s expenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the costs is recorded within other income, net.", "page_start": 18, @@ -14427,12 +14433,6 @@ "page_start": 15, "page_end": 15, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows\n\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14726,9 +14726,9 @@ }, { "text": "## Notices\n\nThis information was developed for products and services offered in the US. This material might be available from IBM in other languages. However, you may be required to own a copy of the product or product version in that language in order to access it.\n\nIBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.\n\nIBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to:\n\nIBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, MD-NC119, Armonk, NY 10504-1785, US\n\nINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION 'AS IS' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you.\n\nThis information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice.\n\nAny references in this information to non-IBM websites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those websites. The materials at those websites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those websites is at your own risk.\n\nIBM may use or distribute any of the information you provide in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.\n\nThe performance data and client examples cited are presented for illustrative purposes only. Actual performance results may vary depending on specific configurations and operating conditions.\n\nInformation concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.\n\nStatements regarding IBM's future direction or intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.\n\nThis information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to actual people or business enterprises is entirely coincidental.\n\n## COPYRIGHT LICENSE:", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" + "page_start": 14, + "page_end": 14, + "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14813,17 +14813,41 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Creative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "## 6. Cross-cutting design questions\n\nThe workshops briefly touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most relevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these questions may be relevant across both tracks.\n\n## Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders and creators have any ability to exclude their works?\n\nOne of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of copyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this context), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training.\n\nWhile a system that required affirmative 'opt-in' consent would limit utility significantly (as discussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some forms of 'opt-out' could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context of use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so significant. Since most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain in the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various dimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue to commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the potential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come forward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a license may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached.\n\nWorkshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example, opt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for example to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or mirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to copyright. Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular 38 uses or other categories of users, given that rights holders have many different sets of preferences.\n\nAnother question is about who can opt-out particular works from the dataset. This could solely be an option for copyright holders, although authors might be allowed to exercise an opt-out for their books even if they don't hold the copyrights. This might create challenges if the author and rightsholder disagree about whether to opt a particular book out of the corpus. Another related issue is that individual books, such as anthologies, may comprise works created (and rights held) by many different entities. The images in a book may have come from third-party sources, for instance, or a compendium of poetry might involve many", "page_start": 17, @@ -14853,30 +14877,6 @@ "page_start": 18, "page_end": 18, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast six CC Licenses and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n\n## We've estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The great growling engine of change - technology. Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n\n## In 2023, we launched the Open Infrastructure Circle (OIC) to ensure consistent funding for this work.\n\nWe're grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "content repositories, like libraries, with that of AI developers. A 'books data commons' needs to be both responsibly managed, and useful for developers of AI models.\n\nWe use 'commons' here in the sense of a resource that is broadly shared and accessible, and thus obviates the need for each individual actor to acquire, digitize, and format their own corpus of books for AI training. This resource could be collectively and intentionally managed, though we do not mean to select a particular form of governance in this paper. 4\n\nThis paper is descriptive, rather than prescriptive, mapping possible paths to building a books data commons as defined above and key questions relevant to developers, repositories, and other stakeholders, building on our workshop discussions. We first explain why books matter for AI training and how broader access could be beneficial. We then summarize two tracks that might be considered for developing such a resource, highlighting existing projects that help foreground both the potential and challenges. Finally, we present several key design choices, and next steps that could advance further development of this approach. 5", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for Training\n\nEven if books can be acquired, digitized, and made technically useful for AI training, the development of a books data commons would necessarily need to navigate and comply with copyright law.\n\nOut-of-Copyright Books: A minority of books are old enough to be in the public domain and out of copyright, and an AI developer could use them in training without securing any copyright permission. In the United States, all books published or released before 1929 are in the public domain. While use of these books provides maximal certainty for the AI developer to train on, it is worth noting that the status of whether a book is in the public domain can be difficult to determine. For instance, books released between 1929 and 1963 in the U.S. are 14 out of copyright if they were not subject to a copyright renewal; however, data on copyright renewals is not easily accessible.\n\nWhat's more, copyright definitions and term lengths vary among countries. Even if a work is in the public domain in the US, it may not be in other countries. Countries generally use the 15 life of the last living author + 'x' years to determine the term of copyright protection. For most countries, 'x' is either 50 years (the minimum required by the Berne Convention) or 70 years (this is the case for all member states of the European Union and for all works published in the U.S. after 1978). This approach makes it difficult to determine copyright terms with certainty because it requires information about the date of death of each author, which is often not readily available.\n\nIn-Copyright Books: The vast majority of books are in copyright, and, insofar as the training process requires making a copy of the book, the use in AI training may implicate copyright law. Our workshop covered three possible paths for incorporating such works.\n\n## Direct licensing\n\nOne could directly license books from rightsholders. There may be some publishers who are willing to license their works for this purpose, but it is hard to determine the scale of such access, and, in any event, there are significant limits on this approach. Along with the challenge (and expense) of reaching agreements with relevant rightsholders, there is also the practical difficulty of simply identifying and finding the rightsholder that one must negotiate", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Reliance on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions\n\nEven if a book is in copyright, it's possible that copying books for AI training may be covered by existing limitations and exceptions to copyright law in particular jurisdictions. For example:\n\n - · In the United States, many argue using existing works to train generative AI is 'fair use,' consistent with existing law and legal precedents. This is the subject of a 19 number of currently active court cases, and different actors and tools may yield different results, as fair use is applied case-by-case using a flexible balancing test.\n - · In the European Union, there are explicit exceptions in the law for 'text and data mining' uses of in-copyright works, both for non-commercial research and for commercial purposes. However, for commercial uses and for users outside of research and heritage institutions, they must respect the rights of rightsholders who choose to 'reserve their rights' (i.e., opt-out of allowing text and data mining) via machine readable mechanisms. The exception also requires that users have 'lawful 20 access' to the works.\n - · Finally, Japan provides a specific text and data mining exception, without any comparable opt-out requirement for commercial uses as is embedded in EU law. 21\n\nWhile exceptions that allow AI training exist in several other countries, such as Singapore and Israel, most countries do not provide exceptions that appear to permit AI training. Even where potentially available, as in the United States, legal uncertainty and risk create a hurdle for anyone building a books commons. 22", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14887,17 +14887,35 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": " Creative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## A Note from Leadership\n\nCC staff photos are licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n\n\n2023 was a busy year at Creative Commons. Our Open Culture program and Open Climate Campaign entered their third and second years, respectively. We hosted our first in-person CC Global Summit since 2019 in Mexico City. We held critical consultations and open panels on AI, copyright, and the CC Licenses, cultural heritage, education, and science; and we launched our Open Infrastructure Circle in an effort to ensure the CC Licenses are funded well into the future.\n\nWe also marked transitions in leadership. At the end of December, Catherine Stihler concluded her time as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at Creative Commons, and I transitioned in as Interim. In March 2024, I was appointed CC's permanent CEO. I look forward to working closely with our Board of Directors, staff, and larger community on the critical work that awaits us in 2024 .\n\n## Anna Tumadóttir, CEO\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 2, @@ -14933,24 +14951,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 5. Examining approaches to building a books data commons\n\nThere are many possible permutations for building a books data commons. To structure our exploration, we focused on two particular tracks, discussed below. We chose these tracks mindful of the above legal issues, and because there are already existence proofs that help to illuminate tradeoffs, challenges and potential paths forward for each.\n\n## 5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books\n\n## Existing Project Example : The Pile v2 27\n\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile - a large, diverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own training of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28\n\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets. The first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second and third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books by otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published prior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project Gutenberg.\n\nAs the awareness about The Pile dataset grew, certain rightsholders began sending copyright notices to have the dataset taken down from various websites.\n\nDespite the takedown requests, the importance of books to EleutherAI and the broader community's AI research remained. In hoping to forge a path forward EleutherAI announced in 2024 that they would create a new version of the dataset, which they will call The Pile v2. 29 Among other things, v2 would 'have many more books than the original Pile had, for example, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.' At the same time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed content. As before, this corpus focuses on English language books.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Our Impact\n\nCC believes that opening up knowledge is key to addressing the world's most pressing challenges. Today, we steer campaigns, programming, and training in many areas:\n\n## Open Culture\n\n2023 was quite a year for the CC Open Culture Program, thanks to generous funding from Arcadia . We grew our Open Culture team from one to two and a half staff, rolling out new initiatives like TAROC (Towards a Recommendation on Open Culture) and Open Culture Live: A Webinar Series . We invite you to read ' What did Creative Commons do for Open Culture in 2023? ' to learn more.\n\n## Open Journalism\n\nThanks to generous funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation , CC hosted its very first Open Journalism track at the CC Global Summit, including eight presentations, lightning talks, panel discussions, and workshops as well as a keynote by Anya Kamenetz .\n\nRepresentatives from 33 news outlets and digital rights-focused organizations attended the CC Summit sessions. The Open Journalism track built on numerous collaborations and workshops throughout 2023.\n\n## Open Education\n\nWe delivered workshops and presentations on CC Licenses and Open Educational Resources at over 16 conferences and events. The CC Open Education Platform also funded six global projects, including work to advance the UNESCO Recommendation on OER.\n\n\"Follow the Color Brick Road\" by Bert Kaufmann is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14966,6 +14966,12 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 10.6 Submit inventory (PM)\n\nThis section describes on how the PM submits the inventory by selecting tables for the general submission after being approved by the NFP (See section 10.5).\n\n## 10.6.1 Submit select tables for preparing the general submission\n\n - 1. Log in as PM.\n - 2. Click on 'View Inventories Progress' under sub menu 'Submission Management'.\n - 3. The 'View Inventories Progress' screen appears.\n - 4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column 'Working inventory' (figure 68, a).\n - *** Note: The selected inventory year to be submitted should be in status 'approved' (figure 68, b).\n - 5. Click on 'Work on Inventories' under Submission Management (figure 68, c).\n - This opens the Submit Inventory initial screen (figure 69).\n - 6. Click the inventory year to be submitted (figure 69, a).\n - 7. Press the 'Generate Official Submission' button (figure 69, c).\n\nFigure 69. Submit select tables for the preparation for the general submission\n\n\n\nFigure 68. View Inventories Progress screen - select inventory for the preparation for the general submission\n\n", "page_start": 41, @@ -15019,12 +15025,6 @@ "page_start": 195, "page_end": 195, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "```\nC++ void GetOutputOption( MSODOCEXOPTION docexoption, DWORD* pdwVal ); void SetOutputOption( MSODOCEXOPTION docexoption, DWORD dwVal );\n```\n\nThe docexoption parameter specifies the output option and the (p)dwVal parameter specifies the value for the option.\n\nWhile the built in exporter in Office uses GetOutputOption and SetOutputOption , an add-in can implement its own method of getting and setting options and it own user experience for the options.\n\n## Microsoft Office Calls GetOutputOption Only with msodocexOptionTargetDPIColor for Fixed-Format AddIns\n\nFor the implementation of fixed-format export in Office, Publisher calls the GetOutputOption method to retrieve output options for display to the user in the Publish as PDF or XPS dialog box. For add-ins developed by third-party software developers, Publisher calls GetOutputOption with only the msodocexOptionTargetDPIColor value. This is the only value that an add-in needs to support. If the add-in's implementation of GetOutputOption is called with this value, it should return the target dots-per-inch (DPI) for 3-D effect rasterization.\n\n## Microsoft Office Calls SetOutputOption for Fixed-Format Add-Ins\n\nFor both the implementation of fixed-format export in Office and for add-in implementations, Publisher calls SetOutputOption at the beginning of the fixed-format export process. In the implementation in Office, the parameter values passed in specify fixed-format output options. However, if the add-in implements its own set of options, the add-in can disregard the options passed to it by Publisher.\n\n## EnableCancel\n\nPublisher calls the EnableCancel method to pass the add-in a pointer to an IMsoDocExCancel interface. The add-in can use this interface to query whether a user chooses to cancel a long document-export operation.", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15064,6 +15064,12 @@ "page_end": 22, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## External links\n\n - Official website (http://www.lyon.fr)(in French)\n - Visit Lyon, the official website for tourism in France (https://en.visiterlyon.com/)\n - Lyon's English Language News and Information (https://thisislyon.fr/)\n - Rues de Lyon (https://www.ruesdelyon.net/) Streets, Places, Monuments (in French)\n - Old maps of Lyon (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we b/20210116220537/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) 16 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Historic cities site (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) Archived (https://web.archive. org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The National Library of Israel\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyon&oldid=1267625203\"", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, + "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nCoordinates: 45°46'N 4°50'E\n\n\n\n| Country | France |\n|------------------------|----------------------------|\n| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |\n| Metropolis | Lyon Metropolis |\n| Arrondissement | Lyon |\n| Subdivisions | 9 arrondissements |\n| Government | |\n| · Mayor (2020- | Grégory Doucet [2] |\n| 2026) | (EELV) |\n| Area 1 | 47.87 km 2 (18.48 sq mi) |\n| · Urban (2020 [3] ) | 1,141.4 km 2 (440.7 sq mi) |\n| · Metro (2020 [4] ) | 4,605.8 km 2 |\n| Population (2022) [5] | 520,774 |\n| · Rank | 3rd in France |\n| | 11,000/km 2 |\n| · Density | (28,000/sq mi) |\n| · Urban (Jan. [6] | 1,702,921 |\n| 2021 ) | |\n| · Urban density | 1,500/km 2 (3,900/sq mi) |\n| · Metro (Jan. | 2,308,818 |\n| 2021 [7] ) | |", "page_start": 1, @@ -15093,12 +15099,6 @@ "page_start": 20, "page_end": 20, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1920-present\n\n| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |\n|---------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|---------------|---------------|\n| Record high °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) | 21.9 (71.4) | 26.0 (78.8) | 30.1 (86.2) | 34.2 (93.6) | 38.4 (101.1) | 40.4 (104.7) | 41.4 (106.5) | 35.8 (96.4) | 28.4 (83.1) | 23.0 (73.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 41.4 (106.5) |\n| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.0 (48.2) | 13.8 (56.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.0 (82.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 17.7 (63.9) | 11.4 (52.5) | 7.7 (45.9) | 17.5 (63.5) |\n| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.3 (54.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.3 (72.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 8.1 (46.6) | 4.8 (40.6) | 13.0 (55.4) |\n| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) | 1.4 (34.5) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.0 (62.6) | 16.6 (61.9) | 12.8 (55.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.9 (40.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | 8.6 (47.5) |\n| Record low °C (°F) | -23.0 (-9.4) | -22.5 (-8.5) | -10.5 (13.1) | -4.4 (24.1) | -3.8 (25.2) | 2.3 (36.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 4.6 (40.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | -4.5 (23.9) | -9.4 (15.1) | -24.6 (-12.3) | -24.6 (-12.3) |\n| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 49.8 (1.96) | 41.6 (1.64) | 49.4 (1.94) | 68.9 (2.71) | 80.9 (3.19) | 74.1 (2.92) | 67.4 (2.65) | 65.5 (2.58) | 82.5 (3.25) | 99.8 (3.93) | 87.2 (3.43) | 53.7 (2.11) | 820.8 (32.31) |\n| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 102.8 |\n| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71.1 | 102.4 | 173.7 | 197.7 | 223.8 | 256.5 | 288.1 | 263.1 | 204.1 | 131.4 | 78.9 | 58.7 | 2,049.5 |\n\nSource 1: Meteo France [40]\n\nSource 2: Meteo Lyon [41]", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15230,6 +15230,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| Emissions scenarios | N/A | RCP8.5 H ++ | lower scenario (for Met Office Hadley Centre model only) | Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation | RCP8.5 | RCP8.5 |\n| Variables available ++ | Temperature, precipitation (including snow), sunshine, wind | Sea level rise, storm surge | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | humidity, wind speed, | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 6. INSEE. \"Statistiques locales - Lyon : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale 2021\" (https://statistiques-loc ales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop\\_depuis\\_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=00760&t=A01&view=map12). Retrieved 12 July 2024.\n - 7. INSEE. \"Statistiques locales - Lyon : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population municipale 2021\" (https://sta tistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop\\_depuis\\_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=002&t=A01&view=map1 3). Retrieved 12 July 2024.\n - 8. Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.\n - 9. \"Lyons\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200124144048/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lyons). Lexico UK English Dictionary . Oxford University Press. Archived from the original (http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lyons) on 24 January 2020.\n - 10. Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.\n - 11. \"Lyon\" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lyon). Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . MerriamWebster. Retrieved 8 August 2018.\n - 12. \"Lyons\" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/lyons). Collins English Dictionary . HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 August 2018.\n - 13. \"dicod'Òc - Recèrca\" (https://locongres.org/oc/aplicacions/dicodoc-oc/dicodoc-recerca?option=com\\_dicodoc& view=search&Itemid=168&type=fr-oc&dic%5B%5D=BASIC&dic%5B%5D=RBVD&dic%5B%5D=ALPC&dic%5 B%5D=ATAU&dic%5B%5D=PROV&dic%5B%5D=PNST&dic%5B%5D=OMLH&dic%5B%5D=LAUS&dic%5 B%5D=LAGA&dic%5B%5D=LEMO&q=Lyon&q2=&submit=Cercar). locongres.org . Retrieved 1 April 2022.\n - 14. https://about-france.com/tourism/main-towns-cities.htm\n - 15. INSEE. \"Statistiques locales - Lyon : Commune - Population municipale 2021\" (https://statistiques-locales.inse e.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop\\_depuis\\_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=691 23&t=A01&view=map1) (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2024.\n - 16. \"Statistiques locales - Métropole de Lyon : Intercommunalité 2021 - Population municipale 2021\" (https://statis tiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop\\_depuis\\_1876.pop&s=202 1&selcodgeo=200046977&t=A01&view=map4). INSEE. Retrieved 12 July 2024.\n - 17. \"Lyon entrepreneurship, Lyon company, Invest Lyon - Greater Lyon\" (https://web.archive.org/web/201003081 31020/http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-business-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?& L=1). Business.greaterlyon.com. Archived from the original (http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-busines s-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&L=1) on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.\n - 18. \"Classement 2019 des villes étudiantes les plus importantes en France\" (https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualite s/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146). www.investirlmnp.fr. Retrieved 8 April 2022.", "page_start": 21, @@ -15241,12 +15247,6 @@ "page_start": 20, "page_end": 20, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1,600,000 m 2 (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 55,000 jobs. [48] Cité Internationale , created by the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide headquarters of Interpol is located there. The district of Confluence , in the south of the historic centre, is a new pole of economical and cultural development.\n\nTourism is an important part of the Lyon economy, with one billion euros in 2007 and 3.5 million hotel-nights in 2006 provided by non-residents. Approximately 60% of tourists visit for business, with the rest for leisure. In January 2009, Lyon ranked first in France for hostels business. The festivals most important for attracting tourists are the Fête des lumières , the Nuits de Fourvière every summer, the Biennale d'art contemporain and the Nuits Sonores .\n\n## Culture\n\nSince the Middle Ages, the region residents have spoken several dialects of FrancoProvençal. The Lyonnais dialect was replaced by the French language as the importance of the city grew. However some \"frenchified\" Franco-Provençal words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls \"gones\" and \"fenottes\" for example. [49]\n\n - The Lumière brothers pioneered cinema in the town in 1895. The Institut Lumière, built as Auguste Lumiere's house, and a fascinating piece of architecture in its own right, holds many of their first inventions and other early cinematic and photographic artifacts.\n\nGuignol, created in the early 19th C., associated with the silk-workers\n\n\n\n - 8 December each year is marked by the Festival of Lights (la Fête des lumières), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles ( luminions ) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.\n - The Saint Francis of Sales church is famous for its large and unaltered Cavaillé-Coll pipe organ, attracting audiences from around the world.\n - The Opéra Nouvel (New Opera House) is the home of the Opéra National de Lyon. The original opera house was re-designed by the distinguished French architect Jean Nouvel between 1985 and 1993 and is named after him.\n - Lyon is also the French capital of \" trompe l'œil \" walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen around the city. This old tradition is now finding a contemporary expression, for example in the art of Guillaume Bottazzi. [50][51]\n - The Brothers of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.\n - The African Museum of Lyon is one of the oldest museums situated in Lyon. [52]\n - The Museum of Resistance and Deportation looks at the various individuals prominent in the Resistance movement in World War II. The building is strongly linked to Klaus Barbie. Lyon sees itself as the centre of the French resistance and many members were shot in Place Bellecour in the town centre. The exhibition is largely a series of , mini-biographies of those involved.\n - Lyon is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities program.\n\n## UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15360,6 +15360,12 @@ "page_end": 27, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Table of Contents\n\n## SIGNATURES\n\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.\n\nTesla, Inc.\n\nDate: October 23, 2024\n\n/s/ Vaibhav Taneja\n\nVaibhav Taneja Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)", + "page_start": 48, + "page_end": 48, + "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Tesla, Inc.\n\n## Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income\n\n(in millions)\n\n(unaudited)\n\nTable of Contents\n\n| | Three Months Ended September 30, | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|\n| | 2024 | 2023 | 2024 | 2023 |\n| Net income | $ 2,183 | $ 1,878 | $ 4,821 | $ 7,031 |\n| Other comprehensive income (loss): | | | | |\n| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 445 | (289) | 121 | (343) |\n| Unrealized net gain on investments, net of tax | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 |\n| Net loss realized and included in net income | - | - | - | 4 |\n| Comprehensive income | 2,636 | 1,596 | 4,950 | 6,700 |\n| Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries | 16 | 25 | 47 | (38) |\n| Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders | $ 2,620 | $ 1,571 | $ 4,903 | $ 6,738 |\n\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.", "page_start": 7, @@ -15389,12 +15395,6 @@ "page_start": 29, "page_end": 29, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The following is a summary of our debt and finance leases as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):\n\nTable of Contents\n\n| | Net Carrying Value | Net Carrying Value | Unpaid Principal | Unused Committed | | |\n|-------------------------------|----------------------|----------------------|--------------------|--------------------|----------------|-------------------------|\n| | Current | | | | Contractual | Contractual |\n| | | Long-Term | Balance | Amount (1) | Interest Rates | Maturity Date |\n| Recourse debt: | | | | | | |\n| 2024 Notes | $ 37 | $ | - $ 37 | $ - | 2.00 % | May 2024 |\n| RCF Credit Agreement | - | - | - | 5,000 | Not applicable | January 2028 |\n| Other | - | 7 | 7 | 28 | 4.70-5.75% | March 2025-January 2031 |\n| Total recourse debt | 37 | 7 | 44 | 5,028 | | |\n| Non-recourse debt: | | | | | | |\n| Automotive Asset-backed Notes | 1,906 | 2,337 | 4,259 | - | 0.60-6.57% | July 2024-May 2031 |\n| Cash Equity Debt | 28 | 330 | 367 | - | 5.25-5.81% | July 2033-January 2035 |\n| Solar Asset-backed Notes | 4 | 8 | 13 | - | 4.80 % | December 2026 |\n| Total non-recourse debt | 1,938 | 2,675 | 4,639 | - | | |\n| Total debt | 1,975 | 2,682 | $ 4,683 | $ 5,028 | | |\n| Finance leases | 398 | 175 | | | | |\n| Total debt and finance leases | $ 2,373 | $ 2,857 | | | | |\n\nRecourse debt refers to debt that is recourse to our general assets. Non-recourse debt refers to debt that is recourse to only assets of our subsidiaries. The differences between the unpaid principal balances and the net carrying values are due to debt discounts or deferred issuance costs. As of September 30, 2024, we were in material compliance with all financial debt covenants.\n\n## 2024 Notes\n\nDuring the second quarter of 2024, the 2024 Notes reached maturity and were fully settled. Additionally, during the third quarter of 2024, we settled the warrants entered into in connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, resulting in the issuance of 8.5 million shares of our common stock. The remaining warrants were settled in October 2024.\n\n## Automotive Asset-backed Notes", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15416,6 +15416,12 @@ "page_end": 12, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Table of Contents\n\n## SIGNATURES\n\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.\n\nTesla, Inc.\n\nDate: October 23, 2024\n\n/s/ Vaibhav Taneja\n\nVaibhav Taneja Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)", + "page_start": 48, + "page_end": 48, + "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Tesla, Inc.\n\n## Consolidated Statements of Operations\n\n(in millions, except per share data) (unaudited)\n\nTable of Contents", "page_start": 6, @@ -15463,12 +15469,6 @@ "page_start": 31, "page_end": 31, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Litigation Relating to Potential Going Private Transaction\n\nBetween August 10, 2018 and September 6, 2018, nine purported stockholder class actions were filed against Tesla and Elon Musk in connection with Mr. Musk's August 7, 2018 Twitter post that he was considering taking Tesla private. On January 16, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their consolidated complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and added as defendants the members of Tesla's board of directors. The consolidated complaint asserts claims for violations of the federal securities laws and seeks unspecified damages and other relief. The parties stipulated to certification of a class of stockholders, which the court granted on November 25, 2020. Trial started on January 17, 2023, and on February 3, 2023, a jury rendered a verdict in favor of the defendants on all counts. After trial, plaintiffs filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law and a motion for new trial, which the Court denied and judgement was entered in favor of defendants on July 11, 2023. On July 14, 2023, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal. The appeal, which is pending in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, has been fully briefed by the parties, and is scheduled for oral argument on October 25, 2024.\n\nBetween October 17, 2018 and March 8, 2021, seven derivative lawsuits were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr. Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as constituted at relevant times, in relation to statements made and actions connected to a potential going private transaction, with certain of the lawsuits challenging additional Twitter posts by Mr. Musk, among other things. Several of those actions were consolidated, and all have been stayed. In addition to these cases, two derivative lawsuits were filed on October 25, 2018 and February 11, 2019 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr. Musk and the members of the Tesla board of directors as then constituted. Those cases have also been consolidated and stayed pending resolution of the appeal in the above-referenced consolidated purported stockholder class action.", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15997,11 +15997,17 @@ "target_page": 59, "target_passage": "Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Did you enjoy reading this book?\n\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\n\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa twitter.com/oxbridgeEdu www.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\n\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer -ing skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised courses to students in South Africa and abroad.\n\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our students' needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic assistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study material in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students to understand.\n\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\n\n## CONTACT NUMBERS:\n\nTel: 021 1100 200 Tel:+2721 883 2454 (international) Fax: 086 111 2121\n\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\n\nWhatsapp: 0605671585 Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\nPostal Address:\n\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section 31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.", + "page_start": 58, + "page_end": 58, + "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" + }, { "text": "3\n\n4\n\n\n\nSend your registration form to the registrations office at Oxbridge Academy via one of the following channels:\n\nFax:\n\n086 262 5550\n\nPost: PO Box 12723, Die Boord, 7613 E-mail: registrar@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\n6", "page_start": 26, @@ -16055,12 +16061,6 @@ "page_start": 22, "page_end": 22, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "## IN THIS E-BOOK, WE'LL BE HELPING YOU TO:\n\n - · Develop your basic English language skills.\n - · Improve your English grammar.\n\nApply your language and communication skills in a business contexT. ( www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/find-a- course/business-administrationcourses/)\n\n'Grammar is a litmus test. If job hopefuls can't distinguish between 'to' and too', their applications go into the bin'\n\nKyle Wiens, CEO of iFixit\n\n\n\n'Grammar often seems to be a low priority in education. Are school undervaluing grammar, given that employers may rule out applications with sloppy writing?'\n\nThe New York Times", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" } ] }, @@ -16174,6 +16174,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 6. Blazars Upper Limits\n\nMore than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed by VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009. The total exposure on the 49 non-detected candidates is ∼ 305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per candidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is split amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is divided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9 FSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of significant VHE γ -ray emission from any of these 49 blazars [25]. However, the observed significance distribution is clearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1). A stacking analysis performed on the entire data sample shows an overall excess of 430 γ -rays, corresponding to a statistical significance of 4.8 σ , observed from the directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and HBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Observations of these objects also comprise ∼ 80% of the total exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all the extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not clearly detected ( > 5 σ ), by VERITAS does not show a significant excess ( ∼ 120 h exposure). The stacked excess persists using alternate methods for estimating the background at each blazar location, and with different event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized for sources with Γ VHE > 4). The distribution of VHE flux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE flux upper limits are generally the most-constraining ever reported for these objects.\n\n## 7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS observations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were organized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08), 1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (200910 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWLobservation campaigns were performed. These include campaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VERITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data. All MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered", "page_start": 2, @@ -16203,12 +16209,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 5: Ratio of γ -ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this plot should be directly correlated with its blazar 'state', with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower left. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot.\n\n\n\n - · BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant differences in amplitude of submillimeter variability or characteristic timescale, but our sample of BL Lacs may be dominated by highpeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit observational similarities with FSRQs.\n - · Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both high and low states, with characteristic timescales 10 < τ rest < 500 days.\n - · The blazars detected by Fermi have synchrotron peaks at higher frequencies, regardless of submillimeter luminosity.\n - · FSRQs exhibit higher ratios of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity than BL Lacs (Figure 5), but all objects inhabit a region of parameter space suggesting transitions between states during flaring epochs.\n\nAs Fermi continues to observe fainter sources, the sample of objects for which we can perform this type of analysis will increase and provide better limits on our results. To understand the physical relevance of these results, however, it is important to be able to distinguish between the difference in variability between BL\n\nLacs and FSRQs. One avenue for exploring this difference is to monitor changing submillimeter energy spectral index and the ratio of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity as functions of time. The full meaning of the results of our autoregressive method is not yet clear, and will require better-sampled blazar light curves and the comparison between τ rest with physical timescales such as the synchrotron cooling timescale. These analyses would allow us to place constraints on the processes occurring near the base of the jet in blazars and further understand the intimate connection between them.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work was supported in part by the NSF REU and DoD ASSURE programs under Grant no. 0754568 and by the Smithsonian Institution. Partial support was also provided by NASA contract NAS8-39073 and NASA grant NNX07AQ55G. We have made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France, and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the JPL, Caltech, under contract with NASA.", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16515,8 +16515,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "linked to the later Chernyakhov cul- ture to the southeast and to early Goths", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16624,6 +16624,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 1: The SMA light curves for 3C 454.3. The open circles represent the 850 µ m observations, and the open triangles represent the 1mm observations.\n\n\n\nJ1751+096) which have conflicting classifications between Fermi and CGRaBS. Some blazars found in the calibrator list have been studied extensively (e.g., 3C 279 and 3C 454.3) but the SMA blazars have not been studied collectively.\n\nForty-four of the objects in our total blazar sample were detected by Fermi and can be found in the catalog of LAT Bright AGN Sources (LBAS) from Abdo et al. [7]. J0050-094 has no redshift in either the LBAS catalog or CGRaBS and is not included in our study. Of the 43 remaining sources, 14 are BL Lac objects and 29 are FSRQs, with 0 . 03 ≤ z ≤ 2 . 19.\n\nWe examined submillimeter light curves for all of the SMA blazars, with observations beginning in approximately 2003 (see Figure 1). Typically, the 1mm band is much more well-sampled in comparison to the 850m band, but visual inspection reveals that the regularity and quality of observations vary greatly from source to source. Many of the objects exhibit nonperiodic variability, either in the form of persistent, low-amplitude fluctuations or higher amplitude flaring behavior.\n\n## 2.1. Submillimeter Properties\n\nSubmillimeter Luminosities. Since we are primarily concerned with comparisons to Fermi observations, we note that only 129 of the SMA blazars (23 BL Lacs and 106 FSRQs) were observed by the SMA in either band during the three months August-October 2008. For these objects, submillimeter luminosities are calculated in the standard way:\n\nν e L ν e = 4 πD 2 L ν obs F obs 1 + z , (1)\n\nwhere D L is the luminosity distance, ν obs is the frequency of the observed band, and F obs is the average\n\nFigure 2: Variability index for our sample (top: 1mm, bottom: 850 µ m), with FSRQs as the hatched distribution and BL Lacs as the solid distribution. There is no signicant difference in the class distributions in either band; the 'tail' to the left is populated by objects with errors larger than the intrinsic variability.\n\n\n\nflux (in erg cm -2 s -1 Hz -1 ) over the three month period. We adopt a lambda cold dark matter cosmology with values of H 0 = 71 km s -1 Mpc -1 , Ω M = 0 . 27, and Λ = 0 . 73.\n\nEnergy Spectral Indices. We derive submillimeter spectral energy indices from observations quasisimultaneous with the Fermi observations. To be consistent with the use of α γ , we define spectral energy index as νF ν = ν -α S and calculate α S from the average of the energy spectral indices over the corresponding three months. We only calculate α S for the 16 objects (8 BL Lacs and 35 FSRQs) with observations at both 1mm and 850 µ m during this time frame.\n\n## 3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS\n\n## 3.1. Variability Index\n\nWe roughly characterize the level of variability of each source using the variability index from Hovatta et al. [8]:\n\nV = ( F max -σ F max ) -( F min + σ F min ) ( F max -σ F max ) + ( F min + σ F min ) (2)\n\nFigure 2 shows the distribution for the SMA blazars. Objects with V ≤ 0 are typically unsuitable for more", "page_start": 1, @@ -16643,16 +16649,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, { - "text": "## VERITAS Observations of Blazars\n\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration\n\nHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645, USA\n\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is used to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is currently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration's Key Science Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class of identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which are blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE exposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected results are presented.\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nActive galactic nuclei are the most numerous class of identified VHE γ -ray sources. These objects emit non-thermal radiation across ∼ 20 orders of magnitude in energy and rank among the most powerful particle accelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN possess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). VHE γ -ray emission can be generated in these jets, likely in a compact region very near the SMBH event horizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed along the line-of-sight to the observer, are of particular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately 30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ -rays, and some are spectacularly variable on time scales comparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH ( ∼ 2 min; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment very near the central SMBH and address a wide range of physical phenomena, including the accretion and jet-formation processes. These studies also have cosmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be used to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields (see the extragalactic background light (EBL) constraints from, e.g., [2, 3]).\n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The origin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained as synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons in the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy peak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the result of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons off the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the seed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the synchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an external source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible explanations for the VHE emission, but generally are not favored.\n\nContemporaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) obser-\n\nvations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks and are crucial for extracting information from the observations of VHE blazars. They are used to constrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of the emission region, as well as to determine the origin (leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ -rays. In leptonic scenarios, such MWL observations are used to measure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing the emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the seed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of the cosmological EBL density requires accurate modeling of the blazar's intrinsic VHE emission that can only be performed with contemporaneous MWL observations.\n\n## 2. VERITAS", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 2. SMA BLAZARS\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m antennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The SMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations and typically operates in the 1mm and 850 µ m windows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25' at 850 µ m. The sources used as phase calibrators for the array are compiled in a database known as the SMA Calibrator List 2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright objects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy at 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, both during science observations and dedicated observing tracks.\n\nTo select our sample, we identified objects in the calibrator list that were also classified as BL Lacs or FSRQs by the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey [6, CGRaBS]. Of the 243 total objects in the calibrator list, 171 (35 BL Lacs and 136 FSRQs) have positive blazar class identifications, although there are three sources (J0238+166, J0428-379, and", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + "text": "FIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\n- [1] C. Meegan et al., Ap. J. 702 , 791 (2009).\n- [2] C. Wilson-Hodge et al. (2010), these proceedings.\n- [3] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 138 , 149 (2002).\n- [4] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 154 , 585 (2004).\n- [5] G. L. Case et al., in The First GLAST Symposium , edited by S. Ritz, P. Michelson, and C. Meegan (2007), vol. 921 of AIP Conf. Proceedings , p. 538.\n- [6] J. Tueller et al. (2010), ap. J. Suppl., (to be published), astro-ph/0903.3037.\n- [7] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Ap. J. 598 , 334 (2003).\n- [8] E. Jourdain and J. P. Roques, Ap. J. 704 , 17 (2009).\n- [9] H. Steinle et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 330 , 97\n\n12-25 keV band, where the flux initially rose to about 240 mCrab (2009 Oct 25-28), suddenly dropped to non-detectable on 2009 October 29-30, then rose again during the period 2009 October 31 to November 2. As of mid December 2009, the source remains in a high intensity state. The light curve is shown for the period MJD 54700-55200, again with 1-day resolution, in Fig. 8. The fluxes for XTE J1752-223 in Table 1 are given are for the interval of flaring activity, TJD 55130-55180.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work is supported by the NASA Fermi Guest Investigator program. At LSU, additional support is provided by NASA/Louisiana Board of Regents Cooperative Agreement NNX07AT62A.\n\n(1998).\n\n- [10] M. McConnell et al., Ap. J. 523 , 928 (2000).\n- [11] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 80 (2005).\n- [12] G. L. Case et al., Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 341 (2005).\n- [13] L. Bouchet et al., Ap. J. 693 , 1871 (2009).\n- [14] M. C. Bell et al., Ap. J. 659 , 549 (2007).\n- [15] G. L. Case et al. (2010), to be submitted.\n- [16] C. Wilson-Hodge et al., Astron. Telegram 2280 (2009).", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16704,6 +16704,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + }, { "text": "## VERITAS Observations of Blazars\n\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration\n\nHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645, USA\n\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is used to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is currently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration's Key Science Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class of identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which are blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE exposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected results are presented.\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nActive galactic nuclei are the most numerous class of identified VHE γ -ray sources. These objects emit non-thermal radiation across ∼ 20 orders of magnitude in energy and rank among the most powerful particle accelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN possess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). VHE γ -ray emission can be generated in these jets, likely in a compact region very near the SMBH event horizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed along the line-of-sight to the observer, are of particular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately 30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ -rays, and some are spectacularly variable on time scales comparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH ( ∼ 2 min; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment very near the central SMBH and address a wide range of physical phenomena, including the accretion and jet-formation processes. These studies also have cosmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be used to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields (see the extragalactic background light (EBL) constraints from, e.g., [2, 3]).\n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The origin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained as synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons in the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy peak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the result of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons off the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the seed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the synchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an external source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible explanations for the VHE emission, but generally are not favored.\n\nContemporaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) obser-\n\nvations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks and are crucial for extracting information from the observations of VHE blazars. They are used to constrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of the emission region, as well as to determine the origin (leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ -rays. In leptonic scenarios, such MWL observations are used to measure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing the emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the seed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of the cosmological EBL density requires accurate modeling of the blazar's intrinsic VHE emission that can only be performed with contemporaneous MWL observations.\n\n## 2. VERITAS", "page_start": 0, @@ -16721,12 +16727,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17056,6 +17056,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Count on Word to count your words\n\nTry it: Hit return after this line and type some words.\n\nThe status bar at the bottom of the window keeps a running count of the number of words in the document.\n\n\n\n## Save this for later, access it anywhere\n\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you'll be able to open it anywhere: on your computer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\nTry it: Select File > Save As , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\n\n\n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. You can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you're using now.", "page_start": 1, @@ -17091,12 +17097,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- iii. In the Select window, under Fields, double-click Field 1 . The graphical indexer highlights the text string in the current document. Double-click Field 1 again. The graphical indexer moves to the next document and highlights the text string.\n - iv. Use the Select window to move forward to each document and display the field. Then, return to the first document in the input file.\n - f. Place the report window back into add mode.\n - 10.Click Create Indexer Parameters and Fields Report to create the indexer parameter report that the PDF Indexer uses to process the input files that you load into the application. At a minimum, you must have one trigger, one field, and one index. For more information about the indexing parameters, see IBM Content Manager OnDemand Indexing Reference , SC19-3354.", - "page_start": 195, - "page_end": 195, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17107,11 +17107,17 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "To download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "http://www.cygwin.com", "page_start": 811, @@ -17165,12 +17171,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 2.8 Useful IBM Storwize V7000 websites\n\nSee the following IBM Storwize V7000 web pages for more information:\n\n - /SM590000 IBM Support page:\n - https://www.ibm.com/support/home/product/5402112/IBM\\_Storwize\\_V7000\\_(2076)\n - /SM590000 IBM Storwize V7000 Unified and IBM Storwize V7000 Systems:\n - https://www.ibm.com/support/home/product/5421300/IBM\\_Storwize\\_V7000\\_Unified\n - /SM590000 IBM Storwize V7000 page support\n - http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1003741\n - /SM590000 Direct attachment of IBM Storwize V7000\n - https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1005776\n - /SM590000 IBM Knowledge Center:\n\nhttps://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ST3FR7\\_8.2.1/com.ibm.storwize.v7 000.821.doc/v7000\\_ichome.html", - "page_start": 63, - "page_end": 63, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17204,6 +17204,18 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## Get help with Word\n\n\n\nThe Tell me search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n\n## Try it: Get help:\n\n - 1. Go to Tell me what you want to do at the top of the window.\n - 2. Type what you want to do.\n\nFor example, type:\n\n -  Add watermark to quickly get to the watermark command.\n -  Help to go to Word help.\n -  Training to see the list of Word training courses.\n -  What's new for a list of the most recent updates to Word\n\n## Let us know what you think\n\nPlease give us feedback on this template, so we can provide content that's truly useful and helpful. Thanks!\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Word\n\n## Get writing suggestions\n\nWith Editor , bring out your best writing. Editor helps you bring out your best writing by giving you intelligent writing suggestions. It also calculates an Editor Score based on the number and types of suggestions you have yet to address. Select an underlined word or phrase to accept or ignore a suggestion.\n\n\n\n## Review and track changes\n\nWhether you just want to check spelling, keep your word count in check, or fully collaborate with other people, the Review tab has essential commands to track, discuss, and manage all of the changes made to your documents.\n\n\n\n\n\n## View who else is typing\n\nCo-authoring Word documents that are shared on OneDrive or on a SharePoint site happens in real-time, which means you can easily view where other authors are making changes in the same document that you're currently working in.\n\n\n\n## Format with styles\n\nStyles lets you create, apply, and review the formatting styles in your current document. To open it, select the Home tab, and then select the small arrow in the lower right corner of the Styles gallery.", "page_start": 2, @@ -17233,18 +17245,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## Welcome to Microsoft Teams\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help you get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team.\n\n## Set up\n\n## Explore\n\n## Practice\n\nDownload the app for desktop and mobile to access Teams with the best performance anywhere you go.\n\nOnce you sign in, connect with your team in chat, channels, calls, and meetings.\n\nTry out the different features as you learn about them in this guide. You'll get the basics in no time!\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- f. On the toolbar, click the fourth icon from the right to place the report window back into add mode.\n - 9. Define a field and an index:\n - a. Find a text string that can be used to identify the location of the field. The text string needs to contain a sample index value. For example, if you want to extract account number values from the input file, find where the account number is printed on the page.\n - b. By using the mouse, draw a box around the text string. Start just outside of the upper-left corner of the string. Click and then drag the mouse toward the lower-right corner of the string. As you drag the mouse, the graphical indexer uses a dotted line to draw a box. After you enclose the text string inside of a box, release the mouse. The graphical indexer highlights the text string inside the box.\n\nImportant: Use the same principles for collecting fields as collecting the trigger text string in step 8b on page 170. If the fields that must be collected are close together, overlap them with adjacent fields to ensure that the box is as large as possible and to ensure that the data is collected at load time.", - "page_start": 195, - "page_end": 195, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17463,10 +17463,10 @@ "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Item 3. Legal Proceedings.\n\nWe are subject from time to time to various claims and lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business, including lawsuits alleging violations of state and/or federal wage and hour and other employment laws, privacy and other consumer-based claims. Some of these lawsuits include certified classes of litigants, or purport or may be determined to be class or collective actions and seek substantial damages or injunctive relief, or both, and some may remain unresolved for several years. We believe the recorded reserves in our consolidated financial statements are adequate in light of the probable and estimable liabilities. As of the date of this report, we do not believe any currently identified claim, proceeding or litigation, either alone or in the aggregate, will have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Since these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, our view of them may change in the future.\n\n## Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.\n\nNone.", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" + "text": "| 3.2 (1) | Bylaws as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Hormel's Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, dated November 29, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n|-------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 4.1 (1) | Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee relating to certain outstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated, August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.2 (1) | Supplemental Indenture No. 1 dated as of June 4, 2001, to Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee, relating to certain outstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.3 (1) | Letter of Representations dated June 5, 2001, among Hormel, U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee, and The Depository Trust Company relating to certain outstanding debt securities of Hormel. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.4 (1) | Pursuant to Item 601 (b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of certain long-term debt are not filed. Hormel agrees to furnish copies thereof to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. |\n| 10.1 (1) | U.S. $150,000,000 Credit Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2003, between Hormel, the banks identified on the signature pages thereof, and Citicorp U.S.A. Inc., as Administrative Agent. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Hormel's Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 23, 2003.) |\n| 10.2 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation Operators' Shares Incentive Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Appendix A to Hormel's definitive Proxy Statement filed on December 30, 1997, File No. 001-02402.) |\n| 10.3 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (2002 Restatement.) (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 26, 2002, file No. 001-02402.) |\n| 10.4 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation 2000 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit A to Hormel's definitive Proxy Statement filed on December 30, 1999, File No. 001-02402.) |", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17500,6 +17500,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Author contributions\n\nK.L. designed the framework of the article and analyzed the yield results and the maize price under future scenarios. J.P. simulated the climate data from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. W.X. simulated the maize yields in whole world under di/fferent scenarios. W.X. simulated the market price of maize at national and global levels. T.A. helped the revision of language.\n\n## Funding\n\nFunding was provided by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0607403 and 2017YFD0300301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41961124007 and 41871026).\n\n## Competing interests\n\n/T\\_he authors declare no competing interests.\n\n## Additional information\n\nCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.L.\n\nReprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.\n\nPublisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional a/ffiliations.\n\n\n\nOpen Access /T\\_his article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. /T\\_he images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/.\n\n© /T\\_he Author(s) 2022\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" + }, { "text": "progress towards the target will be under constant review, and adjustment if needed, to mitigate against undue impact on biodiversity, food security and farmers' competitiveness.\n\nAgroecology can provide healthy food while maintaining productivity, increase soil fertility and biodiversity, and reduce the footprint of food production. Organic farming in particular holds great potential for farmers and consumers alike. The sector creates jobs and attracts young farmers. Organic farming also provides 10-20 % more jobs per hectare than conventional farms, and creates added value for agricultural products 32 . To make the most of this potential, at least 25% of the EU's agricultural land must be organically farmed by 2030 . In addition to CAP measures, the Commission will put forward an Action Plan on organic farming, helping Member States stimulate both supply and demand of organic products. It will also ensure consumer's trust through promotion campaigns and green public procurement. In the implementation of the EU-wide agroecological targets set out in this strategy and in the Farm to Fork Strategy, the different starting points and differences in progress already made in Member States will be taken into account.\n\nThe uptake of agroforestry support measures under rural development should be increased as it has great potential to provide multiple benefits for biodiversity, people and climate.\n\nThe decline of genetic diversity must also be reversed, including by facilitating the use of traditional varieties of crops and breeds. This would also bring health benefits through more varied and nutritious diets. The Commission is considering the revision of marketing rules for traditional crop varieties in order to contribute to their conservation and sustainable use. The Commission will also take measures to facilitate the registration of seed varieties, including for organic farming, and to ensure easier market access for traditional and locally adapted varieties.\n\n## 2.2.3. Addressing land take and restoring soil ecosystems\n\nSoil is one of the most complex of all ecosystems. It is a habitat in its own right, and home to an incredible diversity of organisms that regulate and control key ecosystem services such as soil fertility, nutrient cycling and climate regulation. Soil is a hugely important non-renewable resource , vital for human and economic health, as well as the production of food and new medications.\n\nIn the EU, the degradation of soil is having considerable environmental and economic consequences. Poor land management, such as deforestation, overgrazing, unsustainable farming and forestry practices, construction activities and land sealing are among the main causes of this situation 33 . Despite recent reductions in the pace of soil sealing, fertile soils continue to be lost to land take and urban sprawl 34 . When compounded by", "page_start": 8, @@ -17535,12 +17541,6 @@ "page_start": 46, "page_end": 46, "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "measures in the measures in the areas areas of food and o f f o o d a n d farming being taken farming being taken by the loan applicant, by the loan applicant, and drafts a simple and drafts a simple 'diagnosis' stating 'diagnosis' stating whether there is room whether there is room\n\n\n\nfor future improvement. Ernst & Young for future improvement. Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ongoing improvement of this system. ongoing improvement of this system.\n\nBy backing customer companies' own By backing customer companies' own initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures to improve the diet of the Japanese and to improve the diet of the Japanese and strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector. strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Making banking a more pleasant experience for all customers\n\nWith the old-age dependency ratio soaring, With the old-age dependency ratio soaring, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, easy-to-use banking services for all its easy-to-use banking services for all its customers. customers.\n\nSome Group companies are likewise making Some Group companies are likewise making their facilities barrier-free at bank branches their facilities barrier-free at bank branches with large numbers of customers, to tailor with large numbers of customers, to tailor services to the needs of all customers. services to the needs of all customers.\n\nFor example at the Minato Bank, we have For example at the Minato Bank, we have equipped all ATMs at all our branches and equipped all ATMs at all our branches and cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for the visually impaired. the visually impaired.\n\nIn addition, we have set up priority seating In addition, we have set up priority seating in the lobby of each of our branches for in the lobby of each of our branches for customers who are very old or who have customers who are very old or who have mobility problems. We are also steadily mobility problems. We are also steadily introducing queue-number displays using introducing queue-number displays using Color Universal Design (CUD) principles, Color Universal Design (CUD) principles, which are easier to read for customers with which are easier to read for customers with eyesight concerns. eyesight concerns.\n\nHandheld hearing support device (The Minato Bank)\n\n\n\nNew queue-number display system installed at bank counters\n\nColors and special designs are used to make queue-number displays more visible to all customers (The Minato Bank)\n\nA further measure is installation of handheld A further measure is installation of handheld hearing support devices at all branches hearing support devices at all branches (except housing loan promotion offices), to (except housing loan promotion offices), to allay the concerns of hearing-impaired allay the concerns of hearing-impaired customers who find it difficult to converse customers who find it difficult to converse and follow spoken instructions. By using the and follow spoken instructions. By using the devices as communication tools, bank devices as communication tools, bank employees can respect customer privacy employees can respect customer privacy and do not have to talk loudly. and do not have to talk loudly.", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17598,6 +17598,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 22.Thinking About Africa's Open Data\n - 23.Towards EU Benchmarking 2.0 - Transparency and Open Data on Structural Funds in Europe\n - 24.UK Open Government Licence removes barriers to re-use of public sector information\n - 25.Western Europe: A journey through tech for transparency projects\n - 26.What open data means to marginalized communities\n - 27.What's in a Name? Open Gov and Good Gov\n - 28.WikiLeaks Relationship With the Media\n - 29.WikiLeaks, Open Information and Effective Use: Exploring the Limits of Open Government", + "page_start": 33, + "page_end": 33, + "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and best practices suggestions\n\nStarting from the trends and conclusion described in the previous chapter, this section lists, in the most synthetic way possible, some strategic actions and best practices for 2011, that we consider important in making Open Data succeed and bring the greatest possible benefits to all citizens and businesses.\n\n## 4.1. Properly define and explain both Open Data and Public Data\n\nJust because Open Data is becoming more popular (and, we may say, more and more necessary every year), it is essential to intensify efforts to explain, both to the general public and to public administrators, that\n\n - 1. Privacy issues are almost always a non-issue. Quoting from What \"open data\" means and what it doesn't): Privacy and/or security concerns with putting all the government's data out there are a separate issue that shouldn't be confused with Open Data. Whether data should be made publicly available is where privacy concerns come into play. Once it has been determined that government data should be made public, then it should be done openly.\n - 2. Defining as Public and consequently opening them in the right way, much more data than those born and stored inside Public Administration is an urgent task that is in the best interest of all citizens and businesses\n\n## 4.2. Keep political issues separated by economics ones\n\nOpen Data can reduce the costs of Public Administrations and generate (or at least protect, as in the case of deals from local merchants) local jobs in all sectors of the economy, not just high-tech ones. There seems to be enough evidence for these two assertions to go for more Open Data even if they had no effect at all on participation to politics. This should always be kept in mind, also because some data that can directly stimulate business are not the same that would be useful for transparency.", "page_start": 26, @@ -17609,12 +17615,6 @@ "page_start": 13, "page_end": 13, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## elections\n\n - · Open Congress : a tool for political scientists to track the work and effectiveness of the Brazilian congress\n - · Paraguay: Who Do We Choose?: lists profiles of all candidates for many public posts.\n\nIn Brazil, the principle that \"what is not confidential should be available on the Internet in the open data format\" is already discussed and, in principle, accepted, by some departments of the Brazilian federal government. However, the preferred practice for now is (if there are no other obstacles) to only publish data that have been explicitly requested by some citizens.\n\nA report presented in May 2011 at the First Global Conference on Transparency Research mentioned a couple of Open Data issues in Latin America that are worth noting, because they're present even in Europe and North America, in spite of the different historical and social background:\n\n - · \"Better coordination is needed between right to information campaigners and open data activists.\"\n - · \"If activist manage to target particular topics to add \"value\" to the discussion, demand for open data could eventually increase in the region.\"\n\nIn Africa, mobile phones are much more available, and more essential than computer with Internet access, often bypassing the need for real desktop PCs with many applications. Therefore, from a purely technical point of view, transparency, accountability and efficiency in government are quickly becoming accessible to most African citizens through mobile networks rather than through the \"traditional\" Internet. However, there are still too few public departments and procedures that use digital documents and procedures on a scale large enough to generate meaningful volumes of digital data that could be then published online.\n\nWhile we write, Kenya is laying the legal groundwork to support Open Data. Permanent Secretary for Information and Communications, Dr. Bitange Ndemo is reported as having been championing for quite some time. In practice, big challenges remain for Open Data usage in Kenya. The easiest one to solve is to technical, that is find skilled people that can package the data in ways that the public can consume (even on mobile phones...). The real problem, however, is the fact that (summarizing from Thinking About Africa's Open Data):\n\nThere is a lot of Kenya data but it isn't accessible. The entities that hold the most public and infrastructure data are always government institutions. Getting information from them can be very hard indeed. We don't know who to go to to get the data we need, and", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17773,8 +17773,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu- larly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali- ence ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork B), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B) networks", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -18217,11 +18217,17 @@ "target_page": 10, "target_passage": "1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil. 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil. 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n - 6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece interpupillary slide adjustment.\n - 7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine focus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives. NOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so the precision or parfocalization is very high.\n\nFig. 1 - Objective Parts\n\n\n\n - 10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select other objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine adjustment knob has not been used by using the following method (See Fig. 1):\n - 1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x objective and remove from turret.\n - 2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n - 3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal distance.\n - 4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n - 5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n\n## USING THE CEDAR OIL\n\n - 1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil.\n - 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n - 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.\n\n\n\n## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## ADJUSTING THE CONDENSER APERTURE", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, + "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n## PARTS LIST\n\n## Model AY11240\n\nName\n\nMicroscope Stand\n\nAchromatic\n\nObjective\n\nPlain Concave Mirror\n\n1\n\nPlastic Dust Cover\n\n1\n\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece\n\n1\n\nLens Cleaning Tissue\n\n1\n\nSpecification\n\n1\n\nInspection Certificate\n\n1\n\nPacking List\n\n1\n\n## OPERATION\n\n## Model AY11240\n\n## Model AY11238\n\n - 1. Remove components from package. identify all parts before assembling.\n - 2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives to revolving turret.\n - 3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips. NOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is the cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the specimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the thickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is 0.17mm.\n - 4. Adjust the stand to an angle that provides comfortable observation.\n - 5. Rotate and adjust concave mirror to light the field of view. NOTE: Do not reflect the Sun with the mirror. This can cause serious eye injury or permanent eye damage.\n - 6. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective first. The 4x objective provides a larger field of view to search specimen.\n - 1. Remove components from package. identify all parts before assembling.\n - 2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives to revolving turret. 3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips. NOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is the cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the specimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the thickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is 0.17mm.\n - 4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope lamp ON.\n - 5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective first. The 4x objective provides a larger field of view to search specimen.\n\n4x\n\n10x\n\n40x (s)\n\nQty\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n## Model AY11238\n\n| Name | Name | Qty |\n|-------------------------|-------------------------|-------|\n| Microscope Stand | Microscope Stand | 1 |\n| | 4x | 1 |\n| Achromatic Objective | 10x | 1 |\n| | 40x (s) | 1 |\n| 10x Wide Field Eyepiece | 10x Wide Field Eyepiece | 1 |\n| Plastic Dust Cover | Plastic Dust Cover | 1 |\n| Spare Bulb | Spare Bulb | 1 |\n| Lens Cleaning Tissue | Lens Cleaning Tissue | 1 |\n| Specification | Specification | 1 |\n| Inspection Certificate | Inspection Certificate | 1 |\n| Packing List | Packing List | 1 |", "page_start": 2, @@ -18275,12 +18281,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## ZOOM MAGNIFICATION\n\n - 1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to the desired magnification and field of view.\n - 2. In most situations, it is recommended that you focus at the lowest magnification, then move to a higher magnification and re-focus as necessary.\n - 3. If the image is not clear to both eyes at the same time, the diopter ring may need adjustment.\n\n## DIOPTER RING ADJUSTMENT\n\n - 1. To adjust the eyepiece for viewing with or without eyeglasses and for differences in acuity between the right and left eyes, follow the following steps:\n - a. Observe an image through the left eyepiece and bring a specific point into focus using the focus knob.\n - b. By turning the diopter ring adjustment for the left eyepiece, bring the same point into sharp focus.\n - c.Then bring the same point into focus through the right eyepiece by turning the right diopter ring.\n - d.With more than one viewer, each viewer should note their own diopter ring position for the left and right eyepieces, then before viewing set the diopter ring adjustments to that setting.\n\n## CHANGING THE BULB\n\n - 1. Disconnect the power cord from the electrical outlet.\n - 2. When the bulb is cool, remove the oblique illuminator cap and remove the halogen bulb with cap.\n - 3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n - 4. Open the window in the base plate and replace the halogen lamp or fluorescent lamp of transmitted illuminator.\n\n\n\n## MODEL AY11236\n\nModel AY11236\n\n\n\n## MICROSCOPE USAGE\n\nBARSKA Model AY11236 is a powerful fixed power compound microscope designed for biological studies such as specimen examination. It can also be used for examining bacteria and for general clinical and medical studies and other scientific uses.\n\n## CONSTRUCTION\n\nBARSKA Model AY11236 is a fixed power compound microscope. It is constructed with two optical paths at the same angle. It is equipped with transmitted illumination. By using this instrument, the user can observe specimens at magnification from 40x to 1000x by selecting the desired objective lens. Coarse and fine focus adjustments provide accuracy and image detail. The rotating head allows the user to position the eyepieces for maximum viewing comfort and easy access to all adjustment knobs.\n\n", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" } ] }, @@ -18320,6 +18320,12 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n - 6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece interpupillary slide adjustment.\n - 7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine focus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives. NOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so the precision or parfocalization is very high.\n\nFig. 1 - Objective Parts\n\n\n\n - 10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select other objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine adjustment knob has not been used by using the following method (See Fig. 1):\n - 1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x objective and remove from turret.\n - 2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n - 3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal distance.\n - 4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n - 5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n\n## USING THE CEDAR OIL\n\n - 1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil.\n - 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n - 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.\n\n\n\n## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## ADJUSTING THE CONDENSER APERTURE", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, + "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" + }, { "text": "## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## Model AY11228\n\n## Model AY11232\n\n## SELECTING OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION\n\n - 1. There are two objectives. The lower magnification objective has a greater depth of field and view.\n - 2. In order to observe the specimen easily use the lower magnification objective first. Then, by rotating the case, the magnification can be changed.\n\n## CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY DISTANCE\n\n - 1. The distance between the observer's pupils is the interpupillary distance.\n - 2. To adjust the interpupillary distance rotate the prism caps until both eyes coincide with the image in the eyepiece.\n\n## FOCUSING\n\n - 1. Remove the lens protective cover.\n - 2. Place the specimen on the working stage.\n - 3. Focus the specimen with the left eye first while turning the focus knob until the image appears clear and sharp.\n - 4. Rotate the right eyepiece ring until the images in each eyepiece coincide and are sharp and clear.\n\n## CHANGING THE BULB\n\n - 1. Disconnect the power cord from the electrical outlet before changing the bulb.\n - 2. When the bulb is cool, remove the oblique illuminator cap and remove the halogen bulb with cap.\n - 3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n - 4. Open the window in the base plate and replace the halogen lamp or fluorescent lamp of transmitted illuminator.\n\n## FOCUSING\n\n - 1. Turn the focusing knob away or toward you until a clear image is viewed.\n - 2. If the image is unclear, adjust the height of the elevator up or down, then turn the focusing knob again.\n\n## ZOOM MAGNIFICATION\n\n - 1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to the desired magnification and field of view.\n - 2. In most situations, it is recommended that you focus at the lowest magnification, then move to a higher magnification and re-focus as necessary.\n - 3. If the image is not clear to both eyes at the same time, the diopter ring may need adjustment.\n\n## DIOPTER RING ADJUSTMENT\n\n - 1. To adjust the eyepiece for viewing with or without eyeglasses and for differences in acuity between the right and left eyes, follow the following steps:\n - a. Observe an image through the left eyepiece and bring a specific point into focus using the focus knob.\n - b. By turning the diopter ring adjustment for the left eyepiece, bring the same point into sharp focus.\n - c.Then bring the same point into focus through the right eyepiece by turning the right diopter ring.\n - d.With more than one viewer, each viewer should note their own diopter ring position for the left and right eyepieces, then before viewing set the diopter ring adjustments to that setting.\n\n## CHANGING THE BULB", "page_start": 5, @@ -18349,12 +18355,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## ZOOM MAGNIFICATION\n\n - 1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to the desired magnification and field of view.\n - 2. In most situations, it is recommended that you focus at the lowest magnification, then move to a higher magnification and re-focus as necessary.\n - 3. If the image is not clear to both eyes at the same time, the diopter ring may need adjustment.\n\n## DIOPTER RING ADJUSTMENT\n\n - 1. To adjust the eyepiece for viewing with or without eyeglasses and for differences in acuity between the right and left eyes, follow the following steps:\n - a. Observe an image through the left eyepiece and bring a specific point into focus using the focus knob.\n - b. By turning the diopter ring adjustment for the left eyepiece, bring the same point into sharp focus.\n - c.Then bring the same point into focus through the right eyepiece by turning the right diopter ring.\n - d.With more than one viewer, each viewer should note their own diopter ring position for the left and right eyepieces, then before viewing set the diopter ring adjustments to that setting.\n\n## CHANGING THE BULB\n\n - 1. Disconnect the power cord from the electrical outlet.\n - 2. When the bulb is cool, remove the oblique illuminator cap and remove the halogen bulb with cap.\n - 3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n - 4. Open the window in the base plate and replace the halogen lamp or fluorescent lamp of transmitted illuminator.\n\n\n\n## MODEL AY11236\n\nModel AY11236\n\n\n\n## MICROSCOPE USAGE\n\nBARSKA Model AY11236 is a powerful fixed power compound microscope designed for biological studies such as specimen examination. It can also be used for examining bacteria and for general clinical and medical studies and other scientific uses.\n\n## CONSTRUCTION\n\nBARSKA Model AY11236 is a fixed power compound microscope. It is constructed with two optical paths at the same angle. It is equipped with transmitted illumination. By using this instrument, the user can observe specimens at magnification from 40x to 1000x by selecting the desired objective lens. Coarse and fine focus adjustments provide accuracy and image detail. The rotating head allows the user to position the eyepieces for maximum viewing comfort and easy access to all adjustment knobs.\n\n", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" } ] }, @@ -18883,8 +18883,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called \"foreign princes\" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19031,8 +19031,8 @@ "target_page": 13, "target_passage": "In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the Treaty of the Hague with William III of England in 1698. This agreement divided Spain's Italian territories between Louis's son le Grand Dauphin and Archduke Charles, with the rest of the empire awarded to Joseph Ferdinand.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19128,6 +19128,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 4. Discussion\n\nWe present data herein to support the hypothesis that traumatic nerve injury in rodents leads to a profound loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Taking advantage of newly\n\ndeveloped transgenic recombinase driver lines, we have shown that loss is biased across molecularly defined subpopulations. Nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons are particularly susceptible to loss, with almost all Mrgprd 1 axotomized afferents lost following an unrepaired transection injury (SNItrans) and roughly half lost following a model which contrastingly allows for nerve regenerations (SNIcrush). Finally, we have observed that the vulnerability of Mrgprd 1 neurons extends to the in vitro setting and provide data to support the hypothesis that loss is driven by a lack of neurotrophic support following injury.\n\n## 4.1. Neuronal loss\n\nThe question of whether DRG neurons die following traumatic injury has been addressed by several groups over the last few decades. Despite contrasting findings on the extent, timing, and form that loss takes, most studies have observed frank loss of DRG neurons. 6,38,46,53 However, more recent studies using recombinase driver lines and novel machine-learning approaches have cast doubt on this consensus. 44,49 Our data strongly support the loss hypothesis and suggest that approximately 60% of axotomized afferents die within 2 weeks of SNI. The discrepancy between our findings and other recent studies may be partly explained by the sampling method used to estimate neuronal numbers. For example, Schulte et al. 49 developed a novel machine-learning approach and found no reduction in neuron density across serial sections of rat DRG following SNI, and they inferred from this that frank loss did not occur. Our results are congruous, in that we also observed no reduction in neuron density. However, we found a substantial loss in the total neuron-containing volume of injured DRG, which underlies our contrasting conclusion of frank loss. Of note, morphological volumetric analysis and MRI have also previously demonstrated volume loss in both rodent and human DRG following nerve injury. 35,65,66 These findings occur despite a major increase of nonneuronal cells in the injured DRG 30 and support the notion that the total DRG neuron number is decreased.\n\n## 4.2. Selectivity of neuron loss\n\nWhile definitively characterizing loss of molecularly defined subpopulations was challenging before the advent of recombinase driver lines, a consensus emerged that small-diameter neurons are more vulnerable to nerve injury-induced loss. 50,53 Our data support this consensus and extend it to reveal that while there is a generalized partial loss of C-fiber populations including CGRP- and Trpm8-expressing neurons, Mrgprd-expressing neurons are particularly sensitive to loss. This selective vulnerability has been hinted at previously by the stark reduction in the number of DRG neurons and their central terminals that bind IB4 and express canonical markers such as the P2X3 receptor following nerve injury. 5,8,29,36 Type 1a glomeruli are also reduced in lamina II, suggesting a structural loss of central terminals and not simply a loss of IB4-binding. 2 However, it was not clear whether these data represented phenotypic changes in nonpeptidergic nociceptors or frank loss of neurons. We describe neuron loss that is delayed (occurring . 7 days postinjury) with respect to histochemical and structural changes (occurring 15 days postinjury 2,29 ), suggesting that these changes precede and are not in themselves indicative of neuron loss.\n\nThe vulnerability of Mrgprd-expressing neurons is congruous with recent subpopulation bulk RNA-seq data, which found that", "page_start": 9, @@ -19146,6 +19152,12 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:315-23.\n - [65] West CA, Davies KA, Hart AM, Wiberg M, Williams SR, Terenghi G. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia for the objective quantitative assessment of neuron death after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2007;203:22-33.\n - [66] West CA, Ljungberg C, Wiberg M, Hart A. Sensory neuron death after upper limb nerve injury and protective effect of repair: clinical evaluation using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia. Neurosurgery 2013;73:632-40.\n - [67] West SJ, Bonboire D, Bennett DL. StereoMate: 3D stereological automated analysis of biological structures. bioRxiv 2020:648337.\n - [68] Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2018;29:779-85.\n - [69] Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020;11:264.\n - [70] Zheng J, Lu Y, Perl ER. Inhibitory neurones of the spinal substantia gelatinosa mediate interaction of signals from primary afferents. J Physiol 2010;588:2065-75.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "injury (Fig. S6A-C, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), indicating that any loss of neurons within specific neuronal subpopulations wasnot biased towards soma size. Collectively, these data show that unrepaired axonal damage to peripheral sensory neurons induces a partial loss of Trpm8 1 and CGRP 1 subpopulations, but no major loss of myelinated afferents.\n\nBased on our findings of preferential loss of nonpeptidergic nociceptors, we re-analyzed a previous population-specific transcriptomic dataset of mouse DRG neurons following nerve injury for potential upregulation of cell death pathways (Fig. S7, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). 3 Wefound that early after injury (3 days post-SNItrans), nonpeptidergic (MrgD CreERT2 -expressing) neurons showed enhanced enrichment of GO terms associated with apoptosis, in contrast to a broad population of nociceptors (labelled with Scn10a CreERT2 ), peptidergic nociceptors (CalcaCreERT2 ), C-LTMRs (Th CreERT2 ), and A b -RA (rapidly adapting) and A d -LTMRs (A d /A b -LTMR, Ntrk2 CreERT2 ;Advillin FlpO ), in which there was less or no enrichment of cell death pathways. By 4 weeks, only C-LTMR and A d /A b -LTMR subtypes show any overrepresentation of cell death pathways (in the populations studied). Both injury-specific and apoptotic signatures in nonpeptidergic neurons were no longer significantly enriched, consistent with a loss of axotomized nonpeptidergic afferents by this late timepoint postinjury. These data suggest that apoptotic pathways are upregulated acutely after injury in a celltype-specific manner.\n\n## 3.4. Mrgprd dorsal root ganglion neurons are sensitive to loss in vitro\n\nEarlier studies postulated that a lack of neurotrophic support underlies neuronal loss, which is supported by the observation that exogenous GDNF treatment at the time of injury, or shortly after, rescues the loss of IB4-binding central terminals posttransection. 5 We sought to use the DRG neurons from MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai32 mice to test this postulate and establish an in vitro platform capable of probing the molecular basis of loss, with axonal transection during isolation providing a correlate for in vivo nerve injury ( Figs. 5A-E ). Twenty-four hours after plating, YFP was expressed by 16.3 6 1.3% of DRG neurons, which was reduced to 11.8 6 1.7% after 28 days of culture in the presence of exogenous GFs, NGF and GDNF ( Fig. 5F ). However, in the absence of GFs, YFP 1 neurons only accounted for 1.7 6 0.6% of neurons after 28 days, accompanied by an apparent reduction in the overall number of neurons within the culture, despite all conditions being seeded at the same initial density ( Figs. 5C and F ). YFP 1 cell loss was partially rescued by the presence of GDNF, but not NGF alone, in the culture media ( Figs. 5D-F ). These results contrasted with experiments using neurons derived from Calca CreERT2 ;Ai32 mice, in which we observed no change in the proportion of neurons that were Calca-YFP 1 after 28 days in culture, regardless of exogenous GF addition ( Figs. 5G-L ). Collectively, these data support the use of DRG cultures to probe the mechanisms underlying selective loss of sensory neurons following nerve injury and suggest a role for trophic support, particularly by GDNF signaling, in preventing the loss of nonpeptidergic nociceptors.\n\n## 4. Discussion\n\nWe present data herein to support the hypothesis that traumatic nerve injury in rodents leads to a profound loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Taking advantage of newly", "page_start": 9, @@ -19157,18 +19169,6 @@ "page_start": 11, "page_end": 11, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- [1] Abraira VE, Kuehn ED, Chirila AM, Springel MW, Toliver AA, Zimmerman AL, Orefice LL, Boyle KA, Bai L, Song BJ, Bashista KA, O'Neill TG, Zhuo J, Tsan C, Hoynoski J, Rutlin M, Kus L, Niederkofler V, Watanabe M, Dymecki SM, Nelson SB, Heintz N, Hughes DI, Ginty DD. The cellular and synaptic architecture of the mechanosensory dorsal horn. Cell 2017;168: 295-310.e19.\n - [2] Bailey AL, Ribeiro-Da-Silva A. Transient loss of terminals from nonpeptidergic nociceptive fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Neuroscience 2006;138:675-90.\n - [3] Barry AM, Zhao N, Yang X, Bennett DL, Baskozos G. Deep RNA-seq of male and female murine sensory neuron subtypes after nerve injury. PAIN 2023;164:2196-215.\n - [4] Bell AM, Utting C, Dickie AC, Kucharczyk MW, Quillet R, GutierrezMecinas M, Razlan ANB, Cooper AH, Lan Y, Hachisuka J, Weir GA, Bannister K, Watanabe M, Kania A, Hoon MA, Macaulay IC, Denk F, Todd AJ. Deep sequencing of Phox2a nuclei reveals five classes of anterolateral system neurons. bioRxiv 2023.2023.08.20.553715.\n - [5] Bennett DL, Michael GJ, Ramachandran N, Munson JB, Averill S, Yan Q, McMahon SB, Priestley JV. A distinct subgroup of small DRG cells express GDNF receptor components and GDNF is protective for these neurons after nerve injury. J Neurosci 1998;18:3059-72.\n - [6] Bondok AA, Sansone FM. Retrograde and transganglionic degeneration of sensory neurons after a peripheral nerve lesion at birth. Exp Neurol 1984;86:322-30.\n - [7] Boucher TJ, Okuse K, Bennett DLH, Munson JB, Wood JN, McMahon SB. Potent analgesic effects of GDNF in neuropathic pain states. Science 2000;290:124-7.\n - [8] Bradbury EJ, Burnstock G, McMahon SB. The expression of P2X3 purinoreceptors in sensory neurons: effects of axotomy and glial-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Cell Neurosci 1998;12:256-68.\n - [9] Br 'az JM, Basbaum AI. Triggering genetically-expressed transneuronal tracers by peripheral axotomy reveals convergent and segregated sensory neuron-spinal cord connectivity. Neuroscience 2009;163: 1220-32.\n - [10] Cobos EJ, Nickerson CA, Gao F, Chandran V, Bravo-Caparr 'os I, Gonz'alez-Cano R, Riva P, Andrews NA, Latremoliere A, Seehus CR, Perazzoli G, Nieto FR, Joller N, Painter MW, Ma CHE, Omura T, Chesler EJ, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Rangachari M, Woolf CJ, Costigan M. Mechanistic differences in neuropathic pain modalities revealed by correlating behavior with global expression profiling. Cell Rep 2018;22: 1301-12.\n - [11] Coggeshall RE. A consideration of neural counting methods. Trends Neurosci 1992;15:9-13.\n - [12] Decosterd I, Woolf CJ. Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. PAIN 2000;87:149-58.\n - [13] Denk F, Ramer LM, Erskine ELKS, Nassar MA, Bogdanov Y, Signore M, WoodJN, McMahon SB, Ramer MS. Tamoxifen induces cellular stress in the nervous system by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015;3:74.\n - [14] Dobin A, Davis CA, Schlesinger F, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Jha S, Batut P, Chaisson M, Gingeras TR. STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 2013;29:15-21.\n - [15] Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:175-91.\n - [16] Feng G, Mellor RH, Bernstein M, Keller-Peck C, Nguyen QT, Wallace M, Nerbonne JM, Lichtman JW, Sanes JR. Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP. Neuron 2000;28:41-51.\n - [17] Gangadharan V, Zheng H, Taberner FJ, Landry J, Nees TA, Pistolic J, Agarwal N, M annich D, Benes V, Helmstaedter M, Ommer B, Lechner SG, Kuner T, Kuner R. Neuropathic pain caused by miswiring and abnormal end organ targeting. Nature 2022;606:137-45.\n - [18] Guillery RW. On counting and counting errors. J Comp Neurol 2002;447: 1-7.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003321\n\nnerve injury in experimental rodent models. 24,50,53,56 Some studies have suggested that neuron loss occurs in certain patient cohorts, 48,66 but this is yet to be definitively demonstrated in humans. In rodents, most studies support a preferential loss of small cells that give rise to unmyelinated fibers 53 but some contrasting studies describe the preferential loss of large cells 6 or loss of cells of all sizes. 46 Variation is evident across studies in terms of experimental species, age, type of injury, and quantification methods. 56 Shi et al. 50 used stereological counting methods to identify a 54% loss of DRG neuron number 4 weeks after 'mid-thigh' sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6 mice. Estimates for the degree of loss following commonly used nerve injury paradigms (eg, spared nerve injury [SNI] and sciatic nerve crush) are not available and because of the neurochemical changes following injury and the loss of subpopulation marker gene expression, 5,44,50 the vulnerability of molecularly defined subpopulations has not been characterized. Moreover, more recent studies have cast doubt on the extent or even presence of DRG neuron death following nerve injury. One study which developed a deep learning approach to assess rat DRG cellular plasticity found no loss of neurons up to 2 weeks post-SNI, 49 while another observed no loss of genetically labelled damaged DRG neurons 2 months after sciatic nerve crush. 44\n\nThe issue of whether neuron loss occurs, and if so, in what subpopulations, is important. It will likely have implications for our understanding of reinnervation and functional recovery in patients. Furthermore, better insight will provide critical context for those investigating the plasticity that occurs following nerve injury and may inform therapeutic targeting of sensory neuron populations.\n\nAn expanding repertoire of transgenic recombinase driver lines now makes it possible to permanently label DRG neuron subpopulations and study their fate in rodent nerve injury paradigms. The aim of this study was to use this technology to characterize", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19179,11 +19179,17 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "1. Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. 2. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. 3. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "policies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices and actions to protect and restore the world's forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the One Health approach 83 , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.\n\nThe EU will step up support to partner countries across the world to achieve the new global targets, fight environmental crime, and tackle the drivers of biodiversity loss. In Africa, the EU will launch the NaturAfrica initiative to protect wildlife and key ecosystems while offering opportunities in green sectors for local populations. Similar projects will be developed in other regions. The EU will also support the Western Balkans and EU Neighbourhood countries in their efforts to protect biodiversity.\n\nIn all of its work, the EU will strengthen the links between biodiversity protection and human rights , gender, health, education, conflict sensitivity, the rights-based approach, land tenure and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities.\n\nAs part of its global efforts, the EU will promote biodiversity coalitions with partners and civil society around the world. For example, in March 2020, the Commission launched the Global Biodiversity Coalition of national parks, aquariums, botanic gardens, zoos, natural history and sciencemuseums to help raise awareness around the world on the need to protect and nurture biodiversity. The Commission will consider launching or joining other High Ambition Coalitions to help develop the post-2020 framework.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSION\n\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and continuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the way for ambitious and necessary changes - changes that will ensure the wellbeing and economic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The implementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges across sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, fairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will require a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, stakeholders and citizens.\n\nThe Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this strategy ahead of the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will suggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will review the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to meet its objectives.", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "build on the headline ambition to ensure that by 2050 all of the world's ecosystems are restored, resilient, and adequately protected. The world should commit to the net-gain principle to give nature back more than it takes. As part of this, the world should commit to no human-induced extinction of species, at minimum where avoidable.\n\nThis strategy sets out how Europe can help make this happen. As a milestone, it aims to ensure that Europe's biodiversity will be on the path to recovery by 2030 for the benefit of people, the planet, the climate and our economy, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and with the objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. It addresses the five main drivers of biodiversity loss, sets out an enhanced governance framework to fill remaining gaps, ensures the full implementation of EU legislation, and pulls together all existing efforts. This strategy is enterprising and incentivising in spirit and action. It reflects the fact that protecting and restoring nature will need more than regulation alone . It will require action by citizens, businesses, social partners and the research and knowledge community, as well as strong partnerships between local, regional, national and European level. This strategy is in line with the ambitions and commitment set out in President von der Leyen's Political Guidelines and in the European Green Deal.\n\nAdopted in the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic, this strategy will also be a central element of the EU's recovery plan. It will be crucial to prevent and build resilience to future zoonosis outbreaks and to provide immediate business and investment opportunities for restoring the EU's economy.\n\nAll new initiatives and proposals will be underpinned by the Commission's better regulation tools. Based on public consultations and on the identification of the environmental, social and economic impacts, impact assessments will contribute to ensuring that all initiatives achieve their objectives in the most effective and least burdensome way and live up to a green oath to 'do no harm'.\n\n## 2. PROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION\n\nThe EU has legal frameworks, strategies and action plans to protect nature and restore habitats and species. But protection has been incomplete, restoration has been smallscale, and the implementation and enforcement of legislation has been insufficient 17 .\n\nTo put biodiversity on the path to recovery by 2030, we need to step up the protection and restoration of nature. This should be done by improving and widening our network of protected areas and by developing an ambitious EU Nature Restoration Plan .\n\n## 2.1. A coherent network of protected areas\n\nBiodiversity fares better in protected areas. However, the current network of legally protected areas, including those under strict protection, is not sufficiently large to safeguard biodiversity. Evidence shows that the targets defined under the Convention on Biological Diversity are insufficient to adequately protect and restore nature 18 . Global", "page_start": 3, @@ -19237,12 +19243,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "targets, with the ability to ratchet up action if needed. These reviews should be based on an independent, science-based gap-analysis and foresight process, with common headline indicators for all Parties.\n\n -  An enabling framework to bring the ambition to life, across areas such as finance, capacity, research, innovation and technology.\n -  Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources linked to biodiversity.\n -  A principle of equality . This includes respect for the rights and the full and effective participation of indigenous peoples and local communities. There should be an inclusive approach with participation of all stakeholders, including women, youth, civil society, local authorities, the private sector, academia and scientific institutions.\n\n## 4.2. Using external action to promote the EU's ambition\n\n## 4.2.1. International Ocean Governance\n\nIn line with the International Ocean Governance agenda 77 , the EU will support the conclusion of an ambitious legally binding agreement on marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) by the end of 2020. It must set clear global procedures for identifying, designating and effectively managing ecologically representative marine protected areas in the high seas. It should be ratified and implemented as quickly as possible.\n\nThe EU should also use all of its diplomatic leverage and outreach capacities to help broker agreement on the designation of three vast Marine Protected Areas in the Southern Ocean 78 , two of which were co-proposed by the EU in East Antarctica and in the Weddell Sea. If agreed, this would constitute one of the biggest acts of nature protection in history.\n\nWork will continue with partner countries and regional organisations to put in place measures to protect and sustainably use sensitive maritime ecosystems and species, including in areas beyond national jurisdiction, with a focus on marine biodiversity hotspots. The EU should continue supporting Small Island Developing States and other relevant partner countries to participate in meetings of regional and global organisations and bodies, and to implement relevant international commitments and regulations.\n\nThe EU will apply zero tolerance towards illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and will combat overfishing, including through WTO negotiations on a global agreement to ban harmful fisheries subsidies .\n\nIn international negotiations, the EU should advocate that marine minerals in the international seabed area cannot be exploited before the effects of deep-sea mining on the marine environment, biodiversity and human activities have been sufficiently researched, the risks are understood and the technologies and operational practices are able to demonstrate no serious harm to the environment, in line with the precautionary", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19276,6 +19276,12 @@ "page_end": 19, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "policies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices and actions to protect and restore the world's forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the One Health approach 83 , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.\n\nThe EU will step up support to partner countries across the world to achieve the new global targets, fight environmental crime, and tackle the drivers of biodiversity loss. In Africa, the EU will launch the NaturAfrica initiative to protect wildlife and key ecosystems while offering opportunities in green sectors for local populations. Similar projects will be developed in other regions. The EU will also support the Western Balkans and EU Neighbourhood countries in their efforts to protect biodiversity.\n\nIn all of its work, the EU will strengthen the links between biodiversity protection and human rights , gender, health, education, conflict sensitivity, the rights-based approach, land tenure and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities.\n\nAs part of its global efforts, the EU will promote biodiversity coalitions with partners and civil society around the world. For example, in March 2020, the Commission launched the Global Biodiversity Coalition of national parks, aquariums, botanic gardens, zoos, natural history and sciencemuseums to help raise awareness around the world on the need to protect and nurture biodiversity. The Commission will consider launching or joining other High Ambition Coalitions to help develop the post-2020 framework.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSION\n\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and continuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the way for ambitious and necessary changes - changes that will ensure the wellbeing and economic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The implementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges across sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, fairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will require a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, stakeholders and citizens.\n\nThe Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this strategy ahead of the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will suggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will review the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to meet its objectives.", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "legislation and guidance on green public procurement , the Commission will integrate criteria and monitoring to boost nature-based solutions.\n\n## 3.3.3. Measuring and integrating the value of nature\n\nBiodiversity considerations need to be better integrated into public and business decisionmaking at all levels. Building on existing work 74 , the Commission will develop in 2021 methods, criteria and standards to describe the essential features of biodiversity, its services, values, and sustainable use.\n\nThese will include measuring the environmental footprint of products and organisations on the environment , including through life-cycle approaches and natural capital accounting. In this context, the Commission will support the establishment of an international natural capital accounting initiative.\n\n## 3.3.4. Improving knowledge, education and skills\n\nThe fight against biodiversity loss must be underpinned by sound science. Investing in research, innovation and knowledge exchange will be key to gathering the best data and developing the best nature-based solutions. Research and innovation can test and develop how to prioritise 'green' over 'grey' solutions and help the Commission to support investments in nature-based solutions, such as in old-industrialised, low-income or disasterhit areas.\n\nThe new Skills Agenda will play a key role in the transition to a green economy and the fight against biodiversity loss, focusing on training and reskilling of the workforce across a wide range of sectors.\n\nThe future Horizon Europe programme will include a long-term strategic research agenda for biodiversity, including a science policy mechanism for research-based options for ratcheting up the implementation of biodiversity commitments , with increased funding. Horizon Europe's Missions 75 will significantly contribute to filling knowledge gaps and finding solutions to improve the health of ecosystems and their contribution to human health.\n\nIn parallel, the Commission will promote and facilitate partnerships, including a dedicated Biodiversity Partnership, to make the bridge between science, policy and practice and make nature-based solutions a reality on the ground. The Commission will also establish in 2020 a new Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity in close cooperation with the European Environment Agency. The Centre will: (i) track and assess progress by the EU and its partners including in relation to implementation of biodiversity related international instruments; (ii) foster cooperation and partnership, including between climate and biodiversity scientists; and (iii) underpin policy development. Moreover, the Commission will increase its support to the Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.\n\nTo help integrate biodiversity and ecosystems into school, higher education and professional training, the Commission will propose a Council Recommendation on", "page_start": 18, @@ -19311,12 +19317,6 @@ "page_start": 20, "page_end": 20, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "currently in favourable status are in that category or show a strong positive trend. The Commission and the European Environmental Agency will provide guidance to Member States in 2020 on how to select and prioritise species and habitats.\n\n## 2.2.2. Bringing nature back to agricultural land\n\nAs guardians of our land, farmers play a vital role in preserving biodiversity. They are among the first to feel the consequences when biodiversity is lost but also among the first to reap the benefits when it is restored. Biodiversity enables them to provide us with safe, sustainable, nutritious and affordable food and provides them with the income they need to thrive and develop. European farmers are an essential part of the EU's future and must continue to be the social and economic hub of many communities across our Union.\n\nAt the same time, certain agricultural practices are a key driver of biodiversity decline. This is why it is important to work with farmers to support and incentivise the transition to fully sustainable practices . Improving the condition and diversity of agroecosystems will increase the sector's resilience to climate change, environmental risks and socioeconomic shocks, while creating new jobs, for example in organic farming, rural tourism or recreation.\n\nTo support the long-term sustainability of both nature and farming, this strategy will work in tandem with the new Farm to Fork Strategy and the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) , including by promoting eco-schemes and result-based payment schemes. In implementing the Biodiversity and the Farm to Fork Strategies, the Commission will closely monitor progress and improvements in terms of food security and farmers income. The Commission will ensure that the CAP Strategic plans are assessed against robust climate and environmental criteria, and that Member States set explicit national values for the relevant targets set in this strategy, as well as in the Farm to Fork Strategy. These plans should lead to sustainable practices such as precision agriculture, organic farming, agro-ecology, agro-forestry, low-intensive permanent grassland, and stricter animal welfare standards.\n\nFarmland birds and insects, particularly pollinators, are key indicators of the health of agroecosystems and are vital for agricultural production and food security. Their alarming decline must be reversed. As set out in the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission will take action to reduce by 50% the overall use of - and risk from chemical pesticides by 2030 and reduce by 50% the use of more hazardous pesticides by 2030. This must be supported by the full implementation of the EU Pollinators initiative 31 . By the end of 2020, the Commission will review the initiative and propose additional measures if necessary. To provide space for wild animals, plants, pollinators and natural pest regulators, there is an urgent need to bring back at least 10% of agricultural area under high-diversity landscape features . These include, inter alia , buffer strips, rotational or non-rotational fallow land, hedges, non-productive trees, terrace walls, and ponds. These help enhance carbon sequestration, prevent soil erosion and depletion, filter air and water, and support climate adaptation. In addition, more biodiversity often helps lead to more agricultural production. Member States will need to translate the 10% EU target to a lower geographical scale to ensure connectivity among habitats, especially through the CAP instruments and CAP Strategic Plans, in line with the Farm to Fork Strategy, and through the implementation of the Habitats Directive. The", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19406,6 +19406,12 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nIn the past, the Sumitomo Group In the past, the Sumitomo Group programs to solve the problem of programs to solve the problem of mine, while the Mitsui Group set up mine, while the Mitsui Group set up give the poorest in society access to give the poorest in society access to corporate social responsibility corporate social responsibility philosophies of both the Sumitomo philosophies of both the Sumitomo years of their existence, we will years of their existence, we will problems facing the international problems facing the international service service operations.operations.\n\nundertook large-scale afforestation undertook large-scale afforestation pollution around the Besshi copper pollution around the Besshi copper the Mitsui Memorial Hospital to the Mitsui Memorial Hospital to basic medical care. Based on this basic medical care. Based on this DNA embedded in the business DNA embedded in the business and Mitsui groups over the 400 and Mitsui groups over the 400 continue to play our part in solving continue to play our part in solving community through our financial community through our financial", "page_start": 5, @@ -19424,6 +19430,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "We intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development We intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development of society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a of society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a crucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such crucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such recognition, we undertake business operations that contribute to the steady recognition, we undertake business operations that contribute to the steady development of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate development of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate citizen, to make a positive contribution to society. citizen, to make a positive contribution to society.\n\nWe intend to be a financial services group for which all officers and employees work We intend to be a financial services group for which all officers and employees work with pride and commitment. For this purpose, we respect people and develop with pride and commitment. For this purpose, we respect people and develop employees with extensive professional knowledge and capabilities, thereby creating a employees with extensive professional knowledge and capabilities, thereby creating a free and active business environment. free and active business environment.\n\nWe intend to be a financial services group that always keeps in mind the importance of We intend to be a financial services group that always keeps in mind the importance of compliance. For this purpose, we reflect our awareness of Business Ethics in our business compliance. For this purpose, we reflect our awareness of Business Ethics in our business activities at all times. In addition, we respond promptly to directives from auditors and activities at all times. In addition, we respond promptly to directives from auditors and inspectors. Through these actions, we observe all laws and regulations, and uphold moral inspectors. Through these actions, we observe all laws and regulations, and uphold moral standards in our business practices. standards in our business practices.\n\n## Key points of CSR activities\n\nThe focus of the Group The focus of the Group's CSR activities is to offer the most value s CSR activities is to offer the most value for our four major stakeholder groups based on for our four major stakeholder groups based on sound management, and we shall strive to ultimately sound management, and we shall strive to ultimately contribute to the sustainable development of society as a whole. contribute to the sustainable development of society as a whole.\n\n - ● We shall endeavor to develop and prosper with our customers by offering top-quality, highly-valued products and services.\n - ● We shall engage in solid management by disclosing appropriate information and developing our internal control system in an effort to maximize our shareholders' value.\n - ● We shall contribute to society and preserve the natural environment by continuously and proactively implementing initiatives including social and environmental activities.\n - ● We shall foster a free and active business environment which respects individuals and allows each employee to realize his or her full potential.\n\n## SMFG CSR Values\n\n\n\n## Management approach for target achievement\n\nWe have established the Group CSR Committee, administered by the Group CSR Department, We have established the Group CSR Committee, administered by the Group CSR Department,\n\nto assess the CSR implementation plans of the whole Group, and manage progress. to assess the CSR implementation plans of the whole Group, and manage progress.", "page_start": 6, @@ -19453,18 +19465,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Takeshi Kunibe\n\nPresident and CEO Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n\ncompanies would do better and companies would do better and the whole country would benefit. the whole country would benefit. Returning to Mr. Ando Returning to Mr. Ando's words, s words, and his comments about a n d h i s c o m m e n t s a b o u t clinging to the status quo, more clinging to the status quo, more people now think, 'Oh, well, my people now think, 'Oh, well, my life is fairly comfortable and life is fairly comfortable and that's enough for me.' This sense that's enough for me.' This sense of stagnation, or resignation, of stagnation, or resignation,\n\nthat people feel in their lives has spread that people feel in their lives has spread throughout Japan. But when the disaster throughout Japan. But when the disaster struck, people again came together and struck, people again came together and worked together in the recovery effort. I worked together in the recovery effort. I thought, 'Not everything that happened has thought, 'Not everything that happened has been bad.' But I fear the consequences if we been bad.' But I fear the consequences if we don don't galvanize, coordinate and maximize t g a l va n i ze, coord inate and maximize efforts more effectively. efforts more effectively.\n\nKunibe : As for SMBC, I wondered if : A s f o r S M B C , I w o n d e r e d i f employees at all the branches and other employees at all the branches and other offices in the affected areas would be able to offices in the affected areas would be able to get to work and carry out their duties at such get to work and carry out their duties at such a difficult time for their own families; or if a difficult time for their own families; or if they would be able to open their offices for they would be able to open their offices for business on weekends and other holidays. business on weekends and other holidays. Despite the lack of water and gas, they really Despite the lack of water and gas, they really gave their all to provide banking services. gave their all to provide banking services. It was really uplifting to see such dedication It was really uplifting to see such dedication and sense of responsibility as an employee of and sense of responsibility as an employee of a financial institution entrusted with essential a financial institution entrusted with essential social infrastructure. I talk about 'the strength social infrastructure. I talk about 'the strength of our front-line staff,' but I was able to fully of our front-line staff,' but I was able to fully appreciate just how extraordinarily strong appreciate just how extraordinarily strong SMFG and SMBC are thanks to SMFG and SMBC are thanks to this this display display of front-line commitment. of front-line commitment.\n\nMoving forward on the reconstruction of Moving forward on the reconstruction of the Tohoku region, I believe we can also the Tohoku region, I believe we can also contribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure contribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure through project finance and other t h r o u g h p r o j e c t f i n a n c e a n d o t h e r fundamental businesses of financial f u ndamental businesses of financial institutions in which we excel. institutions in which we excel.\n\nWe are now actively engaged in promoting We are now actively engaged in promoting\n\nbusiness in the Tohoku region, including business in the Tohoku region, including business matching with parties outside business matching with parties outside the region. In addition, we have a range of the region. In addition, we have a range of support activities in partnership with the Miyagi support activities in partnership with the Miyagi prefectural government and The 77 Bank, prefectural government and The 77 Bank, Ltd., which is based in Miyagi. Ltd., which is based in Miyagi.", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Commitment from the Top\n\nA Conversation with Tadao Ando, Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata\n\n## What can we do now to spur the reconstruction and revitalization of Japan, and help resolve global issues?\n\nUplifting the nation's spirits Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\nJapan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) Japan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates and increasing numbers of the aged. and increasing numbers of the aged.\n\nWe must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective. We must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective.\n\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group. and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group.\n\n\n\n## Tadao Ando\n\nArchitect. Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, Representative and Vice-chairman of the Great East Japan Earthquake Reconstruction Design Council. Awarded the Order of Cultural Merit in 2010.\n\nOur measures to support reconstruction after the disastrous earthquake and tsunami Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\n̶ ̶ SMFG has the following priorities in its SMFG has the following priorities in its corporate social responsibility program: corporate social responsibility program: Reconstruction after the earthquake Reconstruction after the earthquake and tsunami, environmental measures, and tsunami, environmental measures, addressing the shrinking and aging addressing the shrinking and aging population, and global challenges. population, and global challenges. -\n\nKunibe : : Japan is facing a difficult period J a p a n i s f a c i ng a d i f f icu lt period with limited prospects for economic growth with limited prospects for economic growth due to a shrinking, aging population and due to a shrinking, aging population and a mature economy. Against this backdrop, a mature economy. Against this backdrop, the country was hit by the unprecedented the country was hit by the unprecedented catastrophe of the Great East Japan catastrophe of the Great East Japan Earthquake. We must face up to the new Earthquake. We must face up to the new challenges arising from this disaster. challenges arising from this disaster.\n\nI believe the time has come for us to I believe the time has come for us to reconsider what we can do in our capacity reconsider what we can do in our capacity as a financial institution to address a variety as a financial institution to address a variety of issues, including the four priorities. of issues, including the four priorities. Today I hope we can discuss not only the road Today I hope we can discuss not only the road to reconstruction after the disaster, but also to reconstruction after the disaster, but also\n\nways to uplift the nation's spirits. ways to uplift the nation's spirits.", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19486,6 +19486,12 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\nPresident Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n\n\n\nKoichi Miyata\n\nFirst, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt First, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt condolences to all those who have suffered and condolences to all those who have suffered and to the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in to the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in the devastating earthquake and tsunami the devastating earthquake and tsunami that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the early recovery of the affected people and areas.early recovery of the affected people and areas. SMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients' needs by SMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients' needs by leveraging our group-wide capabilities, leveraging our group-wide capabilities, offering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every offering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every employee and the overall group are capable of employee and the overall group are capable of responding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that responding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that through these measures, through these measures, we will contribute to the growth and development of our clients we will contribute to the growth and development of our clients and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them.and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them. Through our basic policy of becoming 'a globally competitive Through our basic policy of becoming 'a globally competitive financial services group financial services group with the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders' with the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders' by maximizing our core strengths of by maximizing our core strengths of 'Spirit of Innovation,' 'Speed' and 'Solution & Execution,' we 'Spirit of Innovation,' 'Speed' and 'Solution & Execution,' we will continue to stay ahead of the times, will continue to stay ahead of the times, no matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our no matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our business environment.business environment.\n\n## INDEX\n\n| Foreword | 1 |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|\n| Commitment from the Top | 3 |\n| A Conversation with Tadao Ando, | |\n| Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata | |\n| What can we do now to spur the | |\n| reconstruction and revitalization of Japan, and help resolve global issues? | |\n| Measures to Support Reconstruction after the March 11 | |\n| Earthquake and Tsunami | 8 |\n| Together with Our Customers Together with Our Shareholders and Markets | 13 17 |\n| Together with Our Employees | 19 |\n| Environmental Activities | 21 |\n| Social Contribution Activities | 25 |", "page_start": 1, @@ -19510,6 +19516,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "measures in the measures in the areas areas of food and o f f o o d a n d farming being taken farming being taken by the loan applicant, by the loan applicant, and drafts a simple and drafts a simple 'diagnosis' stating 'diagnosis' stating whether there is room whether there is room\n\n\n\nfor future improvement. Ernst & Young for future improvement. Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ongoing improvement of this system. ongoing improvement of this system.\n\nBy backing customer companies' own By backing customer companies' own initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures to improve the diet of the Japanese and to improve the diet of the Japanese and strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector. strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Making banking a more pleasant experience for all customers\n\nWith the old-age dependency ratio soaring, With the old-age dependency ratio soaring, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, easy-to-use banking services for all its easy-to-use banking services for all its customers. customers.\n\nSome Group companies are likewise making Some Group companies are likewise making their facilities barrier-free at bank branches their facilities barrier-free at bank branches with large numbers of customers, to tailor with large numbers of customers, to tailor services to the needs of all customers. services to the needs of all customers.\n\nFor example at the Minato Bank, we have For example at the Minato Bank, we have equipped all ATMs at all our branches and equipped all ATMs at all our branches and cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for the visually impaired. the visually impaired.\n\nIn addition, we have set up priority seating In addition, we have set up priority seating in the lobby of each of our branches for in the lobby of each of our branches for customers who are very old or who have customers who are very old or who have mobility problems. We are also steadily mobility problems. We are also steadily introducing queue-number displays using introducing queue-number displays using Color Universal Design (CUD) principles, Color Universal Design (CUD) principles, which are easier to read for customers with which are easier to read for customers with eyesight concerns. eyesight concerns.\n\nHandheld hearing support device (The Minato Bank)\n\n\n\nNew queue-number display system installed at bank counters\n\nColors and special designs are used to make queue-number displays more visible to all customers (The Minato Bank)\n\nA further measure is installation of handheld A further measure is installation of handheld hearing support devices at all branches hearing support devices at all branches (except housing loan promotion offices), to (except housing loan promotion offices), to allay the concerns of hearing-impaired allay the concerns of hearing-impaired customers who find it difficult to converse customers who find it difficult to converse and follow spoken instructions. By using the and follow spoken instructions. By using the devices as communication tools, bank devices as communication tools, bank employees can respect customer privacy employees can respect customer privacy and do not have to talk loudly. and do not have to talk loudly.", "page_start": 7, @@ -19527,18 +19539,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Priority Issues for Us\n\nMeasures for Japan's regeneration\n\n## Reconstruction after the earthquake and tsunami\n\n\n\nThe March 11 earthquake and tsunami (The Great East Japan Earthquake) undermined power The March 11 earthquake and tsunami (The Great East Japan Earthquake) undermined power generation capacity and severed manufacturing supply chains across the nation. This was in addition generation capacity and severed manufacturing supply chains across the nation. This was in addition to the severe damage sustained by agriculture and fisheries in the Northeast. to the severe damage sustained by agriculture and fisheries in the Northeast.\n\nThe disaster also threw into relief many social issues facing the nation. By leveraging our role as The disaster also threw into relief many social issues facing the nation. By leveraging our role as a leading financial services group, we are committing our full range of resources to dealing with the a leading financial services group, we are committing our full range of resources to dealing with the enormous task of regional reconstruction after the earthquake, in partnership with stakeholders enormous task of regional reconstruction after the earthquake, in partnership with stakeholders including enterprises, local governments and non-profit organizations. including enterprises, local governments and non-profit organizations.\n\n## Further measures needed\n\n - ● Wide-ranging financial support for the reconstruction of infrastructure Wide-ranging financial support for the reconstruction of infrastructure\n - ● Ongoing disaster recovery activities by employee volunteers Ongoing disaster recovery activities by employee volunteers\n - ● Comprehensive support for industrial recovery in partnership with local governments and Comprehensive support for industrial recovery in partnership with local governments and financial institutions in the disaster-affected areas financial institutions in the disaster-affected areas\n\n## Creating systems for sustainability\n\n## Environmental measures\n\nThe SMFG Group has positioned environmental businesses as an area where it can most effectively The SMFG Group has positioned environmental businesses as an area where it can most effectively leverage its role as a leading financial services group. This is a priority field for the future. leverage its role as a leading financial services group. This is a priority field for the future.\n\nMeasures are being stepped up on a range of fronts - not only involving a low-carbon society, but Measures are being stepped up on a range of fronts - not only involving a low-carbon society, but also dealing with issues such as water supply, soil contamination, energy and biodiversity. We aim to also dealing with issues such as water supply, soil contamination, energy and biodiversity. We aim to contribute to sustainable development by supporting the worldwide adoption of Japan's much-admired contribute to sustainable development by supporting the worldwide adoption of Japan's much-admired technological breakthroughs, with a particular focus on the Asian region. technological breakthroughs, with a particular focus on the Asian region.\n\n\n\n## Further measures needed\n\n - ● Give further support for businesses involved in greenhouse gas Give further support for businesses involved in greenhouse gas reduction, water supply, new energy and resource initiatives reduction, water supply, new energy and resource initiatives\n - ● Do more to safeguard biodiversity, in our capacity as a Do more to safeguard biodiversity, in our capacity as a financial institution financial institution\n - ● Share our information assets and know-how globally in the Share our information assets and know-how globally in the environmental business environmental business", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## SALES FINANCE\n\n## Providing Profit and Supporting Sales\n\nNAOTOMO UCHIMURA President Nissan Financial Services\n\n\n\n'Sales finance is a core business in the auto world. Automotive financing supports car sales and provides additional income, which translates into increased profit for the Group. All Nissan finance companies operate under strict risk management control policies and must balance the drive for profit with active sales support.\n\nIn Japan, about fifty percent of customers use cash when buying a car. Corporate sales account for another 20 percent of the total, while the remaining 30 percent of customers use automotive financing. Therefore, we focus on capturing that 30 percent market, in addition to penetrating the cash customer segment. Nissan Financial Services, or NFS, has the highest level of market penetration in Japan, and our centralized customer center gives us a clear advantage over other finance companies.\n\nA sales finance company is exposed to various forms of risk. One risk is interest rate fluctuation. NFS mitigates this risk by matching interest as much as possible. Almost seventy percent of our portfolio is on a match-funding basis. Another risk is credit risk. Fortunately, our portfolio is improving. The economy is getting better, and we've had success with a low-interest, 2.9 percent APR program. Because this is a competitive rate, it has attracted customers with good credit ratings who otherwise would have opted for bank financing.\n\nWe have also improved our scoring system for credit analysis. We have a new system that can automatically process 60 percent of all credit applications. Turnaround time for the credit decision used to take three to four hours, but with continuous improvement of our system it takes just 14 minutes. If the dealer submits the data online, turnaround is reduced to four minutes. This has really increased customer satisfaction. In addition, having a centralized system ensures that our credit standards are consistently applied.\n\nThe above improvements have reduced our loss ratio to below 0.3 percent. More importantly, 95 percent of applicants are approved for financing. The challenge is to reduce the loss ratio and rejection rate at the same time. We want to support sales by providing financing, and keep the loss ratio low.\n\nIn the past, NFS depended on the parent company for funding. Since Nissan and NFS had their financial ratings upgraded, we issued our first public bond in September 2003. We have also issued commercial paper and diversified our funding sources. As a result, our reliance on the parent company for funding has been reduced to almost zero.\n\nSales finance became actively involved in sales support during NISSAN 180. We have always been a source of profit, but now we are aiming to enhance the value chain as well. We have the largest number of business lines of any finance company, including credit loans, corporate and private leasing, car rentals, credit cards, insurance, maintenance and much more. Because we have more touch points with the customer, we have a great opportunity to easily cross-sell our products. Nissan is allocating more resources to light commercial vehicles, which is a perfect platform for us as well. And two years ago we created a fleet division with Nissan that provides both vehicles and a full range of services including total outsourcing of fleet management.\n\nThe Alliance with Renault has played a central role in our development over the past few years.", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19549,17 +19549,29 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "-\n\nareas are projected to see an increase in flood event lengths of 4 days or more, particularly India and Bangladesh, for which such increases are projected in all ensemble members to some extent. Increases of 2-4 days are also projected in parts of Brazil by all ensemble members, although the magnitude and location within the country varied between members. Similar increases are projected in the region of the Horn of Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula in several members.\n\nThe HCVI calculated for 2°C global warming showed very large geographical variability (figure 7) which relates largely to differences in socio-economic factors [22]. Differences in the climate change simulated in different ensemble members leads to some variation in the HCVI at\n\nHadGEM2-ES\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\n\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEN", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "news4.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 1. Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index for 1981-2010 climate (ensemble mean across the bias-corrected HadGEM3 ensemble).\n\n\n\nTable 2. Proxies for /flood and drought events used in the HCVI.\n\n| extreme weather event | description of proxy |\n|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| average length of /flood events | number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall excess is positive, compared with the 95th percentile in the 1981-2010 average .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... |\n| average length of drought events | number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall de/ficit is positive, compared with the 20th percentile in the 1981-2010 average .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... |\n\nUN Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Development Programme and UN Population Fund [22]. The exposure component comprised proxies for the average length of flood and drought events calculated with daily precipitation data [23] (table 2). These proxies were chosen above other possible metrics as they were required to replace self-reported instances of flood and drought events used in the original HCVI, which correlate with undernutrition data at the country-level [23]. The proxies were therefore masked to only include data where a significant proportion of people live and grow crops before aggregating to country level and combining to comprise a measure of exposure [23]; nevertheless, it is recognized that precipitation data alone may not always be adequate for representing flood and drought events, so the current method is regarded as preliminary.\n\nThe impacts of projected climate change, therefore, act through changes in these quantities. In the current version of the HCVI, climate-change impacts on other quantities such as crop yield are not considered. Socio-economic factors affecting sensitivity and adaptive capacity are fixed at present-day conditions.\n\nThe ensemble-mean baseline HCVI calculated with the high-resolution bias-corrected HadGEM3 ensemble is shown in figure 1. The spatial pattern is compatible with HCVI values calculated using reanalysis data at the CMIP5 grid-scale resolution [23]; the most vulnerable regions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This higher-resolution climate data enables inclusion of additional countries which were not resolved in the lower-resolution CMIP5 data.", "page_start": 5, @@ -19601,18 +19613,6 @@ "page_start": 16, "page_end": 16, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 10. Distributions of changes in run-o/ff for mean /flows simulated by the JULES ecosystem-hydrology model under the ensemble of six climate projections at 1.5 ° C(blue)and2 ° C (orange) global warming. Boxes show the 25th and 75th percentile changes, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not de/fine the ends of the range, and crosses show the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean /flow in the baseline, in millimetres of rain equivalent.\n\n\n\nall members (figure 12). This is not the case for the precipitation and run-off results; for those quantities, there is substantial overlap in the ranges of changes at 2°C and 1.5°C, so there is not a consistent picture of how much wetter or drier the world is projected to be in this ensemble, even though it involves a single atmosphere model.\n\nFor TXx, the difference between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming is larger than the 0.5°C difference in global mean temperature across most of the land surface in all ensemble members (figure 14). Although some ensemble members simulate local temperatures to be higher at 1.5°C global warming than 2°C in some small regions, these are relatively localized and most regions are cooler at 1.5°C global warming than 2°C. In many regions, the difference is between 0.5°C and 1.0°C, but many other regions see larger differences. In several ensemble members, the difference is 1.5°C, 2°C or larger in large parts of North America, South America, Europe and China. For example, over parts of Europe, where annual maximum daily temperature was projected to increase by over 5°C for a 2°C global warming, the local increase is limited to 3-4°C for 1.5°C global warming. Limiting global warming by half a degree Celsius would, therefore, limit maximum temperatures by three or four times as much in those areas (figure 14).\n\nAt 1.5°C global warming, although the increases in TXx are smaller than at 2°C, these increases show similar geographical patterns as for 2°C in all ensemble members, with larger changes in continental interiors especially in the mid-latitudes (not shown).\n\nThe percentage of days exceeding the 90th percentile of daily temperature (Tx90p) also increases less at 1.5°C global warming than at 2°C (figure 15). The largest reductions are in the tropics, where the largest increase was seen at 2°C; whereas at 2°C global warming, 50% or more", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ensemble mean\n\nIPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\nACCESS1-0\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6. Simulated changes in the average length of /flood events (number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall excess is positive, compared with the 95th percentile in 1981-2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from di/fferent members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean. The labels above each panel identify the driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\n\n\n\nensemble meanIPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\n\n\nFigure 7. Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index calculated for simulated climate states at 2 ° C global warming for /five individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from di/fferent members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean.\n\n\n\n\n\nchange in length of average flood event (days)\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19623,11 +19623,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "## OPERATIONS REVIEW\n\nbreakwater will be an over capping type, which interrupts the waves progress, but does not totally protect from wave penetration. These events are manageable and estimated as a once in 50 years possibility.\n\nThe breakwater core will be used as a construction causeway allowing land based equipment to perform the work. The greater part of the breakwater work involves winning the material as opposed to actual construction.\n\n## E. CYCLONE MOORINGS.\n\nThe extent of the cyclone problem in Australia's north and north west was emphasised when Cyclone Tracey struck Darwin in 1974. The most powerful cyclone to cross the Australian coast was Cyclone Vance in 1999, which passed near Dampier, destroying large parts of the towns of Onslow and Exmouth further to the south.\n\nThe problem is acute, particularly in the area between Exmouth and Port Hedland, which suffers cyclones of an intensity and frequency as high as anywhere in the world. The Mermaid Base is typically on cyclone alert three times per season. The season is November to April.\n\nTo date there have been three options available to vessel owners when a cyclone approaches:.\n\n - · Run to sea\n - · Take refuge with crew onboard, on a mooring in the most sheltered location available such as the Dampier Archipelago or the Monte Bello Islands.\n - · Construct a cyclone shelter.\n\nThere are serious personal safety and environmental considerations related to Options 1 and 2 and it is obvious that best practice universally adopted by large responsible Companies can be satisfied in this way.\n\nOnly Woodside at Dampier and BHP at Port Hedand have taken the step of building shelters which provides protection to 12 of the region's 60 vessels and this at very considerable cost.\n\nMermaid has undertaken significant engineering work on the placing of vessels on partially sheltered spread moorings, allowing the vessels to be secured near to shore and the crews demobilized to take care of their families and attend to household cyclone preparation.\n\nMermaid is taking a leadership role with a technical solution which will lead to wider adoption as vessel owners and the insurance industry fully value the arrangements. Mermaid will provide\n\n", "page_start": 15, @@ -19681,12 +19687,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## NAVWEPS 00-8OT-80 STABILITY AND CONTROL\n\n\n\n0\n\n-I\n\n\n\nb\n\nFigure 4.5. Airphmc Static Longitudinal Stability\n\n", - "page_start": 269, - "page_end": 269, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19697,11 +19697,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "- * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "with a project called \"Tales of Things\" to allow people to leave messages for each other (or just for the world) at the bus stops. Scanning the QR code now allows people to see not just the bus timetable, but also the notes other travelers have left on that stop, including \"what's nearby, who's waiting for whom, what number can you call for a good time. It's a cross between bus stop Facebook and digital graffiti\" , that happened thanks to the openness of the original bus stop data.\n\nThe Social Life of Data Project will study instead how particular datasets have been used, who used them, how those people are connected and what conversations happen around Open Data.\n\n## 3.3. Legal issues remain crucial\n\nProper licensing of Public data is essential. The more Open Data activities continue, the clearer this rule becomes. What distinguishes Open Data from \"mere\" transparency is reuse. Paraphrasing Eaves, until a government get the licensing issue right, Open Data cannot bring all the possible benefits in that country. If there are no guarantees that public data can be used without restriction, very little happens in practice, and when it happens it may be something against the public interest.\n\nCanadian Company Public Engines Inc, that is paid by local police departments to collect, process and analyze official crime data, also publishes online, with a proprietary license, anonymized summaries of those data. When in 2010 another company, Report See Inc, scraped those data from their website to reuse them, Public Engines sued.\n\nReporting this, D. Eaves rightly points out that both companies are right: one is trying to protect its investment, the other is simply trying to reuse what IS public data, by getting it from the ONLY place where it's available. This is what happens when public officials leave the ownership of public data to the third parties hired to collect them. Please note that, in practice, it makes very little difference whether those third parties are private, for-profit corporations or even other Public Administrations. Unless, of course, there are national laws already in place that define in advance what is the license of all present and future Public Data, no matter how they were generated and by whom , those data can be lost in any moment for society. In all other cases, the legal status of data will be either officially closed and locked, or uncertain enough to prevent most or all reuses. In February 2011, the news came that, even if they weren't the original copyright holders, Public Engines had been able to put together enough legal claims to convince Report See to give up.\n\nDisputes like this should not happen and would not happen if all contracts regarding collection and management of PSI clearly specified that all the resulting data either go directly into the public domain (after being anonymized if necessary, of course) or remain exclusive property of the", "page_start": 12, @@ -19749,18 +19761,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the availability of Open Data. Of course, this isn't always possible.\n\n## 3.6.6. Unprepared Public Administrators\n\nIt is undeniable that today, especially at the local level, most Public Administrators that should or may contribute to open the public data held by their organizations still ignore, and sometimes disdain, Open Data proposals, principles and practices. This happens for many reasons. We'll only mention two of them that are quite common. They are interesting because, while being somewhat related and sharing common origins, one is very hard to fix, the other, at least in comparison, very easy.\n\nTo begin with, most of these administrators are people that, albeit very competent and committed to their work, were not really trained to live with so much of what they perceive as \"their\" documents and daily activities as Open Data implies regularly exposed to the public. This is true even among administrators who are already well acquainted with mainstream \"Web 2.0\" practices. Many officers who already have a regular presence on Facebook, Twitter or other social networks and regularly use those platforms to discuss their work with their constituents feel diffident about Open Data in the same measure as their colleagues who don't even use computers yet. A cultural barrier like this requires both strong demand from citizens and detailed examples of how Open Data can be good for the local budget to be overcome in acceptable time frames.\n\nAnother factor that may keep administrators away from Open Data is the more or less unconscious assumption that, in order to use them, a City Major or Region Governor should be very skilled himself, if not with actual programming, with \"Web 2.0\" tools, modern online services and/or general software engineering principles. This is simply not true. Surely, Open Data is something that is made possible only by modern digital technologies and the Internet, but at the end of the day it's \"simply\" a way to increase transparency, efficiency and cost reductions inside Public Administration, and to create local jobs. If these hypotheses are as concrete as this and many other studies explain, there is no need for a Major to have programming skills, like social networks or have any other personal \"2.0\" skill or training to see the advantages of Open Data and delegate to his or her IT staff their implementation.\n\n## 3.7. The privacy problem\n\nBeing perceived as a lethal attack to privacy remains one of the biggest misunderstandings that prevents adoption of Open Data. On one hand, there is no doubt that in an increasingly digital world it becomes harder and harder to protect privacy. But, exactly because the whole world is going", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- ( h ) 2010 c. 29.\n - ( i ) And see section 2 of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 for the meaning of 'risk'.\n - ( j ) S.I. 2014/3120. There are no relevant amending instruments.", - "page_start": 39, - "page_end": 39, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19772,10 +19772,16 @@ "target_passage": "L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for another 2 hours", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "- [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 2.6. Tissue clearing and 3D volumetric analyses\n\nDorsal root ganglia were extracted from animals 4 weeks postSNItrans for whole DRG analyses. In this study, tissue was extracted\n\nfrom a combination of MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai14, Th CreERT2 ;Ai14, and Calca CreERT2 ;Ai14 lines (mixed sex). 3 One month after SNItrans, animals were transcardially perfused with sterile saline followed by a fixative containing 4% formaldehyde. Ipsilateral and contralateral L4 DRG were removed and postfixed for 24 hours on a shaker at room temperature before being washed in PBS and stored at 2 80˚C in CI-VM1 (35% dimethyl sulfoxide, 35% ethylene glycol in PBS) until clearing. Tissue clearing was then performed as previously described. 67 In brief, the tissue was exposed to a gradient of 1-propanol containing 0.3% triethylamine (30, 50, 75, 90, 95, 100, 100%) and washed in this solution at 37˚C for 24 hours. The tissue was then rehydrated in PBS and labelled with primary antibodies for 1 week at 37˚C (mouse anti-TDP43 and 2x anti-RFP, Table 2 ). The tissue was washed for 24 hours and incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies ( Table 2 ) for another week at 37˚C. The tissue was subsequently washed for 24 hours, dehydrated again in increasing concentrations of 1propanol containing 0.3% triethylamine, and mounted in benzyl alcohol with benzyl benzoate (1:2 ratio) containing 0.3% triethylamine on glass slides with silicone spacers. Imaging was performed on an Olympus spinning disk confocal microscope at 20x, with 2m m z-steps. The tissue was stored at 4˚C for ; 16 months before imaging, so only the tissue that remained transparent at this time was used for downstream analyses. Volumetric analyses were performed using Imaris using the 'spots' feature with region growth (to allow for different-sized spots), background subtraction, and point spread function elongation (standard 2 3 XY). Initial spot diameters were set based on MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai14 nuclear size (as labelled by red fluorescent protein (RFP)). Spot classification was then performed blind by adjusting the quality threshold to balance detection in superficial and deep tissue. This step was necessary due to differences in tissue quality after long-term storage. Any labelled spots in the adjacent nerve were then deleted (eg, labelled Schwann cells or debris). Count and volumetric data were then exported for analysis in R. Data were filtered for very small ( , 5 m m 3 ) and very large ( . 2000 m m 3 ) spots to further remove any debris, labelled satellite glia or doublets within the ganglia. In both cases, these filters were approximate and did not exclude the possibility that some spots correspond to either class in the final dataset. The upper limit of the 'small' DRG nuclei size category was defined as the upper bound of 32 easily identifiable MrgD 1 nuclei (258 m m 3 ). The boundary between 'medium' and 'large' bins (400 m m 3 ) was less clearly defined in the samples and was therefore set as the approximate midpoint of the volume distribution. A combined size category for all nuclei greater than 258 m m 3 was also examined, and the results mirrored those of 'medium' and 'large' bins.\n\n## 2.7. Gene Ontology", "page_start": 3, @@ -19829,12 +19835,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 4. Discussion\n\nWe present data herein to support the hypothesis that traumatic nerve injury in rodents leads to a profound loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Taking advantage of newly\n\ndeveloped transgenic recombinase driver lines, we have shown that loss is biased across molecularly defined subpopulations. Nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons are particularly susceptible to loss, with almost all Mrgprd 1 axotomized afferents lost following an unrepaired transection injury (SNItrans) and roughly half lost following a model which contrastingly allows for nerve regenerations (SNIcrush). Finally, we have observed that the vulnerability of Mrgprd 1 neurons extends to the in vitro setting and provide data to support the hypothesis that loss is driven by a lack of neurotrophic support following injury.\n\n## 4.1. Neuronal loss\n\nThe question of whether DRG neurons die following traumatic injury has been addressed by several groups over the last few decades. Despite contrasting findings on the extent, timing, and form that loss takes, most studies have observed frank loss of DRG neurons. 6,38,46,53 However, more recent studies using recombinase driver lines and novel machine-learning approaches have cast doubt on this consensus. 44,49 Our data strongly support the loss hypothesis and suggest that approximately 60% of axotomized afferents die within 2 weeks of SNI. The discrepancy between our findings and other recent studies may be partly explained by the sampling method used to estimate neuronal numbers. For example, Schulte et al. 49 developed a novel machine-learning approach and found no reduction in neuron density across serial sections of rat DRG following SNI, and they inferred from this that frank loss did not occur. Our results are congruous, in that we also observed no reduction in neuron density. However, we found a substantial loss in the total neuron-containing volume of injured DRG, which underlies our contrasting conclusion of frank loss. Of note, morphological volumetric analysis and MRI have also previously demonstrated volume loss in both rodent and human DRG following nerve injury. 35,65,66 These findings occur despite a major increase of nonneuronal cells in the injured DRG 30 and support the notion that the total DRG neuron number is decreased.\n\n## 4.2. Selectivity of neuron loss\n\nWhile definitively characterizing loss of molecularly defined subpopulations was challenging before the advent of recombinase driver lines, a consensus emerged that small-diameter neurons are more vulnerable to nerve injury-induced loss. 50,53 Our data support this consensus and extend it to reveal that while there is a generalized partial loss of C-fiber populations including CGRP- and Trpm8-expressing neurons, Mrgprd-expressing neurons are particularly sensitive to loss. This selective vulnerability has been hinted at previously by the stark reduction in the number of DRG neurons and their central terminals that bind IB4 and express canonical markers such as the P2X3 receptor following nerve injury. 5,8,29,36 Type 1a glomeruli are also reduced in lamina II, suggesting a structural loss of central terminals and not simply a loss of IB4-binding. 2 However, it was not clear whether these data represented phenotypic changes in nonpeptidergic nociceptors or frank loss of neurons. We describe neuron loss that is delayed (occurring . 7 days postinjury) with respect to histochemical and structural changes (occurring 15 days postinjury 2,29 ), suggesting that these changes precede and are not in themselves indicative of neuron loss.\n\nThe vulnerability of Mrgprd-expressing neurons is congruous with recent subpopulation bulk RNA-seq data, which found that", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19862,6 +19862,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "injury (Fig. S6A-C, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), indicating that any loss of neurons within specific neuronal subpopulations wasnot biased towards soma size. Collectively, these data show that unrepaired axonal damage to peripheral sensory neurons induces a partial loss of Trpm8 1 and CGRP 1 subpopulations, but no major loss of myelinated afferents.\n\nBased on our findings of preferential loss of nonpeptidergic nociceptors, we re-analyzed a previous population-specific transcriptomic dataset of mouse DRG neurons following nerve injury for potential upregulation of cell death pathways (Fig. S7, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). 3 Wefound that early after injury (3 days post-SNItrans), nonpeptidergic (MrgD CreERT2 -expressing) neurons showed enhanced enrichment of GO terms associated with apoptosis, in contrast to a broad population of nociceptors (labelled with Scn10a CreERT2 ), peptidergic nociceptors (CalcaCreERT2 ), C-LTMRs (Th CreERT2 ), and A b -RA (rapidly adapting) and A d -LTMRs (A d /A b -LTMR, Ntrk2 CreERT2 ;Advillin FlpO ), in which there was less or no enrichment of cell death pathways. By 4 weeks, only C-LTMR and A d /A b -LTMR subtypes show any overrepresentation of cell death pathways (in the populations studied). Both injury-specific and apoptotic signatures in nonpeptidergic neurons were no longer significantly enriched, consistent with a loss of axotomized nonpeptidergic afferents by this late timepoint postinjury. These data suggest that apoptotic pathways are upregulated acutely after injury in a celltype-specific manner.\n\n## 3.4. Mrgprd dorsal root ganglion neurons are sensitive to loss in vitro\n\nEarlier studies postulated that a lack of neurotrophic support underlies neuronal loss, which is supported by the observation that exogenous GDNF treatment at the time of injury, or shortly after, rescues the loss of IB4-binding central terminals posttransection. 5 We sought to use the DRG neurons from MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai32 mice to test this postulate and establish an in vitro platform capable of probing the molecular basis of loss, with axonal transection during isolation providing a correlate for in vivo nerve injury ( Figs. 5A-E ). Twenty-four hours after plating, YFP was expressed by 16.3 6 1.3% of DRG neurons, which was reduced to 11.8 6 1.7% after 28 days of culture in the presence of exogenous GFs, NGF and GDNF ( Fig. 5F ). However, in the absence of GFs, YFP 1 neurons only accounted for 1.7 6 0.6% of neurons after 28 days, accompanied by an apparent reduction in the overall number of neurons within the culture, despite all conditions being seeded at the same initial density ( Figs. 5C and F ). YFP 1 cell loss was partially rescued by the presence of GDNF, but not NGF alone, in the culture media ( Figs. 5D-F ). These results contrasted with experiments using neurons derived from Calca CreERT2 ;Ai32 mice, in which we observed no change in the proportion of neurons that were Calca-YFP 1 after 28 days in culture, regardless of exogenous GF addition ( Figs. 5G-L ). Collectively, these data support the use of DRG cultures to probe the mechanisms underlying selective loss of sensory neurons following nerve injury and suggest a role for trophic support, particularly by GDNF signaling, in preventing the loss of nonpeptidergic nociceptors.\n\n## 4. Discussion\n\nWe present data herein to support the hypothesis that traumatic nerve injury in rodents leads to a profound loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Taking advantage of newly", "page_start": 9, @@ -19899,15 +19905,9 @@ "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, { - "text": "neuron loss after nerve injury and to test the hypothesis that loss is not equally distributed across molecular populations.\n\n## 2. Methods\n\n## 2.1. Animals\n\nMice were housed in groups in humidity- and temperature-controlled rooms with free access to food and water, on a 12-hour light-dark cycle, and with environmental enrichment. Animal procedures were performed under a UK Home Office Project Licence and in accordance with the UK Home Office (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). All studies were approved by the Ethical Review Process Applications Panel of the University of Glasgow or Oxford and conform to the ARRIVE guidelines. Experiments were performed on adult male and female mice aged 7 to 16 weeks at the start of the experiments. All experimental cohorts contained a mix of male and female mice, apart from the cohort of Mrgprd CreERT2 ;Ai32 mice that underwent SNIcrush surgery, which was exclusively female. Details of transgenic lines are provided in Table 1 . Tamoxifen was administered by i.p. injection of 20 mg/mL tamoxifen (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in wheat germ oil (doses described in Table 1 ). There were 2 instances where animals were excluded from data analysis: One (cyan fluorescent protein) Thy1-CFP died of unknown causes not related to the procedure and before the experimental endpoint, and one MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai32 exhibited no fluorophore expression and was therefore deemed to have been incorrectly genotyped. Group sizes were based on the extent of neuronal loss 28d following sciatic nerve transection identified by Shi et al. 50 Given a 5 0.05, power 5 0.8, and an effect size of 4.81, power analysis projects that a group size of 3 mice would be needed.\n\n## Transgenic lines used in the study.\n\nTable 1", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 1 and CGRP 1 but not myelinated DRG neurons. (A) Schematic of experimental approach. (B-D) FastBlue labelling and Trpm8-tdTom (B), Calca-YFP (C), or Thy1-CFP expression (D) 28 days after SNItrans in the L4 DRG, contralateral (top) or ipsilateral (bottom) to injury. Images are projections of optical sections at 3m mintervals through the entirety of 30m m-thick tissue sections. Scale bars 5 100 m m. (E-G) Quantification of the proportion of FB-labelled neurons also expressing Trpm8-tdTom (E), Calca-YFP (F), or Thy1-CFP (G) in L4 DRG contralateral or ipsilateral to SNItrans. Paired t tests; Trpm8-tdTom: t2 5 5.31, P 5 0.034, n 5 3mice; Calca-YFP: t3 5 4.12, P 5 0.026, n 5 4 mice; Thy1-CFP: t3 5 4.42, P 5 0.022, n 5 4 mice. * P , 0.05. CFP, cyan fluorescent protein; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; FB, FastBlue.\n\n\n\nby a population of small-diameter, putative cold-sensitive neurons ( Fig. 4B ), accounting for 8.3 6 0.27% of FB-labelled neurons in contralateral DRG. This decreased to 4.2 6 0.96% ipsilateral to SNItrans injury ( Fig. 4E ), indicating a partial loss of Trpm8 1 afferents. When examining peptidergic afferents, we found that 48.1 6 2.42% of FB-labelled neurons in contralateral DRG were Calca-YFP 1 , compared with 34.3 6 2.54% 4 weeks after SNItrans injury ( Figs. 4C and F ), consistent with a partial loss of CGRP 1 afferents. We used a Thy1-CFP line that demonstrates consistent expression postinjury 61 and labels a sample of medium/large diameter myelinated afferents. CFP was largely restricted to NF200 1 neurons, labelling 56% of this population.\n\nExpression was present in a heterogenous population of nociceptive (TrkA 1 ) and nonnociceptive (TrkA-) myelinated neurons (Fig. S5, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). Contralateral to injury, 15.6 6 1.8% of FB-labelled neurons expressed Thy1CFP ( Figs. 4D and G ). In contrast to unmyelinated subpopulations, this proportion was higher in ipsilateral DRG following SNItrans (23.3 6 3.2%), consistent with no (or minimal) loss of Thy1-CFP-expressing afferents, accompanied by a loss of Thy1CFP-negative neurons. We did not observe significant alterations in the population distributions of the cross-sectional area of surviving, damaged Trpm8-tdTom 1 , Calca-YFP 1 , or Thy1CFP 1 DRG neurons when compared with DRG contralateral to\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, + "text": "- [30] Liang Z, Hore Z, Harley P, Uchenna Stanley F, Michrowska A, Dahiya M, La Russa F, Jager SE, Villa-Hernandez S, Denk F. A transcriptional toolbox for exploring peripheral neuroimmune interactions. PAIN 2020; 161:2089-106.\n - [31] Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 2014;15:550.\n - [32] Madisen L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuo J, Berenyi A, Fujisawa S, Hsu YWA, Garcia AJ, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mao Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzs 'aki G, Ramirez JM, Jones AR, Svoboda K, Han X, Turner EE, Zeng H. A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing. Nat Neurosci 2012;15:793-802.\n - [33] Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, Gu H, Ng LL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zeng H. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosci 2010;13:133-40.\n - [34] McCoy ES, Taylor-Blake B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CGRP a primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013;78:138-51.\n - [35] McKay Hart A, Brannstrom T, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat: timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002;142:308-18.\n - [36] Molander C, Wang H, Rivero-Meli 'an C, Grant G. Early decline and late restoration of spinal cord binding and transganglionic transport of isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Neurol Neurosci 1996;10:123-33.\n - [37] Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon CE, Ryba N. Stereotyped transcriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Elife 2019;8:e49679.\n - [38] Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6J mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001;34: 375-80.\n - [39] Olson W, Abdus-Saboor I, Cui L, Burdge J, Raabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Elife 2017;6:e29507.\n - [40] Plummer NW, Evsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase-based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015;142:4385-93.\n - [41] Prescott SA, Ratt 'e S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits: afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:631-9.\n - [42] Qi L, Iskols M, Shi D, Reddy P, Walker C, Lezgiyeva K, Voisin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VK, Chiu I, Ginty DD, Sharma N. A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes. bioRxiv 2023.2023.04.22.537932.\n - [43] Reid AJ, Mantovani C, Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, Wiberg M. Phenotype of distinct primary sensory afferent subpopulations and caspase-3 expression following axotomy. Histochem Cell Biol 2011;136:71-8.\n - [44] Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of distinct peripheral sensory neuron subtypes after axonal injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-44.e9.\n - [45] Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 2012;9:676-82.\n - [46] Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sciatic nerve section in the rat. Anat Rec 1987;219:323-9.\n - [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] @@ -19930,6 +19930,12 @@ "page_end": 20, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" }, + { + "text": "## Did you enjoy reading this book?\n\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\n\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa twitter.com/oxbridgeEdu www.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\n\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer -ing skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised courses to students in South Africa and abroad.\n\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our students' needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic assistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study material in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students to understand.\n\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\n\n## CONTACT NUMBERS:\n\nTel: 021 1100 200 Tel:+2721 883 2454 (international) Fax: 086 111 2121\n\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\n\nWhatsapp: 0605671585 Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\nPostal Address:\n\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section 31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.", + "page_start": 58, + "page_end": 58, + "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" + }, { "text": "## STEP 4 - PAY YOUR REGISTRATION FEE AND SEND IN YOUR FORM\n\nDifferent courses have different registration fees. Please check the course fees list (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/Documents/ Price-list-2015.pdf) to find out how much you need to pay to register for your chosen course, and pay this amount using the banking details provided at the bottom of the registration form. Remember to attach your proof of payment.\n\nIf you are under the age of 18, your parent or guardian will need to sign this section of the form to state that they are aware of your registration with Oxbridge Academy, and that they do not have any objections. If you are unemployed, you will need a guarantor to sign this section of the form. Your parent or guarantor will be held responsible if you miss any of your payments in relation to your course fees.\n\n", "page_start": 25, @@ -19977,12 +19983,6 @@ "page_start": 22, "page_end": 22, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "## STEP 3 - SELECT YOUR DELIVERY OPTION\n\nIn this section, you need to place a cross in the box next to the method by which you would like to receive your study material. In the example above, the student has indicated that they would like to receive their study material via registered post.\n\n", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" } ] }, @@ -20294,12 +20294,36 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "We designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken into subproblems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers expect an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention and cover the scope of AI research. [a]\n\n## Reasoning and problem-solving\n\nEarly researchers developed algorithms that imitated step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions. [13] By the late 1980s and 1990s, methods were developed for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics. [14]\n\nMany of these algorithms are insufficient for solving large reasoning problems because they experience a \"combinatorial explosion\": They become exponentially slower as the problems grow. [15] Even humans rarely use the step-by-step deduction that early AI research could model. They solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments. [16] Accurate and efficient reasoning is an unsolved problem.\n\n## Knowledge representation\n\nKnowledge representation and knowledge engineering [17] allow AI programs to answer questions intelligently and make deductions about real-world facts. Formal knowledge representations are used in content-based indexing and retrieval, [18] scene interpretation, [19] clinical decision support, [20] knowledge discovery (mining \"interesting\" and actionable inferences from large databases), [21] and other areas. [22]\n\nA knowledge base is a body of knowledge represented in a form that can be used by a program. An ontology is the set of objects, relations, concepts, and properties used by a particular domain of knowledge. [23] Knowledge bases need to represent things such as objects, properties, categories, and relations between objects; [24] situations, events, states, and time; [25] causes and effects; [26] knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people\n\nAn ontology represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts.\n\n\n\nknow); [27] default reasoning (things that humans assume are true until they are told differently and will remain true even when other facts are changing); [28] and many other aspects and domains of knowledge.\n\nAmong the most difficult problems in knowledge representation are the breadth of commonsense knowledge (the set of atomic facts that the average person knows is enormous); [29] and the sub-symbolic form of most commonsense knowledge (much of what people know is not represented as \"facts\" or \"statements\" that they could express verbally). [16] There is also the difficulty of knowledge acquisition, the problem of obtaining knowledge for AI applications. [c]\n\n## Planning and decision-making", "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| Text2Onto, 2005, [1] representation-agnostic structure with modular steps and takes into account uncertainty. The system is implemented as a GATE module. OntoGain, It focuses on multiword terms to construct a \"lexicalised ontology\" by adapting an agglomerative clustering and an FCA method. It implements 4 | various formats. GATE system adds great visualisations. But it is not maintained since 2011. | | Ontology Use Cases | Final Application | | | Pipeline Execution |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "- Castaño, Arnaldo Pérez (23 May 2018). Practical Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning, Bots, and Agent Solutions Using C# . Apress. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4842-3357-3.\n - Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar (June 1976). \"Some Comparisons Between Frege's Logic and Navya-Nyaya Logic\". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . 36 (4): 554-563. doi:10.2307/2106873 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2106873). JSTOR 2106873 (https://www.j stor.org/stable/2106873).\n - Chatfield, Tom (2017). Critical Thinking: Your Guide to Effective Argument, Successful Analysis and Independent Study . Sage. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-5264-1877-7.\n - Chua, Eugene (2017). \"An Empirical Route to Logical 'Conventionalism' \" (https://philpapers. org/rec/CHUAER). Logic, Rationality, and Interaction . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10455. pp. 631-636. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55665-8\\_43 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F9 78-3-662-55665-8\\_43). ISBN 978-3-662-55664-1.\n - Clocksin, William F.; Mellish, Christopher S. (2003). \"The Relation of Prolog to Logic\" (http s://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55481-0\\_10). Programming in Prolog: Using the ISO Standard . Springer. pp. 237-257. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55481-0\\_10 (http s://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-55481-0\\_10). ISBN 978-3-642-55481-0.\n - Cook, Roy T. (2009). Dictionary of Philosophical Logic . Edinburgh University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7486-3197-1.\n - Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; Rodych, Victor (2019). Introduction to Logic . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38697-5.\n - Corkum, Philip (2015). \"Generality and Logical Constancy\". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia . 71 (4): 753-767. doi:10.17990/rpf/2015\\_71\\_4\\_0753 (https://doi.org/10.17990%2Fr pf%2F2015\\_71\\_4\\_0753). ISSN 0870-5283 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-5283). JSTOR 43744657 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43744657).\n - Craig, Edward (1996). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (https://philpapers.org/rec/BE AREO). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202101 16111145/https://philpapers.org/rec/BEAREO) from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n - Cummings, Louise (2010). \"Abduction\". The Routledge Pragmatics Encyclopedia . Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-135-21457-9.\n - Cunningham, Daniel. \"Set Theory\" (https://iep.utm.edu/set-theo/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 23 September 2022.\n - D'Agostino, Marcello; Floridi, Luciano (2009). \"The Enduring Scandal of Deduction: Is Propositional Logic Really Uninformative?\". Synthese . 167 (2): 271-315. doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9409-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-008-9409-4). hdl:2299/2995 (https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F2995). ISSN 0039-7857 (https://search.world cat.org/issn/0039-7857). JSTOR 40271192 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40271192). S2CID 9602882 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9602882).\n - Daintith, John; Wright, Edmund (2008). A Dictionary of Computing . OUP. ISBN 978-0-19923400-4.\n - van Dalen, Dirk (1994). Logic and Structure . Springer. Chapter 1.5. ISBN 978-0-387-578392.\n - Dasti, Matthew R. \"Nyaya\" (https://iep.utm.edu/nyaya/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n - Dick, Anthony S.; Müller, Ulrich (2017). Advancing Developmental Science: Philosophy, Theory, and Method . Taylor & Francis. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-351-70456-4.\n - Douven, Igor (2021). \"Abduction\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abduction/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210907202119/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ab duction/) from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.", "page_start": 26, @@ -20318,41 +20342,17 @@ "page_end": 27, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| ConceptNet-based extraction Grouping terms based on synonyms | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | . These pipelines can be run, optimised and analysed to learn the best possible | Ressource | Algorithm implemented Upcoming implementation |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 170. Clocksin & Mellish 2003, pp. 237-238, 252-255, 257, The Relation of Prolog to Logic; Daintith & Wright 2008, Logic Programming Languages (https://www.encyclopedia.com/com puting/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/logic-programming-languages).\n - 171. O'Regan 2016, p. 49; Calderbank & Sloane 2001, pp. 768.\n - 172. Daintith & Wright 2008, Logic Gate (https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-th esauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/logic-gate).\n - 173. Janssen & Zimmermann 2021, pp. 3-4; Partee 2016; King 2009, pp. 557-8; Aloni & Dekker 2016, pp. 22-23 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ltSgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT22).\n - 174. Warren 2020, 6. The Epistemology of Logic; Schechter.\n - 175. Warren 2020, 6. The Epistemology of Logic.\n - 176. Schechter.\n - 177. Gómez-Torrente 2019.\n - 178. Warren 2020, 6. The Epistemology of Logic; Gómez-Torrente 2019; Warren 2020, 1. What is Conventionalism.\n - 179. Chua 2017, pp. 631-636; Wilce 2021; Putnam 1969, pp. 216-241.\n - 180. Lagerlund 2018.\n - 181. Spade & Panaccio 2019.\n - 182. Haaparanta 2009, pp. 4-6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=0jXavKsArnIC&pg=PA4), 1. Introduction; Hintikka & Spade, Modern logic, Logic since 1900.\n - 183. Kline 1972, \"A major achievement of Aristotle was the founding of the science of logic\", p. 53; Łukasiewicz 1957, p. 7; Liu & Guo 2023, p. 15.\n - 184. Lear 1980, p. 34.\n - 185. Knuuttila 1980, p. 71; Fisher, Gabbay & Vila 2005, p. 119.\n - 186. Berman 2009, p. 133.\n - 187. Frede; Groarke.\n - 188. Ewald 2019; Smith 2022.\n - 189. Hasse 2008; Lagerlund 2018.\n - 190. Washell 1973, pp. 445-50; Kneale & Kneale 1962, pp. 229, 266.\n - 191. Goodman 2003, p. 155.\n - 192. Goodman 1992, p. 188.\n - 193. Hintikka & Spade, Arabic Logic (https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-logic/Medieval-lo gic#ref65928).\n - 194. Iqbal 2013, pp. 99-115, The Spirit of Muslim Culture.\n - 195. Marenbon 2021, Introduction; 3. The Logical Text-Books; Hintikka & Spade.\n - 196. Hintikka & Spade; Hasse 2008; Spade & Panaccio 2019.\n - 197. Willman 2022; Rošker 2015, pp. 301-309.\n - 198. Sarukkai & Chakraborty 2022, pp. 117-8.\n - 199. Dasti, Lead section; 1b. Inference; Mills 2018, p. 121 (https://books.google.com/books?id=s GhqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121).\n - 200. Emmanuel 2015, pp. 320-2; Vidyabhusana 1988, p. 221.\n - 201. Chakrabarti 1976, pp. 554-563.\n - 202. Groarke; Haaparanta 2009, pp. 3-5 (https://books.google.com/books?id=0jXavKsArnIC&pg =PA3), 1. Introduction.\n - 203. Haaparanta 2009, pp. 4-6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=0jXavKsArnIC&pg=PA4); Hintikka & Spade, Modern logic, Logic since 1900.\n - 204. Ewald 2019.\n - 205. Ewald 2019; Schreiner 2021, p. 22.", "page_start": 23, "page_end": 23, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 3.3 World knowledge\n\nThe bulk of evidence about commonsense knowledge captured in BERT comes from practitioners using it to extract such knowledge. One direct probing study of BERT reports that BERT struggles with pragmatic inference and role-based event knowledge (Ettinger, 2019). BERT also struggles with abstract attributes of objects, as well as visual and perceptual properties that are likely to be assumed rather than mentioned (Da and Kasai, 2019).\n\nThe MLM component of BERT is easy to adapt for knowledge induction by filling in the\n\nKG\n\nDante\n\nborn-in\n\nFlorence\n\nFigure 1:\n\n\n\nQuerying knowledge bases (KB) and lan-\n\nguage models (LM) for factual knowledge. Figure 2: BERT world knowledge (Petroni et al., 2019)\n\nvast amounts of linguistic knowledge (Peters et al., 2018b; Goldberg, 2019; Tenney et al., 2019) useful for downstream tasks. This knowledge is usually accessed either by conditioning on latent context representations produced by the original model or by using the original model weights to initialize a task-specific model which is then further fine-tuned. This type of knowledge transfer is crucial for current state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks. In contrast, knowledge bases are e ective soblanks (e.g. \"Cats like to chase [\\_\\_\\_]\"). Petroni et al. (2019) showed that, for some relation types, vanilla BERT is competitive with methods relying on knowledge bases (Figure 2), and Roberts et al. (2020) show the same for open-domain QA using T5 model (Raffel et al., 2019). Davison et al. (2019) suggest that it generalizes better to unseen data. In order to retrieve BERT's knowledge, we need good template sentences, and there is work on their automatic extraction and augmentation (Bouraoui et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2019b).\n\nff lutions for accessing annotated gold-standard relational data by enabling queries such as (D ante , born-in , X ). However, in practice we often need to extract relational data from text or other modalities to populate these knowledge bases. This requires complex NLP pipelines involving entity extraction, coreference resolution, entity linking and relation extraction (Surdeanu and Ji, 2014)components that often need supervised data and fixed schemas. Moreover, errors can easily propagate and accumulate throughout the pipeline. Instead, we could attempt to query neural language models for relational data by asking them to fill in masked tokens in sequences like 'Dante was born However, BERT cannot reason based on its world knowledge . Forbes et al. (2019) show that BERTcan \"guess\" the affordances and properties of many objects, but can not reason about the relationship between properties and affordances. For example, it 'knows\" that people can walk into houses, and that houses are big, but it cannot infer that houses are bigger than people. Zhou et al. (2020) and Richardson and Sabharwal (2019) also show that the performance drops with the number of necessary inference steps. Some of BERT's world knowledge success comes from learning stereotypical associations (Poerner et al., 2019), e.g., a person with an Italian-sounding name is predicted to be Italian, even when it is incorrect.\n\n## 3.4 Limitations\n\nMultiple probing studies in section 3 and section 4 report that BERT possesses a surprising amount of syntactic, semantic, and world knowledge. However, Tenney et al. (2019a) remarks, 'the fact that a linguistic pattern is not observed by our probing classifier does not guarantee that it is not there, and the observation of a pattern does not tell us how it is used.\" There is also the issue of how complex a probe should be allowed to be (Liu et al., 2019a). If a more complex probe recovers more information, to what extent are we still relying on the original model?\n\nFurthermore, different probing methods may lead to complementary or even contradictory conclusions, which makes a single test (as in most stud-\n\n(\n\nDante\n\n,\n\nborn-in\n\n,\n\nX\n\n)\n\nSymbolic\n\nMemory Access\n\nFlorence", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Bibliography\n\n - Aloni, Maria; Dekker, Paul (7 July 2016). The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics . Cambridge University Press. pp. 22-23. ISBN 978-1-316-55273-5.\n - Angell, Richard B. (1964). Reasoning and Logic . Ardent Media. p. 164. OCLC 375322 (http s://search.worldcat.org/oclc/375322).\n - Audi, Robert (1999a). \"Informal logic\". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (https://philp apers.org/rec/AUDTCD-2). Cambridge University Press. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-107-64379-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132344/https://philpapers.org/rec/AUDTCD2) from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n - Audi, Robert (1999b). \"Philosophy of logic\". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (http s://philpapers.org/rec/AUDTCD-2). Cambridge University Press. pp. 679-681. ISBN 978-1107-64379-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132344/https://philpapers.org/ rec/AUDTCD-2) from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n - Backmann, Marius (1 June 2019). \"Varieties of Justification-How (Not) to Solve the Problem of Induction\" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12136-018-0371-6). Acta Analytica . 34 (2): 235-255. doi:10.1007/s12136-018-0371-6 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12136-018-037 1-6). ISSN 1874-6349 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6349). S2CID 125767384 (http s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125767384).\n - Bagaria, Joan (2021). \"Set Theory\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 23 September 2022.\n - Barnes, Jonathan (25 January 2007). Truth, etc.: Six Lectures on Ancient Logic . Clarendon Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-19-151574-3.\n - Benthem, Johan van. \"Modal Logic: Contemporary View: 1. Modal Notions and Reasoning Patterns: a First Pass\" (https://iep.utm.edu/modal-lo/#H1). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 11 March 2023.\n - Berlemann, Lars; Mangold, Stefan (10 July 2009). Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access . John Wiley & Sons. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-470-75443-6.\n - Berman, Harold J. (1 July 2009). Law and Revolution, the Formation of the Western Legal Tradition . Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02085-6.\n - Bimbo, Katalin (2 April 2016). J. Michael Dunn on Information Based Logics . Springer. pp. 8-9. ISBN 978-3-319-29300-4.\n - Blackburn, Simon (1 January 2008). \"argument\". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (http s://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095423356). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954143-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022010 8194756/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095423356) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.\n - Blackburn, Simon (24 March 2016). \"rule of inference\". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100432990). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954143-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022010 8194809/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100432990) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.\n - Blair, J. Anthony; Johnson, Ralph H. (1987). \"The Current State of Informal Logic\" (https://ph ilpapers.org/rec/BLATCS). Informal Logic . 9 (2): 147-51. doi:10.22329/il.v9i2.2671 (https://d oi.org/10.22329%2Fil.v9i2.2671). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211230194638/ht tps://philpapers.org/rec/BLATCS) from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Some authors have suggested in practice, that the definition of AI is vague and difficult to define, with contention as to whether classical algorithms should be categorised as AI, [367] with many companies during the early 2020s AI boom using the term as a marketing buzzword, often even if they did \"not actually use AI in a material way\". [368]\n\n## Evaluating approaches to AI\n\nNo established unifying theory or paradigm has guided AI research for most of its history. [aa] The unprecedented success of statistical machine learning in the 2010s eclipsed all other approaches (so much so that some sources, especially in the business world, use the term \"artificial intelligence\" to mean \"machine learning with neural networks\"). This approach is mostly sub-symbolic, soft and narrow. Critics argue that these questions may have to be revisited by future generations of AI researchers.\n\n## Symbolic AI and its limits\n\nSymbolic AI (or \"GOFAI\") [370] simulated the high-level conscious reasoning that people use when they solve puzzles, express legal reasoning and do mathematics. They were highly successful at \"intelligent\" tasks such as algebra or IQ tests. In the 1960s, Newell and Simon proposed the physical symbol systems hypothesis: \"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.\" [371]\n\nHowever, the symbolic approach failed on many tasks that humans solve easily, such as learning, recognizing an object or commonsense reasoning. Moravec's paradox is the discovery that high-level \"intelligent\" tasks were easy for AI, but low level \"instinctive\" tasks were extremely difficult. [372] Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus had argued since the 1960s that human expertise depends on unconscious instinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation, and on having a \"feel\" for the situation, rather than explicit symbolic knowledge. [373] Although his arguments had been ridiculed and ignored when they were first presented, eventually, AI research came to agree with him. [ab][16]\n\nThe issue is not resolved: sub-symbolic reasoning can make many of the same inscrutable mistakes that human intuition does, such as algorithmic bias. Critics such as Noam Chomsky argue continuing research into symbolic AI will still be necessary to attain general intelligence, [375][376] in part because subsymbolic AI is a move away from explainable AI: it can be difficult or impossible to understand why a modern statistical AI program made a particular decision. The emerging field of neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence attempts to bridge the two approaches.\n\n## Neat vs. scruffy\n\n\"Neats\" hope that intelligent behavior is described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic, optimization, or neural networks). \"Scruffies\" expect that it necessarily requires solving a large number of unrelated problems. Neats defend their programs with theoretical rigor, scruffies rely mainly on incremental testing to see if they work. This issue was actively discussed in the 1970s and 1980s, [377] but eventually was seen as irrelevant. Modern AI has elements of both.\n\n## Soft vs. hard computing", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Finding a provably correct or optimal solution is intractable for many important problems. [15] Soft computing is a set of techniques, including genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and neural networks, that are tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth and approximation. Soft computing was introduced in the late 1980s and most successful AI programs in the 21st century are examples of soft computing with neural networks.\n\n## Narrow vs. general AI\n\nAI researchers are divided as to whether to pursue the goals of artificial general intelligence and superintelligence directly or to solve as many specific problems as possible (narrow AI) in hopes these solutions will lead indirectly to the field's long-term goals. [378][379] General intelligence is difficult to define and difficult to measure, and modern AI has had more verifiable successes by focusing on specific problems with specific solutions. The sub-field of artificial general intelligence studies this area exclusively.\n\n## Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind\n\nThe philosophy of mind does not know whether a machine can have a mind, consciousness and mental states, in the same sense that human beings do. This issue considers the internal experiences of the machine, rather than its external behavior. Mainstream AI research considers this issue irrelevant because it does not affect the goals of the field: to build machines that can solve problems using intelligence. Russell and Norvig add that \"[t]he additional project of making a machine conscious in exactly the way humans are is not one that we are equipped to take on.\" [380] However, the question has become central to the philosophy of mind. It is also typically the central question at issue in artificial intelligence in fiction.\n\n## Consciousness\n\nDavid Chalmers identified two problems in understanding the mind, which he named the \"hard\" and \"easy\" problems of consciousness. [381] The easy problem is understanding how the brain processes signals, makes plans and controls behavior. The hard problem is explaining how this feels or why it should feel like anything at all, assuming we are right in thinking that it truly does feel like something (Dennett's consciousness illusionism says this is an illusion). While human information processing is easy to explain, human subjective experience is difficult to explain. For example, it is easy to imagine a colorblind person who has learned to identify which objects in their field of view are red, but it is not clear what would be required for the person to know what red looks like . [382]\n\n## Computationalism and functionalism\n\nComputationalism is the position in the philosophy of mind that the human mind is an information processing system and that thinking is a form of computing. Computationalism argues that the relationship between mind and body is similar or identical to the relationship between software and hardware and thus may be a solution to the mind-body problem. This philosophical position was inspired by the work of AI researchers and cognitive scientists in the 1960s and was originally proposed by philosophers Jerry Fodor and Hilary Putnam. [383]\n\nPhilosopher John Searle characterized this position as \"strong AI\": \"The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds.\" [ac] Searle challenges this claim with his Chinese room argument, which attempts to", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "complex changes in the state of the climate [7], which may be caused by natural process, external forces, or human interventions [8]. By randomly assigning respondents to climate change or global warming questionnaires, scholars confirmed that the di GLYPH<11> erent connotations contained in the two definitions are likely to evoke distinct interpretations of the causes and impacts of the global climate issue [9], which may inhibit collaboration and joint e GLYPH<11> orts to mitigate the global challenge.\n\nPublic preference between climate change and global warming is even more apparent when considering the ideology spectrum [10]. Some scholars concluded that conservatives, who are less concerned with environmental issues, tended to use global warming as a narrative strategy because global warming has a more direct connection with temperature rise, making it easier to find contradictory cues such as freezing weather or heavy snowstorms to deny global climate change facts [11]. The associations between global warming and human activities may contribute to more controversies as well [12], connecting global warming more with the 'hoax' frame [5] and evoking greater negative sentiment [13].\n\nAlthough these existing studies have often attempted to identify the di GLYPH<11> erences between these two terminologies, only a particular few perspectives, such as sentiment, ideological preference, or cause and e GLYPH<11> ect, were examined in each study [3,9,13]. However, the associate network model introduced by psychologists suggests that human recognition and memory have a network-shaped architecture [14], where individual understanding of particular objects is connected with numerous other objects in the mind. According to the associate network model, individual understanding of the global climate concern is a network composed of numerous inter-connected concepts, in which climate change and global warming. As the two terminologies concern the primary mechanism of the global climate issue, the preference between the two understandings may represent two distinct climate discourses by di GLYPH<11> erently organizing numerous climate concepts. Examining the di GLYPH<11> erences between two discourses with an associative perspective may provide communicators with unique insights into narrowing the cognitive discrepancy. The temporal dimension was lacking in existing studies, necessitating the study of how concepts associated with each other have evolved with time.\n\nLargeamountsofuser-generateddataonsocialmedia, whichhavebeenvaluedincomputerscience, communication, and environmental studies [5,9,15-18], have enabled the acquistion of the social media representation of the two discourses in a decade. In this study, by analyzing hashtag co-occurrence patterns in 6,662,478 tweets containing 'climate change' and 'global warming' between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2018, two semantic networks of public climate discourse were constructed to identify the critical concepts and links surrounding the two terminologies. We conducted temporal analysis to observe the evolution of the two discourses and to measure whether the discrepancy between the two has widened or narrowed within the 10-year period.\n\nTo be specific, we formulated three research questions (RQs) to be explored in this study:\n\nRQ1: What is the di GLYPH<11> erence in how the two the discourses are associated with important climate concepts in people's minds?\n\nRQ2: How did the two competing climate discourses evolve from 2009 to 2018? RQ3: Did the two competing discourses converge or diverge in this decade?\n\n## 2. Background\n\n## 2.1. Climate Change, Global Warming, and Frames", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" } ] }, @@ -20363,70 +20363,70 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Our vision is to implement a toolbox of methods we can gather to build pipelines. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ { - "text": "## A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies\n\n## Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins\n\nEdition 3.0\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n## Michael DeBellis\n\nThis is a revised version of the Protégé 4 Tutorial version 1.3 by Matthew Horridge. Previous versions of the tutorial were developed by Holger Knublauch , Alan Rector , Robert Stevens, Chris Wroe, Simon Jupp, Georgina Moulton, Nick Drummond, and Sebastian Brandt.\n\nThis work was conducted using the Protégé resource, which is supported by grant GM10331601 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the United States National Institutes of Health.\n\nChapters 3-5 are based on the original tutorial. I have updated the tutorial to be consistent with Protégé 5. I have also made some changes to address some of the most common issues I've seen new users grapple with, to remove some of the dated information about older frame-based versions of Protégé, and various miscellaneous changes. Chapters 6-11 are new. I have added new sections for technologies such as SWRL, SPARQL and SHACL as well as some details on concepts such as IRIs and namespaces.\n\nThanks to Matthew Horridge and everyone who worked on the previous tutorials. Special thanks to Lorenz Buehmann who helped me work out a thorny problem as I developed the revised example, to André Wolski for help with the SHACL plugin. Special thanks to Dick Ooms and Colin Pilkington for their excellent detailed feedback on previous versions of the tutorial. Also, thanks to everyone on the Protégé user support email list.\n\nNote: this document may get updates frequently. It is a good idea to check my blog at: https://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/new-protege-pizza-tutorial to make sure you have the latest version.\n\nIf you have questions or comments feel free to contact me at mdebellissf@gmail.com", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSee discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351037551\n\n## A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins\n\nPreprint · April 2021\n\nCITATIONS\n\n0\n\n## 1 author:\n\n\n\nREADS 36,030", + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "## 3.3 World knowledge\n\nThe bulk of evidence about commonsense knowledge captured in BERT comes from practitioners using it to extract such knowledge. One direct probing study of BERT reports that BERT struggles with pragmatic inference and role-based event knowledge (Ettinger, 2019). BERT also struggles with abstract attributes of objects, as well as visual and perceptual properties that are likely to be assumed rather than mentioned (Da and Kasai, 2019).\n\nThe MLM component of BERT is easy to adapt for knowledge induction by filling in the\n\nKG\n\nDante\n\nborn-in\n\nFlorence\n\nFigure 1:\n\n\n\nQuerying knowledge bases (KB) and lan-\n\nguage models (LM) for factual knowledge. Figure 2: BERT world knowledge (Petroni et al., 2019)\n\nvast amounts of linguistic knowledge (Peters et al., 2018b; Goldberg, 2019; Tenney et al., 2019) useful for downstream tasks. This knowledge is usually accessed either by conditioning on latent context representations produced by the original model or by using the original model weights to initialize a task-specific model which is then further fine-tuned. This type of knowledge transfer is crucial for current state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks. In contrast, knowledge bases are e ective soblanks (e.g. \"Cats like to chase [\\_\\_\\_]\"). Petroni et al. (2019) showed that, for some relation types, vanilla BERT is competitive with methods relying on knowledge bases (Figure 2), and Roberts et al. (2020) show the same for open-domain QA using T5 model (Raffel et al., 2019). Davison et al. (2019) suggest that it generalizes better to unseen data. In order to retrieve BERT's knowledge, we need good template sentences, and there is work on their automatic extraction and augmentation (Bouraoui et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2019b).\n\nff lutions for accessing annotated gold-standard relational data by enabling queries such as (D ante , born-in , X ). However, in practice we often need to extract relational data from text or other modalities to populate these knowledge bases. This requires complex NLP pipelines involving entity extraction, coreference resolution, entity linking and relation extraction (Surdeanu and Ji, 2014)components that often need supervised data and fixed schemas. Moreover, errors can easily propagate and accumulate throughout the pipeline. Instead, we could attempt to query neural language models for relational data by asking them to fill in masked tokens in sequences like 'Dante was born However, BERT cannot reason based on its world knowledge . Forbes et al. (2019) show that BERTcan \"guess\" the affordances and properties of many objects, but can not reason about the relationship between properties and affordances. For example, it 'knows\" that people can walk into houses, and that houses are big, but it cannot infer that houses are bigger than people. Zhou et al. (2020) and Richardson and Sabharwal (2019) also show that the performance drops with the number of necessary inference steps. Some of BERT's world knowledge success comes from learning stereotypical associations (Poerner et al., 2019), e.g., a person with an Italian-sounding name is predicted to be Italian, even when it is incorrect.\n\n## 3.4 Limitations\n\nMultiple probing studies in section 3 and section 4 report that BERT possesses a surprising amount of syntactic, semantic, and world knowledge. However, Tenney et al. (2019a) remarks, 'the fact that a linguistic pattern is not observed by our probing classifier does not guarantee that it is not there, and the observation of a pattern does not tell us how it is used.\" There is also the issue of how complex a probe should be allowed to be (Liu et al., 2019a). If a more complex probe recovers more information, to what extent are we still relying on the original model?\n\nFurthermore, different probing methods may lead to complementary or even contradictory conclusions, which makes a single test (as in most stud-\n\n(\n\nDante\n\n,\n\nborn-in\n\n,\n\nX\n\n)\n\nSymbolic\n\nMemory Access\n\nFlorence", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" + "text": "We designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "- Neumann, Bernd; Möller, Ralf (January 2008). \"On scene interpretation with description logics\". Image and Vision Computing . 26 (1): 82-101. doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2007.08.013 (https://doi. org/10.1016%2Fj.imavis.2007.08.013). S2CID 10767011 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Co rpusID:10767011).", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" + "text": "| ConceptNet-based extraction Grouping terms based on synonyms | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | . These pipelines can be run, optimised and analysed to learn the best possible | Ressource | Algorithm implemented Upcoming implementation |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Chapter 4 Building an OWL Ontology\n\nThis chapter describes how to create an ontology of Pizzas. We use Pizzas because it is something almost everyone is familiar with.\n\n## Exercise 1: Create a new OWL Ontology\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\n- 1. Start Protégé. When Protégé opens for the first time each day it puts up a screen of all the available plugins. You can also bring this up at any time by using File>Check for plugins. You won't need any plugins at this point of the tutorial so just click the Not now button.\n- 2. The Protégé user-interface consists of several tabs such as Active ontology, Entities, etc. When you start Protégé you should be in the Active Ontology tab. This is for overview information about the entire ontology. Protégé always opens with a new untitled ontology you can start with. Your ontology should have an IRI something like: http://www.semanticweb.org/yourname/ontologies/2020/4/untitled-ontology27 Edit the name of the ontology (the part after the last '/' in this case untitled-ontology-27) and change it to something like PizzaTutorial. Note: the Pizza ontology IRIs shown below (e.g., figure 4.3) show the IRI after I edited the default that Protégé generated for me. Your IRI will look different and will be based on your name or the name of your organization.\n- 3. Now you want to save your new ontology. Select File>Save. This should bring up a window that says: Choose a format to use when saving the 'PizzaTutorial' ontology. There is a drop down menu of formats to use. The default RDF/XML Syntax should be selected by clicking the OK button. This should bring up the standard dialog your operating system uses for saving files. Navigate to the folder you want to use and then type in the file name, something like Pizza Tutorial and select Save.\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\n\n\nAs with any file you work on it is a good idea to save your work at regular intervals so that if something goes wrong you don ' t lose your work. At certain points in the tutorial where saving is especially important the tutorial will prompt you to do so but it is a good idea to save your work often, not just when prompted.\n\nThe next step is to set some preferences related to the names of new entities. Remember than in Protégé any class, individual, object property, data property, annotation property, or rule is referred to as an entity. The term name in OWL can actually refer to two different concepts. It can be the last part of the IRI 3 or it can refer to the annotation property (usually rdfs:label ) used to provide a more user friendly name for the entity. We will discuss this in more detail below in chapter 7. For now, we just want to set the parameters correctly so that future parts of the tutorial (especially the section on SPARQL queries) will work appropriately.", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, + "text": "## A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies\n\n## Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins\n\nEdition 3.0\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n## Michael DeBellis\n\nThis is a revised version of the Protégé 4 Tutorial version 1.3 by Matthew Horridge. Previous versions of the tutorial were developed by Holger Knublauch , Alan Rector , Robert Stevens, Chris Wroe, Simon Jupp, Georgina Moulton, Nick Drummond, and Sebastian Brandt.\n\nThis work was conducted using the Protégé resource, which is supported by grant GM10331601 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the United States National Institutes of Health.\n\nChapters 3-5 are based on the original tutorial. I have updated the tutorial to be consistent with Protégé 5. I have also made some changes to address some of the most common issues I've seen new users grapple with, to remove some of the dated information about older frame-based versions of Protégé, and various miscellaneous changes. Chapters 6-11 are new. I have added new sections for technologies such as SWRL, SPARQL and SHACL as well as some details on concepts such as IRIs and namespaces.\n\nThanks to Matthew Horridge and everyone who worked on the previous tutorials. Special thanks to Lorenz Buehmann who helped me work out a thorny problem as I developed the revised example, to André Wolski for help with the SHACL plugin. Special thanks to Dick Ooms and Colin Pilkington for their excellent detailed feedback on previous versions of the tutorial. Also, thanks to everyone on the Protégé user support email list.\n\nNote: this document may get updates frequently. It is a good idea to check my blog at: https://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/new-protege-pizza-tutorial to make sure you have the latest version.\n\nIf you have questions or comments feel free to contact me at mdebellissf@gmail.com", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, { - "text": "- 21. McGarry (2005).\n - 22. Bertini, Del Bimbo & Torniai (2006).\n - 23. Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 272.\n - 24. Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames, and scripts): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.2 & 10.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 174-177), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 248-258), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.3)\n - 25. Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 281-298), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.2)\n - 26. Causal calculus: Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 335-337)\n - 27. Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 275-277)\n - 28. Default reasoning, Frame problem, default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.6), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 248-256, 323-335), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 335-363), Nilsson (1998, ~18.3.3) (Poole et al. places abduction under \"default reasoning\". Luger et al. places this under \"uncertain reasoning\").\n - 29. Breadth of commonsense knowledge: Lenat & Guha (1989, Introduction), Crevier (1993, pp. 113-114), Moravec (1988, p. 13), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 241, 385, 982) (qualification problem)\n - 30. Newquist (1994), p. 296.\n - 31. Crevier (1993), pp. 204-208.\n - 32. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 528.\n - 33. Automated planning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 11).\n - 34. Automated decision making, Decision theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 16-18).\n - 35. Classical planning: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 11.2).\n - 36. Sensorless or \"conformant\" planning, contingent planning, replanning (a.k.a online planning): Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 11.5).\n - 37. Uncertain preferences: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 16.7) Inverse reinforcement learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 22.6)\n - 38. Information value theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 16.6).\n - 39. Markov decision process: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 17).\n - 40. Game theory and multi-agent decision theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 18).\n - 41. Learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 19-22), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 397-438), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 385-542), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 3.3, 10.3, 17.5, 20)\n - 42. Turing (1950).\n - 43. Solomonoff (1956).\n - 44. Unsupervised learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 653) (definition), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 738-740) (cluster analysis), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 846-860) (word embedding)\n - 45. Supervised learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, §19.2) (Definition), Russell & Norvig (2021, Chpt. 19-20) (Techniques)\n - 46. Reinforcement learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 22), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 442-449)\n - 47. Transfer learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 281), The Economist (2016)\n - 48. \"Artificial Intelligence (AI): What Is AI and How Does It Work? | Built In\" (https://builtin.com/ar tificial-intelligence). builtin.com . Retrieved 30 October 2023.", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" + "text": "\n\nSee discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351037551\n\n## A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins\n\nPreprint · April 2021\n\nCITATIONS\n\n0\n\n## 1 author:\n\n\n\nREADS 36,030", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Chapter 1 Introduction\n\nThis introduces Protégé 5 for creating OWL ontologies as well as various plugins. If you have questions specific to this tutorial, please feel free to email me directly: mdebellissf@gmail.com However, if you have general questions about Protégé, OWL, or plugins you should subscribe to and send an email to the User Support for Protégé and Web Protégé email list. This list has many people (including me) who monitor it and can contribute their knowledge to help you understand how to get the most out of this technology. To subscribe to the list, go to: https://protege.stanford.edu/support.php and click on the first orange Subscribe button. That will enable you to subscribe to the list and give you the email to send questions to.\n\nThis chapter covers licensing and describes conventions used in the tutorial. Chapter 2 covers the requirements for the tutorial and describes the Protégé user interface. Chapter 3 gives a brief overview of the OWL ontology language. Chapter 4 focuses on building an OWL ontology with classes and object properties. Chapter 4 also describes using a Description Logic Reasoner to check the consistency of the ontology and automatically compute the ontology class hierarchy.\n\nChapter 5 describes data properties. Chapter 6 describes design patterns and shows one design pattern: adding an order to an enumerated class. Chapter 7 describes the various concepts related to the name of an OWL entity.\n\nChapter 8 introduces an extended version of the Pizza tutorial developed in chapters 1-7. This ontology has a small number of instances and property values already created which can be used to illustrate the tools in the later chapters for writing rules, doing queries, and defining constraints.\n\nChapter 9 describes two tools for doing queries: Description Logic queries and SPARQL queries. Chapter 10 introduces the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) and walks you through creating SWRL and SQWRL rules. Chapter 11 introduces the Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) and discusses the difference between defining logical axioms in Description Logic and data integrity constraints in SHACL. Chapter 12 has some concluding thoughts and opinions and Chapter 13 provides a bibliography.\n\n## 1.1 Licensing\n\nThis document is freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License. I typically distribute it as a PDF but if you want to make your own version send me an email and I will send you the Word version. For details on licensing see:\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode\n\n## 1.2 Conventions\n\nClass, property, rule, and individual names are written in Consolas font like this . The term used for any such construct in Protégé and in this document is an Entity . Individuals and classes can also be referred to as objects.\n\nNames for user interface tabs, views, menu selections, buttons, and text entry are highlighted like this.\n\nAny time you see highlighted text such as File>Preferences or OK or PizzaTopping it refers to something that you should or optionally could view or enter into the user interface. If you ever aren't sure what to do to accomplish some task look for the highlighted text. Often, as with PizzaTopping the text you enter into a field in the Protégé UI will be the name of a class, property, etc. In those cases, where the", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "Learning what happens at inference time. Most BERT analysis papers focus on different probes of the model, with the goal to find what the language model \"knows\". However, probing studies have limitations (subsection 3.4), and to this point, far fewer papers have focused on discovering what knowledge actually gets used. Several promising directions are the \"amnesic probing\" (Elazar et al., 2020), identifying features important for prediction for a given task (Arkhangelskaia and Dutta, 2019), and pruning the model to remove the nonimportant components (Voita et al., 2019b; Michel et al., 2019; Prasanna et al., 2020).\n\n## 8 Conclusion\n\nIn a little over a year, BERT has become a ubiquitous baseline in NLP experiments and inspired numerous studies analyzing the model and proposing various improvements. The stream of papers seems to be accelerating rather than slowing down, and we hope that this survey helps the community to focus on the biggest unresolved questions.\n\n## 9 Acknowledgements\n\nWe thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback. This work is funded in part by the NSF award number IIS-1844740 to Anna Rumshisky.", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" + "text": "| Term cooccurrences-based extraction Similarity-based extraction | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | | | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "0\n\n2\n\np\n\ne\n\nS\n\n4\n\n]\n\nL\n\nC\n\n.\n\ns\n\nc\n\n[\n\n2\n\nv\n\n6\n\n6\n\n0\n\n1\n\n0\n\n.\n\n9\n\n0\n\n9\n\n1\n\n:\n\nv\n\ni\n\nX\n\nr\n\na\n\nRecent progress in pretraining language mod-\n\nels on large textual corpora led to a surge\n\nof improvements for downstream NLP tasks.\n\nWhilst learning linguistic knowledge, these\n\nreport that an intermediate fine-tuning step with supervised parsing does not make much difference for downstream task performance. models may also be storing relational knowledge present in the training data, and may be able to answer queries structured as 'fillin-the-blank' cloze statements. Language\n\nmodels have many advantages over structured\n\n## 3.2 Semantic knowledge knowledge bases: they require no schema en-\n\nTo date, more studies have been devoted to BERT's knowledge of syntactic rather than semantic phenomena. However, we do have evidence from an MLMprobing study that BERT has some knowledge of semantic roles (Ettinger, 2019). BERT even displays some preference for the incorrect fillers for semantic roles that are semantically related to the correct ones, as opposed to those that are unrelated (e.g. \"to tip a chef\" is better than \"to tip a robin\", but worse than \"to tip a waiter\"). gineering, allow practitioners to query about an open class of relations, are easy to extend to more data, and require no human supervision to train. We present an in-depth analysis of the relational knowledge already present (without fine-tuning) in a wide range of state-of-theart pretrained language models. We find that (i) without fine-tuning, BERT contains relational knowledge competitive with traditional NLP methods that have some access to oracle knowledge, (ii) BERT also does remarkably well on open-domain question answer-\n\nBERTstruggles with representations of numbers. Addition and number decoding tasks showed that BERT does not form good representations for floating point numbers and fails to generalize away from the training data (Wallace et al., 2019b). A part of the problem is BERT's wordpiece tokenization, since numbers of similar values can be divided up into substantially different word chunks. call factual knowledge without any fine-tuning demonstrates their potential as unsupervised open-domain QA systems. The code to reproduce our analysis is available at https: //github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA . 1 Introduction Recently, pretrained high-capacity language models such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2018a) and BERT\n\nTenney et al. (2019b) showed that BERT encodes information about entity types, relations, semantic roles, and proto-roles , since this information can be detected with probing classifiers. ing against a supervised baseline, and (iii) certain types of factual knowledge are learned much more readily than others by standard language model pretraining approaches. The surprisingly strong ability of these models to re-\n\nOut-of-the-box BERTis surprisingly brittle to named entity replacements : e.g. replacing names in the coreference task changes 85% of predictions (Balasubramanian et al., 2020). This suggests that the model does not actually form a generic idea of named entities, although its F1 scores on NER probing tasks are high (Tenney et al., 2019a). Broscheit (2019) find that fine-tuning BERT on Wikipedia entity linking \"teaches\" it additional entity knowledge, which would suggest that it did not absorb all the relevant entity information during pre-training on Wikipedia. (Devlin et al., 2018a) have become increasingly important in NLP. They are optimised to either predict the next word in a sequence or some masked word anywhere in a given sequence ( e.g. 'Dante was born in [M ask ] in the year 1265.'). The parameters of these models appear to store\n\n## 3.3 World knowledge", + "text": "## 3.3 World knowledge\n\nThe bulk of evidence about commonsense knowledge captured in BERT comes from practitioners using it to extract such knowledge. One direct probing study of BERT reports that BERT struggles with pragmatic inference and role-based event knowledge (Ettinger, 2019). BERT also struggles with abstract attributes of objects, as well as visual and perceptual properties that are likely to be assumed rather than mentioned (Da and Kasai, 2019).\n\nThe MLM component of BERT is easy to adapt for knowledge induction by filling in the\n\nKG\n\nDante\n\nborn-in\n\nFlorence\n\nFigure 1:\n\n\n\nQuerying knowledge bases (KB) and lan-\n\nguage models (LM) for factual knowledge. Figure 2: BERT world knowledge (Petroni et al., 2019)\n\nvast amounts of linguistic knowledge (Peters et al., 2018b; Goldberg, 2019; Tenney et al., 2019) useful for downstream tasks. This knowledge is usually accessed either by conditioning on latent context representations produced by the original model or by using the original model weights to initialize a task-specific model which is then further fine-tuned. This type of knowledge transfer is crucial for current state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks. In contrast, knowledge bases are e ective soblanks (e.g. \"Cats like to chase [\\_\\_\\_]\"). Petroni et al. (2019) showed that, for some relation types, vanilla BERT is competitive with methods relying on knowledge bases (Figure 2), and Roberts et al. (2020) show the same for open-domain QA using T5 model (Raffel et al., 2019). Davison et al. (2019) suggest that it generalizes better to unseen data. In order to retrieve BERT's knowledge, we need good template sentences, and there is work on their automatic extraction and augmentation (Bouraoui et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2019b).\n\nff lutions for accessing annotated gold-standard relational data by enabling queries such as (D ante , born-in , X ). However, in practice we often need to extract relational data from text or other modalities to populate these knowledge bases. This requires complex NLP pipelines involving entity extraction, coreference resolution, entity linking and relation extraction (Surdeanu and Ji, 2014)components that often need supervised data and fixed schemas. Moreover, errors can easily propagate and accumulate throughout the pipeline. Instead, we could attempt to query neural language models for relational data by asking them to fill in masked tokens in sequences like 'Dante was born However, BERT cannot reason based on its world knowledge . Forbes et al. (2019) show that BERTcan \"guess\" the affordances and properties of many objects, but can not reason about the relationship between properties and affordances. For example, it 'knows\" that people can walk into houses, and that houses are big, but it cannot infer that houses are bigger than people. Zhou et al. (2020) and Richardson and Sabharwal (2019) also show that the performance drops with the number of necessary inference steps. Some of BERT's world knowledge success comes from learning stereotypical associations (Poerner et al., 2019), e.g., a person with an Italian-sounding name is predicted to be Italian, even when it is incorrect.\n\n## 3.4 Limitations\n\nMultiple probing studies in section 3 and section 4 report that BERT possesses a surprising amount of syntactic, semantic, and world knowledge. However, Tenney et al. (2019a) remarks, 'the fact that a linguistic pattern is not observed by our probing classifier does not guarantee that it is not there, and the observation of a pattern does not tell us how it is used.\" There is also the issue of how complex a probe should be allowed to be (Liu et al., 2019a). If a more complex probe recovers more information, to what extent are we still relying on the original model?\n\nFurthermore, different probing methods may lead to complementary or even contradictory conclusions, which makes a single test (as in most stud-\n\n(\n\nDante\n\n,\n\nborn-in\n\n,\n\nX\n\n)\n\nSymbolic\n\nMemory Access\n\nFlorence", "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" }, { - "text": "The studies in the knowledge distillation framework (Hinton et al., 2014) use a smaller student-network trained to mimic the behavior of a larger teacher-network. For BERT, this has been achieved through experiments with loss functions (Sanh et al., 2019b; Jiao et al., 2019), mimicking the activation patterns of individual portions of the teacher network (Sun et al., 2019a), and knowledge transfer at the pre-training (Turc et al., 2019; Jiao et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2020) or fine-tuning stage (Jiao et al., 2019). McCarley et al. (2020) suggest that distillation has so far worked better for GLUE than for reading comprehension, and report good results for QA from a combination of structured pruning and task-specific distillation.\n\nQuantization decreases BERT's memory footprint through lowering the precision of its weights (Shen et al., 2019; Zafrir et al., 2019). Note that", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" + "text": "| OntoLearn (Reloaded), 2013, [3] It focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed knowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology extraction, hypernym graph construction, domain filtering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and 2010, [2] steps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC- value), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic relation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic). | It relies on WordNet and POS It considers only multiword terms and relies on WordNet and POS tags. It does not distinguish between terms and concepts and implements different adaptable approaches. | | | Pipeline Building | OLAF Pipeline Optimisation | | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "- Neumann, Bernd; Möller, Ralf (January 2008). \"On scene interpretation with description logics\". Image and Vision Computing . 26 (1): 82-101. doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2007.08.013 (https://doi. org/10.1016%2Fj.imavis.2007.08.013). S2CID 10767011 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Co rpusID:10767011).", + "page_start": 60, + "page_end": 60, + "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -20984,6 +20984,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394 (1987).\n- 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).\n- 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999).\n- 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979).\n- 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York (1995).\n- 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 1: Effective McMillan-Mayer short-range pair potentials extracted from explicit solvent simulations using the HNC closure. (a) Cation anion, (b) cation cation, (c) anion anion, (d) cation anion RDF obtained from explicit solvent MD and implicit solvent MC simulations.\n\n\n\npute all ion thermodynamic properties through implicit solvent MC simulations.\n\nThe second stage of our coarse-graining procedure consists in applying LPT, in order to deduce the best analytical model of electrolyte solutions which reproduces this molecular description. The principle of LPT is to describe the properties of a given system in terms of those of a well known reference system, with the difference between them treated as a perturbation in the reference potential. Assuming pairwise additive potentials, V ij = V (0) ij + ∆V ij , a first-order truncated expression for the free energy density of the system βf v is obtained,\n\nβf v /lessorsimilar βf (0) v + 1 2 β ∑ i,j ρ i ρ j ∫ d r g (0) ij ( r ) ∆V ij ( r ) (1)\n\nwhich depends only on the free-energy density f (0) v and RDF g (0) of the reference fluid, with β = ( k B T ) -1 and ρ i the concentration of species i . The Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality [15] ensures that the right-hand side of Eq. (1) is actually a strict upper bound. Once a reference system has been chosen, the expression on the right-hand side of Eq. (1) must be minimized with respect to the parameters defining the reference. This procedure yields the best first-order approximation to the free energy of the system under consideration.\n\nFor a system of charged particles in solution, the natural reference is the PM, defined in terms of the charge and diameter ( σ i ) of each species. In this case, the perturbing potentials are just the short-range effective potentials computed above (∆ V ij = V SR ij ). We use the MSA [3] solution to the PM, since it provides analytical expressions for both the free energy and the RDF. The perturbation term is evaluated using an exponential approximation to the RDF obtained within the MSA, g ( r ) = exp [ g MSA ( r ) -1], which removes any unphysical negative regions and improves the comparison with HNC calculations.\n\nΦ\n\nFIG. 2: (Color online) (a) Osmotic coefficient Φ in the McMillan-Mayer frame of reference. (diamond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dot) Debye Huckel Limiting law (DHLL), (cross) experiments (Ref. [18] with the McMillanMayer to Lewis Randall conversion). (b) Minimization diameters. (dot dashed) MSA2 and (diamond) MSA-fit.\n\n\n\nWe first used LPT for a two-component system (Na + and Cl -free ions) within the MSA (model MSA2), for concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 . 0 mol l -1 . The minimization leads to almost constant diameters on the whole range of concentration: σ 1 = 3 . 67 ˚ A and σ 2 = 4 . 78 ˚ A. As shown in Fig. 2, these parameters yield osmotic coefficients close to MC calculations only at very low concentration, i.e., c ≤ 0 . 1 moll -1 (experimental values are given for indicative purposes only, since a perfect model will exactly match the MC results). For molar solutions, the LPT results differ considerably from MC calculations. This discrepancy can easily be understood by comparing the diameters found within the MSA2 calculation with the effective potentials given in Fig. 1. The anion/cation contact distance obtained within the MSA2 calculation is 4 . 2 ˚ A, which is in the region of the second minimum of the effective potential and corresponds to the situation where there is a single layer of water molecules between the ions. The first minimum of the potential, which corresponds to the contact ion pair (CIP) is thus completely ignored by the MSA2 calculation. If the MSA diameters are directly fitted to reproduce the MC osmotic pressure, much smaller values are obtained. These MSA-fit hydrated diameters, which are compared to the MSA2 diameters in the bottom part of Fig. 2, are averages of the CIP and the solvent-separated ion pair.", "page_start": 1, @@ -20996,6 +21002,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "The authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.\n\n- [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104 (2007).\n- [13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n- [14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n- [15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids (Academic Press, 1986).\n- [16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n- [17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 , 041202 (2002).\n- [18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Editora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n- [19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 , 333 (1984).\n- [20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol. Phys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n- [21] The average contact distance between a symmetric dumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "quantities as its target: the variational free energy ( VFE ) in the case of perception and the expected free energy ( EFE ) in the case of action. The VFE is the free energy associated with a given sensory observation and is resolved perceptually by updating beliefs about the environment. The EFE is the free energy that is expected in the future, contingent on a given policy or course of action. Choosing action policies associated with a low EFE lead to reducing uncertainty about the environment, as well as making preferred observations more likely.\n\n## 2.1. POMDPs in Active Inference\n\nIn AIF, the POMDP is one of the most common families of generative models used to make inferences about the environment. It is a Markovian discrete state-space model, where employing it means representing the environment and observations as inhabiting one among a set of possible (possibly multidimensional) states, and that the changes in these states can only depend on the system's previous state and the agent's actions. Environmental states are not directly observable, so they have to be inferred based on incoming sensory observations. In AIF for POMDPs and other generative models in general, both perception and action are cast as Bayesian inferences (see Sections 2.2 and 2.3), as well as the learning of parameters of the generative model (see Section 2.4). Crucially, an agent's generative model does not a priori have to be isomorphic to the true environment (i.e., the data-generating process), although this will generally lead to a successful inference, and that the generative model will therefore often come to resemble the environment through learning.\n\nAdiscrete state-space POMDP in AIF is conventionally defined by five main sets of parameters: A , B , C , D and E [1,33], see Figure 1. Together, these parametrise the agent's prior beliefs about the prior probability of different states in the environment, how states of the environment change and how they generate observations. Typically, they will be vectors, matrices or tensors; however, henceforth we denote them by their corresponding letter in bold. These make up the components needed for the agent to perform AIF.\n\nA , also called the observation model , represents the state-to-observation likelihood model. This describes how observations depend on or are generated by states of the environment. It is structured as a matrix with a column for each possible environmental state s , and a row for each possible observation o . Each column is then a categorical probability distribution over the observations that will occur given the environmental state (meaning that each column must contain non-negative values that sum to 1). If the observations are multidimensional (i.e., multiple observations are made at each time point), there is a matrix for each observation modality. If two or more states determine the observation, the likelihood model then becomes a tensor. If A is imprecise (i.e., the probabilities are highly entropic and evenly distributed), observations are taken to carry less information about the environment, in many cases leading to more uncertain inferences, and vice versa.", "page_start": 4, @@ -21007,18 +21019,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "with\n\n∫ d cos θ 2 |M 2 | 2 = λ 4 N ( ∂ Ψ ∂h ) ( -8 -I 22 + J 22 ln ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ A +2 b A -2 b ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ) , (B8) ∫ d cos θ 2 M 1 M ∗ 2 = 4 m N λ 3 N ( ∂ Ψ ∂h ) 2 ( ∂ Ψ ∂h i s -M 2 h + iM h Γ h iλ hhh + ∂ Ψ ∂H i s -M 2 H + iM H Γ H iλ Hhh ) ( -4 + s -4 m 2 N + A 2 b ln ∣ ∣ ∣ A +2 b A -2 b ∣ ∣ ∣ ) , (B9)\n\n4\n\n∣ ∣ where θ is the scattering angle in the center of mass frame. The auxiliary functions appear above are defined as\n\nI 22 ( s ) ≡ 4 ( A +2 a ) 2 -2( s +4 m 2 N ) A -s ( A + m 2 N ) -3 m 2 N ( s -4 m 2 N ) A 2 -4 b 2 , (B10)\n\nN -N )\n\nJ 22 ( s, m h ) ≡ 1 Ab ( 2 A ( A +2 a ) -A ( s +4 m 2 N ) + A 2 -4 a 2 -( s -2 m 2 N )( m 2 N -m 2 h ) +3 m 2 ( s 4 m 2 ) , (B11)\n\nA ( s, m h ) ≡ -s 2 + m 2 h , (B12)\n\nb ( s, m N , m h ) s m 2 h s m 2 N . (B13)\n\n≡ √ 4 -√ 4 -\n\n## Appendix C: Thermal averaged annihilation cross section\n\nIn partial wave expansion, the thermal averaged cross section is given by\n\n〈 σv 〉 = 1 m 2 N [ w ( s ) -3 2 ( 2 w ( s ) -4 m 2 N dw ds ) T m N ]∣ s =4 m 2\n\n= 6 dw ds s =4 m 2 T m N ,\n\n∣ ∣ ∣ N (C1) ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ N (C2)\n\n4 w ( s ) ≡ ∫ d LIPS ∑ |M| 2 = 1 8 π √ s -4 m 2 final s ∫ d cos θ 2 ∑ |M| 2 , (C3)\n\nwhere m final is the mass of final state particle.\n\n - [1] T. Yanagida, in Proceedings of Workshop on the Unified Theory and the Baryon Number in the Universe , Tsukuba, Japan, edited by A. Sawada and A. Sugamoto (KEK, Tsukuba, 1979), p 95; M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, in Supergravity , Proceedings of Workshop,", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "on the model (see above). The purely two-dimensional character of the KMC was extended to a 'pseudo three-dimensional' one by making the effective chemical potential dependent on the mean liquid coverage [38]. As the latter is related to a mean film thickness, this corresponds to the introduction of a 'global' thickness-dependent disjoining pressure into the evaporation term without an explicit consideration of a film thickness. The amended model can reproduce bimodal structures that are beyond the scope of the purely two-dimensional model [38, 39]. Fully threedimensional models are also discussed in the literature [76, 77].\n\n## B. Dynamical Density Functional theory\n\nThe limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related to its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle. This implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid, i.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to distinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the substrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential.\n\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78-83] one can develop a model for the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit ourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to incorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid ρ l and the nanoparticles ρ n . The densities ρ l and ρ n are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied by a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond to number densities as we use the lattice spacing σ = 1 as our unit of length.\n\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional F [ ρ l , ρ n ] , and secondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the non-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively. For a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams) approximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution and contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid). The free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is coupled to a reservoir with chemical potential µ ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21547,8 +21547,8 @@ "target_page": 70, "target_passage": "You must consider several key factors when you are planning the physical site of a Storwize V7000 installation. The physical site must have the following characteristics: \u0002 Meets power, cooling, and location requirements of the Storwize V7000 nodes. \u0002 Has two separate power sources. \u0002 Sufficient rack space exists for the installation of controller and disk expansion enclosures. \u0002 Has sufficient maximum power rating of the rack. Plan your rack placement carefully to not exceed maximum power rating of the rack. For more information about the power and environmental requirements, see this website", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21706,6 +21706,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "news4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\n\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEN", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "news4.pdf" + }, { "text": "on the Company's ATM network. In addition, the Company continues to invest in the on-going development of products that were re c e n t l y i n t roduced to the market. The Company's re s e a rch and development costs incurred for computer products to be sold, leased or otherw i s e marketed increased to $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. Of this total f i g u re, $1.0 million and $322,000 were capitalized, as at December 31, 2000 and 1999, re s p e c t i v e l y, in conjunction with the Company's accounting policy requiring the capitalization of development costs on a product by product basis once technological feasibility is established. Technological feasibility of computer software products is established when the Company has completed all planning, designing, coding, and testing activities that are necessary to establish that the product can be produced to meet its design specifications including functions, feature s , and technical perf o rmance re q u i rements.\n\nOperating Loss The Software Solutions Segment incurred an operating loss of $21.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 and $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 as a result of the factors discussed above\n\n## Corporate Services Segment\n\nOperating Expenses Operating expenses for the Corporate Services Segment increased to $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 f rom $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The components of corporate services operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 were:\n\n| (in thousands) | Years ending December 31, | Years ending December 31, |\n|-----------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| | 2 0 0 0 | 1 9 9 9 |\n| Salaries and benefits | $ 3 , 8 1 3 | $ 3 , 3 3 5 |\n| Selling, general and administrative | 3 , 8 4 1 | 3 , 2 7 0 |\n| D e p reciation and amort i z a t i o n | 2 0 8 | 1 4 5 |\n| Total direct operating expenses | $ 7 , 8 6 2 | $ 6 , 7 5 0 |\n\nThe Company's expansion of its network infrastru c t u re, and increases in corporate and administrative capabilities are the primary reasons for these i n c reased expenditures.\n\n## Non-Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2000 and 1999\n\nInterest Income I n t e rest income decreased to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 and from $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The decrease is the result of the decrease in investment securities and cash as a result of negative cash flow from operations and capital expenditure s .\n\nInterest Expense I n t e rest expense decreased to $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 and increased from $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The decrease from 1999 to 2000 is due to exchange rate diff e rences as the majority of the debt is denominated in Deutsche Mark. The increase from 1998 to 1999 is the result of accretion of the C o m p a n y 's Notes Payable for a full year in 1999 in comparison to 6 months' accretion in 1998.", "page_start": 20, @@ -21753,12 +21759,6 @@ "page_start": 318, "page_end": 318, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "processesing business. And, I get excited about the opportunity to expand our transaction base with our mobile banking, bill payment and mobile operator solutions.\n\nThe real value of our company is in our transaction processing. Because of the low incremental cost of connecting to a new customer, anytime we sign a new contract most of the incremental revenue will now be flowing to our bottom line. The infrastructure is in place to leverage additional growth and bring us closer to being EBITDA and cash flow positive in the near term.\n\n## What role will strategic alliances play in extending\n\nAlliances are an important part of our strategic direction. Recently, we announced several partnerships that help us expand sales channels and distribution of our products and services. Our partners were looking for wireless transaction solutions to complement their own offerings, and they selected Euronet's products, proving that our solutions are rock solid.\n\nGemplus, the world's number one provider of smart card-based solutions, chose us as their global partner to provide electronic recharge solutions to mobile operators. We also have agreements with Sila Communications to help us market our suite of mobile banking solutions throughout Europe, the Middle East and Asia Pacific and with Aether Systems which is offering our mobile banking solutions in the United States.\n\n## Why did you change your corporate name to Euronet Worldwide last year?\n\nWe became Euronet Worldwide to more accurately reflect the company's growing presence in the global marketplace. We are no longer focused solely on Europe, and today, deliver comprehensive solutions to more than 200 customers in over 60 countries.\n\n## What was your biggest challenge in 2000?\n\nachieve high growth. As banks began moving to outsourcing rather than purchasing software to manage their transactions, we realized that this high growth would not materialize. We've basically downsized to reduce expenses to better correspond to revenue expec-\n\ntations, so we expect this division to be an EBITDA contributor from this point forward. The trend towards outsourcing negatively impacted our software business, but positively benefits our network services division.\n\nIt's important to point out that our software is an asset to our business of\n\n\n\nselling transactions. For example, our software sales doubled in the Asia Pacific region over 1999. Relationships with large financial institutions like Westpac Banking Corporation have cemented our position in Asia Pacific as a leading supplier of transaction processing solutions.\n\n## Why is ATM outsourcing important?\n\nIncreasingly, financial institutions are choosing to outsource their ATM operations to free up resources\n\n\n\nI think it was restructuring our software business late in the year. When Euronet purchased Arkansas Systems, Inc. over two years ago, the division was expected to\n\nand concentrate on their core banking business. Some analysts predict that outsourcing by the European banking and finance sector will total $91 billion by 2003. We are expanding our outsourcing business with wireless and Internet banking services.\n\nOur outsourcing business is thriving. Currently we provide ATM outsourcing for some of the biggest banks in the world - banks like Citibank, ABN AMRO, Deutsche Bank, Millennium\n\nand Raiffeisenbank - as they expand into emerging markets. We have contracts with Citibank in five countries, most recently in Greece and the Czech Republic.", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21844,10 +21844,16 @@ "target_passage": "Financial services", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\n\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEN", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "news4.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nTechnology & Cybersecurity\n\nEditor's Picks Finance - Personal Home - Interior\n\n\n\n## The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n\n\n(NC) As we look ahead to 2025, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to revolutionize our lives. From enhancing our daily routines to transforming entire industries, AI's impact is undeniable.\n\nThese five innovations are set to shape our future, offering unprecedented convenience, efficiency and personalization.\n\n## AI-powered computing\n\nAI-powered computing, such as Intel-powered laptops - or AI PC - is at the forefront of technological advancement. But what, exactly, is an AI PC? They're computers that have AI built into their processors - also known as the brain of the computer - which optimizes performance, enhances security and provides a more personalized experience as they learn from your usage patterns. For consumers, this means faster, smarter and more secure computing tailored to your individual needs.\n\n## Smart home automation\n\nSmart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a home that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home systems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to security and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before.\n\n## Health and wellness\n\nThe health-care industry is seeing significant transformation. AI-driven health and wellness applications can monitor vital signs, predict potential health issues, and even provide personalized fitness and nutrition plans. Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights, helping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being.\n\n## Financial services\n\nAI is also making waves in the financial sector, offering smarter and more secure ways to manage money. From AI-driven investment platforms that provide personalized financial advice to fraud detection systems that protect against cyber threats, AI can analyze vast amounts of data to identify trends and make more informed financial decisions.\n\n## Enhanced education\n\nIn education, enhanced learning tools provide personalized learning experiences that adapt to each student's strengths and weaknesses. This technology can offer real-time feedback, helping students improve their skills more effectively. Additionally, AI can assist educators by automating administrative tasks and providing insights into student performance, allowing for more focused and effective teaching.\n\nLearn more at intel.com/aipc.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 346\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEN", "page_start": 0, @@ -21901,12 +21907,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## management's Discussion and analysis\n\nDollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)\n\n## Future Accounting Policy Changes\n\nIFRS 9 - Financial Instruments ('IFRS 9')\n\nIFRS 9, as issued in 2010, reflects the first phase of the IASB's work on the replacement of IAS 39 and applies to classification and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities as defined in IAS 39. The standard was initially effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013. In November 2013, Chapter 6 of IFRS 9 on hedge accounting was published. At the same time, Chapter 7, containing the effective date and transition provisions, was amended to remove the mandatory effective date of IFRS 9. This was intended to provide sufficient time for preparers to make the transition to the new requirements. The Company may still choose to apply IFRS immediately, but is not required to do so.\n\nIn subsequent phases, the IASB is addressing impairment of financial assets. The adoption of the first phase of IFRS will have an effect on the classification and measurement of the Company's financial assets, but will not have an impact on the classification measurements of financial liabilities. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact IFRS 9 may have on future financial statements.\n\nIFRIC Interpretation 21 - Levies ('IFRIC 21')\n\nIFRIC 21 clarifies that an entity recognises a liability for a levy when the activity that triggers payment, as identified by the relevant legislation, occurs. IFRIC 21 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2014. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact IFRIC 21 may have on future financial statements.\n\n## Disclosure Controls and Procedures and Internal Controls\n\nThe Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company's Disclosure Controls and Procedures and Internal Controls will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, an evaluation of controls can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, within the company have been detected.\n\n## Disclosure Controls and Procedures\n\nAs of December 31, 2013, the Company's management evaluated the effectiveness of the operation of its disclosure controls and procedures ('Disclosure Controls'), as defined under rules adopted by the Canadian Securities Administrators. This evaluation was performed under the supervision of, and with the participation of, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer.\n\nDisclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in documents filed with securities regulatory authorities is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis, and is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.\n\nBased on the evaluation of Disclosure Controls, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, subject to the inherent limitations noted above, the Company's Disclosure Controls are effective in ensuring that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries is made known to the Company's management on a timely basis by others within those entities, and is included as appropriate in this mD&a.\n\n## Internal Controls over Financial Reportin g", - "page_start": 62, - "page_end": 62, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21918,7 +21918,7 @@ "target_passage": "hat’s why we gave $1.0 million to establish the Chesapeake Energy dormitory for students at the Oklahoma School for Science and Mathematics (OSSM", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 1 + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21928,6 +21928,12 @@ "page_end": 15, "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Did you enjoy reading this book?\n\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\n\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa twitter.com/oxbridgeEdu www.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\n\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer -ing skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised courses to students in South Africa and abroad.\n\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our students' needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic assistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study material in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students to understand.\n\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\n\n## CONTACT NUMBERS:\n\nTel: 021 1100 200 Tel:+2721 883 2454 (international) Fax: 086 111 2121\n\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\n\nWhatsapp: 0605671585 Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\nPostal Address:\n\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section 31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.", + "page_start": 58, + "page_end": 58, + "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" + }, { "text": "We also hire locally whenever possible to help stimulate the local economy, and we provide training when the local work force isn't yet qualified for the jobs we have open. For example, when Chesapeake began operating in the Marcellus Shale of West Virginia and Pennsylvania, finding experienced rig workers was a challenge. To meet that need, Chesapeake's wholly owned subsidiary, Nomac Drilling, built the 40,000-square-foot Eastern Training Center and Housing Facility in Bradford County, near Sayre, Pennsylvania. The campus opened in 2010 and serves as a housing facility and training ground for 266 workers at a time. Nomac and Chesapeake host regular job fairs in the region and the lines of interested candidates often extend out the door.\n\n## Educational Impact\n\nWe are also proud to help prepare tomorrow's leaders today. In 2010 Chesapeake supported universities, schools, academic chairs, scholarships and other educational programs with contributions totaling $5.4 million.\n\nInvesting in programs that promote technology and innovation is a key to our country's success. That's why we gave $1.0 million to establish the Chesapeake Energy dormitory for students at the Oklahoma School for Science and Mathematics (OSSM), a public, tuition-free, residential high school located in Oklahoma City for juniors and seniors with exceptional abilities. The extremely competitive school is helping train the next generation of scientists and mathematicians.\n\nWe also established the Chesapeake Energy Presidential Scholars Program at the Oklahoma City University Meinders School of Business, making a $5.0 million commitment to be distributed over the next five years. The Chesapeake Scholars Program will provide up to $25,000 per year in tuition", "page_start": 25, @@ -21975,12 +21981,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 【 Categories Categories 】\n\n- · Saving energy in-house and in public Saving energy in-house and in public spaces spaces\n- · Offering products and services, and Offering products and services, and supporting reconstruction in the supporting reconstruction in the disaster-hit areas and other contribu disaster-hit areas and other contributions to the community. tions to the community.\n\nThree weeks after the start of the campaign, Three weeks after the start of the campaign, over 3,000 ideas and suggestions had been over 3,000 ideas and suggestions had been\n\nsubmitted by employees submitted by employees from a wide range of depart from a wide range of departments and job grades. Steps ments and job grades. Steps were taken to put into prac were taken to put into practice energy-saving measures tice energy-saving measures that were judged to be that were judged to be potenpotentially effective. tially effective.\n\n## Save Power & the Nation ('SPN'): Practical Measures\n\nIn addition to the many ideas sent in under In addition to the many ideas sent in under the 'SPN' campaign with regard to supporting the 'SPN' campaign with regard to supporting reconstruction in the disaster-hit areas, some reconstruction in the disaster-hit areas, some employees said they wanted to go to the employees said they wanted to go to the Tohoku region to work as volunteers. To Tohoku region to work as volunteers. To support those wishing to do 'what can be support those wishing to do 'what can be done now' as a first step, SMBC set up a done now' as a first step, SMBC set up a framework to enable employees to take framework to enable employees to take special leave for volunteer activities in the special leave for volunteer activities in the earthquake and tsunami area. This system earthquake and tsunami area. This system became operational in May 2011. became operational in May 2011.\n\nTo date, volunteers have been recruited not To date, volunteers have been recruited not only from the bank but also from other SMFG only from the bank but also from other SMFG Group companies. Based on needs identified Group companies. Based on needs identified by local government and volunteer centers by local government and volunteer centers in the areas concerned, SMFG staff have in the areas concerned, SMFG staff have been involved in voluntary activities such been involved in voluntary activities such as clearing mud from residential areas and as clearing mud from residential areas and concrete water runoff troughs alongside concrete water runoff troughs alongside roads, clearing up debris, and cleaning and roads, clearing up debris, and cleaning and restoring photographs and other personal restoring photographs and other personal items with memorabilia value. items with memorabilia value.\n\nIn July 2011, over 400 employees of SMBC In July 2011, over 400 employees of SMBC Nikko Securities - mainly 350 new hires Nikko Securities - mainly 350 new hires were divided into three teams, each of which were divided into three teams, each of which spent one to three weeks on volunteer spent one to three weeks on volunteer\n\n## activities in the disaster zone. activities in the disaster zone.", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21991,8 +21991,8 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "Currently, the proportion of people aged 65 or over in Japan has reached 23.4%*. SMFG will help create frameworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycleframeworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycle planning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a soundplanning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a sound balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives.balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -22026,6 +22026,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEurope\n\n## Donations to charity groups\n\nEmployees of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Europe Employees of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Europe (SMBCE) conducted volunteer activities in their time off. (SMBCE) conducted volunteer activities in their time off. SMBCE contributes to charitable organizations through an SMBCE contributes to charitable organizations through an in-house fund and also uses a matching gifts program under in-house fund and also uses a matching gifts program under\n\nwhich it donates a which it donates a certain amount for certain amount for every donation made every donation made by its employees. by its employees.\n\nEmployee volunteers who participated in landscape improvement projects\n\n\n\nEurope\n\n## Donation for a Japanese-language speech contest\n\nThe European office of the Japan Research Institute (JRI) The European office of the Japan Research Institute (JRI) made a donation in support of a Japanese-language speech made a donation in support of a Japanese-language speech contest. contest.\n\nMozambique\n\n## UNICEF support initiatives\n\nThrough the Climate & Children Supporters project, the bank Through the Climate & Children Supporters project, the bank has supported UNICEF projects in Mozambique benefitting has supported UNICEF projects in Mozambique benefitting\n\nchildren and improving children and improving the water-supply and the water-supply and sanitary environment. sanitary environment.\n\n*Please see this website for further details (in Japanese): www.smbc.co.jp/ccs/\n\nⓒ ⓒ UNICEF Mozambique/Arild Drivdal\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 14, @@ -22049,12 +22055,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There is trust in the strength of Japanese There is trust in the strength of Japanese technology and the humanity of the t e c h n o l o g y a n d t h e h u m a n i t y o f t h e Japanese people. The question is who will Japanese people. The question is who will take the leading role in harnessing these take the leading role in harnessing these assets, in all their aspects? assets, in all their aspects?\n\nMiyata : The group has been : T h e g r o u p h a s b e e n implementing systems such as allowing implementing systems such as allowing employees to take time off for volunteer employees to take time off for volunteer activities, or take care of a family member activities, or take care of a family member while working. while working.\n\nOne more thing, how can you contribute One more thing, how can you contribute by bringing together the power of a by bringing together the power of a comprehensive financial services group comprehensive financial services group and making it work on behalf of the and making it work on behalf of the community? How do you harness that community? How do you harness that power? In that regard, I would like our power? In that regard, I would like our group to be one in which employees group to be one in which employees believe that they have their own distinct believe that they have their own distinct role in such endeavors and through that role in such endeavors and through that find their work rewarding. find their work rewarding.\n\nKunibe : I wish the same for SMBC. I want : I wish the same for SMBC. I want our bank to be a vibrant place where our bank to be a vibrant place where employees work with a light in their eyes. employees work with a light in their eyes. I would be grateful for any guidance in I would be grateful for any guidance in this respect from Mr. Ando and experts this respect from Mr. Ando and experts from other fields. from other fields.\n\nPresiding over the discussion was Presiding over the discussion was Mr. Eiichiro Adachi, Research Chief, Mr. Eiichiro Adachi, Research Chief, The Japan Research Institute, Limited The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n\n## Measures to Support Reconstruction after the March 11 Earthquake and Tsunami\n\nEmployee proposal: 'Save Power & the Nation'\n\n\n\n## Combining the proposals of every employee\n\nThe Great East Japan Earthquake of March The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011 not only devastated the directly hit 2011 not only devastated the directly hit areas of northeastern Japan at the epicenter, areas of northeastern Japan at the epicenter, but also had severe consequences for the but also had severe consequences for the entire Japanese economy, due to loss of entire Japanese economy, due to loss of power generation capacity, disruption of power generation capacity, disruption of manufacturing supply chains and damage to manufacturing supply chains and damage to agriculture and fisheries. The earthquake and agriculture and fisheries. The earthquake and tsunami raised a wide range of issues. tsunami raised a wide range of issues.\n\nUnder the Save Power & the Nation Under the Save Power & the Nation ('SPN'SPN') ) banner, all employees and executives of the banner, all employees and executives of the bank urged each other to rack their brains to bank urged each other to rack their brains to come up with ways of saving energy, a press come up with ways of saving energy, a pressing issue, and of supporting reconstruction ing issue, and of supporting reconstruction in in the disaster-affected areas. Ideas were t h e dis a s ter-af fected areas. Ideas were solicited in the following categories. solicited in the following categories.\n\n## 【 Categories Categories 】", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] },