diff --git "a/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_pagechunker_docling.json" "b/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_pagechunker_docling.json" --- "a/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_pagechunker_docling.json" +++ "b/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_pagechunker_docling.json" @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ [ { "top_k": 10, - "mrr": 0.46355158730158735, - "recall": 0.6566666666666666, - "count_empty_strings": 89 + "mrr": 0.561244708994709, + "recall": 0.8166666666666667, + "count_empty_strings": 91 }, [ { @@ -236,10 +236,16 @@ "target_passage": "At high concentration (about 1 mol l−1), the MSA3 overestimates the free energy", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.\n\n- [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104 (2007).\n- [13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n- [14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n- [15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids (Academic Press, 1986).\n- [16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n- [17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 , 041202 (2002).\n- [18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Editora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n- [19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 , 333 (1984).\n- [20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol. Phys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n- [21] The average contact distance between a symmetric dumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 3: Effective pair potentials derived for MSA3 and BIMSA3. (a) Cation anion (dashed line: without taking the pair into account), (b) pair cation, (c) pair anion, and (d) pair pair. The internal potential of the pair β ˜ V int ( r ) is set equal to βV eff ij ( r ) for distances less than 4 ˚ A.\n\n\n\nrapolating the original potential at the barrier separating pairs from free ions (as shown in Fig. 3). We assume that the interaction potential is averaged over the rotational degrees of freedom of the CIP and thus pairwise additive. Hereafter, the quantities referring to such a three-component model are written with a tilda symbol. The short-range potentials involving the pair can be derived, in the infinite dilution limit, from an average of the contributing ion interactions. In Fourier space,\n\n˜ V SR 3 i ( k ) = w ( k / 2) [ V SR 1 i + V SR 2 i ] ( k ) , i = 1 , 2 (2a)\n\nwhere ˜ w ( r ) is the pair probability distribution\n\n˜ ˜ V SR 33 ( k ) = ˜ w ( k / 2) 2 [ V SR 11 + V SR 22 +2 V SR 12 ] ( k ) (2b)\n\n˜ w ( r ) = K -1 0 e -β ˜ V int ( r ) (2c)\n\n˜ V int ( r ) is the internal part of the pair potential (see Fig. 3), and K 0 is the association constant, defined as:\n\nK 0 = ∫ ∞ 0 d r 4 πr 2 e -β ˜ V int ( r ) = 0 . 43 L . mol -1 (3)\n\nThe excess free-energy density of the original system βf ex v is that of the three component mixture β ˜ f ex v plus a correction term\n\nβf ex v = β ˜ f ex v -˜ ρ 3 ln K 0 , (4)\n\nwhich is due to the change in standard chemical potential between the two component and three component models. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an additional parameter in the minimization scheme, which serves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this representation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since\n\nFIG. 4: (Color online) Excess free-energy density βf ex v as a function of the square root of the concentration √ c . (diamond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dashed) MSA3, (solid) BIMSA3, (dot) DHLL, and (cross) experiments. The inset gives the fraction of pairs (MSA3, BIMSA3) as a function of √ c .\n\n\n\nwe have no additional information, we consider only symmetric dumbbells. Furthermore, since analytic expressions for the RDF within BIMSA are not known, we approximate the dumbbell as a hard sphere when computing the perturbation term (this is not necessary for the reference term, since an expression for the free energy is available). Let ˜ σ c be the diameter of the cation (anion) within the dumbbell, the diameter of the hard sphere representing this dumbbell is taken to be σ 3 = 4 √ 2 π σ c [21].\n\n˜ ˜ Using these two reference systems, the threecomponent MSA3 and BIMSA3, we obtain results in much better agreement with the MC simulations, as shown in Fig. 4. The diameters obtained for species 1, 2, and 3 are 3.65, 4.79, and 5.76 ˚ A for MSA3 and 3.69, 4.75 and 6.19 ˚ A for BIMSA3. The free ion diameters are similar for MSA2, MSA3, and BIMSA3. The pair diameter is smaller when modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3) than when modeled as a dumbbell (BIMSA3). At high concentration (about 1 mol l -1 ), the MSA3 overestimates the free energy, because the excluded volume repulsion becomes too important for the pairs to be represented as hard spheres. The BIMSA3 model is the closest to the MC simulation results. It is worth noting that even at the lowest concentration considered, the fraction of pairs (shown in the insert of Fig. 4), although less then 5%, has a non-negligible effect on the thermodynamics of the system.\n\nThis procedure also provides an accurate description of the structure over the whole range of concentrations. A development similar to the one that leads to Eq. (2) derives the average unpaired RDF from the corresponding paired quantities:\n\nρ i ρ j g ij ( k ) = ˜ ρ 3 ˜ w ( k ) (1 -δ ij ) + ˜ ρ i ˜ ρ j ˜ g ij ( k ) + ˜ ρ 3 ˜ w ( k / 2) [ ˜ ρ i ˜ g 3 i + ˜ ρ j ˜ g 3 j ] ( k ) (5) + ˜ ρ 2 3 [ ˜ w ( k / 2)] 2 ˜ g 33 ( k )", "page_start": 2, @@ -270,6 +276,12 @@ "page_end": 19, "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030 (2009).\n - [8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n - [9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n - [10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n - [11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n - [12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n - [13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].\n - [14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n - [15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n - [16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n - [17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n - [18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n - [19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n - [20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n - [21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n - [22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n - [23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n - [24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n - [25] Z. Ahmed et al. [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].\n - [26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" + }, { "text": "Rather than using the original CMIP5 ensemble as in previous studies, the aim is to allow for an improved representation of atmospheric and land surface processes including extremes by using higher spatial resolution [11].\n\nHadGEM3 (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3) is a configuration of the UK Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) which has been developed for use for both climate research and weather prediction applications. It is the result of converging the development of the Met Office's weather and climate global atmospheric model components so that, where possible, atmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and timescales.\n\nThe high-resolution simulations were performed using the HadGEM3A Global Atmosphere (GA) 3.0 model [12-14] at a resolution of N216 (0.556° of latitude by 0.833° of longitude with gridboxes of approx. 60 km length in mid-latitudes). This is the atmospheric component of the HadGEM3-GC2 coupled climate model [15,16], which is part of the HadGEM3 family of climate models [12]. This represents the third generation of HadGEM configurations, leading on from the HadGEM2 family of climate model configurations [13] which was used for CMIP5. Key improvements over the previous model, HadGEM2, include increased vertical levels in the atmosphere (85 compared to 38) and substantial changes to the model dynamics (ENDGame) [17]. This version of the HadGEM3 model lies in the transition from CMIP5 to CMIP6 versions. The Met Office is currently operationally running the coupled HadGEM3-GC2 model at N216 resolution for seasonal and decadal forecasting and clear benefits are emerging from this use at higher resolution [18,19].\n\nWe ran the model using only its atmosphere and land components, with time-varying seasurface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-ice concentrations (SICs) prescribed as input quantities. This approach was taken for two reasons: (i) to provide a rapid first analysis of the implications of the higher resolution for projections of climate extremes and impacts-an atmosphereonly simulation requires considerably less computing time than a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM); (ii) to allow us to explore, to some degree, uncertainties in regional climate changes by using SSTs and SICs from different climate models. To explore these uncertainties in the regional impacts of climate change, we carried out six HadGEM3 atmospheric simulations driven by time-varying SSTs and SICs from a subset of projections from the CMIP5 with the RCP8.5 scenario. The assumption here is that SSTs and SICs provide a substantial influence on regional patterns of climate change over land, so using a range of SST and SIC patterns in a single atmosphere model goes some way towards representing the range of regional climate changes that would arise in a set of different coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs. This approach will not capture the full range of uncertainty affecting regional climate changes over land, because it still relies on one atmosphere model and one land surface scheme, so responses to radiative forcing that depend mainly on atmospheric process or land-atmosphere interactions will still be constrained by the behaviour of that single model. Nevertheless, we consider that our experimental design avoids the reliance on one single realization of climate and hence allows some of the uncertainties in regional climate-change impacts to be illustrated and explored.\n\nThe SSTs and SICs were taken from a subset of the CMIP5 transient projections performed with the RCP8.5 scenario from 1979 to 2100-the CMIP5 members were selected as representative of a range of outcomes for future climate change, including high and low climate sensitivity, different biases in baseline precipitation climatology, and different global patterns of precipitation change. Specific levels of global warming such as 1.5°C or 2°C were defined on the basis of the global mean temperature in the original CMIP5 projections. The time of reaching a specific level of global warming, therefore, varied between ensemble members. The CMIP5 SSTs were not bias-corrected, which means that the results here may be sensitive to systematic errors arising from biases in the present-day SST patterns.\n\nAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed from the standard RCP8.5 concentration scenario. Aerosol concentrations were calculated within the model, with aerosol emissions prescribed again from the standard RCP8.5 scenario. This means that the greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations, and hence radiative forcing, were the same in all ensemble", "page_start": 3, @@ -287,18 +299,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 2: Distribution functions in four cases (a) BCSI model, where one can see that for ε > 0, SC > NS implying KE increases in the SCS. (b) The original MFLI model of Ref. 30, where for ε > 0, SC < NS, implying KE decreases in the SCS. (c) Our version of MFLI model (see text) and (d) the CB model. In both cases, SC > NS, implying KE increases in the SCS. Observe that in the impurity-free CB model there is no jump in n ( /epsilon1 ) indicating lack of fermionic coherence. This is consistent with ARPES 39\n\n\n\n## A. The BCS case\n\nIn BCS theory the quantity Z ( ω ) is given by\n\nand\n\nZ BCSI ( ω ) = 1 + Γ √ ∆ 2 -( ω + iδ ) 2 (11)\n\nΣ BCSI ( ω ) = ω ( Z ( ω ) -1) = i Γ ω √ ( ω + iδ ) 2 -∆ 2 (12)\n\nThis is consistent with having in the NS, Σ = i Γ in accordance with Eq 6. In the SCS, Σ( ω ) is purely imaginary for ω > ∆ and purely real for ω < ∆. The self-energy has a square-root singularity at ω = ∆.\n\nIt is worth noting that Eq.12 is derived from the integration over infinite band. If one uses Eq.6 for finite band, Eq.12 acquires an additional frequency dependence at large frequencies of the order of bandwidth (the low frequency structure still remains the same as in Eq.12). In principle, in a fully self-consistent analysis, one should indeed evaluate the self-energy using a finite bandwidth. In practice, however, the self-energy at frequencies of order bandwidth is generally much smaller than ω and contribute very little to optical conductivity which predominantly comes from frequencies where the self-energy is comparable or even larger than ω . Keeping this in mind, below we will continue with the form of self-energy derived form infinite band. We use the same argument for all four models for the self-energy.\n\nFor completeness, we first present some well known results about the conductivity and optical integral for a\n\nconstant DOS and then extend the discussion to the case where the same calculations are done in the presence of a particular lattice dispersion.\n\nFIG. 3: The BCSI case with a dispersion linearized around the Fermi surface. Evolution of the difference of optical integrals in the SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c Observe that the zero crossing point increases with impurity scattering rate Γ and also the 'dip' spreads out with increasing Γ. ∆ = 30 meV\n\n\n\nFor a constant DOS, ∆ W ( ω c ) = W SC ( ω c ) -W NS ( ω c ) is zero at ω c = ∞ and Kubo sum rule reduces to FGT sum rule. In Fig. 3 we plot for this case ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of the cutoff ω c for different Γ ' s . The plot shows the two well known features: zero-crossing point is below 2∆ in the clean limit Γ << ∆ and is roughly 2Γ in the dirty limit 21,40 The magnitude of the 'dip' decreases quite rapidly with increasing Γ. Still, there is always a point of zero crossing and ∆ W ( ω c ) at large ω c approaches zero from below.\n\nWe now perform the same calculations in the presence of lattice dispersion. The results are summarized in Figs 4,5, and 6.\n\nFig 4 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) in the NS and the SCS and Kubo sums W K plotted against impurity scattering Γ. We see that the optical integral in the NS is always greater than in the SCS. The negative sign of ∆ W K is simply the consequence of the fact that n k is larger in the NS for /epsilon1 k < 0 and smaller for /epsilon1 k < 0, and ∇ 2 ε /vector k closely follows -ε /vector k for our choice of dispersion 38 ), Hence n k is larger in the NS for ∇ 2 ε /vector k > 0 and smaller for ∇ 2 ε /vector k < 0 and the Kubo sum rule, which is the integral of the product of n k and ∇ 2 ε /vector k (Eq. 3), is larger in the normal state.\n\nWe also see from Fig. 4 that ∆ W K decreases with Γ reflecting the fact that with too much impurity scattering there is little difference in n k between NS and SCS.\n\nFig 5 shows the optical sum in NS and SCS in clean and dirty limits (the parameters are stated in the figure). This plot shows that the Kubo sums are almost completely recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth of 1 eV : the recovery is 95% in the clean limit and ∼ 90% in the dirty limit. In Fig 6 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of ω c in clean and dirty limits. ∆ W ( ∞ ) is now non-zero, in agreement with Fig. 4 and we also see that there is", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Article\n\n\n\n## Extended Data Fig. 9 | Ancestry models of Viking Age individuals in\n\nScandinavia. a , MDS of each Scandinavian Viking group plotted on top of preceding Iron age and Roman individuals. b , All accepted qpAdm models using Twigstats-1000 for every Scandinavian Viking individual in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, computed in a rotational qpAdm with source groups identical to Fig. 4. We only retain models with feasible admixture proportions, standard errors of <0.25, and show models with 1 source and a p-value greater than 0.01\n\nor otherwise with 2 sources and a p-value greater than 0.01. If several models satisfy p > 0.05, we show all such models, otherwise we select the model with the largest p-value. The -log10 p-values are shown to the left of each model. We combine models involving related sources, if they exist, by averaging their respective admixture proportions, standard errors, and p-values. We plot one standard error.", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -383,8 +383,8 @@ "target_page": 19, "target_passage": "For the purposes of this regulation, “authorised person” means— (a) a constable; (b) for the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) only, an immigration officer; or (c) a person designated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this regulation.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -548,6 +548,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Weisberg, Josh. \"The hard problem of consciousness\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard\\_problem\\_of\\_consciousness&oldid=1261818884\"", + "page_start": 27, + "page_end": 27, + "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" + }, { "text": "The philosophers Glenn Carruthers and Elizabeth Schier said in 2012 that the main arguments for the existence of a hard problem-philosophical zombies, Mary's room, and Nagel's bats-are only persuasive if one already assumes that \"consciousness must be independent of the structure and function of mental states, i.e. that there is a hard problem.\" Hence, the arguments beg the question. The authors suggest that \"instead of letting our conclusions on the thought experiments guide our theories of consciousness, we should let our theories of consciousness guide our conclusions from the thought experiments.\" [64]\n\nThe philosopher Massimo Pigliucci argued in 2013 that the hard problem is misguided, resulting from a \"category mistake\". [17] He said: \"Of course an explanation isn't the same as an experience, but that's because the two are completely independent categories, like colors and triangles. It is obvious that I cannot experience what it is like to be you, but I can potentially have a complete explanation of how and why it is possible to be you.\" [17]\n\nIn 2017, the philosopher Marco Stango, in a paper on John Dewey's approach to the problem of consciousness (which preceded Chalmers' formulation of the hard problem by over half a century), noted that Dewey's approach would see the hard problem as the consequence of an unjustified assumption that feelings and functional behaviors are not the same physical process: \"For the Deweyan philosopher, the 'hard problem' of consciousness is a 'conceptual fact' only in the sense that it is a philosophical mistake : the mistake of failing to see that the physical can be had as an episode of immediate sentiency.\" [65]\n\nThe philosopher Thomas Metzinger likens the hard problem of consciousness to vitalism, a formerly widespread view in biology which was not so much solved as abandoned. [66] Brian Jonathan Garrett has also argued that the hard problem suffers from flaws analogous to those of vitalism. [67]\n\nThe philosopher Peter Hacker argues that the hard problem is misguided in that it asks how consciousness can emerge from matter, whereas in fact sentience emerges from the evolution of living organisms. [68] He states: \"The hard problem isn't a hard problem at all. The really hard problems are the problems the scientists are dealing with. [...] The philosophical problem, like all philosophical problems, is a confusion in the conceptual scheme.\" [68] Hacker's critique extends beyond Chalmers and the hard problem, being directed against contemporary philosophy of mind and neuroscience more broadly. Along with the neuroscientist Max Bennett, he has argued that most of contemporary neuroscience remains implicitly dualistic in its conceptualizations and is predicated on the mereological fallacy of ascribing psychological concepts to the brain that can properly be ascribed only to the person as a whole. [69] Hacker further states that \"consciousness studies\", as it exists today, is \"literally a total waste of time\" and that \"the conception of consciousness which they have is incoherent\". [68]\n\n## Eliminative materialism / Illusionism\n\nEliminative materialism or eliminativism is the view that many or all of the mental states used in folk psychology (i.e., common-sense ways of discussing the mind) do not, upon scientific examination, correspond to real brain mechanisms. [59] According the 2020 PhilPapers survey, 4.51% of philosophers surveyed subscribe to eliminativism. [25]\n\nWhile Patricia Churchland and Paul Churchland have famously applied eliminative materialism to propositional attitudes, philosophers including Daniel Dennett, Georges Rey, and Keith Frankish have applied it to qualia or phenomenal consciousness (i.e., conscious experience). [59] On their view, it is mistaken not only to believe there is a hard problem of consciousness, but to believe phenomenal consciousness exists at all. [19][61]", "page_start": 7, @@ -589,12 +595,6 @@ "page_start": 18, "page_end": 18, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "David Chalmers calls this form of idealism one of \"the handful of promising approaches to the mindbody problem.\" [127]\n\n## New mysterianism\n\nNew mysterianism, most significantly associated with the philosopher Colin McGinn, proposes that the human mind, in its current form, will not be able to explain consciousness. [128][11] McGinn draws on Noam Chomsky's distinction between problems, which are in principle solvable, and mysteries, which human cognitive faculties are unequipped to ever understand, and places the mind-body problem in the latter category. [128] His position is that a naturalistic explanation does exist but that the human mind is cognitively closed to it due to its limited range of intellectual abilities. [128] He cites Jerry Fodor's concept of the modularity of mind in support of cognitive closure. [128]\n\nWhile in McGinn's strong form, new mysterianism states that the relationship between consciousness and the material world can never be understood by the human mind, there are also weaker forms that argue it cannot be understood within existing paradigms but that advances in science or philosophy may open the way to other solutions (see above). [43] The ideas of Thomas Nagel and Joseph Levine fall into the second category. [43] Steven Pinker has also endorsed this weaker version of the view, summarizing it as follows: [9]\n\nAnd then there is the theory put forward by philosopher Colin McGinn that our vertigo when pondering the Hard Problem is itself a quirk of our brains. The brain is a product of evolution, and just as animal brains have their limitations, we have ours. Our brains can't hold a hundred numbers in memory, can't visualize seven-dimensional space and perhaps can't intuitively grasp why neural information processing observed from the outside should give rise to subjective experience on the inside. This is where I place my bet, though I admit that the theory could be demolished when an unborn genius-a Darwin or Einstein of consciousness-comes up with a flabbergasting new idea that suddenly makes it all clear to us.\n\n## Commentary on the problem's explanatory targets\n\nPhilosopher Raamy Majeed argued in 2016 that the hard problem is associated with two \"explanatory targets\": [54]\n\n - 1. [PQ] Physical processing gives rise to experiences with a phenomenal character.\n - 2. [Q] Our phenomenal qualities are thus-and-so.\n\nThe first fact concerns the relationship between the physical and the phenomenal (i.e., how and why are some physical states felt states), whereas the second concerns the very nature of the phenomenal itself (i.e., what does the felt state feel like?).\n\nWolfgang Fasching argues that the hard problem is not about qualia, but about the what-it-is-like-ness of experience in Nagel's sense-about the givenness of phenomenal contents:", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -640,6 +640,12 @@ "page_end": 14, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Weisberg, Josh. \"The hard problem of consciousness\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard\\_problem\\_of\\_consciousness&oldid=1261818884\"", + "page_start": 27, + "page_end": 27, + "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 34. Chalmers, David (2020). \"Is the hard problem of consciousness universal?\" (http://consc.ne t/papers/universal.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 27 (5-6): 227-257. Retrieved 22 February 2022.\n - 35. Locke, John (1722). The works of John Locke: in three volumes . Vol. 1. London: Printed for A. Churchill, and A. Manship, and sold by W. Taylor in Pater-noster-Row. p. 293 (https://book s.google.com/books?id=0BfmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA293).\n - 36. Leibniz, Monadology, 17, as quoted by Aranyosi, Istvan (2004). \"Chalmers's zombie arguments\" (http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/Istvan\\_Aranyosi/Chapter%20IV.pdf) (PDF) (draft ed.). Central European University Personal Pages.\n - 37. Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic (1843), Book V, Chapter V, section 3\n - 38. Huxley, Thomas Henry; Youmans, William Jay (1868). The elements of physiology and hygiene: a text-book for educational institutions . New York: D. Appleton and company. p. 178 (https://books.google.com/books?id=aVUAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA178).\n - 39. Arnold, Dan (2021). \"Philosophy of Mind's \"Hard Problem\" in Light of Buddhist Idealism\". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). Philosophy's Big Questions: Comparing Buddhist and Western Approaches . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 97-128. ISBN 978-0231174879.\n - 40. Bryan Van Norden, Buddhism Comes to China (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1xv3H mUddY), 17 March 2021, retrieved 2021-12-29\n - 41. Tiwald, Justin; Van Norden, Bryan W. eds. (2005), Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy, p. 101. Hackett Publishing.\n - 42. Levine, J. 1983. 'Materialism and qualia: the explanatory gap'. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly , 64: 354-361.\n - 43. Weisberg, Josh. \"The Hard Problem of Consciousness\" (https://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n - 44. Seager, William. \"Are Zombies Logically Possible?\" (https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~seager/z ombie.html). www.utsc.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 45. Kaszniak, Alfred W.; Scott, Andrew C. (2007). \"Zombie Killer\". Association of Scientific Studies of Consciousness . S2CID 14891432 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148 91432).\n - 46. Polger, Tom. \"Zombies: Entry\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155145/http://host.unir oma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm). host.uniroma3.it . Archived from the original (https:// host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm) on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 47. Kirk, Robert (2019), \"Zombies\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/zombie s/), in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-09-03\n - 48. David Chalmers (1996) The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory , pp. 15356. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-511789-1 (Pbk.)\n - 49. Dennett, Daniel (1999), \"The Zombie Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition?\" (https://www.nyu.ed u/gsas/dept/philo/courses/consciousness/papers/DD-zombie.html), Royal Institute of Philosophy Millennial Lecture\n - 50. Martine Nida-Rümelin; Donnchadh O Conaill (2019). \"Qualia: The Knowledge Argument\" (htt ps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qualia-knowledge/). In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 51. Bourget, David; Chalmers, David J. (2014). \"What Do Philosophers Believe?\" (https://philpa pers.org/rec/BOUWDP). Philosophical Studies . 170 (3): 465-500. doi:10.1007/s11098-0130259-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-013-0259-7). S2CID 254936498 (https://api.sem anticscholar.org/CorpusID:254936498).", "page_start": 20, @@ -663,12 +669,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 118. Strawson, Galen (2006). \"Realistic monism: Why physicalism entails panpsychism\" (http://w ww.newdualism.org/papers/G.Strawson/strawson\\_on\\_panpsychism.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 13 (10/11): 3-31. Retrieved 15 September 2018.\n - 119. Goff, Philip (2017). \"The Case for Panpsychism\" (https://philosophynow.org/issues/121/The\\_ Case\\_For\\_Panpsychism). Philosophy Now . Retrieved 3 October 2018.\n - 120. Kastrup, Bernardo (2018). \"The Universe in Consciousness\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/KAS TUI). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 25 (5-6): 125-155.\n - 121. Shani, Itay; Keppler, Joachim (2018). \"Beyond combination: how cosmic consciousness grounds ordinary experience\" (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fapa.2018.30). Journal of the American Philosophical Association . 4 (3): 390-410. doi:10.1017/apa.2018.30 (https://doi.or g/10.1017%2Fapa.2018.30). S2CID 125246376 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1 25246376).\n - 122. Shani, Itay (2015). \"Cosmopsychism: A holistic approach to the metaphysics of experience\". Philosophical Papers . 44 (3): 389-437. doi:10.1080/05568641.2015.1106709 (https://doi.or g/10.1080%2F05568641.2015.1106709). S2CID 146624784 (https://api.semanticscholar.or g/CorpusID:146624784).\n - 123. Albahari, Miri (2019). \"Perennial Idealism: A Mystical Solution to the Mind-Body Problem\". Philosophers' Imprint . 19 (44): 1-37. S2CID 211538796 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Cor pusID:211538796).\n - 124. Kastrup, Bernardo (2018). \"Conflating abstraction with empirical observation: The false mind-matter dichotomy\". Constructivist Foundations . 13 (3).\n - 125. Kastrup, Bernardo (2019). Analytic Idealism: A consciousness-only ontology (https://philarch ive.org/rec/KASAIA-3) (PhD Thesis). Radboud University Nijmegen.\n - 126. Hoffman, Donald D. (2008). \"Conscious Realism and the Mind-Body Problem\". Mind and Matter . 6 (1): 87-121. S2CID 3175512 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3175512).\n - 127. Chalmers, David J. (2020). \"Idealism and the Mind-Body Problem\" (http://consc.net/papers/i dealism.pdf) (PDF). In Seager, William (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism . Routledge. ISBN 978-1138817135. Retrieved 2 December 2019. \"Overall, I think cosmic idealism is the most promising version of idealism, and is about as promising as any version of panpsychism. It should be on the list of the handful of promising approaches to the mindbody problem.\"\n - 128. McGinn, Colin (1989). \"Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?\". Mind . 98 (391): 349-366. doi:10.1093/mind/XCVIII.391.349 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FXCVIII.391.349). JSTOR 2254848 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2254848).\n - 129. Fasching, W. Prakāśa. \"A few reflections on the Advaitic understanding of consciousness as presence and its relevance for philosophy of mind.\" Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-020-09690-2\n - 130. Dennett, Daniel (2014). \"The Hard Problem\" (https://www.edge.org/response-detail/25289). Edge.org . Retrieved 11 April 2019.\n - 131. Koch, Christof; Massimini, Marcello; Boly, Melanie; Tononi, Giulio (April 2016). \"Neural correlates of consciousness: Progress and problems\" (https://www.researchgate.net/publicat ion/301567963). Nature Reviews Neuroscience . 17 (5): 307-321. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.22 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn.2016.22). PMID 27094080 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 27094080). S2CID 5395332 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5395332). Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n - 132. Chalmers, David (1998). \"On the Search for the Neural Correlate of Consciousness\" (http://c onsc.net/papers/ncc.pdf) (PDF). In Hameroff, Stuart; Kaszniak, Alfred; Scott, Alwyn (eds.). Toward a Science of Consciousness II . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262082624. Retrieved 17 April 2018.\n - 133. Kandel Eric R. (2007). In search of memory: The emergence of a new science of mind (http s://books.google.com/books?id=PFnRwWXzypgC). W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 380-382. ISBN 978-0393329377.", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -753,8 +753,8 @@ "target_page": 5, "target_passage": "The observed behaviour in region iii) can be reason- ably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con- tribution to the total energy of the system coming from the competitive interactions among NNN planes as the film thickness decreases", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -794,6 +794,12 @@ "page_end": 22, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures around T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\n\n\n\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert that, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by decreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, for thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\n\n- 1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Scientific, 2004).\n- 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998).\n- 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003).\n- 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008).\n- 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein.\n- 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (London) 6 , 13 (2007).\n- 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009)\n- 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007).\n- 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204 (2001).\n- 10 P. J. Jensen, and A. R. Mackintosh, Rere Earth Magnetism (Structure and Excitations) , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1991).\n- 11 S. Konings, C. Schuessler-Langeheine, H. Ott, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, J. B. Goedkoop, arXiv 0707.2765v2\n- 12 P.J. Jensen, and K.H. Bennemann, Surface Science Reports 61 , 129 (2006).\n- 13 E. Weschke, et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 157204 (2004).\n- 14 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 78 , 020402(R) (2008).\n- 15 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 79 ,\n\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the intermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\n\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order of the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respectively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thickness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant, i.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of this Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8) (Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both temperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so that we have no direct indication for a first order transition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison and Diep 17,18 , the presence of a first-order transition at T N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal itself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger than the largest correlation length. The same conclusion about the order of transition is reached for any other investigated film thickness, as the energy probability distribution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings agree with the results we got in previous MC simulations discussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the order of the observed transitions is not affected by the range of interactions.\n\n134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394 (1987).\n- 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).\n- 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999).\n- 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979).\n- 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York (1995).\n- 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + }, { "text": "- [97] U. Thiele, M. G. Velarde, K. Neuffer, and Y. Pomeau, 'Film rupture in the diffuse interface model coupled to hydrodynamics,' Phys. Rev. E 64 , 031602 (2001).\n - [98] J. Heier, J. Groenewold, F. A. Castro, F. Nueesch, and R. Hany, 'Enlarged bilayer interfaces from liquid-liquid dewetting for photovoltaic applications,' P Soc Photo-Opt Instrum Eng 6999 , J9991J9991 (2008).\n - [99] M. D. Haw, M. Gillie, and W. C. K. Poon, 'Effects of phase behavior on the drying of colloidal suspensions,' Langmuir 18 , 1626-1633 (2002).\n - [100] L. V. Govor, J. Parisi, G. H. Bauer, and G. Reiter, 'Instability and droplet formation in evaporating thin films of a binary solution,' Phys. 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Plapp, W. Dieterich, and P. Maass, 'Description of far-from-equilibrium processes by mean-field lattice gas models,' Adv. Phys. 52 , 523-638 (2003).\n - [79] U. M. B. Marconi and P. Tarazona, 'Dynamic density functional theory of fluids,' J. Chem. Phys. 110 , 8032-8044 (1999).\n - [80] U. M. B. Marconi and P. Tarazona, 'Dynamic density functional theory of fluids,' J. Phys.-Condes. Matter 12 , A413-A418 (2000).", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -856,6 +856,12 @@ "page_end": 313, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures around T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\n\n\n\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert that, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by decreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, for thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\n\n- 1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Scientific, 2004).\n- 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998).\n- 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003).\n- 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008).\n- 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein.\n- 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (London) 6 , 13 (2007).\n- 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009)\n- 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007).\n- 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204 (2001).\n- 10 P. J. Jensen, and A. R. Mackintosh, Rere Earth Magnetism (Structure and Excitations) , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1991).\n- 11 S. Konings, C. Schuessler-Langeheine, H. Ott, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, J. B. Goedkoop, arXiv 0707.2765v2\n- 12 P.J. Jensen, and K.H. Bennemann, Surface Science Reports 61 , 129 (2006).\n- 13 E. Weschke, et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 157204 (2004).\n- 14 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 78 , 020402(R) (2008).\n- 15 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 79 ,\n\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the intermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\n\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order of the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respectively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thickness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant, i.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of this Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8) (Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both temperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so that we have no direct indication for a first order transition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison and Diep 17,18 , the presence of a first-order transition at T N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal itself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger than the largest correlation length. The same conclusion about the order of transition is reached for any other investigated film thickness, as the energy probability distribution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings agree with the results we got in previous MC simulations discussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the order of the observed transitions is not affected by the range of interactions.\n\n134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394 (1987).\n- 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).\n- 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999).\n- 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979).\n- 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York (1995).\n- 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + }, { "text": "samples 15 , the projected Mn 3 d magnetic moments are obtained as -1.4 µ B and +0.8 µ B per ion at remanence and 1000 Oe, respectively.\n\nThe difference between these values can be understood as being due to an interface layer which is strongly antiferromagnetically coupled to the Fe layer. At zero field, both the interfacial and bulk Mn are aligned antiparallel to the Fe layer. At high fields, the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As layer away from the interface is re-oriented into the external field direction. However, the interfacial Mn remains antiparallel to the Fe layer and thus partially compensates the XMCD signal from the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As. From the size of the remanent and 1000 Oe magnetic moments, it can be estimated that around 25-30% of the TEY XMCD signal can be ascribed to the interfacial Mn which is strongly coupled to the Fe moments.\n\nThe interfacial Mn moments are ascribed to the proximity polarization of the (Ga,Mn)As interface by the Fe layer, such as was shown previously by XMCD as well as ab initio theory 7 . Evidence for this can be observed from measurement of the Mn L 2 , 3 XMCD signal at temperatures above the (Ga,Mn)As T C . Similar to the previous study 7 , we observe a small but not negligible signal at room temperature (Fig. 3), with opposite sign to the Fe L 2 , 3 XMCD. Its spectral shape is characteristic of a localized electronic configuration close to d 5 , similar to bulk (Ga,Mn)As 7,9,15 but in contrast to Mn in more metallic environments such as Mn x Fe 1 -x 7 or MnAs 16 . A slight broadening is observed on the low energy side of the Mn L 3 peak, which may be due to the different screening induced by proximity to the Fe layer. Since the measured intensity is attenuated with distance z from the surface as I = I 0 exp( -z/λ TEY ), the thickness of the strongly coupled interface layer is estimated to be ∼ 0.7 nm or 2-3\n\n- 2 J.-H. Chung, S. J. Chung, S. Lee, B. J. Kirby, J. A. Borchers, Y. J. Cho, X. Liu, and J. K. Furdyna, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 237202 (2008).\n- 3 M. Wang, R. P. Campion, A. W. Rushforth, K. W. Edmonds, C. T. Foxon, and R. P. Campion, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 , 132103 (2008).\n- 4 M. Zhu, M. J. Wilson, B. L. Sheu, P. Mitra, P. Schiffer, and N. Samarth, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 , 192503 (2007); M. Zhu, M. J. Wilson, P. Mitra, P. Schiffer, and N. Samarth, Phys. Rev. B 78 , 195307 (2008).\n- 5 S. Mark, C. Gould, K. Pappert, J. Wenisch, K. Brunner, G. Schmidt, and L. W. Molenkamp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 , 017204 (2009).\n- 6 G. Wastlbauer and J.A.C. Bland, Adv. Phys. 54 , 137 (2005).\n- 7 F. Maccherozzi, M. Sperl, G. Panaccione, J. Minar, S.\n\nmonolayers, assuming a uniform distribution of Mn ions and magnetic moments throughout the (Ga,Mn)As film. This is around a factor of three thinner than in Ref. 7 , which could be due to the lower Mn concentration or the different preparation method of the present samples.\n\nIn summary, we have demonstrated antiferromagnetic coupling between Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers in bilayer structures. A markedly different coupling is observed for the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As layer and for Mn moments in the near-interface region. A thickness-dependent exchange bias field is observed to affect the whole of the bulk (Ga,Mn)As layer, which aligns antiparallel to the Fe layer at low fields, and switches to parallel when the external field is large enough to overcome the bias field and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy fields. In contrast, the interfacial Mn moments remain aligned antiparallel to the Fe layer even at 20 kOe, the largest field studied, and are polarized at temperatures well above the T C of the bulk (Ga,Mn)As layer. The latter observation confirms the recently reported result of Ref. 7, in which the Fe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayers were produced by a different method but showed qualitatively similar behavior of the interfacial moments. Our results shed new light on the magnetic coupling in Fe/(Ga,Mn)As hybrid layers which are of potential interest for room temperature spintronics, and also offer a means of controlling the spin orientation in a FM semiconductor.\n\nWe acknowledge support from EU grants SemiSpinNet-215368 and NAMASTE-214499, and STFC studentship grant CMPC07100. The Advanced Light Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We thank Leigh Shelford for help during the Diamond beamtime.\n\n- Polesya, H. Ebert, U. Wurstbauer, M. Hochstrasser, G. Rossi, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider, and C. H. Back, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 267201 (2008).\n- 8 R. P. Campion, K. W. Edmonds, L. X. Zhao, K. Y. Wang, C. T. Foxon, B. L. Gallagher, and C. R. Staddon, J. Crystal Growth 247 , 42 (2003).\n- 9 F. Maccherozzi, G. Panaccione, G. Rossi, M. Hochstrasser, M. Sperl, M. Reinwald, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider, and C. H. Back, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 104421 (2006).\n- 10 Ch. Binek, S. Polisetty, X. He and A. Berger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 067201 (2006).\n- 11 C. Won, Y.Z. Wu, E. Arenholz, J. Choi, J. Wu, and Z. Q. Qiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 077203 (2007).\n- 12 J. Nogues and I. K. Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 192 , 203 (1999).\n- 13 K. F. Eid, M. B. Stone, K. C. Ku, O. Maksimov, P. Schiffer, N. Samarth, T. C. Shih and C. J. Palmstrom, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 , 1556 (2004).\n- 14 B. T. Thole, P. Carra, F. Sette, and G. van der Laan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 , 1943 (1992); P. Carra, B. T. Thole, M. Altarelli, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 , 694 (1993).\n- 15 T. Jungwirth, J. Masek, K. Y. Wang, K. W. Edmonds,", "page_start": 2, @@ -885,12 +891,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 7.8. Generation of Lift (sheet 2 of 2)\n\n", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -948,6 +948,12 @@ "page_end": 19, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures around T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\n\n\n\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert that, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by decreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, for thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\n\n- 1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Scientific, 2004).\n- 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998).\n- 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003).\n- 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008).\n- 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein.\n- 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (London) 6 , 13 (2007).\n- 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009)\n- 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007).\n- 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204 (2001).\n- 10 P. J. Jensen, and A. R. Mackintosh, Rere Earth Magnetism (Structure and Excitations) , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1991).\n- 11 S. Konings, C. Schuessler-Langeheine, H. Ott, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, J. B. Goedkoop, arXiv 0707.2765v2\n- 12 P.J. Jensen, and K.H. Bennemann, Surface Science Reports 61 , 129 (2006).\n- 13 E. Weschke, et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 157204 (2004).\n- 14 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 78 , 020402(R) (2008).\n- 15 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 79 ,\n\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the intermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\n\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order of the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respectively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thickness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant, i.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of this Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8) (Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both temperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so that we have no direct indication for a first order transition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison and Diep 17,18 , the presence of a first-order transition at T N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal itself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger than the largest correlation length. The same conclusion about the order of transition is reached for any other investigated film thickness, as the energy probability distribution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings agree with the results we got in previous MC simulations discussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the order of the observed transitions is not affected by the range of interactions.\n\n134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. 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Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 1. (color) Main figure: Major (red/black) and minor (green) hysteresis loops along the [110] axis at 5 K, for a Fe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film, and the hysteresis loop for a control (Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film along the same axis (blue). Left inset: Magnetization versus temperature for the Fe/(Ga,Mn)As film at remanence (black) and under a 500 Oe applied field (red). Right inset: Exchange bias field versus thickness d of the (Ga,Mn)As film (points) and fit showing 1/ d dependence (dashed line).\n\n\n\n/s32\n\n - M. Sawicki, M. Polini, J. Sinova, A. H. MacDonald, R. P. Campion, L. X. Zhao, N. R. S. Farley, T. K. Johal, G. van der Laan, C. T. Foxon, and B. L. 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Jacobsen, 'Benchmark density functional theory calculations for nanoscale conductance', J. Chem. Phys. 128 (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2839275.\n- [25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordej'on, and D. S'anchez-Portal, 'The SIESTA method for ab initio ordern materials simulation', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 1: Structural schematics and formation energy for a 3d transition metal occupied monovacancy (black), divacancy I (gray), or divacancy II (white) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Formation energies of the empty vacancies are indicated by dashed lines.\n\n\n\nis the total energy of the pristine nanotube with a physisorbed transition metal atom. We have considered the monovacancy and two divacancies shown in Fig. 1. The energy required to form an empty vacancy is obtained from\n\nE form [ VC ] = E [ VC ] + nE [ C ] -E [ NT ] , (2)\n\nwhere E [VC] is the total energy of the nanotube with a vacancy of n atoms.\n\nThe calculated formation energies for the 3d transition metals are shown in Fig. 1. From the horizontal lines we see that both divacancies are more stable than the monovacancy. This may be attributed to the presence of a two-fold coordinated C atom in the monovacancy, while all C atoms remain three-fold coordinated in the divacancies. When a transition metal atom occupies a vacancy, the strongest bonding to the C atoms is through its d orbitals [26]. For this reason, Cu and Zn, which both have filled d-bands, are rather unstable in the CNT. For the remaining metals, adsorption in the monovacancies leads to quite stable structures. This is because the three-fold coordination of the C atoms and the CNT's hexagonal structure are recovered when the metal atom is inserted. On the other hand, metal adsorption in divacancies is slightly less stable because of the resulting pentagon defects, see upper panel in Fig. 1. A similar behaviour has been reported by Krasheninnikov et al. for transition metal atoms in graphene [21].\n\nThe adsorption energies for N2, O2, H2O, CO, NH3, and H2S on the metallic site of the doped (6,6) CNTs are shown in Fig. 2(a). The adsorption energy of a molecule X is defined by\n\nE ads [ X @M@VC ] = E [ X @M@VC ] -E [ X ] -E [ M@VC ] , (3)\n\nFIG. 2: Calculated (a) adsorption energy E ads in eV and (b) change in conductance ∆ G in units of G 0 = 2 e 2 /h for N2, O2, H2O, CO, NH3, and H2S on 3d transition metals occupying a monovacancy (top), divacancy I (middle), and divacancy II (bottom) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube.\n\nwhere E [ X @M@VC] is the total energy of molecule X on a transition metal atom occupying a vacancy, and E [ X ] is the gas phase energy of the molecule.\n\nFrom the adsorption energies plotted in Fig. 2(a), we see that the earlier transition metals tend to bind the adsorbates stronger than the late transition metals. The latest metals in the series (Cu and Zn) bind adsorbates rather weakly in the divacancy structures. We also note that O2 binds significantly stronger than any of the three target molecules on Ti, V, Cr, and Mn (except for Cr in divacancy I where H2S is found to dissociate). Active sites containing these metals are therefore expected to be completely passivated if oxygen is present in the background. Further, we find H2O is rather weakly bound to most of the active sites. This ensures that these types of sensors are robust against changes in humidity.\n\nIn thermodynamic equilibrium [27], the coverage of the active sites follows from\n\nΘ[ X ] = K [ X ] C [ X ] 1 + ∑ Y K [ Y ] C [ Y ] , (4)\n\nwhere K = k + /k -is the ratio of forward and backward rate constants for the adsorption reaction,\n\nK [ X ] = exp [ -E ads [ X ] + TS [ X ] k B T ] . (5)\n\nIn these expressions C [ X ] is the concentration of species X , S [ X ] is its gas phase entropy and T is the temperature. Experimental values for the gas phase entropies have been taken from Ref. [28].", "page_start": 1, @@ -1255,12 +1261,6 @@ "page_start": 46, "page_end": 46, "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- [65] J. P. Burelbach, S. G. Bankoff, and S. H. 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Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 3: Fractional coverage Θ in thermal equilibrium of Ni in a (a) monovacancy, (b) divacancy I, (c) divacancy II and (d) change in resistance ∆ R per dopant site as a function of CO concentration in a background of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. The reference concentration of CO is taken to be C 0 = 0.1 ppm. Note the change from linear to log scale on the y -axis at ∆ R = 10 Ω .\n\n\n\nFor a given background composition we may thus estimate the fractional coverages for each available adsorbate for a given type of doping. As an example, Fig. 3(a)-(c) shows the fractional coverage of a Ni atom occupying a monovacancy, divacancy I, and divacancy II, versus CO concentration in a background of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. Due to the relatively small binding energy of N2 and H2O as compared to O2 and CO, all Ni sites will be either empty or occupied by O2 or CO. In particular, Ni in a monovacancy (top panel of Fig. 3) will be completely oxidized for all relevant CO concentrations. For the Ni occupied divacancy II structures we find the coverage of CO changes significantly around toxic concentrations ( ∼ 10 ppm).\n\nTo estimate the effect of adsorbates on the electrical conductance of doped CNTs, we first consider the change in conductance when a single molecule is adsorbed on a metal site of an otherwise pristine CNT. In Fig. 2(b) we show the calculated change in conductance relative to the metal site with no adsorbate. In contrast to the binding energies, there are no clear trends in the conductances. The sensitivity of the conductance is perhaps most clearly demonstrated by the absence of correlation between different types of vacancies, i.e. between the three panels in Fig. 2(b). Close to the Fermi level, the conductance of a perfect armchair CNT equals 2 G 0 . The presence of the metal dopant leads to several dips in the transmission function known as Fano antiresonances [20]. The position and shape of these dips depend on the d -levels of the transition metal atom, the character of its bonding to the CNT, and is further affected by the presence of the adsorbate molecule. The coupling of all these factors is very complex and makes it difficult to estimate or rationalize the value of the conductance. For the spin polarized cases, we use the spin-averaged\n\nconductances, i.e. G = ( G ↑ + G ↓ ) / 2.\n\nNext, we estimate the resistance of a CNT containing several impurities (a specific metal dopant with different molecular adsorbates). Under the assumption that the electron phasecoherence length, l φ , is smaller than the average distance between the dopants, d , we may neglect quantum interference and obtain the total resistance by adding the scattering resistances due to each impurity separately. The scattering resistance due to a single impurity is given by\n\nR s ( X ) = 1 /G ( X ) -1 / ( 2 G 0 ) , (6)\n\nwhere G ( X ) is the Landauer conductance of the pristine CNT with a single metal dopant occupied by molecule X and 1 / ( 2 G 0 ) is the contact resistance of a (6,6) CNT.\n\nWe may now obtain the total resistance per dopant site relative to the reference background signal as a function of the target molecule concentration\n\n∆ R N ≈ ∑ X R s ( X )(Θ[ X,C ] -Θ[ X,C 0 ]) , (7)\n\nwhere N is the number of dopants, Θ[ X,C ] is the fractional coverage of species X at concentration C of the target and C 0 is the reference concentration. Notice that the contact resistance drops out as we evaluate a change in resistance.\n\nIn Fig. 3(d) we show the change in resistance calculated from Eq. (7) as a function of CO concentration for Ni occupying the three types of vacancies. The background reference concentration of CO is taken to be C 0 = 0 . 1 ppm. For the monovacancy there is very little change in resistivity. This is because most active sites are blocked by O2 at relevant CO concentrations, as shown in the upper panel of Fig. 3. For Ni in the divacancies there is, however, a change in resistance on the order of 1Ω per site. For concentrations above ∼ 1 ppm, the CO coverage of Ni in the divacancy II increases dramatically and this leads to a significant increase in resistance.\n\nWe now return to the discussion of the validity of Eq. (7). As mentioned, the series coupling of individual scatterers should be valid when l φ < d . However, even for l φ > d and assuming that the Anderson localization length, l loc in the system exceeds l φ , Eq. (7) remains valid if one replaces the actual resistance R by the sample averaged resistance 〈 R 〉 [29]. At room temperature under ambient conditions, interactions with external degrees of freedom such as internal CNT phonons and vibrational modes of the adsorbed molecules would rapidly randomize the phase of the electrons. Therefore Eq. (7) should certainly be valid in the limit of low doping concentrations. On the other hand, the total number of dopants, N , should be large enough for the statistical treatment of the coverage to hold. Finally, we stress that Eq. (7) represents a conservative estimate of the change in resistance. In fact, in the regime where l φ > l loc, i.e. in the Anderson localization regime, the resistance would be highly sensitive to changes in the fractional coverage of active sites. Calculation of the actual resistance of the CNT in this regime would, however, involve a full transport calculation in the presence of", "page_start": 2, @@ -1329,12 +1335,6 @@ "page_start": 27, "page_end": 27, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "also shift the spinodal and binodal lines as compared to the locations of these lines in the phase diagram for the pure solvent [41]. As a consequence, the solute concentration influences the hole nucleation rate. More importantly, the solute particles may also destabilise the dewetting fronts. As a result, one may find strongly ramified structures in all three systems [23, 25, 40, 42]. A selection of images exhibiting some of the possible structures is displayed in Fig.1.\n\nFor volatile solvents, the contact lines retract even for wetting fluids. It has been found that such evaporatively receding contact lines may deposit very regular line or ring patterns parallel to the moving contact line [24, 43]. The deposition of a single ring of colloids from a evaporating drop of colloidal suspension is well known as the 'coffee stain effect' [44]. Detailed investigations reveal the emergence of rich structures including multiple irregular rings, networks, regular droplet patterns, sawtooth patterns, Sierpinski carpets, and - in the case of DNA - liquid crystalline structures [22, 30, 45-49]. The deposition of regularly spaced straight lines orthogonal to the moving contact line has also been reported [50]. Droplet patterns may as well be created employing solvent-induced dewetting of glassy polymer layers below the glass transition temperature [51-53].\n\nNote that the dewetting of pure volatile liquids has also been studied experimentally [54] and theoretically [55-58]. In this case, different contact line instabilities have been observed for evaporating liquid drops [59, 60].\n\nIn the present article we review and preview the experiments and in particular the various modelling approaches for dewetting suspensions of (nano-)particles in volatile partially wetting solvents. After reviewing the basic experimental results in Section II, we discuss in Section III several theoretical approaches. In particular, we present a kinetic Monte Carlo model in Section III A, a dynamic density functional theory in Section III B, and a thin film evolution equation in Section III C. Finally, we conclude in Section IV by discussing advantages and shortcomings of the individual approaches and future challenges to all of them.\n\n## II. EXPERIMENT WITH NANOPARTICLE SOLUTIONS\n\nWe focus on experiments that use monodisperse colloidal suspensions of thiol-passivated gold nanoparticles in toluene [33, 34, 37-40, 61]. The gold core of 2 - 3 nm diameter is coated by a layer of alkyl-thiol molecules. The length of the carbon backbone of the thiol used in the experiments ranges from 6 to 12 carbon atoms ( C 6 to C 12 ) [40]. By varying the chain length, one can control", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1380,6 +1380,12 @@ "page_end": 56, "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## OUR VISION\n\nWe, the members of HON INDUSTRIES, are dedicated to creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders, to exceeding our customers' expectations, and to making our company a great place to work. We will always treat each other, as well as customers, suppliers, shareholders, and our communities, with fairness and respect.\n\nOur success depends upon business simplification, rapid continuous improvement, and innovation in everything we do, individual and collective integrity, and the relentless pursuit of the following long-standing beliefs:\n\n## WE WILL BE PROFITABLE.\n\nWe pursue mutually profitable relationships with customers and suppliers. Only when our company achieves an adequate profit can the other elements of this Vision be realized.\n\n## WE WILL CREATE LONG-TERM VALUE FOR SHAREHOLDERS.\n\nWe create long-term value for shareholders by earning financial returns significantly greater than our cost of capital and pursuing profitable growth opportunities. We will safeguard our shareholders' equity by maintaining a strong balance sheet to allow flexibility in responding to a continuously changing market and business environment.\n\n## WE WILL PURSUE PROFITABLE GROWTH.\n\nWe pursue profitable growth on a global basis in order to provide continued job opportunities for members and financial success for all stakeholders.\n\n## WE WILL BE A SUPPLIER OF QUALITY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.\n\nWe provide reliable products and services of high quality and brand value to our end-users. Our products and services exceed our customers' expectations and enable our distributors and our company to make a fair profit.\n\n## WE WILL BE A GREAT PLACE TO WORK.\n\nWe pursue a participative environment and support a culture that encourages and recognizes excellence, active involvement, ongoing learning, and contributions of each member; that seeks out and values diversity; and that attracts and retains the most capable people who work safely, are motivated, and are devoted to making our company and our members successful.\n\n## WE WILL BE A RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE CITIZEN.\n\nWe conduct our business in a way that sustains the well-being of society, our environment, and the economy in which we live and work. We follow ethical and legal business practices. Our company supports our volunteer efforts and provides charitable contributions so that we can actively participate in the civic, cultural, educational, environmental, and governmental affairs of our society.\n\n## T O O U R S T A K E H O L D E R S :\n\nWhen our company is appreciated by its members, favored by its customers, supported by its suppliers, respected by the public, and admired by its shareholders, this Vision is fulfilled.\n\nwww.honi.com", + "page_start": 63, + "page_end": 63, + "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" + }, { "text": "## HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and SUBSIDIARIES\n\nsales volume, offset by increased investment in brand equity building and new product development of approximately $7 million, and increased incentive compensation of which approximately $4 million was for a debenture earn out related to a prior acquisition.\n\nSelling and administrative expenses include freight expense for shipments to customers, product development costs, and amortization expense of intangible assets. The Selling and Administrative Expenses note included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides further information regarding the comparative expense levels for these major expense items.\n\n## RESTRUCTURING CHARGES\n\nDuring 2003, the Company closed two office furniture facilities and consolidated production into other U.S. manufacturing locations to increase efficiencies, streamline processes, and reduce overhead costs. The two facilities were located in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, and Milan, Tennessee. In connection with the closures, the Company recorded $15.7 million of pre-tax charges or $0.17 per diluted share. These charges included $6.7 million of accelerated depreciation of machinery and equipment which was recorded in cost of sales, $3.4 million of severance, and $5.6 million of facility exit, production relocation, and other costs which were recorded as restructuring costs. A total of 316 members were terminated and received severance due to these shutdowns. The closures are substantially complete. The Company anticipates additional costs of $0.3 to $0.5 million during the first quarter of 2004 related to these closures.\n\nThe Hazleton, Pennsylvania, facility is an owned facility and has been reclassified to current assets as it is currently being held as available for sale. It is included in the 'Prepaid expenses and other current assets' in the January 3, 2004, condensed consolidated balance sheet at its carrying value of $2.1 million. The Milan, Tennessee, facility is a leased facility that is no longer being used in the production of goods. The restructuring expense for 2003 included $1.4 million of costs that will continue to be incurred under the lease contract reduced by estimated sublease rentals that could be reasonably obtained.\n\nDuring 2002, the Company recorded a pretax charge of approximately $5.4 million due to the shutdown of an office furniture facility in Jackson, Tennessee. A total of 125 members were terminated and received severance due to this shutdown. During the second quarter of 2003, a restructuring credit of approximately $0.6 million or $0.01 per diluted share was taken back into income relating to this charge.\n\nThis was due to the fact that the Company was able to exit a lease with the lessor at more favorable terms than previously estimated.\n\nDuring the second quarter of 2001, the Company recorded a pretax charge of $24 million or $0.26 per diluted share for a restructuring plan that involved consolidating physical facilities, discontinuing low-volume product lines, and reductions of workforce. Included in the charge was the closedown of three of its office furniture facilities located in Williamsport, Pennsylvania; Tupelo, Mississippi; and Santa Ana, California. Approximately 500 members were terminated and received severance due to the closedown of these facilities. During the second quarter of 2002, a restructuring credit of approximately $2.4 million was taken back into income relating to this charge. This was mainly due to the fact that the Company was able to exit a lease with a lessor at more favorable terms than originally estimated and the Company's ability to minimize the number of members terminated as compared to the original plan.\n\n## OPERATING INCOME\n\nOperating income increased 5% in 2003 and 16% in 2002, respectively. The increase in 2003 is due to the additional week, strong sales volume in the hearth segment, and improved gross margins in both segments, offset by increased restructuring charges due to additional plant closures and consolidations, increased investment in brand building and selling initiatives, and increased freight costs. The increase in 2002 was due to a $24 million restructuring charge in 2001 compared to a $3 million restructuring charge in 2002 and goodwill and indefinitelived intangibles amortization of $9 million incurred in 2001 that is not included in 2002 due to a change in accounting standards.\n\n## NET INCOME\n\nNet income increased 7% in 2003 and 23% in 2002, respectively. Net income in 2003 was favorably impacted by increased interest income due to increased investments and decreased interest expense due to reduction in debt. Net income in 2002 was favorably impacted by a decrease in interest expense and a decrease in the effective tax rate to 35% in 2002 from 36% in 2001 mainly due to tax benefits associated with various federal and state tax credits. The Company anticipates that its tax rate will increase to 36% in 2004 due to increased state taxes and a reduced benefit from federal and state tax credits. Net income per diluted share increased by 8% to $1.68 in 2003 and by 23% to $1.55 in 2002, respectively. Due to the appreciation in the Company's stock price, outstanding options had a dilutive impact of $0.01 per share in 2003.", "page_start": 34, @@ -1403,12 +1409,6 @@ "page_start": 25, "page_end": 25, "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## afkljdf aojvoaipddddS EEKING I N V E S T O R S FOR A PERFECT MATCH\n\nJoin us in the dynamic, aggressive, profitable growth of HON INDUSTRIES.\n\nTHE BEST IS YET TO COME!\n\nManagement's Discussion and Analysis … 32 Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes … 39 Eleven-Year Summary … 56 Reports of Independent Auditors … 58 A Message from the Board of Directors … 61 Board of Directors and Officers … 62", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1479,9 +1479,9 @@ "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" }, { - "text": "- 21 . Singleton JM, Sanchez LD, Masser BA, Reich B. Efficiency of electronic signout for ED-to-inpatient admission at a non-teaching hospital. Intern Emerg Med . 2018;13(7):1105-1110. doi:10.1007/s11739-018-1816-z\n - 22 . Downing NL, Bates DW, Longhurst CA. Physician burnout in the electronic health record era: are we ignoring the real cause? Ann Intern Med . 2018;169(1):50-51. doi:10.7326/M18-0139\n - 23 . Pivovarov R, Elhadad N. Automated methods for the summarization of electronic health records. JAmMed Inform Assoc . 2015;22(5):938-947. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocv032\n - 24 . Hartman VC, Bapat SS, Weiner MG, Navi BB, Sholle ET, Campion TR Jr. A method to automate the discharge summary hospital course for neurology patients. J Am Med Inform Assoc . 2023;30(12):1995-2003. doi:10.1093/ jamia/ocad177\n - 25 . Zhang Y, Merck D, Tsai EB, Manning CD, Langlotz CP. Optimizing the factual correctness of a summary: a study of summarizing radiology reports. arXiv . Preprint posted online November 6, 2019. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1911.02541\n - 26 . Mukherjee S, Gamble P, Ausin MS, et al. Polaris: a safety-focused LLM constellation architecture for healthcare. arXiv . Preprint posted online March 20, 2024. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2403.13313\n - 27 . Hegselmann S, Shen SZ, Gierse F, Agrawal M, Sontag D, Jiang X. A data-centric approach to generate faithful and high quality patient summaries with large language models. arXiv . Preprint posted online February 23, 2024. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2402.15422\n - 28 . Krishna K, Khosla S, Bigham JP, Lipton ZC. Generating SOAP Notes from Doctor-Patient Conversations Using Modular Summarization Techniques. In: Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers); 2021. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.0/\n - 29 . Ayers JW, Poliak A, Dredze M, et al. Comparing physician and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum. JAMAIntern Med . 2023;183(6):589-596. doi:10.1001/ jamainternmed.2023.1838\n - 30 . Williams CY, Bains J, Tang T, et al. Evaluating large language models for drafting emergency department discharge summaries. medRxiv . Preprint posted online April 4, 2024. doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.24305088\n - 31 . Cao Z, Wei F, Li W, Li S. Faithful to the original: fact aware neural abstractive summarization. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence April 26, 2018; New Orleans, LA. Accessed October 23, 2024. https:// aaai.org/proceeding/01-thirty-second-aaai-conference-on-artificial-intelligence-2018/\n - 32 . Singhal K, Tu T, Gottweis J, et al. Towards expert-level medical question answering with large language models. arXiv . Preprint posted online May 16, 2023. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2305.09617\n - 33 . WangG, Yang G, Du Z, Fan L, Li X. ClinicalGPT: large language models finetuned with diverse medical data and comprehensive evaluation. arXiv . Preprint posted online June 16, 2023. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2306.09968\n - 34 . Shing HC, Shivade C, Pourdamghani N, et al. Towards clinical encounter summarization: learning to compose discharge summaries from prior notes. arXiv . Preprint posted online April 27, 2021. doi:10.48550/arXiv. 2104.13498\n - 35 . Van Veen D, Van Uden C, Blankemeier L, et al. Adapted large language models can outperform medical experts in clinical text summarization. Nat Med . 2024;30(4):1134-1142. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02855-5\n - 36 . Tang L, Sun Z, Idnay B, et al. Evaluating large language models on medical evidence summarization. NPJ Digit Med . 2023;6(1):158. doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00896-7\n - 37 . Goswami J, Prajapati KK, Saha A, Saha AK. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning large language model approach for hospital discharge paper summarization. Appl Soft Comput . 2024;157:111531. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2024.111531\n - 38 . Huang KT, Mehta NH, Gupta S, See AP, Arnaout O. Evaluation of the safety, accuracy, and helpfulness of the GPT-4.0 large language model in neurosurgery. J Clin Neurosci . 2024;123:151-156. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2024.03.021\n - 39 . Giuffrè M, Kresevic S, You K, et al. Systematic review: the use of large language models as medical chatbots in digestive diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2024;60(2):144-166. doi:10.1111/apt.18058\n - 40 . Tailor PD, Dalvin LA, Chen JJ, et al. A comparative study of responses to retina questions from either experts, expert-edited large language models or large language models alone. Ophthalmol Sci . 2024;4(4):100485. doi:10. 1016/j.xops.2024.100485\n - 41 . Zaretsky J, Kim JM, Baskharoun S, et al. Generative artificial intelligence to transform inpatient discharge summaries to patient-friendly language and format. JAMANetwOpen . 2024;7(3):e240357. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2024.0357\n - 42 . Zhou C, Liu P, Xu P, et al. Lima: less is more for alignment. arXiv . Preprint posted online May 18, 2023. doi:10. 48550/arXiv.2305.11206\n\n\n\n(Reprinted)", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, + "text": "## JAMANetworkOpen | EmergencyMedicine\n\n - 43 . Liu Y, Ott M, Goyal N, et al. Roberta: a robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv . Preprint posted online July 26, 2019. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1907.11692\n - 44 . Touvron H, Martin L, Stone K, et al. Llama 2: open foundation and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv . Preprint posted online July 19, 2023. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2307.09288\n - 45 . World Health Organization. Conceptual framework for the international classification for patient safety version 1.1: final technical report January 2009. 2010. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/ i/item/WHO-IER-PSP-2010.2\n - 46 . Lin CY. Rouge: a package for automatic evaluation of summaries. 2004. Accessed October 23, 2024. https:// aclanthology.org/W04-1013/\n - 47 . Zhang T, Kishore V, Wu F, Weinberger KQ, Artzi Y. Bertscore: Evaluating text generation with bert. arXiv . Preprint posted online February 24, 2020. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1904.09675\n - 48 . Lattimer BM, Chen P, Zhang X, Yang Y. Fast and accurate factual inconsistency detection over long documents. Presented at: Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. December 6-10, 2023; Singapore.\n - 49 . Schaye V, Miller L, Kudlowitz D, et al. Development of a clinical reasoning documentation assessment tool for resident and fellow admission notes: a shared mental model for feedback. J Gen Intern Med . 2022;37(3):507-512. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06805-6\n - 50 . Zaretsky J, Kim JM, Baskharoun S, et al. Generative artificial intelligence to transform inpatient discharge summaries to patient-friendly language and format. JAMANetwOpen . 2024;7(3):e240357. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2024.0357\n - 51 . Choudhury A, Chaudhry Z. Large language models and user trust: consequence of self-referential learning loop and the deskilling of health care professionals. J Med Internet Res . 2024;26:e56764. doi:10.2196/56764\n - 52 . Gisev N, Bell JS, Chen TF. Interrater agreement and interrater reliability: key concepts, approaches, and applications. Res Social Adm Pharm . 2013;9(3):330-338. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.04.004\n - 53 . Baxter SL, Longhurst CA, Millen M, Sitapati AM, Tai-Seale M. Generative artificial intelligence responses to patient messages in the electronic health record: early lessons learned. JAMIA Open . 2024;7(2):ooae028. doi:10. 1093/jamiaopen/ooae028\n - 54 . Goodman KE, Paul HY, Morgan DJ. LLM-generated clinical summaries require more than accuracy. JAMA . 2024;331(8):637-638. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.0555\n - 55 . Achiam J, Adler S, Agarwal S, et al. Gpt-4 technical report. arXiv . Preprint posted online March 4, 2024. doi:10. 48550/arXiv.2303.08774\n - 56 . Chung HW, Hou L, Longpre S, et al. Scaling instruction-finetuned language models. J Mach Learn Res . 2024; 25(70):1-53.\n\n## SUPPLEMENT1.\n\neAppendix 1. Technology Specifications, Model Training, and Inference eAppendix 2. Automated Method of SCALE eTable 1. Definitions From the Clinical Assessment\n\neTable 2. Worst Case Scenario of Incorrectness Examples From LLM-Generated Notes\n\n## SUPPLEMENT2.\n\nData Sharing Statement\n\n\n\n(Reprinted)", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" } ] @@ -1553,10 +1553,10 @@ "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" }, { - "text": "Table 12: Average upgrade rates for different ways of adding the gadget to queries, in the white-box setting. Results are similar in both methods, with a slight preference to the prefix approach.\n\n| | | R SW | R MF | R CLS | R LLM |\n|----------|---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|----------------|\n| MT-Bench | Prefix Suffix | 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 | 73 ± 5 84 ± 4 |\n| MMLU | Prefix | 90 ± 1 82 ± 2 | 78 ± 4 | 100 ± 0 | 95 ± 1 |\n| GSM8K | Suffix | 98 ± 0 94 ± 1 | 63 ± 3 | 93 ± 1 | 93 ± 1 |\n| | Prefix Suffix | | 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 94 ± 3 |\n\nTable 13: Average upgrade rates for different ways of sampling candidate tokens during gadget generation, in the whitebox setting. Uniformly sampling the tokens yields better upgrade rates in most cases.\n\n| | | R SW | R MF | R CLS | R LLM |\n|----------|-----------------------|---------------|----------------|-----------------|---------------|\n| MT-Bench | Uniform Natural Prob. | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 97 ± 2 | 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 | 73 ± 5 5 |\n| MMLU | Uniform | 100 ± 0 | 78 ± 4 | ± | 70 ± 95 ± 1 |\n| GSM8K | Natural Prob. Uniform | 90 ± 1 77 ± 2 | 41 ± 3 | 100 0 96 ± 2 | 87 ± 4 |\n| | Natural Prob. | 98 ± 0 88 ± 2 | 100 ± 0 92 ± 3 | 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 | 94 ± 3 83 ± 9 |\n\nAs mentioned in Section 5, to encourage the LLMs to follow the specific format in their responses (so they can be parsed and compared with the ground-truth answers), we add a short prefix to the MMLU and GSM8K queries that instructs the model how to respond. We phrase this instruction as follows: ' Answer the question using the format: 'Answer: [A/B/C/D]. Explanation: [EXPLANATION]' ' for the multi-choice queries of the MMLU benchmark, and a similar version for GSM8K. We add this instruction after modifying the queries with the confounder gadget, i.e. the instruction is prepended to the gadget.\n\nAn alternative to insert the instruction after the gadget but before the query, however we observed this to slighly underperform its counterpart. In the white-box setting we observe a slight decrease in the average (across all four routers) upgrade rate from 91% to 89% for the MMLU benchmark, and from 98% to 91% for the GSM8K benchmark. In the black-box setting, the average upgrade rate on MMLU reduces from 57% to 49% and on GSM8K from 73% to 64% .\n\nToken sampling method. When generating the confounder gadget (see Section 4), we iteratively replace tokens with the goal of maximizing the routing algorithm's score for the gadget. Candidate replacement tokens are chosen uniformly at random. An alternative is to choose candidates based on their probability of appearing in natural text. To evaluate this method, we compute token probabilities by parsing and tokenizing the wikitext-103-raw-v1 dataset [44].\n\nTable 13 shows that in most cases uniform sampling of replacement tokens yields better upgrade rates. We conjecture that uniform sampling produces more unnatural text, confusing the router. For example, for the R SW routing algorithm, uniform sampling produces the following gadget: ' legationbelongs967reglo'hui(DictionaryizedNameantal bidi.numberOf ', whereas sampling according to natural probabilities produces ' total occurred According number Letar final Bab named remainder '.\n\nNumber of tokens in the gadget. In our main evaluation, the gadgets are composed of n = 10 tokens. We evaluate the effect of using less ( n = 5 ) or more ( n = 20 or n = 50 ) tokens. We observed that 5 tokens were insufficient to make changes to the routing algorithm's score and thus we were not able to optimize the gadget in this setting. As for 20 tokens, we observe a a small improvement in the white-box setting, increase the average upgrade rate from 93 . 9% to 95 . 8% , and a bigger improvement in the black-box setting, increase the average upgrade rate from 70 . 2% to 81 . 3% . Using 50 tokens further increases the upgrade rates, to 98 . 2% in the white-box setting and 84 . 2% in the black box setting. The average convergence rate increases as well, from 60 iterations for 10 tokens, to 70 for 20 tokens, and 100 for 50 tokens. Overall this evaluation suggests that our rerouting attack can be even further improved by using longer gadgets, however it is important to be careful not to make them too long to the point that they might degrade the performance of the underlying LLM.", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" + "text": "## JAMANetworkOpen | EmergencyMedicine\n\n - 43 . Liu Y, Ott M, Goyal N, et al. Roberta: a robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv . Preprint posted online July 26, 2019. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1907.11692\n - 44 . Touvron H, Martin L, Stone K, et al. Llama 2: open foundation and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv . Preprint posted online July 19, 2023. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2307.09288\n - 45 . World Health Organization. Conceptual framework for the international classification for patient safety version 1.1: final technical report January 2009. 2010. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/ i/item/WHO-IER-PSP-2010.2\n - 46 . Lin CY. Rouge: a package for automatic evaluation of summaries. 2004. Accessed October 23, 2024. https:// aclanthology.org/W04-1013/\n - 47 . Zhang T, Kishore V, Wu F, Weinberger KQ, Artzi Y. Bertscore: Evaluating text generation with bert. arXiv . Preprint posted online February 24, 2020. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1904.09675\n - 48 . Lattimer BM, Chen P, Zhang X, Yang Y. Fast and accurate factual inconsistency detection over long documents. Presented at: Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. December 6-10, 2023; Singapore.\n - 49 . Schaye V, Miller L, Kudlowitz D, et al. Development of a clinical reasoning documentation assessment tool for resident and fellow admission notes: a shared mental model for feedback. J Gen Intern Med . 2022;37(3):507-512. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06805-6\n - 50 . Zaretsky J, Kim JM, Baskharoun S, et al. Generative artificial intelligence to transform inpatient discharge summaries to patient-friendly language and format. JAMANetwOpen . 2024;7(3):e240357. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2024.0357\n - 51 . Choudhury A, Chaudhry Z. Large language models and user trust: consequence of self-referential learning loop and the deskilling of health care professionals. J Med Internet Res . 2024;26:e56764. doi:10.2196/56764\n - 52 . Gisev N, Bell JS, Chen TF. Interrater agreement and interrater reliability: key concepts, approaches, and applications. Res Social Adm Pharm . 2013;9(3):330-338. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.04.004\n - 53 . Baxter SL, Longhurst CA, Millen M, Sitapati AM, Tai-Seale M. Generative artificial intelligence responses to patient messages in the electronic health record: early lessons learned. JAMIA Open . 2024;7(2):ooae028. doi:10. 1093/jamiaopen/ooae028\n - 54 . Goodman KE, Paul HY, Morgan DJ. LLM-generated clinical summaries require more than accuracy. JAMA . 2024;331(8):637-638. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.0555\n - 55 . Achiam J, Adler S, Agarwal S, et al. Gpt-4 technical report. arXiv . Preprint posted online March 4, 2024. doi:10. 48550/arXiv.2303.08774\n - 56 . Chung HW, Hou L, Longpre S, et al. Scaling instruction-finetuned language models. J Mach Learn Res . 2024; 25(70):1-53.\n\n## SUPPLEMENT1.\n\neAppendix 1. Technology Specifications, Model Training, and Inference eAppendix 2. Automated Method of SCALE eTable 1. Definitions From the Clinical Assessment\n\neTable 2. Worst Case Scenario of Incorrectness Examples From LLM-Generated Notes\n\n## SUPPLEMENT2.\n\nData Sharing Statement\n\n\n\n(Reprinted)", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1752,14 +1752,14 @@ }, { "text": "[This page intentionally left blank.]", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, { "text": "[This page intentionally left blank.]", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, { @@ -1806,6 +1806,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. 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While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.\n\n- [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104 (2007).\n- [13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n- [14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n- [15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids (Academic Press, 1986).\n- [16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n- [17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 , 041202 (2002).\n- [18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Editora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n- [19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 , 333 (1984).\n- [20] J.-F. 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Godreche, editor, 'Solids far from Equilibrium,' pages 297-363, Cambridge University Press (1992).\n - [86] M. A. Spaid and G. M. Homsy, 'Stability of Newtonian and viscoelastic dynamic contact lines,' Phys. Fluids 8 , 460-478 (1996).\n - [87] U. Thiele and E. Knobloch, 'Front and back instability of a liquid film on a slightly inclined plate,' Phys. Fluids 15 , 892-907 (2003).\n - [88] M. R. E. Warner, R. V. Craster, and O. K. Matar, 'Surface patterning via evaporation of ultrathin films containing nanoparticles,' J. Colloid Interface Sci. 267 , 92-110 (2003).\n - [89] O. K. Matar, R. V. Craster, and K. Sefiane, 'Dynamic spreading of droplets containing nanoparticles,' Phys. Rev. E 76 , 056315 (2007).\n - [90] J. J. Zhou, B. Dupuy, A. L. Bertozzi, and A. E. Hosoi, 'Theory for shock dynamics in particle-laden thin films,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 , 117803 (2005).\n - [91] B. P. Cook, A. L. Bertozzi, and A. E. Hosoi, 'Shock solutions for particle-laden thin films,' SIAM J. Appl. 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Davis, 'Nonlinear stability of evaporating/condensing liquid films,' J. Fluid Mech. 195 , 463-494 (1988).\n - [66] A. Oron and S. G. Bankoff, 'Dewetting of a heated surface by an evaporating liquid film under conjoining/disjoining pressures,' J. Colloid Interface Sci. 218 , 152-166 (1999).\n - [67] L. W. Schwartz, R. V. Roy, R. R. Eley, and S. Petrash, 'Dewetting patterns in a drying liquid film,' J. Colloid Interface Sci. 214 , 363-374 (2001).\n - [68] K. Kargupta, R. Konnur, and A. Sharma, 'Spontaneous dewetting and ordered patterns in evaporating thin liquid films on homogeneous and heterogeneous substrates,' Langmuir 17 , 1294-1305 (2001).\n - [69] M. Bestehorn and D. Merkt, 'Regular surface patterns on Rayleigh-Taylor unstable evaporating films heated from below,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 , 127802 (2006).\n - [70] G. F. Teletzke, H. T. Davis, and L. E. Scriven, 'Wetting hydrodynamics,' Rev. Phys. Appl. 23 , 9891007 (1988).\n - [71] J. N. 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Plapp, W. Dieterich, and P. Maass, 'Description of far-from-equilibrium processes by mean-field lattice gas models,' Adv. Phys. 52 , 523-638 (2003).\n - [79] U. M. B. Marconi and P. Tarazona, 'Dynamic density functional theory of fluids,' J. Chem. Phys. 110 , 8032-8044 (1999).\n - [80] U. M. B. Marconi and P. Tarazona, 'Dynamic density functional theory of fluids,' J. Phys.-Condes. Matter 12 , A413-A418 (2000).", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1997,9 +1997,9 @@ "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" }, { - "text": "The Hartford Chairman, President and CEO Ramani Ayer speaking at the opening of New York employees' new permanent offices in early November. Despite the destruction of their offices at 7 World Trade Center on Sept. 11, The Hartford's New York employees had their businesses back in operation by Sept. 17. Employees moved into their new permanent offices less than 60 days after the attack.\n\n\n\nour proven approach to asset management despite the stock market's vagaries. It means growing our business profitably, maintaining financial discipline, controlling expenses and providing extraordinary service to distributors and customers.\n\nWe take the last point very seriously, as evidenced by our earning a sixth consecutive DALBAR Annuity Service Award in 2001. DALBAR also awarded us the Intermediary Service Award and the first-ever Life Insurance Service Award.\n\nAs you'll read throughout this report, service means very specific-and very important-things to us. We strive to forge strong partnerships with our distributors and provide them with technological tools and outstanding products to enhance their selling efforts. These are some of the underpinnings to our solid 2001 results.\n\nDespite the challenges I've mentioned, our revenues for 2001 rose 3 percent to $15.1 billion. Total assets under management rose 8 percent to $198 billion. Operating income rose 7 percent to $1.034 billion, or $4.28 per diluted share, excluding the $440 million impact of Sept. 11 (after tax and net of reinsurance) and a $130 million tax benefit in our life operations.\n\nThe results attest to the resilience of our enterprise. With our strong and balanced portfolio of businesses, we consistently demonstrate superior financial performance. Since 1995, we've produced 13 percent annualized operating earnings-per-share growth, excluding the effects of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit in 2001, and 13 percent annualized growth in assets under management. Excluding the effect of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit, operating return on equity has met or exceeded our 13 to 15 percent target every year for the past five years.", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, + "text": "| The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. Hartford Plaza, 690 Asylum Avenue |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Hartford, Connecticut 06115 |\n\nFORM 100025[2001]", + "page_start": 39, + "page_end": 39, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] @@ -2028,6 +2028,12 @@ "page_end": 22, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. Hartford Plaza, 690 Asylum Avenue |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Hartford, Connecticut 06115 |\n\nFORM 100025[2001]", + "page_start": 39, + "page_end": 39, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "streamlined product-development process maximizes speed-to-market so agents have the right products to sell at the right time. That's one reason why we estimate The Hartford's small-business insurance growth is five to six times the industry average.\n\nDeveloping products for a changing business environment is also a proven skill of HFP. The unit completed its first full year as part of The Hartford after our 2000 acquisition of Reliance Group Holdings, Inc.'s financial products and excess and surplus lines.\n\nIt was quite a year after quite a decade. Demand for HFP's mainstay directors and officers liability\n\ninsurance was high during the 1990s as the number of U.S. public corporations tripled. Amid the past year's corporate retrenchment, loss activity led to industrywide premium price increases of up to 30 percent. A flight to quality was inevitable under such conditions, and a strong brand and superior ratings helped HFP distance itself from lesser competitors. Even the horrific collapse of its World Trade Center headquarters couldn't hold HFP back in 2001. It renewed $43 million worth of business in September alone, fulfilling its commitment to protecting customers against uncertainty.\n\n\n\n - /H17076 A strong brand and superior ratings help Hartford Financial Products (HFP) differentiate its directors and officers liability insurance from those of competitors. HFP's Boston Regional Manager Doreen Lukowski-Rizza\n\nworks with HFP Underwriting Manager David Garrison, far right, and financial professionals such as William Gallagher Associates President and CEO Philip Edmundson, second from left, and Principal Richard Leavitt.\n\n - /H17073 H artford Investment Management Co., which specializes in fixedincome asset management, has nearly $75 billion under management. Marcie Hayden, money market trader, and Peter Perrotti, government portfolio manager, are two members of a professional organization whose annual trading volume exceeds $50 billion.", "page_start": 20, @@ -2069,12 +2075,6 @@ "page_start": 11, "page_end": 11, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## (in millions)\n\n| Cash Flows | | | |\n|------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|\n| | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 |\n| Operating cash flows | $ 2,303 | $ 2,435 | $ 954 |\n| Investing cash flows | $ (5,536) | $ (2,164) | $ 2,216 |\n| Financing cash flows | $ 3,365 | $ (208) | $ (3,104) |\n| Cash-beginning of year | $ 227 | $ 182 | $ 123 |\n| Cash-end of year | $ 353 | $ 227 | $ 182 |\n\n## Investments\n\n| | 2001 | 2001 | 2000 | 2000 |\n|----------------------------------------------|----------|---------|----------|---------|\n| | Amount | Percent | Amount | Percent |\n| United States Government/Government agencies | $ 2,545 | 6.4% | $ 1,988 | 5.8% |\n| AAA | 10,087 | 25.2% | 10,098 | 29.3% |\n| AA | 5,769 | 14.4% | 5,946 | 17.2% |\n| A | 11,112 | 27.7% | 8,754 | 25.4% |\n| BBB | 6,853 | 17.1% | 4,570 | 13.2% |\n| BB & below | 1,573 | 3.9% | 1,040 | 3.0% |\n| Short-term | 2,107 | 5.3% | 2,096 | 6.1% |\n| Total fixed maturities | 40,046 | 100.0% | 34,492 | 100.0% |\n| Equities | 1,349 | | 1,056 | |\n| Other investments | 5,294 | | 5,121 | |\n| Total investments | $ 46,689 | | $ 40,669 | |\n\n## Insurance Financial Strength Ratings\n\n| | A.M. Best | Fitch | Standard & Poor's | Moody's |\n|---------------------------------|-------------|---------|---------------------|-----------|\n| Hartford Fire | A+ | AA | AA | Aa3 |\n| Hartford Life Insurance Company | A+ | AA+ | AA | Aa3 |\n| Hartford Life & Accident | A+ | AA+ | AA | Aa3 |\n| Hartford Life & Annuity | A+ | AA+ | AA | Aa3 |", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2132,6 +2132,12 @@ "page_end": 18, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. Hartford Plaza, 690 Asylum Avenue |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Hartford, Connecticut 06115 |\n\nFORM 100025[2001]", + "page_start": 39, + "page_end": 39, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "The Hartford Chairman, President and CEO Ramani Ayer speaking at the opening of New York employees' new permanent offices in early November. Despite the destruction of their offices at 7 World Trade Center on Sept. 11, The Hartford's New York employees had their businesses back in operation by Sept. 17. Employees moved into their new permanent offices less than 60 days after the attack.\n\n\n\nour proven approach to asset management despite the stock market's vagaries. It means growing our business profitably, maintaining financial discipline, controlling expenses and providing extraordinary service to distributors and customers.\n\nWe take the last point very seriously, as evidenced by our earning a sixth consecutive DALBAR Annuity Service Award in 2001. DALBAR also awarded us the Intermediary Service Award and the first-ever Life Insurance Service Award.\n\nAs you'll read throughout this report, service means very specific-and very important-things to us. We strive to forge strong partnerships with our distributors and provide them with technological tools and outstanding products to enhance their selling efforts. These are some of the underpinnings to our solid 2001 results.\n\nDespite the challenges I've mentioned, our revenues for 2001 rose 3 percent to $15.1 billion. Total assets under management rose 8 percent to $198 billion. Operating income rose 7 percent to $1.034 billion, or $4.28 per diluted share, excluding the $440 million impact of Sept. 11 (after tax and net of reinsurance) and a $130 million tax benefit in our life operations.\n\nThe results attest to the resilience of our enterprise. With our strong and balanced portfolio of businesses, we consistently demonstrate superior financial performance. Since 1995, we've produced 13 percent annualized operating earnings-per-share growth, excluding the effects of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit in 2001, and 13 percent annualized growth in assets under management. Excluding the effect of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit, operating return on equity has met or exceeded our 13 to 15 percent target every year for the past five years.", "page_start": 5, @@ -2143,12 +2149,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Nissan Annual Report 2004\n\nc3", - "page_start": 112, - "page_end": 112, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2233,8 +2233,8 @@ "target_page": 12, "target_passage": "India is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase in length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased length of drought which is again projected in all members", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 8 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -2318,6 +2318,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Glob. Environ. Change 25 , 121-132. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.004)\n - 23. Richardson K, Lewis K, Krishnamurthy K, Kent C, Wiltshire A, Hanlon H. 2018 Food security outcomes under a changing climate: impacts of mitigation and adaptation on vulnerability to food insecurity. Clim. Change , 147 , 327-341. (doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2137-y)\n - 24. Best M et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description-part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 677-699. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011)\n - 25. Clark D et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model descriptionpart 2: carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 701-722. (doi:10.5194/ gmd-4-701-2011)\n - 26. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ. 2000 Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 , 184-187. (doi:10.1038/ 35041539)\n - 27. Jones CD et al. 2011 The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 543-570. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-543-2011)\n - 28. Betts RA et al. 2015 Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial ecosystems and river flows in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using the representative concentration pathways. Biogeosciences 12 , 1317. (doi:10.5194/bg-12-1317-2015)\n - 29. Falloon PD, Betts RA. 2006 The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 7 , 62-68. (doi:10.1002/asl.133)\n - 30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, Betts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological forcing in determining future global water stress. Glob. Environ. Change 23 , 1083-1097. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005)\n - 31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows - exploring the effects of forcing biases. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 , 1785-1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785)\n - 32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 946-949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046)\n - 33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 10 019-10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113)\n - 34. Betts RA et al. 2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon dioxide rise. Nature 448 , 1037-1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045)\n - 35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases on global runoff simulations of a land surface model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 , 4379-4401. (doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017)\n - 36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J. Climate 19 , 3088-3111. (doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1)\n - 37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily GCMprecipitation output. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 3150-3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323)\n - 38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 3609-3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017)\n - 39. Mitchell D, James R, Forster PM, Betts RA, Shiogama H, Allen M. 2016 Realizing the impacts of a 1.5°C warmer world. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 735-737. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3055)\n - 40. Cox P et al. 2008 Increase risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. Nature 453 , 212-216. (doi:10.1038/nature06960)\n - 41. Betts RA, Cox PM, Collins M, Harris PP, Huntingford C, Jones CD. 2004 The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 78 , 157-175. (doi:10.1007/ s00704-004-0050-y)\n - 42. Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Chadwick R, Diffenbaugh NS, Fiorella RP. 2017 The role of CO2 plant physiological forcing in shaping future daily-scale precipitation. J. Climate 30 , 2319-2340. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0603.1)", + "page_start": 26, + "page_end": 26, + "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 10. Distributions of changes in run-o/ff for mean /flows simulated by the JULES ecosystem-hydrology model under the ensemble of six climate projections at 1.5 ° C(blue)and2 ° C (orange) global warming. Boxes show the 25th and 75th percentile changes, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not de/fine the ends of the range, and crosses show the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean /flow in the baseline, in millimetres of rain equivalent.\n\n\n\nall members (figure 12). This is not the case for the precipitation and run-off results; for those quantities, there is substantial overlap in the ranges of changes at 2°C and 1.5°C, so there is not a consistent picture of how much wetter or drier the world is projected to be in this ensemble, even though it involves a single atmosphere model.\n\nFor TXx, the difference between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming is larger than the 0.5°C difference in global mean temperature across most of the land surface in all ensemble members (figure 14). Although some ensemble members simulate local temperatures to be higher at 1.5°C global warming than 2°C in some small regions, these are relatively localized and most regions are cooler at 1.5°C global warming than 2°C. In many regions, the difference is between 0.5°C and 1.0°C, but many other regions see larger differences. In several ensemble members, the difference is 1.5°C, 2°C or larger in large parts of North America, South America, Europe and China. For example, over parts of Europe, where annual maximum daily temperature was projected to increase by over 5°C for a 2°C global warming, the local increase is limited to 3-4°C for 1.5°C global warming. Limiting global warming by half a degree Celsius would, therefore, limit maximum temperatures by three or four times as much in those areas (figure 14).\n\nAt 1.5°C global warming, although the increases in TXx are smaller than at 2°C, these increases show similar geographical patterns as for 2°C in all ensemble members, with larger changes in continental interiors especially in the mid-latitudes (not shown).\n\nThe percentage of days exceeding the 90th percentile of daily temperature (Tx90p) also increases less at 1.5°C global warming than at 2°C (figure 15). The largest reductions are in the tropics, where the largest increase was seen at 2°C; whereas at 2°C global warming, 50% or more", "page_start": 15, @@ -2365,12 +2371,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "from 5 climate models under 4 RCP scenarios, the future climate situations were selected which are the approximate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C at the end of 21 century relative to pre-industrial levels; it could minimize the uncertainties of future climate data. /T\\_he inputs for DSSAT simulation include soil parameters, crop calendar data and management information are coped with carefully to improve the e/ffectiveness and reliability of maize yield simulation.\n\n/T\\_here are also several uncertainties and limitations. Firstly, there is no uni/fied understanding of how to calculate the temperature rise of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C relative to pre-industrial levels in the worldwide. At present the research on climate prediction and impact assessment under global warming 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C usually adopts multi-mode ensemble average methods 61,62 , which could obtain the warming response under the condition of instantaneous change, rather than the warming process under the stable state expected by the long-term goal. If we expect to obtain the accurate results, the model prediction test should be estimated to form proprietary scenarios for global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C 63,64 , which could support for the impacts assessment on di/fferent sectors. Some institutions are carrying out climate change predictions under the lower emission scenarios (global warming 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C). At the same time, in order to achieve the goal of controlling temperature by 1.5 °C at the end of the twenty-/first century, it is urgent to take actions to reduce emissions and develop along the track of low energy consumption 65,66 ; but it is a great challenge for human society to achieve this goal.\n\nSecondly, our methodological approach in this study also has some important limitations, including our use of a single crop model to estimate maize yields. /T\\_here are some limitations for the DSSAT model to simulate yield loss caused by climate extreme events 67 , in which the impacts of pests and diseases are also ignored 68 . However, the DSSAT model has been applied in a lot of researches to simulate historical maize yield 69-71 , in which the results are reliable and credible 72 . /T\\_he results of this research could be an important reference to the other studies which simulate global maize yield in the future, applying crop models such as APSIM, WOFOST, ORYZA and so on.\n\n/T\\_hirdly, there are relatively more researches on the prediction of climate change trend under the background of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; but the research on the impact assessment of the main grain crops including global trade in worldwide is few. In the meantime, we do not assess the e/ffect of future changes on agriculture, such as increases in farm productivity due to new technology. /T\\_he maize planting area in the future is assumed to be the same as the current situation of maize cultivation in the world.\n\nConclusion. According to the simulation results, the yield of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C would decrease between 3.0 and 18.7% in the worldwide relative to 1986-2005; the maize yield would /fluctuate between - 6.8 and 7.2% under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the spatial distribution, the gross maize yield in the top 5 high-yield countries (including the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico) would decrease by 2% under global warming by 1.5 °C and 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. At the global level, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively, which would vary quite largely among di/fferent countries and regions. So, it is urgent for all countries to pay enough attention to the loss risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. /T\\_he time le/f\\_t for changing our minds and actions is becoming less and less.\n\n## Data availability\n\n/T\\_he historical weather data (1986-2005) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at https:// data. giss. nasa. gov/ impac ts/ agmip cf/; the future climate scenario data (2006-2099) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at https:// pcmdi. llnl. gov/? cmip5 and https:// esgf- node. llnl. gov/ proje cts/ esgf- llnl/. /T\\_he spatial data of harvest area, yield, crop calendar, irrigation portion and chemical N input for maize that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available at http:// mapsp am. info/ (SPAM) and http:// www. sage. wisc. edu (SAGE); the soil data that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available from the WISE database (https:// www. isric. online/ index. php/) and the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) (http:// www. fao. org/ land- water/ land/ land- gover nance/ land- resou rces- plann ing- toolb ox/ categ ory/ detai ls/ en/c/ 10265 64/). All other relevant data are available from the corresponding authors.\n\nReceived: 6 June 2022; Accepted: 11 October 2022\n\n## References\n\n- 1. Angélil, O. et al. An independent assessment of anthropogenic attribution statements for recent extreme temperature and rainfall events. J. Clim. 30 (1), 5-16 (2017).\n- 2. Rosenzweig, C. et al. Coordinating AgMIP data and models across global and regional scales for 1.5°C and 2.0°C assessments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A. 376 , 20160455 (2018).\n- 3. Mitchell, D. et al. Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): Background and experimental design. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 571-583 (2017).\n- 4. Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. A decade of weather extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 2 , 491-496 (2012).\n- 5. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2013: /T\\_he Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fi/f\\_th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4-6 (Cambridge University Press, 2013).\n- 6. Di/ffenbaugh, N. S. et al. Quantifying the in/fluence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events. PNAS 114 (19), 4881-4886 (2016).\n- 7. Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V. & Heald, C. L. /T\\_hreat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution. Nat. Clim. Change 4 , 817-821 (2014).\n- 8. Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J. J. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival. PNAS 117 (8), 4211-4217 (2020).\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2620,6 +2620,18 @@ "page_end": 51, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738457779 SG24-7938-07\n\n", + "page_start": 825, + "page_end": 825, + "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738458376 SG24-8459-00\n\n", + "page_start": 269, + "page_end": 269, + "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Towards a Books Data Commons for AI Training\n\n\n\n\n\nApril 2024\n\n\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 0, @@ -2655,18 +2667,6 @@ "page_start": 23, "page_end": 23, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Corporate Governance", - "page_start": 47, - "page_end": 47, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| 2009 (a) | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 |\n|-------------|-------------|------------|-------------|------------|-------------|------------|\n| $ 1,923,148 | $ 2,089,456 | $2,014,109 | $ 1,900,780 | $1,717,055 | $ 1,517,004 | $1,464,367 |\n| 12,736 | 12,776 | 13,489 | 13,128 | 13,832 | 14,381 | 14,458 |\n| 46,260 | 1,663 | 1,045 | 732 | 993 | 826 | 781 |\n| 3,702 | 2,999 | 2,494 | 2,658 | 2,111 | 1,586 | - |\n| 72,493 | 152,824 | 135,011 | 115,592 | 87,968 | 51,448 | 36,254 |\n| 42,260 | 95,456 | 86,022 | 72,299 | 55,339 | 31,471 | 19,832 |\n| 1.00 | 2.23 | 1.97 | 1.62 | 1.24 | 0.73 | 0.47 |\n| 0.99 | 2.19 | 1.93 | 1.57 | 1.20 | 0.71 | 0.46 |\n| 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.21 |\n| $ 369,038 | $ 409,186 | $ 365,523 | $ 370,013 | $ 345,806 | $ 286,022 | $ 259,359 |\n| 75,000 | 25,000 | 75,395 | 76,186 | 76,977 | 77,767 | 78,558 |\n| 809,328 | 798,771 | 777,369 | 730,671 | 690,170 | 596,841 | 553,404 |\n| 508,102 | 502,075 | 450,983 | 414,822 | 393,287 | 339,535 | 307,856 |\n| 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 |\n| 464 | 459 | 445 | 452 | 440 | 434 | 440 |\n| 6,329 | 6,305 | 6,242 | 6,192 | 6,079 | 6,154 | 6,157 |\n| 7.7% | 12.2% | 11.6% | 10.3% | 8.8% | 5.6% | 3.7% |\n| 8.4% | 20.0% | 19.9% | 17.9% | 15.1% | 9.7% | 6.5% |\n| $ 6,988 | $ 8,410 | $ 11,192 | $ 11,057 | $ 9,208 | $ 14,383 | $ 12,794 |\n\n## Shareholders' Equity\n\n(Dollars in Millions)\n\n\n\n## Dividends Per Share\n\n(Dollars)\n\n\n\n$633.6", - "page_start": 44, - "page_end": 44, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2677,11 +2677,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Many people have the same name Names may change through marriage or other circumstances Individuals use different alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions People use different versions of their name during their career", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers\n\n## What's in a Name?\n\nMost names are not unique\n\n\n\nMany people have the same name\n\nPeople use di/fferent versions of their name during their career\n\nIndividuals use di/fferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions\n\n## Researchers are mobile!\n\n\n\nFor example,\n\n30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE\n\nSource: Science Magazine\n\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n\n\n\n- Benchmark their organization against others\n- Identify, track, and report on researchers' a/ffiliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)\n\n## Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research\n\n\n\n\n\nInstitutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate the impact of all types of research contributions\n\n\n\n## Tackling Information Overload\n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n\nConnects individuals and their professional contributions across disciplines, organizations, and time\n\nEnables recognition of all types of research contributions and innovation\n\n\n\nHelps research institutions, funders, publishers, and other organizations better track and support research work\n\n## How ORCID Works\n\n\n\n- It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers\n- It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions\n- It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems\n\n## Why Connect with ORCID?\n\nHundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally\n\n## 5.5 MILLION+\n\nlive ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch\n\n\n\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n\n\n\nNames may\n\nchange through\n\nmarriage or other\n\ncircumstances\n\n\n\n## Evidence of Institutional Value\n\nExamples of time/sta/ff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n\n\n\nUK: 0.2 - 0.4 FTEs per institution 1 Portugal: 100,000 researcher hours per year 2 Australia: 15-30 minutes per grant application 3\n\n1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015 2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017 3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018\n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing authoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in reviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n\n-Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union\n\n## How Organizations and Researchers Benefit\n\n## INSTITUTIONS\n\n- Save time and reduce errors with automated information-sharing and cross-system interoperability\n- Manage your organization name and your researchers' connections with it\n- Maintain links with your researchers - past, present, and future\n\n## RESEARCHERS\n\n- Improve recognition and discoverability of their research\n- Spend more time doing research, less time managing it\n- Control and manage a trusted and easily shareable record of their research activities and a/ffiliations - for free\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Three Ways to Get Involved\n\n- 1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD\n- 2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems\n- 3. Connect data to and from your researchers' ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations\n\nSponsored by ORCID\n\nTo learn more go to https://orcid.org\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" + }, { "text": "## ?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\n\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use autogenerated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot more and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme's book or some of the many SPARQL tools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography.\n\nOne final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open World Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter 4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1. For now, though remember that SPARQL is not subject to either of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic reasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the value for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist.", "page_start": 71, @@ -2694,6 +2700,12 @@ "page_end": 14, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "I am aware of the above [framework] [specific] contract, especially Articles [I.10 and II.13] concerning intellectual property rights and exploitation of the results and I confirm that I transferred all the relevant rights to [ insert name of contractor or other intermediary right holder ].\n\nI declare that [I have received full remuneration] [I agreed to receive remuneration by [ insert date ]].\n\n[As creator, I also confirm that I do not object to the following:\n\n - (a) that my name be mentioned or not mentioned when the results are presented to the public;\n - (b) that the results be divulged or not after they have been delivered in their final version to the contracting authority;\n - (c) that the results be adapted, provided that this is done in a manner which is not prejudicial to my honour or reputation.]\n\nDate, place, signature", + "page_start": 48, + "page_end": 48, + "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" + }, { "text": "different rightsholders and authors. Managing opt-outs for so many different interests within one book may get overly complicated very fast.\n\nIn any event, creating an opt-out system will need some ways of authenticating whether someone has the relevant authority to make choices about inclusion of a work.\n\n## Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?\n\nA commons might be made publicly available to all, as has been done with datasets like The Pile. Another possible design choice is to restrict access only to authorized users and to enforce particular responsibilities or obligations in return for authorization. Three particular dimensions of permitted uses and users came up in our discussions:\n\n - · Defining and ensuring acceptable and ethical use: Participants discussed to what extent restrictions should be put on use of the resource. In the case of HathiTrust, acceptable use is implicitly ensured by limiting access to researchers from member institutions; other forms of 'gated access' are possible, allowing access only to certain types of users and for certain uses. One can imagine more fine-grained 39 mechanisms, based on a review of the purpose for which datasets are used. This imagined resource could become a useful lever to demand responsible development and use of AI; alongside 'sticks' like legal penalties, this would be a 'carrot' that could incentivize good behavior. At the same time, drawing the lines around, let alone enforcing, 'good behavior' would constitute a significant challenge.\n - · Charging for use to support sustainability of the training corpus itself: While wanting to ensure broad access to this resource, it is important to consider economic sustainability, including support for continuing to update the resource with new works and appropriate tooling for AI training. Requiring some form of payment to use the resource could support sustainability, perhaps with different requirements for different types of users (e.g., differentiating between non-commercial and commercial users, or high-volume, well-resourced users and others). 40\n - · Ensuring benefits of AI are broadly shared, including with book authors or publishers: The creation of a training resource might lower barriers to the development of AI tools, and in that way support broadly shared benefits by facilitating greater competition and mitigating concentration of power. On the other hand, just as concentration of technology industries is already a significant challenge, AI might not look much different, and the benefits of this resource may still simply go to a few large firms in 'winner takes all-or-most' markets. The workshops discussed how, for instance, large commercial users might be expected to contribute to a fund that supported contributors of training data, or more generally to fund writers, to ensure everyone contributing to the development of AI benefits.", "page_start": 18, @@ -2729,18 +2741,6 @@ "page_start": 62, "page_end": 62, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "harm people (as it can in medicine, finance, recruitment, housing or policing) then the algorithm may cause discrimination. [223] The field of fairness studies how to prevent harms from algorithmic biases.\n\nOn June 28, 2015, Google Photos's new image labeling feature mistakenly identified Jacky Alcine and a friend as \"gorillas\" because they were black. The system was trained on a dataset that contained very few images of black people, [224] a problem called \"sample size disparity\". [225] Google \"fixed\" this problem by preventing the system from labelling anything as a \"gorilla\". Eight years later, in 2023, Google Photos still could not identify a gorilla, and neither could similar products from Apple, Facebook, Microsoft and Amazon. [226]\n\nCOMPAS is a commercial program widely used by U.S. courts to assess the likelihood of a defendant becoming a recidivist. In 2016, Julia Angwin at ProPublica discovered that COMPAS exhibited racial bias, despite the fact that the program was not told the races of the defendants. Although the error rate for both whites and blacks was calibrated equal at exactly 61%, the errors for each race were different-the system consistently overestimated the chance that a black person would re-offend and would underestimate the chance that a white person would not re-offend. [227] In 2017, several researchers [l] showed that it was mathematically impossible for COMPAS to accommodate all possible measures of fairness when the base rates of re-offense were different for whites and blacks in the data. [229]\n\nA program can make biased decisions even if the data does not explicitly mention a problematic feature (such as \"race\" or \"gender\"). The feature will correlate with other features (like \"address\", \"shopping history\" or \"first name\"), and the program will make the same decisions based on these features as it would on \"race\" or \"gender\". [230] Moritz Hardt said \"the most robust fact in this research area is that fairness through blindness doesn't work.\" [231]\n\nCriticism of COMPAS highlighted that machine learning models are designed to make \"predictions\" that are only valid if we assume that the future will resemble the past. If they are trained on data that includes the results of racist decisions in the past, machine learning models must predict that racist decisions will be made in the future. If an application then uses these predictions as recommendations , some of these \"recommendations\" will likely be racist. [232] Thus, machine learning is not well suited to help make decisions in areas where there is hope that the future will be better than the past. It is descriptive rather than prescriptive. [m]\n\nBias and unfairness may go undetected because the developers are overwhelmingly white and male: among AI engineers, about 4% are black and 20% are women. [225]\n\nThere are various conflicting definitions and mathematical models of fairness. These notions depend on ethical assumptions, and are influenced by beliefs about society. One broad category is distributive fairness, which focuses on the outcomes, often identifying groups and seeking to compensate for statistical disparities. Representational fairness tries to ensure that AI systems do not reinforce negative stereotypes or render certain groups invisible. Procedural fairness focuses on the decision process rather than the outcome. The most relevant notions of fairness may depend on the context, notably the type of AI application and the stakeholders. The subjectivity in the notions of bias and fairness makes it difficult for companies to operationalize them. Having access to sensitive attributes such as race or gender is also considered by many AI ethicists to be necessary in order to compensate for biases, but it may conflict with anti-discrimination laws. [219]", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 58. Yang, L.; Sun, T.; Zhang, M.; Mei, Q. We know what@ you# tag: Does the dual role a GLYPH<11> ect hashtag adoption? In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web, Lyon, France, 16-20 April 2012; pp. 261-270.\n - 59. Weller, K.; Dröge, E.; Puschmann, C. Citation Analysis in Twitter: Approaches for Defining and Measuring Information Flows within Tweets during Scientific Conferences. In Proceedings of the Making Sense of Microposts 2011, Heraklion, Greece, 30 May 2011; pp. 1-12.\n - 60. Meraz, S. Hashtag wars and networked framing: The private / public networked protest repertoires of occupy on twitter. In Between the Public and Private in Mobile Communication ; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2017; pp. 303-323.\n - 61. Meraz, S.; Papacharissi, Z. Networked gatekeeping and networked framing on# Egypt. Int. J. Press. 2013 , 18 , 138-166.\n - 62. Papacharissi, Z.; de Fatima Oliveira, M. A GLYPH<11> ective news and networked publics: The rhythms of news storytelling on# Egypt. J. Commun. 2012 , 62 , 266-282.\n - 63. Wang, X.; Wei, F.; Liu, X.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, M. Topic sentiment analysis in twitter: A graph-based hashtag sentiment classification approach. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Scotland, UK, 24-28 October 2011; pp. 1031-1040.\n - 64. Laniado, D.; Mika, P. Making sense of twitter. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference 2010, Shanghai, China, 7-11 November 2010; pp. 470-485.\n - 65. Gonz á lez-Ib á nez, R.; Muresan, S.; Wacholder, N. Identifying sarcasm in Twitter: A closer look. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: Short Papers-Volume 2, Portland, OR, USA, 19-24 June 2011; pp. 581-586.\n - 66. Conover, M.D.; Ratkiewicz, J.; Francisco, M.; Gonçalves, B.; Menczer, F.; Flammini, A. Political polarization on twitter. In Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Barcelona, Spain, 17-21 July 2011.\n - 67. Kitzie, V.; Ghosh, D. # Criming and# Alive: Network and content analysis of two sides of a story on twitter. In Proceedings of the 78th ASIS&T Annual Meeting: Information Science with Impact: Research in and for the Community, St. Louis, MO, USA, 6-10 October; 2015; p. 41.\n - 68. Burgess, J.; Galloway, A.; Sauter, T. Hashtag as hybrid forum: The case of# agchatoz. In Hashtag Publics. The Power and Politics of Discursive Networks ; Peter Lang: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 61-76.\n - 69. Rushko GLYPH<11> , D. 17. Permanent revolution: Occupying democracy. In The Playful Citizen ; Amsterdam University Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013; p. 335.\n - 70. Grundberg, M.D.; Lindgren, S. Translocal frame extensions in a networked protest: Situating the# IdleNoMore hashtag. IC Rev. Cient í fica De Inf. Y Comun. 2015 , 11 , 49-57.\n - 71. Bruns, A.; Burgess, J.E. # ausvotes: How Twitter covered the 2010 Australian federal election. Commun. Politics Cult. 2011 , 44 , 37-56.\n - 72. Pearce, W.; Holmberg, K.; Hellsten, I.; Nerlich, B. Climate change on Twitter: Topics, communities and conversations about the 2013 IPCC Working Group 1 report. PLoS ONE 2014 , 9 , e94785. [CrossRef]\n - 73. Zhao, W.X.; Jiang, J.; Weng, J.; He, J.; Lim, E.P.; Yan, H.; Li, X. Comparing twitter and traditional media using topic models. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval, Dublin, Ireland, 18-21 April 2011; pp. 338-349.\n - 74. Doctor, V. Hashtag History: When and What Started It? Available online: https: // www.hashtags.org / featured / hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it / (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n - 75. Newman, T.P. Tracking the release of IPCC AR5 on Twitter: Users, comments, and sources following the release of the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers. Public Underst. Sci. 2017 , 26 , 815-825. [CrossRef]\n - 76. Segerberg, A.; Bennett, W.L. Social media and the organization of collective action: Using Twitter to explore the ecologies of two climate change protests. Commun. Rev. 2011 , 14 , 197-215. [CrossRef]\n - 77. Statista. Number of Monthly Active Twitter Users Worldwide from 1st Quarter 2010 to 1st Quarter 2019 (in Millions). 2019. Available online: https: // www.statista.com / statistics / 282087 / number-of-monthly-activetwitter-users / (accessed on 10 October 2019).\n - 78. Liu, Y.; Kliman-Silver, C.; Mislove, A. The tweets they are a-changin': Evolution of Twitter users and behavior. In Proceedings of the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1-4 June 2014.", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2751,11 +2751,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers\n\n## What's in a Name?\n\nMost names are not unique\n\n\n\nMany people have the same name\n\nPeople use di/fferent versions of their name during their career\n\nIndividuals use di/fferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions\n\n## Researchers are mobile!\n\n\n\nFor example,\n\n30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE\n\nSource: Science Magazine\n\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n\n\n\n- Benchmark their organization against others\n- Identify, track, and report on researchers' a/ffiliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)\n\n## Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research\n\n\n\n\n\nInstitutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate the impact of all types of research contributions\n\n\n\n## Tackling Information Overload\n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n\nConnects individuals and their professional contributions across disciplines, organizations, and time\n\nEnables recognition of all types of research contributions and innovation\n\n\n\nHelps research institutions, funders, publishers, and other organizations better track and support research work\n\n## How ORCID Works\n\n\n\n- It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers\n- It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions\n- It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems\n\n## Why Connect with ORCID?\n\nHundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally\n\n## 5.5 MILLION+\n\nlive ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch\n\n\n\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n\n\n\nNames may\n\nchange through\n\nmarriage or other\n\ncircumstances\n\n\n\n## Evidence of Institutional Value\n\nExamples of time/sta/ff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n\n\n\nUK: 0.2 - 0.4 FTEs per institution 1 Portugal: 100,000 researcher hours per year 2 Australia: 15-30 minutes per grant application 3\n\n1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015 2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017 3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018\n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing authoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in reviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n\n-Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union\n\n## How Organizations and Researchers Benefit\n\n## INSTITUTIONS\n\n- Save time and reduce errors with automated information-sharing and cross-system interoperability\n- Manage your organization name and your researchers' connections with it\n- Maintain links with your researchers - past, present, and future\n\n## RESEARCHERS\n\n- Improve recognition and discoverability of their research\n- Spend more time doing research, less time managing it\n- Control and manage a trusted and easily shareable record of their research activities and a/ffiliations - for free\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Three Ways to Get Involved\n\n- 1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD\n- 2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems\n- 3. Connect data to and from your researchers' ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations\n\nSponsored by ORCID\n\nTo learn more go to https://orcid.org\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Board of Directors", "page_start": 29, @@ -2786,6 +2792,12 @@ "page_end": 90, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738458376 SG24-8459-00\n\n", + "page_start": 269, + "page_end": 269, + "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" + }, { "text": "## ANNEX I - Tender specifications", "page_start": 39, @@ -2793,28 +2805,16 @@ "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" }, { - "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738457779 SG24-7938-07\n\n", + "page_start": 825, + "page_end": 825, + "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Enter the database name and the collection name, as shown in Figure 7-5. In our case, both are called restaurant .\n\nFigure 7-5 Creating restaurant Database and Collection\n\n", - "page_start": 192, - "page_end": 192, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2854,6 +2854,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [110] L. Rockford, Y. Liu, P. Mansky, T. P. Russell, M. Yoon, and S. G. J. Mochrie, 'Polymers on nanoperiodic, heterogeneous surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 , 2602-2605 (1999).\n - [111] A. Sehgal, V. Ferreiro, J. F. Douglas, E. J. Amis, and A. Karim, 'Pattern-directed dewetting of ultrathin polymer films,' Langmuir 18 , 7041-7048 (2002).\n - [112] M. Geoghegan and G. Krausch, 'Wetting at polymer surfaces and interfaces,' Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 , 261-302 (2003).\n - [113] P. Lenz and R. Lipowsky, 'Morphological transitions of wetting layers on structured surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 , 1920-1923 (1998).\n - [114] C. Bauer, S. Dietrich, and A. O. Parry, 'Morphological phase transitions of thin fluid films on chemically structured substrates,' Europhys. Lett. 47 , 474-480 (1999).\n - [115] R. Konnur, K. Kargupta, and A. Sharma, 'Instability and morphology of thin liquid films on chemically heterogeneous substrates,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 , 931-934 (2000).\n - [116] M. Brinkmann and R. Lipowsky, 'Wetting morphologies on substrates with striped surface domains,' J. Appl. Phys. 92 , 4296-4306 (2002).\n - [117] L. Brusch, H. Kuhne, U. Thiele, and M. Bar, 'Dewetting of thin films on heterogeneous substrates: Pinning vs. coarsening,' Phys. Rev. E 66 , 011602 (2002).\n - [118] U. Thiele, L. Brusch, M. Bestehorn, and M. Bar, 'Modelling thin-film dewetting on structured substrates and templates: Bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations,' Eur. Phys. J. E 11 , 255-271 (2003).\n - [119] U. Thiele, 'Open questions and promising new fields in dewetting,' Eur. Phys. J. E 12 , 409-416 (2003).\n - [120] D. M. Anderson, G. B. McFadden, and A. A. Wheeler, 'Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics,' Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30 , 139-165 (1998).\n - [121] U. Thiele, S. Madruga, and L. Frastia, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: I. Model derivation and stratified base states,' Phys. Fluids 19 , 122106 (2007).\n - [122] O. A. Frolovskaya, A. A. Nepomnyashchy, A. Oron, and A. A. Golovin, 'Stability of a two-layer binary-fluid system with a diffuse interface,' Phys. Fluids 20 , 112105 (2008).\n - [123] S. Madruga and U. Thiele, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: II. Influence of convective transport on linear stability,' Phys. Fluids 21 , 062104 (2009).", + "page_start": 32, + "page_end": 32, + "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" + }, { "text": "fast evaporation [104, 105]. These complex experimental systems all represent systems of high practical interest that the theories presented here are not (yet) able to describe. Such experiments do, however, provide a strong motivation for further work to extend the theories presented here, as well as to develop new approaches.\n\nLet us finally mention that several topics were entirely excluded from our discussion here. First, we focused on a limited range of descriptions and did, for instance, not mention lattice Boltzmann, molecular dynamics or dissipative particle dynamics approaches that may also be employed to describe fluid suspensions [106-109]. Second, we have only discussed spatially homogeneous substrates. Patterned substrates are widely used in dewetting experiments [38, 110-112]. Theoretical descriptions are well developed for the dewetting of films of pure non-volatile liquids on such substrates [68, 113-119]. However, in the case of volatile liquids on heterogeneous substrates, much less work has been done. A third topic that we did not touch upon are possible continuum thin film approaches to demixing dewetting suspensions. We believe it is feasible to extend the diffuse interface theories such as model-H [120] to include the influence of evaporation in dewetting nanoparticle suspensions. For instance, such models have already been adapted to describe demixing free surface films of polymer blends [121-123].\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nAJA and MJR gratefully acknowledge RCUK and EPSRC, respectively, for financial support. We acknowledge support by the European Union via the FP6 and FP7 Marie Curie schemes [Grants MRTN-CT-2004005728 (PATTERNS) and PITN-GA-2008-214919 (MULTIFLOW)].\n\n- [2] G. Reiter, 'Mobility of polymers in films thinner than their unperturbed size,' Europhys. Lett. 23 , 579-584 (1993).\n- [3] A. Sharma and G. Reiter, 'Instability of thin polymer films on coated substrates: Rupture, dewetting and drop formation,' J. Colloid Interface Sci. 178 , 383-399 (1996).\n- [4] P.-G. de Gennes, 'Wetting: Statics and dynamics,' Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 , 827-863 (1985).", "page_start": 24, @@ -2883,12 +2889,6 @@ "page_start": 22, "page_end": 22, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "is similar to the size of the nanoparticles. At a certain distance from the macroscopic front, the ultrathin film starts to evolve a locally isotropic pattern of holes. The holes themselves grow in an unstable manner resulting in an array of isotropically branched structures as shown, e.g., above in Fig. 1. This indicates that at least some of the patterns described in the literature may have arisen from processes in similar ultrathin 'postcursor' films.\n\nThe existence of the ultrathin 'postcursor' film is an experimental finding that can be drawn on when choosing a theoretical approach to account for the pattern formation (see below). Note however, that at the moment there exists no explanation for its existence. A possible hypothesis is that the substrate strongly attracts the nanoparticles. As a result they form a dense suspension layer having a thickness roughly equal to the diameter of the nanoparticles. The observed mesoscopic dewetting front then actually correspond to an autophobic dewetting of a low concentration suspension from the higher concentration suspension on the surface of the substrate.\n\n## III. MODELLING APPROACHES\n\nModels of dewetting thin films of pure liquids or polymers are often based on thin film hydrodynamics. Starting from the Stokes equations, together with continuity and boundary conditions at the substrate and free surface, one applies a long-wave approximation (assuming small surface slopes and contact angles) [8, 63] and obtains a non-linear evolution equation for the film thickness profile h ( x, y, t ) . In the case of volatile liquids one finds [55-58, 64]\n\n∂ t h = ∇· [ Q c ∇ δF δh ] -Q e δF δh , (1)\n\nwith the mobility functions Q c ( h ) = h 3 / 3 η ≥ 0 (assuming Poiseuille flow in the film and no slip at the substrate; η is the dynamic viscosity) and Q e ≥ 0 for the convective and evaporative part of the dynamics, respectively. Q e is a rate constant that can be obtained from gas kinetic theory or from experiment [57]. Note that Eq. (1) only applies if the pressure in the vapour above the film is close to the saturation pressure. For alternative expressions that are used to describe the non-conserved evaporative dynamics see, e.g., Refs. [56, 57, 65-69]. Finally, ∇ = ( ∂ x , ∂ y ) , and ∂ t , ∂ x and ∂ y denote partial derivatives w.r.t. time and the coordinates.\n\nFocusing on the influence of capillarity and wettability only, the energy functional F [ h ] is given by\n\nF [ h ] = ∫ dx ∫ dy [ γ 2 ( ∇ h ) 2 + f ( h ) -µh ] (2)", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3088,12 +3088,6 @@ "page_end": 90, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, - { - "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, { "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", "page_start": 38, @@ -3106,6 +3100,12 @@ "page_end": 13, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" }, + { + "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" + }, { "text": "## ANNEX I - Tender specifications", "page_start": 39, @@ -3121,8 +3121,8 @@ "target_page": 5, "target_passage": "According to statistics in 2018, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries is almost 80% of the total maize yield of the whole world. The United States accounts for more than 32%", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -3446,6 +3446,12 @@ "page_end": 18, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Wolf, Robert G. (1978). \"Are Relevant Logics Deviant?\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/WOLAR L). Philosophia . 7 (2): 327-340. doi:10.1007/BF02378819 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02 378819). S2CID 143697796 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143697796). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211216143955/https://philpapers.org/rec/WOLAR L) from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\n - Zegarelli, Mark (2010). Logic For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-11805307-2.\n\n## External links\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logic&oldid=1266818857\"", + "page_start": 37, + "page_end": 37, + "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n## Logic\n\nLogic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural language whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used as a countable noun, the term \"a logic\" refers to a specific logical formal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.\n\nLogic studies valid forms of inference like modus ponens .\n\n\n\nLogic studies arguments, which consist of a set of premises that leads to a conclusion. An example is the argument from the premises \"it's Sunday\" and \"if it's Sunday then I don't have to work\" leading to the conclusion \"I don't have to work\". [1] Premises and conclusions express propositions or claims that can be true or false. An important feature of propositions is their internal structure. For example, complex propositions are made up of simpler propositions linked by logical vocabulary like (and) or (if...then). Simple propositions also have parts, like \"Sunday\" or \"work\" in the example. The truth of a proposition usually depends on the meanings of all of its parts. However, this is not the case for logically true propositions. They are true only because of their logical structure independent of the specific meanings of the individual parts.\n\nArguments can be either correct or incorrect. An argument is correct if its premises support its conclusion. Deductive arguments have the strongest form of support: if their premises are true then their conclusion must also be true. This is not the case for ampliative arguments, which arrive at genuinely new information not found in the premises. Many arguments in everyday discourse and the sciences are ampliative arguments. They are divided into inductive and abductive arguments. Inductive arguments are statistical generalization-such as inferring that all ravens are black, based on many individual observations of black ravens. [2] Abductive arguments are inferences to the best explanation-for example, when a doctor concludes that a patient has a certain disease, as the best explanation for the symptoms that they are observed to suffer. [3] Arguments that fall short of the standards of correct reasoning often embody fallacies. Systems of logic are theoretical frameworks for assessing the correctness of arguments.\n\nLogic has been studied since antiquity. Early approaches include Aristotelian logic, Stoic logic, Nyaya, and Mohism. Aristotelian logic focuses on reasoning in the form of syllogisms. It was considered the main system of logic in the Western world until it was replaced by modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as Gottlob Frege. Today, the most commonly used system is classical logic. It consists of propositional logic and first-order logic. Propositional logic only considers logical relations between full propositions. First-order logic also takes the internal parts of", "page_start": 0, @@ -3475,12 +3481,6 @@ "page_start": 35, "page_end": 35, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- Gamut, L.T.F. (1991). Logic, Language and Meaning Vol 1: Introduction to Logic . University of Chicago Press. 5.5. ISBN 978-0-226-28085-1.\n - Garson, James (2023). \"Modal Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.\n - Gensler, Harry J. (2006). The A to Z of Logic . Scarecrow Press. pp. xliii-xliv. ISBN 978-14617-3182-5.\n - Goble, Lou (2001). \"Introduction\". The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic (https://philpa pers.org/rec/GOBTBG-2). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1-8. ISBN 978-0-631-20692-7. Archived (htt ps://web.archive.org/web/20211207184959/https://philpapers.org/rec/GOBTBG-2) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\n - Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). Avicenna . Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-01929-3.\n - Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism . Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-513580-0.\n - Groarke, Louis F. \"Aristotle: Logic\" (https://iep.utm.edu/aris-log/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211229235433/https://iep.utm.edu/aris -log/) from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.\n - Groarke, Leo (2021). \"Informal Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-informal/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220112030519/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lo gic-informal/) from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n - Gómez-Torrente, Mario (2019). \"Logical Truth\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-trut h/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211002190110/https://plato.stanford.ed u/entries/logical-truth/) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.\n - Gödel, Kurt (1984). \"Russell's mathematical logic\". In Benacerraf, Paul; Putnam, Hilary (eds.). Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (https://www.cambridge.org/core/boo ks/abs/philosophy-of-mathematics/russells-mathematical-logic/4D82F215FABFE06149D03 EF1EF5BE7E4) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447-469. ISBN 978-0-52129648-9. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091740/https://www.cambridge.or g/core/books/abs/philosophy-of-mathematics/russells-mathematical-logic/4D82F215FABFE 06149D03EF1EF5BE7E4) from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.\n - Hájek, Petr (3 September 2006). \"Fuzzy Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/Archives/Win201 2/entries/logic-fuzzy/). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023.\n - Hájek, Alan; Lin, Hanti (2017). \"A Tale of Two Epistemologies?\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/H JEATO). Res Philosophica . 94 (2): 207-232. doi:10.11612/resphil.1540 (https://doi.org/10.1 1612%2Fresphil.1540). S2CID 160029122 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16002 9122). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104182746/https://philpapers.org/rec/HJ EATO) from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\n - Hall, Cordelia; O'Donnell, John (2000). Discrete Mathematics Using a Computer . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85233-089-7.\n - Houde, R.; Camacho, L. (2003). \"Induction\". New Catholic Encyclopedia (https://www.encycl opedia.com/science-and-technology/computers-and-electrical-engineering/electrical-engine ering/induction). ISBN 978-0-7876-4004-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220108 171720/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/computers-and-electrical-en gineering/electrical-engineering/induction) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.\n - Haack, Susan (1974). Deviant Logic: Some Philosophical Issues . CUP Archive. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-521-20500-9.", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3600,12 +3600,24 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n## Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.\n\n| | | | Land | Land | Land | Land |\n|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Observations (UK State of the Climate) | Marine and coastal projections | Global projections | Probabilistic projections | High resolution projections | High resolution projections |\n| Characteristics | Observed trends; long-term climatologies; weather events for the preceding year | Updated sea level rise and surge projections based on operational storm surge model (CS3) using CMIP5, EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of ~20 spatially coherent time series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model and a similar number of CMIP5 models | Updated probability density functions presented as 30- year and monthly time series based on Met Office models (HadCM3, ESPPE) and CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events |\n| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |\n| Emissions scenarios | N/A | RCP8.5 H ++ | lower scenario (for Met Office Hadley Centre model only) | Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation | RCP8.5 | RCP8.5 |\n| Variables available ++ | Temperature, precipitation (including snow), sunshine, wind | Sea level rise, storm surge | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | humidity, wind speed, | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation |\n\n - * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "IPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\n\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\nACCESS1-0Figure 20. Di/fference between 2 ° Cand1.5 ° C global warming in percentage changes in mean (top) run-o/ff in JULES simulations driven by the ensemble of HadGEM3 simulations. Note that the use of percentage changes emphasizes changes in regions where the baseline stream/flow is small.\n\n\n\nThe largest regional differences between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming tend to be in the regions where the local impact is largest relative to the baseline. For TXx this is generally the midlatitudes, whereas for TX90p it is generally the tropics. So, broadly, the impacts at 1.5°C global warming could be estimated by scaling-back the impacts at 2°C.\n\nThese results show some similarities with those from the CMIP5 models [9,38], but also some notable differences. The CMIP5 models were at lower spatial resolution than the models used here. Although the general patterns of change in TXx are broadly similar in our study and CMIP5, with greater warming in many continental interiors, is notable that our results show more marked geographical variation than those from CMIP5 projections ([9], among others), with the continental interior warming being more intense in our projections. In particular, our results with HadGEM3 show more intense increases in maximum temperature in North America and Europe.\n\nOur projections of changes in consecutive dry days (CDD) broadly consistent with those found in a subset of the CMIP5 ensemble [9], although there are some differences. Our ensemble mean suggests shorter dry spells in the central Amazon, whereas ISIMIP-indicated longer dry spells. Also, as with the temperature indices, our results show greater geographical differentiation in the intensity of changes.\n\nThe decrease in Rx5day in some regions in our simulations contrasts with the subset of CMIP5 models used for the ISIMIP Fast-Track projections [9] which suggested an increase in Rx5day almost everywhere where at least 66% of the model ensemble agreed on the sign of the change, including all of northern South America. The reasons for these differences require further investigation, but some insight into possible reasons may be gained by examining the similarities and differences between our own individual ensemble members.\n\nFor all the CLIMPAct variables, the variations in global means between the ensemble members were consistent at 1.5°C and 2°C. That is, the members with the largest changes at 2°C also showed the largest changes at 1.5°C, and the same was true for the smallest changes, and the relative proportions of changes in other ensemble members. This suggests that variations between the ensemble members at any particular GWL were not merely a consequence of internal variability\n\nHadGEM2-ES\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 22, "page_end": 22, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Glob. Environ. Change 25 , 121-132. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.004)\n - 23. Richardson K, Lewis K, Krishnamurthy K, Kent C, Wiltshire A, Hanlon H. 2018 Food security outcomes under a changing climate: impacts of mitigation and adaptation on vulnerability to food insecurity. Clim. Change , 147 , 327-341. (doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2137-y)\n - 24. Best M et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description-part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 677-699. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011)\n - 25. Clark D et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model descriptionpart 2: carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 701-722. (doi:10.5194/ gmd-4-701-2011)\n - 26. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ. 2000 Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 , 184-187. (doi:10.1038/ 35041539)\n - 27. Jones CD et al. 2011 The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 543-570. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-543-2011)\n - 28. Betts RA et al. 2015 Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial ecosystems and river flows in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using the representative concentration pathways. Biogeosciences 12 , 1317. (doi:10.5194/bg-12-1317-2015)\n - 29. Falloon PD, Betts RA. 2006 The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 7 , 62-68. (doi:10.1002/asl.133)\n - 30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, Betts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological forcing in determining future global water stress. Glob. Environ. Change 23 , 1083-1097. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005)\n - 31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows - exploring the effects of forcing biases. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 , 1785-1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785)\n - 32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 946-949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046)\n - 33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 10 019-10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113)\n - 34. Betts RA et al. 2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon dioxide rise. Nature 448 , 1037-1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045)\n - 35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases on global runoff simulations of a land surface model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 , 4379-4401. (doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017)\n - 36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J. Climate 19 , 3088-3111. (doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1)\n - 37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily GCMprecipitation output. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 3150-3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323)\n - 38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 3609-3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017)\n - 39. Mitchell D, James R, Forster PM, Betts RA, Shiogama H, Allen M. 2016 Realizing the impacts of a 1.5°C warmer world. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 735-737. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3055)\n - 40. Cox P et al. 2008 Increase risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. Nature 453 , 212-216. (doi:10.1038/nature06960)\n - 41. Betts RA, Cox PM, Collins M, Harris PP, Huntingford C, Jones CD. 2004 The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 78 , 157-175. (doi:10.1007/ s00704-004-0050-y)\n - 42. Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Chadwick R, Diffenbaugh NS, Fiorella RP. 2017 The role of CO2 plant physiological forcing in shaping future daily-scale precipitation. J. Climate 30 , 2319-2340. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0603.1)", + "page_start": 26, + "page_end": 26, + "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" + }, { "text": "In the present study, processing errors in the input data for one ensemble member, the HadGEM2-ES-driven member, caused the results to be invalid. Results for this member for the HCVI are, therefore, not presented here.\n\n## (d) Freshwater resources: run-o/ff\n\nImpacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [24,25], a coupled ecosystem-hydrology-surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way, typically applied at global scales. Variants of JULES form the land surface scheme of Met Office Hadley Centre Earth System Models [26,27] and have been used to assess impacts of climate change on global terrestrial ecosystems and hydrology [28-30] within such models. JULES can also be used outside of the Earth System Model (ESM), driven by meteorological outputs of other ESMs to assess impacts of a wider range of climate projections [6,8]. Here we use a new, higher-resolution configuration of JULES on a global grid of 0.5° resolution [31].\n\nIt has been noted that hydrological impacts models driven by climate-change projections from climate models tend to give more severe drying than simulated in the climate models themselves [32-34]. This is largely attributed to the inclusion of plant stomatal closure in response to elevated CO2 in the climate model land surface schemes, which generally reduces evapotranspiration relative to climate projections without this process and hence further increases run-off/streamflow or ameliorates decreases [34]. This process is often omitted from standard hydrological models. Plant physiological responses to CO 2 are included in the JULES model, so our projections of changes in run-off here do account for this process.\n\nWe used each HadGEM3 simulation to drive JULES to simulate changes in run-off due to the effects of climate change and CO 2 rise on precipitation, evaporation and transpiration. We analysed 30 year periods centred around the year of crossing GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to pre-industrial. We examined changes in both mean flows and low flows (defined as the flows for the lowest 10% of time).\n\n## (e) Correcting biases in climate model output and implications for de/fining levels of global warming\n\nThe ClimPACT extreme weather indices, HCVI and JULES run-off simulations were all performed using outputs from the higher-resolution HadGEM3 projections described in §2a. However, there were some differences in how these data were applied, with different approaches to the treatment of systematic biases in the climate model output. For the ClimPACT analysis, it was considered important to assess changes in the raw climate model output, because this directly represents the behaviour of the model itself. The main focus was on the changes relative to the presentday baseline climate, defined as 1981-2010, with absolute values in either the baseline or the GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C being only of secondary interest. For the HCVI and JULES run-off analyses, however, it was considered important to correct for systematic biases in the climate model output, because these can lead to unrealistic representations of the key quantities in the present-day simulation [35]. A bias-correction methodology was, therefore, applied for these two parts of the analysis, whereby the model output was adjusted to make it consistent with an observed climatology [36]. We used a multi-segment statistical bias-correction methodology for precipitation [37], and a modification of this for other variables [37].\n\nThis difference in approach led to inconsistencies in the definitions of the dates of GWLs in the two parts of the study. In the extremes analysis using raw model output, the dates of passing GWLs were defined on the basis of the global mean temperatures in the driving CMIP5 models relative to those models' simulations of global mean temperature in 1870-1899 (table 3). However, in the HCVI and JULES analyses which used bias-corrected data, it was considered more appropriate for the GWLs to be defined using the warming in the observational dataset", "page_start": 6, @@ -3617,18 +3629,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A detailed investigation of these factors is beyond the scope of this paper; nevertheless, this result illustrates the important point that the nature and patterns of the climate forcing at a particular level of global warming can play an important role in determining the patterns of regional impacts.\n\n## 5. Conclusion\n\nThe higher-resolution HadGEM3 simulations project consistent increases in temperature-related extremes, with larger changes at 2°C compared to 1.5°C and local changes being larger than the global annual mean. There is a higher degree of spatial variation in our projections compared with CMIP5-based studies.\n\nIn the model projections examined here, changes relating to the water cycle are complex, both in their geographical pattern and in the variation between different models. The length of flooding events generally increases across world in all models, but maximum rainfall can either increase or decrease depending on locations. Global patterns of increase and decrease show some consistency between the different GWLs, but also some local differences. Worldwide, most impacts broadly tend to increase with global warming in most areas. For global mean changes, even when the sign of change is uncertain, individual realizations generally show reduced impact at 1.5°C compared with 2°C. However, this does not always hold even at the scale of major global river basins.\n\nVulnerability to food insecurity increases more at 2°C global warming than 1.5°C in approximately three-quarters of countries assessed. The vulnerability increase can arise from increases in either flooding or drought. Reduced drought leads to decreased vulnerability in a limited number of cases.\n\nMost simulations here project a general increase in mean streamflow in most of the basins examined, but with a number of notable exceptions in the tropics. While flows in the Ganges are consistently projected to increase by 30-110% at 2°C, Amazon flows could either increase by 3% or decrease by 25%. Ensemble-mean changes in river flow often do not give a full impression of the magnitude of changes that may be possible, so adaptation planning in particular should not rely on ensemble-mean projections and instead consider a range of outcomes. The seasonal low streamflows also increase in many basins, but not as many as for the mean flows-many basins see decreased low flows in some or all projections.\n\nBroadly, changes in weather extremes at 1.5°C global warming could be estimated by scalingback the impacts at 2°C, if this is done with individual ensemble members rather than the ensemble mean. However, this was not always the case for impacts that depend on more complex process or interactions between more than one climate variable, such as run-off and an indicator of vulnerability to food insecurity.\n\nData accessibility.\n\nThis article has no additional data.\n\nCompeting interests. We declare we have no competing interests.\n\nFunding. This research received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/20072013 under grant agreement no. 603864 (HELIX: 'High-End cLimate Impacts and eXtremes'; www. helixclimate.eu). The work of R.A.B., C.B., J.C., L.G., K.L. and K.R. was additionally supported by the Joint UK BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101).\n\nAcknowledgements. The authors thank Ed Pope, Jason Lowe and Dann Mitchell for advice and discussion, Alissa Haward and Maria Pearce for project management and administration of HELIX, and two anonymous reviewers whose comments substantially improved the paper.\n\n## References\n\n - 1. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al .), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "IPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\n\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\nACCESS1-0\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Simulated changes in the number of consecutive dry days relative to 1981-2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from di/fferent members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean. The labels above each panel identify the driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\n\n\n\nTable 5. Global mean changes at 2 ° C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the ClimPACT indices, the /flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean precipitation (Pmean), mean run-o/ff (Rmean) and low run-o/ff (Rlow).\n\n| | IPSL- CM5A-LR | GFDL- ESM2M | HadGEM2- ES | IPSL- CM5A-MR | MIRC-ESM- CHEM | ACCESS1-0 | ensemble mean |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|---------------|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|\n| TXx ( ° C) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.6 |\n| TX90p (% time) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 20.1 | 24.3 | 24.9 | 29.0 | 23.5 | 27.9 | 25.0 |\n| CDD | - 3.0 | 0.9 | - 3.4 | - 5.7 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | - 2.0 | - 5.5 | - 2.9 |\n| RX5day (mm) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 3.5 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 5.9 |\n| drought proxy .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 0.76 | 0.89 | n.a. | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.66 | 0.61 |\n| /flood proxy .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 0.83 | 0.82 | n.a. | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.78 | 0.78 |\n| Pmean (%) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2.1 | 3.4 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 4.0 |\n| Rmean (%) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 2.4 | 6.5 | 8.1 | 4.4 | 8.6 | 4.9 | 5.8 |\n| Rlow (%) | 2.0 | 3.8 | 11.2 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 5.1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 5.9 |\n\n-\n\nareas are projected to see an increase in flood event lengths of 4 days or more, particularly India and Bangladesh, for which such increases are projected in all ensemble members to some extent. Increases of 2-4 days are also projected in parts of Brazil by all ensemble members, although the magnitude and location within the country varied between members. Similar increases are projected in the region of the Horn of Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula in several members.\n\nThe HCVI calculated for 2°C global warming showed very large geographical variability (figure 7) which relates largely to differences in socio-economic factors [22]. Differences in the climate change simulated in different ensemble members leads to some variation in the HCVI at\n\nHadGEM2-ES\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3656,6 +3656,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n## Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.\n\n| | | | Land | Land | Land | Land |\n|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Observations (UK State of the Climate) | Marine and coastal projections | Global projections | Probabilistic projections | High resolution projections | High resolution projections |\n| Characteristics | Observed trends; long-term climatologies; weather events for the preceding year | Updated sea level rise and surge projections based on operational storm surge model (CS3) using CMIP5, EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of ~20 spatially coherent time series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model and a similar number of CMIP5 models | Updated probability density functions presented as 30- year and monthly time series based on Met Office models (HadCM3, ESPPE) and CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events |\n| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |\n| Emissions scenarios | N/A | RCP8.5 H ++ | lower scenario (for Met Office Hadley Centre model only) | Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation | RCP8.5 | RCP8.5 |\n| Variables available ++ | Temperature, precipitation (including snow), sunshine, wind | Sea level rise, storm surge | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | humidity, wind speed, | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation |\n\n - * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 2. Murphy JM et al. 2009 UKclimate projections science report: climate change projections . Exeter, UK: Met Office Hadley Centre. See http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk.\n - 3. United Nations. 2010 Report of the Conference Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen, 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ 11a01.pdf.\n - 4. United Nations. 2016 Report of the Conference Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris, 30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/ 10a01.pdf.\n - 5. Hewitson B et al. 2014 Regional context. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds VR Barros et al. ), pp. 1133-1197. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 6. Dankers R et al. 2013 First look at changes in flood hazard in the inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project ensemble. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3257-3261. (doi:10.1073/ pnas.1302078110)\n - 7. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al. ), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 8. Schewe J et al. 2014 Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3245-3250. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110)\n - 9. Schleussner C-F et al. 2015 Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5°C and 2°C. Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. 6 , 2447-2505. (doi:10.5194/ esdd-6-2447-2015)\n - 10. James R, Washington R, Schleussner C-F, Rogeli J, Conway D. 2017 Characterizing half-adegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global warming targets. WIREs Clim Change 8 , e457. (doi:10.1002/wcc.457)\n - 11. Haarsma RJ et al. 2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev. 9 , 4185-4208. (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016)\n - 12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke EC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation Met Office climate modelling system. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 223-253. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4223-2011).\n - 13. Martin GM et al. 2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 723-757. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011)\n - 14. Walters DN et al. 2011 The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES global land 3.0/3.1 configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 919-941. (doi:10.5194/gmd4-919-2011)\n - 15. Williams KD et al. 2015 The Met Office Global Coupled Model 2.0 (GC2) configuration. Geosci. Model Dev. 8 , 1509-1524. (doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015)\n - 16. Senior CA et al. 2016 Idealized climate change simulations with a high-resolution physical model: HadGEM3-GC2. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 8 , 813-830. (doi:10.1002/2015MS000614)\n - 17. Wood N et al. 2014 An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian discretization of the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140 , 1505-1520. (doi:10.1002/qj.2235)\n - 18. MacLachlan C et al. 2014 Global seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): a highresolution seasonal forecast system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 141 , 1072-1084. (doi:10.1002/qj.2396)\n - 19. Knight J et al. 2014 Predictions of climate several years ahead using an improved decadal prediction system. J. Clim. 27 , 7550-7567. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00069.1)\n - 20. Wyser K et al. 2016 Documentation of changes in climate variability and extremes simulated by the HELIX AGCMs at the 3 SWLs and comparison to changes in equivalent SST/SIC lowresolution CMIP5 projections. HELIX project deliverable 3.1.\n - 21. Alexander L, Yang H, Perkins S. 2018 ClimPACT-Indices and Software. User Manual. See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/ ETCRSCI\\_software\\_documentation\\_v2a.doc (accessed on 5 February 2018).", "page_start": 25, @@ -3668,6 +3674,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Glob. Environ. Change 25 , 121-132. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.004)\n - 23. Richardson K, Lewis K, Krishnamurthy K, Kent C, Wiltshire A, Hanlon H. 2018 Food security outcomes under a changing climate: impacts of mitigation and adaptation on vulnerability to food insecurity. Clim. Change , 147 , 327-341. (doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2137-y)\n - 24. Best M et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description-part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 677-699. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011)\n - 25. Clark D et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model descriptionpart 2: carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 701-722. (doi:10.5194/ gmd-4-701-2011)\n - 26. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ. 2000 Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 , 184-187. (doi:10.1038/ 35041539)\n - 27. Jones CD et al. 2011 The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 543-570. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-543-2011)\n - 28. Betts RA et al. 2015 Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial ecosystems and river flows in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using the representative concentration pathways. Biogeosciences 12 , 1317. (doi:10.5194/bg-12-1317-2015)\n - 29. Falloon PD, Betts RA. 2006 The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 7 , 62-68. (doi:10.1002/asl.133)\n - 30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, Betts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological forcing in determining future global water stress. Glob. Environ. Change 23 , 1083-1097. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005)\n - 31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows - exploring the effects of forcing biases. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 , 1785-1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785)\n - 32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 946-949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046)\n - 33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 10 019-10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113)\n - 34. Betts RA et al. 2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon dioxide rise. Nature 448 , 1037-1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045)\n - 35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases on global runoff simulations of a land surface model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 , 4379-4401. (doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017)\n - 36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J. Climate 19 , 3088-3111. (doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1)\n - 37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily GCMprecipitation output. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 3150-3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323)\n - 38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 3609-3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017)\n - 39. Mitchell D, James R, Forster PM, Betts RA, Shiogama H, Allen M. 2016 Realizing the impacts of a 1.5°C warmer world. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 735-737. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3055)\n - 40. Cox P et al. 2008 Increase risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. Nature 453 , 212-216. (doi:10.1038/nature06960)\n - 41. Betts RA, Cox PM, Collins M, Harris PP, Huntingford C, Jones CD. 2004 The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 78 , 157-175. (doi:10.1007/ s00704-004-0050-y)\n - 42. Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Chadwick R, Diffenbaugh NS, Fiorella RP. 2017 The role of CO2 plant physiological forcing in shaping future daily-scale precipitation. J. Climate 30 , 2319-2340. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0603.1)", + "page_start": 26, + "page_end": 26, + "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" + }, { "text": "A detailed investigation of these factors is beyond the scope of this paper; nevertheless, this result illustrates the important point that the nature and patterns of the climate forcing at a particular level of global warming can play an important role in determining the patterns of regional impacts.\n\n## 5. Conclusion\n\nThe higher-resolution HadGEM3 simulations project consistent increases in temperature-related extremes, with larger changes at 2°C compared to 1.5°C and local changes being larger than the global annual mean. There is a higher degree of spatial variation in our projections compared with CMIP5-based studies.\n\nIn the model projections examined here, changes relating to the water cycle are complex, both in their geographical pattern and in the variation between different models. The length of flooding events generally increases across world in all models, but maximum rainfall can either increase or decrease depending on locations. Global patterns of increase and decrease show some consistency between the different GWLs, but also some local differences. Worldwide, most impacts broadly tend to increase with global warming in most areas. For global mean changes, even when the sign of change is uncertain, individual realizations generally show reduced impact at 1.5°C compared with 2°C. However, this does not always hold even at the scale of major global river basins.\n\nVulnerability to food insecurity increases more at 2°C global warming than 1.5°C in approximately three-quarters of countries assessed. The vulnerability increase can arise from increases in either flooding or drought. Reduced drought leads to decreased vulnerability in a limited number of cases.\n\nMost simulations here project a general increase in mean streamflow in most of the basins examined, but with a number of notable exceptions in the tropics. While flows in the Ganges are consistently projected to increase by 30-110% at 2°C, Amazon flows could either increase by 3% or decrease by 25%. Ensemble-mean changes in river flow often do not give a full impression of the magnitude of changes that may be possible, so adaptation planning in particular should not rely on ensemble-mean projections and instead consider a range of outcomes. The seasonal low streamflows also increase in many basins, but not as many as for the mean flows-many basins see decreased low flows in some or all projections.\n\nBroadly, changes in weather extremes at 1.5°C global warming could be estimated by scalingback the impacts at 2°C, if this is done with individual ensemble members rather than the ensemble mean. However, this was not always the case for impacts that depend on more complex process or interactions between more than one climate variable, such as run-off and an indicator of vulnerability to food insecurity.\n\nData accessibility.\n\nThis article has no additional data.\n\nCompeting interests. We declare we have no competing interests.\n\nFunding. This research received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/20072013 under grant agreement no. 603864 (HELIX: 'High-End cLimate Impacts and eXtremes'; www. helixclimate.eu). The work of R.A.B., C.B., J.C., L.G., K.L. and K.R. was additionally supported by the Joint UK BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101).\n\nAcknowledgements. The authors thank Ed Pope, Jason Lowe and Dann Mitchell for advice and discussion, Alissa Haward and Maria Pearce for project management and administration of HELIX, and two anonymous reviewers whose comments substantially improved the paper.\n\n## References\n\n - 1. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al .), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.", "page_start": 24, @@ -3691,18 +3703,6 @@ "page_start": 159, "page_end": 159, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 1. ClimPACT weather extremes indices.\n\n| ID | de/finition | units | sector of relevance |\n|--------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| TXx | annual maximum daily maximum temperature | ° C .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | health, agriculture and food security |\n| TX90p | percentage of days above the 90th percentile of daily maximum temperature in the 1981-2010 average .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | % | health, agriculture and food security, water resources and hydrology |\n| CDD | maximum number of consecutive days with precipitation less than 1 mm .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | days | health, agriculture and food security, water resources and hydrology |\n| RX5day | maximum consecutive 5 day precipitation | mm | health, agriculture and food security, water resources and hydrology .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... |\n\nmembers at any given date. Since specific levels of global warming such as 1.5°C or 2°C were reached at different times in the different ensemble members, according to the SST forcings used, any given level of global warming could be associated with different radiative forcings in different ensemble members. In any given ensemble member at any specific level of global warming, the CO 2 concentration and SSTs were the same as in the driving CMIP5 model at that GWL. Land cover was fixed in this simulation-there was no dynamic vegetation nor any time-dependent anthropogenic land use change.\n\nSome comparison of the higher-resolution atmospheric simulations with the original CMIP5 simulations, is provided by Wyser et al. [20].\n\n## (b) Temperature and precipitation extremes: the ClimPACT indices\n\nTo quantify changes in weather extremes projected in our climate simulations, we calculated a number of indices designed to be relevant to sector-specific impacts using an established methodology, ClimPACT [21](table 1)\n\n## (c) Food security: the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index\n\nTo assess implications of climate change for vulnerability to food insecurity, we used an adaptation of the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index (HCVI) [22]. The HCVI was developed by the United Nations World Food Programme to provide a country-level assessment of vulnerability to food insecurity as a result of climate-related events. We used a new iteration of the HCVI which makes use of gridded climate model projections to understand the impact of climate change on vulnerability to food insecurity, and the benefits that adaptation can bring via scenarios of adaptation investment [23]. This iteration of the HCVI only considers in-country production of food and does not account for food trade. For this reason, the HCVI is only calculated for 122 developing and least-developed countries (defined here as countries not in the OECD or EU which can be resolved by the scale of the climate model; i.e. larger than 500 km 2 ).\n\nThe index provides quantification at the national level across the globe of the scale and direction of impact of climate change on food insecurity. As such, it aims to provide the following: (i) information to help policy-makers understand the level of challenge to global food security that climate change presents; (ii) information on the geography of the impacts and help to evaluate the relative benefits of mitigation and adaptation responses.\n\nThe index is not intended to be a detailed planning tool, but aims to help planners evaluate the nature of the top-level threat to food insecurity that climate change presents, thereby supporting prioritization of effort.\n\nThe HCVI consists of three equally weighted components: exposure to climate-related hazards, sensitivity of national agricultural production to climate-related hazards, and adaptive capacitya measure of a country's ability to cope with climate-related food shocks. The sensitivity and adaptive capacity components are based on data from the World Bank, World Resources Institute,", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\nFigure 6.7. Effect of ice and Frost\n\n", - "page_start": 391, - "page_end": 391, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3713,8 +3713,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "1981-2080", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -3736,6 +3736,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n## Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.\n\n| | | | Land | Land | Land | Land |\n|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Observations (UK State of the Climate) | Marine and coastal projections | Global projections | Probabilistic projections | High resolution projections | High resolution projections |\n| Characteristics | Observed trends; long-term climatologies; weather events for the preceding year | Updated sea level rise and surge projections based on operational storm surge model (CS3) using CMIP5, EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of ~20 spatially coherent time series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model and a similar number of CMIP5 models | Updated probability density functions presented as 30- year and monthly time series based on Met Office models (HadCM3, ESPPE) and CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events |\n| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |\n| Emissions scenarios | N/A | RCP8.5 H ++ | lower scenario (for Met Office Hadley Centre model only) | Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation | RCP8.5 | RCP8.5 |\n| Variables available ++ | Temperature, precipitation (including snow), sunshine, wind | Sea level rise, storm surge | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | humidity, wind speed, | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation |\n\n - * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 2. Murphy JM et al. 2009 UKclimate projections science report: climate change projections . Exeter, UK: Met Office Hadley Centre. See http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk.\n - 3. United Nations. 2010 Report of the Conference Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen, 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ 11a01.pdf.\n - 4. United Nations. 2016 Report of the Conference Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris, 30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/ 10a01.pdf.\n - 5. Hewitson B et al. 2014 Regional context. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds VR Barros et al. ), pp. 1133-1197. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 6. Dankers R et al. 2013 First look at changes in flood hazard in the inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project ensemble. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3257-3261. (doi:10.1073/ pnas.1302078110)\n - 7. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al. ), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 8. Schewe J et al. 2014 Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3245-3250. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110)\n - 9. Schleussner C-F et al. 2015 Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5°C and 2°C. Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. 6 , 2447-2505. (doi:10.5194/ esdd-6-2447-2015)\n - 10. James R, Washington R, Schleussner C-F, Rogeli J, Conway D. 2017 Characterizing half-adegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global warming targets. WIREs Clim Change 8 , e457. (doi:10.1002/wcc.457)\n - 11. Haarsma RJ et al. 2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev. 9 , 4185-4208. (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016)\n - 12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke EC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation Met Office climate modelling system. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 223-253. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4223-2011).\n - 13. Martin GM et al. 2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 723-757. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011)\n - 14. Walters DN et al. 2011 The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES global land 3.0/3.1 configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 919-941. (doi:10.5194/gmd4-919-2011)\n - 15. Williams KD et al. 2015 The Met Office Global Coupled Model 2.0 (GC2) configuration. Geosci. Model Dev. 8 , 1509-1524. (doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015)\n - 16. Senior CA et al. 2016 Idealized climate change simulations with a high-resolution physical model: HadGEM3-GC2. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 8 , 813-830. (doi:10.1002/2015MS000614)\n - 17. Wood N et al. 2014 An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian discretization of the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140 , 1505-1520. (doi:10.1002/qj.2235)\n - 18. MacLachlan C et al. 2014 Global seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): a highresolution seasonal forecast system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 141 , 1072-1084. (doi:10.1002/qj.2396)\n - 19. Knight J et al. 2014 Predictions of climate several years ahead using an improved decadal prediction system. J. Clim. 27 , 7550-7567. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00069.1)\n - 20. Wyser K et al. 2016 Documentation of changes in climate variability and extremes simulated by the HELIX AGCMs at the 3 SWLs and comparison to changes in equivalent SST/SIC lowresolution CMIP5 projections. HELIX project deliverable 3.1.\n - 21. Alexander L, Yang H, Perkins S. 2018 ClimPACT-Indices and Software. User Manual. See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/ ETCRSCI\\_software\\_documentation\\_v2a.doc (accessed on 5 February 2018).", "page_start": 25, @@ -3771,12 +3777,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Chart showing lag-to-treatment distribution (in absolute numbers) by year of first treatment presentation\n\n\n\n## The coverage of the DIP data\n\nThe DIP data will not capture all OCUs for several reasons.\n\n - i) It is predicated on arrest or charge, so OCUs who do not commit crime will not be captured in the data.\n - ii) Data are not available for all months in each year - data for 2013 are only available for the first 11 months of that year.\n - iii) Its geographical coverage is not 100 per cent and varies across the period in question.\n - iv) The data do not cover all ages. DIP tests are given to those aged 18 and over only (and we excluded those over 60 for various reasons).\n - iv) Other factors, like data-entry error. In particular, the exclusion of those without an entry on the Police National Computer (PNC) will affect DIP coverage.\n\nThis section tries to assess the seriousness of these issues when interpreting the DIP data and drawing conclusions. Regarding the first and fourth points, it is clear that the DIP data presented in this report are only informative about a subset of OCUs, those who commit crime and are aged between 18 and 59, and all inferences from the data must reflect this. Point ii) has been dealt with throughout the paper by adjusting 2013 figures in a linear fashion to account for the missing month. This also needs to be borne in mind when interpreting the findings.\n\nThe impact of point iii) is perhaps the largest potentially and also the most important in terms of validation of conclusions, hence we explore its effect further here, along with point v).", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4157,8 +4157,8 @@ "target_page": 14, "target_passage": "'Grave professional misconduct': a violation of applicable laws or regulations or ethical standards of the profession to which a contractor or a related person belongs, including any conduct leading to sexual or other exploitation or abuse, or any wrongful conduct of the contractor or a related person which has an impact on its professional credibility where such conduct denotes wrongful intent or gross negligence.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -4231,11 +4231,17 @@ "target_page": 12, "target_passage": "Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "C ORPORATE VALUES :\n\nCorning's Values provide an unchanging moral and ethical compass that guides the actions of everyone in the company. The corporate values are: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual.\n\nquality integri performance leadership innovation independence i i i i i i i T OTAL Q UALITY : In alignment with the quality policy of thecorporation, our policy is to achieve Total Quality performance. Total Quality performance means understanding who the customer is, what the requirements are, and meeting those requirements better than anyone else, without error, on time, every time.", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, @@ -4289,12 +4295,6 @@ "page_start": 90, "page_end": 90, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Board of Directors", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4414,6 +4414,12 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" }, + { + "text": "C ORPORATE VALUES :\n\nCorning's Values provide an unchanging moral and ethical compass that guides the actions of everyone in the company. The corporate values are: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual.\n\nquality integri performance leadership innovation independence i i i i i i i T OTAL Q UALITY : In alignment with the quality policy of thecorporation, our policy is to achieve Total Quality performance. Total Quality performance means understanding who the customer is, what the requirements are, and meeting those requirements better than anyone else, without error, on time, every time.", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" + }, { "text": "Corning' vative technology company The businesses we classify as Corning T ductor optics operations with aggressive plans for significant growth during 2003.\n\n\n\nOur LCD glass business has been a star performer year-over-year volume gains of more than 45 percent. We monitors have doubled over the past year alone - and there' desktop displays sold in 2002 were LCD. And, LCD TVs are next big opportunities, as the number of LCD more than doubled in 2002. Our EAGLE 2000™ glass substrates turers to produce lighter, larger, thinner and higher displays more af\n\nF LAT P ANEL D ISPLAY G LASS : LCD TELEVISIONS\n\nDESKTOP MONITORS AND LAPTOPS\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 5, @@ -4437,12 +4443,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001\n\nin thousands, except per share amounts\n\n| | Shares | Common Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) | Total |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|----------------|---------------------|-------------------------------------------------|----------|\n| Balance, January 1, 2001 | 7,518 | $4,817 | $ 55,873 | $5,645 | $ 66,335 |\n| Comprehensive income: | | | | | |\n| Net income | - | - | 16,372 | - | 16,372 |\n| Net unrealized change in securities available-for-sale, net | | | | | |\n| of tax of $3,482 | - | - | - | (5,603) | (5,603) |\n| Total comprehensive income | | | | | $ 10,769 |\n| Dividends declared ($0.35 per share) | - | - | (2,635) | - | (2,635) |\n| Common stock issued through exercise of incentive stock options | 12 | 133 | - | - | 133 |\n| Balance, December 31, 2001 | 7,530 | $4,950 | $ 69,610 | $ 42 | $ 74,602 |\n| Comprehensive income: | - | - | 4,519 | - | 4,519 |\n| Net income | | | | | |\n| Net unrealized change in securities available-for-sale, net of tax of $29 | - | - | - | (46) | (46) |\n| Total comprehensive income | | | | | $ 4,473 |\n| Dividends declared ($0.37 per share) | - | - | (2,794) | - | (2,794) |\n| Common stock issued through exercise of incentive stock options and stock grants | 22 | 296 | - | - | 296 |\n| Balance, December 31, 2002 | 7,552 | $5,246 | $ 71,335 | $ (4) | $ 76,577 |\n| Comprehensive income | | | | | |\n| Net income | - | - | 32,074 | - | 32,074 |\n| Net unrealized change in securities available-for-sale, net of tax of $(18) | - | - | - | 30 | 30 |\n| Total comprehensive income | | | | | $ 32,104 |\n| Dividends declared ($0.39 per share) | - | - | (2,960) | | (2,960) |\n| Common stock issued through exercise of incentive stock options | 41 | 487 | - | - | 487 |\n| Balance, December 31, 2003 | 7,593 | $5,733 | $100,449 | $ 26 | $106,208 |\n\n\n\n■", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4506,17 +4506,17 @@ "page_end": 298, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Next Steps\n\nYou will get the most out of Teams when you get to truly connect with your team and collaborate together. Keep practicing until each step of your workflow feels natural.\n\n\n\n## Share knowledge\n\nTeamwork is all about collaboration! Share with your team best practices you learn along the way, tips and tricks for how you can best organize your workflows and ask for their own advice to define how you can best use Teams together.\n\n## Keep learning\n\nNo matter how you like to learn and practice, we've got resources to support and inspire you:\n\n - Virtual classes: We have instructors to answer your questions and walk you through all the details. ·\n - · Training series: Complete the beginner series of videos at your own pace.\n - · Support articles and step-by-step guides: To get answers to your most common questions.\n - · Feature overviews, tutorials, and announcements: Our YouTube channel has carefully curated content to get you excited and show how you can use Teams effortlessly.", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Share and collaborate\n\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don't even need Word to open it.\n\nTry it: Select Share , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut - Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\n\nYou can send the link by typing someone's email address or by copying the link and pasting it into a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their permission to view-only.\n\nIf they don't have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.\n\n## Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\n\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your documents.\n\nTry it: Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n\n- 1. With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select Online Pictures , and then search for something, like puppy clip art .\n- 2. Select the picture you want, and select Insert .", "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Board of Directors", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4675,8 +4675,8 @@ "target_page": 18, "target_passage": "A person shall be qualified for election as President if, and shall not be qualified unless, he or she- (a) is a citizen of Botswana by birth or descent; (b) has attained the age of 30 years; and (c) is qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -4749,8 +4749,8 @@ "target_page": 25, "target_passage": "A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -4823,8 +4823,8 @@ "target_page": 16, "target_passage": "\"disciplined force\" means- (a) a naval, military or air force; (b) a police force; or (c) a prison service", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -5058,57 +5058,57 @@ }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 191, - "page_end": 191, + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" + "page_start": 131, + "page_end": 131, + "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" + "page_start": 43, + "page_end": 43, + "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 403, - "page_end": 403, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" + "page_start": 36, + "page_end": 36, + "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" + "page_start": 23, + "page_end": 23, + "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 247, - "page_end": 247, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "page_start": 17, + "page_end": 17, + "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 214, - "page_end": 214, + "page_start": 20, + "page_end": 20, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" + "page_start": 87, + "page_end": 87, + "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5148,6 +5148,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## We must serve well to prosper - We must prosper to serve well\n\nShenTel Service Company · Shenandoah Long Distance Company · Shenandoah Mobile Company Shenandoah Network Company · Shenandoah Telephone Company · Shenandoah Valley Leasing Company Shenandoah Cable Television Company · ShenTel Communications Company\n\nShenandoah Personal Communications Company\n\nPO Box 459 Edinburg, VA 22824-0459 Phone 540-984-4141 · Fax 540-984-8192\n\nwww.shentel.com", + "page_start": 59, + "page_end": 59, + "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" + }, { "text": "SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION", "page_start": 90, @@ -5177,12 +5183,6 @@ "page_start": 32, "page_end": 32, "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## NOTE 22: PENSIONS\n\nWe have contributory and non-contributory defined benefit pension plans that are made available to most of our employees. The plans provide pensions based on years of service, years of contributions and earnings. We do not provide any non-pension post-retirement benefits. We also provide unfunded supplemental pension benefits to certain executives.\n\nThe assets of the defined benefit pension plans are held in segregated accounts isolated from our assets. We administer the defined benefit pension plans pursuant to applicable regulations, the Statement of Investment Policies and Procedures and to the mandate of the Pension Committee of the Board of Directors. The Pension Committee of the Board of Directors oversees our administration of the defined benefits pension plans, which includes the following principal areas:\n\n - GLYPH<129> overseeing the funding, administration, communication and investment management of the plans\n - GLYPH<129> selecting and monitoring the performance of all third parties performing duties in respect of the plans, including audit, actuarial and investment management services\n - GLYPH<129> proposing, considering and approving amendments to the defined benefit pension plans\n - GLYPH<129> proposing, considering and approving amendments of the Statement of Investment Policies and Procedures\n - GLYPH<129> reviewing management and actuarial reports prepared in respect of the administration of the defined benefit pension plans\n - GLYPH<129> reviewing and approving the audited financial statements of the defined benefit pension plan funds.\n\nThe assets of the defined benefit pension plans are invested and managed following all applicable regulations and the Statement of Investment Policies and Procedures, and reflect the characteristics and asset mix of each defined benefit pension plan. Investment and market return risk is managed by:\n\n - GLYPH<129> contracting professional investment managers to execute the investment strategy following the Statement of Investment Policies and Procedures and regulatory requirements\n - GLYPH<129> specifying the kinds of investments that can be held in the plans and monitoring compliance\n - GLYPH<129> using asset allocation and diversification strategies, and\n - GLYPH<129> purchasing annuities from time to time.\n\nThe funded pension plans are registered with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions and are subject to the Federal Pension Benefits Standards Act. The plans are also registered with the Canada Revenue Agency and are subject to the Canada Income Tax Act. The benefits provided under the plans and the contributions to the plans are funded and administered in accordance with all applicable legislation and regulations.\n\nSignificant estimates are involved in determining pension related balances. Actuarial estimates are based on projections of employees' compensation levels at the time of retirement. Maximum retirement benefits are primarily based on career average earnings, subject to certain adjustments. The most recent actuarial valuations were completed as at January 1, 2013.\n\nThe table below sets out the estimated present value of accrued plan benefits and the estimated market value of the net assets available to provide these benefits for our funded plans at December 31, 2013 and 2012.\n\n| | 2013 | 2012 |\n|------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|\n| Plan assets, at fair value | $ 1,037 | $ 833 |\n| Accrued benefit obligations | 1,209 | 1,167 |\n| Deficiency of plan assets over accrued benefit obligations | (172) | (334) |\n| Effect of asset ceiling limit | (9) | - |\n| Net deferred pension liability | $ (181) | $ (334) |\n| Consists of: | | |\n| Deferred pension asset | $ 8 | $ 9 |\n| Deferred pension liability | (189) | (343) |\n| Net deferred pension liability | $ (181) | $ (334) |\n\nThe table below shows our pension fund assets for the years ended 2013 and 2012.\n\n| | 2013 | 2012 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|--------|\n| Plan assets, January 1 | $ 833 | $ 684 |\n| Interest income | 40 | 40 |\n| Remeasurements, return on plan assets recognized in other comprehensive income and equity | 65 | 37 |\n| Contributions by employees | 26 | 22 |\n| Contributions by employer | 101 | 85 |\n| Benefits paid | (26) | (33) |\n| Administrative expenses paid from plan assets | (2) | (2) |\n| Plan assets, December 31 | $ 1,037 | $ 833 |\n\nThe table below shows the accrued benefit obligations arising from funded obligations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.\n\n| | 2013 | 2012 |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|\n| Accrued benefit obligations, January 1 | $ 1,167 | $ 817 |\n| Service cost | 71 | 46 |\n| Interest cost | 52 | 45 |\n| Benefits paid | (26) | (33) |\n| Contributions by employees | 26 | 23 |\n| Remeasurements, recognized in other comprehensive income and equity | (81) | 269 |\n| Accrued benefit obligations, December 31 | $ 1,209 | $ 1,167 |\n\nThe table below shows the effect of the asset ceiling for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.\n\n| | 2013 | 2012 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|--------|\n| Asset ceiling, January 1 | $ - | $ - |\n| Interest income | - | - |\n| Remeasurements, change in asset ceiling (excluding interest income) recognized in comprehensive income and equity | (9) | - |\n| Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates | - | - |\n| Asset ceiling, December 31 | $ (9) | $ - |\n\nPlan assets are comprised mainly of pooled funds that invest in common stocks and bonds that are traded in an active market. The table below shows the fair value of the total pension plan assets by major category for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.\n\n| | 2013 | 2012 |\n|---------------------------------|---------|--------|\n| Equity securities | $ 631 | $ 480 |\n| Debt securities | 403 | 348 |\n| Other - cash | 3 | 5 |\n| Total fair value of plan assets | $ 1,037 | $ 833 |", - "page_start": 121, - "page_end": 121, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5475,9 +5475,9 @@ "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" }, { - "text": "## OPEN\n\n\n\n## The impact of ͷ.ͻ °C and ͸.Ͷ °C global warming on global maize production and trade\n\nKuo Li ͷ * , Jie Pan ͷ , Wei Xiong ͸ , Wei Xie ͹ & Tariq Ali ͹\n\nClimate change is becoming more and more remarkable which has an obvious impact on crop yields all over the world. Future climate scenario data was simulated by ͻ climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under ͺ RCP scenarios, in which the approximate scenarios with global warming by ͷ.ͻ °C and ͸ °C were selected. Applying DSSAT and GTAP models, the per unit yield changes of maize in the world under global warming by ͷ.ͻ °C and ͸.Ͷ °C were analyzed and the market prices of maize at national and global levels were simulated. The results showed that, the risk of maize yield reduction under ͸.Ͷ °C scenario was much more serious than ͷ.ͻ °C scenario; the ratios of yield changes were separately Ͷ.ͷ;% and - ͷͶ.;% under ͷ.ͻ °C and ͸.Ͷ °C scenarios. The reduction trend of total maize production is obvious in the top five countries and the main producing regions of the world, especially under the ͸.Ͷ °C scenario. The market price of maize would increase by around Ͷ.ͽ% and ͹.ͺ% under ͷ.ͻ °C and ͸.Ͷ °C scenarios. With the quickly increasing population in the world, it is urgent for all countries to pay enough attention to the risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change.\n\nIn the past hundred years, the global climate has experienced great changes 1-4 . According to the sixth assessment report of IPCC, the global average surface temperature increased by 1.09 °C between 1850 and 2020, and almost all regions in the world experienced surface warming 5 . Due to global warming, the extreme climate events become more and more frequent, and the ecological environment problems caused by climate change are more and more serious, which restrict the sustainable development of human society and health 6-10 . Global warming has gradually changed from a scienti/fic issue to a major social issue of common concern to governments and people of all countries 11-13 . In 2016, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change reached the Paris Agreement at the climate change conference in Paris 14 . Paris Agreement has indicated and pursue e/fforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.\n\nFaced with climate change, agriculture is the most vulnerable sector, which will experience the largest negative impacts from climatic change and lead to more serious food security in the whole world 15-20 . Meanwhile, global production losses might lead to price shocks and trigger export restrictions 21-24 ; an increasingly interconnected global food system 25,26 and the projected fragility of the global food production system due to climatic change further exacerbate the threats to food security in the worldwide 27-29 . So, the impacts of climate changes on crop yields and prices have been of highly concerned. Numerous studies have revealed that the warming trend has negative impact on crop yields and global trade in most regions all over the world 30-32 . /T\\_here are three main methods for impacts assessment of climate change on crops, including environment-controlled experiments, statistical regression analysis and model simulations 17,33 . Environment-controlled experiments are designed to observe the in/fluence of climate factors on crops, such as drought, /flood, heat stress, cold damage, elevated CO 2 concentration, through which the impact mechanism of climate change on crops would be revealed and established 23,34,35 . Crop models and trade models are applied to simulate the response of crop yield and market price under climate change, based on process-based crop growth in daily time steps, either in selected /field sites or in selected regions 36-39 . /T\\_he statistical regression analysis usually explores the relationship between historical crop yields and meteorological records in di/fferent sites or counties to establish regression functions for crop responses predictions 40-43 . /T\\_hese researches have documented that crop yield and price would be threatened much more seriously by global warming, especially due to the increasing trend of frequency and intensity of climate extreme events in the future.\n\nͷ Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing ͷͶͶͶ;ͷ, China. ͸ International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico. ͹ Peking University, Beijing, China. * email: hqlk͸ͶͶͶ@ͷͼ͹.com\n\nglyph", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, + "text": "- 52. Xiong, W. et al. Can climate-smart agriculture reverse the recent slowing of rice yield growth in China?. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 196 , 125-136 (2014).\n - 53. Hertel, T. W. Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications 5-30 (Cambridge University Press, 1997).\n - 54. Corong, E. L., Hertel, T. W., McDougall, R., Tsigas, M. E. & Mensbrugghe, D. V. /T\\_he standard GTAP model, version 7. J. Glob. Econ. Anal. 2 (1), 1-119 (2017).\n - 55. Ciscar, J. C. et al. Physical and economic consequences of climate change in Europe. PNAS 108 , 2678-2683 (2011).\n - 56. Hsiang, S. et al. Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science 356 (6345), 1362-1369 (2017).\n - 57. Taheripour, F., Hertel, T. W. & Liu, J. /T\\_he role of irrigation in determining the global land use impacts of biofuels. Energy Sustain. Soc. 3 (1), 4 (2013).\n - 58. Ali, T., Huang, J. K. & Yang, J. Impact assessment of global and national biofuels developments on agriculture in Pakistan. Appl. Energy 104 , 466-474 (2013).\n - 59. Yang, J., Huang, J. K., Qiu, H. G., Rozelle, S. & Sombilla, M. A. Biofuels and the greater Mekong Subregion: Assessing the impact on prices, production and trade. Appl. Energy 86 , S37-S46 (2009).\n - 60. Horridge, M. SplitCom, programs to disaggregate a GTAP sector (Centre of Policy Studies, Vitorial University). https:// www. copsm odels. com/ split com. htm (2005).\n - 61. Taylor, K. E., Stou/ffer, B. J. & Meehl, G. A. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93 , 485-498 (2012).\n - 62. Zhou, B. T., Wen, H. Q. Z., Xu, Y., Song, L. C. & Zhang, X. B. Projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in China by the CMIP5 multimodel ensembles. J. Clim. 27 , 6591-6611 (2014).\n - 63. Knutti, R., Rogelj, J., Sedláček, J. & Ficher, E. M. A scienti/fic critique of the two-degree climate change target. Nat. Geosci. 9 (1), 1-6 (2015).\n - 64. Rogelj, J. et al. Energy system transformations for limiting end-of-century warming to below 1.5°C. Nat. Clim. Change 5 (6), 519-527 (2015).\n - 65. Friedlingstein, P. et al. Persistent growth of CO2 emissions and implications for reaching climate targets. Nat. Geosci. 7 (10), 709-715 (2014).\n - 66. Azar, C., Johansson, D. J. A. & Mattsson, N. Meeting global temperature targets the role of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Environ. Res. Lett. 8 (3), 1345-1346 (2013).\n - 67. Liu, B. et al. Testing the responses of four wheat crop models to heat stress at anthesis and grain /filling. Glob. Change Biol. 22 , 1890-1903 (2016).\n - 68. Elad, Y. & Pertot, I. Climate change impacts on plant pathogens and plant diseases. J. Crop Improv. 28 , 99-139 (2014).\n - 69. Challinora, A. J. et al. Improving the use of crop models for risk assessment and climate change adaptation. Agric. Syst. 159 , 296-306 (2018).\n - 70. Bassu, S. et al. How do various maize crop models vary in their responses to climate change factors?. Glob. Change Biol. 20 , 2301-2320 (2014).\n - 71. Wang, N. et al. Increased uncertainty in simulated maize phenology with more frequent supra-optimal temperature under climate warming. Eur. J. Agron. 71 , 19-33 (2015).\n - 72. Rosenzweig, C. et al. Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the twenty-/first century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. PNAS 111 , 3268-3273 (2014).\n\n## Author contributions\n\nK.L. designed the framework of the article and analyzed the yield results and the maize price under future scenarios. J.P. simulated the climate data from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. W.X. simulated the maize yields in whole world under di/fferent scenarios. W.X. simulated the market price of maize at national and global levels. T.A. helped the revision of language.\n\n## Funding\n\nFunding was provided by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0607403 and 2017YFD0300301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41961124007 and 41871026).\n\n## Competing interests\n\n/T\\_he authors declare no competing interests.\n\n## Additional information\n\nCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.L.\n\nReprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.\n\nPublisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional a/ffiliations.\n\n\n\nOpen Access /T\\_his article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. /T\\_he images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/.\n\n© /T\\_he Author(s) 2022\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" } ] @@ -5549,10 +5549,10 @@ "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, { - "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBy clicking on the ' Data->Licensing Assistant ' link in the main menu, the Licence Assistant is opened in a new window, displaying relevant information of all supported licences by the tool.\n\n", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" + "text": "ISBN: 978-1-78655-073-6\n\nISSN: 1756-3666\n\n\n\n© Crown copyright 2016\n\nThis publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.\n\nWhere we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.", + "page_start": 44, + "page_end": 44, + "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5691,16 +5691,16 @@ "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, { - "text": "\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast six CC Licenses and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n\n## We've estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The great growling engine of change - technology. Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n\n## In 2023, we launched the Open Infrastructure Circle (OIC) to ensure consistent funding for this work.\n\nWe're grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738457779 SG24-7938-07\n\n", + "page_start": 825, + "page_end": 825, + "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { - "text": "## 1. Introduction 1\n\nWhile the field of artificial intelligence research and technology has a long history, broad public attention grew over the last year in light of the wide availability of new generative AI systems, including large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4, Claude, and LLaMA-2. These tools are developed using machine learning and other techniques that analyze large datasets of written text, and they are capable of generating text in response to a user's prompts.\n\nWhile many large language models rely on website text for training, books have also played an important role in developing and improving AI systems. Despite the widespread use of ebooks and growth of sales in that market, books remain difficult for researchers and entrepreneurs to access at scale in digital form for the purposes of training AI.\n\nIn 2023, multiple news publications reported on the availability and use of a dataset of books called 'Books3' to train LLMs. The Books3 dataset contains text from over 170,000 books, 2 which are a mix of in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. It is believed to have been originally sourced from a website that was not authorized to distribute all of the works contained in the dataset. In lawsuits brought against OpenAI, Microsoft, Meta, and Bloomberg related to their LLMs, the use of Books3 as training data was specifically cited. 3\n\nThe Books3 controversy highlights a critical question at the heart of generative AI: what role do books play in training AI models, and how might digitized books be made widely accessible for the purposes of training AI? What dataset of books could be constructed and under what circumstances?\n\nIn February 2024, Creative Commons, Open Future and Proteus Strategies convened a series of workshops to investigate the concept of a responsibly designed, broadly accessible dataset of digitized books to be used in training AI models. Conducted under the Chatham House Rule, we set out to ask if there is a possible future in which a 'books data commons for AI training' might exist, and what such a commons might look like. The workshops brought together practitioners on the front lines of building next-generation AI models, as well as legal and policy scholars with expertise in the copyright and licensing challenges surrounding digitized books. Our goal was also to bridge the perspective of stewards of", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738458376 SG24-8459-00\n\n", + "page_start": 269, + "page_end": 269, + "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5785,11 +5785,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "Log in\n\n\n\nHome / Arts and Entertainment / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\n## New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n07/31/2024\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain America's global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit Series.\n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and technologists to address the challenges of AI's energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant energy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote partnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy efficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in overcoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\n\nSCSP's recent 'Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,' raises many issues related to AI and energy, including recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and other issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American adversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP's Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\n\nArticle Link\n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with…\n\n## RELATED ARTICLES\n\n\n\n\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nCelebrate St. Patrick's Day with No Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and Entertainment\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nExplore Downtown San Pedro with Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car Trolley for Free\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the Stapleton Library Job Fair in Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service\n\n\n\n\n\nFeb 22, 2024\n\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A Natural Alternative to Weight Loss Drugs\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.\n\nFeb 21, 2024\n\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us How to Go the Distance in Business and in Life\n\nNEWSUSA\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a Unique Fusion of Groove and Collage\n\nFASHION\n\nBUSINESS\n\nINFOGRAPHIC\n\nENVIRONMENT\n\nHEALTH\n\nMONEY\n\nFOOD\n\nTRAVEL\n\nBRIDAL\n\nRECREATION\n\nTECHNOLOGY\n\nHOME\n\nEDUCATION\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAUTO\n\nCHILDREN\n\nFITNESS\n\nHOLIDAY\n\nINSURANCE\n\nLAWN & GARDEN\n\nLISTICLE\n\nNUTRITION\n\nPARENTING\n\nPETS\n\nSEASONAL\n\nSENIORS\n\nSPANISH\n\nTIPS AND HOW TO\n\nENTERTAINMENT\n\nCAREER\n\nCOMMUNITY\n\nFAMILY\n\nTIPS\n\nINTERNET\n\nHUMAN\\_INTEREST\n\nBEAUTY\n\nARTS\n\nREALESTATE\n\nSAFETY\n\nMEDICINE\n\nBOOK\\_REVIEW\n\nRECIPE\n\nAFRICAN\\_AMERICANS\n\nHOW\\_TO\n\nBYLINED\\_COLUMN\n\nCHARITY\n\nSPORTS\n\nHOME\\_IMPROVEMENT\n\nTECH\n\nWELLNESS\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\nFOOD & DRINK\n\nREAL\\_ESTATE\n\nVETERANS\n\nOUTDOORS\n\nREAL ESTATE\n\nHUMAN INTEREST\n\nMONEY & FINANCE\n\nFASHION & BEAUTY\n\nMONEY AND FINANCE\n\nBOOKS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nBOOKS\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nRECENT POSTS\n\n| Think Outside the (Gift) Box, Contribute to a 529 Plan Black Friday Bonanza-Don't Miss These |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Self-Publishing Helps Parents Share New |\n| Books with Kids |\n\n## MOST POPULAR\n\nEntrepreneur Inspires Youth with Community Projects 08 Jul 21\n\n\n\nWho Celebrates National School Choice Week?\n\n22 Jan 18\n\nNo Arms, No Legs, No Worries 13 Dec 18\n\nScent-imental: Holiday Smells Evoke Happy Memories\n\n30 Oct 18\n\nTechnology Breakthroughs Drive Clean Energy Success 01 Oct 18\n\nSafety App Empowers Students, Offers Peace of Mind 07 Aug 18\n\n| Environment Health | Money Recreation | Money Recreation |\n|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Food Travel Technology Home | Bridal Education | Bridal Education |\n| | Auto | Auto |\n| Arts & Entertainment Fitness Holiday | | |\n| | Children Insurance | Children Insurance |\n| Bylined\\_Column | Medicine | Medicine |\n| Home\\_Improvement | Listicle Nutrition Seasonal | Listicle Nutrition Seasonal |\n| Parenting Pets Spanish Tips and How To | Seniors | Seniors |\n| Entertainment | Community | Community |\n| Family Tips Human\\_Interest | Career | Career |\n| | Internet Beauty Arts | Internet Beauty Arts |\n| RealEstate Safety | | |\n| Book\\_Review | Recipe | Recipe |\n| African\\_Americans | How\\_To | How\\_To |\n| | Sports | Sports |\n| | Charity Tech Wellness | Charity Tech Wellness |\n| Arts and Entertainment | Food & Drink | Food & Drink |\n| Real Estate | Outdoors Human Interest | Outdoors Human Interest |\n| | Fashion & Beauty | Fashion & Beauty |\n| Money & Finance | | |\n| Money and Finance | | |\n| | Books | Books |\n| Real\\_Estate Veterans | | |\n| | Books & Entertainment | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 200. \"Big tech and the pursuit of AI dominance\" (https://www.economist.com/business/2023/03/2 6/big-tech-and-the-pursuit-of-ai-dominance). The Economist . 26 March 2023. Archived (http s://web.archive.org/web/20231229021351/https://www.economist.com/business/2023/03/26/ big-tech-and-the-pursuit-of-ai-dominance) from the original on 29 December 2023.\n - 201. Fung, Brian (19 December 2023). \"Where the battle to dominate AI may be won\" (https://ww w.cnn.com/2023/12/19/tech/cloud-competition-and-ai/index.html). CNN Business . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240113053332/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/19/tech/cloudcompetition-and-ai/index.html) from the original on 13 January 2024.\n - 202. Metz, Cade (5 July 2023). \"In the Age of A.I., Tech's Little Guys Need Big Friends\" (https://w ww.nytimes.com/2023/07/05/business/artificial-intelligence-power-data-centers.html). The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214644/https://www.nytim es.com/2023/07/05/business/artificial-intelligence-power-data-centers.html) from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 203. \"Electricity 2024 - Analysis\" (https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024). IEA . 24 January 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.\n - 204. Calvert, Brian (28 March 2024). \"AI already uses as much energy as a small country. It's only the beginning\" (https://www.vox.com/climate/2024/3/28/24111721/ai-uses-a-lot-of-ener gy-experts-expect-it-to-double-in-just-a-few-years). Vox . New York, New York. Archived (http s://web.archive.org/web/20240703080555/https://www.vox.com/climate/2024/3/28/2411172 1/ai-uses-a-lot-of-energy-experts-expect-it-to-double-in-just-a-few-years) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 205. Halper, Evan; O'Donovan, Caroline (21 June 2024). \"AI is exhausting the power grid. Tech firms are seeking a miracle solution\" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/06/2 1/artificial-intelligence-nuclear-fusion-climate/?utm\\_campaign=wp\\_post\\_most&utm\\_medium =email&utm\\_source=newsletter&wpisrc=nl\\_most&carta-url=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.washingto npost.com%2Fcar-ln-tr%2F3e0d678%2F6675a2d2c2c05472dd9ec0f4%2F596c09009bbc0f 20865036e7%2F12%2F52%2F6675a2d2c2c05472dd9ec0f4). Washington Post .\n - 206. Davenport, Carly. \"AI Data Centers and the Coming YS Power Demand Surge\" (https://web. archive.org/web/20240726080428/https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/gs-res earch/generational-growth-ai-data-centers-and-the-coming-us-power-surge/report.pdf) (PDF). Goldman Sachs . Archived from the original (https://www.goldmansachs.com/intellige nce/pages/gs-research/generational-growth-ai-data-centers-and-the-coming-us-power-surg e/report.pdf) (PDF) on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 207. Ryan, Carol (12 April 2024). \"Energy-Guzzling AI Is Also the Future of Energy Savings\" (http s://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/ai-data-centers-energy-savings-d602296e). Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones.\n - 208. Hiller, Jennifer (1 July 2024). \"Tech Industry Wants to Lock Up Nuclear Power for AI\" (https:// www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/tech-industry-wants-to-lock-up-nuclear-power-for-ai-6cb7 5316?mod=djem10point). Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones. Archived (https://web.archive.or g/web/20241005165650/https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/tech-industry-wants-to-loc k-up-nuclear-power-for-ai-6cb75316?mod=djem10point) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 209. Kendall, Tyler (28 September 2024). \"Nvidia's Huang Says Nuclear Power an Option to Feed Data Centers\" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-27/nvidia-s-huang-s ays-nuclear-power-an-option-to-feed-data-centers). Bloomberg .\n - 210. Halper, Evan (20 September 2024). \"Microsoft deal would reopen Three Mile Island nuclear plant to power AI\" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/09/20/microsoft-three-mi le-island-nuclear-constellation). Washington Post .", "page_start": 41, @@ -5843,12 +5849,6 @@ "page_start": 46, "page_end": 46, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 160. Alex McFarland: 7 Best AI for Math Tools. (https://www.unite.ai/best-ai-for-math-tools/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240911125615/https://www.unite.ai/best-ai-for-mat h-tools/) 11 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine unite.ai. Retrieved 2024-08-07\n - 161. Matthew Finio & Amanda Downie: IBM Think 2024 Primer, \"What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Finance?\" 8 Dec. 2023\n - 162. M. Nicolas, J. Firzli: Pensions Age/European Pensions magazine, \"Artificial Intelligence: Ask the Industry\" May June 2024 https://videovoice.org/ai-in-finance-innovationentrepreneurship-vs-over-regulation-with-the-eus-artificial-intelligence-act-wont-work-asintended/ Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240911125502/https://videovoice.org/ai-i n-finance-innovation-entrepreneurship-vs-over-regulation-with-the-eus-artificial-intelligenceact-wont-work-as-intended/) 11 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine.\n - 163. Congressional Research Service (2019). Artificial Intelligence and National Security (https://f as.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45178.pdf) (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.PD-notice\n - 164. Slyusar, Vadym (2019). Artificial intelligence as the basis of future control networks (Preprint). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30247.50087 (https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.30247.5 0087).\n - 165. Iraqi, Amjad (3 April 2024). \" 'Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza\" (https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/). +972 Magazine . Retrieved 6 April 2024.\n - 166. Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (1 December 2023). \" 'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza\" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/ dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets). The Guardian . Retrieved 4 December 2023.\n - 167. Marti, J Werner (10 August 2024). \"Drohnen haben den Krieg in der Ukraine revolutioniert, doch sie sind empfindlich auf Störsender - deshalb sollen sie jetzt autonom operieren\" (http s://www.nzz.ch/international/die-ukraine-setzt-auf-drohnen-die-autonom-navigieren-und-toet en-koennen-ld.1838731). Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 10 August 2024.\n - 168. Newsom, Gavin; Weber, Shirley N. (6 September 2023). \"Executive Order N-12-23\" (https:// www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/AI-EO-No.12-\\_-GGN-Signed.pdf) (PDF). Executive Department, State of California. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202402212 22035/https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/AI-EO-No.12-\\_-GGN-Signed.pd f) (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2023.\n - 169. Pinaya, Walter H. L.; Graham, Mark S.; Kerfoot, Eric; Tudosiu, Petru-Daniel; Dafflon, Jessica; Fernandez, Virginia; Sanchez, Pedro; Wolleb, Julia; da Costa, Pedro F.; Patel, Ashay (2023). \"Generative AI for Medical Imaging: extending the MONAI Framework\". arXiv:2307.15208 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15208) [eess.IV (https://arxiv.org/archive/eess.I V)].\n - 170. Griffith, Erin; Metz, Cade (27 January 2023). \"Anthropic Said to Be Closing In on $300 Million in New A.I. Funding\" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/27/technology/anthropic-ai-fu nding.html). The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231209074235/h ttps://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/27/technology/anthropic-ai-funding.html) from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.\n - 171. Lanxon, Nate; Bass, Dina; Davalos, Jackie (10 March 2023). \"A Cheat Sheet to AI Buzzwords and Their Meanings\" (https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/a-c heat-sheet-to-ai-buzzwords-and-their-meanings-quicktake). Bloomberg News . Archived (http s://web.archive.org/web/20231117140835/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom -law/a-cheat-sheet-to-ai-buzzwords-and-their-meanings-quicktake) from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5870,6 +5870,12 @@ "page_end": 29, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" }, + { + "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", + "page_start": 38, + "page_end": 38, + "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" + }, { "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", "page_start": 1, @@ -5882,12 +5888,6 @@ "page_end": 13, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" }, - { - "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, @@ -5920,9 +5920,9 @@ }, { "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + "page_start": 55, + "page_end": 55, + "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5933,8 +5933,8 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 7 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -5980,6 +5980,12 @@ "page_end": 8, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Log in\n\n\n\nHome / Arts and Entertainment / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\n## New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n07/31/2024\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain America's global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit Series.\n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and technologists to address the challenges of AI's energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant energy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote partnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy efficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in overcoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\n\nSCSP's recent 'Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,' raises many issues related to AI and energy, including recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and other issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American adversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP's Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\n\nArticle Link\n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with…\n\n## RELATED ARTICLES\n\n\n\n\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nCelebrate St. Patrick's Day with No Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and Entertainment\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nExplore Downtown San Pedro with Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car Trolley for Free\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the Stapleton Library Job Fair in Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service\n\n\n\n\n\nFeb 22, 2024\n\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A Natural Alternative to Weight Loss Drugs\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.\n\nFeb 21, 2024\n\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us How to Go the Distance in Business and in Life\n\nNEWSUSA\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a Unique Fusion of Groove and Collage\n\nFASHION\n\nBUSINESS\n\nINFOGRAPHIC\n\nENVIRONMENT\n\nHEALTH\n\nMONEY\n\nFOOD\n\nTRAVEL\n\nBRIDAL\n\nRECREATION\n\nTECHNOLOGY\n\nHOME\n\nEDUCATION\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAUTO\n\nCHILDREN\n\nFITNESS\n\nHOLIDAY\n\nINSURANCE\n\nLAWN & GARDEN\n\nLISTICLE\n\nNUTRITION\n\nPARENTING\n\nPETS\n\nSEASONAL\n\nSENIORS\n\nSPANISH\n\nTIPS AND HOW TO\n\nENTERTAINMENT\n\nCAREER\n\nCOMMUNITY\n\nFAMILY\n\nTIPS\n\nINTERNET\n\nHUMAN\\_INTEREST\n\nBEAUTY\n\nARTS\n\nREALESTATE\n\nSAFETY\n\nMEDICINE\n\nBOOK\\_REVIEW\n\nRECIPE\n\nAFRICAN\\_AMERICANS\n\nHOW\\_TO\n\nBYLINED\\_COLUMN\n\nCHARITY\n\nSPORTS\n\nHOME\\_IMPROVEMENT\n\nTECH\n\nWELLNESS\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\nFOOD & DRINK\n\nREAL\\_ESTATE\n\nVETERANS\n\nOUTDOORS\n\nREAL ESTATE\n\nHUMAN INTEREST\n\nMONEY & FINANCE\n\nFASHION & BEAUTY\n\nMONEY AND FINANCE\n\nBOOKS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nBOOKS\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nRECENT POSTS\n\n| Think Outside the (Gift) Box, Contribute to a 529 Plan Black Friday Bonanza-Don't Miss These |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Self-Publishing Helps Parents Share New |\n| Books with Kids |\n\n## MOST POPULAR\n\nEntrepreneur Inspires Youth with Community Projects 08 Jul 21\n\n\n\nWho Celebrates National School Choice Week?\n\n22 Jan 18\n\nNo Arms, No Legs, No Worries 13 Dec 18\n\nScent-imental: Holiday Smells Evoke Happy Memories\n\n30 Oct 18\n\nTechnology Breakthroughs Drive Clean Energy Success 01 Oct 18\n\nSafety App Empowers Students, Offers Peace of Mind 07 Aug 18\n\n| Environment Health | Money Recreation | Money Recreation |\n|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Food Travel Technology Home | Bridal Education | Bridal Education |\n| | Auto | Auto |\n| Arts & Entertainment Fitness Holiday | | |\n| | Children Insurance | Children Insurance |\n| Bylined\\_Column | Medicine | Medicine |\n| Home\\_Improvement | Listicle Nutrition Seasonal | Listicle Nutrition Seasonal |\n| Parenting Pets Spanish Tips and How To | Seniors | Seniors |\n| Entertainment | Community | Community |\n| Family Tips Human\\_Interest | Career | Career |\n| | Internet Beauty Arts | Internet Beauty Arts |\n| RealEstate Safety | | |\n| Book\\_Review | Recipe | Recipe |\n| African\\_Americans | How\\_To | How\\_To |\n| | Sports | Sports |\n| | Charity Tech Wellness | Charity Tech Wellness |\n| Arts and Entertainment | Food & Drink | Food & Drink |\n| Real Estate | Outdoors Human Interest | Outdoors Human Interest |\n| | Fashion & Beauty | Fashion & Beauty |\n| Money & Finance | | |\n| Money and Finance | | |\n| | Books | Books |\n| Real\\_Estate Veterans | | |\n| | Books & Entertainment | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news1.pdf" + }, { "text": "energy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act. [210] The US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades Nuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October 2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a nuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of Constellation. [211]\n\nAfter the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of Taoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages. [212] Taiwan aims to phase out nuclear power by 2025. [212] On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of data centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban. [212]\n\nAlthough most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, according to an October 2024 Bloomberg article in Japanese, cloud gaming services company Ubitus, in which Nvidia has a stake, is looking for land in Japan near nuclear power plant for a new data center for generative AI. [213] Ubitus CEO Wesley Kuo said nuclear power plants are the most efficient, cheap and stable power for AI. [213]\n\nOn 1 November 2024, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) rejected an application submitted by Talen Energy for approval to supply some electricity from the nuclear power station Susquehanna to Amazon's data center. [214] According to the Commission Chairman Willie L. Phillips, it is a burden on the electricity grid as well as a significant cost shifting concern to households and other business sectors. [214]\n\n## Misinformation\n\nYouTube, Facebook and others use recommender systems to guide users to more content. These AI programs were given the goal of maximizing user engagement (that is, the only goal was to keep people watching). The AI learned that users tended to choose misinformation, conspiracy theories, and extreme partisan content, and, to keep them watching, the AI recommended more of it. Users also tended to watch more content on the same subject, so the AI led people into filter bubbles where they received multiple versions of the same misinformation. [215] This convinced many users that the misinformation was true, and ultimately undermined trust in institutions, the media and the government. [216] The AI program had correctly learned to maximize its goal, but the result was harmful to society. After the U.S. election in 2016, major technology companies took steps to mitigate the problem .\n\nIn 2022, generative AI began to create images, audio, video and text that are indistinguishable from real photographs, recordings, films, or human writing. It is possible for bad actors to use this technology to create massive amounts of misinformation or propaganda. [217] AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton expressed concern about AI enabling \"authoritarian leaders to manipulate their electorates\" on a large scale, among other risks. [218]\n\n## Algorithmic bias and fairness\n\nMachine learning applications will be biased [k] if they learn from biased data. [220] The developers may not be aware that the bias exists. [221] Bias can be introduced by the way training data is selected and by the way a model is deployed. [222][220] If a biased algorithm is used to make decisions that can seriously", "page_start": 14, @@ -5991,12 +5997,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "drug treatments. Their aim was to identify compounds that block the clumping, or aggregation, of alphasynuclein (the protein that characterises Parkinson's disease). They were able to speed up the initial screening process ten-fold and reduce the cost by a thousand-fold. [136][137]\n\n## Sexuality\n\nApplications of AI in this domain include AI-enabled menstruation and fertility trackers that analyze user data to offer prediction, [138] AI-integrated sex toys (e.g., teledildonics), [139] AI-generated sexual education content, [140] and AI agents that simulate sexual and romantic partners (e.g., Replika). [141] AI is also used for the production of non-consensual deepfake pornography, raising significant ethical and legal concerns. [142]\n\nAI technologies have also been used to attempt to identify online gender-based violence and online sexual grooming of minors. [143][144]\n\n## Games\n\nGame playing programs have been used since the 1950s to demonstrate and test AI's most advanced techniques. [145] Deep Blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, on 11 May 1997. [146] In 2011, in a Jeopardy! quiz show exhibition match, IBM's question answering system, Watson, defeated the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, by a significant margin. [147] In March 2016, AlphaGo won 4 out of 5 games of Go in a match with Go champion Lee Sedol, becoming the first computer Go-playing system to beat a professional Go player without handicaps. Then, in 2017, it defeated Ke Jie, who was the best Go player in the world. [148] Other programs handle imperfect-information games, such as the poker-playing program Pluribus. [149] DeepMind developed increasingly generalistic reinforcement learning models, such as with MuZero, which could be trained to play chess, Go, or Atari games. [150] In 2019, DeepMind's AlphaStar achieved grandmaster level in StarCraft II, a particularly challenging real-time strategy game that involves incomplete knowledge of what happens on the map. [151] In 2021, an AI agent competed in a PlayStation Gran Turismo competition, winning against four of the world's best Gran Turismo drivers using deep reinforcement learning. [152] In 2024, Google DeepMind introduced SIMA, a type of AI capable of autonomously playing nine previously unseen open-world video games by observing screen output, as well as executing short, specific tasks in response to natural language instructions. [153]\n\n## Mathematics\n\nIn mathematics, special forms of formal step-by-step reasoning are used. [154] In contrast, LLMs such as GPT-4 Turbo , Gemini Ultra , Claude Opus , LLaMa-2 or Mistral Large are working with probabilistic models, which can produce wrong answers in the form of hallucinations. Therefore, they need not only a large database of mathematical problems to learn from but also methods such as supervised fine-tuning or trained classifiers with human-annotated data to improve answers for new problems and learn from corrections. [155] A 2024 study showed that the performance of some language models for reasoning capabilities in solving math problems not included in their training data was low, even for problems with only minor deviations from trained data. [156]", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6036,6 +6036,12 @@ "page_end": 14, "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## OUR VISION\n\nWe, the members of HON INDUSTRIES, are dedicated to creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders, to exceeding our customers' expectations, and to making our company a great place to work. We will always treat each other, as well as customers, suppliers, shareholders, and our communities, with fairness and respect.\n\nOur success depends upon business simplification, rapid continuous improvement, and innovation in everything we do, individual and collective integrity, and the relentless pursuit of the following long-standing beliefs:\n\n## WE WILL BE PROFITABLE.\n\nWe pursue mutually profitable relationships with customers and suppliers. Only when our company achieves an adequate profit can the other elements of this Vision be realized.\n\n## WE WILL CREATE LONG-TERM VALUE FOR SHAREHOLDERS.\n\nWe create long-term value for shareholders by earning financial returns significantly greater than our cost of capital and pursuing profitable growth opportunities. We will safeguard our shareholders' equity by maintaining a strong balance sheet to allow flexibility in responding to a continuously changing market and business environment.\n\n## WE WILL PURSUE PROFITABLE GROWTH.\n\nWe pursue profitable growth on a global basis in order to provide continued job opportunities for members and financial success for all stakeholders.\n\n## WE WILL BE A SUPPLIER OF QUALITY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.\n\nWe provide reliable products and services of high quality and brand value to our end-users. Our products and services exceed our customers' expectations and enable our distributors and our company to make a fair profit.\n\n## WE WILL BE A GREAT PLACE TO WORK.\n\nWe pursue a participative environment and support a culture that encourages and recognizes excellence, active involvement, ongoing learning, and contributions of each member; that seeks out and values diversity; and that attracts and retains the most capable people who work safely, are motivated, and are devoted to making our company and our members successful.\n\n## WE WILL BE A RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE CITIZEN.\n\nWe conduct our business in a way that sustains the well-being of society, our environment, and the economy in which we live and work. We follow ethical and legal business practices. Our company supports our volunteer efforts and provides charitable contributions so that we can actively participate in the civic, cultural, educational, environmental, and governmental affairs of our society.\n\n## T O O U R S T A K E H O L D E R S :\n\nWhen our company is appreciated by its members, favored by its customers, supported by its suppliers, respected by the public, and admired by its shareholders, this Vision is fulfilled.\n\nwww.honi.com", + "page_start": 63, + "page_end": 63, + "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" + }, { "text": "Great brands are like great people. The best ones blend a distinctive personality with a strong character. They combine a 'can-do' attitude with a 'can't-wait-to-try-somethingnew' enthusiasm. They know themselves as well as they know the people who associate with them. They know that while good looks are important, beauty is only skin deep; it's what's inside that counts.\n\nBecause all of our brands have something unique and valuable to offer, we're letting them speak for themselves. As for the people who know and love our brands, we've invited a few to share an 'up close and personal' look into why and how HON INDUSTRIES is …\n\n## THE PERFECT MATCH", "page_start": 2, @@ -6065,12 +6071,6 @@ "page_start": 61, "page_end": 61, "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS\n\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the consolidated financial statements and other financial information presented in this report. That responsibility is accomplished using internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the integrity and accuracy of the Company's financial records and to adequately safeguard, verify, and maintain accountability of assets. Such controls are based on established written policies and procedures, are implemented by trained personnel with an appropriate segregation of duties, and are monitored through a comprehensive internal audit program. These policies and procedures prescribe that the Company and all its members are to maintain the highest ethical and business standards.\n\nPricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, independent accountants, is retained to audit HON INDUSTRIES' financial statements. Their accompanying report is based on audits conducted in accordance with auditing standards, generally accepted in the United States.\n\nThe Board of Directors exercises its responsibility for these financial statements through its Audit Committee, which consists entirely of independent board members. The Audit Committee meets periodically with the independent accountants and with the Company's internal auditors, both privately and with management present, to review accounting, auditing, internal controls, and financial reporting matters.\n\n\n\n\n\nJack D. Michaels\n\nJerald K. Dittmer VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER\n\nCHAIRMAN AND\n\nCHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER", - "page_start": 59, - "page_end": 59, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6081,8 +6081,8 @@ "target_page": 34, "target_passage": "The decrease in 2002 was due to the decline in the office furniture market due to unstable economic conditions and the deletion of less profitable product lines in the hearth products segment", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 4 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -6600,10 +6600,16 @@ "target_passage": "The Company was founded in 1923 by Joseph M. Bruening as The Ohio Ball Bearing Company", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 4 + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nCorporate Headquarters\n\n1 Applied Plaza Cleveland, Ohio 44115 216/426-4000 Applied.com", + "page_start": 47, + "page_end": 47, + "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\nThis report contains statements that are forward-looking, as that term is defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission in its rules, regulations and releases. Applied intends that such forward-looking statements be subject to the safe harbors created thereby. All forwardlooking statements are based on current expectations regarding important risk factors, including those identified on page 12 of this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2012. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements, and the making of such statements should not be regarded as a representation by Applied or any other person that results expressed therein will be achieved.\n\nPURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\nApplied Industrial Technologies is a leading industrial distributor that offers more than four million parts to serve the needs of MRO and OEM customers in virtually every industry. In addition, Applied ® provides engineering, design and systems integration for industrial and fluid power applications, as well as customized mechanical, fabricated rubber and fluid power shop services. Applied also offers maintenance training and inventory management solutions that provide added value to its customers.\n\n## Applied at a Glance\n\nHeadquarters:\n\nCleveland, Ohio, USA\n\nOperating Facilities: More than 500 in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Australia and New Zealand\n\nE-Commerce:\n\nwww.Applied.com\n\nDistribution Centers:\n\n9\n\n## Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) Available\n\nto Customers:\n\nMore than 4 million\n\nProduct Manufacturers:\n\nMore than 2,000\n\nStock Ticker Symbol:\n\nAIT, listed on the\n\nNew York Stock Exchange\n\nEmployee Associates:\n\nApproximately 4,900\n\nData current as of August 1, 2012", "page_start": 1, @@ -6657,12 +6663,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Board of Directors", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6821,8 +6821,8 @@ "target_page": 7, "target_passage": "OWL ontologies are an implementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic", "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 9 + "presence": false, + "index": null } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -6874,17 +6874,17 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n\n\n| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| System Overview It is the reference in the field as it defines a | Pros and cons Ontologies can be exported in | | Ontology based-system | | | Ontology | |\n| Text2Onto, 2005, [1] representation-agnostic structure with modular steps and takes into account uncertainty. The system is implemented as a GATE module. OntoGain, It focuses on multiword terms to construct a \"lexicalised ontology\" by adapting an agglomerative clustering and an FCA method. It implements 4 | various formats. GATE system adds great visualisations. But it is not maintained since 2011. | | Ontology Use Cases | Final Application | | | Pipeline Execution |\n| OntoLearn (Reloaded), 2013, [3] It focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed knowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology extraction, hypernym graph construction, domain filtering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and 2010, [2] steps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC- value), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic relation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic). | It relies on WordNet and POS It considers only multiword terms and relies on WordNet and POS tags. It does not distinguish between terms and concepts and implements different adaptable approaches. | | | Pipeline Building | OLAF Pipeline Optimisation | | |\n| edge recovery. adaptable approaches. | tags and does not distinguish between terms and concepts. It implements different | | Knowledge sources Text Corpus | Seed Ontology | | | |\n| Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE |\n| Our framework provides several algorithms for the different stages of the pipeline. The algorithms are taken from external libraries or directly implemented in the framework. The goal is to have as many methods as possible to cover the maximum needs. | | Data preprocessing | | We choose Python numerous | as it eases access to the vast python . | community and its library ecosystem, particularly Machine Learning (ML) libraries . The text processing on spaCy helps us many different languages | NLP tools and |\n| C-value-based filtering Linguistic-based filtering TF-IDF value-based filtering | | Term Extraction | | | | spaCy Doc objects | |\n| Embedding-based similar term extraction ConceptNet synonym extraction | | Term Enrichment | | library spaCy | | Our implementation is largely based on the work with data in staying flexible on the methods used. The only constraint is to end up with a list of | toolbox of methods we can Python NLP while . |\n| WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction |\n| ConceptNet-based extraction Grouping terms based on synonyms | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | . These pipelines can be run, optimised and analysed to learn the best possible | Ressource | Algorithm implemented Upcoming implementation |\n| Term cooccurrences-based extraction Similarity-based extraction | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | | | |\n| Formal concept Analysis Term subsumption algorithm Hierarchical clustering Inductive Logic Programming We only work on unstructured textual data . We apply the framework in two different use cases and datasets to validate our results : | | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | Activity Optional | : Iterative process | : Iterative process | : Iterative process |\n| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |\n| Rule-based axiom extraction | | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. |\n\nWe designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "## ?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\n\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use autogenerated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot more and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme's book or some of the many SPARQL tools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography.\n\nOne final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open World Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter 4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1. For now, though remember that SPARQL is not subject to either of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic reasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the value for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist.", "page_start": 71, "page_end": 71, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Chapter 2 Requirements and the Protégé User Interface\n\nIn order to follow this tutorial, you must have Protégé 5, which is available from the Protégé website, 1 and some of the Protégé Plugins which will be described in more detail below. For now, just make sure you have the latest version of Protégé. At the time this is being written the latest version is 5.5 although the tutorial should work for later versions as well.\n\nThe Protégé user interface is divided up into a set of major tabs. These tabs can be seen in the Window>Tabs option. This option shows all the UI tabs that are currently loaded into the Protégé environment. Any tabs that are currently opened have a check mark next to them. To see a tab that is not visible just select it from the menu and it will be added to the top with the other major tabs and its menu item will now be checked. You can add additional major tabs to your environment by loading plugins. For example, when we load the SHACL4Protégé plugin the SHACLEditor will be added to the menu.\n\nEach major tab consists of various panes or as Protégé calls them views. Each view can be resized or closed using the icons in the top right corner of every view. The views can also be nested as sub-tabs within each major tab. When there could potentially be confusion between a tab that is a screen all its own (is under the Window>Tabs option) and a view that is a sub-tab we will call the screen tab a major tab. There are many views that are not in the default version of Protégé that can be added via the Window>Views option. The additional views are divided into various categories such as Window>Views>Individual views. Section 5.2 will show an example of adding a new view to a major tab.\n\n## Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies?\n\nOntologies are used to capture knowledge about some domain of interest. An ontology describes the concepts in the domain and also the relationships that hold between those concepts. Different ontology languages provide different facilities. The most recent development in standard ontology languages is OWL from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). A good primer on the basic concepts of OWL can be found at: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/\n\nOWL makes it possible to describe concepts in an unambiguous manner based on set theory and logic. Complex concepts can be built up out of simpler concepts. The logical model allows the use of a reasoner which can check whether all of the statements and definitions in the ontology are mutually consistent and can also recognize which concepts fit under which definitions. The reasoner can therefore help to maintain the hierarchy correctly. This is particularly useful when dealing with cases where classes can have more than one parent. The reasoner can also infer additional information. For example, if two properties are inverses only one value needs to be asserted by the user and the inverse value will be automatically inferred by the reasoner.\n\n## 3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies\n\nAn OWL ontology consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals. OWL ontologies are an implementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic. A class in OWL is a set, a property is a binary relation, and an individual is an element of a set. Other concepts from set theory are also implemented in OWL such as Disjoint sets, the Empty set ( owl:Nothing ), inverse", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7288,18 +7288,18 @@ "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 55, "page_end": 55, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Financial Information", + "page_start": 31, + "page_end": 31, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 2002 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n- 2 Corporate Profile\n- 3 Financial Highlights\n- 4 Letter to Shareholders\n- 6 Shareholder Values\n- 12 Selected Financial Data\n- 13 Trust Services\n- 14 Subsidiary Bank Reports Financial Summaries Senior Officers and Directors Market Share\n- 25 Form 10-K\n\nInside Back Cover Corporate Information", "page_start": 1, @@ -7386,6 +7386,12 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n - 8. Abe T , Buckner SL , Mattocks KT , Jessee MB , Dankel SJ , Mouser JG , Bell ZW , Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass and architecture of the world ' s strongest raw powerlifter: a case study. Asian J Sports Med 9: e61763, 2018. doi:10.5812/asjsm.61763.\n - 9. Powell PL , Roy RR , Kanim P , Bello MA , Edgerton VR. Predictability of skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in guinea pig hindlimbs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 57: 1715 -1721, 1984. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1715.\n - 10. Maden-Wilkinson TM , Balshaw TG , Massey G , Folland JP. What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 1000 -1011, 2019. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.00224.2019.\n - 11. Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Massey GJ , Folland JP. The human muscle size and strength relationship: effects of architecture, muscle force, and measurement location. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 2140 -2151, 2021. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002691.\n - 12. Baxter JR , Piazza SJ. Plantar /uniFB02 exor moment arm and muscle volume predict torque-generating capacity in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 538 -544, 2014. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01140.2013.\n - 13. Miller R , Balshaw TG , Massey GJ , Maeo S , Lanza MB , Johnston M , Allen SJ , Folland JP. The muscle morphology of elite sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 804 -815, 2021. doi:10.1249/ mss.0000000000002522.\n - 14. Balshaw TG , Funnell MP , McDermott E , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Abela S , Quteishat B , Edsey M , James LJ , Folland JP. The effect of speci /uniFB01 c bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remodeling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237: e13903, 2023 [Erratum in Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237:e13952, 2023]. doi:10.1111/apha.13903.\n - 15. Massey GJ , Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Folland JP. Tendinous tissue properties after short- and long-term functional overload: differences between controls, 12 weeks and 4 years of resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 222: e13019, 2018. doi:10.1111/ apha.13019.\n - 16. Sugisaki N , Kobayashi K , Tsuchie H , Kanehisa H. Associations between individual lower-limb muscle volumes and 100-m sprint time in male sprinters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13: 214 -219, 2018. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0703.\n - 17. Seynnes OR , Erskine RM , Maganaris CN , Longo S , Simoneau EM , Grosset JF , Narici MV. Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107: 523 -530, 2009. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2009.\n - 18. Beckham GK , Sato K , Santana HAP , Mizuguchi S , Haff GG , Stone MH. Effect of body position on force production during the isometric midthigh pull. JStrengthCondRes 32: 48 -56, 2018. doi:10.1519/ jsc.0000000000001968.\n - 19. Travis SK , Goodin JR , Beckham GK , Bazyler CD. Identifying a test to monitor weightlifting performance in competitive male and female weightlifters. Sports 6: 46, 2018. doi:10.3390/sports6020046.\n - 20. Beckham G , Mizuguchi S , Carter C , Sato K , Ramsey M , Lamont H , Hornsby G , Haff G , Stone M. Relationships of isometric mid-thigh pull variables to weightlifting performance. J Sports Med Phys Fit 53: 573 -581, 2013.\n - 21. Hornsby WG , Gentles JA , MacDonald CJ , Mizuguchi S , Ramsey MW , Stone MH. Maximum strength, rate of force development, jump height, and peak power alterations in weightlifters across /uniFB01 ve months of training. Sports 5: 78, 2017. doi:10.3390/sports5040078.\n - 22. Beckham GK , Lamont HS , Sato K , Ramsey MW , Gh G , Stone MH. Isometric strength of powerlifters in key positions of the conventional deadlift. J Trainology 1: 32 -35, 2012. doi:10.17338/trainology.1.2\\_32.\n - 23. Stone MH , Sands WA , Pierce KC , Carlock J , Cardinale M , Newton RU. Relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 1037 -1043, 2005. doi:10.1249/01.mss. 0000171621.45134.10.\n - 24. Beattie K , Carson BP , Lyons M , Kenny IC. The relationship between maximal strength and reactive strength. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12: 548 -553, 2017. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0216.\n - 25. Suarez DG , Carroll KM , Slaton JA , Rochau KG , Davis MW , Stone MH. Utility of a shortened isometric midthigh pull protocol for assessing rapid force production in athletes. JStrengthCondRes 36: 1819 -1825, 2022. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003774.\n - 26. Suchomel TJ , Nimphius S , Stone MH. Scaling isometric mid-thigh pull maximum strength in division I athletes: are we meeting the assumptions? Sports Biomech 19: 532 -546, 2020. doi:10.1080/ 14763141.2018.1498910.\n - 27. Cunningham DJ , Shearer DA , Drawer S , Pollard B , Cook CJ , Bennett M , Russell M , Kilduff LP. Relationships between physical qualities and key performance indicators during match-play in senior international rugby union players. PLoS One 13: e0202811, 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202811.\n - 28. Doyle TLA , Fain AC , Wills JA , Cooper D , Toonen K , Kamphius B. Measures of lower body strength associated with injuries in Australian special forces selection candidates. JApplBiomech 38: 255 -262, 2022. doi:10.1123/jab.2021-0134.\n - 29. Kawamori N , Rossi SJ , Justice BD , Haff EE , Pistilli EE , O ' Bryant HS , Stone MH , Haff GG. Peak force and rate of force development during isometric and dynamic mid-thigh clean pulls performed at various intensities. JStrengthCondRes 20: 483 -491, 2006. doi:10.1519/ 18025.1.\n - 30. Wang R , Hoffman JR , Tanigawa S , Miramonti AA , Monica MB , Beyer KS , Church DD , Fukuda DH , Stout JR. Isometric mid-thigh pull correlates with strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate rugby union players. JStrengthCondRes 30: 3051 -3056, 2016. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001416.\n - 31. Haff GG , Stone M , O ' Bryant HS , Harman E , Dinan C , Johnson R , Han KH. Force-time dependent characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions. J Strength Cond Res 11: 269 -272, 1997. doi:10.1519/1533-4287(1997)011 < 0269:FTDCOD > 2.3.CO;2.\n - 32. Mercer RAJ , Russell JL , McGuigan LC , Coutts AJ , Strack DS , McLean BD. Finding the signal in the noise -interday reliability and seasonal sensitivity of 84 countermovement jump variables in professional basketball players. JStrengthCondRes 37: 394 -402, 2023. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004182.\n - 33. Cabarkapa D , Philipp N , Cabarkapa D , Eserhaut D , Fry A. Comparison of force-time metrics between countermovement vertical jump with and without an arm swing in professional male basketball players. Int J Strength Cond 3: 1 -7, 2023. doi:10.47206/ijsc. v3i1.197.\n - 34. Tillin NA , Pain MT , Folland J. Explosive force production during isometric squats correlates with athletic performance in rugby union players. J Sports Sci 31: 66 -76, 2013. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.720704.\n - 35. Morris CG , Weber JA , Netto KJ. Relationship between mechanical effectiveness in sprint running and force-velocity characteristics of a countermovement jump in Australian rules football athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36: e59 -e65, 2022. doi:10.1519/ jsc.0000000000003583.\n - 36. Johnson DL , Bahamonde R. Power output estimate in university athletes. JStrengthCondRes 10: 161 -166, 1996. doi:10.1519/1533-4287 (1996)010 < 0161:poeiua > 2.3.co;2.\n - 37. Mkaouer B , Jemni M , Amara S , Chaab /C18 en H , Tabka Z. Kinematic and kinetic analysis of counter movement jump versus two different types of standing back somersault. Sci Gymnast J 4: 61 -71, 2012. https://www.fsp.uni-lj.si/en/research/scienti /uniFB01 c-magazines/scienceof-gymnastics/previous-issues/2012102209114244/.\n - 38. Walsh MS , B € ohm H , Butter /uniFB01 eld MM , Santhosam J. Gender bias in the effects of arms and countermovement on jumping performance. J Strength Cond Res 21: 362 -366, 2007. doi:10.1519/00124278200705000-00012.\n - 39. Vadgaonkar R , Prameela MD , Kumar CG , Blossom V , Tonse M , Murlimanju BV , Pai MM , Prabhu LV. Dimensions of pes anserinus of the lower extremity, an anatomical study with its surgical implications. Anat Cell Biol 54: 178 -183, 2021. doi:10.5115/acb.20.275.\n - 40. Heinemeier KM , Schjerling P , Heinemeier J , Magnusson SP , Kjaer M. Lack of tissue renewal in human adult Achilles tendon is revealed by nuclear bomb 14 C. FASEB J 27: 2074 -2079, 2013. doi:10.1096/ fj.12-225599.\n - 41. Balshaw TG , Funnell MP , McDermott EJ , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Massey GJ , Abela S , Quteishat B , Edsey M , James LJ , Folland JP. The effect of speci /uniFB01 c bioactive collagen peptides on tendon remodeling during 15 wk of lower body resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 55: 2083 -2095, 2023. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003242.\n - 42. Welle S , Totterman S , Thornton C. Effect of age on muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci M /C19 ed Sci 51: M270 -M275, 1996. doi:10.1093/gerona/51a.6.m270.", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 2. Gross (including body weight) isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) peak force ( A ), net (above body weight) IMTP peak force ( B ), countermovement jump (CMJ) peak power ( C ), and CMJ height ( D ) of a World ' s Strongest Man and deadlift champion (WSM) displayed against comparative data from the existing research literature. CMJ was performed with an arm swing by WSM and within all comparative data included in the /uniFB01 gure. /C3 Athletes from different sports or disciplines featured within the sample. Descriptive information (age, height, and body mass) of the groups included as comparative data can be found in Supplemental Materials 1 (IMTP) and 2 (CMJ).\n\n\n\nthe load cells across the two platforms) was displayed in front of the participant during the IMTP efforts, and a horizontal marker was placed on the highest force obtained after the /uniFB01 rst maximum effort. In the of /uniFB02 ine analysis, the force signals were low pass /uniFB01 ltered (10 Hz using a fourth-order zero-lag Butterworth /uniFB01 lter) before summating the force output from the two platforms to derive overall force produced. The instantaneous highest force during maximum efforts was identi /uniFB01 ed as the measure of gross IMTP peak force (i.e., including body weight). Force while the WSM was standing upright on the platform at rest (i.e., body weight) was also subtracted from the peak instantaneous force to calculate net IMTP peak force.\n\n## Analysis and Comparative Data\n\nMuscle volumes, patellar tendon CSA, and patellar tendon moment arm measurements assessed on both legs of the WSM were averaged to provide unilateral criterion values; this facilitated comparisons with various untrained, resistance-trained, and athletic groups previously investigated in published works from our laboratory (10, 11, 13 -15; Table 1). IMTP and CMJ values were predominantly compared with existing research literature with the highest comparable male data [e.g., IMTP gross peak force: (18 -25); IMTP net peak force:\n\n(26 -31); CMJ performed with an arm swing on a force platform (32 -38)]. Where the numerical values (means and SD) from previously published studies were not reported, they were extracted using online software (WebPlotDigitizer, version 4.6, https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer). For IMTP peak force in cases where it was not clearly stated that body weight was subtracted from gross IMTP peak force, measures were assumed to be gross IMTP peak force. Muscle and tendon morphology /uniFB01 gures display means ± SD as well as individual participant data for comparative populations, as these values are from published research from our laboratory. IMTP peak force and CMJ outcome /uniFB01 gures display only means ± SD values for comparative populations, as we relied on published values from the literature where individual participant values were not typically available.\n\n## RESULTS\n\n## Participant Descriptives and Anthropometrics\n\nThe WSM was 30.6 yr old and 1.90 m tall and his body mass was 172 kg upon reporting for the laboratory visit. The age, height, and body mass of participants from the comparative datasets featured in our previously published research are presented in Table 1. Age, height, and body mass for", "page_start": 4, @@ -7397,12 +7403,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1. Example axial MRI images from the World ' s Strongest Man and deadlift champion (WSM; A -C ) and an untrained control participant ( D -F ) from the hip ( A and D ), thigh ( B and E ), and lower leg ( C and F ). Image location relative to femur and shank length was matched between the WSM and the untrained control as follows: hip image is at approximately midfemoral head, thigh image is at /C24 52% of femur length (0% is distal end of femur, 100% is greater trochanter), and lower leg image is at /C24 70% of shank length (0% is lateral malleolus, 100% is proximal end of tibia). The untrained control participant displayed was from the work by Miller et al. (13) and had a total measured muscle volume of all measured muscles that was 5.1% smaller than the mean of the untrained group within that study.\n\n\n\n\n\nadjustment to different heights. A bar height producing a knee joint angle of 145 /C14 (measured by a manual goniometer) was selected, and the participant was instructed to keep his torso upright while completing the IMTP efforts. Two calibrated 10-kN-capacity force platforms (model 9286B, Kistler Instruments, Ltd., London, UK), one underneath each foot, were placed on top of the isometric rig ' sbaseplate,andvertical force signals from the eight individual load cells across the two force platforms were outputted (External Control Unit model 5233 A, Kistler Instruments, Ltd.) and sampled at 2,000 Hz using an external analog-to-digital converter (Micro 1401;\n\nCED, Cambridge, UK) and recorded with Spike 2 computer software (CED, Cambridge, UK).\n\nFollowing a warm-up consisting of a series of incremental warm-up contractions of /C24 5 s duration ranging from 50% to 90% of maximum perceived effort, two maximum IMTP efforts of 3 -5 s duration were performed under the instruction to ' pull as hard as possible. ' Six minutes separated the maximum efforts, based on a self-selected recovery period. Wrist wraps were worn to remove the in /uniFB02 uence of grip strength from the assessment. Real-time overall feedback from the force platforms (the sum of the force signals from", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7562,7 +7562,7 @@ "target_passage": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30– 40 years of ag", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 6 + "index": 7 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -7572,6 +7572,12 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency -a phenomenological consequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16 (2):207 -36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7\n - 22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition. Phenomenol Cogni Sci . (2007) 6(4):485 -507. doi: 10.1007/s1197-0079076-9\n - 23. DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ . (2006) 40(4):314 -21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x\n - 24. Malterud K. The art and science of clinical knowledge: evidence beyond measures and numbers. Lancet . (2001) 358(9279):397 -400. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (01)05548-9\n - 25. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care . (2007) 19(6):349 -57. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042\n - 26. Arntzen EC, Braaten T, Fikke HK, Normann B. Feasibility of a new intervention addressing group-based balance and high-intensity training, physical activity, and employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Rehabil Sci . (2024) 4:1 -17. doi: 10.3389/fresc. 2023.1258737\n - 27. Paulgaard G. Feltarbeid i egen kultur: innenfra, utenfra eller begge deler? / /uniFB01 eldwork in their own culture: from within, outside or both? In: Fossaskåret E, Fuglestad OL, Aase TH, editors. Metodisk Feltarbeid. Produksjon og Tolkning av Kvalitative Data/ Methodical Fieldwork. Production and Interpretation of Qualitative Data . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (1997). p. 70 -93.\n - 28. Malterud K. Theory and interpretation in qualitative studies from general practice: why and how? Scand J Public Health . (2016) 44(2):120 -9. doi: 10.1177/ 1403494815621181\n - 29. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology . (1983) 33(11):1444 -52. doi: 10.1212/wnl. 33.11.1444\n - 30. Malterud K. Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scand J Public Health . (2012) 40(8):795 -805. doi: 10.1177/1403494812465030\n - 31. Russell N, Gallagher S, Mset /uniFB01 RM, Hayes S, Motl RW, Coote S. Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis participating in a social cognitive behavior change physical activity intervention. Physiother Theory Pract . (2022) 39(5):1 -9. doi: 10. 1080/09593985.2022.2030828\n - 32. Smith M, Neibling B, Williams G, Birks M, Barker R. Consumer experience of a /uniFB02 exible exercise participation program (FEPP) for individuals with multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods study. Physiother Res Int . (2021) 26(4):e1922. doi: 10. 1002/pri1922\n - 33. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH, Rachwani J, Santamaria V. Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health (2023).\n - 34. Gallagher S, Bower M. Making enactivism even more embodied. AVANT: J Philos Interdiscip Vanguard . (2014) 5(2):232 -47. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011\n - 35. Di Paolo E, Cuffari E, Jaegher H. Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life and Language . Cambridge: MIT press (2018).\n - 36. Colombetti G. The embodied and situated nature of moods. Philosophia (Ramat Gan) . (2017) 45(4):1437 -51. doi: 10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0\n - 37. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav . (2004) 31(2):143 -64. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660\n - 38. Casey B, Coote S, Hayes S, Gallagher S. Changing physical activity behavior in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . (2018) 99(10):2059 -75. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.013\n - 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "community healthcare in the two municipalities. The project team included three individuals representing users from the Nordland MS Association, along with an MS nurse and a neurologist from the MS-outpatient clinic, and three physiotherapists/ researchers.\n\n## 2.4 Research team and re /uniFB02 exivity\n\nAll researchers on the team are clinical specialists in neurological physiotherapy. BN and ECA developed the CoreDISTparticipation intervention, and SSHD contributed to the development of the outdoor part.\n\nThe researchers ' closeness to the intervention and the clinical /uniFB01 eld may have strengthened the depth and relevance of their interpretations in this study (27), as it was easy to understand what participants described and helped form follow-up questions during the interviews. However, closeness may also produce a risk of ' blind spots ' , as the researchers may prejudice participants ' experiences, omitting questions where the answers are believed to be obvious (27). Thus, throughout the process, trustworthiness and rigor were enhanced by discussing the methodology, /uniFB01 ndings, and interpretations with external researchers (including specialists in enactive theory), as well as user representatives. The presented theoretical framework (enactive theory) enhanced the distance to the material, as recommended in qualitative research (28).\n\n## 2.5 Recruitment and participants\n\nPrior to recruitment, the study was introduced to individuals with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) through a seminar hosted by the Nordland MS Association. Additionally, seminars were conducted for health professionals in community healthcare and at the regional hospital. Written information about this study (and the RCT) was sent from the MS clinic at the regional hospital by post to all eligible individuals af /uniFB01 liated with the hospital. Individuals who wished to participate signed the attached consent form and returned it in the pre-stamped envelope. The inclusion criteria were as follows: had been diagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (29)of ≤ 3.5, was ≥ 18 years, was employed (10% -100% of full-time) and residential address in the two prede /uniFB01 ned municipalities. The exclusion criteria were as follows: pregnancy, exacerbation of symptoms within two weeks prior to enrollment and other serious conditions compromising balance, walking or work capacity. All participants in the intervention group of the RCT ( n = 15) were included (Table 3).\n\n## 2.6 Data collection\n\nThe interview guide (Table 4) was developed based on literature reviews, clinical experience and discussions within the research group and with user representatives. Two test interviews were\n\nTABLE 3 Participant demographic information.TABLE 4 Interview guide.\n\n| Variable | Total ( n =15) |\n|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|\n| Age in years | Mean 47.6 (SD 6.04) |\n| Gender (women/men) | 12 woman/3 men (80%/20%) |\n| Type of MS | Relapsing remitting 15 (100%) |\n| EDSS | Mean 1.8 (SD 0.9) |\n| Years since diagnosis | Mean 10.4 (SD 7.8) |\n| Participation in the outdoor group | Mean 4.6 sessions/total mean attendance 57.3% |\n\n| Theme | Potential questions |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Overall experiences and re /uniFB02 ections from participation | Generally, what are your main experiences of participation? |\n| | What did you perceive as meaningful? |\n| | What did you perceive as negative? |\n| Content | How did you experience: |\n| | GLYPH<129> The content of the sessions in general GLYPH<129> The high-intensity walking/running GLYPH<129> The speci /uniFB01 c exercises GLYPH<129> The combination of speci /uniFB01 c exercises and intervals of running/walking GLYPH<129> The exercise intensity |\n| | How do you perceive your speci /uniFB01 c movement impairments (if any) being addressed? Please elaborate on situations where you experienced the feeling of mastery/failure. |\n| | If anything: What was challenging? What would you prefer to have been done differently? What did you enjoy? What was the value of participating in the |\n| The role of the physiotherapists | What did the physiotherapists do? What was the value of this to you? |\n| The group setting | How did you experience the group setting? |\n| | How did you perceive the atmosphere in the group? |\n| The outdoor environment | How was it to exercise outdoors? |\n| | How did you perceive the city park environment for exercise? |\n| Closing questions | Are there any experiences from participation that you would like to elaborate on? Is anything related to this project that we have not talked about that you would like to say? |\n\nOverall participants were asked to describe situations to exemplify their answers, and follow-up questions were used to capture in-depth re /uniFB02 ections, for example, What was positive/negative?, How did it feel?, What do you think of that?, What does it mean to you?, Can you elaborate on that? .\n\nconducted (with pwMS who were not part of the sample), and the interview guide was then re /uniFB01 ned around the following themes: overall experience and re /uniFB02 ections from participation, content, outdoor setting, the group, and the physiotherapists. Questions were open-ended to capture rich, in-depth re /uniFB02 ections regarding participants ' experiences, following a phenomenological approach. The interviewer asked for both negative and positive experiences", "page_start": 3, @@ -7619,12 +7625,6 @@ "page_start": 13, "page_end": 13, "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 202 Mazeikaite et al., 2021: What Drives CrossCountry Health Inequality in the EU? Unpacking the Role of Socioeconomic Factors\n - 203 Eurostat: LFS 2020 Ad hoc module, here\n - 204 Eurostat: Persons reporting a work-related health problem by sex, age and occupation, here\n - 205 Murray & Lopez, 1996: The Global burden of disease : a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020, here\n\nUpdate: GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators, 2018: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, here\n\n## 206 European Burden of Disease Network\n\n - 207 WHO definition: 'One DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health. DALYs for a disease or health condition are the sum of the years of life lost to due to premature mortality (YLLs) and the years lived with a disability (YLDs) due to prevalent cases of the disease or health condition in a population.' here\n - 208 Murray & Lopez, 1996:. The Global burden of disease : a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020, here\n - 209 IHME/GDB: GDB Compare - Vizhub, Visualisation of global health data, here\n - 210 Takala et al., 2017: Comparative Analysis of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in Selected Countries and Regions\n\nEzzati et al., 2004: Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors\n\nNelson et al., 2005: The global burden of selected occupational disease and injury risks: Methodology and summary\n\n - 211 WHO: Protecting workers' health, Key facts\n - 212 Pneumoconiosis: a group of lung diseases resulting from inhalation of particles of industrial substances, particularly inorganic dusts.\n - 213 IHME (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation) (2016). Rethinking development and health: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2016-\n\npermalink/7193a516026f9a7df17cf73ea9ce3a5d Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Seattle, WA: IHME. IHME Database.\n\n - 214 WHO/ILO, 2021: WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000-2016: Global monitoring report\n - 215 Ibid., pp. 55-56.\n - 216 WHO/ILO, 2021: WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000-2016: Global monitoring report (p. 18).\n - 217 The figures of the working age population of 16 years and above are based on EU-OSHA calculations of data provided by the United Nations World Population Prospects database: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. Rev. 1., File POP/1-1: Total population (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100 (thousands), here\n - 218 WHO, Occupational Burden of Disease Application, https://who-ilo-joint-\n - estimates.shinyapps.io/OccupationalBurdenOfDisease/ and EU-OSHA calculations\n - 219 International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) data based on new and until today unpublished calculations: Takala et al.: Comparative Global Estimates on the Work-related Burden of Accidents and Diseases (preprint)\n\n220\n\n - WHO, Occupational Burden of Disease Application, https://who-ilo-joint-\n - estimates.shinyapps.io/OccupationalBurdenOfDisease/ and EU-OSHA calculations\n - 221 WHO/ILO, 2021: WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000-2016: Global monitoring report (pp. 55-56).\n - 222 WHO applied for the global estimates as reference the population with an age above 15 years. At EU level, 16 years - probably even older - is the minimum age to start work or an apprenticeship.\n - 223 WHO, Occupational Burden of Disease Application, https://who-ilo-joint-\n - estimates.shinyapps.io/OccupationalBurdenOfDisease/ and EU-OSHA calculations", - "page_start": 148, - "page_end": 148, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7658,6 +7658,12 @@ "page_end": 8, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency -a phenomenological consequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16 (2):207 -36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7\n - 22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition. Phenomenol Cogni Sci . (2007) 6(4):485 -507. doi: 10.1007/s1197-0079076-9\n - 23. DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ . (2006) 40(4):314 -21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x\n - 24. Malterud K. The art and science of clinical knowledge: evidence beyond measures and numbers. Lancet . (2001) 358(9279):397 -400. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (01)05548-9\n - 25. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care . (2007) 19(6):349 -57. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042\n - 26. Arntzen EC, Braaten T, Fikke HK, Normann B. Feasibility of a new intervention addressing group-based balance and high-intensity training, physical activity, and employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Rehabil Sci . (2024) 4:1 -17. doi: 10.3389/fresc. 2023.1258737\n - 27. Paulgaard G. Feltarbeid i egen kultur: innenfra, utenfra eller begge deler? / /uniFB01 eldwork in their own culture: from within, outside or both? In: Fossaskåret E, Fuglestad OL, Aase TH, editors. Metodisk Feltarbeid. Produksjon og Tolkning av Kvalitative Data/ Methodical Fieldwork. Production and Interpretation of Qualitative Data . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (1997). p. 70 -93.\n - 28. Malterud K. Theory and interpretation in qualitative studies from general practice: why and how? Scand J Public Health . (2016) 44(2):120 -9. doi: 10.1177/ 1403494815621181\n - 29. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology . (1983) 33(11):1444 -52. doi: 10.1212/wnl. 33.11.1444\n - 30. Malterud K. Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scand J Public Health . (2012) 40(8):795 -805. doi: 10.1177/1403494812465030\n - 31. Russell N, Gallagher S, Mset /uniFB01 RM, Hayes S, Motl RW, Coote S. Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis participating in a social cognitive behavior change physical activity intervention. Physiother Theory Pract . (2022) 39(5):1 -9. doi: 10. 1080/09593985.2022.2030828\n - 32. Smith M, Neibling B, Williams G, Birks M, Barker R. Consumer experience of a /uniFB02 exible exercise participation program (FEPP) for individuals with multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods study. Physiother Res Int . (2021) 26(4):e1922. doi: 10. 1002/pri1922\n - 33. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH, Rachwani J, Santamaria V. Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health (2023).\n - 34. Gallagher S, Bower M. Making enactivism even more embodied. AVANT: J Philos Interdiscip Vanguard . (2014) 5(2):232 -47. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011\n - 35. Di Paolo E, Cuffari E, Jaegher H. Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life and Language . Cambridge: MIT press (2018).\n - 36. Colombetti G. The embodied and situated nature of moods. Philosophia (Ramat Gan) . (2017) 45(4):1437 -51. doi: 10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0\n - 37. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav . (2004) 31(2):143 -64. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660\n - 38. Casey B, Coote S, Hayes S, Gallagher S. Changing physical activity behavior in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . (2018) 99(10):2059 -75. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.013\n - 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "TABLE 1 Overview of the CoreDISTparticipation intervention.TABLE 2 Description of the outdoor group.\n\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic | Consultation with the MS nurse (20 min) to address work-related issues based on a structured guide comprising the following themes: knowledge of MS at the workplace, experienced work-related challenges due to MS, potential needs and facilitators . Physiotherapy assessment (60 min) to explore the potential for changes in balance and walking aiming to turn focus toward possibilities and thus, |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Based on these assessments the MS nurse and the physiotherapist indicated the aspects of importance on a standardized form to inform the municipal physiotherapist. |\n| | Standardized testing (baseline, for the RCT). |\n| Week 2 - 5: Municipality | Physiotherapy assessment (60 - 90 min) to explore the patient ' s impairments and potential for improvements in a clinical examination prior to group-training. |\n| | Indoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). There were three to /uniFB01 ve participants in each group and one physiotherapist. Trunk control, balance and physical activity were addressed (GroupCoreDIST). Participants received a link to CoreDIST digital exercise-videos and were advised to do them 1 × weekly throughout the intervention. (videos can be accessed here: https://www.nord.no/en/node/35,098) |\n| | Digital meeting with a multidisciplinary team (pwMS, employer, physiotherapist & MS nurse) (20 min) regarding barriers to work participation and needs for adaptations regarding work and physical activity, according to a structured meeting-guide (one meeting). |\n| Week 6 | Standardized testing (midway, for the RCT). |\n| Week 7 - 10: Municipality | Outdoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). A maximum of ten participants and two physiotherapists were included in each group. Trunk control and balance (GroupCoreDIST exercises) were addressed, and high-intensity walking or running was performed. The intervention was conducted in a city park where both /uniFB02 at and uneven surfaces and hilly terrain were available (Table 2). |\n| | Additionally, participants were encouraged to comply with the exercise-videos through a weekly SMS-reminder. |\n| Week 11 - 14 | Standardized testing ( /uniFB01 nal, for the RCT) and qualitative interviews. |\n\n| Content | Purpose |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Warm-up and recording one ' s own balance | |\n| Exercises for detailed sensorimotor activation, larger muscle groups, muscle length and balance while standing. Preparation. Dual task: motor (using spiky balls and | Experience one ' s own balance and record eventual changes. |\n| (1) High-intensity training (85% - 95% maxHR/min 16 RPE) × 4 min: Running or walking with long strides and large arm movements. Participants chose their own route, marking it with a cone, and | Improve stamina. |\n| picked up a bean bag for each new lap to running. | Experience one ' s own opportunities for high-intensity physical activity. Improve sensorimotor control and balance as prerequisites for walking and |\n| Main part count how many laps for each interval. (2) Moderate-intensity detailed exercises (approx. 70% maxHR) × 3 min. CoreDIST exercises while standing | Experience one ' s own balance and record eventual changes. |\n\n## 2 Materials and methods\n\n## 2.1 Design\n\nIndividual in-depth interviews using a phenomenologicalinspired approach were chosen, as this is suitable for exploring the meaning and signi /uniFB01 cance of pwMS ' s experiences and re /uniFB02 ections (23, 24).\n\n## 2.2 Ethical considerations\n\nThe study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics in North Norway (REK North: 174837). Written informed consent was obtained prior to the intervention and con /uniFB01 rmed verbally when arranging the interviews. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and the participants were informed about the opportunity to withdraw from the study. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) (25) were used to optimize the conduct and reporting of the study.\n\n## 2.3 Study context\n\nThis interview study was nested within a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the CoreDISTparticipation intervention to usual care (26) and conducted at a regional hospital MS-outpatient clinic (Nordland Hospital Trust) and in two af /uniFB01 liated municipalities in the northern Norway. The current study investigates participants in the intervention group ' s experiences of the four-week outdoor group, which was part of this new intervention (Table 2). The outdoor sessions were conducted by three trained physiotherapists working in the", "page_start": 2, @@ -7693,12 +7699,6 @@ "page_start": 12, "page_end": 12, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "gave them advice for follow-up. Some participants said that when the physiotherapist conducted the exercises or ran/walked together with them, it made them increase their exercise intensity. One participant described this as follows:\n\nThe physiotherapists pushed me to perform beyond what I thought I was able to -and that was great! There is no doubt that if someone is running beside you and shouting ' come onwell done ' , you manage to push yourself further. (ID8, EDSS: 2)\n\nHowever, one participant described an incident where the interaction with the physiotherapists was not perceived as helpful:\n\nWhen I get tired, it gets dif /uniFB01 cult. I can only do one thing at a time, and then these physiotherapists came running, talking and trying to motivate at the same time. I got very tired, and my leg would not follow my commands to run. (ID7, EDSS: 3.5)\n\nParticipants reported that they appreciated that the physiotherapists made them engage in playful activities with a ball, run for beanbags, and sing and in general created an informal and nice atmosphere. The enjoyment created was described as important for adherence to the intervention and as encouraging participants ' physical effort during the session, as exercise felt easier when it was enjoyable. It was appreciated that the physiotherapists were perceived as both cheerful and serious about the intervention.\n\n## 4 Discussion\n\nThe main /uniFB01 ndings of this study are that (1) being supported to explore and push one ' s own physical capabilities by combining high-intensity running/walking with detailed exercises was meaningful and evoked strong emotions. Improving one ' s balance, walking, and running lead to increased beliefs in one ' s own possibilities. Some negative experiences were also described, particularly from the highintensity training. (2) An engaging outdoor group with tailored physiotherapist-participant interactions and the co-creation of enjoyment was perceived to be important for the success of the individual. These /uniFB01 ndings illustrate how the dynamic intertwining of the body and movement, context and intersubjective interactions create meaning and beliefs in one ' s own physical capabilities (19).\n\n## 4.1 Bodily experiences are inherent to beliefs in the mastery of physical activity\n\nThe meaningfulness of exploring the limits of training intensity that we identi /uniFB01 ed in our study corresponds with other studies of pwMS ' s experiences of interventions addressing intensity of activity (31, 32). The exercises emphasizing trunk control were reported to reduce movement impairments and are in line with a study of pwMS with higher\n\ndisabilities participating in an indoor group intervention (16). However, the perceived interlinking of improved sensorimotor functions and the ease of and ef /uniFB01 ciency in high-intensity walking/running have not been reported previously. It is likely that the detailed exercises prompted activations of the CNS and musculoskeletal systems, which are prerequisites for highintensity walking and running (33). Impairments in such systems commonly occur due to CNS lesions or secondary inactivity, and function can improve with increased use (18). Our results support the value of integrating such speci /uniFB01 city to optimize the capability to train at high intensity, even in individuals with low EDSS scores.\n\nThe described emotional associations of these bodily changes are interesting. Achieving higher exercise intensities, easier movements, reduced pain and improved sensation lead to positive feelings and enhanced prospects for both PA and life, while for some individuals, a failure to achieve high-intensity or no immediate changes in impairments are associated with feelings of loss and negative prospects. This calls attention to acknowledging that sensorimotor capacities facilitate or constrain how an individual perceives the world, which is closely interlinked with feelings, and that in /uniFB02 uence why participants perceive what they do (34). These experiences necessitate that sensorimotor changes in pwMS involve not only their biological body but also their relational and self-individuating modes of operating in the world, including how an experience coheres with, for example, participants ' historical experiences (35). As we primarily regulate such modes to achieve an optimal positive mood state, this can also explain why only changes perceived as positive appear to enhance participants ' beliefs for the future (36). Negative experiences such as failure to achieve high intensity because the legs are not working in the last interval can thus be perceived as detrimental by pwMS.\n\nWe argue that participants ' perceived bodily changes affected their self-ef /uniFB01 cacy for being physically active. Self-ef /uniFB01 cacy involves an individual ' s perception of exerting control over his or her own actions (37) and has been extensively reported to be pertinent to PA engagement in pwMS (38, 39). However, selfef /uniFB01 cacy is theoretically described according to social cognitive theory (38). Our /uniFB01 ndings highlight how experiencing, expressing and socially interacting through the body (embodied experiences) shape individuals ' self-ef /uniFB01 cacy and suggest a crucial role of bodily perceptions in constituting self-ef /uniFB01 cacy for PA.\n\n## 4.2 Interactions and environment shape meaning making\n\nParticipants perceived the group setting to increase motivation, support, and commitment, which has been found in previously published work (16, 31).\n\nThe physiotherapist-participant interaction is acknowledged in exercise interventions for pwMS, pointing to professionals ' role in informing participants of exercise bene /uniFB01 ts in the management of MS, including the prescribing mode, frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise (40). Tailored interventions are supported", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7738,6 +7738,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency -a phenomenological consequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16 (2):207 -36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7\n - 22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition. Phenomenol Cogni Sci . (2007) 6(4):485 -507. doi: 10.1007/s1197-0079076-9\n - 23. DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ . (2006) 40(4):314 -21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x\n - 24. Malterud K. The art and science of clinical knowledge: evidence beyond measures and numbers. Lancet . (2001) 358(9279):397 -400. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (01)05548-9\n - 25. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care . (2007) 19(6):349 -57. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042\n - 26. Arntzen EC, Braaten T, Fikke HK, Normann B. Feasibility of a new intervention addressing group-based balance and high-intensity training, physical activity, and employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Rehabil Sci . (2024) 4:1 -17. doi: 10.3389/fresc. 2023.1258737\n - 27. Paulgaard G. Feltarbeid i egen kultur: innenfra, utenfra eller begge deler? / /uniFB01 eldwork in their own culture: from within, outside or both? In: Fossaskåret E, Fuglestad OL, Aase TH, editors. Metodisk Feltarbeid. Produksjon og Tolkning av Kvalitative Data/ Methodical Fieldwork. Production and Interpretation of Qualitative Data . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (1997). p. 70 -93.\n - 28. Malterud K. Theory and interpretation in qualitative studies from general practice: why and how? Scand J Public Health . (2016) 44(2):120 -9. doi: 10.1177/ 1403494815621181\n - 29. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology . (1983) 33(11):1444 -52. doi: 10.1212/wnl. 33.11.1444\n - 30. Malterud K. Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scand J Public Health . (2012) 40(8):795 -805. doi: 10.1177/1403494812465030\n - 31. Russell N, Gallagher S, Mset /uniFB01 RM, Hayes S, Motl RW, Coote S. Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis participating in a social cognitive behavior change physical activity intervention. Physiother Theory Pract . (2022) 39(5):1 -9. doi: 10. 1080/09593985.2022.2030828\n - 32. Smith M, Neibling B, Williams G, Birks M, Barker R. Consumer experience of a /uniFB02 exible exercise participation program (FEPP) for individuals with multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods study. Physiother Res Int . (2021) 26(4):e1922. doi: 10. 1002/pri1922\n - 33. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH, Rachwani J, Santamaria V. Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health (2023).\n - 34. Gallagher S, Bower M. Making enactivism even more embodied. AVANT: J Philos Interdiscip Vanguard . (2014) 5(2):232 -47. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011\n - 35. Di Paolo E, Cuffari E, Jaegher H. Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life and Language . Cambridge: MIT press (2018).\n - 36. Colombetti G. The embodied and situated nature of moods. Philosophia (Ramat Gan) . (2017) 45(4):1437 -51. doi: 10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0\n - 37. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav . (2004) 31(2):143 -64. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660\n - 38. Casey B, Coote S, Hayes S, Gallagher S. Changing physical activity behavior in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . (2018) 99(10):2059 -75. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.013\n - 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. 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California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "TABLE 1 Overview of the CoreDISTparticipation intervention.TABLE 2 Description of the outdoor group.\n\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic | Consultation with the MS nurse (20 min) to address work-related issues based on a structured guide comprising the following themes: knowledge of MS at the workplace, experienced work-related challenges due to MS, potential needs and facilitators . Physiotherapy assessment (60 min) to explore the potential for changes in balance and walking aiming to turn focus toward possibilities and thus, |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Based on these assessments the MS nurse and the physiotherapist indicated the aspects of importance on a standardized form to inform the municipal physiotherapist. |\n| | Standardized testing (baseline, for the RCT). |\n| Week 2 - 5: Municipality | Physiotherapy assessment (60 - 90 min) to explore the patient ' s impairments and potential for improvements in a clinical examination prior to group-training. |\n| | Indoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). There were three to /uniFB01 ve participants in each group and one physiotherapist. Trunk control, balance and physical activity were addressed (GroupCoreDIST). Participants received a link to CoreDIST digital exercise-videos and were advised to do them 1 × weekly throughout the intervention. (videos can be accessed here: https://www.nord.no/en/node/35,098) |\n| | Digital meeting with a multidisciplinary team (pwMS, employer, physiotherapist & MS nurse) (20 min) regarding barriers to work participation and needs for adaptations regarding work and physical activity, according to a structured meeting-guide (one meeting). |\n| Week 6 | Standardized testing (midway, for the RCT). |\n| Week 7 - 10: Municipality | Outdoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). A maximum of ten participants and two physiotherapists were included in each group. Trunk control and balance (GroupCoreDIST exercises) were addressed, and high-intensity walking or running was performed. The intervention was conducted in a city park where both /uniFB02 at and uneven surfaces and hilly terrain were available (Table 2). |\n| | Additionally, participants were encouraged to comply with the exercise-videos through a weekly SMS-reminder. |\n| Week 11 - 14 | Standardized testing ( /uniFB01 nal, for the RCT) and qualitative interviews. |\n\n| Content | Purpose |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Warm-up and recording one ' s own balance | |\n| Exercises for detailed sensorimotor activation, larger muscle groups, muscle length and balance while standing. Preparation. Dual task: motor (using spiky balls and | Experience one ' s own balance and record eventual changes. |\n| (1) High-intensity training (85% - 95% maxHR/min 16 RPE) × 4 min: Running or walking with long strides and large arm movements. Participants chose their own route, marking it with a cone, and | Improve stamina. |\n| picked up a bean bag for each new lap to running. | Experience one ' s own opportunities for high-intensity physical activity. Improve sensorimotor control and balance as prerequisites for walking and |\n| Main part count how many laps for each interval. (2) Moderate-intensity detailed exercises (approx. 70% maxHR) × 3 min. CoreDIST exercises while standing | Experience one ' s own balance and record eventual changes. |\n\n## 2 Materials and methods\n\n## 2.1 Design\n\nIndividual in-depth interviews using a phenomenologicalinspired approach were chosen, as this is suitable for exploring the meaning and signi /uniFB01 cance of pwMS ' s experiences and re /uniFB02 ections (23, 24).\n\n## 2.2 Ethical considerations\n\nThe study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics in North Norway (REK North: 174837). Written informed consent was obtained prior to the intervention and con /uniFB01 rmed verbally when arranging the interviews. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and the participants were informed about the opportunity to withdraw from the study. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) (25) were used to optimize the conduct and reporting of the study.\n\n## 2.3 Study context\n\nThis interview study was nested within a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the CoreDISTparticipation intervention to usual care (26) and conducted at a regional hospital MS-outpatient clinic (Nordland Hospital Trust) and in two af /uniFB01 liated municipalities in the northern Norway. The current study investigates participants in the intervention group ' s experiences of the four-week outdoor group, which was part of this new intervention (Table 2). The outdoor sessions were conducted by three trained physiotherapists working in the", "page_start": 2, @@ -7767,12 +7773,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## TABLE 2 ] (Continued)\n\nTable 4 presents the association of dyspnea with patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors. Dyspnea impact increased with younger age, being female, higher BMI, higher smoking and smoke exposure history, and total work\n\n| ¼ ¼ 6 9 7 4 | | | | 78 81 | 78 81 | 78 81 | 85 88 | 85 88 | 85 88 |\n|----------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n| Asthma Group ¼ 265) 5 9 | | | | 71 | 71 | 71 | 79 | 79 | 79 |\n| ¼ 5 4 | | | | 65 | 65 | 65 | 74 | 74 | 74 |\n| Control Group (n ¼ 231) | as or 8 | as or 8 | as or 8 | as or 13 | as or 13 | as or 13 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 |\n| it dif /uniFB01 cult to do things such | | carrying things up stairs, light | dancing, bowling, | to do things such | the garden or shoveling | 5 km/h, playing tennis | | do | |\n| CAT and SGRQ | | | as weeding, | /uniFB01 | cult | digging | walking at | makes it dif /uniFB01 cult to | running, |\n| From 0.132) My | | | | | it dif | | jogging, or | breathing | |\n| makes | (weight ¼ breathing | climbing | /uniFB01 | % | makes | loads, | | | work, |\n| | | up hills, | such | | | heavy | % | | |\n| | | | | ng, | | | | | |\n| | | | | gol | | snow, | | My | |\n| | | | | | My | | | | |\n| | | | gardening | | | | | | |\n| Dyspnea | | | | | | | | | |\n| Questions About | | | | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | | | | heavy |\n| | | | | breathing | | | | manual | manual |\n| | | | | | carrying | | | swimming, | |\n| | 0.123) | | | | | | | 0.108) | |\n\nData are presented as mean (SD) for Q1, Q2, and Q3 (total), and Q3 to Q15 were presented to participants as yes or no questions, where percentages of parti cipants who answered yes are shown. Question weights (principal component analysis scoring coef /uniFB01 cients) used for calculating the dyspnea assessment are shown below individual questions. CAT ¼ COPD Assessment Test; PRISm ¼ preserved ratio impaired spirometry; Q ¼ question; SGRQ ¼ St. George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire.\n\nHowever, 1,415 either did not attend or were unable to complete adequate spirometry. Ultimately, 2,857 (67%) of those eligible underwent both pre- and post-BD spirometry.\n\nOf these 2,857 participants, 2,090 (73.2%) had normal spirometry, 265 (9.3%) had undiagnosed asthma, 330 (11.5%) had undiagnosed COPD, and 172 (6.0%) had PRISm based on post-BD spirometry. Of the 595 individuals with spirometric evidence of asthma or COPD, 253 were independently assessed by a pulmonologist. In 245 of these 253 cases (97%), the independent physician diagnosis agreed with the study diagnosis of asthma or COPD.\n\nIndividuals in the COPD group were generally older andmorelikelytobemalecomparedwithallother study groups (Table 1). All groups, including healthy control participants, had mean BMIs in the overweight orobeseranges.ThePRISmgroupwasheaviestwithan average BMI of 34.7, and 22% of PRISm patients met BMI criteria for morbid obesity. Compared with all other groups, those with COPD were the most likely to have active or previous tobacco use, with the highest average total pack-years of 32.7. The control group had the lowest number of people with active or previous tobacco use.\n\nTable 2 shows mean responses to the 15 dyspnea questions for each disease classi /uniFB01 cation and presents question weights (PCA scoring coef /uniFB01 cients) used for calculating the dyspnea impact assessment.\n\nIndividuals with PRISm reported the highest dyspnea impact, with a signi /uniFB01 cantly greater mean score (63.0; 95% CI, 59.5-66.4) than those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD (Table 3). Those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD had similar mean scores (56.6; 95% CI, 53.9-59.3 and 57.5; 95% CI, 55.1-59.9, respectively), followed by those with normal spirometry (51.8; 95% CI, 50.7-52.8). All four groups reported signi /uniFB01 cantly more impactful dyspnea than the control group (mean score, 13.8; 95% CI, 11.815.7). Table 3 shows between-group differences in mean dyspnea impact assessments for each pair of disease outcomes. Figure 2 compares box plots of the dyspnea impact assessment values across disease classi /uniFB01 cations.\n\n[\n\n]", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7874,6 +7874,18 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. 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The main process is Higgs exchange and the resultant cross section for a proton is given by\n\nσ ( p ) SI = 4 π ( m p m N m p + m N ) 2 f 2 p , (17)\n\nwith the hadronic matrix element\n\nf p m p = ∑ q = u,d,s f ( p ) Tq α q m q + 2 27 f ( p ) TG ∑ c,b,t α q m q , (18)\n\nand the effective vertex (see Appendix for notations)\n\nα q = -λ N y q ( ∂ Φ ∂h 1 M 2 h ∂ Ψ ∂h + ∂ Φ ∂H 1 M 2 H ∂ Ψ ∂H ) , (19)\n\nwhere m q is a mass of a quark with a Yukawa coupling y q , and f ( p ) Tq and f ( p ) TG are constants.", "page_start": 6, @@ -7909,18 +7921,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 118. Strawson, Galen (2006). \"Realistic monism: Why physicalism entails panpsychism\" (http://w ww.newdualism.org/papers/G.Strawson/strawson\\_on\\_panpsychism.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 13 (10/11): 3-31. Retrieved 15 September 2018.\n - 119. 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ISBN 978-0393329377.", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar object is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered at VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\n\n| Object | | Class Redshift |\n|----------------|------|------------------|\n| M87 | FR I | 0.004 |\n| Mkn421 | HBL | 0.030 |\n| Mkn501 | HBL | 0.034 |\n| 1ES2344+514 | HBL | 0.044 |\n| 1ES1959+650 | HBL | 0.047 |\n| WComae † | IBL | 0.102 |\n| RGBJ0710+591 † | HBL | 0.125 |\n| H1426+428 | HBL | 0.129 |\n| 1ES0806+524 † | HBL | 0.138 |\n| 1ES0229+200 | HBL | 0.139 |\n| 1ES1218+304 | HBL | 0.182 |\n| RBS0413 † | HBL | 0.190 |\n| 1ES0502+675 † | HBL | 0.341 |\n| 3C66A † | IBL | 0.444? |\n| PKS1424+240 † | IBL | ? |\n| VERJ0521+211 † | ? | ? |\n\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7) during VERITAS observations from December 2008 to March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE discovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the Fermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413, a relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 2 . These data resulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ , ∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Nebula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultaneously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE and other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT data, for each of these three sources will be the subject of a joint publication involving both the VERITAS and LAT collaborations.\n\n## 5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT\n\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by VERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily by results from the first year of LAT data taking. In particular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21] and 1ES0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS observations triggered by the inclusion of these objects in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former is only the third IBL known to emit VHE gammarays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition, VERJ0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud AGN RGBJ0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS in ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These observations were motivated by its identification as a > 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data. Its VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it among the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent years. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE flaring from VERJ0521+211 in November 2009 [24], leading to deeper VHE observations.\n\n## 6. Blazars Upper Limits\n\nMore than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed by VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009. The total exposure on the 49 non-detected candidates is ∼ 305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per candidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is split amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is divided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9 FSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of significant VHE γ -ray emission from any of these 49 blazars [25]. However, the observed significance distribution is clearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1). A stacking analysis performed on the entire data sample shows an overall excess of 430 γ -rays, corresponding to a statistical significance of 4.8 σ , observed from the directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and HBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Observations of these objects also comprise ∼ 80% of the total exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all the extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not clearly detected ( > 5 σ ), by VERITAS does not show a significant excess ( ∼ 120 h exposure). The stacked excess persists using alternate methods for estimating the background at each blazar location, and with different event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized for sources with Γ VHE > 4). The distribution of VHE flux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE flux upper limits are generally the most-constraining ever reported for these objects.\n\n## 7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS observations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were organized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08), 1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (200910 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWLobservation campaigns were performed. These include campaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VERITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data. All MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7960,6 +7960,12 @@ "page_end": 16, "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures around T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\n\n\n\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert that, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by decreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, for thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\n\n- 1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Scientific, 2004).\n- 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998).\n- 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003).\n- 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008).\n- 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein.\n- 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (London) 6 , 13 (2007).\n- 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009)\n- 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007).\n- 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204 (2001).\n- 10 P. J. Jensen, and A. R. Mackintosh, Rere Earth Magnetism (Structure and Excitations) , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1991).\n- 11 S. Konings, C. Schuessler-Langeheine, H. Ott, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, J. B. Goedkoop, arXiv 0707.2765v2\n- 12 P.J. Jensen, and K.H. Bennemann, Surface Science Reports 61 , 129 (2006).\n- 13 E. Weschke, et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 157204 (2004).\n- 14 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 78 , 020402(R) (2008).\n- 15 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 79 ,\n\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the intermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\n\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order of the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respectively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thickness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant, i.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of this Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8) (Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both temperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so that we have no direct indication for a first order transition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison and Diep 17,18 , the presence of a first-order transition at T N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal itself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger than the largest correlation length. The same conclusion about the order of transition is reached for any other investigated film thickness, as the energy probability distribution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings agree with the results we got in previous MC simulations discussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the order of the observed transitions is not affected by the range of interactions.\n\n134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394 (1987).\n- 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).\n- 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999).\n- 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979).\n- 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York (1995).\n- 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nFigure 4.32. Sponwise Lift Distribution\n\n", "page_start": 92, @@ -7989,12 +7995,6 @@ "page_start": 48, "page_end": 48, "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## NAVWEPS 00-BOT-80 H,lGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS\n\n## AERODYNAMIC HEATING\n\nWhen air flows over any aerodynamic surface certain reductions in velocity occur with corresponding increases in temperature. The greatest reduction in velocity and increase in temperature will occur at the various stagnation points on the aircraft. Of course, similar changes occur at other points on the aircraft but these temperatures can be related to the ram temperature rise at the stagnation point. While subsonic flight does not produce temperatures of any real concern, supersonic flight can produce temperatures high enough to be of major importance to the airframe and powerplant structure. The graph of figure 3.21 il1 lustrates the variation of ram temperature rise with airspeed in the standard atmosphere. The ram temperature rise is independent of altitude and is a function of true .airspeed. Actual temperatures would be the sum of the temperature rife and the ambient air temperature. ~Thus, low altitude flight at high Mach numbers will produce the highest temperatures.\n\nIn addition to the effect on the crew member environment, aerodynamic heating creates special problems for the airplane structure and the powerplant. The effect of temperature on the short time strength of three typical structural materials is shown in figure 3.21.\n\nHigher temperatures produce definite reductions in the strength of aluminum alloy and require the use of titanium alloys, stainless steels, etc., at very high temperatures. Continued exposure at elevated temperatures effects further reductions of strength and magnifies the problems of 'creep' failure and structural stiffness.\n\nThe turbojet engine is adversely affected by high compressor inlet air temperatures. Since the thrust output of the turbojet is some function of the fuel flow, high compressor inlet air temperatures reduce the fuel flow that can be used within turbine operating temperature limits. The reduction in performance of the turbojet engines with high compressor inlet air temperatures requires that the inlet design produce the highest practical efficiency and minimize the temperature rise of the air delivered to the compressor face.\n\nHigh flight speeds and compressible flow dictate airplane configurations which are much different from the ordinary subsonic airplane. To achieve safe and efficient operation, the pilot of the modern, high speed aircraft must understand and appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of the configuration. A knowledge of high speed aerodynamics will contribute greatly to this understanding.", - "page_start": 259, - "page_end": 259, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8312,6 +8312,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, { "text": "˜ Nbss = R τ 2 [ 1 -C 0 -C 1 + C 2 g τ √ κ R ( B 0 -B 1 + B 2) ] .\n\nA detailed analysis about the stability of the steady-state can be found such as in [28]. In this paper, we assume the steadystate solution is stable.\n\nLaser linwidth: Suppose the quantum fluctuation is small, the evolution of the fluctuations can be obtained by making a linearization of the c-number Langevin equations around the steady-state solution. Then the measured spectra of field fluctuations will be directly related to these quantities. By Fourier transformations of the linearized equation, we get the amplitude and phase quadrature components δ X ( ω ) and δ Y ( ω ) [26]. Well above threshold, one can neglect the amplitude fluctuations, and the linewidth inside the cavity is related to the phase-di ff usion coe ffi cient [25]. For small fluctuation of laser phase, the spectrum of phase fluctuations is simply related to the spectrum of the phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations, namely,\n\n( δϕ 2 ) ω = 1 I 0 ( δ Y 2 ) ω.\n\nIn the region γ ab /lessmuch T -1 /lessmuch τ -1 /lessmuch κ/ 2, as in the recently proposed active optical clock [15] with atomic beam. The phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations can be expressed as\n\n( δϕ 2 ) ω ≈ ( κ/ 2 + γ ab ) 2 I 0 ω 2 [( κ/ 2 + γ ab ) 2 + ω 2 ] g 2 4( κ/ 2 + γ ab ) 2 { 4 γ ab ˜ Nass + 2 R [( A 0 + B 0) + ( A 2 + B 2)] + Rp [( C 0 -C ∗ 0 ) 2 + ( C 1 -C ∗ 1 ) 2 + ( C 2 -C ∗ 2 ) 2 ] } . (9)\n\nSince the time τ and T is much shorter than the time scale of the atomic dampings, we can neglect the dampings when calculate Ai , Bi , Ci . By using\n\nA 0 = cos 2 ( Ω R 2 τ ) , A 1 = cos 2 ( Ω R 2 τ ) ,\n\nA 2 = 1 -sin 2 ( Ω R τ ) cos 2 ( ∆ 2 2 T ) , B 0 = sin 2 ( Ω R 2 τ ) ,\n\nB 1 = sin 2 ( Ω R 2 τ ) , B 2 = sin 2 ( Ω R τ ) cos 2 ( ∆ 2 T 2 ) ,\n\n( C 0 C ∗ ) 2 = 0 , ( C 1 C ∗ ) 2 = sin 2 ( Ω R τ ) sin 2 ( ∆ 2 T ) ,\n\n( C 2 C ∗ ) 2 = sin 2 ( Ω R τ ) sin 2 ( ∆ 2 T ) ,\n\n-0 -1 --2 -\n\nwe get\n\n( δϕ 2 ) ω = ( κ/ 2 + γ ab ) 2 ω 2 [( κ/ 2 + γ ab ) 2 + ω 2 )] γ 2 ab ( κ/ 2 + γ ab ) 2 { DST + DRam [2 -p sin 2 ( Ω R τ ) sin 2 ( ∆ 2 T )] } , (10)\n\nwhere Ω R is the Rabi frequency on resonance, DST = g 2 ˜ Nass / I 0 γ ab , DRam = g 2 R / 2 I 0 γ 2 ab , and ∆ 2 = ω -( ω a 2 -ω b 2) presents the detuning in the free drift region. p is a parameter, which characterizes the pumping statistics: a Poissonian excitation statistics corresponds to p = 0 , and for a regular statistics we have p = 1.\n\nThen the linewidth of Ramsey laser with bad cavity is given by\n\nD = γ 2 ab ( κ/ 2 + γ ab ) 2 { DST + DRam [2 -p sin 2 ( Ω R τ ) sin 2 ( ∆ 2 T )] } . (11)\n\nSince DST / DRam /lessmuch 1 in our situation, and in the case of maximal photon number, the steady state value of ˜ Nass is about R τ/ 2. Then we get the\n\nD ≈ 2 g 2 κ [2 -p sin 2 ( Ω R τ ) sin 2 ( ∆ 2 T )] . (12)\n\nFrom the expression above, we find that the pumping statistic can influence the linewidth. For regular injection ( p = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection ( p = 0), the linewidth is the broadest. But even for regular injection, the linewidth is larger than the case of one cavity. That means the mechanism of separated-field does not play the role in reducing the linewidth as in the conventional optical Ramsey method, which is counter-intuitive. However, the separated fields are indispensable for any phase detection like atom interferometry. The details about the method of active atom interferometry will appear elsewhere.\n\nOur method of Ramsey laser is suitable for any atoms with metastable energy level, as an example, we choose the transition from the metastable state 4 s 4 p 3 P 1 to the ground state 4 s 2 1 S 0 of 40 Ca to check the striking feature of this laser: subnatural linewidth. As mentioned in [29], the corresponding natural linewidth of the metastable state 4 s 4 p 3 P 1 is 320Hz. As in the recently proposed active optical clock with atomic beam [15], the velocity of the atoms in thermal atomic beam is about 500m / s, and the length of the interaction region is about 1mm, then the time for the atom to traverse each coherentinteraction region is on the order of magnitude of 1 µ s. If a bad cavity with κ is on the order of 10 7 Hz, the relation κ/ 2 /greatermuch τ -1 is satisfied. Then when g is on the order of the magnitude of kHz, which can be easily achieved for current technique [30], from the linewidth expression of Eq.(16) the order of magnitude of linewidth is below 1 Hz. This means the linewidth of a Ramsey laser can be more than two orders of magnitude narrower than the atomic natural linewidth, therefore our Ramsey method provides a new subnatural spectroscopy technique. And since it is stimulated-emission spectrum, it overcomes the di ffi culty in other subnatural linewidth spectroscopy schemes where the quick reduction of signal to noise ratio is a formidable limit. We should point out that this Ramsey laser does not escape the limitation of all active optical clock: in order to pump atoms to the excited state effectively and to be stimulated emit photon during the lifetime of a metastable state, this new method will only be applicable to some special transitions [17].", "page_start": 2, @@ -8359,12 +8365,6 @@ "page_start": 29, "page_end": 29, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 7.18. Ekt of Slots and Boundary Layer Control\n\n", - "page_start": 59, - "page_end": 59, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8392,6 +8392,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, { "text": "an energy of interband transitions, which is roughly 2 eV . This would be consistent with Refs. 8,9.\n\nWe begin with formulating our calculational basis in the next section. Then we take up the four cases and consider in each case the extent to which the Kubo sum is satisfied up to the order of bandwidth and the functional form and the sign of ∆ W ( ω c ). The last section presents our conclusions.\n\n## II. OPTICAL INTEGRAL IN NORMAL AND SUPERCONDUCTING STATES\n\nThe generic formalism of the computation of the optical conductivity and the optical integral has been discussed several times in the literature 21-23,26,29 and we\n\njust list the formulas that we used in our computations. The conductivity σ (Ω) and the optical integral W ( ω c ) are given by (see for example Ref. 35).\n\nσ ' (Ω) = Im [ -Π(Ω) Ω+ iδ ] = -Π '' (Ω) Ω + πδ (Ω) Π ' (Ω) (7a)\n\nW ( ω c ) = ∫ ω c 0 σ ' (Ω) d Ω = -∫ ω c 0+ Π '' (Ω) Ω d Ω + π 2 Π ' (0) (7b)\n\nwhere ' X ' ' and ' X '' ' stand for real and imaginary parts of X . We will restrict with T = 0. The polarization operator Π(Ω) is (see Ref. 36)\n\nΠ( i Ω) = T ∑ ω ∑ /vector k ( ∇ /vector k ε /vector k ) 2 ( G ( iω, /vector k ) G ( iω + i Ω , /vector k ) + F ( iω, /vector k ) F ( iω + i Ω , /vector k ) ) (8a)\n\nΠ ' (Ω) = 1 π 2 ∑ /vector k ( ∇ /vector k ε /vector k ) 2 ∫ ' ∫ ' dxdy ( G '' ( x, /vector k ) G '' ( y, /vector k ) + F '' ( x, /vector k ) F '' ( y, /vector k ) ) n F ( y ) -n F ( x ) y -x (8c)\n\nΠ '' (Ω) = -1 π ∑ /vector k ( ∇ /vector k ε /vector k ) 2 ∫ 0 -Ω dω ( G '' ( ω, /vector k ) G '' ( ω +Ω , /vector k ) + F '' ( ω, /vector k ) F '' ( ω +Ω , /vector k ) ) (8b)\n\nwhere ∫ ' denotes the principal value of the integral, ∑ /vector k is understood to be 1 N ∑ /vector k ,( N is the number of lattice sites), n F ( x ) is the Fermi function which is a step function at zero temperature, G and F are the normal and anomalous Greens functions. given by 37\n\nFor a NS, G ( ω, /vector k ) = 1 ω -Σ( k, ω ) -ε /vector k + iδ (9a)\n\nFor a SCS, G ( ω, /vector k ) = Z k,ω ω + ε /vector k Z 2 k,ω ( ω 2 -∆ 2 k,ω ) -ε 2 /vector k + iδsgn ( ω ) (9b)\n\nF ( ω, /vector k ) = Z k,ω ∆ k,ω Z 2 k,ω ( ω 2 -∆ 2 k,ω ) -ε 2 /vector k + iδsgn ( ω ) (9c)\n\nwhere Z k,ω = 1 -Σ( k,ω ) ω , and ∆ k,ω , is the SC gap. Following earlier works 31,33 , we assume that the fermionic self-energy Σ( k, ω ) predominantly depends on frequency and approximate Σ( k, ω ) ≈ Σ( ω ) and also neglect the frequency dependence of the gap, i.e., approximate ∆ k,ω by a d -wave ∆ k . The lattice dispersion ε /vector k is taken from Ref. 38. To calculate W K , one has to evaluate the Kubo term in Eq.3 wherein the distribution function n /vector k , is calculated from\n\nn ( ε /vector k ) = -2 ∫ 0 -∞ dω 2 π G '' ( ω, /vector k ) (10)\n\nThe 2 is due to the trace over spin indices. We show the distribution functions in the NS and SCS under different circumstances in Fig 2.\n\nThe /vector k -summation is done over first Brillouin zone for a 2-D lattice with a 62x62 grid. The frequency integrals are done analytically wherever possible, otherwise performed using Simpson's rule for all regular parts. Contributions from the poles are computed separately using Cauchy's theorem. For comparison, in all four cases we also calculated FGT sum rule by replacing ∫ d 2 k = d Ω k d/epsilon1 k ν /epsilon1 k , Ω k and keeping ν constant. We remind that the FGT is the result when one assumes that the integral in W ( ω c ) predominantly comes from a narrow region around the Fermi surface.\n\nWe will first use Eq 3 and compute W K in NS and SCS. This will tell us about the magnitude of ∆ W ( ω c = ∞ ). We next compute the conductivity σ ( ω ) using the equations listed above, find W ( ω c ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) and compare ∆ f ( ω c ) and ∆ W K .\n\nFor simplicity and also for comparisons with earlier studies, for BCSI, EB, and MFLI models we assumed that the gap is just a constant along the FS. For CB model, we used a d -wave gap and included into consideration the fact that, if a CB is a spin fluctuation, its propagator develops a resonance when the pairing gap is d -wave.", "page_start": 3, @@ -8433,12 +8439,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 2: Distribution functions in four cases (a) BCSI model, where one can see that for ε > 0, SC > NS implying KE increases in the SCS. (b) The original MFLI model of Ref. 30, where for ε > 0, SC < NS, implying KE decreases in the SCS. (c) Our version of MFLI model (see text) and (d) the CB model. In both cases, SC > NS, implying KE increases in the SCS. Observe that in the impurity-free CB model there is no jump in n ( /epsilon1 ) indicating lack of fermionic coherence. This is consistent with ARPES 39\n\n\n\n## A. The BCS case\n\nIn BCS theory the quantity Z ( ω ) is given by\n\nand\n\nZ BCSI ( ω ) = 1 + Γ √ ∆ 2 -( ω + iδ ) 2 (11)\n\nΣ BCSI ( ω ) = ω ( Z ( ω ) -1) = i Γ ω √ ( ω + iδ ) 2 -∆ 2 (12)\n\nThis is consistent with having in the NS, Σ = i Γ in accordance with Eq 6. In the SCS, Σ( ω ) is purely imaginary for ω > ∆ and purely real for ω < ∆. The self-energy has a square-root singularity at ω = ∆.\n\nIt is worth noting that Eq.12 is derived from the integration over infinite band. If one uses Eq.6 for finite band, Eq.12 acquires an additional frequency dependence at large frequencies of the order of bandwidth (the low frequency structure still remains the same as in Eq.12). In principle, in a fully self-consistent analysis, one should indeed evaluate the self-energy using a finite bandwidth. In practice, however, the self-energy at frequencies of order bandwidth is generally much smaller than ω and contribute very little to optical conductivity which predominantly comes from frequencies where the self-energy is comparable or even larger than ω . Keeping this in mind, below we will continue with the form of self-energy derived form infinite band. We use the same argument for all four models for the self-energy.\n\nFor completeness, we first present some well known results about the conductivity and optical integral for a\n\nconstant DOS and then extend the discussion to the case where the same calculations are done in the presence of a particular lattice dispersion.\n\nFIG. 3: The BCSI case with a dispersion linearized around the Fermi surface. Evolution of the difference of optical integrals in the SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c Observe that the zero crossing point increases with impurity scattering rate Γ and also the 'dip' spreads out with increasing Γ. ∆ = 30 meV\n\n\n\nFor a constant DOS, ∆ W ( ω c ) = W SC ( ω c ) -W NS ( ω c ) is zero at ω c = ∞ and Kubo sum rule reduces to FGT sum rule. In Fig. 3 we plot for this case ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of the cutoff ω c for different Γ ' s . The plot shows the two well known features: zero-crossing point is below 2∆ in the clean limit Γ << ∆ and is roughly 2Γ in the dirty limit 21,40 The magnitude of the 'dip' decreases quite rapidly with increasing Γ. Still, there is always a point of zero crossing and ∆ W ( ω c ) at large ω c approaches zero from below.\n\nWe now perform the same calculations in the presence of lattice dispersion. The results are summarized in Figs 4,5, and 6.\n\nFig 4 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) in the NS and the SCS and Kubo sums W K plotted against impurity scattering Γ. We see that the optical integral in the NS is always greater than in the SCS. The negative sign of ∆ W K is simply the consequence of the fact that n k is larger in the NS for /epsilon1 k < 0 and smaller for /epsilon1 k < 0, and ∇ 2 ε /vector k closely follows -ε /vector k for our choice of dispersion 38 ), Hence n k is larger in the NS for ∇ 2 ε /vector k > 0 and smaller for ∇ 2 ε /vector k < 0 and the Kubo sum rule, which is the integral of the product of n k and ∇ 2 ε /vector k (Eq. 3), is larger in the normal state.\n\nWe also see from Fig. 4 that ∆ W K decreases with Γ reflecting the fact that with too much impurity scattering there is little difference in n k between NS and SCS.\n\nFig 5 shows the optical sum in NS and SCS in clean and dirty limits (the parameters are stated in the figure). This plot shows that the Kubo sums are almost completely recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth of 1 eV : the recovery is 95% in the clean limit and ∼ 90% in the dirty limit. In Fig 6 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of ω c in clean and dirty limits. ∆ W ( ∞ ) is now non-zero, in agreement with Fig. 4 and we also see that there is", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8449,8 +8449,8 @@ "target_page": 3, "target_passage": " For regular injection (p = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection (p = 0), the linewidth is the broadest.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -8576,17 +8576,17 @@ "page_end": 89, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Jacobsen, 'Benchmark density functional theory calculations for nanoscale conductance', J. Chem. Phys. 128 (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2839275.\n- [25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordej'on, and D. S'anchez-Portal, 'The SIESTA method for ab initio ordern materials simulation', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Acknowledgements\n\nWe would like to thank M. Norman, Tom Timusk, Dmitri Basov, Chris Homes, Nicole Bontemps, Andres Santander-Syro, Ricardo Lobo, Dirk van der Marel, A. Boris, E. van Heumen, A. B. Kuzmenko, L. Benfato, and\n\n- 1 R. Kubo, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 12 , 570(1957).\n- 2 R.A. Ferrrel and R.E. 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Bernhard, Science 304 , 708 (2004).\n- 11 G. Deutscher, A. F. Santander-Syro and N. Bontemps, Phys. Rev. B 72 , 092504 (2005).\n- 12 F. Carbone, A. B. Kuzmenko, H. J. A. Molegraaf, E. van Heumen, V. Lukovac, F. Marsiglio, D. van der Marel, K. Haule, G. Kotliar, H. Berger, S. Courjault, P. H. Kes and M. Li, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 064510 (2006).\n- 13 C. C. Homes, S. V. Dordevic, D. A. Bonn, R. Liang and W. N. Hardy, Phys. Rev. B 69 , 024514 (2004).\n- 14 J. Hwang et al , Phys. Rev. B 73 , 014508 (2006).\n- 15 E. van Heumen, R. Lortz, A. B. Kuzmenko, F. Carbone, D. van der Marel, X. Zhao, G. Yu, Y. Cho, N. Barisic, M. Greven, C. C. Homes and S. V. Dordevic, Phys. Rev. B 75 , 054522 (2007).\n- 16 M. Ortolani, P. Calvani and S. Lupi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 , 067002 (2005).\n- 17 A.F. Santander-Syro, R.P.S.M. Lobo, and N. Bontemps, Phys. Rev. B 70 , 134504(2004), A. F. Santander-Syro, R. P. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, Z. Konstantinovic, Z. Z. Li and H. Raffy, Europhys. Lett. 62 , 568 (2003).\n- 18 P. F. Maldague, Phys. Rev. B 16 2437 (1977); E. H. Kim, Phys. Rev. B 58 2452 (1998).\n- 19 J. Hirsch, Physica C, 201 , 347 (1992) and Ref 4.\n- 20 for a review see F. Marsiglio, J. Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 22 , 269 (2009).\n- 21 F. Marsiglio, E. van Heumen, A. B. Kuzmenko, Phys. Rev. B 77 144510 (2008).\n- 22 M. R. Norman, A. V. Chubukov, E. van Heumen, A. B. Kuzmenko, and D. van der Marel, Phys. Rev. B 76 , 220509 (2007).\n- 23 J. E. Hirsch and F. Marsiglio, Physica C 331 , 150 (2000)\n\n- F. Marsiglio for many discussions concerning the infrared conductivity and optical integrals and thank A. Boris, E. van Heumen, J. Hirsch, and F. Marsiglio for the comments on the manuscript. The work was supported by nsf-dmr 0906953.\n- and Phys. Rev. B 62 , 15131 (2000).\n- 24 A. Toschi, M. Capone, M. Ortolani, P. Calvani, S. Lupi and C. Castellani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 , 097002 (2005).\n- 25 F. Marsiglio, F. Carbone, A. Kuzmenko and D. van der Marel, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 174516 (2006).\n- 26 L. Benfatto, S. G. Sharapov, N. Andrenacci and H. Beck, Phys. Rev. B 71 , 104511 (2005).\n- 27 D. van der Marel, H.J.A. Molegraaf, C. Presura, and I. Santoso, Concepts in Electron Correlations, edited by A. Hewson and V. Zlatic (Kluwer, 2003)\n- 28 L. Benfatto, J.P. Carbotte and F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 155115 (2006)\n- 29 F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B 73 , 064507(2006).\n- 30 M.R. Norman and C. P'epin, Phys. Rev. B 66 , 100506(R) (2002).\n- 31 J. Fink et al. , Phys. Rev. B 74 , 165102(R) (2006).\n- 32 M. Eschrig, Adv. Phys. 55 , 47-183 (2006)\n- 33 M.R. Norman and A.V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B 73 , 140501(R)(2006).\n- 34 A.E. Karakozov and E.G. Maksimov, cond-mat/0511185, A. E. Karakozov, E. G. Maksimov and O. V. Dolgov, Solid State Comm. 124 , 119 (2002); A. E. Karakozov and E. G. Maksimov, ibid. 139 , 80 (2006).\n- 35 see e.g., P. B. Allen, Phys. Rev. B 3 , 305 (1971); S. V. Shulga, O. V. Dolgov and E. G. Maksimov, Physica C 178 , 266 (1991).\n- 36 A. A. Abriskov and L. P. Gor'kov, JETP 35 , 1090 (1959), Sang Boo Nam, Phys. Rev. 156 , 470 (1967).\n- 37 Theory of superconductivity, Schrieffer, (W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York 1964).\n- 38 M.R. Norman, M. Randeria, H. Ding, and J.C. Campuzano, Phys. Rev. B 52 , 615 (1995).\n- 39 Z.X. Shen and D.S. Dessau, Phys. Rep. 253 , 1(1995), J. C. Campuzano, M. R. Norman, and M. Randeria, 'Superconductivity'(Vol-1), 923-992, Springer (2008).\n- 40 A. V. Chubukov, Ar. Abanov, and D. N. Basov, Phys. Rev. B 68 , 024504 (2003).\n- 41 T. Valla et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett 85 , 828(2000).\n- 42 Kaminski et al. , Phys. Rev. B 71 , 014517 (2005).\n- 43 Robert Haslinger and Andrey V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B 67 , 140504(2003).\n- 44 C. Castellani, C. DiCastro, and M. Grilli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 , 4650 (1995).\n- 45 Ar. Abanov, A. Chubukov, and J. Schmalian, Adv. Phys. 52 , 119 (2003).\n- 46 Dessau et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett 66 , 2160(1991), Norman et al , Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 , 3506(1997).\n- 47 M.R. Norman and H. Ding, Phys. Rev. B 57 , 11089(1998).\n- 48 C. Timm, D. Manske and K. H. Bennemann, Phys. Rev. B 66 , 094515(2002).\n- 49 A.V. Chubukov, M.R. Norman, Phys. Rev. B 70 , 174505(2004).\n- 50 In this respect, our results are consistent with the analysis", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8598,7 +8598,7 @@ "target_passage": "SQUID magnetometry measurements were first performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and (Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 4 + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -8608,6 +8608,12 @@ "page_end": 303, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, + { + "text": "/s32\n\nFIG. 3. (color online) (a) Polarization-averaged Mn L 2 , 3 spectrum for a Fe/(Ga,Mn)As film; (b) XMCD spectra measured in remanence at 2 K; (c) XMCD spectra measured under a 1000 Oe applied field at 2 K; (d) XMCD spectrum measured under a 2000 Oe applied field at 300 K. XMCD spectra are obtained using TEY (thick red lines) and FY (thin blue lines) detection.\n\n\n\n/s32", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 1.22. Section Moment Characteristics\n\n", "page_start": 67, @@ -8634,8 +8640,8 @@ }, { "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" }, { @@ -8646,8 +8652,8 @@ }, { "text": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/00016282802404..", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, + "page_start": 38, + "page_end": 38, "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" }, { @@ -8655,12 +8661,6 @@ "page_start": 90, "page_end": 90, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4.27. Static Lateral Stability\n\n", - "page_start": 313, - "page_end": 313, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8671,11 +8671,17 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar (but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag netic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx imately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "/s32\n\nFIG. 3. (color online) (a) Polarization-averaged Mn L 2 , 3 spectrum for a Fe/(Ga,Mn)As film; (b) XMCD spectra measured in remanence at 2 K; (c) XMCD spectra measured under a 1000 Oe applied field at 2 K; (d) XMCD spectrum measured under a 2000 Oe applied field at 300 K. XMCD spectra are obtained using TEY (thick red lines) and FY (thin blue lines) detection.\n\n\n\n/s32", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 2. (color online) XMCD asymmetry versus applied field along the [110] axis at 2 K, for a Fe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (10 nm) film. (a) Fe L 3 , total electron yield; (b) Mn L 3 , total electron yield; (c) Mn L 3 , fluorescent yield. Black and red points are data for increasing and decreasing fields respectively; lines are to guide the eye.\n\n\n\n/s32\n\n/s32\n\n/s32", "page_start": 4, @@ -8706,6 +8712,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\n- [1] C. Meegan et al., Ap. J. 702 , 791 (2009).\n- [2] C. Wilson-Hodge et al. (2010), these proceedings.\n- [3] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 138 , 149 (2002).\n- [4] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 154 , 585 (2004).\n- [5] G. L. Case et al., in The First GLAST Symposium , edited by S. Ritz, P. Michelson, and C. Meegan (2007), vol. 921 of AIP Conf. Proceedings , p. 538.\n- [6] J. Tueller et al. (2010), ap. J. Suppl., (to be published), astro-ph/0903.3037.\n- [7] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Ap. J. 598 , 334 (2003).\n- [8] E. Jourdain and J. P. Roques, Ap. J. 704 , 17 (2009).\n- [9] H. Steinle et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 330 , 97\n\n12-25 keV band, where the flux initially rose to about 240 mCrab (2009 Oct 25-28), suddenly dropped to non-detectable on 2009 October 29-30, then rose again during the period 2009 October 31 to November 2. As of mid December 2009, the source remains in a high intensity state. The light curve is shown for the period MJD 54700-55200, again with 1-day resolution, in Fig. 8. The fluxes for XTE J1752-223 in Table 1 are given are for the interval of flaring activity, TJD 55130-55180.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work is supported by the NASA Fermi Guest Investigator program. At LSU, additional support is provided by NASA/Louisiana Board of Regents Cooperative Agreement NNX07AT62A.\n\n(1998).\n\n- [10] M. McConnell et al., Ap. J. 523 , 928 (2000).\n- [11] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 80 (2005).\n- [12] G. L. Case et al., Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 341 (2005).\n- [13] L. Bouchet et al., Ap. J. 693 , 1871 (2009).\n- [14] M. C. Bell et al., Ap. J. 659 , 549 (2007).\n- [15] G. L. Case et al. (2010), to be submitted.\n- [16] C. Wilson-Hodge et al., Astron. Telegram 2280 (2009).", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 7: (color online) ∆ ϕ l ( T ) vs. temperature for the surface planes, l = 1 (triangles), l = 2 (squares), l = 3 (diamonds), l = 4 (circles). Straight lines and full symbols: n = 8. Dashed lines and open symbols: n = 16.\n\n\n\nfilm leads to an effective 2d-like trend. Region ii ) looks however more intriguing, and requires a more accurate discussion, which can benefit from a careful comparison of the behaviour of a given quantity in regions i ) and ii ).\n\n/negationslash\n\nFor this purpose, we look at the temperature dependence of the rotation angle of the magnetization between NN planes. In Fig. 7, ∆ ϕ l ( T ) for n = 8 and n = 16 (continuous and dashed lines, respectively), is plotted for the outermost planes, l = 1 . . . 4. For both thicknesses, a monotonic trend is observed for all l , but at variance with what happens for the highest thickness, for n = 8 we see, starting from a temperature T /lessorsimilar T N (8), an abrupt drop of ∆ ϕ 3 and ∆ ϕ 4 , which rapidly reach an almost constant value, only slightly larger than ∆ ϕ 1 . In the temperature range T N (8) /lessorsimilar T < T C (8) we thus substantially observe the same small magnetic phase shifts between all NN layers, testifying an energetically stable quasi -FM configuration giving no contribution to the helical order parameters. The latter point can be made clearer by looking at the the peak position Q z,max of the structure factor S (0 , 0 , q z ). In Fig. 8 the average of Q z,max vs T is reported, again for n = 8 and for different lateral dimensions L 26 . As expected from the previous argument, we see that Q z,max = 0 for T N (8) < T < T C (8), while it begins to shift to higher values as soon as the temperature decreases below T N (8), making apparent a progressive fan stabilization with Q z,max = 0 and reaching a value of about 21 · for T = 10K.\n\nIn a previous study, where the magnetic properties of Ho thin films were investigated by MC simulations of a Heisenberg model with easy-plane single-ion anisotropy and six out-of-plane coupling constants (as obtained by experimental neutron scattering measurements 16 ) on a HCPlattice 14,15 , it was found that for thicknesses comparable with the helical pitch the phase diagram landscape is quite different from what we find here. Indeed, for n = 9 -16, three different magnetic phases could be sin-\n\nFIG. 8: (color online) Q z , position of the maximum of S ( /vector q ), vs. temperature for thickness n = 8. Inset: magnetic vector ( m x l , m y l ) profile for some temperatures for L = 64. Colors and symbols as in Fig. 2.\n\n\n\nFIG. 9: ∆ ϕ l for a BCT lattice and n = 12, when the six coupling constants set employed in Ref. 14,15 (see text) is used. The temperature range has been chosen around T C ( n ) (error bars lye within point size).\n\n\n\ngled out, with the high-temperature, paramagnetic phase separated from the low-temperature, long-range ordered one, by an intermediate-temperature block phase where outer ordered 4-layers blocks coexist with some inner disordered ones. Moreover, it was observed that the phase transition of such inner layers turns out to have the signatures of a Kosterlitz-Thouless one.\n\nThe absence of the block phase in the J 1 -J 2 model here investigated has to be attributed to the different range of interactions, rather than to the different lattice structure. We came to this conclusion by doing some simulations using the same set of interaction constants employed in Refs. 14,15, but using a BCT lattice: the results we obtained for ∆ ϕ l with n = 12 are reported in Fig. 9. The latter is absolutely similar to Fig.7 of Ref. 15 and clearly displays the footmarks of the block phase (see down-triangle), with two external blocks of ordered layers ( l =1.. . 5 and 8. . . 12 ), where ∆ ϕ l is roughly 10 · , separated by a block of disordered layers, and with almost", "page_start": 5, @@ -8723,18 +8735,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 1: (colors online) (a) : body-centered tetragonal (BCT) lattice with J 0 in-plane coupling constant, and out-of-plane J 1 , and J 2 competing interactions.\n\n\n\nbe achieved with different number of interacting layers: notably, nearest and next-nearest layers competitive interactions are enough to get a helical structure with a whatever pitch wavevector. Such observation gives us a possible way to solve the conundrum previously emerged, as we have the possibility of varying the range of interactions without modifying the helical pitch, thus decoupling the two relevant length scales along the film growth direction, and making accessible a range of n of the order of, or smaller than, the helical pitch, but still large enough that a substantial number of layers can behave as 'bulk' layers. Therefore, while in the previous papers we have studied the properties of ultrathin magnetic films of Ho assuming a model with six interlayer exchange interactions, here we investigate by MC simulations the properties of the same system by making use of the simplest model Hamiltonian able to describe the onset of a helical magnetic order in Holmium, i.e. we consider only two inter-layer coupling constants, as previously done in Ref. 11.\n\nThe paper is organized as follows: In Sec. II the model Hamiltonian will be defined, and the MC techniques, and all the thermodynamic quantities relevant for this study, will be introduced. In Sec. III the results obtained for different thicknesses will be presented, both in the matter of the critical properties of the model and of the magnetic ordered structures observed. Finally, in Sec. IV we shall discuss such results, drawing also some conclusions.\n\n## II. MODEL HAMILTONIAN AND MONTE CARLO OBSERVABLES\n\nThe model Hamiltonian we use in our simulations is the minimal one able to describe helimagnetic structures:\n\nH = -  J 0 ∑ 〈 ij 〉 /vector S i · /vector S j + J 1 ∑ 〈 ik 〉 /vector S i · /vector S k + J 2 ∑ 〈 il 〉 /vector S i · /vector S l   . (1)\n\n/vector S i are classical planar unit vectors representing the direction of the total angular momentum of the magnetic ions, whose magnitude √ j ( j +1) ( j = 8 for Holmium ions) is already encompassed within the definition of the interaction constants J 0 , 1 , 2 . As sketched in Fig. 1, the magnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) lattice; the first sum appearing in the Hamiltonian describes the in-plane ( xy ) nearest neighbor (NN) interaction, which is taken ferromagnetic (FM), with exchange strength J 0 > 0; the second sum represents the coupling, of exchange strength J 1 , between spins belonging to nearest neighbor (NN) planes along the z -direction (which we will assume to coincide with the film growth direction); finally, the third sum takes into account the interaction, of exchange strength J 2 , between spins lying on next-nearest neighbor (NNN) planes along z . In order to have frustration, giving rise to noncollinear order along z in the bulk, NN interaction J 1 can be taken both ferro- or antiferromagnetic, but NNN coupling J 2 has necessarily to be antiferromagnetic, and the condition | J 2 | > | J 1 | / 4 must be fulfilled. Such simplified Hamiltonian was already employed to simulate helical ordering in bulk systems by Diep 1,17 and Loison 18 . In the bulk limit, the state of minimal energy of a system described by Eq.(1) corresponds to a helical arrangement of spins. The ground state energy per spin is equal to e g ( Q z ) = [ -4 J 0 -2 J 1 (4 cos ( Q z c ' ) + δ cos (2 Q z c ' ))] where c ' is the distance between NN layers, δ = J 2 J 1 , and Q z c ' = arccos ( -1 δ ) is the angle between spins lying on adjacent planes along the z -direction. The observed helical arrangement in bulk holmium corresponds to Q z c ' /similarequal 30 . 5 · 10 : such value can be obtained from the formula above with the set of coupling constants J 0 =67.2K, J 1 =20.9K, and J 2 = -24.2 K, that we have employed in our simulations. The given values for the exchange constants are the same already used by Weschke et al. in Ref. 13 to interpret experimental data on Holmium films on the basis of a J 1 -J 2 model, after a proper scaling by the numbers of NN and NNN on neighboring layers of a BCT lattice.\n\nIn the following we will denote with n the film thickness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction, and with L × L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L is the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In our simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were considered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to 64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x and y , while free boundaries were obviously taken along the film growth direction z .\n\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual Metropolis algorithm 19 , supplemented by the overrelaxed technique 20 in order to speed-up the sampling of the spin configuration space: a typical 'Monte Carlo step' was composed by four Metropolis and four-five over-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of moves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium and to minimize the correlation 'time' between successive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in-", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "chirality interactions in cold atom optical lattices has been proposed 38 .\n\nOur model (8) is achieved at second order of the perturbation series. Higher order terms become truncation errors but may be controlled by small parameters λ x,y,z /J cluster ∼ √ | J x,y,z | /J cluster .\n\n## V. CONCLUSIONS.\n\nWe constructed the exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb model 1 as the exact low energy effective Hamiltonian of a spin-1/2 model [equations (8) or (9)] with spin-rotation and time reversal symmetry. The spin in Kitaev model is represented as the pseudo-spin in the two-fold degenerate spin singlet subspace of a cluster of four antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 moments. The physical spin model is a honeycomb lattice of such four-spin clusters, with certain inter-cluster interactions. The machinery for the exact mapping to pseudo-spin Hamiltonian was developed (see e.g. TABLE I), which is quite general and can be used to construct other interesting (exactly solvable) spin-1/2 models from spin rotation invariant systems.\n\nIn this construction the pseudo-spin correlations in the Kitaev model will be mapped to dimer or spin-chirality correlations in the physical spin system. The corresponding picture of the fractionalized Majorana fermion excitations and Ising vortices still remain to be clarified.\n\nThis exact construction contains high order physical spin interactions, which is undesirable for practical implementation. We described two possible approaches to reduce this problem: generating the high order spin interactions by perturbative expansion of the coupling to optical phonon, or the magnetic coupling between clusters. This perturbative construction will introduce truncation error of perturbation series, which may be controlled by small expansion parameters. Whether these constructions can be experimentally engineered is however beyond the scope of this study. It is conceivable that other perturbative expansion can also generate these high order spin interactions, but this possibility will be left for future works.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThe author thanks Ashvin Vishwanath, Yong-Baek Kim and Arun Paramekanti for inspiring discussions, and Todadri Senthil for critical comments. The author is supported by the MIT Pappalardo Fellowship in Physics.\n\n## Appendix A: Coupling between Distortions of a Tetrahedron and the Pseudo-spins\n\nIn this Appendix we reproduce from Ref. 35 the couplings of all tetrahedron distortion modes to the spin\n\nsystem. And convert them to pseudo-spin notation in the physical spin singlet sector.\n\nConsider a general small distortion of the tetrahedron, the spin Hamiltonian becomes\n\nH cluster , SL = ( J cluster / 2)( ∑ /lscript S /lscript ) 2 + J ' ∑ /lscript\n\n\n\n## Prison Population Projections 2014 - 2020 England and Wales\n\nMinistry of Justice Statistics Bulletin\n\nPublished 27th November 2014", "page_start": 0, @@ -9286,6 +9292,12 @@ "page_end": 111, "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738458376 SG24-8459-00\n\n", + "page_start": 269, + "page_end": 269, + "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" + }, { "text": "Contract number: ECHA/2019/355\n\naudits and investigations.", "page_start": 38, @@ -9304,29 +9316,17 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738457779 SG24-7938-07\n\n", + "page_start": 825, + "page_end": 825, + "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## 3.5 Help Desk\n\n## 3.5.1 How to contact th e Portal's Help Desk\n\nThe European Data Portal Help Desk can be contacted:\n\n - · By email : help@europeandataportal.eu\n - · By phone : the Portal 's Help Desk is staffed by a multilingual team of experts, who can be contacted from Monday to Friday from 09:30 to 17:30 (CET).\n - o EN: (+352) 31 44 01-448\n - o FR: (+352) 31 44 01-449\n - · By providing comments and suggestions via the online contact/feedback form available from the P ortal's home page.\n\n## From the header:\n\n\n\n## From the footer:\n\n\n\nAfter clicking on the ' Contact ' item, the following form is displayed:\n\n", "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## NAVWEPS 00-801-80 AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE\n\n", - "page_start": 200, - "page_end": 200, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3\n\n4\n\n\n\nSend your registration form to the registrations office at Oxbridge Academy via one of the following channels:\n\nFax:\n\n086 262 5550\n\nPost: PO Box 12723, Die Boord, 7613 E-mail: registrar@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\n6", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9485,8 +9485,8 @@ "target_page": 20, "target_passage": "The Home Page displays the latest tweets on the European Data Portal in the “Tweets” panel on the right hand side. ‐ ‐ Click on any of the tweets to display the complete tweet on twitter. Scroll vertically to see previous tweets. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -9600,6 +9600,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Word\n\n## Get writing suggestions\n\nWith Editor , bring out your best writing. Editor helps you bring out your best writing by giving you intelligent writing suggestions. It also calculates an Editor Score based on the number and types of suggestions you have yet to address. Select an underlined word or phrase to accept or ignore a suggestion.\n\n\n\n## Review and track changes\n\nWhether you just want to check spelling, keep your word count in check, or fully collaborate with other people, the Review tab has essential commands to track, discuss, and manage all of the changes made to your documents.\n\n\n\n\n\n## View who else is typing\n\nCo-authoring Word documents that are shared on OneDrive or on a SharePoint site happens in real-time, which means you can easily view where other authors are making changes in the same document that you're currently working in.\n\n\n\n## Format with styles\n\nStyles lets you create, apply, and review the formatting styles in your current document. To open it, select the Home tab, and then select the small arrow in the lower right corner of the Styles gallery.", "page_start": 2, @@ -9617,12 +9623,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Export the data by using the CSV format to import it on MongoDB compass. The first time you open MongoDB, you see three databases. Click Create Database (as shown in Figure 7-4) to insert the downloaded data set as a new collection.\n\nFigure 7-4 Click Create Database on MongoDB Compass\n\n", - "page_start": 191, - "page_end": 191, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9656,6 +9656,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Microsoft Excel", "page_start": 3, @@ -9674,6 +9680,12 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Get help with Word\n\n\n\nThe Tell me search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n\n## Try it: Get help:\n\n - 1. Go to Tell me what you want to do at the top of the window.\n - 2. Type what you want to do.\n\nFor example, type:\n\n -  Add watermark to quickly get to the watermark command.\n -  Help to go to Word help.\n -  Training to see the list of Word training courses.\n -  What's new for a list of the most recent updates to Word\n\n## Let us know what you think\n\nPlease give us feedback on this template, so we can provide content that's truly useful and helpful. Thanks!\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Share and collaborate\n\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don't even need Word to open it.\n\nTry it: Select Share , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut - Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\n\nYou can send the link by typing someone's email address or by copying the link and pasting it into a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their permission to view-only.\n\nIf they don't have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.\n\n## Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\n\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your documents.\n\nTry it: Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n\n- 1. With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select Online Pictures , and then search for something, like puppy clip art .\n- 2. Select the picture you want, and select Insert .", "page_start": 2, @@ -9685,18 +9697,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Count on Word to count your words\n\nTry it: Hit return after this line and type some words.\n\nThe status bar at the bottom of the window keeps a running count of the number of words in the document.\n\n\n\n## Save this for later, access it anywhere\n\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you'll be able to open it anywhere: on your computer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\nTry it: Select File > Save As , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\n\n\n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. You can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you're using now.", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## SELECTING COLUMNS\n\nIf you want to make changes to an entire column , such as bolding all of the headings in a column or changing the font of all the cell entries, you must first select the column. This is done by\n\nclicking on the column header directly above the column. Remember that any changes you make will apply to every cell in the column all the way down to row 1,048,576!\n\n## Try This Yourself:\n\n\n\n - Sa m e File file with this exercise, or open the file E705 Ranges\\_1.xlsx...\n\nContinue using the previous\n\n -  Press + to make cell A1 the active cell\n -  Move the mouse pointer to the column heading for column B\n - Notice that the mouse pointer changes to a black arrow pointing down the column…\n -  Click once to select the column\n - This time the row headers\n - change to orange to indicate that at least one cell (but not all) in each row is selected…\n -  Click in cell D6 and press\n\n+\n\nThis key combination also selects an entire column…\n\n -  Click on the column header for column B to select it\n -  Hold down and click on the column header for column D\n - This time, columns B, C, and D are all selected…\n -  Click in the column header for column A , then hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse pointer across the column headings to column E\n\n## For Your Reference…\n\n## To select an entire column :\n\n - 1. Click on the column heading of the column that you want to select\n\n## OR\n\n - 1. Click in any cell in the column and press +\n\n\n\n3\n\n4\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Handy to Know…\n\n -  Make sure that you check your worksheet carefully after you've made changes to entire columns. Remember that all of the cells in that column are affected - even those in rows below the visible area.", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9736,6 +9736,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## PRACTICE EXERCISE SAMPLE Creating Charts\n\n", + "page_start": 59, + "page_end": 59, + "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 5. Enter the name that you want to give the new system, as shown in Figure 4-11. Click Apply and Next .\n\nFigure 4-11 System setup: Setting the system name\n\n", "page_start": 118, @@ -9760,12 +9766,6 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 31, @@ -9792,6 +9792,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries\n\nPrior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discovered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included the first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and the HBL 1ES0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discovered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three of these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to the release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray brightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs.\n\nVHEemission from 3C66A was discovered by VERITAS in September 2008 [17] during a flaring episode that was also observed by the Fermi-LAT [18]. The observed flux above 200 GeV was 6% of the Crab Nebula flux and the measured VHE spectrum was very soft (Γ VHE ∼ 4 . 1). RGBJ0710+591 was detected", "page_start": 1, @@ -9835,16 +9841,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, { - "text": "detailed variability analysis for one of two reasons: (1) too few data points or (2) flux measurement uncertainties on the order of the amplitude of observed variability. It is important to note that, due to discrepancies between the sampling frequency in both bands, the variability indices for the 850 µ mband may be artificially depressed due to the fact that there are not always corresponding measurements at higher frequencies during flaring epochs.\n\n## 3.2. First-Order Continuous Autoregression\n\nWe follow the method of Kelly et al. [9], who model quasar optical light curves as a continuous time firstorder autoregressive process (CAR(1)) in order to extract characteristic time scales and the amplitude of flux variations. Although flaring behavior is not typically thought of as an autoregressive process, we find that the light curves are well-fit by the models and therefore adopt the method here to study blazar submillimeter light curves.\n\nThe CAR(1) process is described by a stochastic differential equation [9],\n\ndS ( t ) = 1 τ S ( t ) dt + σ √ dt glyph[epsilon1] ( t ) + b dt, (3)\n\nassociated with a power spectrum of the form\n\nP X ( f ) = 2 σ 2 τ 2 1 + (2 πτf ) 2 . (4)\n\nIn equations 3 and 4, τ is called the 'relaxation time' of the process S ( t ) and is identified by the break in P X ( f ). The power spectrum appears flat for timescales longer than this and falls off as 1 /f 2 for timescales shorter than the characteristic timescale of the process.\n\nTaking the logarithm of the blazar light curve (in Jy) to be S ( t ), we adopt τ (in days) as the characteristic timescale of variability, after which the physical process 'forgets' about what has happened at time lags of greater than τ . The two other relevant parameters, σ and µ = b/a , are the overall amplitude of variability and the logarithm of mean value of the light curve, respectively.\n\nIn the routine, we construct an autoregressive model for the light curves for a minimum of 100,000 iterations and calculate the value of τ from the break in the power spectrum in each instance. Due to the limited number of observations in the 850 µ m band, we performed this autoregressive analysis only for the 1mm light curves, which typically have more than 10 points per light curve.\n\nThis method yielded some surprising results. In Figure 3, we see that the BL Lacs and FSRQs exhibit virtually no difference in characteristic timescale, with\n\nFigure 3: Characteristic timescale (days) versus submillimeter luminosity (erg s -1 ) in the 1mm band for all objects. Physically, τ represents a 'relaxation timescale', the timescale beyond which events are no longer correlated.\n\n\n\nboth classes extending across a large range in τ . Because of the uncertainty for objects with shorter characteristic timescales, it is hard to draw any definitive conclusions about the differences between classes. It is important to note that τ does not necessarily represent a flaring timescale, which is a behavior that typically operates on a scale of ∼ 10-100 days and not on the longer timescales we see in τ .\n\n## 4. CONNECTION WITH GAMMA-RAYS\n\nIn general, we find that in the submillimeter, we are observing these blazars at or near the peak of the synchrotron component ( α S ∼ 0), but that Fermi -detected sources have more negative energy spectral indices overall than Fermi -nondetected sources. In Figure 4, we see that while the majority of Fermi blazars are observed on the rising part of the synchrotron component (at lower energies than the peak), all of the objects have very steeply falling γ -ray energy spectral indexes, putting the γ -ray peak at lower energies than the observed Fermi band. Knowing that we are not observing the synchrotron and γ -ray components at analagous points in the spectrum may allow us to better understand the magnetic field in the parsec-scale jet region and the population of external photons that is being upscattered to γ -rays.\n\nIn Figure 5, the ratio between L γ and νL ν, 1mm reflects the division between BL Lacs and FSRQs as well", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## NAVWEPS 00-8OT-80 HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS\n\n\n\nFigure 3.6. Normal ShockWave Formation\n\n", - "page_start": 227, - "page_end": 227, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9855,8 +9855,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "The blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How ever, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate peaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec trum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in crease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -9872,6 +9872,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "Table I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar object is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered at VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\n\n| Object | | Class Redshift |\n|----------------|------|------------------|\n| M87 | FR I | 0.004 |\n| Mkn421 | HBL | 0.030 |\n| Mkn501 | HBL | 0.034 |\n| 1ES2344+514 | HBL | 0.044 |\n| 1ES1959+650 | HBL | 0.047 |\n| WComae † | IBL | 0.102 |\n| RGBJ0710+591 † | HBL | 0.125 |\n| H1426+428 | HBL | 0.129 |\n| 1ES0806+524 † | HBL | 0.138 |\n| 1ES0229+200 | HBL | 0.139 |\n| 1ES1218+304 | HBL | 0.182 |\n| RBS0413 † | HBL | 0.190 |\n| 1ES0502+675 † | HBL | 0.341 |\n| 3C66A † | IBL | 0.444? |\n| PKS1424+240 † | IBL | ? |\n| VERJ0521+211 † | ? | ? |\n\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7) during VERITAS observations from December 2008 to March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE discovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the Fermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413, a relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 2 . These data resulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ , ∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Nebula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultaneously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE and other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT data, for each of these three sources will be the subject of a joint publication involving both the VERITAS and LAT collaborations.\n\n## 5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT\n\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by VERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily by results from the first year of LAT data taking. In particular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21] and 1ES0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS observations triggered by the inclusion of these objects in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former is only the third IBL known to emit VHE gammarays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition, VERJ0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud AGN RGBJ0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS in ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These observations were motivated by its identification as a > 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data. Its VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it among the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent years. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE flaring from VERJ0521+211 in November 2009 [24], leading to deeper VHE observations.\n\n## 6. Blazars Upper Limits\n\nMore than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed by VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009. The total exposure on the 49 non-detected candidates is ∼ 305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per candidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is split amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is divided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9 FSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of significant VHE γ -ray emission from any of these 49 blazars [25]. However, the observed significance distribution is clearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1). A stacking analysis performed on the entire data sample shows an overall excess of 430 γ -rays, corresponding to a statistical significance of 4.8 σ , observed from the directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and HBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Observations of these objects also comprise ∼ 80% of the total exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all the extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not clearly detected ( > 5 σ ), by VERITAS does not show a significant excess ( ∼ 120 h exposure). The stacked excess persists using alternate methods for estimating the background at each blazar location, and with different event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized for sources with Γ VHE > 4). The distribution of VHE flux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE flux upper limits are generally the most-constraining ever reported for these objects.\n\n## 7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS observations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were organized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08), 1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (200910 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWLobservation campaigns were performed. These include campaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VERITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data. All MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered", "page_start": 2, @@ -9909,16 +9915,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, { - "text": "Exploration Report\n\n## Exploration Report\n\n", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 8.2 Viewing the New Instances in the Individuals by Class tab\n\n", - "page_start": 65, - "page_end": 65, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9952,6 +9952,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", "page_start": 3, @@ -9964,6 +9970,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in Fermi Blazars\n\nA. Strom Univ. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA A. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly\n\nCfA, MA 02138, USA\n\nWe present multi-epoch observations from the Submillimeter Array ( SMA ) for a sample of 171 bright blazars, 43 of which were detected by Fermi during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation between their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special emphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is determined using a combination of Fermi designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS), resulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate submillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands during the months August-October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous autoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity. All of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low and high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during flaring epochs.\n\n## 1. INTRODUCTION\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring events occur in blazars indicate that much of the energy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emission differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs objects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) may offer important insight into the similarity between blazars and, furthermore, can provide constraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets themselves.\n\nFor the synchrotron component of blazar spectra, the low-frequency spectral break due to synchrotron self-absorption moves to higher frequencies as one measures closer to the base of the jet [2]. This often places the peak of the spectrum in the millimeter and submillimeter bands, where the emission is optically-thin and originates on parsec and sub-parsec scales [3], allowing direct observation of the most compact regions near the central engine. The high energy γ -ray emission originates as a Compton process, typically a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) and external-radiation-Compton (ERC). Depending on the source properties, the synchrotron photons or external photons are upscattered by the same population of electrons that emit the millimeter and submillimeter spectra. Therefore the submillimeter and γ -ray emission are closely linked and give the full information about the source emission.\n\nA systematic study of the submillimeter properties of the entire sample of Fermi blazars has yet to be conducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We present here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter properties of Fermi blazars detected by the Submil-\n\nlimeter Array 1 ( SMA ) at 1mm and 850 µ m, including an investigation of variable behavior and the determination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In addition, we consider the connection to the observed γ -ray indices and luminosities.\n\n## 2. SMA BLAZARS\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m antennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The SMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations and typically operates in the 1mm and 850 µ m windows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25' at 850 µ m. The sources used as phase calibrators for the array are compiled in a database known as the SMA Calibrator List 2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright objects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy at 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, both during science observations and dedicated observing tracks.\n\nTo select our sample, we identified objects in the calibrator list that were also classified as BL Lacs or FSRQs by the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey [6, CGRaBS]. Of the 243 total objects in the calibrator list, 171 (35 BL Lacs and 136 FSRQs) have positive blazar class identifications, although there are three sources (J0238+166, J0428-379, and", "page_start": 0, @@ -9981,18 +9993,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| Number of (crime involved) OCUs | 170,000 | 160,000 | 150,000 | 140,000 | 130,000 | 120,000 | 110,000 | 100,000 |\n|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|\n| Implied arrest rate (based on DIP 2008 figures) | 15% | 16% | 17% | 18% | 20% | 21% | 23% | 25% |\n| Probability of first arrest in 2013 | 4.1% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 3.4% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.4% |\n| Estimated capture of original cohort in 2013 | 6,955 | 6,366 | 5,752 | 5,113 | 4,455 | 3,782 | 3,102 | 2,429 |", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "TABLE I: Fluxes and Significance in High Energy Bands\n\n| | 50 - 100 keV | 50 - 100 keV | 50 - 100 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 300 - 500 keV | 300 - 500 keV | 300 - 500 keV |\n|-------------------|----------------|-----------------------|----------------|-----------------|-----------------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------------|-----------------|\n| | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) |\n| Crab | 1000 | 3 | 336 | 1000 | 6 | 182 | 1000 | 47 | 21.2 |\n| Cen A | 72 | 4 | 18 | 108 | 7 | 15 | 42 | 47 | 0.9 |\n| Cyg X-1 | 1130 | 4 | 283 | 1094 | 8 | 137 | 474 | 50 | 9.5 |\n| GRS 1915+105 | 121 | 4 | 30 | 49 | 7 | 7 | 41 | 52 | 0.8 |\n| 1E 1740-29 | 113 | 5 | 23 | 96 | 10 | 10 | 97 | 68 | 1.4 |\n| SWIFT 1753.5-0127 | 135 | 5 | 27 | 151 | 9 | 17 | 131 | 64 | 2.0 |\n| XTE J1752-223 | 770 | 16 | 48 | 622 | 30 | 21 | 132 | 218 | 0.6 |\n\nFIG. 7: SWIFTJ1753.5-0127 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\nFIG. 6: 1E1740-29 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\nwill use the GBM CSPEC data with their finer energy bins to obtain a fit to the spectrum and compare the power law index to that measured by Integral.\n\nSWIFT J1753.5-0127 (Fig. 7) is a LMXB with the compact object likely being a black hole. Swift discovered this source when it observed a large flare in July of 2005. The source did not return to quiescence but settled into a low intensity hard state [14]. BATSE occultation measurements from 19912000 showed no significant emission from this source above 25 keV [15]. The GBM results show that this source is still in a hard state, with significant emission above 100 keV. We will continue to monitor this\n\nsource while it is in the hard state, with longer observations potentially verifying significant emission above 300 keV.\n\n## B. Transient Source\n\nThe new transient black hole candidate XTE J1752-223 rose from undetectable on 2009 October 24 to 511 ± 50 mCrab (12 - 25 keV), 570 ± 70 mCrab (25 - 50 keV), 970 ± 100 mCrab (50 - 100 keV), and 330 ± 100 mCrab (100 - 300 keV) on 2009 November 2 [2, 16]. The light curve is variable, especially in the", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10088,18 +10088,18 @@ "page_end": 69, "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 55, "page_end": 55, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Financial Information", + "page_start": 31, + "page_end": 31, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Microsoft Excel", "page_start": 3, @@ -10151,8 +10151,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": " The Partially Observable Markov Decision Process is a type of flexible generative model that is widely used in the AIF literature. In discrete time and usually a discrete state space, this model type is parametrised to fit a given task by a set matrices containing probability distributions.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 8 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -10226,10 +10226,16 @@ "target_passage": "Dyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "- 5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J Anaesth . 2011;106:463-474.\n- 6. NederJ,BertonD,MüllerP,etal. Ventilatory inef /uniFB01 ciency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc . 2017;14(suppl\\_1): S22-S29.\n- 7. Gruenberger JB, Vietri J, Keininger DL, Mahler DA. Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health- related quality of life among European patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017;12: 937-944.\n- 8. Preteroti M, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Population-based case/uniFB01 nding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2020;55:2000024.\n- 9. Huynh C, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Derivation and validation of the UCAP-Q case/uniFB01 nding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J . 2022;60(3):2103243.\n- 10. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom-based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol . 2010;20: 27-34.\n- 11. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest . 2006;129: 1531-1539.\n- 12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ, et al. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration . 2006;73:285-295.\n- 13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al. Development and /uniFB01 rst validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J . 2009;34:648-654.\n- 14. Jones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax . 1991;46:676-682.\n- 15. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir Med . 1991;85:25-31.\n\n- 16. Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire: MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis . 2005;2:75-79.\n- 17. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https:// ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/ 07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23\\_07\\_06-WMS.pdf\n- 18. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/GOLD-2023-ver-1.3-17 Feb2023\\_WMV.pdf\n- 19. Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) using pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly-sampled symptomatic cohort. Am J Resp Crit Care Med . 2023;208(10): 1129-1131.\n- 20. Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activityrelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: physical and psychological consequences, unmet needs, and future directions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2019;14: 1127-1138.\n- 21. Reilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1, 2024. http://www.reillyassociates.net/wpai\\_ scoring.html\n- 22. Carlsen HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory /uniFB02 ow in allergic asthma during pollen season -a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Health . 2022;21:63.\n- 23. Ekström M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations: results from the RHINESSA generation study. Thorax . 2022;77(2): 172-177.\n- 24. Ziegler B, Fernandes AK, Sanches PR, Konzen GL, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects\n\n[\n\n- assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. J Bras Pneumol . 2015;41(2): 143-150.\n- 25. Ekström M, Bornefalk H, Sköld M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le (MDP) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res . 2019;6: e000381.\n- 26. Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris J, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of The Dyspnea-12. J Asthma . 2011;48(6):602-608.\n- 27. Boulet LP, Boulay ME, Cote A, et al. Airway in /uniFB02 ammation and hyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(3): 2201194.\n- 28. Gerstein E, Bierbrier J, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2023;208(12):1271-1282.\n- 29. Aaron SD, Vandemheen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med . 2024;390(22):2061-2073.\n- 30. Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med . 2022;387(13): 1173-1184.\n- 31. Marott JL, Ingebrigtsen TS, Çolak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment: a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population. Lancet Reg Health Eur . 2023;35:100759.\n- 32. Stefan MS, Priya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnea? J Hosp Med . 2016;11(10):701-707.\n- 33. Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(2): 2201721.\n\n]", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Take-home Points\n\nStudy Question: How profoundly are adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms affected by dyspnea?\n\nResults: In community-based adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms, those identi /uniFB01 ed with preserved ratio impaired spirometry experienced the greatest impact of dyspnea, followed by those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Greater dyspnea impact was associated with increased health care utilization, lower quality of life, and reduced work productivity.\n\nInterpretation: Dyspnea imposes burdens on the health care system and is associated with impaired quality of life and work productivity.\n\nDyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort. 1 In a study involving a community-based population aged > 70 years, the prevalence of dyspnea was found to be 32%. 2 Dyspnea can lead to limitations in daily activities, reduced exercise tolerance, and heightened mortality risks. 3\n\nDyspnea not only affects individuals with diagnosed respiratory conditions but also poses a signi /uniFB01 cant burden on those with undiagnosed conditions. In a systematic review by Müller et al, 4 the combined\n\n## Study Design and Methods\n\n## Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\nControl Patients\n\nBetween June 2017 and January 2023, adults aged $ 18 years were recruited through a two-step process into the Undiagnosed COPD and Asthma Population (UCAP) study, a multicenter case /uniFB01 nding study. Approval for\n\nABBREVIATIONS: ASQ = Asthma Screening Questionnaire; BD = bronchodilator; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; PCA = principal component analysis; PRISm = preserved ratio impaired spirometry; SGRQ = St. George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire\n\nAFFILIATIONS: From The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J. B., E. G., K. L. V., G. G. A., S. M., and S. D. A.), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON; the Desautels Faculty of Management (G. A. W.), McGill University, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (C. B.), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Centre de recherche (L.-P. B. and A. C.), Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC; the Cumming School of Medicine (S. K. F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; the Department of Medicine (E. P.), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK; the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health (R. A. M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON; the Department of Medicine (C. L.), Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (S. G.), St. Michael ' s Hospital University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; the Department of Medicine\n\nprevalence of dyspnea in the adult general population across 11 studies was estimated to be 10%. Dyspnea can arise from a broad spectrum of underlying factors, including both respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. Studies have revealed that dyspnea is not solely attributable to respiratory conditions but is also heavily in /uniFB02 uenced by cardiovascular deconditioning and by nonrespiratory factors, including psychosocial, social, and environmental determinants. 5,6\n\nDyspnea is a prevalent symptom with consequences that extend beyond its physiologic implications. A study in European patients with COPD explored the burden of dyspnea and identi /uniFB01 ed potential correlates. The study revealed that higher dyspnea impact correlated with lower health-related quality of life, increased work impairment, and a higher frequency of emergency department visits. 7\n\nThe three objectives of our study were as follows: (1) to evaluate the impact of dyspnea in adults from the general population who had no prior diagnosis of respiratory disease but who reported having signi /uniFB01 cant respiratory symptoms in the past 6 months; (2) to identify associated risk factors for dyspnea and estimate their in /uniFB02 uence on the symptom; and (3) to explore the relationship between dyspnea and health care utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms.\n\nthe study was obtained from the research ethics boards of the 17 participating study sites across Canada. Informed, written consent was provided by all study participants.\n\nBoth landlines and cellphones within a 90-minute radius of any of the 17 study sites were dialed randomly. A\n\n(P. H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Department of Medicine (I. M. and M. B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; the Department of Medicine (M. D. L.), Queen ' s University, Kingston; the Department of Medicine (C. J. L.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON; the Department of Medicine (T. A.), Memorial University, St. John ' s, NF; the Department of Medicine (N. E.), McGill University, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (M. A.), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.\n\nDrs Bierbrier and Gerstein contributed equally to this manuscript.\n\nPart of this work has been presented at the American Thoracic Society Conference, May 17-22, 2024, San Diego, CA.\n\nCORRESPONDENCE TO: Shawn D. Aaron, MD; email: saaron@ohri.ca Copyright /C211 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc under license from the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).\n\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.07.183", "page_start": 1, @@ -10283,12 +10289,6 @@ "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## TABLE 2 ] (Continued)\n\nTable 4 presents the association of dyspnea with patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors. Dyspnea impact increased with younger age, being female, higher BMI, higher smoking and smoke exposure history, and total work\n\n| ¼ ¼ 6 9 7 4 | | | | 78 81 | 78 81 | 78 81 | 85 88 | 85 88 | 85 88 |\n|----------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n| Asthma Group ¼ 265) 5 9 | | | | 71 | 71 | 71 | 79 | 79 | 79 |\n| ¼ 5 4 | | | | 65 | 65 | 65 | 74 | 74 | 74 |\n| Control Group (n ¼ 231) | as or 8 | as or 8 | as or 8 | as or 13 | as or 13 | as or 13 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 |\n| it dif /uniFB01 cult to do things such | | carrying things up stairs, light | dancing, bowling, | to do things such | the garden or shoveling | 5 km/h, playing tennis | | do | |\n| CAT and SGRQ | | | as weeding, | /uniFB01 | cult | digging | walking at | makes it dif /uniFB01 cult to | running, |\n| From 0.132) My | | | | | it dif | | jogging, or | breathing | |\n| makes | (weight ¼ breathing | climbing | /uniFB01 | % | makes | loads, | | | work, |\n| | | up hills, | such | | | heavy | % | | |\n| | | | | ng, | | | | | |\n| | | | | gol | | snow, | | My | |\n| | | | | | My | | | | |\n| | | | gardening | | | | | | |\n| Dyspnea | | | | | | | | | |\n| Questions About | | | | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | | | | heavy |\n| | | | | breathing | | | | manual | manual |\n| | | | | | carrying | | | swimming, | |\n| | 0.123) | | | | | | | 0.108) | |\n\nData are presented as mean (SD) for Q1, Q2, and Q3 (total), and Q3 to Q15 were presented to participants as yes or no questions, where percentages of parti cipants who answered yes are shown. Question weights (principal component analysis scoring coef /uniFB01 cients) used for calculating the dyspnea assessment are shown below individual questions. CAT ¼ COPD Assessment Test; PRISm ¼ preserved ratio impaired spirometry; Q ¼ question; SGRQ ¼ St. George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire.\n\nHowever, 1,415 either did not attend or were unable to complete adequate spirometry. Ultimately, 2,857 (67%) of those eligible underwent both pre- and post-BD spirometry.\n\nOf these 2,857 participants, 2,090 (73.2%) had normal spirometry, 265 (9.3%) had undiagnosed asthma, 330 (11.5%) had undiagnosed COPD, and 172 (6.0%) had PRISm based on post-BD spirometry. Of the 595 individuals with spirometric evidence of asthma or COPD, 253 were independently assessed by a pulmonologist. In 245 of these 253 cases (97%), the independent physician diagnosis agreed with the study diagnosis of asthma or COPD.\n\nIndividuals in the COPD group were generally older andmorelikelytobemalecomparedwithallother study groups (Table 1). All groups, including healthy control participants, had mean BMIs in the overweight orobeseranges.ThePRISmgroupwasheaviestwithan average BMI of 34.7, and 22% of PRISm patients met BMI criteria for morbid obesity. Compared with all other groups, those with COPD were the most likely to have active or previous tobacco use, with the highest average total pack-years of 32.7. The control group had the lowest number of people with active or previous tobacco use.\n\nTable 2 shows mean responses to the 15 dyspnea questions for each disease classi /uniFB01 cation and presents question weights (PCA scoring coef /uniFB01 cients) used for calculating the dyspnea impact assessment.\n\nIndividuals with PRISm reported the highest dyspnea impact, with a signi /uniFB01 cantly greater mean score (63.0; 95% CI, 59.5-66.4) than those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD (Table 3). Those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD had similar mean scores (56.6; 95% CI, 53.9-59.3 and 57.5; 95% CI, 55.1-59.9, respectively), followed by those with normal spirometry (51.8; 95% CI, 50.7-52.8). All four groups reported signi /uniFB01 cantly more impactful dyspnea than the control group (mean score, 13.8; 95% CI, 11.815.7). Table 3 shows between-group differences in mean dyspnea impact assessments for each pair of disease outcomes. Figure 2 compares box plots of the dyspnea impact assessment values across disease classi /uniFB01 cations.\n\n[\n\n]", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10300,7 +10300,7 @@ "target_passage": "Control patients reported no respiratory symptoms in the preceding 6 months and obtained a score of 0 on the ASQ.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 5 + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -10310,6 +10310,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J Anaesth . 2011;106:463-474.\n- 6. NederJ,BertonD,MüllerP,etal. Ventilatory inef /uniFB01 ciency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc . 2017;14(suppl\\_1): S22-S29.\n- 7. Gruenberger JB, Vietri J, Keininger DL, Mahler DA. Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health- related quality of life among European patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017;12: 937-944.\n- 8. Preteroti M, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Population-based case/uniFB01 nding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2020;55:2000024.\n- 9. Huynh C, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Derivation and validation of the UCAP-Q case/uniFB01 nding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J . 2022;60(3):2103243.\n- 10. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom-based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol . 2010;20: 27-34.\n- 11. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest . 2006;129: 1531-1539.\n- 12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ, et al. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration . 2006;73:285-295.\n- 13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al. Development and /uniFB01 rst validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J . 2009;34:648-654.\n- 14. Jones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax . 1991;46:676-682.\n- 15. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir Med . 1991;85:25-31.\n\n- 16. Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire: MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis . 2005;2:75-79.\n- 17. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https:// ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/ 07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23\\_07\\_06-WMS.pdf\n- 18. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/GOLD-2023-ver-1.3-17 Feb2023\\_WMV.pdf\n- 19. Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) using pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly-sampled symptomatic cohort. Am J Resp Crit Care Med . 2023;208(10): 1129-1131.\n- 20. Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activityrelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: physical and psychological consequences, unmet needs, and future directions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2019;14: 1127-1138.\n- 21. Reilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1, 2024. http://www.reillyassociates.net/wpai\\_ scoring.html\n- 22. Carlsen HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory /uniFB02 ow in allergic asthma during pollen season -a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Health . 2022;21:63.\n- 23. Ekström M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations: results from the RHINESSA generation study. Thorax . 2022;77(2): 172-177.\n- 24. Ziegler B, Fernandes AK, Sanches PR, Konzen GL, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects\n\n[\n\n- assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. J Bras Pneumol . 2015;41(2): 143-150.\n- 25. Ekström M, Bornefalk H, Sköld M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le (MDP) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res . 2019;6: e000381.\n- 26. Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris J, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of The Dyspnea-12. J Asthma . 2011;48(6):602-608.\n- 27. Boulet LP, Boulay ME, Cote A, et al. Airway in /uniFB02 ammation and hyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(3): 2201194.\n- 28. Gerstein E, Bierbrier J, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2023;208(12):1271-1282.\n- 29. Aaron SD, Vandemheen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med . 2024;390(22):2061-2073.\n- 30. Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med . 2022;387(13): 1173-1184.\n- 31. Marott JL, Ingebrigtsen TS, Çolak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment: a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population. Lancet Reg Health Eur . 2023;35:100759.\n- 32. Stefan MS, Priya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnea? J Hosp Med . 2016;11(10):701-707.\n- 33. Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(2): 2201721.\n\n]", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "TABLE 3 ] Intergroup Comparisons of Dyspnea Impact\n\n| Pairwise Comparison | Mean Dyspnea Score (95% CI) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | P Value |\n|-----------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|-----------|\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 38.0 ( /C0 41.1 to /C0 34.9) | < .001 |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | | |\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 43.7 ( /C0 47.6 to /C0 39.8) | < .001 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 42.8 ( /C0 46.9 to /C0 38.7) | < .001 |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | | |\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 49.2 ( /C0 53.7 to /C0 44.6) | < .001 |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | | |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | 5.7 (3.0 to 8.4) | < .001 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | 4.8 (1.8, 7.8) | .002 |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | | |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | 11.2 (7.5 to 14.8) | < .001 |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | | |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | 5.5 (1.1 to 9.8) | .014 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | 6.4 (1.9 to 10.9) | .005 |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | | |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | 0.9 ( /C0 2.8 to 4.7) | .63 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n\nPRISm ¼ preserved ratio impaired spirometry.\n\nexposure in an array of risky occupations. These risk factors, taken as a whole, accounted for 21% of the variability in dyspnea.\n\nAfter adjustment for patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors in the /uniFB01 rst stage analysis, we adjusted for spirometry-de /uniFB01 ned disease (PRISm, asthma, COPD, or normal spirometry) in Table 5. Adjustment for disease\n\nFigure 2 -Box plot demonstrating dyspnea impact according to spirometry disease classi /uniFB01 cation. The center line marks the median. The boxes span the interquartile range (IQR). The outer fences are set at distances 1.5 /C2 IQR from the box. Outliers appear as plotted dots.\n\n\n\nclassi /uniFB01 cation accounted for 12% of the total variability of dyspnea.\n\nTable 6 presents the contribution of lung function measures of physiologic impairment after accounting for patient-related risk factors and disease classi /uniFB01 cation. For the PRISm disease group, a higher post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio and a lower post-BD FEV1 % predicted value were associated with greater dyspnea impact. For the COPD disease group, a lower post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio was associated with greater dyspnea impact. Reversibility of FEV1 was associated with higher dyspnea impact only in patients with asthma or COPD. Lung function measures of disease severity accounted for 2% of the variability in dyspnea.\n\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was negatively associated with all domains of quality of life, including physical functioning (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.655; P < .001), role limitations due to physical health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.628; P < .001), general health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.382; P < .001), and total score (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.473; P < .001) (Table 7).\n\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was associated with an increased likelihood of annual visits to health care providers for respiratory complaints (OR,", "page_start": 7, @@ -10357,12 +10363,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## TABLE 2 ] (Continued)\n\nTable 4 presents the association of dyspnea with patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors. Dyspnea impact increased with younger age, being female, higher BMI, higher smoking and smoke exposure history, and total work\n\n| ¼ ¼ 6 9 7 4 | | | | 78 81 | 78 81 | 78 81 | 85 88 | 85 88 | 85 88 |\n|----------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n| Asthma Group ¼ 265) 5 9 | | | | 71 | 71 | 71 | 79 | 79 | 79 |\n| ¼ 5 4 | | | | 65 | 65 | 65 | 74 | 74 | 74 |\n| Control Group (n ¼ 231) | as or 8 | as or 8 | as or 8 | as or 13 | as or 13 | as or 13 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 | things such as very cycling, swimming fast, 17 |\n| it dif /uniFB01 cult to do things such | | carrying things up stairs, light | dancing, bowling, | to do things such | the garden or shoveling | 5 km/h, playing tennis | | do | |\n| CAT and SGRQ | | | as weeding, | /uniFB01 | cult | digging | walking at | makes it dif /uniFB01 cult to | running, |\n| From 0.132) My | | | | | it dif | | jogging, or | breathing | |\n| makes | (weight ¼ breathing | climbing | /uniFB01 | % | makes | loads, | | | work, |\n| | | up hills, | such | | | heavy | % | | |\n| | | | | ng, | | | | | |\n| | | | | gol | | snow, | | My | |\n| | | | | | My | | | | |\n| | | | gardening | | | | | | |\n| Dyspnea | | | | | | | | | |\n| Questions About | | | | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | | | | heavy |\n| | | | | breathing | | | | manual | manual |\n| | | | | | carrying | | | swimming, | |\n| | 0.123) | | | | | | | 0.108) | |\n\nData are presented as mean (SD) for Q1, Q2, and Q3 (total), and Q3 to Q15 were presented to participants as yes or no questions, where percentages of parti cipants who answered yes are shown. Question weights (principal component analysis scoring coef /uniFB01 cients) used for calculating the dyspnea assessment are shown below individual questions. CAT ¼ COPD Assessment Test; PRISm ¼ preserved ratio impaired spirometry; Q ¼ question; SGRQ ¼ St. George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire.\n\nHowever, 1,415 either did not attend or were unable to complete adequate spirometry. Ultimately, 2,857 (67%) of those eligible underwent both pre- and post-BD spirometry.\n\nOf these 2,857 participants, 2,090 (73.2%) had normal spirometry, 265 (9.3%) had undiagnosed asthma, 330 (11.5%) had undiagnosed COPD, and 172 (6.0%) had PRISm based on post-BD spirometry. Of the 595 individuals with spirometric evidence of asthma or COPD, 253 were independently assessed by a pulmonologist. In 245 of these 253 cases (97%), the independent physician diagnosis agreed with the study diagnosis of asthma or COPD.\n\nIndividuals in the COPD group were generally older andmorelikelytobemalecomparedwithallother study groups (Table 1). All groups, including healthy control participants, had mean BMIs in the overweight orobeseranges.ThePRISmgroupwasheaviestwithan average BMI of 34.7, and 22% of PRISm patients met BMI criteria for morbid obesity. Compared with all other groups, those with COPD were the most likely to have active or previous tobacco use, with the highest average total pack-years of 32.7. The control group had the lowest number of people with active or previous tobacco use.\n\nTable 2 shows mean responses to the 15 dyspnea questions for each disease classi /uniFB01 cation and presents question weights (PCA scoring coef /uniFB01 cients) used for calculating the dyspnea impact assessment.\n\nIndividuals with PRISm reported the highest dyspnea impact, with a signi /uniFB01 cantly greater mean score (63.0; 95% CI, 59.5-66.4) than those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD (Table 3). Those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD had similar mean scores (56.6; 95% CI, 53.9-59.3 and 57.5; 95% CI, 55.1-59.9, respectively), followed by those with normal spirometry (51.8; 95% CI, 50.7-52.8). All four groups reported signi /uniFB01 cantly more impactful dyspnea than the control group (mean score, 13.8; 95% CI, 11.815.7). Table 3 shows between-group differences in mean dyspnea impact assessments for each pair of disease outcomes. Figure 2 compares box plots of the dyspnea impact assessment values across disease classi /uniFB01 cations.\n\n[\n\n]", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10760,6 +10760,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, He Y, Wu SS, George SZ. Prediction of persistent musculoskeletal pain at 12 months: a secondary analysis of the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) validation cohort study. Phys Ther. 2018;98:290 -301.\n - 22. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169:251 -8.\n - 23. Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Jackman A, Knauer S, Wallace A, et al. Race, care seeking, and utilization for chronic back and neck pain: population perspectives. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2010;11:343 -50.\n - 24. Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD. Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999;83:157 -62.\n - 25. Bolton JE. Accuracy of recall of usual pain intensity in back pain patients. Pain. 1999;83:533 -9.\n - 26. Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005;30:1331 -4.\n - 27. Vernon H. The neck disability index: state-of-the-art, 1991-2008. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008;31:491 -502.\n - 28. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1991;14:409 -15.\n - 29. Hudson-Cook N, Tomes-Nicholson K, Breen A. A revised Oswestry disability questionnaire. In: Roland M, Jenner J, editors. Back pain: new approaches to rehabilitation and education. New York: Manchester University Press; 1989. p. 187 -204.\n - 30. Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire and the Quebec back pain disability scale. 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George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Lentz TA, Zeppieri G, Pei Q, et al. Development of a review-of-systems screening tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45: 512 -26.\n - 37. Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Zeppieri G, Dai Y, Wu SS, et al. Development of a yellow flag assessment tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46:327 -43.\n - 38. Beneciuk JM, Fritz JM, George SZ. The STarT back screening tool for prediction of 6-month clinical outcomes: relevance of change patterns in outpatient physical therapy settings. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44: 656 -64.\n - 39. Myers RH. Classical and modern regression with applications. 2nd ed. Pacific Grove: Duxbury Press; 2000.\n - 40. Weuve J, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Glymour MM, Beck TL, Aggarwal NT, Wilson RS, et al. Accounting for bias due to selective attrition: the example of smoking and cognitive decline. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2012;23:119 -28.\n - 41. Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2004;15:615 -25.\n - 42. Kent P, Keating JL, Leboeuf-Yde C. Research methods for subgrouping low back pain. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:62.\n - 43. Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:1373 -9.\n - 44. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2006.\n - 45. Green SB. How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivar Behav Res. 1991;26:499 -510.\n - 46. Harris RJ. A primer of multivariate statistics. 3rd ed. Mahwah: Psychology Press; 2001.\n - 47. Piette JD, Kerr EA. 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Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Cleland JA. Individual expectation: an overlooked, but pertinent, factor in the treatment of individuals experiencing musculoskeletal pain. Phys Ther. 2010;90:1345 -55.\n - 54. Hanney WJ, Masaracchio M, Liu X, Kolber MJ. The influence of physical therapy guideline adherence on healthcare utilization and costs among patients with low back pain: a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0156799.\n - 55. Childs JD, Fritz JM, Wu SS, Flynn TW, Wainner RS, Robertson EK, et al. Implications of early and guideline adherent physical therapy for low back pain on utilization and costs. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15 https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12913-015-0830-3.\n - 56. Yu S-T, Chang H-Y, Lin M-C, Lin Y-H. Agreement between self-reported and health insurance claims on utilization of health care: a population study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1316 -22.\n - 57. Petrou S, Murray L, Cooper P, Davidson LL. The accuracy of self-reported healthcare resource utilization in health economic studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2002;18:705 -10.\n - 58. Short ME, Goetzel RZ, Pei X, Tabrizi MJ, Ozminkowski RJ, Gibson TB, et al. How accurate are self-reports? Analysis of self-reported health care utilization and absence when compared with administrative data. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51:786 -96.\n\n", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" + }, { "text": "Table 33: EU Directives on Occupational Safety and Health", "page_start": 119, @@ -10801,12 +10807,6 @@ "page_start": 25, "page_end": 25, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1.22. Section Moment Characteristics\n\n", - "page_start": 67, - "page_end": 67, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10846,6 +10846,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, He Y, Wu SS, George SZ. Prediction of persistent musculoskeletal pain at 12 months: a secondary analysis of the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) validation cohort study. Phys Ther. 2018;98:290 -301.\n - 22. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169:251 -8.\n - 23. Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Jackman A, Knauer S, Wallace A, et al. Race, care seeking, and utilization for chronic back and neck pain: population perspectives. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2010;11:343 -50.\n - 24. Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD. Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999;83:157 -62.\n - 25. Bolton JE. Accuracy of recall of usual pain intensity in back pain patients. Pain. 1999;83:533 -9.\n - 26. Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005;30:1331 -4.\n - 27. Vernon H. The neck disability index: state-of-the-art, 1991-2008. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008;31:491 -502.\n - 28. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1991;14:409 -15.\n - 29. Hudson-Cook N, Tomes-Nicholson K, Breen A. A revised Oswestry disability questionnaire. In: Roland M, Jenner J, editors. Back pain: new approaches to rehabilitation and education. New York: Manchester University Press; 1989. p. 187 -204.\n - 30. Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire and the Quebec back pain disability scale. Phys Ther. 2001;81:776 -88.\n - 31. Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group. Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1038 -46.\n - 32. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P, et al. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:600 -13.\n - 33. Butera KA, Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, George SZ. Preliminary evaluation of a modified STarT back screening tool across different musculoskeletal pain conditions. Phys Ther. 2016;96:1251 -61.\n - 34. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373 -83.\n - 35. Katz JN, Chang LC, Sangha O, Fossel AH, Bates DW. Can comorbidity be measured by questionnaire rather than medical record review? Med Care. 1996;34:73 -84.\n - 36. George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Lentz TA, Zeppieri G, Pei Q, et al. Development of a review-of-systems screening tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45: 512 -26.\n - 37. Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Zeppieri G, Dai Y, Wu SS, et al. Development of a yellow flag assessment tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46:327 -43.\n - 38. Beneciuk JM, Fritz JM, George SZ. The STarT back screening tool for prediction of 6-month clinical outcomes: relevance of change patterns in outpatient physical therapy settings. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44: 656 -64.\n - 39. Myers RH. Classical and modern regression with applications. 2nd ed. Pacific Grove: Duxbury Press; 2000.\n - 40. Weuve J, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Glymour MM, Beck TL, Aggarwal NT, Wilson RS, et al. Accounting for bias due to selective attrition: the example of smoking and cognitive decline. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2012;23:119 -28.\n - 41. Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2004;15:615 -25.\n - 42. Kent P, Keating JL, Leboeuf-Yde C. Research methods for subgrouping low back pain. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:62.\n - 43. Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:1373 -9.\n - 44. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2006.\n - 45. Green SB. How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivar Behav Res. 1991;26:499 -510.\n - 46. Harris RJ. A primer of multivariate statistics. 3rd ed. Mahwah: Psychology Press; 2001.\n - 47. Piette JD, Kerr EA. The impact of comorbid chronic conditions on diabetes care. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:725 -31.\n - 48. Rice ASC, Smith BH, Blyth FM. Pain and the global burden of disease. Pain. 2016;157:791 -6.\n - 49. Fritz JM, Cleland JA, Speckman M, Brennan GP, Hunter SJ. Physical therapy for acute low back pain: associations with subsequent healthcare costs. Spine. 2008;33:1800 -5.\n - 50. Lentz TA, Harman JS, Marlow NM, George SZ. Application of a value model for the prevention and management of chronic musculoskeletal pain by physical therapists. Phys Ther. 2017;97:354 -64.\n - 51. Sterne JAC, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ. 2009;338:b2393.\n - 52. Bishop MD, Mintken PE, Bialosky JE, Cleland JA. Patient expectations of benefit from interventions for neck pain and resulting influence on outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43:457 -65.\n - 53. Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Cleland JA. Individual expectation: an overlooked, but pertinent, factor in the treatment of individuals experiencing musculoskeletal pain. Phys Ther. 2010;90:1345 -55.\n - 54. Hanney WJ, Masaracchio M, Liu X, Kolber MJ. The influence of physical therapy guideline adherence on healthcare utilization and costs among patients with low back pain: a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0156799.\n - 55. Childs JD, Fritz JM, Wu SS, Flynn TW, Wainner RS, Robertson EK, et al. Implications of early and guideline adherent physical therapy for low back pain on utilization and costs. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15 https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12913-015-0830-3.\n - 56. Yu S-T, Chang H-Y, Lin M-C, Lin Y-H. Agreement between self-reported and health insurance claims on utilization of health care: a population study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1316 -22.\n - 57. Petrou S, Murray L, Cooper P, Davidson LL. The accuracy of self-reported healthcare resource utilization in health economic studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2002;18:705 -10.\n - 58. Short ME, Goetzel RZ, Pei X, Tabrizi MJ, Ozminkowski RJ, Gibson TB, et al. How accurate are self-reports? Analysis of self-reported health care utilization and absence when compared with administrative data. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51:786 -96.\n\n", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 224 Pega et al., 2022: Global, regional and national burden of disease attributable to 19 selected occupational risk factors for 183 countries, 2000-2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Workrelated Burden of Disease and Injury,  here\n\n225\n\nKauppinen et al., 1998: Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European Union in 1990-1993:\n\ninternational information system on occupational exposure to carcinogens, here\n\nCAREX Canada\n\nFevotte et al., 2011: Matgéné: A Program to Develop Job-Exposure Matrices in the General Population in France Mannetje et al., 2011: Developing a general population job-exposure matrix in the absence of sufficient exposure monitoring data\n\n - 226 YLDs = years lived with disability, together with YLLs = years of life lost, it composes the DALY (DALY = YLL + YLD).\n\n227 GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators, 2022: Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,\n\n## here\n\n228 WHO: Mental disorders, Key facts and\n\nIHME: Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx), here\n\n - 229 OECD, 2015: Sick on the Job?: Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work\n - 230 OECD/European Union, 2018: Health at a Glance: Europe 2018: State of Health in the EU Cycle\n - 231 Andlin-Sobocki et al., 2005: Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe\n - 232 Niedhammer et al.; 2021: Update of the fractions of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders attributable to psychosocial work factors in Europe, here\n - 233 Norder et al., 2017: Beyond return to work from sickness absence due to mental disorders: 5-year longitudinal study of employment status among production workers, here\n - 234 Leka & Jain, 2017: EU Compass for Action on Mental Health and Well-Being - Mental Health in the Workplace in Europe\n\n235 Musculoskeletal disorders refer to backache and/or muscular pains in shoulders, neck, upper limbs and/or lower limbs (hips, legs, knees, feet, etc.). In the medical systematic it is the IC 10 group of diseases: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue.\n\n236 EU-OSHA, 2019: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU 237 Graveling, 2018: Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the Workplace. A Forensic and Epidemiological Analysis\n\n238 Da Costa & Viera, 2010: Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent longitudinal studies, here\n\n - 239 EU-OSHA, 2020: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: why are they still so prevalent? Evidence from a literature review (p. 15).\n\n240 EU-OSHA, 2019: Summary - Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU (p. 8).\n\n - 241 EU-OSHA, 2019: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU 242 Ibid., p. 174ff.\n - 243 Eurofound, 2007: Fourth European Working Conditions Survey (2005) (p. 77).\n - 244 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 2015: Handbook on measuring quality of employment: A statistical framework, here\n - 245 Quinlan & Bohle, 2013: Re-invigorating industrial relations as a field of study: Changes at work, substantive working conditions and the case of OHS, here (p. 8).\n - 246 The percentages of responses to this question in the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS, 2015) are displayed. Each bar shows the percentages of the four possible responses for each EU Member State, the average for the EU Member States, and the responses for Switzerland and Norway. Responses are displayed for the question below: How satisfied are you with working conditions in your main paid job? Answer options were: Not at all satisfied; Not very satisfied; Satisfied; Very satisfied. See here\n\n247 Flash Eurobarometer 398, 2014, p 2, https://www.cesi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/fl\\_398\\_sum\\_en.pdf . The displayed Flash Eurobarometer data refer to the 'working population', with two subgroups A (employees and manual workers), and B (self-employed). In the Flash Eurobarometer sample these two groups are separated from three further groups forming the 'Not working' population These groups are: subgroups: students, retired, looking for a job.\n\n248 Ibid., p. 58.\n\n249 Eurofound, 2007: Fourth European Working Conditions Survey (2005) (pp. 77-81).", "page_start": 149, @@ -10875,12 +10881,6 @@ "page_start": 11, "page_end": 11, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In a similar way, the levels of ergonomic risks are related with the sectoral structure of a country, determining the type of occupations and work tasks. EU-OSHA provided a detailed analysis of the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and the related risk factors in several studies on musculoskeletal diseases, for example, 'Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: why are they still so prevalent?' 58\n\nAn example of the interrelation between sectors and risks is the connection between the sector aggregate 'Trade, transport, food/accommodation and recreation activities' and three major indicators of ergonomic burden, that is, 'Painful, tiring positions', 'Repetitive hand or arm movements', and 'Carrying or moving heavy loads'.\n\nSeven countries have a share of employees in this sector of more than 30% (Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Malta, Bulgaria, Croatia and Latvia), and many of them are present in two or three lists of countries with the highest number of responses regarding the indicators.\n\n", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10892,10 +10892,22 @@ "target_passage": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.\n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -10908,6 +10920,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, @@ -10937,24 +10955,6 @@ "page_start": 29, "page_end": 29, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## A Note from Leadership\n\nCC staff photos are licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n\n\n2023 was a busy year at Creative Commons. Our Open Culture program and Open Climate Campaign entered their third and second years, respectively. We hosted our first in-person CC Global Summit since 2019 in Mexico City. We held critical consultations and open panels on AI, copyright, and the CC Licenses, cultural heritage, education, and science; and we launched our Open Infrastructure Circle in an effort to ensure the CC Licenses are funded well into the future.\n\nWe also marked transitions in leadership. At the end of December, Catherine Stihler concluded her time as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at Creative Commons, and I transitioned in as Interim. In March 2024, I was appointed CC's permanent CEO. I look forward to working closely with our Board of Directors, staff, and larger community on the critical work that awaits us in 2024 .\n\n## Anna Tumadóttir, CEO\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Microsoft Excel", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10976,6 +10976,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", "page_start": 4, @@ -11000,35 +11006,29 @@ "page_end": 33, "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" }, + { + "text": "ISBN: 978-1-78655-073-6\n\nISSN: 1756-3666\n\n\n\n© Crown copyright 2016\n\nThis publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.\n\nWhere we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.", + "page_start": 44, + "page_end": 44, + "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.\n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Subject to any applicable licensing terms and conditions in the case of electronically supplied publications, a person may engage in fair dealing with a copy of this publication for his or her personal or private use, or his or her research or private study. See Section 12(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978.\n\nThe authors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and to acknowledge the use of copyright material. Should any infringement of copyright have occurred, please contact the publisher, and every effort will be made to rectify omissions or errors in the event of a reprint or new edition.\n\nDeveloped for Oxbridge Academy - 2015", "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "## 12.3.5 Activate the license manually\n\nTo manually activate the encryption license for a control enclosure, complete the following steps:\n\n - 1. Select Activate License Manually to open the Manual Activation window, as shown in Figure 12-17.\n\nFigure 12-17 Manual encryption license activation window\n\n\n\n - 2. If you have not done so already, obtain the encryption license for the control enclosure. The information that is required to obtain the encryption license is displayed in the Manual Activation window. Use this data to follow the instructions in 12.3.1, 'Obtaining an encryption license' on page 609.", - "page_start": 638, - "page_end": 638, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Board of Directors", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11039,8 +11039,8 @@ "target_page": 8, "target_passage": "We expanded our work in biodiversity, climate, and life sciences focused on ensuring that science research and data are open", "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 8 + "presence": false, + "index": null } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -11080,6 +11080,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -11087,22 +11093,16 @@ "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, { - "text": "\n\n## Occupational safety and health in Europe: state and trends 2023\n\n\n\n", + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.\n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Our Impact\n\nWe expanded our work in biodiversity, climate, and life sciences focused on ensuring that science research and data are open.\n\n## Open Science\n\n## Open Climate Campaign\n\nCC, along with SPARC and EIFL, completed year one of our four-year Arcadia funded Open Climate Campaign focused on promoting Open Access to research on climate science and biodiversity. We invite you to read ' A Year in the Open Climate Campaign ,' detailing our progress engaging national governments and funders of climate change research.\n\n## Open Climate Data Project\n\nIn 2023, with support from the Patrick J. McGovern Foundation , we launched a new project to help open up access to large climate datasets. We successfully conducted a landscape analysis of 30 major global sources of climate data and published our ' Recommendations for Better Sharing of Climate Data .'\n\n## Project to Openly License Life Sciences Preprints\n\nCC secured new funding from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative to help make openly licensed preprints the standard for sharing scientific knowledge.\n\n## Open Earth Platform Initiative\n\nWe co-launched a new project with Norway to help implement open licensing policies to ensure Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation publicly funded climate research, educational resources, data, and software are open.\n\n\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge\" by USFWS Pacific is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.\n\n", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" }, { - "text": "## 1. Introduction 1\n\nWhile the field of artificial intelligence research and technology has a long history, broad public attention grew over the last year in light of the wide availability of new generative AI systems, including large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4, Claude, and LLaMA-2. These tools are developed using machine learning and other techniques that analyze large datasets of written text, and they are capable of generating text in response to a user's prompts.\n\nWhile many large language models rely on website text for training, books have also played an important role in developing and improving AI systems. Despite the widespread use of ebooks and growth of sales in that market, books remain difficult for researchers and entrepreneurs to access at scale in digital form for the purposes of training AI.\n\nIn 2023, multiple news publications reported on the availability and use of a dataset of books called 'Books3' to train LLMs. The Books3 dataset contains text from over 170,000 books, 2 which are a mix of in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. It is believed to have been originally sourced from a website that was not authorized to distribute all of the works contained in the dataset. In lawsuits brought against OpenAI, Microsoft, Meta, and Bloomberg related to their LLMs, the use of Books3 as training data was specifically cited. 3\n\nThe Books3 controversy highlights a critical question at the heart of generative AI: what role do books play in training AI models, and how might digitized books be made widely accessible for the purposes of training AI? What dataset of books could be constructed and under what circumstances?\n\nIn February 2024, Creative Commons, Open Future and Proteus Strategies convened a series of workshops to investigate the concept of a responsibly designed, broadly accessible dataset of digitized books to be used in training AI models. Conducted under the Chatham House Rule, we set out to ask if there is a possible future in which a 'books data commons for AI training' might exist, and what such a commons might look like. The workshops brought together practitioners on the front lines of building next-generation AI models, as well as legal and policy scholars with expertise in the copyright and licensing challenges surrounding digitized books. Our goal was also to bridge the perspective of stewards of", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" + "text": "\n\n## Occupational safety and health in Europe: state and trends 2023\n\n\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11136,6 +11136,12 @@ "page_end": 16, "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nKillam properties Inc. suite 100 3700 Kempt road Halifax, nova scotia B3K 4X8\n\n1.866.453.8900 killamproperties.com tsx: kmp", + "page_start": 97, + "page_end": 97, + "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" + }, { "text": "## a Diversi/fied portfolio\n\nKillam has a diverse portfolio of both apartments and manufactured home communities. The apartment portfolio represents 86% of Killam's earnings and includes a variety of property types, such as high-rises, mid-rises and walk-ups, in nine urban centres across /five provinces. With a wide selection of properties and price points in each city, Killam caters to a broad tenant base. Killam's 35 manufactured home communities represent 14% of earnings and are located primarily in Nova Scotia and Ontario. The manufactured home communities complement the apartment business, providing stable and predictable cash /flows.\n\n", "page_start": 12, @@ -11171,12 +11177,6 @@ "page_start": 28, "page_end": 28, "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nDollar amounts are in thousands of canadian dollars (except share and per share amounts)\n\n## 1. Corporate Information\n\nKillam Properties Inc ('Killam' or the 'Company') is a real estate company specializing in the acquisition, management and development of multi-residential apartment buildings and manufactured home communities in Canada. Killam is incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act. Killam's common shares are publicly traded and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol 'KMP'. The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Killam and its subsidiaries as at December 31, 2013 . the company's head office operations are located at 3700 Kempt Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 4X8 and the Company's registered office is located at 2571 Windsor Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 5C4.\n\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2013, were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on Tuesday, February 18, 2014.\n\n## 2. Significant Accounting Policies\n\n## (A) Statement of Compliance\n\nThese consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ('IASB').\n\n## (B) Basis of Presentation\n\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for investment properties that have been measured at fair value. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and are presented in Canadian dollars, which is Killam's functional currency, and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand ($000), except when otherwise noted. Standards and guidelines not effective for the current accounting period are described in Note 4.\n\n## (C) Basis of Consolidation\n\n## (i) Subsidiaries\n\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Killam and its subsidiaries. Non-controlling interests represent the portion of profit or loss and net assets not held by Killam, and are presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income and within equity in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, separately from shareholders' equity.\n\nSubsidiaries are entities controlled by Killam. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases. The accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed when necessary to align them with the policies adopted by Killam. In certain circumstances, Killam has control over entities in which it does not own more than 50% of the voting power.\n\nThe Company's significant investment in subsidiaries and a joint venture, all of which are incorporated in Canada, are listed in the following table:\n\n| Subsidiary | % Interest |\n|------------------------------------------|--------------|\n| Killam Properties Inc. | 100% |\n| Killam investments inc. | 100% |\n| Killam investments (Pei) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam Properties Apartments Trust | 100% |\n| Killam Properties M.H.C. Trust | 100% |\n| 661047 n.B. inc. | 100% |\n| Blackshire court limited | 100% |\n| Blackshire court limited Partnership | 95.92% |\n| Killam KFH (180 mill st.) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam KFH (Kanata lakes) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam KFH (1355 silver spear road) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam KFH sigma GP inc. | 50% |\n| Killam KFH-Sigma Properties LP | 25% |", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12001,11 +12001,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## 3.2.6 How to view licensing information\n\nLicensing information is available for all datasets associated with common licences, which are supported by the Licence Assistant. When available a link to the assistant is provided on left side of a dataset page.\n\nBy clicking on the licence name (here: cc-by), the Licence Assistant tool is opened in a new window, displaying relevant information for this particular licence.\n\n", "page_start": 33, @@ -12036,18 +12042,18 @@ "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 55, "page_end": 55, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Financial Information", + "page_start": 31, + "page_end": 31, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "with. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most are not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted works and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16\n\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially those that have or have had limited commercial value. Put differently, the barrier to using 17 most books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources, licensing would not enable access to most works.\n\n## Permissively licensed works\n\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as works placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular uses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their follow-on use).\n\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion depends on whether the license's terms can be complied with in the context of AI training. For instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper attribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public Domain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18", "page_start": 9, @@ -12059,12 +12065,6 @@ "page_start": 39, "page_end": 39, "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## ANNEX I - Tender specifications", - "page_start": 39, - "page_end": 39, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12075,11 +12075,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.\n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "with. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most are not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted works and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16\n\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially those that have or have had limited commercial value. Put differently, the barrier to using 17 most books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources, licensing would not enable access to most works.\n\n## Permissively licensed works\n\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as works placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular uses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their follow-on use).\n\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion depends on whether the license's terms can be complied with in the context of AI training. For instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper attribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public Domain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18", "page_start": 9, @@ -12116,29 +12128,17 @@ "page_end": 17, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Reliance on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions\n\nEven if a book is in copyright, it's possible that copying books for AI training may be covered by existing limitations and exceptions to copyright law in particular jurisdictions. For example:\n\n - · In the United States, many argue using existing works to train generative AI is 'fair use,' consistent with existing law and legal precedents. This is the subject of a 19 number of currently active court cases, and different actors and tools may yield different results, as fair use is applied case-by-case using a flexible balancing test.\n - · In the European Union, there are explicit exceptions in the law for 'text and data mining' uses of in-copyright works, both for non-commercial research and for commercial purposes. However, for commercial uses and for users outside of research and heritage institutions, they must respect the rights of rightsholders who choose to 'reserve their rights' (i.e., opt-out of allowing text and data mining) via machine readable mechanisms. The exception also requires that users have 'lawful 20 access' to the works.\n - · Finally, Japan provides a specific text and data mining exception, without any comparable opt-out requirement for commercial uses as is embedded in EU law. 21\n\nWhile exceptions that allow AI training exist in several other countries, such as Singapore and Israel, most countries do not provide exceptions that appear to permit AI training. Even where potentially available, as in the United States, legal uncertainty and risk create a hurdle for anyone building a books commons. 22", "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for Training\n\nEven if books can be acquired, digitized, and made technically useful for AI training, the development of a books data commons would necessarily need to navigate and comply with copyright law.\n\nOut-of-Copyright Books: A minority of books are old enough to be in the public domain and out of copyright, and an AI developer could use them in training without securing any copyright permission. In the United States, all books published or released before 1929 are in the public domain. While use of these books provides maximal certainty for the AI developer to train on, it is worth noting that the status of whether a book is in the public domain can be difficult to determine. For instance, books released between 1929 and 1963 in the U.S. are 14 out of copyright if they were not subject to a copyright renewal; however, data on copyright renewals is not easily accessible.\n\nWhat's more, copyright definitions and term lengths vary among countries. Even if a work is in the public domain in the US, it may not be in other countries. Countries generally use the 15 life of the last living author + 'x' years to determine the term of copyright protection. For most countries, 'x' is either 50 years (the minimum required by the Berne Convention) or 70 years (this is the case for all member states of the European Union and for all works published in the U.S. after 1978). This approach makes it difficult to determine copyright terms with certainty because it requires information about the date of death of each author, which is often not readily available.\n\nIn-Copyright Books: The vast majority of books are in copyright, and, insofar as the training process requires making a copy of the book, the use in AI training may implicate copyright law. Our workshop covered three possible paths for incorporating such works.\n\n## Direct licensing\n\nOne could directly license books from rightsholders. There may be some publishers who are willing to license their works for this purpose, but it is hard to determine the scale of such access, and, in any event, there are significant limits on this approach. Along with the challenge (and expense) of reaching agreements with relevant rightsholders, there is also the practical difficulty of simply identifying and finding the rightsholder that one must negotiate", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Microsoft Excel", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Areas of Exploration\n\n## Support for Creators in the Time of Artificial Intelligence\n\nIn 2023, we convened hundreds via roundtables, community conferences (e.g. MozFest , Wikimania ), and public events (e.g. symposium on Generative AI & Creativity )to debate copyright law, the ethics of open sharing, and other relevant areas that touch AI.\n\nAt our CC Global Summit, participants drafted community-driven principles on AI that are a valuable input and will help inform the organization's thinking as we determine CC's exact role in the AI space.\n\n'The Pillars of Creation' by James Webb Space Telescope is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12149,17 +12149,29 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "with. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most are not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted works and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16\n\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially those that have or have had limited commercial value. Put differently, the barrier to using 17 most books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources, licensing would not enable access to most works.\n\n## Permissively licensed works\n\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as works placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular uses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their follow-on use).\n\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion depends on whether the license's terms can be complied with in the context of AI training. For instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper attribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public Domain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18", "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.\n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", "page_start": 4, @@ -12201,18 +12213,6 @@ "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Microsoft Excel", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Subject to any applicable licensing terms and conditions in the case of electronically supplied publications, a person may engage in fair dealing with a copy of this publication for his or her personal or private use, or his or her research or private study. See Section 12(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978.\n\nThe authors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and to acknowledge the use of copyright material. Should any infringement of copyright have occurred, please contact the publisher, and every effort will be made to rectify omissions or errors in the event of a reprint or new edition.\n\nDeveloped for Oxbridge Academy - 2015", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" } ] }, @@ -12445,8 +12445,8 @@ "target_page": 32, "target_passage": "The war with Iraq and the outbreak of SARS in Asia, both of which negatively impacted leisure travel and our high-end gaming business in late 2002 and early 2003", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -12815,11 +12815,17 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "LACHAPELLE MONDAY green weeks", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## HOW DOES IT WORK?\n\n## When to put my garbage container outside?\n\nThe evening before the waste collection day.\n\n## Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?\n\nYou will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n\n## Container stolen: What to do?\n\nIn case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n\n## Out container = full container\n\nPut your rubbish container out only when full.\n\nAttention ! Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\n\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n\n## HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?\n\nBuy your own compost kit and get\n\ntips for good composting practice.\n\nOnly during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department).\n\n30 minute workshops/awarenessraising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops ** .\n\nRegistration and information with the service.\n\n| Compost kit | Plastic | Wood |\n|---------------|-----------|--------|\n| 300 L | 20 € | 30 € |\n| 400 L | 25 € | 35 € |\n\n- * Only payment by cheque made payable to the\n- 'Tresor Public' are accepted\n- ** Specific condition of acquisition apply accor-\n- ding to your municipality of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n| Town | Black container | Yellow container |\n|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | AGNAC |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ARMILLAC |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | BOURGOUGNAGUE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | CAMBES |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | LACHAPELLE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | LAPERCHE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT |\n| MONDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LAVERGNE |\n| TUESDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | MOUSTIER |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | PEYRIÈRE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | PUYSSERAMPION |\n| MONDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ROUMAGNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN |\n| MONDAY white weeks | FRIDAY green weeks | SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SEGALAS |\n\n## MORE QUESTIONS ?\n\nWebsite:\n\nwww.ccpl47.fr\n\n/ Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n\nEnvironnement Service :\n\n12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN\n\n05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr\n\nComposting : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n\nRecycling centre access, registration or modification : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\n\nOn the CCPL website\n\n\n\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n\n\n\n\n\neepik\n\nr\n\ntock - F\n\nS\n\ndobe\n\nto : A\n\nédits pho\n\nr\n\nC", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" + }, { "text": "The following timeline highlights the major shifts in the development of container to date (see Figure 2-9):\n\n - /SM590000 2000 FreeBSD Jails: FreeBSD Jails enabled Computer systems to be partitioned into multiple servers that were independent subsystems named Jail with unique IP address.\n - /SM590000 2001 Linux Vserver: Similar to FreeBSD Jails, Linux also developed a feature for operating system virtualization where a file system, memory, and network can be shared among independent systems.\n - /SM590000 2004 Solaris Containers: Solaris Containers combined system resource controls and boundary separation that was provided by zones to take advantage of features, such as snapshots and cloning from ZFS.\n - /SM590000 2006 Google process containers: Process Containers was designed for limiting, accounting, and isolating resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O, and network) of a collection of processes. Later, this was renamed as Control Groups (cgroups) and merged to Linux kernel 2.6.24.\n - /SM590000 2008 LXC evolved (Linux Container Group): Linux Containers (LXC) was the first, most complete implementation of Linux container manager. It was implemented in 2008 by using cgroups and Linux namespaces.\n - /SM590000 2013 Let Me Contain That For You (LMCTFY): Let Me Contain That For You (LMCTFY) started in 2013 as an open source version of Google's container stack. Applications can be made container aware, which creates and manages their own subcontainers.\n - /SM590000 2013 Docker: Docker emerged, which made container service even more popular. Docker and container grew together.\n - /SM590000 2016 Security and DevOps: Container security enhanced and DevOps method evolved as most preferred Container Application process.\n - /SM590000 2017 Container becomes more matured with CNCF and Kubernetes.\n\nFigure 2-9 Containers timeline\n\n", "page_start": 36, @@ -12834,14 +12840,14 @@ }, { "text": "THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" }, { "text": "THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, + "page_start": 37, + "page_end": 37, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" }, { @@ -12873,12 +12879,6 @@ "page_start": 13, "page_end": 13, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Towards a Books Data Commons for AI Training\n\n\n\n\n\nApril 2024\n\n\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12889,8 +12889,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "Container stolen: What to do? In case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -12900,6 +12900,12 @@ "page_end": 90, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## HOW DOES IT WORK?\n\n## When to put my garbage container outside?\n\nThe evening before the waste collection day.\n\n## Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?\n\nYou will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n\n## Container stolen: What to do?\n\nIn case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n\n## Out container = full container\n\nPut your rubbish container out only when full.\n\nAttention ! Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\n\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n\n## HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?\n\nBuy your own compost kit and get\n\ntips for good composting practice.\n\nOnly during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department).\n\n30 minute workshops/awarenessraising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops ** .\n\nRegistration and information with the service.\n\n| Compost kit | Plastic | Wood |\n|---------------|-----------|--------|\n| 300 L | 20 € | 30 € |\n| 400 L | 25 € | 35 € |\n\n- * Only payment by cheque made payable to the\n- 'Tresor Public' are accepted\n- ** Specific condition of acquisition apply accor-\n- ding to your municipality of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n| Town | Black container | Yellow container |\n|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | AGNAC |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ARMILLAC |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | BOURGOUGNAGUE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | CAMBES |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | LACHAPELLE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | LAPERCHE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT |\n| MONDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LAVERGNE |\n| TUESDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | MOUSTIER |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | PEYRIÈRE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | PUYSSERAMPION |\n| MONDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ROUMAGNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN |\n| MONDAY white weeks | FRIDAY green weeks | SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SEGALAS |\n\n## MORE QUESTIONS ?\n\nWebsite:\n\nwww.ccpl47.fr\n\n/ Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n\nEnvironnement Service :\n\n12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN\n\n05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr\n\nComposting : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n\nRecycling centre access, registration or modification : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\n\nOn the CCPL website\n\n\n\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n\n\n\n\n\neepik\n\nr\n\ntock - F\n\nS\n\ndobe\n\nto : A\n\nédits pho\n\nr\n\nC", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, @@ -12930,29 +12936,23 @@ "page_end": 228, "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 55, "page_end": 55, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Financial Information", + "page_start": 31, + "page_end": 31, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "| container\\_runtime\\_docker\\_storage\\_setup\\_device=/dev/mapper/DOCKER\\_DISK\\_1 container\\_runtime\\_docker\\_storage\\_type=overlay2 | container\\_runtime\\_docker\\_storage\\_setup\\_device=/dev/mapper/DOCKER\\_DISK\\_1 container\\_runtime\\_docker\\_storage\\_type=overlay2 |\n|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## | ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## |\n| ## OpenShift Network Vars | ## OpenShift Network Vars |\n| # Defaults | # Defaults |\n| | # osm\\_cluster\\_network\\_cidr=10.128.0.0/14 # openshift\\_portal\\_net=172.30.0.0/16 os\\_sdn\\_network\\_plugin\\_name='redhat/openshift-ovs-multitenant' |\n| # Set SDN MTU (default is 1450) | # Set SDN MTU (default is 1450) |\n| # Configure the multi-tenant SDN plugin (default is 'redhat/openshift-ovs-subnet') | |\n| # openshift\\_node\\_sdn\\_mtu=1400 ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## ## Metrics Server | # openshift\\_node\\_sdn\\_mtu=1400 ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## ## Metrics Server |\n| ansible\\_service\\_broker\\_local\\_registry\\_whitelist=['.*-apb$'] | ansible\\_service\\_broker\\_local\\_registry\\_whitelist=['.*-apb$'] |\n| ## Prometheus Cluster Monitoring ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## | ## Prometheus Cluster Monitoring ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## |\n| # | # |\n| https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/3.11/install\\_config/prometheus\\_cluster\\_monito ring.html | https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/3.11/install\\_config/prometheus\\_cluster\\_monito ring.html |\n| openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_install=False openshift\\_prometheus\\_node\\_selector={\"node-role.kubernetes.io/infra\":\"true\"} | openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_install=False openshift\\_prometheus\\_node\\_selector={\"node-role.kubernetes.io/infra\":\"true\"} |\n| # Enable persistent storage of Prometheus time-series data (default False) openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_prometheus\\_storage\\_enabled=True | # Enable persistent storage of Prometheus time-series data (default False) openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_prometheus\\_storage\\_enabled=True |\n| # Enable persistent storage of Alertmanager notifications (default False) openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_alertmanager\\_storage\\_enabled=True | # Enable persistent storage of Alertmanager notifications (default False) openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_alertmanager\\_storage\\_enabled=True |\n| ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## ## Service Catalog ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## template\\_service\\_broker\\_install=True | ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## ## Service Catalog ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## template\\_service\\_broker\\_install=True |\n| # default=True | # default=True |\n| openshift\\_enable\\_service\\_catalog=True # default=True | openshift\\_enable\\_service\\_catalog=True # default=True |\n| openshift\\_template\\_service\\_broker\\_namespaces=['openshift'] | openshift\\_template\\_service\\_broker\\_namespaces=['openshift'] |\n| template\\_service\\_broker\\_selector={\"node-role.kubernetes.io/infra\":\"true\"} # default=True | template\\_service\\_broker\\_selector={\"node-role.kubernetes.io/infra\":\"true\"} # default=True |\n| openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_alertmanager\\_storage\\_class\\_name='ibm-powervc-k8s-volu me-default' ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## ## OpenShift Hosts | openshift\\_cluster\\_monitoring\\_operator\\_alertmanager\\_storage\\_class\\_name='ibm-powervc-k8s-volu me-default' ##-----------------------------------------------------------------------## ## OpenShift Hosts |\n| [OSEv3:children] | [OSEv3:children] |", "page_start": 139, "page_end": 139, "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[This page intentionally left blank.]", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12964,7 +12964,7 @@ "target_passage": "This population-based study included 2,857 adults who were experiencing respiratory symptoms.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 6 + "index": 7 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -13004,6 +13004,12 @@ "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J Anaesth . 2011;106:463-474.\n- 6. NederJ,BertonD,MüllerP,etal. Ventilatory inef /uniFB01 ciency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc . 2017;14(suppl\\_1): S22-S29.\n- 7. Gruenberger JB, Vietri J, Keininger DL, Mahler DA. Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health- related quality of life among European patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017;12: 937-944.\n- 8. Preteroti M, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Population-based case/uniFB01 nding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2020;55:2000024.\n- 9. Huynh C, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Derivation and validation of the UCAP-Q case/uniFB01 nding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J . 2022;60(3):2103243.\n- 10. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom-based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol . 2010;20: 27-34.\n- 11. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest . 2006;129: 1531-1539.\n- 12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ, et al. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration . 2006;73:285-295.\n- 13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al. Development and /uniFB01 rst validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J . 2009;34:648-654.\n- 14. Jones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax . 1991;46:676-682.\n- 15. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir Med . 1991;85:25-31.\n\n- 16. Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire: MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis . 2005;2:75-79.\n- 17. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https:// ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/ 07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23\\_07\\_06-WMS.pdf\n- 18. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/GOLD-2023-ver-1.3-17 Feb2023\\_WMV.pdf\n- 19. Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) using pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly-sampled symptomatic cohort. Am J Resp Crit Care Med . 2023;208(10): 1129-1131.\n- 20. Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activityrelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: physical and psychological consequences, unmet needs, and future directions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2019;14: 1127-1138.\n- 21. Reilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1, 2024. http://www.reillyassociates.net/wpai\\_ scoring.html\n- 22. Carlsen HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory /uniFB02 ow in allergic asthma during pollen season -a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Health . 2022;21:63.\n- 23. Ekström M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations: results from the RHINESSA generation study. Thorax . 2022;77(2): 172-177.\n- 24. Ziegler B, Fernandes AK, Sanches PR, Konzen GL, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects\n\n[\n\n- assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. J Bras Pneumol . 2015;41(2): 143-150.\n- 25. Ekström M, Bornefalk H, Sköld M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le (MDP) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res . 2019;6: e000381.\n- 26. Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris J, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of The Dyspnea-12. J Asthma . 2011;48(6):602-608.\n- 27. Boulet LP, Boulay ME, Cote A, et al. Airway in /uniFB02 ammation and hyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(3): 2201194.\n- 28. Gerstein E, Bierbrier J, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2023;208(12):1271-1282.\n- 29. Aaron SD, Vandemheen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med . 2024;390(22):2061-2073.\n- 30. Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med . 2022;387(13): 1173-1184.\n- 31. Marott JL, Ingebrigtsen TS, Çolak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment: a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population. Lancet Reg Health Eur . 2023;35:100759.\n- 32. Stefan MS, Priya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnea? J Hosp Med . 2016;11(10):701-707.\n- 33. Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(2): 2201721.\n\n]", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "[\n\n]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De /uniFB01 ned Diagnosis\n\n\n\n\n\nJared Bierbrier, BSc; Emily Gerstein; George A. Whitmore, PhD; Katherine L. Vandemheen, MScN; Celine Bergeron, MD; Louis-Philippe Boulet, MD; Andreanne Cote, MD; Stephen K. Field, MD; Erika Penz, MD; R. Andrew McIvor, MD; Catherine Lemière, MD; Samir Gupta, MD; Paul Hernandez, MD; Irvin Mayers, MD; Mohit Bhutani, MD; M. Diane Lougheed, MD; Christopher J. Licskai, MD; Tanweer Azher, MD; Nicole Ezer, MD; Martha Ainslie, MD; Gonzalo G. Alvarez, MD; Sunita Mulpuru, MD; and Shawn D. Aaron, MD\n\nBACKGROUND: We investigated dyspnea; its associated risk factors; and its impact on health care utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms.\n\nRESEARCH QUESTION: What is the impact of dyspnea in adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms?\n\nSTUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This population-based study included 2,857 adults who were experiencing respiratory symptoms. These individuals had not been previously diagnosed with any lung conditions and were recruited from 17 Canadian centers using random digit dialing. Each participant underwent spirometry testing both before and after using a bronchodilator to determine if they met the diagnostic criteria for COPD, asthma, or preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm), or if their spirometry results were normal. An agematched control group (n ¼ 231) was similarly recruited using random digit dialing. A dyspnea impact assessment score from 0 to 100 was produced using questions from the COPD Assessment Test and St. George ' s Respiratory questionnaire.\n\nRESULTS: Individuals with PRISm (n ¼ 172) reported more impactful dyspnea (mean score, 63.0; 95% CI, 59.5-66.4) than those with undiagnosed asthma (n ¼ 265; mean score, 56.6; 95% CI, 53.9-59.3) or undiagnosed COPD (n ¼ 330; mean score, 57.5; 95% CI, 55.1-59.9). All groups reported signi /uniFB01 cantly more impactful dyspnea than the control group (mean score, 13.8; 95% CI, 11.8-15.7). Patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors including age, sex, BMI, smoking, and comorbidities explained 20.6% of the variation in dyspnea. An additional 12.4% of the variation was explained by disease classi /uniFB01 cation and another 1.7% by the severity of lung function impairment assessed with spirometry. After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, greater dyspnea impact was associated with increased health care utilization, lower quality of life, and reduced work productivity.\n\nINTERPRETATION: Our /uniFB01 ndings showed that in community-based adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms, those identi /uniFB01 ed with PRISm experienced the greatest impact of dyspnea. Dyspnea imposes burdens on the health care system and is associated with impaired quality of life and work productivity. CHEST 2024; 166(6):1296-1308\n\nKEY WORDS: asthma; case /uniFB01 nding; COPD; dyspnea\n\nFOR EDITORIAL COMMENT, SEE PAGE 1259\n\n[\n\n]", "page_start": 0, @@ -13021,12 +13027,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "TABLE 3 ] Intergroup Comparisons of Dyspnea Impact\n\n| Pairwise Comparison | Mean Dyspnea Score (95% CI) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | P Value |\n|-----------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|-----------|\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 38.0 ( /C0 41.1 to /C0 34.9) | < .001 |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | | |\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 43.7 ( /C0 47.6 to /C0 39.8) | < .001 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 42.8 ( /C0 46.9 to /C0 38.7) | < .001 |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | | |\n| Control | 13.8 (11.8-15.7) | /C0 49.2 ( /C0 53.7 to /C0 44.6) | < .001 |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | | |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | 5.7 (3.0 to 8.4) | < .001 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | 4.8 (1.8, 7.8) | .002 |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | | |\n| Normal spirometry | 51.8 (50.7-52.8) | 11.2 (7.5 to 14.8) | < .001 |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | | |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | 5.5 (1.1 to 9.8) | .014 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n| PRISm | 63.0 (59.5-66.4) | 6.4 (1.9 to 10.9) | .005 |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | | |\n| Asthma | 56.6 (53.9-59.3) | 0.9 ( /C0 2.8 to 4.7) | .63 |\n| COPD | 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | | |\n\nPRISm ¼ preserved ratio impaired spirometry.\n\nexposure in an array of risky occupations. These risk factors, taken as a whole, accounted for 21% of the variability in dyspnea.\n\nAfter adjustment for patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors in the /uniFB01 rst stage analysis, we adjusted for spirometry-de /uniFB01 ned disease (PRISm, asthma, COPD, or normal spirometry) in Table 5. Adjustment for disease\n\nFigure 2 -Box plot demonstrating dyspnea impact according to spirometry disease classi /uniFB01 cation. The center line marks the median. The boxes span the interquartile range (IQR). The outer fences are set at distances 1.5 /C2 IQR from the box. Outliers appear as plotted dots.\n\n\n\nclassi /uniFB01 cation accounted for 12% of the total variability of dyspnea.\n\nTable 6 presents the contribution of lung function measures of physiologic impairment after accounting for patient-related risk factors and disease classi /uniFB01 cation. For the PRISm disease group, a higher post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio and a lower post-BD FEV1 % predicted value were associated with greater dyspnea impact. For the COPD disease group, a lower post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio was associated with greater dyspnea impact. Reversibility of FEV1 was associated with higher dyspnea impact only in patients with asthma or COPD. Lung function measures of disease severity accounted for 2% of the variability in dyspnea.\n\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was negatively associated with all domains of quality of life, including physical functioning (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.655; P < .001), role limitations due to physical health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.628; P < .001), general health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.382; P < .001), and total score (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.473; P < .001) (Table 7).\n\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was associated with an increased likelihood of annual visits to health care providers for respiratory complaints (OR,", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13078,6 +13078,12 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## How Much Compost to Use\n\n - l Estimate the planting area (Math Hint: Square feet = length x width)\n - l Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4)\n - l Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs. (Abbreviations: ft = foot; yd = yard; sq = square; cu = cubic.)\n - l Conversions: 9 square feet = 1 square yard; 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.\n\n## Question: I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?\n\n| Plot Size | # of Sq Feet | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|----------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| 5' x 10' plot | 50 sq ft | 2.08 cu ft of compost | 8.33 cu ft of compost (0.31 cu yd) |\n| 10' x 10' plot | 100 sq ft | 4.17 cu ft of compost | 16.66 cu ft of compost (0.62 cu yd) |\n| 20 x 50' plot | 1000 sq ft | 41.7 cu ft of compost | 166.7 cu ft of compost (6.2 cu yd) |\n| 1 acre | 43,600 sq ft | 1,815 cu ft of compost (67 cu yd) | 7,257 cu ft of compost (268 cu yd) |\n\n## Question: If I buy this much compost, how many square feet will it cover?\n\n\n\n| Compost Quantity | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|\n| 1 cu ft bag of compost 2.2 cu ft bag of compost | 24 sq foot area | 6 sq foot area 9 sq foot area 13 sq foot area |\n| 1.5 cu ft bag of compost | 36 sq foot area | |\n| | 53 sq foot area | |\n| 2.5 cu ft bag of compost | 60 sq foot area | 15 sq foot area |\n| 1 cubic yard of compost | 648 sq foot area | 162 sq foot area |\n\nCompost Works! Soil blending trials conducted in 2008 by the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with funding from the Washington Department of Ecology,\n\n\n\ndemonstrated that compost improves soil structure (lowers bulk density), nutrient availability (increases cation exchange capacity), moisture holding capacity, and supplies both nutrients that plants need and organic matter that supports soil life. See the 2008 Soil Blending Trial report at\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Resources\n\n## Compost Organizations\n\n## Washington Organic Recycling Council\n\nFind a compost producer in your area www.compostwashington.org\n\n## US Composting Council\n\nSeal of Testing Assurance (STA) program www.compostingcouncil.org/programs/sta/\n\n## Restoring the Soil to Protect our Waterways\n\nwww.soilsforsalmon.org\n\nCompost amendment and erosion control during construction: information for builders www.buildingsoil.org\n\n## Natural Lawn & Garden Care, Soils, and Home Composting\n\nCity of Seattle\n\nwww.seattle.gov/util/services/yard\n\nKing County\n\nwww.kingcounty.gov/soils\n\nWashington State University\n\nwww.puyallup.wsu.edu/soilmgmt/\n\n\n\n\n\n## The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden Blossoms from the Soil\n\nThank you for your interest in compost.\n\nCompost is a versatile product with many benefits. It enhances soil quality, helps save water, and supports your community's efforts to recycle organic debris. All this helps to conserve our natural resources and reduces the amount of material sent to the landfill.\n\nCompost-amended soil also helps break down pollutants and absorb stormwater runoff. By making nutrients slowly available to plants and enhancing plant health, compost can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. All these benefits help protect our lakes, rivers, and marine waters from pollution and excessive runoff.\n\nCompost is a natural amendment for your lawn or garden, and can be used regularly to enrich your soil. This guide is designed to help you get the most from the compost that you buy.", "page_start": 2, @@ -13095,12 +13101,6 @@ "page_start": 29, "page_end": 29, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 2. Enter the initiator name of your host (see Figure 8-57) and click Add Port to List .\n\nFigure 8-57 Enter the initiator name\n\n\n\n - 3. Click Add Ports to Host to apply the changes to the system and then, click Close .", - "page_start": 388, - "page_end": 388, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13408,7 +13408,7 @@ "target_passage": "70.9", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 5 + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -13436,6 +13436,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Table 16 Sample efficiency. We compare the sample efficiency of pretraining various state-of-the-art image and video models. The #Samples Seen entry corresponds to the number of samples (image or video clips) processed by the network during pretraining, which is larger than the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch training. The V-JEPA results in this paper are obtained while processing an order of magnitude fewer samples than previous methods.\n\n| Method | Arch. | Data | #Samples Seen |\n|------------|--------------|-----------------|-----------------|\n| OpenCLIP | ViT-G/14 | LAION-2B | 39000M |\n| DINOv2 | ViT-g/14 | LVD 142M | 1900M |\n| VideoMAEv2 | ViT-g/14 | UnlabeledHybrid | 1600M |\n| V-JEPA | ViT-H/16 384 | VideoMix2M | 210M |\n\nFigure 9 Illustration of mask with number of blocks and block size. Each mask is constructed by sampling several (possibly overlapping) blocks and taking their union.\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8 Masking Strategy Ablation. Evaluating a linear probe on a ViT-B/16 pretrained with V-JEPA on K400 under various 3D Multi-Block masking settings. We examine the impact of (a) sampling several masks per video, (b) varying the number of blocks in a mask, and (c) varying the average spatial and temporal masking ratio. A temporal masking ratio of 100% extends the spatial mask across all the frames in the clip. We find it important to maintain a high spatial and temporal masking ratio during pretraining.\n\n\n\n(a) Num. Blocks: 8, Spatial Block Size: 32 × 32\n\n\n\n(b) Num. Blocks: 4, Spatial Block Size: 80 × 80\n\n\n\n(c) Num. Blocks: 2, Spatial Block Size: 160 × 160\n\n", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" + }, { "text": "Table 12 Linear vs. Attentive Probe Evaluation for V-JEPA and VideoMAE. We evaluate the effect of linear (Lin.) and attentive (Att.) probing when adapting V-JEPA to the K400 ( 16 × 5 × 3 ) and SSv2 (16 × 2 × 2) tasks. V-JEPA and VideoMAE benefit from using a non-linear attentive probe.Table 13 Linear vs. Attentive Probe Evaluation for DINOv2 and OpenCLIP. We evaluate the effect of linear (Lin.) and attentive probing (Att.) when adapting DINOv2 and OpenCLIP. Image-baselines benefit from using an attentive probing strategy. Results shown in gray are reported from the linear probe evaluation in Oquab et al. (2023).\n\n| | | K400 | K400 | SSv2 | SSv2 |\n|----------|----------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| Method | Arch. | Lin. | Att. | Lin. | Att. |\n| VideoMAE | ViT-L/16 | 52.5 | 77.8 | 41.3 | 61.2 |\n| V-JEPA | ViT-L/16 | 56.7 | 80.8 | 50.1 | 69.5 |\n\n| | | K400 | K400 | SSv2 | SSv2 | IN1K | IN1K | Place205 | Place205 | iNat21 | iNat21 |\n|----------|----------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------|------------|----------|----------|\n| Method | Arch. | Lin. | Att. | Lin. | Att. | Lin. | Att. | Lin. | Att. | Lin. | Att. |\n| DINOv2 | ViT-g/14 | 78.4 | 83.4 | 38.3 | 50.0 | 86.5 | 86.2 | 67.5 | 68.4 | 85.7 | 88.8 |\n| OpenCLIP | ViT-G/14 | 78.3 | 81.8 | 35.8 | 34.8 | 86.2 | 85.3 | 69.8 | 70.2 | 76.0 | 83.6 |\n\nOne Clip vs Multiple clips. We examine the impact of changing the temporal coverage of a model during downstream evaluation on K400 action classification. In Table 14, we evaluate VideoMAE and V-JEPA models using an attentive probe with access to either the feature map of 1 clip randomly sampled from the video, or the concatenated feature map of 8 clips randomly sampled from the video. To sample 8 clips from a video, we first divide the video into 8 equal length temporal segments, and sample 1 clip at random from each segment. A single clip corresponds to ≈ 2 seconds of a video on average, while 8 clips correspond to ≈ 16 seconds. The video encoders processes each clip separately to produce a clip-level feature map, which are then concatenated at the input to the attentive probe.\n\nIncreasing the temporal coverage from 1 clip per video to 8 clips improves the performance of both V-JEPA and VideoMAE on K400 action classification. We therefore use the multiclip attentive probing setup as our default evaluation pipeline.\n\n## E.2 Finetuning\n\nIn Table 15, we evaluate V-JEPA using finetuning (separately) on K400 and SSv2. We compare V-JEPA with VideoMAEv2 (Wang et al., 2023a), VideoMAE (Tong et al., 2022) and MVD (Wang et al., 2023b) using a ViT-L/16 or a ViT-H/16 architecture. V-JEPA obtains competitive performance using a finetuning protocol. With a ViTiH/16 architecture, V-JEPA outperforms by 1 . 2% VideoMAE and +0 . 3% VideoMAEv2 on the SSv2 dataset, while obtaining comparable performance on K400. V-JEPA also obtains performance similar to MVD on the SSv2 dataset. The MVD model achieves the best performance across models on the K400 dataset, and is trained using the image dataset ImageNet1K, in contrast to the other methods in the table, which only use video data. Additionally MVD requires the processing of significantly more samples during pretraining due to the cost of training the teacher encoder networks in a pre-pre-training step.\n\n## E.3 Sample Efficiency of pretraining\n\nWe compare the sample efficiency of pretraining various state-of-the-art image and video models. Specifically, we look at the number of samples (image or video clips) processed by the network during pretraining, which is larger than the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch training. Notably, our results with V-JEPA are obtained while processing an order of magnitude fewer samples than previous methods, and notably two orders of magnitude fewer samples than OpenCLIP. We believe that further investment towards improving the video pretraining data distribution could lead to substantial gains in downstream image and video tasks.\n\n## E.4 Masking Strategy\n\nAn important component of the V-JEPA pretraining strategy is the 3D clip masking strategy. In this section, we detail 26 ablation experiments exploring different masks. For all the experiments, we pretrain a ViT-B/16 pretrained on K400. Figure 8 presents a summary of those results.\n\nFigure 8c shows the effect of changing the spatial and temporal masking ratio. Figure 8b ablates the number of sampled blocks used to construct the masks given a fixed effective masking ratio of 90% . Finally, in Figure 8a we", "page_start": 20, @@ -13465,12 +13471,6 @@ "page_start": 18, "page_end": 18, "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 1: Comparison of BERT compression studies. Compression, performance retention, inference time speedup figures are given with respect to BERTbase, unless indicated otherwise. Performance retention is measured as a ratio of average scores achieved by a given model and by BERTbase. The subscript in the model description reflects the number of layers used. ∗ Smaller vocabulary used. † The dimensionality of the hidden layers is reduced. ‖ Convolutional layers used. ‡ Compared to BERTlarge. ∗∗ Compared to mBERT. § As reported in (Jiao et al., 2019). ¶ In comparison to the dev set.\n\n| | Compression Performance Speedup | | | Model | Evaluation |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------|\n| BERT-base (Devlin et al., 2019) | × 1 | 100% | × 1 | BERT12 | All GLUE tasks, SQuAD |\n| BERT-small | × 3.8 | 91% | - | BERT4 † | All GLUE tasks |\n| DistilBERT (Sanh et al., 2019a) BERT6-PKD (Sun et al., 2019a) | × 1.5 × 1.6 | 90% § 98% | × 1.6 × 1.9 | BERT6 BERT6 | All GLUE tasks, SQuAD No WNLI, CoLA, STS-B; RACE |\n| BERT3-PKD (Sun et al., 2019a) | × 2.4 | 92% | × 3.7 | BERT3 | No WNLI, CoLA, STS-B; RACE |\n| Aguilar et al. (2019), Exp. 3 | × 1.6 | 93% | - | BERT6 | CoLA, MRPC, QQP, RTE |\n| | | 87% | | | |\n| BERT-48 (Zhao et al., 2019) | × 62 | | × 77 | BERT12 ∗† | MNLI, MRPC, SST-2 |\n| BERT-192 (Zhao et al., 2019) | × 5.7 | 93% | × 22 | BERT12 ∗† | MNLI, MRPC, SST-2 |\n| Distillation TinyBERT (Jiao et al., 2019) | × 7.5 | 96% | × 9.4 | BERT4 † | No WNLI; SQuAD |\n| MobileBERT (Sun et al., 2020) | × 4.3 | 100% | × 4 ‡ | BERT24 † † | No WNLI; SQuAD No WNLI, CoLA and STS-B |\n| PD (Turc et al., 2019) | × 1.6 | 98% 93% | × 2.5 × 9 | BERT6 BERT8 †‖ | SQuAD |\n| WaLDORf (Tian et al., 2019) MiniLM (Wang et al., 2020b) | × 4.4 × 1.65 | 99% | × 2 | | |\n| | ∗∗ | | × | BERT6 | No WNLI, STS-B, MNLImm; SQuAD |\n| MiniBERT(Tsai et al., 2019) | × 6 | 98% | 27 ∗∗ | mBERT3 † | CoNLL-18 POS and morphology |\n| BiLSTM-soft (Tang et al., 2019) | × 110 × | 91% ¶ | × 434 ‡ - | | BiLSTM1 MNLI, QQP, SST-2 |\n| Quanti-zation Q-BERT-MP (Shen et al., 2019) BERT-QAT (Zafrir et al., 2019) | 13 × 4 | 98% 99% | - | BERT12 BERT12 | MNLI, SST-2, CoNLL-03, SQuAD No WNLI, MNLI; SQuAD |\n| GOBO(Zadeh and Moshovos, 2020) | × 9 . 8 | 99% | - | BERT12 | MNLI |\n| McCarley et al. (2020), ff2 RPP (Guo et al., 2019) | × 2.2 ‡ × 1.7 ‡ | 98% ‡ 99% ‡ | × 1.9 ‡ - | BERT24 | SQuAD, Natural Questions |\n| Pruning Soft MvP (Sanh et al., 2020) | × 33 | 94% ¶ | - | BERT24 | No WNLI, STS-B; SQuAD |\n| | × | 94-100% | | BERT12 | MNLI, QQP, SQuAD |\n| IMP (Chen et al., 2020), rewind 50% | 1.4-2.5 | | - | BERT12 | No MNLI-mm; SQuAD |\n| ALBERT-base (Lan et al., 2020b) ALBERT-xxlarge (Lan et al., 2020b) | × 9 × 0.47 | 97% 107% | - - | BERT12 † BERT12 † | MNLI, SST-2 MNLI, SST-2 |\n| Other BERT-of-Theseus (Xu et al., 2020) | × 1.6 | 98% | × 1.9 | BERT6 | No WNLI |\n| PoWER-BERT (Goyal et al., 2020) | | 99% | × 2-4.5 | BERT12 | No WNLI; RACE |\n| | N/A | | | | |\n\nthis strategy often requires compatible hardware.\n\nAs discussed in section 6, individual selfattention heads and BERT layers can be disabled without significant drop in performance (Michel et al., 2019; Kovaleva et al., 2019; Baan et al., 2019). Pruning is a compression technique that takes advantage of that fact, typically reducing the amount of computation via zeroing out of certain parts of the large model. In structured pruning, architecture blocks are dropped, as in LayerDrop (Fan et al., 2019). In unstructured, the weights in the entire model are pruned irrespective of their location, as in magnitude pruning (Chen et al., 2020) or movement pruning (Sanh et al., 2020).\n\nPrasanna et al. (2020) and Chen et al. (2020) explore BERT from the perspective of the lottery ticket hypothesis (Frankle and Carbin, 2019), looking specifically at the \"winning\" subnetworks in pre-trained BERT. They independently find that such subnetworks do exist, and that transferability between subnetworks for different tasks varies.\n\nIf the ultimate goal of training BERT is compression, Li et al. (2020) recommend training larger\n\nmodels and compressing them heavily rather than compressing smaller models lightly.\n\nOther techniques include decomposing BERT's embedding matrix into smaller matrices (Lan et al., 2020a), progressive module replacing (Xu et al., 2020) and dynamic elimination of intermediate encoder outputs (Goyal et al., 2020). See Ganesh et al. (2020) for a more detailed discussion of compression methods.\n\n## 6.3 Pruning and model analysis\n\nThere is a nascent discussion around pruning as a model analysis technique. The basic idea is that a compressed model a priori consists of elements that are useful for prediction; therefore by finding out what they do we may find out what the whole network does. For instance, BERT has heads that seem to encode frame-semantic relations, but disabling them might not hurt downstream task performance Kovaleva et al. (2019); this suggests that this knowledge is not actually used.\n\nFor the base Transformer, Voita et al. (2019b) identify the functions of self-attention heads and", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13566,6 +13566,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" }, + { + "text": "dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS\n\nVerDate Sep 11 2014\n\n15:46 Aug 08, 2019\n\nJkt 089139\n\nPO 00030\n\nFrm 00002\n\nFmt 6580\n\nSfmt 6580\n\nE:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116\n\nPUBL030\n\n''(2) new construction would be required to create a lactation room in the public building and the cost of such construction is unfeasible.\n\n''(d) NO UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.-Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building or portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized to enter.''.\n\n(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.-The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following new item:\n\n40 USC 3301 prec.\n\n''3318. Lactation room in public buildings.''.\n\n(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.-The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. 40 USC 3318 note.\n\nApproved July 25, 2019.\n\n", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" + }, { "text": "The analytical distinctions were mostly made according to work and workplace-related criteria, like occupation, type of work, different contractual conditions and, in some cases, emphasising differences between EU Member States; it presents fewer data on characteristics of different worker groups, like age, sex and origin.\n\n", "page_start": 21, @@ -13613,12 +13619,6 @@ "page_start": 20, "page_end": 20, "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "More information about how to add encrypted storage to encrypted pools is described next. You can mix and match storage encryption types in a pool. Figure 12-71 shows an example of an encrypted pool that contains storage by using different encryption methods.\n\nFigure 12-71 Mix and match encryption in a pool\n\n\n\n## 12.8.2 Encrypted child pools\n\nFor more information about how to open the Create Child Pool window, see Chapter 6, 'Storage pools' on page 191. If the parent pool is encrypted, every child pool also must be encrypted. The GUI enforces this requirement by automatically selecting Encryption Enabled in the Create Child Pool window and preventing changes to this setting, as shown in Figure 12-72.\n\nFigure 12-72 Create a child pool of an encrypted parent pool\n\n", - "page_start": 679, - "page_end": 679, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13629,8 +13629,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 7 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -13676,6 +13676,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS\n\nVerDate Sep 11 2014\n\n15:46 Aug 08, 2019\n\nJkt 089139\n\nPO 00030\n\nFrm 00002\n\nFmt 6580\n\nSfmt 6580\n\nE:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116\n\nPUBL030\n\n''(2) new construction would be required to create a lactation room in the public building and the cost of such construction is unfeasible.\n\n''(d) NO UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.-Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building or portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized to enter.''.\n\n(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.-The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following new item:\n\n40 USC 3301 prec.\n\n''3318. Lactation room in public buildings.''.\n\n(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.-The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. 40 USC 3318 note.\n\nApproved July 25, 2019.\n\n", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" + }, { "text": "Table 33: EU Directives on Occupational Safety and Health", "page_start": 119, @@ -13687,12 +13693,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FINANCIALS 2014", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13925,8 +13925,8 @@ "target_page": 16, "target_passage": "To freeze panes in a worksheet: 1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the area you want to freeze/unfreeze 2. Click on the VIEW tab 3. Click on Freeze Panes in the Window group, then select Freeze Panes ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -14222,7 +14222,7 @@ "target_passage": "178,471,109", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 3 + "index": 4 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -14244,6 +14244,12 @@ "page_end": 16, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nConsolidated Statements of Activities\n\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-------------|\n| Net assets without donor restrictions: | | |\n| Support and revenue: | | |\n| Contributions of cash and other financial assets | $ 168,212,977 | 164,121,185 |\n| Contributions of nonfinancial assets and services | 263,476 | 1,040,453 |\n| Foreign currency losses | (300,907) | (94,868) |\n| Other income, net | 5,629,773 | 3,824,240 |\n| Investment income, net | 5,096,842 | 3,002,929 |\n| Release of net assets with donor restrictions | 6,481,350 | 4,732,654 |\n| Total support and revenue | 185,383,511 | 176,626,593 |\n| Operating expenses: | | |\n| Salaries and benefits | 106,793,960 | 101,305,706 |\n| Awards and grants | 26,820,080 | 24,433,682 |\n| Internet hosting | 3,116,445 | 3,120,819 |\n| In-kind service expenses | 263,476 | 1,040,453 |\n| Donation processing expenses | 7,547,718 | 6,855,680 |\n| Professional service expenses | 13,090,040 | 15,464,635 |\n| Other operating expenses | 10,798,140 | 7,393,982 |\n| Travel and conferences | 5,824,979 | 4,878,359 |\n| Depreciation and amortization | 4,216,271 | 4,602,064 |\n| Total operating expenses | 178,471,109 | 169,095,380 |\n| Change in net assets without donor restrictions from operating activities | 6,912,402 | 7,531,213 |\n| Nonoperating activities: | | |\n| Unrealized gains on investments, net | 9,858,001 | 3,547,510 |\n| Change in net assets without donor restrictions | 16,770,403 | 11,078,723 |\n| Net assets with donor restrictions: | | |\n| Contributions with donor restrictions | 6,295,000 | 9,273,736 |\n| Net assets released from restrictions | (6,481,350) | (4,732,654) |\n| Increase (decrease) in net assets with donor restrictions | (186,350) | 4,541,082 |\n| Increase in net assets | 16,584,053 | 15,619,805 |\n| Net assets at beginning of year | 254,971,337 | 239,351,532 |\n| Net assets at end of year | $ 271,555,390 | 254,971,337 |\n\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.", "page_start": 5, @@ -14279,12 +14285,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nand free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is included within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards and grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n\n## (p) Use of Estimates\n\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of contributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.\n\n## (q) Reclassifications\n\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the 2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and losses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of $3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of activities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania event as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is now reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference expenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and conference expenses in the statement of activities.\n\n## (2) Contributions Receivable\n\nAs of June 30, 2024 and 2023, contributions receivable is $1,571,657 and $0, respectively, and represents contributions receivable from two grants, as well as contributions receivable from payment processors.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14296,10 +14296,16 @@ "target_passage": "External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements June 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies\n\n## (a) Organization and Purpose\n\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net assets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC.\n\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. Based in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily through donations and contributions.\n\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the Foundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for charitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes.\n\n## (b) Risks and Uncertainties\n\nThe Foundation's operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts from foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not experienced an adverse impact on its business operations.\n\n## (c) Income Taxes\n\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of Revenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined that the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions.\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated the financial statement impact of positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax returns. The Foundation is subject to income taxes on any net income that is derived from a trade or business, regularly carried on, and not in furtherance of the purposes for which it was granted exemption. Net income from any unrelated trade or business, in the opinion of management, is not material to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.\n\n## (d) Financial Statement Presentation\n\nNet assets, support and revenue, expenses, gains, and losses are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 958, Not-for-Profit Entities .\n\nNet assets without donor restrictions represent unrestricted resources available to support operations and also include previously temporarily restricted resources, which have become available for use by the Foundation in accordance with the intentions of donors.\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions represent contributions that are limited in use by the Foundation in accordance with donor-imposed stipulations. The stipulations may expire with time or may be satisfied and removed by the actions of the Foundation according to the terms of the contribution by the donor.", "page_start": 7, @@ -14351,13 +14357,7 @@ { "text": "\n\n## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nConsolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n(With Independent Auditors' Report Thereon)", "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation enters into contracts with its customers that may include promises to transfer multiple performance obligations such as API software subscription, professional service hours, and service level agreement (SLA) and support. The Foundation generally considers these to be one single performance obligation. Determining whether products and services are distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately or combined as one unit of accounting may require judgment.\n\nThe transaction price is determined based on consideration to which the Foundation will be entitled in exchange for transferring services to the customer, as stated in the contract. The Foundation has determined that the contracts do not contain a significant financing component.\n\nRevenue is generally recognized ratably over the contract term as the performance obligation is satisfied. The Foundation's contracts typically are non-cancelable and do not contain refund-type provisions. The Foundation typically invoices its customers annually and its payment terms provide that customers pay within 30 days of invoice. Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in accounts receivable and in deferred revenue (within 'Other Liabilities') or revenue, depending on whether transfer of control to customers has occurred.\n\nRevenue derived from API software subscriptions and professional services is reported within other income, net in the statement of activities. Deferred revenue, revenue, and billings for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows. Deferred revenue is reported within other liabilities in the statement of financial position.\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|--------------------------------------|-------------|-------------|\n| Deferred revenue - beginning balance | $ 1,660,000 | 1,560,000 |\n| Billings | 3,820,000 | 3,320,000 |\n| Less revenue recognized | (3,351,250) | (3,220,000) |\n| Deferred revenue - ending balance | $ 2,128,750 | 1,660,000 |\n\n## (n) Leases\n\nLeases consist of a lease liability for the Foundation's headquarters in San Francisco. The liability is equal to the present value of lease payments, which are fixed. The present value is calculated using a risk-free discount rate, determined using a period comparable with that of the lease term. The lease term in accordance with ASC 842 does not include options to extend as it is not reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. The Foundation determined during the year ended June 30, 2024 not to renew the lease.\n\n## (o) Collaborative Arrangement\n\nThe Foundation has a collaborative arrangement with Wikimedia Deutschland to mutually develop the Wikibase software to support the Wikidata project, which acts as central storage for the structured data of its Wikimedia sister projects including Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, Wiktionary, Wikisource, and others. Both the Foundation and Wikimedia Deutschland do work for the Wikidata project, and the Foundation also grants Wikimedia Deutschland funding to support Wikimedia Deutschland's work in developing the Wikibase software. Since the project is part of the Foundation's mission to make knowledge accessible", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, + "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] @@ -14410,6 +14410,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (4) Property and Equipment, Net\n\nProperty and equipment at June 30, 2024 and 2023 consist of the following:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|------------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|\n| Furniture | $ 72,042 | 737,143 |\n| Leasehold improvements | - | 2,074,581 |\n| Computer equipment | 22,821,120 | 21,941,684 |\n| Internal use software | 2,507,701 | 5,198,574 |\n| Total | 25,400,863 | 29,951,982 |\n| Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (13,574,727) | (15,906,843) |\n| Property and equipment, net | $ 11,826,136 | 14,045,139 |\n\n## (5) Net Assets\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions at June 30, 2024 and 2023 are available for the following purposes:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|----------------------------------------------|-------------|-----------|\n| Restricted to future periods: | $ 50,000 | 100,000 |\n| Restricted by purpose: | | |\n| Abstract Wikipedia | 861,008 | 1,249,004 |\n| Artificial intelligence | 239,878 | - |\n| Endowment support | - | 1,297,620 |\n| Future Audiences | 500,000 | - |\n| Knowledge equity | 965,910 | 2,228,134 |\n| Machine learning | 24,528 | 860,620 |\n| Media Wiki | 1,500,000 | - |\n| Other | 125,000 | 147,295 |\n| Restricted to future periods and by purpose: | | |\n| Artificial intelligence | 1,430,000 | - |\n| Net assets with donor restrictions | $ 5,696,324 | 5,782,673 |\n\n## (6) Functional Allocation of Expenses\n\nCosts of providing the Foundation's activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. Programs comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform that enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, growing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in key geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support Wikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for which the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and fundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent and office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as", "page_start": 15, @@ -14427,12 +14433,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nand free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is included within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards and grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n\n## (p) Use of Estimates\n\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of contributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.\n\n## (q) Reclassifications\n\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the 2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and losses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of $3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of activities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania event as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is now reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference expenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and conference expenses in the statement of activities.\n\n## (2) Contributions Receivable\n\nAs of June 30, 2024 and 2023, contributions receivable is $1,571,657 and $0, respectively, and represents contributions receivable from two grants, as well as contributions receivable from payment processors.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14774,18 +14774,18 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Notices\n\nThis information was developed for products and services offered in the US. This material might be available from IBM in other languages. However, you may be required to own a copy of the product or product version in that language in order to access it.\n\nIBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.\n\nIBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to:\n\nIBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, MD-NC119, Armonk, NY 10504-1785, US\n\nINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION 'AS IS' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you.\n\nThis information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice.\n\nAny references in this information to non-IBM websites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those websites. The materials at those websites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those websites is at your own risk.\n\nIBM may use or distribute any of the information you provide in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.\n\nThe performance data and client examples cited are presented for illustrative purposes only. Actual performance results may vary depending on specific configurations and operating conditions.\n\nInformation concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.\n\nStatements regarding IBM's future direction or intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.\n\nThis information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to actual people or business enterprises is entirely coincidental.\n\n## COPYRIGHT LICENSE:\n\nThis information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrate programming techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs. The sample programs are provided 'AS IS', without warranty of any kind. IBM shall not be liable for any damages arising out of your use of the sample programs.", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Notices\n\nThis information was developed for products and services offered in the US. This material might be available from IBM in other languages. However, you may be required to own a copy of the product or product version in that language in order to access it.\n\nIBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.\n\nIBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to:\n\nIBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, MD-NC119, Armonk, NY 10504-1785, US\n\nINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION 'AS IS' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you.\n\nThis information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice.\n\nAny references in this information to non-IBM websites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those websites. The materials at those websites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those websites is at your own risk.\n\nIBM may use or distribute any of the information you provide in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.\n\nThe performance data and client examples cited are presented for illustrative purposes only. Actual performance results may vary depending on specific configurations and operating conditions.\n\nInformation concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.\n\nStatements regarding IBM's future direction or intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.\n\nThis information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to actual people or business enterprises is entirely coincidental.\n\n## COPYRIGHT LICENSE:\n\nThis information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrate programming techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs. The sample programs are provided 'AS IS', without warranty of any kind. IBM shall not be liable for any damages arising out of your use of the sample programs.", "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Notices\n\nThis information was developed for products and services offered in the US. This material might be available from IBM in other languages. However, you may be required to own a copy of the product or product version in that language in order to access it.\n\nIBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.\n\nIBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to:\n\nIBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, MD-NC119, Armonk, NY 10504-1785, US\n\nINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION 'AS IS' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you.\n\nThis information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice.\n\nAny references in this information to non-IBM websites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those websites. The materials at those websites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those websites is at your own risk.\n\nIBM may use or distribute any of the information you provide in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.\n\nThe performance data and client examples cited are presented for illustrative purposes only. Actual performance results may vary depending on specific configurations and operating conditions.\n\nInformation concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.\n\nStatements regarding IBM's future direction or intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.\n\nThis information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to actual people or business enterprises is entirely coincidental.\n\n## COPYRIGHT LICENSE:\n\nThis information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrate programming techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs. The sample programs are provided 'AS IS', without warranty of any kind. IBM shall not be liable for any damages arising out of your use of the sample programs.", + "page_start": 14, + "page_end": 14, + "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Notices\n\nThis information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A.\n\nIBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.\n\nIBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to:\n\nIBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, Armonk, NY 10504-1785 U.S.A.\n\nThe following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any other country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION \"AS IS\" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you.\n\nThis information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice.\n\nAny references in this information to non-IBM websites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those websites. The materials at those websites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those websites is at your own risk.\n\nIBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.\n\nAny performance data contained herein was determined in a controlled environment. Therefore, the results obtained in other operating environments may vary significantly. Some measurements may have been made on development-level systems and there is no guarantee that these measurements will be the same on generally available systems. Furthermore, some measurements may have been estimated through extrapolation. Actual results may vary. Users of this document should verify the applicable data for their specific environment.\n\nInformation concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.\n\nThis information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to the names and addresses used by an actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental.\n\n## COPYRIGHT LICENSE:\n\nThis information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrate programming techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs.", "page_start": 12, @@ -14813,11 +14813,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Creative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.\n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast six CC Licenses and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n\n## We've estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The great growling engine of change - technology. Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n\n## In 2023, we launched the Open Infrastructure Circle (OIC) to ensure consistent funding for this work.\n\nWe're grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.\n\n", "page_start": 3, @@ -14836,6 +14848,12 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Areas of Exploration\n\n## Support for Creators in the Time of Artificial Intelligence\n\nIn 2023, we convened hundreds via roundtables, community conferences (e.g. MozFest , Wikimania ), and public events (e.g. symposium on Generative AI & Creativity )to debate copyright law, the ethics of open sharing, and other relevant areas that touch AI.\n\nAt our CC Global Summit, participants drafted community-driven principles on AI that are a valuable input and will help inform the organization's thinking as we determine CC's exact role in the AI space.\n\n'The Pillars of Creation' by James Webb Space Telescope is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 8, @@ -14859,24 +14877,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBy clicking on the ' Data->Licensing Assistant ' link in the main menu, the Licence Assistant is opened in a new window, displaying relevant information of all supported licences by the tool.\n\n", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Implications of the The Overall Approach\n\nStepping back from The Pile v2 specifically, or any particular existing collection of books or dataset built on their basis, we want to understand the implications of relying on public domain works and expressly licensed works in building a books commons.\n\nThe benefits are relatively straightforward. Both categories, by definition come with express permission to use the books in AI training. The cost of acquiring the books for this use may be effectively zero or close to it, when considering public domain and 'openly' licensed books that allow redistribution and that have already been digitized.\n\nBut this approach comes with some clear limitations. First, as noted above, for many books in the public domain, their status as such is not always clear. And with respect to permissively licensed books, it is not always clear whether and how to comply with the license obligations in this context.\n\nSetting aside those challenges, the simple fact is that relying on public domain and existing permissively licensed books would limit the quantity and diversity of data available for training, impacting performance along different dimensions. Only a small fraction of books ever published fall into this category, and the corpus of books in this category is likely to be skewed heavily towards older public domain books. This skew would, in turn, impact the content available for AI training. For instance, relying on books from before 1929 would not 30 only incorporate outdated language patterns, but also a range of biases and misconceptions about race and gender, among other things. Efforts could be made to get people to permissively license more material - a book drive for permissive licensing, so to speak; this approach would still not encompass most books, at least when it comes to past works. 31\n\n## 5b. Limitations & Exceptions\n\n## Existing Project Example: HathiTrust Research Center (HTRC)\n\nThe HathiTrust Research Center provides researchers with the ability to perform computational analysis across millions of books. While it is not suited specifically for AI training, it is an existence proof for what such a resource might look like.", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## 3.2.6 How to view licensing information\n\nLicensing information is available for all datasets associated with common licences, which are supported by the Licence Assistant. When available a link to the assistant is provided on left side of a dataset page.\n\nBy clicking on the licence name (here: cc-by), the Licence Assistant tool is opened in a new window, displaying relevant information for this particular licence.\n\n", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14887,11 +14887,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": " Creative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.\n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -14904,6 +14916,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, @@ -14933,24 +14951,6 @@ "page_start": 29, "page_end": 29, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## A Note from Leadership\n\nCC staff photos are licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n\n\n2023 was a busy year at Creative Commons. Our Open Culture program and Open Climate Campaign entered their third and second years, respectively. We hosted our first in-person CC Global Summit since 2019 in Mexico City. We held critical consultations and open panels on AI, copyright, and the CC Licenses, cultural heritage, education, and science; and we launched our Open Infrastructure Circle in an effort to ensure the CC Licenses are funded well into the future.\n\nWe also marked transitions in leadership. At the end of December, Catherine Stihler concluded her time as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at Creative Commons, and I transitioned in as Interim. In March 2024, I was appointed CC's permanent CEO. I look forward to working closely with our Board of Directors, staff, and larger community on the critical work that awaits us in 2024 .\n\n## Anna Tumadóttir, CEO\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Microsoft Excel", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14990,6 +14990,12 @@ "page_end": 198, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## PRACTICE EXERCISE SAMPLE Creating Charts\n\n", + "page_start": 59, + "page_end": 59, + "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 5. Enter the name that you want to give the new system, as shown in Figure 4-11. Click Apply and Next .\n\nFigure 4-11 System setup: Setting the system name\n\n", "page_start": 118, @@ -15019,12 +15025,6 @@ "page_start": 24, "page_end": 24, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 7-14 Mirrored Volume creation\n\n\n\n - 3. Click Create (or Create and Map ).", - "page_start": 284, - "page_end": 284, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15588,12 +15588,24 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030 (2009).\n - [8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n - [9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n - [10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n - [11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n - [12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n - [13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].\n - [14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n - [15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n - [16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n - [17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n - [18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n - [19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n - [20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n - [21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n - [22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n - [23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n - [24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n - [25] Z. Ahmed et al. [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].\n - [26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 15: Top σ ( ω ) in the NS and the SCS in the 'corrected' MFLI model with the feedback from SC on the quasiparticle damping: i Γ term transforms into Γ √ -ω 2 +∆ 2 . In the SCS σ now begins at Ω = 2∆. The parameters are same as in Fig. 10. Bottom - the behavior of Kubo sum with Γ. Observe that W ( ω c ) in the NS is larger than in the SCS.\n\n\n\nFIG. 16: Evolution of the difference of the optical integrals between the SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c for the 'corrected' MFLI model. Now ∆ W ( ω c ) is negative above some frequency. Parameters are same as in the Fig 15.\n\n\n\nmodel, where W K is larger in the NS for all Γ (see Fig. 4). In other words, the original MFLI model does not have the BCSI theory as its limiting case.\n\nWe modified the MFLI model is a minimal way by changing the damping term in a SCS to Γ √ -ω 2 +∆ 2 to be consistent with BCSI model. We still use Eq. (18) for the MFL term simply because this term was introduced in the NS on phenomenological grounds and there is no way to guess how it gets modified in the SCS state with-\n\nrst deriving the normal state self-energy microscopically (this is what we will do in the next section). The results of the calculations for the modified MFLI model are presented in Figs. 15 and 16. We clearly see that the behavior is now different and ∆ W K < 0 for all Γ. This is the same behavior as we previously found in BCSI and EB models. So we argue that the 'unconventional' behavior exhibited by the original MFLI model is most likely the manifestation of a particular modeling inconsistency. Still, Ref. 30 made a valid point that the fact that quasiparticles behave more close to free fermions in a SCS than in a NS, and this effect tends to reverse the signs of ∆ W K and of the kinetic energy 43 . It just happens that in a modified MFLI model the optical integral is still larger in the NS.\n\n## D. The collective boson model\n\nWe now turn to a more microscopic model- the CB model. The model describes fermions interacting by exchanging soft, overdamped collective bosons in a particular, near-critical, spin or charge channel 31,44,45 . This interaction is responsible for the normal state self-energy and also gives rise to a superconductivity. A peculiar feature of the CB model is that the propagator of a collective boson changes below T c because this boson is not an independent degree of freedom (as in EB model) but is made out of low-energy fermions which are affected by superconductivity 32 .\n\nThe most relevant point for our discussion is that this model contains the physics which we identified above as a source of a potential sign change of ∆ W K . Namely, at strong coupling the fermionic self-energy in the NS is large because there exists strong scattering between low-energy fermions mediated by low-energy collective bosons. In the SCS, the density of low-energy fermions drops and a continuum collective excitations becomes gaped. Both effects reduce fermionic damping and lead to the increase of W K in a SCS. If this increase exceeds a conventional loss of W K due to a gap opening, the total ∆ W K may become positive.\n\nThe CB model has been applied numerous times to the cuprates, most often under the assumption that nearcritical collective excitations are spin fluctuations with momenta near Q = ( π, π ). This version of a CB boson is commonly known as a spin-fermion model. This model yields d x 2 -y 2 superconductivity and explains in a quantitative way a number of measured electronic features of the cuprates, in particular the near-absence of the quasiparticle peak in the NS of optimally doped and underdoped cuprates 39 and the peak-dip-hump structure in the ARPES profile in the SCS 31,32,46,47 . In our analysis we assume that a CB is a spin fluctuation.\n\nThe results for the conductivity within a spin-fermion model depend in quantitative (but not qualitative) way on the assumption for the momentum dispersion of a collective boson. This momentum dependence comes from", "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, { "text": "form\n\nJ ' ( Q E 1 f E 1 + Q E 2 f E 2 )\n\nwhere J ' is the derivative of Heisenberg coupling J cluster between two spins /lscript and m with respect to their distance r /lscriptm , J ' = d J cluster / d r /lscriptm ; Q E 1 , 2 are the generalized coordinates of these two modes; and the functions f E 1 , 2 are\n\nf E 2 = (1 / 2)( S 2 · S 4 + S 1 · S 3 -S 1 · S 4 -S 2 · S 3 ) , f E 1 = √ 1 / 12( S 1 · S 4 + S 2 · S 3 + S 2 · S 4 + S 1 · S 3 -2 S 1 · S 2 -2 S 3 · S 4 ) .\n\nAccording to TABLE I we have f E 1 = -( √ 3 / 2) τ x and f E 2 = ( √ 3 / 2) τ y . Then the coupling becomes\n\n( √ 3 / 2) J ' ( -Q E 1 τ x + Q E 2 τ y ) (12)\n\nThe spin-lattice(SL) Hamiltonian on a single cluster j is [equation (1.8) in Ref. 35 ],\n\nH cluster j, SL = H cluster j + k 2 ( Q E 1 j ) 2 + k 2 ( Q E 2 j ) 2 -√ 3 2 J ' ( Q E 1 j τ x j -Q E 2 j τ y j ) , (13)\n\nwhere k > 0 is the elastic constant for these phonon modes, J ' is the spin-lattice coupling constant, Q E 1 j and Q E 2 j are the generalized coordinates of the Q E 1 and Q E 2 distortion modes of cluster j , H cluster j is (2). As already noted in Ref. 35 , this model does not really break the pseudo-spin rotation symmetry of a single cluster.\n\nNow we put two clusters j and k together, and include a perturbation λH perturbation to the optical phonon Hamiltonian,\n\nH jk, SL = H cluster j, SL + H cluster k, SL + λH perturbation [ Q E 1 j , Q E 2 j , Q E 1 k , Q E 2 k ]\n\nwhere λ (in fact λ/k ) is the expansion parameter.\n\nConsider the perturbation H perturbation = Q E 1 j · Q E 1 k , which means a coupling between the Q E 1 distortion modes of the two tetrahedra. Integrate out the optical phonons, at lowest non-trivial order, it produces a term (3 J ' 2 λ ) / (4 k 2 ) τ x j · τ x k . This can be seen by minimizing separately the two cluster Hamiltonians with respect to Q E 1 , which gives Q E 1 = ( √ 3 J ' ) / (2 k ) τ x , then plug this into the perturbation term. Thus we have produced the J x term in the Kitaev model with J x = -(3 J ' 2 λ ) / (4 k 2 ).\n\nThe τ z j · τ z k coupling is more difficult to get. We treat it as -τ x j τ y j · τ x k τ y k . By the above reasoning, we need an anharmonic coupling H perturbation = Q E 1 j Q E 2 j · Q E 1 k Q E 2 k . It will produce at lowest non-trivial order (9 J ' 4 λ ) / (16 k 4 ) τ x j τ y j · τ x k τ y k . Thus we have J z = (9 J ' 4 λ ) / (16 k 4 ).\n\nSimilarly the perturbation H perturbation = Q E 2 j · Q E 2 k will generate (3 J ' 2 λ ) / (4 k 2 ) τ y j · τ y k at lowest non-trivial order. So we can make J y = -(3 J ' 2 λ ) / (4 k 2 ).\n\nFinally we have made up a spin-lattice model H SL , which involves only S /lscript · S m interaction for physical spins,\n\nH SL = ∑ cluster H cluster , SL + ∑ x -links λ x Q E 1 j · Q E 1 k + ∑ y -links λ y Q E 2 j · Q E 2 k + ∑ z -links λ z Q E 1 j Q E 2 j · Q E 1 k Q E 2 k\n\nwhere Q E 1 j is the generalized coordinate for the Q E 1 mode on cluster j , and Q E 1 k , Q E 2 j , Q E 2 k are similarly defined; λ x,y = -(4 J x,y k 2 ) / (3 J ' 2 ) and λ z = (16 J z k 4 ) / (9 J ' 4 ); the single cluster spin-lattice Hamiltonian H cluster , SL is (13).\n\nCollect the results above we have the spin-lattice Hamiltonian H SL explicitly written as,\n\nH SL = ∑ cluster j [ ( J cluster / 2)( S j 1 + S j 2 + S j 3 + S j 4 ) 2 + k 2 ( Q E 1 j ) 2 + k 2 ( Q E 2 j ) 2 + J ' ( Q E 1 j S j 1 · S j 4 + S j 2 · S j 3 + S j 2 · S j 4 + S j 1 · S j 3 -2 S j 1 · S j 2 -2 S j 3 · S j 4 √ 12 + Q E 2 j S j 2 · S j 4 + S j 1 · S j 3 -S j 1 · S j 4 -S j 2 · S j 3 2 )] -∑ x -links 4 J x k 2 3 J ' 2 Q E 1 j · Q E 1 k -∑ y -links 4 J y k 2 3 J ' 2 Q E 2 j · Q E 2 k + ∑ z -links 16 J z k 4 9 J ' 4 Q E 1 j Q E 2 j · Q E 1 k Q E 2 k (14)\n\nThe single cluster spin-lattice Hamiltonian [first three lines in (14)] is quite natural. However we need some\n\nharmonic(on x - and y -links of honeycomb lattice) and anharmonic coupling (on z -links) between optical phonon", "page_start": 5, @@ -15605,18 +15617,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "high-energy fermions and is an input for the low-energy theory. Below we follow Refs. 31,33 and assume that the momentum dependence of a collective boson is flat near ( π, π ). The self energy within such model has been worked out consistently in Ref. 31,33. In the normal state\n\nΣ '' ( ω ) = -1 2 λ n ω sf log ( 1 + ω 2 ω 2 sf ) ω (19)\n\nΣ ' ( ω ) = -λ n ω sf arctan ω sf\n\nwhere λ n is the spin-fermion coupling constant, and ω sf is a typical spin relaxation frequency of overdamped spin collective excitations with a propagator\n\nχ ( q ∼ Q, Ω) = χ Q 1 -i Ω ω sf (20)\n\nwhere χ Q is the uniform static susceptibility. If we use Ornstein-Zernike form of χ ( q ) and use either Eliashberg 45 or FLEX computational schemes 48 , we get rather similar behavior of Σ as a function of frequency and rather similar behavior of optical integrals.\n\nThe collective nature of spin fluctuations is reflected in the fact that the coupling λ and the bosonic frequency ω sf are related: λ scales as ξ 2 , where ξ is the bosonic mass (the distance to a bosonic instability), and ω sf ∝ ξ -2 (see Ref. 49). For a flat χ ( q ∼ Q ) the product λω sf does not depend on ξ and is the overall dimensional scale for boson-mediated interactions.\n\nIn the SCS fermionic excitations acquire a gap. This gap affects fermionic self-energy in two ways: directly, via the change of the dispersion of an intermediate boson in the exchange process involving a CB, and indirectly, via the change of the propagator of a CB. We remind ourselves that the dynamics of a CB comes from a particlehole bubble which is indeed affected by ∆.\n\nThe effect of a d -wave pairing gap on a CB has been discussed in a number of papers, most recently in 31 . In\n\na SCS a gapless continuum described by Eq. (20) transforms into a gaped continuum, with a gap about 2∆ and a resonance at ω = ω 0 < 2∆, where for a d -wave gap we define ∆ as a maximum of a d -wave gap.\n\nThe spin susceptibility near ( π, π ) in a superconductor can generally be written up as\n\nχ ( q ∼ Q, Ω) = χ Q 1 -i Π(Ω) ω sf (21)\n\nwhere Π is evaluated by adding up the bubbles made out of two normal and two anomalous Green's functions. Below 2∆, Π(Ω) is real ( ∼ Ω 2 / ∆ for small Ω), and the resonance emerges at Ω = ω 0 at which Π( ω 0 ) = ω sf . At frequencies larger than 2∆, Π(Ω) has an imaginary part, and this gives rise to a gaped continuum in χ (Ω).\n\nThe imaginary part of the spin susceptibility around the resonance frequency ω 0 is 31\n\nχ '' ( q, Ω) = πZ o ω 0 2 δ (Ω -ω 0 ) (22)\n\nwhere Z o ∼ 2 ω sf χ 0 / ∂ Π ∂ω | Ω= ω 0 . The imaginary part of the spin susceptibility describing a gaped continuum exists for for Ω ≥ 2∆ and is\n\nχ '' ( q, Ω) = Im [ χ 0 1 -1 ω sf ( 4∆ 2 Ω D ( 4∆ 2 Ω 2 ) + i Ω K 2 (1 -4∆ 2 Ω 2 ) ) ]\n\n≈ Im [ χ 0 1 -1 ω sf ( π ∆ 2 Ω + i π 2 Ω ) ] f or Ω >> 2∆ (23)\n\nIn Eq. (23) D ( x ) = K 1 ( x ) -K 2 ( x ) x , and K 1 ( x ) and K 2 ( x ) are Elliptic integrals of first and second kind. The real part of χ is obtained by Kramers-Kronig transform of the imaginary part.\n\nSubstituting Eq 6 for χ ( q, Ω) into the formula for the self-energy one obtains Σ '' ( ω ) in a SCS state as a sum of two terms 31\n\nΣ '' ( ω ) = Σ '' A ( ω ) + Σ '' B ( ω ) (24)\n\nwhere,\n\ncomes from the interaction with the resonance and\n\nΣ '' A ( ω ) = πZ o 2 λ n ω o Re ( ω + ω o √ ( ω + ω o ) 2 -∆ 2 )\n\nΣ '' B ( ω ) = -λ n ∫ | E | 2∆ dxRe ω + x √ ( ω + x ) 2 -∆ 2 x ω sf K 2 ( 1 -4∆ 2 x 2 ) [ 1 -4∆ 2 xω sf D ( 4∆ 2 x 2 ) ] 2 + [ x ω sf K 2 ( 1 -4∆ 2 x 2 ) ] 2 (25)\n\ncomes from the interaction with the gaped continuum.\n\nThe real part of Σ is obtained by Kramers-Kronig trans-", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "parameter to be consistent with the current observations. We also calculate the scattering cross section between the DM particle and nucleon and discuss the implication for the direct DM search experiments. We summarize our results in the section IV. Our notations and the formulas used in our analysis are listed in Appendix.\n\n## II. THE MINIMAL GAUGED U (1) B -L MODEL WITH Z 2 PARITY\n\nThe model is based on the gauge group SU (3) C × SU (2) L × U (1) Y × U (1) B -L . Additional fields besides the standard model fields are a gauge field Z ' µ of the U (1) B -L , a SM singlet B -L Higgs boson Ψ with two U (1) B -L charge, and three RH neutrinos N i which are necessary for the gauge and gravitational anomaly cancellations. In describing the RH neutrinos, we use the four component representation of RH neutrino constructed from the Weyl spinor ν R i ,\n\nN i ≡   ν R i /epsilon1 ν ∗ R i   , (1)\n\nFor the two RH neutrinos, N 1 and N 2 , we assign Z 2 parity even, while odd for N 3 , so that the RH neutrino N 3 is stable and, hence, the DM candidate.\n\nDue to the additional gauge symmetry U (1) B -L , the covariant derivative for each fields is given by\n\nD µ = D ( SM ) µ -iq B -L g B -L Z ' µ , (2)\n\nwhere D ( SM ) µ is the covariant derivative in the SM, and q B -L is the charge of each fields under the U (1) B -L with its gauge coupling g B -L .\n\nYukawa interactions relevant for the neutrino masses are given by\n\nL int = 3 ∑ α =1 2 ∑ i =1 y αi ¯ L α ˜ Φ N i -1 2 3 ∑ i =1 λ R i ¯ N i Ψ P R N i +h . c ., (3)\n\nwhere ˜ Φ = -iτ 2 Φ ∗ for Φ being the SM Higgs doublet, and without loss of generality we have worked out in the basis where the second term in the right-hand-side is in flavor diagonal for RH neutrinos. Because of the Z 2 parity, the DM candidate N 3 has no Yukawa couplings with the left-handed lepton doublets.\n\nThe general Higgs potential for the SU (2) L doublet Φ and a singlet B -L Higgs Ψ is generally given by\n\nV (Φ , Ψ) = m 2 1 | Φ | 2 + m 2 2 | Ψ | 2 + λ 1 | Φ | 4 + λ 2 | Ψ | 4 + λ 3 | Φ | 2 | Ψ | 2 . (4)", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15680,17 +15680,17 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, { "text": "∆\n\nFIG. 6: Evolution of ∆ W in the presence of a lattice (solid line) compared with the case of no lattice(a constant DOS, dashed line) for clean and dirty limits. ∆ = 30 meV , Γ = 3 . 5 meV (clean limit), Γ = 150 meV (dirty limit)\n\n\n\nΣ ' ( ω ) = -1 2 λ n ω o Re ∫ dω ' 1 ω 2 o -ω ' 2 -iδ ω + ω ' √ ( ω + ω ' ) 2 -∆ 2 (16)\n\nObserve that Σ '' ( ω ) is no-zero only for ω < -ω o -∆. Also, although it does not straightforwardly follow from Eq. 16, but real and imaginary parts of the self-energy do satisfy Σ ' ( ω ) = -Σ ' ( -ω ) and Σ '' ( ω ) = Σ '' ( -ω ).\n\nFig7 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) and Kubo sums W K as a function of the dimensionless coupling λ . We see that, like in the previous case, the Kubo sum in the NS is larger than that in the SCS. The difference ∆ W K is between 5 and 8 meV.\n\nFig 8 shows the evolution of the optical integrals. Here we see the difference with the BCSI model - only about 75% of the optical integral is recovered, both in the NS and SCS, when we integrate up to the bandwidth of 1 eV . The rest comes from higher frequencies.\n\nIn Fig 9 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function of ω c . We see the same behavior as in the BCSI model in a clean limit - ∆ W ( ω c ) is positive at small frequencies, crosses zero at some ω c , passes through a deep minimum at a larger frequency, and eventually saturates at a negative value at the largest w c . However, in distinction to BCSI model, ∆ W ( ω c ) keeps varying with ω c up a much larger scale and saturates only at around 0 . 8 eV . In between the dip at 0 . 1 eV and 0 . 8 eV , the behavior of the optical integral is predominantly determined by the variation of the cut-off term ∆ f ( ω c ) as evidenced by a close similarity between the behavior of the actual ∆ W and ∆ W in the absence\n\n1\n\nFIG. 7: Top- conductivities in the NS and the SCS for the EB model. The conductivity in the NS vanishes below ω 0 because of no phase space for scattering. Bottom - Kubo sums as a function of coupling. Observe that W K in the SCS is below that in the NS. We set ω o = 40 meV , ∆ = 30 meV , λ = . 5\n\n\n\nFIG. 8: Evolution of the optical integrals in the EB model. Note that W (0) has a non zero value at T = 0 in the NS because the self-energy at small frequencies is purely real and linear in ω , hence the polarization bubble Π(0) = 0, as in an ideal Fermi gas. Parameters are the same as in fig. 7\n\n\n\nc\n\n/negationslash", "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 134. Blackmore, Susan (2014). \"The Neural Correlates of Consciousness\" (https://www.edge.org/ response-detail/25457). Edge.org . Retrieved 22 April 2018.\n - 135. Krohn, Stephan; Ostwald, Dirk (2017). \"Computing integrated information\" (https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007153). Neuroscience of Consciousness . 2017 (1): nix017. doi:10.1093/nc/nix017 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnc%2Fnix017). PMC 6007153 (https://ww w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007153). PMID 30042849 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni h.gov/30042849).\n - 136. Cerullo, Michael A. (September 2015). Kording, Konrad P. (ed.). \"The Problem with Phi: A Critique of Integrated Information Theory\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45 74706). PLOS Computational Biology . 11 (9): e1004286. Bibcode:2015PLSCB..11E4286C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLSCB..11E4286C). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004286 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1004286). PMC 4574706 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574706). PMID 26378789 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26378789).\n - 137. Mørch, Hedda Hassel (2017). \"The Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness\" (http s://philosophynow.org/issues/121/The\\_Integrated\\_Information\\_Theory\\_of\\_Consciousness). Philosophy Now . Retrieved 22 April 2018.\n - 138. Oizumi, Masafumi; Albantakis, Larissa; Tononi, Giulio (May 2014). \"From the Phenomenology to the Mechanisms of Consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014402). PLOS Computational Biology . 10 (5): e1003588. Bibcode:2014PLSCB..10E3588O (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PL SCB..10E3588O). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003588 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcb i.1003588). PMC 4014402 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014402). PMID 24811198 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24811198).\n - 139. Mindt, Garrett (2017). \"The Problem with the 'Information' in Integrated Information Theory\" (http://newdualism.org/papers/G.Mindt/Mindt-JCS2017.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 24 (7-8): 130-154. Retrieved 22 February 2022.\n - 140. Baars, Bernard J. (2005). \"Global workspace theory of consciousness: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience\". The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology . Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 150. pp. 45-53. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.2829 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456. 2829). doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50004-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%280 5%2950004-9). ISBN 9780444518514. PMID 16186014 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1 6186014).\n - 141. Dehaene, Stanislas; Naccache, Lionel (2001). \"Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework\" (http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/ cs671/12f/12f-papers/dehaene-consciousness.pdf) (PDF). Cognition . 79 (1-2): 1-37. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00123-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2800%2900 123-2). PMID 11164022 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11164022). S2CID 1762431 (http s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1762431). Retrieved 5 April 2019.\n - 142. Dalton, J. W. (1997). \"The unfinished theatre\". Journal of Consciousness Studies . 4 (4): 316-318.\n - 143. Elitzur, Avshalom C. (1997). \"Why don't we know what Mary knows? Baars' reversing the problem of qualia\". Journal of Consciousness Studies . 4 (4): 319-324.\n - 144. The Meta-Problem of Consciousness | Professor David Chalmers | Talks at Google (https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsYUWtLQBS0), 2 April 2019, retrieved 2022-01-11\n - 145. Stoppard, Tom (28 January 2015). \"First Person\". Programme notes . London: Royal National Theatre.\n\n## External links", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15954,14 +15954,14 @@ }, { "text": "[This page intentionally left blank.]", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, { "text": "[This page intentionally left blank.]", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, { @@ -15983,10 +15983,10 @@ "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, { - "text": "The priority in this state is to recover the link to restore the relationship or consistency.\n\nNo configuration activity is possible (except for deletes or stops) until the relationship becomes connected again. At that point, the relationship changes to a connected state. The exact connected state that is entered depends on the state of the other half of the relationship or Consistency Group, which depends on the following factors:\n\n - /SM590000 The state when it became disconnected\n - /SM590000 The write activity since it was disconnected\n - /SM590000 The configuration activity since it was disconnected\n\nIf both halves are IdlingDisconnected , the relationship becomes Idling when it is reconnected.\n\nWhile IdlingDisconnected , if a write I/O is received that causes the loss of synchronization (synchronized attribute transitions from true to false ) and the relationship was not already stopped (either through a user stop or a persistent error), an event is raised to notify you of the condition. This same event also is raised when this condition occurs for the ConsistentSynchronized state.\n\n## InconsistentDisconnected\n\nInconsistentDisconnected is a disconnected state. The target volumes in this half of the relationship or Consistency Group are all in the auxiliary role, and do not accept read or write I/O. Except for deletes, no configuration activity is permitted until the relationship becomes connected again.\n\nWhen the relationship or Consistency Group becomes connected again, the relationship becomes InconsistentCopying automatically unless either of the following conditions are true:\n\n - /SM590000 The relationship was InconsistentStopped when it became disconnected.\n - /SM590000 The user issued a stop command while disconnected.\n\nIn either case, the relationship or Consistency Group becomes InconsistentStopped .\n\n## ConsistentDisconnected\n\nConsistentDisconnected is a disconnected state. The target volumes in this half of the relationship or Consistency Group are all in the auxiliary role, and accept read I/O but not write I/O.\n\nThis state is entered from ConsistentSynchronized or ConsistentStopped when the auxiliary side of a relationship becomes disconnected.\n\nIn this state, the relationship or Consistency Group displays an attribute of FreezeTime, which is the point when Consistency was frozen. When it is entered from ConsistentStopped , it retains the time that it had in that state. When it is entered from ConsistentSynchronized , the FreezeTime shows the last time at which the relationship or Consistency Group was known to be consistent. This time corresponds to the time of the last successful heartbeat to the other system.\n\nA stop command with the -access flag set to true transitions the relationship or Consistency Group to the IdlingDisconnected state. This state allows write I/O to be performed to the auxiliary volume and is used as part of a Disaster Recovery scenario.", - "page_start": 561, - "page_end": 561, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030 (2009).\n - [8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n - [9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n - [10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n - [11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n - [12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n - [13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].\n - [14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n - [15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n - [16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n - [17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n - [18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n - [19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n - [20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n - [21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n - [22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n - [23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n - [24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n - [25] Z. Ahmed et al. [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].\n - [26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15997,8 +15997,8 @@ "target_page": 59, "target_passage": "Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16008,6 +16008,12 @@ "page_end": 26, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" }, + { + "text": "## Did you enjoy reading this book?\n\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\n\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa twitter.com/oxbridgeEdu www.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\n\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer -ing skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised courses to students in South Africa and abroad.\n\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our students' needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic assistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study material in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students to understand.\n\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\n\n## CONTACT NUMBERS:\n\nTel: 021 1100 200 Tel:+2721 883 2454 (international) Fax: 086 111 2121\n\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\n\nWhatsapp: 0605671585 Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\nPostal Address:\n\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section 31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.", + "page_start": 58, + "page_end": 58, + "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" + }, { "text": "\n\n## TIPS FOR FILLING IN YOUR COLLEGE REGISTRATION FORM\n\nApplying for college (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) can be a daunting experience. Not only do you need to choose a course, but you also need to make sure that you:\n\n - · meet the entry requirements\n - · meet the deadlines\n - · fill in the forms correctly\n - · send the forms to the right address\n - · include all the necessary attachments\n\nTo make the college registration process easier for you, we've compiled a comprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/). The guide also includes general tips that will be relevant to the application and registration processes at other colleges.\n\n## There are 4 steps you need to follow when you want to register as a student at Oxbridge Academy:\n\n - 1. Select Your Course\n - 2. Fill in Your Student Details\n - 3. Select Your Delivery Option\n - 4. Pay Your Registration Fee and Send in Your Form\n\n", "page_start": 20, @@ -16055,12 +16061,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## CHAPTER 7:\n\n## HOW TO ASK FOR HELP FROM YOUR TUTOR\n\n\n\nAs a student, you are going to experience times when you need help with your studies. You might be unsure about an assignment question, you might be confused by a particular concept, or you might be stressed about the upcoming exams.\n\nAnd if you are studying via distance learning (www.oxbridgeacademy.co. za/distance-learning/), where you don't have any face-to-face interaction with lecturers, you will need to rely on your tutors for the necessary academic support.", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" } ] }, @@ -16071,8 +16071,8 @@ "target_page": 340, "target_passage": "For load balancing and access redundancy on the host side, the use of a host multipathing driver is required in the following situations: Protection from fabric link failures, including port failures on the IBM Spectrum Virtualize system nodes Protection from a host HBA failure (if two HBAs are in use) Protection from fabric failures if the host is connected through two HBAs to two separate fabrics Provide load balancing across the host HBA", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16162,6 +16162,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries\n\nPrior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discovered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included the first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and the HBL 1ES0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discovered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three of these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to the release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray brightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs.\n\nVHEemission from 3C66A was discovered by VERITAS in September 2008 [17] during a flaring episode that was also observed by the Fermi-LAT [18]. The observed flux above 200 GeV was 6% of the Crab Nebula flux and the measured VHE spectrum was very soft (Γ VHE ∼ 4 . 1). RGBJ0710+591 was detected", "page_start": 1, @@ -16174,6 +16180,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030 (2009).\n - [8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n - [9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n - [10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n - [11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n - [12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n - [13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].\n - [14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n - [15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n - [16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n - [17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n - [18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n - [19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n - [20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n - [21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n - [22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n - [23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n - [24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n - [25] Z. Ahmed et al. [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].\n - [26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" + }, { "text": "## VERITAS Observations of Blazars\n\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration\n\nHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645, USA\n\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is used to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is currently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration's Key Science Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class of identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which are blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE exposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected results are presented.\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nActive galactic nuclei are the most numerous class of identified VHE γ -ray sources. These objects emit non-thermal radiation across ∼ 20 orders of magnitude in energy and rank among the most powerful particle accelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN possess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). VHE γ -ray emission can be generated in these jets, likely in a compact region very near the SMBH event horizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed along the line-of-sight to the observer, are of particular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately 30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ -rays, and some are spectacularly variable on time scales comparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH ( ∼ 2 min; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment very near the central SMBH and address a wide range of physical phenomena, including the accretion and jet-formation processes. These studies also have cosmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be used to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields (see the extragalactic background light (EBL) constraints from, e.g., [2, 3]).\n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The origin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained as synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons in the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy peak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the result of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons off the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the seed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the synchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an external source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible explanations for the VHE emission, but generally are not favored.\n\nContemporaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) obser-\n\nvations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks and are crucial for extracting information from the observations of VHE blazars. They are used to constrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of the emission region, as well as to determine the origin (leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ -rays. In leptonic scenarios, such MWL observations are used to measure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing the emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the seed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of the cosmological EBL density requires accurate modeling of the blazar's intrinsic VHE emission that can only be performed with contemporaneous MWL observations.\n\n## 2. VERITAS\n\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of four 12-m atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona, is used to study VHE γ -rays from a variety of astrophysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific observations with a partial array in September 2006 and has routinely observed with the full array since September 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS include an energy threshold of ∼ 100 GeV, an energy resolution of ∼ 15%, an angular resolution of ∼ 0.1 · , and a sensitivity yielding a 5 σ detection of a 1% Crab Nebula flux object in < 30 hours 1 . VERITAS has an active maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror recoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high performance over time, and an upgrade improving both the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs) and the trigger system has been proposed to the funding agencies.", "page_start": 0, @@ -16197,18 +16209,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in Fermi Blazars\n\nA. Strom Univ. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA A. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly\n\nCfA, MA 02138, USA\n\nWe present multi-epoch observations from the Submillimeter Array ( SMA ) for a sample of 171 bright blazars, 43 of which were detected by Fermi during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation between their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special emphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is determined using a combination of Fermi designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS), resulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate submillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands during the months August-October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous autoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity. All of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low and high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during flaring epochs.\n\n## 1. INTRODUCTION\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring events occur in blazars indicate that much of the energy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emission differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs objects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) may offer important insight into the similarity between blazars and, furthermore, can provide constraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets themselves.\n\nFor the synchrotron component of blazar spectra, the low-frequency spectral break due to synchrotron self-absorption moves to higher frequencies as one measures closer to the base of the jet [2]. This often places the peak of the spectrum in the millimeter and submillimeter bands, where the emission is optically-thin and originates on parsec and sub-parsec scales [3], allowing direct observation of the most compact regions near the central engine. The high energy γ -ray emission originates as a Compton process, typically a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) and external-radiation-Compton (ERC). Depending on the source properties, the synchrotron photons or external photons are upscattered by the same population of electrons that emit the millimeter and submillimeter spectra. Therefore the submillimeter and γ -ray emission are closely linked and give the full information about the source emission.\n\nA systematic study of the submillimeter properties of the entire sample of Fermi blazars has yet to be conducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We present here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter properties of Fermi blazars detected by the Submil-\n\nlimeter Array 1 ( SMA ) at 1mm and 850 µ m, including an investigation of variable behavior and the determination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In addition, we consider the connection to the observed γ -ray indices and luminosities.\n\n## 2. SMA BLAZARS\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m antennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The SMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations and typically operates in the 1mm and 850 µ m windows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25' at 850 µ m. The sources used as phase calibrators for the array are compiled in a database known as the SMA Calibrator List 2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright objects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy at 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, both during science observations and dedicated observing tracks.\n\nTo select our sample, we identified objects in the calibrator list that were also classified as BL Lacs or FSRQs by the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey [6, CGRaBS]. Of the 243 total objects in the calibrator list, 171 (35 BL Lacs and 136 FSRQs) have positive blazar class identifications, although there are three sources (J0238+166, J0428-379, and", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16353,10 +16353,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Board of Directors", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030 (2009).\n - [8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n - [9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n - [10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n - [11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n - [12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n - [13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].\n - [14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n - [15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n - [16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n - [17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n - [18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n - [19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n - [20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n - [21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n - [22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n - [23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n - [24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n - [25] Z. Ahmed et al. [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].\n - [26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16515,8 +16515,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "linked to the later Chernyakhov cul- ture to the southeast and to early Goths", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16590,7 +16590,7 @@ "target_passage": "that much of the en- ergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 2 + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16600,6 +16600,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 5: Ratio of γ -ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this plot should be directly correlated with its blazar 'state', with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower left. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot.\n\n\n\n - · BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant differences in amplitude of submillimeter variability or characteristic timescale, but our sample of BL Lacs may be dominated by highpeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit observational similarities with FSRQs.\n - · Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both high and low states, with characteristic timescales 10 < τ rest < 500 days.\n - · The blazars detected by Fermi have synchrotron peaks at higher frequencies, regardless of submillimeter luminosity.\n - · FSRQs exhibit higher ratios of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity than BL Lacs (Figure 5), but all objects inhabit a region of parameter space suggesting transitions between states during flaring epochs.\n\nAs Fermi continues to observe fainter sources, the sample of objects for which we can perform this type of analysis will increase and provide better limits on our results. To understand the physical relevance of these results, however, it is important to be able to distinguish between the difference in variability between BL\n\nLacs and FSRQs. One avenue for exploring this difference is to monitor changing submillimeter energy spectral index and the ratio of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity as functions of time. The full meaning of the results of our autoregressive method is not yet clear, and will require better-sampled blazar light curves and the comparison between τ rest with physical timescales such as the synchrotron cooling timescale. These analyses would allow us to place constraints on the processes occurring near the base of the jet in blazars and further understand the intimate connection between them.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work was supported in part by the NSF REU and DoD ASSURE programs under Grant no. 0754568 and by the Smithsonian Institution. Partial support was also provided by NASA contract NAS8-39073 and NASA grant NNX07AQ55G. We have made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France, and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the JPL, Caltech, under contract with NASA.", "page_start": 4, @@ -16643,16 +16649,10 @@ "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, { - "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar object is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered at VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\n\n| Object | | Class Redshift |\n|----------------|------|------------------|\n| M87 | FR I | 0.004 |\n| Mkn421 | HBL | 0.030 |\n| Mkn501 | HBL | 0.034 |\n| 1ES2344+514 | HBL | 0.044 |\n| 1ES1959+650 | HBL | 0.047 |\n| WComae † | IBL | 0.102 |\n| RGBJ0710+591 † | HBL | 0.125 |\n| H1426+428 | HBL | 0.129 |\n| 1ES0806+524 † | HBL | 0.138 |\n| 1ES0229+200 | HBL | 0.139 |\n| 1ES1218+304 | HBL | 0.182 |\n| RBS0413 † | HBL | 0.190 |\n| 1ES0502+675 † | HBL | 0.341 |\n| 3C66A † | IBL | 0.444? |\n| PKS1424+240 † | IBL | ? |\n| VERJ0521+211 † | ? | ? |\n\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7) during VERITAS observations from December 2008 to March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE discovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the Fermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413, a relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 2 . These data resulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ , ∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Nebula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultaneously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE and other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT data, for each of these three sources will be the subject of a joint publication involving both the VERITAS and LAT collaborations.\n\n## 5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT\n\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by VERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily by results from the first year of LAT data taking. In particular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21] and 1ES0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS observations triggered by the inclusion of these objects in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former is only the third IBL known to emit VHE gammarays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition, VERJ0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud AGN RGBJ0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS in ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These observations were motivated by its identification as a > 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data. Its VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it among the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent years. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE flaring from VERJ0521+211 in November 2009 [24], leading to deeper VHE observations.\n\n## 6. Blazars Upper Limits\n\nMore than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed by VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009. The total exposure on the 49 non-detected candidates is ∼ 305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per candidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is split amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is divided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9 FSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of significant VHE γ -ray emission from any of these 49 blazars [25]. However, the observed significance distribution is clearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1). A stacking analysis performed on the entire data sample shows an overall excess of 430 γ -rays, corresponding to a statistical significance of 4.8 σ , observed from the directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and HBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Observations of these objects also comprise ∼ 80% of the total exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all the extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not clearly detected ( > 5 σ ), by VERITAS does not show a significant excess ( ∼ 120 h exposure). The stacked excess persists using alternate methods for estimating the background at each blazar location, and with different event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized for sources with Γ VHE > 4). The distribution of VHE flux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE flux upper limits are generally the most-constraining ever reported for these objects.\n\n## 7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS observations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were organized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08), 1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (200910 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWLobservation campaigns were performed. These include campaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VERITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data. All MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16704,6 +16704,12 @@ "page_end": 352, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Microsoft Excel", "page_start": 3, @@ -16721,12 +16727,6 @@ "page_start": 149, "page_end": 149, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSNOllVlIWll\n\nH13N3US\n\nONllVU3dO\n\n08-108-00\n\nSd3MAVN", - "page_start": 365, - "page_end": 365, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16760,12 +16760,24 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "Table I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar object is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered at VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\n\n| Object | | Class Redshift |\n|----------------|------|------------------|\n| M87 | FR I | 0.004 |\n| Mkn421 | HBL | 0.030 |\n| Mkn501 | HBL | 0.034 |\n| 1ES2344+514 | HBL | 0.044 |\n| 1ES1959+650 | HBL | 0.047 |\n| WComae † | IBL | 0.102 |\n| RGBJ0710+591 † | HBL | 0.125 |\n| H1426+428 | HBL | 0.129 |\n| 1ES0806+524 † | HBL | 0.138 |\n| 1ES0229+200 | HBL | 0.139 |\n| 1ES1218+304 | HBL | 0.182 |\n| RBS0413 † | HBL | 0.190 |\n| 1ES0502+675 † | HBL | 0.341 |\n| 3C66A † | IBL | 0.444? |\n| PKS1424+240 † | IBL | ? |\n| VERJ0521+211 † | ? | ? |\n\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7) during VERITAS observations from December 2008 to March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE discovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the Fermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413, a relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 2 . These data resulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ , ∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Nebula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultaneously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE and other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT data, for each of these three sources will be the subject of a joint publication involving both the VERITAS and LAT collaborations.\n\n## 5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT\n\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by VERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily by results from the first year of LAT data taking. In particular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21] and 1ES0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS observations triggered by the inclusion of these objects in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former is only the third IBL known to emit VHE gammarays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition, VERJ0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud AGN RGBJ0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS in ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These observations were motivated by its identification as a > 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data. Its VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it among the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent years. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE flaring from VERJ0521+211 in November 2009 [24], leading to deeper VHE observations.\n\n## 6. Blazars Upper Limits\n\nMore than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed by VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009. The total exposure on the 49 non-detected candidates is ∼ 305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per candidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is split amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is divided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9 FSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of significant VHE γ -ray emission from any of these 49 blazars [25]. However, the observed significance distribution is clearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1). A stacking analysis performed on the entire data sample shows an overall excess of 430 γ -rays, corresponding to a statistical significance of 4.8 σ , observed from the directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and HBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Observations of these objects also comprise ∼ 80% of the total exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all the extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not clearly detected ( > 5 σ ), by VERITAS does not show a significant excess ( ∼ 120 h exposure). The stacked excess persists using alternate methods for estimating the background at each blazar location, and with different event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized for sources with Γ VHE > 4). The distribution of VHE flux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE flux upper limits are generally the most-constraining ever reported for these objects.\n\n## 7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS observations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were organized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08), 1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (200910 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWLobservation campaigns were performed. These include campaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VERITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data. All MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered", "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries\n\nPrior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discovered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included the first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and the HBL 1ES0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discovered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three of these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to the release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray brightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs.\n\nVHEemission from 3C66A was discovered by VERITAS in September 2008 [17] during a flaring episode that was also observed by the Fermi-LAT [18]. The observed flux above 200 GeV was 6% of the Crab Nebula flux and the measured VHE spectrum was very soft (Γ VHE ∼ 4 . 1). RGBJ0710+591 was detected", "page_start": 1, @@ -16778,29 +16790,17 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## VERITAS Observations of Blazars\n\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration\n\nHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645, USA\n\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is used to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is currently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration's Key Science Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class of identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which are blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE exposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected results are presented.\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nActive galactic nuclei are the most numerous class of identified VHE γ -ray sources. These objects emit non-thermal radiation across ∼ 20 orders of magnitude in energy and rank among the most powerful particle accelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN possess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). VHE γ -ray emission can be generated in these jets, likely in a compact region very near the SMBH event horizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed along the line-of-sight to the observer, are of particular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately 30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ -rays, and some are spectacularly variable on time scales comparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH ( ∼ 2 min; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment very near the central SMBH and address a wide range of physical phenomena, including the accretion and jet-formation processes. These studies also have cosmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be used to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields (see the extragalactic background light (EBL) constraints from, e.g., [2, 3]).\n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The origin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained as synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons in the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy peak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the result of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons off the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the seed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the synchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an external source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible explanations for the VHE emission, but generally are not favored.\n\nContemporaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) obser-\n\nvations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks and are crucial for extracting information from the observations of VHE blazars. They are used to constrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of the emission region, as well as to determine the origin (leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ -rays. In leptonic scenarios, such MWL observations are used to measure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing the emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the seed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of the cosmological EBL density requires accurate modeling of the blazar's intrinsic VHE emission that can only be performed with contemporaneous MWL observations.\n\n## 2. VERITAS\n\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of four 12-m atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona, is used to study VHE γ -rays from a variety of astrophysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific observations with a partial array in September 2006 and has routinely observed with the full array since September 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS include an energy threshold of ∼ 100 GeV, an energy resolution of ∼ 15%, an angular resolution of ∼ 0.1 · , and a sensitivity yielding a 5 σ detection of a 1% Crab Nebula flux object in < 30 hours 1 . VERITAS has an active maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror recoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high performance over time, and an upgrade improving both the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs) and the trigger system has been proposed to the funding agencies.", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "detailed variability analysis for one of two reasons: (1) too few data points or (2) flux measurement uncertainties on the order of the amplitude of observed variability. It is important to note that, due to discrepancies between the sampling frequency in both bands, the variability indices for the 850 µ mband may be artificially depressed due to the fact that there are not always corresponding measurements at higher frequencies during flaring epochs.\n\n## 3.2. First-Order Continuous Autoregression\n\nWe follow the method of Kelly et al. [9], who model quasar optical light curves as a continuous time firstorder autoregressive process (CAR(1)) in order to extract characteristic time scales and the amplitude of flux variations. Although flaring behavior is not typically thought of as an autoregressive process, we find that the light curves are well-fit by the models and therefore adopt the method here to study blazar submillimeter light curves.\n\nThe CAR(1) process is described by a stochastic differential equation [9],\n\ndS ( t ) = 1 τ S ( t ) dt + σ √ dt glyph[epsilon1] ( t ) + b dt, (3)\n\nassociated with a power spectrum of the form\n\nP X ( f ) = 2 σ 2 τ 2 1 + (2 πτf ) 2 . (4)\n\nIn equations 3 and 4, τ is called the 'relaxation time' of the process S ( t ) and is identified by the break in P X ( f ). The power spectrum appears flat for timescales longer than this and falls off as 1 /f 2 for timescales shorter than the characteristic timescale of the process.\n\nTaking the logarithm of the blazar light curve (in Jy) to be S ( t ), we adopt τ (in days) as the characteristic timescale of variability, after which the physical process 'forgets' about what has happened at time lags of greater than τ . The two other relevant parameters, σ and µ = b/a , are the overall amplitude of variability and the logarithm of mean value of the light curve, respectively.\n\nIn the routine, we construct an autoregressive model for the light curves for a minimum of 100,000 iterations and calculate the value of τ from the break in the power spectrum in each instance. Due to the limited number of observations in the 850 µ m band, we performed this autoregressive analysis only for the 1mm light curves, which typically have more than 10 points per light curve.\n\nThis method yielded some surprising results. In Figure 3, we see that the BL Lacs and FSRQs exhibit virtually no difference in characteristic timescale, with\n\nFigure 3: Characteristic timescale (days) versus submillimeter luminosity (erg s -1 ) in the 1mm band for all objects. Physically, τ represents a 'relaxation timescale', the timescale beyond which events are no longer correlated.\n\n\n\nboth classes extending across a large range in τ . Because of the uncertainty for objects with shorter characteristic timescales, it is hard to draw any definitive conclusions about the differences between classes. It is important to note that τ does not necessarily represent a flaring timescale, which is a behavior that typically operates on a scale of ∼ 10-100 days and not on the longer timescales we see in τ .\n\n## 4. CONNECTION WITH GAMMA-RAYS\n\nIn general, we find that in the submillimeter, we are observing these blazars at or near the peak of the synchrotron component ( α S ∼ 0), but that Fermi -detected sources have more negative energy spectral indices overall than Fermi -nondetected sources. In Figure 4, we see that while the majority of Fermi blazars are observed on the rising part of the synchrotron component (at lower energies than the peak), all of the objects have very steeply falling γ -ray energy spectral indexes, putting the γ -ray peak at lower energies than the observed Fermi band. Knowing that we are not observing the synchrotron and γ -ray components at analagous points in the spectrum may allow us to better understand the magnetic field in the parsec-scale jet region and the population of external photons that is being upscattered to γ -rays.\n\nIn Figure 5, the ratio between L γ and νL ν, 1mm reflects the division between BL Lacs and FSRQs as well", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + { + "text": "## VERITAS Observations of Blazars\n\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration\n\nHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645, USA\n\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is used to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is currently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration's Key Science Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class of identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which are blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE exposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected results are presented.\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nActive galactic nuclei are the most numerous class of identified VHE γ -ray sources. These objects emit non-thermal radiation across ∼ 20 orders of magnitude in energy and rank among the most powerful particle accelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN possess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). VHE γ -ray emission can be generated in these jets, likely in a compact region very near the SMBH event horizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed along the line-of-sight to the observer, are of particular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately 30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ -rays, and some are spectacularly variable on time scales comparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH ( ∼ 2 min; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment very near the central SMBH and address a wide range of physical phenomena, including the accretion and jet-formation processes. These studies also have cosmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be used to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields (see the extragalactic background light (EBL) constraints from, e.g., [2, 3]).\n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The origin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained as synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons in the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy peak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the result of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons off the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the seed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the synchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an external source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible explanations for the VHE emission, but generally are not favored.\n\nContemporaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) obser-\n\nvations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks and are crucial for extracting information from the observations of VHE blazars. They are used to constrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of the emission region, as well as to determine the origin (leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ -rays. In leptonic scenarios, such MWL observations are used to measure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing the emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the seed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of the cosmological EBL density requires accurate modeling of the blazar's intrinsic VHE emission that can only be performed with contemporaneous MWL observations.\n\n## 2. VERITAS\n\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of four 12-m atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona, is used to study VHE γ -rays from a variety of astrophysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific observations with a partial array in September 2006 and has routinely observed with the full array since September 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS include an energy threshold of ∼ 100 GeV, an energy resolution of ∼ 15%, an angular resolution of ∼ 0.1 · , and a sensitivity yielding a 5 σ detection of a 1% Crab Nebula flux object in < 30 hours 1 . VERITAS has an active maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror recoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high performance over time, and an upgrade improving both the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs) and the trigger system has been proposed to the funding agencies.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, { - "text": "TABLE I: Fluxes and Significance in High Energy Bands\n\n| | 50 - 100 keV | 50 - 100 keV | 50 - 100 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 300 - 500 keV | 300 - 500 keV | 300 - 500 keV |\n|-------------------|----------------|-----------------------|----------------|-----------------|-----------------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------------|-----------------|\n| | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) |\n| Crab | 1000 | 3 | 336 | 1000 | 6 | 182 | 1000 | 47 | 21.2 |\n| Cen A | 72 | 4 | 18 | 108 | 7 | 15 | 42 | 47 | 0.9 |\n| Cyg X-1 | 1130 | 4 | 283 | 1094 | 8 | 137 | 474 | 50 | 9.5 |\n| GRS 1915+105 | 121 | 4 | 30 | 49 | 7 | 7 | 41 | 52 | 0.8 |\n| 1E 1740-29 | 113 | 5 | 23 | 96 | 10 | 10 | 97 | 68 | 1.4 |\n| SWIFT 1753.5-0127 | 135 | 5 | 27 | 151 | 9 | 17 | 131 | 64 | 2.0 |\n| XTE J1752-223 | 770 | 16 | 48 | 622 | 30 | 21 | 132 | 218 | 0.6 |\n\nFIG. 7: SWIFTJ1753.5-0127 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\nFIG. 6: 1E1740-29 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\nwill use the GBM CSPEC data with their finer energy bins to obtain a fit to the spectrum and compare the power law index to that measured by Integral.\n\nSWIFT J1753.5-0127 (Fig. 7) is a LMXB with the compact object likely being a black hole. Swift discovered this source when it observed a large flare in July of 2005. The source did not return to quiescence but settled into a low intensity hard state [14]. BATSE occultation measurements from 19912000 showed no significant emission from this source above 25 keV [15]. The GBM results show that this source is still in a hard state, with significant emission above 100 keV. We will continue to monitor this\n\nsource while it is in the hard state, with longer observations potentially verifying significant emission above 300 keV.\n\n## B. Transient Source\n\nThe new transient black hole candidate XTE J1752-223 rose from undetectable on 2009 October 24 to 511 ± 50 mCrab (12 - 25 keV), 570 ± 70 mCrab (25 - 50 keV), 970 ± 100 mCrab (50 - 100 keV), and 330 ± 100 mCrab (100 - 300 keV) on 2009 November 2 [2, 16]. The light curve is variable, especially in the", + "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17056,6 +17056,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Share and collaborate\n\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don't even need Word to open it.\n\nTry it: Select Share , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut - Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\n\nYou can send the link by typing someone's email address or by copying the link and pasting it into a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their permission to view-only.\n\nIf they don't have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.\n\n## Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\n\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your documents.\n\nTry it: Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n\n- 1. With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select Online Pictures , and then search for something, like puppy clip art .\n- 2. Select the picture you want, and select Insert .", "page_start": 2, @@ -17087,16 +17093,10 @@ "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Give your doc an instant makeover\n\n\n\nStyle sets and themes let you completely change the look of your document in an instant. They work best when your document is formatted with styles (so it's good that we fixed that Heading style, above).\n\nTry it: Explore style sets and themes:\n\n - 1. On the Design tab, select Themes , and choose a theme from the drop-down. Notice that the gallery of style sets updates to reflect the theme you picked.\n - 2. Select any theme you like from the drop-down and click to apply.", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, + "text": "## Get help with Word\n\n\n\nThe Tell me search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n\n## Try it: Get help:\n\n - 1. Go to Tell me what you want to do at the top of the window.\n - 2. Type what you want to do.\n\nFor example, type:\n\n -  Add watermark to quickly get to the watermark command.\n -  Help to go to Word help.\n -  Training to see the list of Word training courses.\n -  What's new for a list of the most recent updates to Word\n\n## Let us know what you think\n\nPlease give us feedback on this template, so we can provide content that's truly useful and helpful. Thanks!\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To create a volume, click Create Volumes , as shown in Figure 7-9.\n\nFigure 7-9 Create Volumes button\n\n\n\nThe Create Volumes tab opens the Create Volumes window, which displays available creation methods.\n\nNote: The volume classes that are displayed in the Create Volumes window depend on the topology of the system.\n\nThe Create Volumes window for standard topology is shown in Figure 7-10 on page 258.", - "page_start": 278, - "page_end": 278, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17107,8 +17107,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "To download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -17124,6 +17124,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n## Welcome to Microsoft Teams\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help you get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team.\n\n## Set up\n\n## Explore\n\n## Practice\n\nDownload the app for desktop and mobile to access Teams with the best performance anywhere you go.\n\nOnce you sign in, connect with your team in chat, channels, calls, and meetings.\n\nTry out the different features as you learn about them in this guide. You'll get the basics in no time!\n\n", "page_start": 0, @@ -17142,6 +17148,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Get help with Word\n\n\n\nThe Tell me search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n\n## Try it: Get help:\n\n - 1. Go to Tell me what you want to do at the top of the window.\n - 2. Type what you want to do.\n\nFor example, type:\n\n -  Add watermark to quickly get to the watermark command.\n -  Help to go to Word help.\n -  Training to see the list of Word training courses.\n -  What's new for a list of the most recent updates to Word\n\n## Let us know what you think\n\nPlease give us feedback on this template, so we can provide content that's truly useful and helpful. Thanks!\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, @@ -17159,18 +17171,6 @@ "page_start": 29, "page_end": 29, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## Amazon Web Services account\n\nBefore getting started, you must have or create an Amazon Web Services (AWS) account.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Word\n\n## Create something\n\nBegin with a Blank document to get right to work. Or start with a template to save yourself time and steps. Just select File > New , and then select or search for the template you want.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Access files anywhere\n\nNeed to work on the go and across different devices? Click File > Account to sign in with your Microsoft account and access your recently used files anywhere, on any device, through seamless integration between Office, OneDrive, OneDrive for Business, and SharePoint.\n\n\n\n## Discover related options\n\nWhen you select objects in your document, options related to your selection will appear. For example, selecting a table displays the Table Design and Layout tabs, which offer additional options.\n\n\n\n## Find recent files\n\nWhether you only work with files stored on your PC's local hard drive or you store files in multiple shared locations, selecting File > Open takes you to your recently used documents and any files that you may have pinned to your list.", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17198,6 +17198,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Count on Word to count your words\n\nTry it: Hit return after this line and type some words.\n\nThe status bar at the bottom of the window keeps a running count of the number of words in the document.\n\n\n\n## Save this for later, access it anywhere\n\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you'll be able to open it anywhere: on your computer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\nTry it: Select File > Save As , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\n\n\n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. You can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you're using now.", "page_start": 1, @@ -17235,16 +17241,10 @@ "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" }, { - "text": "\n\n## Welcome to Microsoft Teams\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help you get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team.\n\n## Set up\n\n## Explore\n\n## Practice\n\nDownload the app for desktop and mobile to access Teams with the best performance anywhere you go.\n\nOnce you sign in, connect with your team in chat, channels, calls, and meetings.\n\nTry out the different features as you learn about them in this guide. You'll get the basics in no time!\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Complete the following steps to successfully complete the system setup wizard:\n\n - 1. Log in to system by using the superuser account, as shown in Figure 4-7. Click Log in .\n\nImportant: The default password for the superuser account is passw0rd (with the number zero and not the capital letter o).\n\nFigure 4-7 System setup: Logging in for the first time\n\n", - "page_start": 114, - "page_end": 114, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" + "text": "## Get help with Word\n\n\n\nThe Tell me search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n\n## Try it: Get help:\n\n - 1. Go to Tell me what you want to do at the top of the window.\n - 2. Type what you want to do.\n\nFor example, type:\n\n -  Add watermark to quickly get to the watermark command.\n -  Help to go to Word help.\n -  Training to see the list of Word training courses.\n -  What's new for a list of the most recent updates to Word\n\n## Let us know what you think\n\nPlease give us feedback on this template, so we can provide content that's truly useful and helpful. Thanks!\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17330,7 +17330,7 @@ "target_passage": "has plants in Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; and Beijing, China", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 7 + "index": 8 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -17352,6 +17352,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nCorporate Headquarters\n\n1 Applied Plaza Cleveland, Ohio 44115 216/426-4000 Applied.com", + "page_start": 47, + "page_end": 47, + "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" + }, { "text": "| Kurt F. Mueller | 47 | Vice President Fresh Pork Sales and Marketing Director Fresh Pork Sales and Marketing | 11/01/99 to Present 02/03/97 to 10/31/99 | 1999 |\n|--------------------|------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|\n| Gary C. Paxton | 58 | Vice President Specialty Foods Group Vice President Prepared Foods Operations Vice President Manufacturing | 09/29/03 to Present 11/01/99 to 09/30/03 01/27/92 to 10/31/99 | 1992 |\n| Larry J. Pfeil | 54 | Vice President Engineering Director of Engineering Corporate Manager Engineering | 11/01/99 to Present 01/04/99 to 10/31/99 01/13/97 to 01/03/99 | 1999 |\n| Douglas R. Reetz | 49 | Vice President Grocery Products Sales Director Grocery Products Sales and Business Development | 11/01/99 to Present 09/15/97 to 10/31/99 | 1999 |\n| James N. Sheehan | 48 | Vice President and Controller Treasurer President Hormel Financial Services Corporation Corporate Manager Credit/Claims Hormel | 05/01/00 to Present 11/01/99 to 04/30/00 09/21/98 to 10/31/99 07/28/97 to 09/20/98 | 1999 |\n| William F. Snyder | 46 | Vice President Refrigerated Foods Operations Director Fresh Pork Operations Fremont Plant Manager | 11/01/99 to Present 09/27/99 to 10/31/99 12/25/95 to 09/26/99 | 1999 |\n| James M. Splinter | | Vice President Marketing-Consumer Products-Refrigerated Foods Senior Vice President Retail Division | 06/02/03 to Present | |\n| | 41 | Jennie-O Turkey Store | 04/30/01 to 06/01/03 | 2003 |\n| | | Senior Vice President Sales and Marketing Jennie-O Turkey Store Group Product Manager Grocery Products | 09/06/99 to 04/29/01 04/27/98 to 09/05/99 | |\n| Larry L. Vorpahl | 40 | Vice President and General Manager Grocery Products | 12/01/03 to Present 11/01/99 to 11/30/03 | 1999 |\n| James W. Cavanaugh | 54 | Vice President Grocery Products Marketing Director Grocery Products Marketing Corporate Secretary and Senior Attorney | 09/30/96 to 10/31/99 01/29/01 to Present | 2001 |\n\nNo family relationship exists among the executive officers.\n\nExecutive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting following the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Vacancies may be filled and additional officers elected at any regular or special meeting.\n\n## Item 2. PROPERTIES\n\n| Hormel Foods Corporation | | |\n|------------------------------------|-----------|-------|\n| Slaughtering and Processing Plants | | |\n| Austin, Minnesota | 1,292,000 | Owned |\n| Fremont, Nebraska | 655,000 | Owned |\n| Processing Plants | | |\n| Algona, Iowa | 153,000 | Owned |\n| Aurora, Illinois | 141,000 | Owned |\n| Beloit, Wisconsin | 339,000 | Owned |\n| Ft. Dodge, Iowa | 17,000 | Owned |", "page_start": 6, @@ -17387,12 +17393,6 @@ "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Board of Directors", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17438,6 +17438,12 @@ "page_end": 90, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| 3.2 (1) | Bylaws as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Hormel's Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, dated November 29, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n|-------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 4.1 (1) | Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee relating to certain outstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated, August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.2 (1) | Supplemental Indenture No. 1 dated as of June 4, 2001, to Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee, relating to certain outstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.3 (1) | Letter of Representations dated June 5, 2001, among Hormel, U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee, and The Depository Trust Company relating to certain outstanding debt securities of Hormel. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.4 (1) | Pursuant to Item 601 (b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of certain long-term debt are not filed. Hormel agrees to furnish copies thereof to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. |\n| 10.1 (1) | U.S. $150,000,000 Credit Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2003, between Hormel, the banks identified on the signature pages thereof, and Citicorp U.S.A. Inc., as Administrative Agent. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Hormel's Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 23, 2003.) |\n| 10.2 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation Operators' Shares Incentive Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Appendix A to Hormel's definitive Proxy Statement filed on December 30, 1997, File No. 001-02402.) |\n| 10.3 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (2002 Restatement.) (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 26, 2002, file No. 001-02402.) |\n| 10.4 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation 2000 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit A to Hormel's definitive Proxy Statement filed on December 30, 1999, File No. 001-02402.) |", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" + }, { "text": "markets its turkey products through its own sales force and independent brokers.\n\nThe acquisitions of Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products in fiscal 2001 and the Century Foods International business in July of fiscal 2003 strengthened the Company's presence in the nutritional food products and supplements market. The Company currently operates as one of the largest companies providing nutritional products to the U.S. healthcare industry.\n\nThe Company acquired the Diamond Crystal Brands business from Imperial Sugar Co. in December of fiscal 2003. Diamond Crystal Brands packages and sells various sugar, sugar substitute, salt and pepper products, savory products, drink mixes and dessert mixes to retail and foodservice customers.\n\nInternationally, the Company markets its products through Hormel Foods International Corporation (HFIC), a wholly owned subsidiary. HFIC has a presence in the international marketplace through joint ventures and placement of personnel in strategic foreign locations such as China, Spain, and the Philippines. HFIC also has a global presence with minority positions in food companies in Spain (Campofrio Alimentacion S.A., 15% holding) and the Philippines (Purefoods-Hormel, 40% holding).\n\nThe Company has not been involved in any bankruptcy, receivership or similar proceedings during its history. Substantially all of the assets of the Company have been acquired in the ordinary course of business.\n\nThe Company had no significant change in the type of products produced or services rendered, nor in the markets or methods of distribution since the beginning of the fiscal year.\n\n## (b) Industry Segment\n\nThe Company's business is reported in five segments: Grocery Products, Refrigerated Foods, Jennie-O Turkey Store, Specialty Foods, and All Other. The contributions of each segment to net sales to unaffiliated customers and operating profit, and the presentation of certain other financial information by segment are reported in Note K of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of the Annual Stockholder's Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, incorporated herein by reference.\n\n## (c) Description of Business\n\n## Products and Distribution\n\nThe Company's products primarily consist of meat and other food products. The meat products are sold fresh, frozen, cured, smoked, cooked and canned. The percentages of total revenues contributed by classes of similar products for the last three fiscal years of the Company are as follows:\n\n| Perishable meat | 50.3% | 53.0% | 54.7% |\n|--------------------|---------|---------|---------|\n| Nonperishable meat | 18.9 | 19.8 | 21.0 |\n| Poultry | 22.1 | 22.6 | 20.3 |\n| | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% |\n\nReporting of revenues from external customers is based on similarity of products, as the same or similar products are sold across multiple distribution channels such as retail, foodservice or international. Revenues reported are based on financial information used to produce the Company's generalpurpose financial statements.\n\nPerishable meat includes fresh meats, sausages, hams, wieners and bacon (excluding JOTS products.) Nonperishable meat includes canned luncheon meats, shelf stable microwaveable entrees, stews, chilies, hash, meat spreads and other items that do not require refrigeration as well as frozen processed products. The Poultry category is composed primarily of JOTS products. The Other category primarily consists of nutritional food products and supplements, sugar and sugar substitutes, salt and pepper products, dessert mixes, food packaging (casings for dry sausage), and industrial gelatin products. The Other category has increased over the past two years primarily due to the following acquisitions: Century Foods International (July 2003), Diamond Crystal Brands (December 2002), and Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products (April 2001).\n\nNo new product in fiscal 2003 required a material investment of Company assets.\n\nDomestically, the Company sells its products in all 50 states. Hormel products are sold through Company sales personnel, operating in assigned territories coordinated from district sales offices located in most of the larger U.S. cities, as well as independent brokers and distributors. As of October 25, 2003, the Company had approximately 600 sales personnel engaged in selling its products. Distribution of products to customers is by common carrier.\n\nThrough HFIC, the Company markets its products in various locations throughout the world. Some of the larger markets include Australia, Canada, China, England, Japan, Mexico and Micronesia. The distribution of export sales to customers is by common carrier, while the China operations own and operate their own delivery system. The Company, through HFIC, has licensed companies to manufacture various Hormel products internationally on a royalty basis, with the primary licensees being Tulip International of Denmark and CJ Corp. of South Korea.\n\n## Raw Materials\n\nThe Company has, for the past several years, been concentrating on processed branded products for consumers with year-round demand to minimize the seasonal variation experienced with commodity type products. Pork continues to be the primary raw material for Company products. Although hog producers are moving toward larger, more efficient year-round confinement operations and supply contracts are becoming increasingly prevalent in the industry, there is still a seasonal variation in the supply of fresh pork materials. The Company's expanding line of processed items has reduced but not eliminated the sensitivity of Company results to raw material supply and price fluctuations.", "page_start": 3, @@ -17461,12 +17467,6 @@ "page_start": 23, "page_end": 23, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION\n\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, commencing with \"Summary Compensation Table\" on page 12 through page 15 and \"Compensation of Directors\" on page 5 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n## Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS\n\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, under \"Principal Stockholders\" and \"Security Ownership of Management\" on pages 7 through 9 and information under \"Equity Compensation Plan Information\" on page 15 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n## Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS\n\nInformation under \"Other Information Relating to Directors, Nominees, and Executive Officers\" for the year ended October 25, 2003, as set forth on page 17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n## Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES\n\nThe information under the \"Audit Committee Report and Ratification of Appointment of Auditors-Audit Fees\" through \"-Audit Committee Preapproval Policies and Procedures\" on page 7 of the Company's definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n## PART IV\n\n## Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K\n\n - (a) (1) and (2) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n - (3) List of Exhibits-The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n - (b) The following reports on Form 8-K were filed during the fourth quarter:\n - Form 8-K was filed on August 1, 2003, announcing a January 24, 2004 retirement of Eric Brown, Group Vice President of Prepared Foods and member of the Board of Directors.\n\nForm 8-K was furnished on August 21, 2003, disclosing the issuance of the Company's earnings release for the third quarter ended July 26, 2003.\n\n - Form 8-K was filed on October 7, 2003, announcing union workers from five of the Company's production facilities voted to ratify a new four-year labor contract.\n\nForm 8-K was filed on October 23, 2003, announcing the Company entered into an unsecured 3-year revolving credit facility in the amount of $150,000,000, which replaced an existing $150,000,000 credit facility entered into on October 25, 2001.\n\n - (c) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n - (d) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n\n## SIGNATURES\n\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.\n\n## HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION\n\nBy: /s/ JOEL W. JOHNSON\n\nJOEL W. JOHNSON Chairman of the Board,\n\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\n\nDate: January 23, 2004\n\nPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Each person whose signature to this report on Form 10-K appears below hereby constitutes and appoints each of Michael J. McCoy, Jody H. Feragen and Mark P. Kalvoda as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution, to sign on his or her behalf individually and in the capacity stated below and to perform any acts necessary to be done in order to file the Annual Report on Form 10-K and all amendments to this report on Form 10-K, and any and all instruments or documents filed as part of or in connection with this report on Form 10-K or the amendments hereto, and each of the undersigned does hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitutes, shall do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17488,18 +17488,18 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 31, "page_end": 31, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Financial Information", + "page_start": 55, + "page_end": 55, + "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" + }, { "text": "## FINANCIAL SECTION", "page_start": 69, @@ -17598,6 +17598,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 22.Thinking About Africa's Open Data\n - 23.Towards EU Benchmarking 2.0 - Transparency and Open Data on Structural Funds in Europe\n - 24.UK Open Government Licence removes barriers to re-use of public sector information\n - 25.Western Europe: A journey through tech for transparency projects\n - 26.What open data means to marginalized communities\n - 27.What's in a Name? Open Gov and Good Gov\n - 28.WikiLeaks Relationship With the Media\n - 29.WikiLeaks, Open Information and Effective Use: Exploring the Limits of Open Government", + "page_start": 33, + "page_end": 33, + "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" + }, { "text": "coal plants. If data are not available, every conclusion is questionable because it relies on assumptions or estimates.\n\n## 2.3. Open Data in Latin America, Asia and Africa\n\nSeveral countries in Latin America are studying and making experiments with Open Data both at the government and at the grassroots level. The same is happening, on a much smaller scale, in a few parts of Asia and Africa. On average, the volume of these Open Data experiments and the level of local interest and awareness around them is still lower than what is happening in Europe and North America. In spite of this we suggest that it is important, for public officials and civic activists in Western Countries, to follow these developments closely. The reason is that they may turn into very useful test beds for all the strengths and limits of Open Data, especially those not encountered yet where the movement was born.\n\nIn fact, the original discourse and arguments around Open Data are heavily Western centric. The problem they want to solve is how to make democracy work better in countries where it already exists and which share a great amount of history and cultural/philosophical values .\n\nOther countries face very different challenges, from the philosophical level to the practical one. A common issue in developing countries, for example, is that there is very little to open simply because much PSI (Public Sector Information) doesn't exist in digital format yet. Therefore, the first thing to do is to create data, normally through outsourcing and crowd sourcing.\n\nOther issues, that will be discussed in detail in other sections of the report because they are also present in Europe in different forms, are related to lack of equal opportunities for access to data and serious fears (sometimes, concrete, sometimes caused by confusion about what should be open and how) that data will be used against citizens. A commenter to Gurstein's Open Data: Empowering the Empowered or Effective Data Use for Everyone? said:\n\nin Delhi and Mumbai, mobs and rioters managed to get information about particular identity groups through voter rolls: openness is, in certain situations, a precarious virtue. It is almost certain that Open Data would be used to rig election but here again openness is not the issue, they would find it anyway...\n\nSo far, the main interest about Open Data in Asian countries seems limited, so to speak, to its effects on transparency in politics. At a two-weeks programming contest held at the end of 2010 in Thailand, for example, one of the most appreciated entries was a software scraper of the Thailand's Member of House of Representative Website, that made it possible for everybody to create applications using those data.", "page_start": 7, @@ -17609,12 +17615,6 @@ "page_start": 14, "page_end": 14, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "with a project called \"Tales of Things\" to allow people to leave messages for each other (or just for the world) at the bus stops. Scanning the QR code now allows people to see not just the bus timetable, but also the notes other travelers have left on that stop, including \"what's nearby, who's waiting for whom, what number can you call for a good time. It's a cross between bus stop Facebook and digital graffiti\" , that happened thanks to the openness of the original bus stop data.\n\nThe Social Life of Data Project will study instead how particular datasets have been used, who used them, how those people are connected and what conversations happen around Open Data.\n\n## 3.3. Legal issues remain crucial\n\nProper licensing of Public data is essential. The more Open Data activities continue, the clearer this rule becomes. What distinguishes Open Data from \"mere\" transparency is reuse. Paraphrasing Eaves, until a government get the licensing issue right, Open Data cannot bring all the possible benefits in that country. If there are no guarantees that public data can be used without restriction, very little happens in practice, and when it happens it may be something against the public interest.\n\nCanadian Company Public Engines Inc, that is paid by local police departments to collect, process and analyze official crime data, also publishes online, with a proprietary license, anonymized summaries of those data. When in 2010 another company, Report See Inc, scraped those data from their website to reuse them, Public Engines sued.\n\nReporting this, D. Eaves rightly points out that both companies are right: one is trying to protect its investment, the other is simply trying to reuse what IS public data, by getting it from the ONLY place where it's available. This is what happens when public officials leave the ownership of public data to the third parties hired to collect them. Please note that, in practice, it makes very little difference whether those third parties are private, for-profit corporations or even other Public Administrations. Unless, of course, there are national laws already in place that define in advance what is the license of all present and future Public Data, no matter how they were generated and by whom , those data can be lost in any moment for society. In all other cases, the legal status of data will be either officially closed and locked, or uncertain enough to prevent most or all reuses. In February 2011, the news came that, even if they weren't the original copyright holders, Public Engines had been able to put together enough legal claims to convince Report See to give up.\n\nDisputes like this should not happen and would not happen if all contracts regarding collection and management of PSI clearly specified that all the resulting data either go directly into the public domain (after being anonymized if necessary, of course) or remain exclusive property of the", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17759,9 +17759,9 @@ "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" }, { - "text": "## T2-weighted MTL scans:\n\n## Noise and artifact removal\n\n## Gray Matter Volume & Cortical Thickness:\n\nVolume censoring\n\n## Gray Matter Volume & Cortical Thickness:\n\nAll images were visually assessed for QC. Further, we computed quality control (QC) assessments on all T1w images using the IQMs pipeline from MRIQC (Esteban et al., 2017). Metrics of interest included 1) coefficient of joint variation (CJV), 2) signalto-noise ratio for gray matter (SNR), and 3) contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR). All QC metrics fell within expected standard ranges. We also used FreeSurfer's Eueler number to evaluate a field-standard quantitative assessment of each T1w structural image. We observed no significant relationships between the Euler number and gestation week or summary brain metrics. A discrepancy (e.g., 2 SD below average) was noted in session eight; however, again, removing this session did not detract from our main findings showing reductions in gray matter volume over gestation.\n\n## T2-weighted MTL scans:\n\nVolumes were visually assessed for QC. Volumes were removed from the analysis if unable to be reliably segmented.\n\n## Diffusion imaging:\n\nAll images were assessed using the DSI studio quality control and a visual inspection. DSI studio performed an outlier check, labeling images as a 'low quality outlier' if the correlation coefficient was greater than 3 standard deviations from the absolute mean. No images were labeled as a low quality outlier.\n\n## Statistical modeling & inference\n\nModel type and settings\n\n## Summary brain metrics:\n\nTo reflect the existing literature, we first explored brain metrics across the entire study duration (pre-conception through postpartum). When including all sessions, total brain volume, GMV, CT, global QA, ventricle volume and CSF displayed nonlinear trends over time; therefore, we used generalized additive models (GAM; cubic spline basis, k = 10, smoothing = GCV), a method of non-parametric regression analysis (R package: mgcv), to explore the relationship between summary brain metrics (outcome variables) and gestation week (smooth term). Each model underwent examination (gam.check function) to ensure it was correctly specified with regards 6o 1) the choice of basis dimension (k) and 2) the distribution of the model residuals (see mgcv documentation; Wood, 2017). The general pattern of results held after toggling model parameters; however, we note the risk of overinterpreting complex models with small sample sizes (see Sullivan et al., 2015). To address overfitting and cross-validate our basis type selection, we also fit the data using nonpenalized general linear models (GLM) with both linear and polynomial terms for gestation week. We compared the performance of each GLM (i.e., models using only a linear term vs. models with polynomial terms) via the Akaike information criterion (AIC), which revealed that cubic models consistently outperformed both linear and quadratic models (AICdiff > 3), providing additional evidence for non-linear changes in structural brain variables over time.\n\n## Gray Matter Volume & Cortical Thickness:\n\nWe first computed Pearson's product-moment correlation matrices between the following variables (n = 19 pregnancy scans): gestation week, estradiol, progesterone, total GMV, and the 17 network-level average GMV values. We then ran a multivariate regression analysis predicting ROI-level GMV changes by gestation week. To identify which regions were changing at a rate different from the global decrease, we then re-ran the analyses to include total GMV as a variable of noninterest in the regression model. A similar statistical approach was taken for T1w-derived subcortical volume estimates. We ran a multivariate regression analysis predicting GMV changes over gestation in 28 regions-of-interest by gestation week (FDR-corrected at q < 0.05).\n\n## T2-weighted MTL scans:\n\nTo evaluate the relationship between gestation week and medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregion volume over pregnancy (n = 7 bilateral subregions; n = 18 MTL scans), we used a combination of linear and non-linear models based on individual subregion data patterns. Models were compared for best fit with each subregion via AIC from the GLM output (as described\n\nAll T1-weighted images underwent denoising ('denoiseImage') and N4 bias field correction ('N4BiasFieldCorrection') for field inhomogeneity via ANTs.\n\n## T2-weighted MTL scans:\n\nAll T2-weighted MTL images underwent denoising ('denoiseImage') via ANTs.\n\n## Diffusion:\n\nAll diffusion images underwent denoising, motion and distortion correction using MRtrix3's dwidenoise and dwibiascorrect with the N4 algorithm. All diffusion images were quality checked using DSI studio's 'QC1: SRC Files Quality Control. All images passed QC checks.\n\n## Motion:\n\nMean framewise displacement (FWD) estimates from gestation sessions with a 10-minute resting state scan (n = 18) were used to indirectly assess whether motion increased throughout pregnancy. Average FWD (millimeters) was extremely minimal across the entire experiment (M = 0.13, SD = 0.02, range = 0.09-0.17) and varied only slightly by pregnancy stage (pre: M = 0.11, SD = 0.004; first: M = 0.11, SD = 0.01; second: M = 0.13, SD = 0.02; third: M = 0.16, SD = 0.007; post: M = 0.13, SD = 0.01). While mean FWD did correspond with gestation week (r = 0.88, p < .001), controlling for this did not alter our main findings (e.g., total GMV negatively associated with gestation; partial correlation: r = -0.87, p < 0.001) owing to the fact that motion differences between stages were minuscule.\n\nPrinceton Young Adult 3T ASHS Atlas Template (n=24, mean age = 22.5; Aly & Turk-Browne, 2016).\n\n## Diffusion imaging:\n\nAll diffusion images were reconstructed using the ICBM152 template.", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, + "text": "above). A linear regression model was most appropriate for PHC (AICdiff < 3), whereas a quadratic model performed best for CA1 and CA2/3. As a control, we repeated the analyses with MTL subregion volumes after proportional volume correction of total gray matter volume calculated by ASHS. Finally, we evaluated the relationship between endogenous sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and subregion volumes using linear regression. Relationships were considered significant only if they met FDR correction at q < .05.\n\nDiffusion imaging:\n\nDSI Studio's correlational tractography (Yeh et al., 2016) was used to analyze the relationship between white matter structure and gestational week (n = 16). A truncated model was run to examine the relationship between white matter and sex steroid hormones (n = 14) for the subset of diffusion scans with paired endocrine data during gestation. A non-parametric Spearman correlation was used to derive the correlation between gestational week and endocrine factors and our metrics of interest (QA and MD; see Table S9 and Fig. S10 for MD results) because the data were not normally distributed. Statistical inference was reached using connectometry, a permutation-based approach that tests the strength of coherent associations found between the local connectome and our variables of interest. It provides higher reliability and replicability by correcting for multiple comparisons. This technique provides a high-resolution characterization of local axonal orientation. The correlational tractography was run with the following parameters: T-score threshold of 2.5, 4 pruning iterations, and a length threshold of 25 voxel distance. To estimate the false discovery rate (FDR), a total of 4000 randomized permutations were applied to obtain the null distribution of the track length. Reported regions were selected based on FDR cutoff (FDR < 0.2, suggested by DSI Studio), and contained at least 10 tracts. For visualization of global and tract QA at each gestational stage, mean QA values were extracted using DSI Studio's whole brain fiber tracking algorithm and ROI-based tracking using the default HCP842 atlas (Yeh et al., 2013).\n\nEffect(s) tested\n\nPredicting global, network, and regional volumetric change (GMV, CT, MTL subregion, microstructure) by pregnancy-related indicators (gestation week, estrogen, progesterone).\n\nSpecify type of analysis:\n\nWhole brain\n\nROI-based\n\nBoth\n\nAnatomical location(s)\n\nGlobal measures of gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and cerebrospinal fluid were computed by ANTs and validated with FreeSurfer. A whole-brain probabilistic atlas (e.g., Schaefer 400-region parcellation) was used for ROI analysis of cortical thickness and volume and the Yeo/Schaefer 17-network scheme was used for network-level analyses. The 'aseg' segmentation was used for ROI analysis of subcortical gray matter volume. The Princeton Young Adult 3T ASHS Atlas Template was used to examine volume among 7 MTL subfields: CA1, CA 2/3, dentate gyrus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and the parahippocampal gyrus. Whole-brain white matter structure was assessed for the diffusion imaging analysis, wherein every tract and bundle was evaluated.\n\nStatistic type for inference\n\n(See Eklund et al. 2016)\n\nN/A; s and diffusion MRI only.\n\nCorrection\n\nFDR-correction\n\n## Models & analysis\n\nn/a\n\nInvolved in the study\n\nFunctional and/or effective connectivity\n\nGraph analysis\n\nMultivariate modeling or predictive analysis\n\nMultivariate modeling and predictive analysis\n\nMultivariate regression analyses was used to explore brain structure in relation to gestation. Regional, network, and summary brain measures (dependent variables) were examined in relation to gestation week (independent variable). In follow-up statistical analyses (noted in Methods), various quality control metrics and global brain volume were included into the model to account for variables of non-interest (e.g., motion) and to identify highly impacted brain areas (e.g., controlling for total GMV).", + "page_start": 17, + "page_end": 17, "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" } ] @@ -17773,8 +17773,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu- larly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali- ence ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork B), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B) networks", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -18217,8 +18217,8 @@ "target_page": 10, "target_passage": "1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil. 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil. 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -18228,6 +18228,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n - 6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece interpupillary slide adjustment.\n - 7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine focus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives. NOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so the precision or parfocalization is very high.\n\nFig. 1 - Objective Parts\n\n\n\n - 10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select other objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine adjustment knob has not been used by using the following method (See Fig. 1):\n - 1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x objective and remove from turret.\n - 2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n - 3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal distance.\n - 4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n - 5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n\n## USING THE CEDAR OIL\n\n - 1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil.\n - 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n - 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.\n\n\n\n## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## ADJUSTING THE CONDENSER APERTURE\n\n - 1. The numerical aperture of the condenser should match the numerical aperture of the objective being used.\n - 2. To make sure that the objectives are imaging properly (especially the 40x and 100x), follow this procedure:\n - 1. Take off the eyepiece.\n - 2. Look through the eyepiece.\n - 3. The smallest circle or light that you can see is the eyepiece's exit pupil.\n - 4. Adjust the aperture of the iris diaphragm in the condenser to 70% or 80% for the best contrast for observation (See Fig. 2.).\n\nFig. 2 - Condenser Diaphram Aperture\n\n\n\n## TROUBLESHOOTING\n\n| Problem | Possible Cause | Solution |\n|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1. Image not clear. | 1.Specimen is in incorrect position. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Cedar oil not placed on immersion objective. 4. Bubbles in Cedar oil. | 1. Re-position specimen. 2. Clean lens. 3. Put a drop of Cedar oil on immersion objective. 4. Rotate turret several times to eliminate bubbles. |\n| 2. Poor illumination. | 1. Condenser position is incorrect. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Specimen is not placed level. | 1. Re-position condenser. 2. Clean lens. 3. Re-position specimen so it is level. |\n| 3. Illumination not bright. | 1. Iris diaphragm opening too small. 2. Position of condenser too low. 3. Lens is dirty. | 1. Open iris diaphragm wider. 2. Raise condenser. 3. Clean lens. |\n| 4. Cannot focus at high magnification. | 1. Specimen is in incorrect position. | 1. Re-position specimen. |\n| 5. Objective lenses touch specimen. | 1. Stage is too high. | 1. Re-position stage. |", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, + "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" + }, { "text": "## SPECIFICATIONS\n\n - 1. Length of mechanical tube: 160mm\n - 2. Conjugate distance between object and image: 195mm\n - 3. Condenser: Abbe; numerical aperture: NA1.25 (oil immersion)\n - 4. Illumination: Input 110V or 200V; Output: 20W\n - 5. Fine adjustment range: .002mm\n - 6. Coarse Adjustment Range: 20mm\n - 7. Shift or Mechanical Stage: Longitude - 40mm; Transversal - 70mm\n - 8. Condenser Elevation Range: 15mm\n - 9. Iris diaphragm aperture: 2mm-30mm\n\n## Objective Specifications\n\n| Classification | Optical System | Magnification | Numerical Aperture | Working Distance |\n|----------------------|-------------------|------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------|\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 4x Adjustable Focus | 0.1 | 37.42mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 10x | 0.25 | 7.14mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 40x Spring Adjustable Focus | 0.65 | 0.57mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Oil Immer- sion | 100x Spring Adjustable Focus | 1.25 | 0.18mm |\n\nNote: For oil immersion, please use the index of refraction 1.515 oil\n\n## Eyepiece Specifications\n\n| Classification | Magnification | Field of View (FOV) Diameter |\n|-----------------------|-----------------|--------------------------------|\n| Plain Field Eyepiece | 10x | 18mm |\n\n## Total Magnification\n\n| Objective Magnification Eyepiece | 10x |\n|------------------------------------|-------|\n| 4x | 40x |\n| 10x | 100x |\n| 40x (s) | 400x |\n| 100x (oil,s) | 1000x |\n\n\n\n\n\n## PARTS LIST\n\n| Name | Name |\n|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| Microscope Stand | Microscope Stand |\n| | 4x (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 10x |\n| | 40x (s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 100x (oil,s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer | 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer |\n| Abbe Condenser NA1.25 | Abbe Condenser NA1.25 |\n| | |\n| Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb | Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb |\n| Lens Cleaning Tissue | Lens Cleaning Tissue |\n| Cedar Oil | Cedar Oil |\n| 1A Fuse (spare) | 1A Fuse (spare) |\n| Specification | Specification |\n| Inspection Certificate | Inspection Certificate |\n| Packing List | Packing List |\n\n## OPERATION\n\n - 1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before assembling instrument.\n - 2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving turret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only.\n - 3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips. NOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is the cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the specimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the thickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is 0.17mm.\n - 4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope lamp ON.\n - 5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective first. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it easier to search the specimen.", "page_start": 8, @@ -18275,12 +18281,6 @@ "page_start": 38, "page_end": 38, "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 13-44 Support menu\n\n", - "page_start": 732, - "page_end": 732, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -18344,17 +18344,17 @@ "page_end": 8, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n - 6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece interpupillary slide adjustment.\n - 7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine focus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives. NOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so the precision or parfocalization is very high.\n\nFig. 1 - Objective Parts\n\n\n\n - 10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select other objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine adjustment knob has not been used by using the following method (See Fig. 1):\n - 1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x objective and remove from turret.\n - 2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n - 3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal distance.\n - 4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n - 5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n\n## USING THE CEDAR OIL\n\n - 1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil.\n - 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n - 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.\n\n\n\n## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## ADJUSTING THE CONDENSER APERTURE\n\n - 1. The numerical aperture of the condenser should match the numerical aperture of the objective being used.\n - 2. To make sure that the objectives are imaging properly (especially the 40x and 100x), follow this procedure:\n - 1. Take off the eyepiece.\n - 2. Look through the eyepiece.\n - 3. The smallest circle or light that you can see is the eyepiece's exit pupil.\n - 4. Adjust the aperture of the iris diaphragm in the condenser to 70% or 80% for the best contrast for observation (See Fig. 2.).\n\nFig. 2 - Condenser Diaphram Aperture\n\n\n\n## TROUBLESHOOTING\n\n| Problem | Possible Cause | Solution |\n|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1. Image not clear. | 1.Specimen is in incorrect position. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Cedar oil not placed on immersion objective. 4. Bubbles in Cedar oil. | 1. Re-position specimen. 2. Clean lens. 3. Put a drop of Cedar oil on immersion objective. 4. Rotate turret several times to eliminate bubbles. |\n| 2. Poor illumination. | 1. Condenser position is incorrect. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Specimen is not placed level. | 1. Re-position condenser. 2. Clean lens. 3. Re-position specimen so it is level. |\n| 3. Illumination not bright. | 1. Iris diaphragm opening too small. 2. Position of condenser too low. 3. Lens is dirty. | 1. Open iris diaphragm wider. 2. Raise condenser. 3. Clean lens. |\n| 4. Cannot focus at high magnification. | 1. Specimen is in incorrect position. | 1. Re-position specimen. |\n| 5. Objective lenses touch specimen. | 1. Stage is too high. | 1. Re-position stage. |", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, + "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 2. (color online) XMCD asymmetry versus applied field along the [110] axis at 2 K, for a Fe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (10 nm) film. (a) Fe L 3 , total electron yield; (b) Mn L 3 , total electron yield; (c) Mn L 3 , fluorescent yield. Black and red points are data for increasing and decreasing fields respectively; lines are to guide the eye.\n\n\n\n/s32\n\n/s32\n\n/s32", "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "measurements were performed on beamline I06 at the Diamond Light Source, and on beamline 4.0.2 at the Advanced Light Source. Total-electron yield (TEY) and fluorescence yield (FY) were monitored simultaneously using the sample drain current and the photocurrent of a diode mounted at 90 · to the incident beam, respectively.\n\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were first performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and (Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples, grown under the same conditions as the bilayers, to determine the magnetic anisotropies of the individual layers and the Curie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The Fe film has a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along the [110] orientation, similar to previous studies 6 . For the (Ga,Mn)As control sample, there is a competition between cubic and uniaxial magnetic anisotropies, with the former dominant at low temperatures and favoring easy axes along the in-plane 〈 100 〉 orientations, and the latter dominant close to T C ( ∼ 35 K) giving an easy axis along the [1 ¯ 10] orientation. Figure 1 shows [110] magnetization versus temperature curves and low temperature hysteresis loops for a bilayer film containing a 20 nm thick (Ga,Mn)As layer. The total remnant moment of the bilayer film decreases on cooling under zero magnetic field below the T C of the (Ga,Mn)As, indicating that this layer aligns antiparallel to the Fe magnetization at zero field. The hysteresis curve shows a two-step magnetization reversal, indicating different behavior of the Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers, with the smaller loop attributed to the dilute moment (Ga,Mn)As film. The minor hysteresis loop shown in Fig. 1 clearly shows a shift from zero field by a bias field H E , indicating that the Fe layer induces an exchange bias in the magnetic semiconductor. The shape and size of the minor loop is in agreement with the hysteresis loop for the control (Ga,Mn)As sample, also shown in Fig. 1. This strongly indicates that the exchange bias affects the whole of the (Ga,Mn)As layer in the bilayer sample.\n\nSimilar behavior is observed for bilayer samples containing a 10 nm or 50 nm (Ga,Mn)As layer, with a bias field which is approximately inversely proportional to the thickness d of the ferromagnetic semiconductor layer (Fig. 1, inset). This 1/ d dependence of H E was found previously for MnAs/(Ga,Mn)As bilayers 4 , and is generally observed in exchanged-biased thin films 12 . From this dependence it is possible to describe the exchange bias in terms of an interface energy per unit area, ∆ E = M FS H E d = 0 . 003 erg/cm 2 . This value is rather small compared to typical exchange bias systems 12 , reflecting the low moment density M FS of the diluted FM semiconductor layer. However, the bias field for a given (Ga,Mn)As thickness is larger than is observed for MnO/(Ga,Mn)As structures 13 , while the reproducibility and flexibility of the present structures is much higher due to the single-crystalline ferromagnetic nature of the Fe layer.\n\nTo confirm the presence of AFM interlayer coupling, we performed XMCD measurements at the Mn and Fe\n\nL 2 , 3 absorption edges in order to determine the magnetic response of the individual elements. In L 2 , 3 XMCD, electrons are excited from a 2 p core level to the unoccupied 3 d valence states of the element of interest by circularly polarized x-rays at the resonance energies of the transitions. The difference in absorption for opposite polarizations gives a direct and element-specific measurement of the projection of the 3 d magnetic moment along the xray polarization vector. The absorption cross-section is conventionally obtained by measuring the decay products - either fluorescent x-rays or electrons - of the photoexcited core hole. The type of decay product measured determines the probing depth of the technique. For Mn L 2 , 3 absorption, the probing depths for FY and TEY detection are λ FY ≈ 100 nm and λ TEY ≈ 3 nm. In the current experiment, the Mn XMCD measured using FY and TEY are thus sensitive to the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As film and the near-interface layers, respectively.\n\nFigure 2(a)-(c) shows the magnetic field dependence of XMCD asymmetry, defined as ( I l -I r ) / ( I l + I r ) where I l ( r ) is the absorption for left- (right-) circularly polarized x-rays. This is measured at the Fe and Mn L 3 absorption peaks for a Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(10 nm) sample at 2 K. The external field is applied along the photon incidence direction, which is at 70 · to the surface normal with an in-plane projection along the [110] axis. The XMCD data show that the Fe film displays a square hysteresis loop with a single magnetization switch, as expected for a monocrystalline Fe film with strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The Mn XMCD shows a more complicated loop due to the effect of the interlayer coupling. The projected Mn moment aligns antiparallel to the Fe moment at remanence, and undergoes a magnetization reversal of opposite sign to the Fe. With further increase of the external magnetic field, the Mn moment gradually rotates away from antiparallel alignment with the Fe layer, and into the field direction. Qualitatively similar behavior is observed for the Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(20 nm) sample: the (Ga,Mn)As layer is aligned antiparallel to the Fe layer at zero field, although the bias field is lower by approximately a factor of two.\n\nClear differences are observed between the Mn XMCD hysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection modes. For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar (but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high magnetic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approximately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe. The Mn L 2 , 3 XMCD spectra recorded at remanence and at 1000 Oe, shown in Fig. 3, confirm this result. At remanence the FY and TEY detected XMCD have similar magnitudes. However, under a large external field the XMCD is substantially smaller in TEY than in FY, confirming that the net magnetization of the Mn ions near the interface is significantly less than in the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As film. This is the case even up to the highest field applied (20 kOe). By applying the XMCD sum rules 14 to the TEY data, and by comparing the spectra to previous measurements on well-characterized (Ga,Mn)As", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" } ] }, @@ -18365,8 +18365,8 @@ "target_page": 10, "target_passage": "1. Open iris diaphragm wider. 2. Raise condenser. 3. Clean lens.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 7 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -18413,22 +18413,22 @@ "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" }, { - "text": "## SPECIFICATIONS\n\n - 1. Length of mechanical tube: 160mm\n - 2. Conjugate distance between object and image: 195mm\n - 3. Condenser: Abbe; numerical aperture: NA1.25 (oil immersion)\n - 4. Illumination: Input 110V or 200V; Output: 20W\n - 5. Fine adjustment range: .002mm\n - 6. Coarse Adjustment Range: 20mm\n - 7. Shift or Mechanical Stage: Longitude - 40mm; Transversal - 70mm\n - 8. Condenser Elevation Range: 15mm\n - 9. Iris diaphragm aperture: 2mm-30mm\n\n## Objective Specifications\n\n| Classification | Optical System | Magnification | Numerical Aperture | Working Distance |\n|----------------------|-------------------|------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------|\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 4x Adjustable Focus | 0.1 | 37.42mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 10x | 0.25 | 7.14mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 40x Spring Adjustable Focus | 0.65 | 0.57mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Oil Immer- sion | 100x Spring Adjustable Focus | 1.25 | 0.18mm |\n\nNote: For oil immersion, please use the index of refraction 1.515 oil\n\n## Eyepiece Specifications\n\n| Classification | Magnification | Field of View (FOV) Diameter |\n|-----------------------|-----------------|--------------------------------|\n| Plain Field Eyepiece | 10x | 18mm |\n\n## Total Magnification\n\n| Objective Magnification Eyepiece | 10x |\n|------------------------------------|-------|\n| 4x | 40x |\n| 10x | 100x |\n| 40x (s) | 400x |\n| 100x (oil,s) | 1000x |\n\n\n\n\n\n## PARTS LIST\n\n| Name | Name |\n|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| Microscope Stand | Microscope Stand |\n| | 4x (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 10x |\n| | 40x (s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 100x (oil,s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer | 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer |\n| Abbe Condenser NA1.25 | Abbe Condenser NA1.25 |\n| | |\n| Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb | Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb |\n| Lens Cleaning Tissue | Lens Cleaning Tissue |\n| Cedar Oil | Cedar Oil |\n| 1A Fuse (spare) | 1A Fuse (spare) |\n| Specification | Specification |\n| Inspection Certificate | Inspection Certificate |\n| Packing List | Packing List |\n\n## OPERATION\n\n - 1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before assembling instrument.\n - 2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving turret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only.\n - 3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips. NOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is the cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the specimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the thickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is 0.17mm.\n - 4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope lamp ON.\n - 5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective first. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it easier to search the specimen.", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, + "text": "## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n - 6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece interpupillary slide adjustment.\n - 7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine focus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives. NOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so the precision or parfocalization is very high.\n\nFig. 1 - Objective Parts\n\n\n\n - 10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select other objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine adjustment knob has not been used by using the following method (See Fig. 1):\n - 1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x objective and remove from turret.\n - 2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n - 3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal distance.\n - 4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n - 5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n\n## USING THE CEDAR OIL\n\n - 1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil.\n - 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n - 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.\n\n\n\n## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## ADJUSTING THE CONDENSER APERTURE\n\n - 1. The numerical aperture of the condenser should match the numerical aperture of the objective being used.\n - 2. To make sure that the objectives are imaging properly (especially the 40x and 100x), follow this procedure:\n - 1. Take off the eyepiece.\n - 2. Look through the eyepiece.\n - 3. The smallest circle or light that you can see is the eyepiece's exit pupil.\n - 4. Adjust the aperture of the iris diaphragm in the condenser to 70% or 80% for the best contrast for observation (See Fig. 2.).\n\nFig. 2 - Condenser Diaphram Aperture\n\n\n\n## TROUBLESHOOTING\n\n| Problem | Possible Cause | Solution |\n|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1. Image not clear. | 1.Specimen is in incorrect position. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Cedar oil not placed on immersion objective. 4. Bubbles in Cedar oil. | 1. Re-position specimen. 2. Clean lens. 3. Put a drop of Cedar oil on immersion objective. 4. Rotate turret several times to eliminate bubbles. |\n| 2. Poor illumination. | 1. Condenser position is incorrect. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Specimen is not placed level. | 1. Re-position condenser. 2. Clean lens. 3. Re-position specimen so it is level. |\n| 3. Illumination not bright. | 1. Iris diaphragm opening too small. 2. Position of condenser too low. 3. Lens is dirty. | 1. Open iris diaphragm wider. 2. Raise condenser. 3. Clean lens. |\n| 4. Cannot focus at high magnification. | 1. Specimen is in incorrect position. | 1. Re-position specimen. |\n| 5. Objective lenses touch specimen. | 1. Stage is too high. | 1. Re-position stage. |", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" }, { - "text": "## WARRANTY\n\nBARSKA warrants your micrscope to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for one (1) year. BARSKA will repair or replace such product or part thereof which, upon inspection by BARSKA, is found to be defective in materials or workmanship. As a condition to the obligation of BARSKA to repair or replace such product, the product must be returned to BARSKA together with proof-of-purchase satisfactory to BARSKA.\n\nThe Proper Return Merchandise Authorization Number (RMA) must be obtained from BARSKA in advance of return. Call BARSKA at (909) 445-8168 to receive the number to be displayed on the outside of your shipping container.\n\nAll returns must be accompanied by a written statement setting forth the name, address, and daytime telephone number of the owner, together with a brief description of any claimed defects. Parts or product for which replacement is made shall become the property of BARSKA.\n\nThe customer shall be responsible for all costs of transportation and insurance, both to and from BARSKA, and shall be required to prepay such costs.\n\nBARSKA shall use reasonable efforts to repair or replace any microscope covered by this warranty within thirty days of receipt. In the event repair or replacement shall require more than thirty days, BARSKA shall notify the customer accordingly. BARSKA reserves the right to replace any product which has been discontinued from its product line with a new product of comparable value and function.\n\nThis warranty shall be void and of no force of effect in the event a covered product has been modified in design or function, or subjected to abuse, misuse, mishandling or unauthorized repair. Further, product malfunction or deterioration due to normal wear is not covered by this warranty.\n\nBARSKA DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WHETHER OF MERCHANTABILITY OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE, EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH HEREIN. THE SOLE OBLIGATION OF BARSKA UNDER THIS LIMITED WARRANTY SHALL BE TO REPAIR OR REPLACE THE COVERED PRODUCT, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS SET FORTH HEREIN. BARSKA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY LOST PROFITS, GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHICH MAY RESULT FROM BREACH OF ANY WARRANTY, OR ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE ANY BARSKA PRODUCT. ANY WARRANTIES WHICH ARE IMPLIED AND WHICH CANNOT BE DISCLAIMED SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO A TERM OF ONE YEAR FROM THE DATE OF ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASE.\n\nSome states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages or limitation on how long an implied warranty lasts, so the above limitations and exclusions may not apply to you.\n\nThis warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.\n\nBARSKA reserves the right to modify or discontinue, without prior notice to you, any model or style microscope.\n\nIf warranty problems arise, or if you need assistance in using your microscope contact:\n\n## BARSKA\n\nCustomer Service Department Tel. (909) 445-8168 Fax. (909) 445-8169 e-mail: service@barska.com\n\nMonday-Friday 8:30AM-5:30PM PST\n\nNOTE: This warranty is valid to U.S.A. customers who have purchased this product from an authorized BARSKA dealer in the U.S.A.\n\n\n\n1721 Wright Avenue La Verne, CA 91750 Tel: 909.445.8168 Fax: 909.445.8169 .\n\nwww.barska.com\n\n\n\n## MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL\n\n\n\n\n\nMODEL AY11240 40X,100X,400X COMPOUND MONOCULAR\n\n\n\nMODEL AY11238 40X,100X,400X COMPOUND MONOCULAR\n\nMODEL AY11228 20X,40X STEREO BINOCULARMODEL AY11232 7X-45X STEREO ZOOM\n\n\n\nMODEL AY11230 20X,40X STEREO TRINOCULAR\n\n\n\n\n\nMODEL AY11236\n\n40X,100X,400X,1000X COMPOUND\n\nMODEL AY11234 7X-45X ZOOM STEREO TRINOCULAR\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, + "text": "## SPECIFICATIONS\n\n - 1. Length of mechanical tube: 160mm\n - 2. Conjugate distance between object and image: 195mm\n - 3. Condenser: Abbe; numerical aperture: NA1.25 (oil immersion)\n - 4. Illumination: Input 110V or 200V; Output: 20W\n - 5. Fine adjustment range: .002mm\n - 6. Coarse Adjustment Range: 20mm\n - 7. Shift or Mechanical Stage: Longitude - 40mm; Transversal - 70mm\n - 8. Condenser Elevation Range: 15mm\n - 9. Iris diaphragm aperture: 2mm-30mm\n\n## Objective Specifications\n\n| Classification | Optical System | Magnification | Numerical Aperture | Working Distance |\n|----------------------|-------------------|------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------|\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 4x Adjustable Focus | 0.1 | 37.42mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 10x | 0.25 | 7.14mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Dry | 40x Spring Adjustable Focus | 0.65 | 0.57mm |\n| Achromatic Objective | Oil Immer- sion | 100x Spring Adjustable Focus | 1.25 | 0.18mm |\n\nNote: For oil immersion, please use the index of refraction 1.515 oil\n\n## Eyepiece Specifications\n\n| Classification | Magnification | Field of View (FOV) Diameter |\n|-----------------------|-----------------|--------------------------------|\n| Plain Field Eyepiece | 10x | 18mm |\n\n## Total Magnification\n\n| Objective Magnification Eyepiece | 10x |\n|------------------------------------|-------|\n| 4x | 40x |\n| 10x | 100x |\n| 40x (s) | 400x |\n| 100x (oil,s) | 1000x |\n\n\n\n\n\n## PARTS LIST\n\n| Name | Name |\n|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| Microscope Stand | Microscope Stand |\n| | 4x (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 10x |\n| | 40x (s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 100x (oil,s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer | 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer |\n| Abbe Condenser NA1.25 | Abbe Condenser NA1.25 |\n| | |\n| Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb | Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb |\n| Lens Cleaning Tissue | Lens Cleaning Tissue |\n| Cedar Oil | Cedar Oil |\n| 1A Fuse (spare) | 1A Fuse (spare) |\n| Specification | Specification |\n| Inspection Certificate | Inspection Certificate |\n| Packing List | Packing List |\n\n## OPERATION\n\n - 1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before assembling instrument.\n - 2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving turret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only.\n - 3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips. NOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is the cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the specimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the thickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is 0.17mm.\n - 4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope lamp ON.\n - 5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective first. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it easier to search the specimen.", + "page_start": 8, + "page_end": 8, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" }, { - "text": "Figure 5.3. Flight Strength Diagram\n\n", - "page_start": 352, - "page_end": 352, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "text": "FIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\n- [1] C. Meegan et al., Ap. J. 702 , 791 (2009).\n- [2] C. Wilson-Hodge et al. (2010), these proceedings.\n- [3] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 138 , 149 (2002).\n- [4] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 154 , 585 (2004).\n- [5] G. L. Case et al., in The First GLAST Symposium , edited by S. Ritz, P. Michelson, and C. Meegan (2007), vol. 921 of AIP Conf. Proceedings , p. 538.\n- [6] J. Tueller et al. (2010), ap. J. Suppl., (to be published), astro-ph/0903.3037.\n- [7] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Ap. J. 598 , 334 (2003).\n- [8] E. Jourdain and J. P. Roques, Ap. J. 704 , 17 (2009).\n- [9] H. Steinle et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 330 , 97\n\n12-25 keV band, where the flux initially rose to about 240 mCrab (2009 Oct 25-28), suddenly dropped to non-detectable on 2009 October 29-30, then rose again during the period 2009 October 31 to November 2. As of mid December 2009, the source remains in a high intensity state. The light curve is shown for the period MJD 54700-55200, again with 1-day resolution, in Fig. 8. The fluxes for XTE J1752-223 in Table 1 are given are for the interval of flaring activity, TJD 55130-55180.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work is supported by the NASA Fermi Guest Investigator program. At LSU, additional support is provided by NASA/Louisiana Board of Regents Cooperative Agreement NNX07AT62A.\n\n(1998).\n\n- [10] M. McConnell et al., Ap. J. 523 , 928 (2000).\n- [11] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 80 (2005).\n- [12] G. L. Case et al., Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 341 (2005).\n- [13] L. Bouchet et al., Ap. J. 693 , 1871 (2009).\n- [14] M. C. Bell et al., Ap. J. 659 , 549 (2007).\n- [15] G. L. Case et al. (2010), to be submitted.\n- [16] C. Wilson-Hodge et al., Astron. Telegram 2280 (2009).", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" } ] }, @@ -18542,6 +18542,12 @@ "page_end": 62, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Scharre, Paul, \"Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race\", Foreign Affairs , vol. 98, no. 3 (May/June 2019), pp. 135-144. \"Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable. Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate. Learning systems are limited by the data on which they were trained. AI failures have already led to tragedy. Advanced autopilot features in cars, although they perform well in some circumstances, have driven cars without warning into trucks, concrete barriers, and parked cars. In the wrong situation, AI systems go from supersmart to superdumb in an instant. When an enemy is trying to manipulate and hack an AI system, the risks are even greater.\" (p. 140.)\n - Schulz, Hannes; Behnke, Sven (1 November 2012). \"Deep Learning\" (https://www.researchgat e.net/publication/230690795). KI - Künstliche Intelligenz . 26 (4): 357-363. doi:10.1007/s13218-012-0198-z (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13218-012-0198-z). ISSN 1610-1987 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1610-1987). S2CID 220523562 (https://ap i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220523562).\n - Serenko, Alexander; Michael Dohan (2011). \"Comparing the expert survey and citation impact journal ranking methods: Example from the field of Artificial Intelligence\" (http://www.aserenk o.com/papers/JOI\\_AI\\_Journal\\_Ranking\\_Serenko.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Informetrics . 5 (4): 629-649. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2011.06.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joi.2011.06.002). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212839/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/J OI\\_AI\\_Journal\\_Ranking\\_Serenko.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.\n - Silver, David; Huang, Aja; Maddison, Chris J.; et al. (28 January 2016). \"Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search\" (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature1696 1). Nature . 529 (7587): 484-489. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..484S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.e du/abs/2016Natur.529..484S). doi:10.1038/nature16961 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature1 6961). PMID 26819042 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26819042). S2CID 515925 (http s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:515925). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230 618213059/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961) from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.\n - Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar et al. \"Attention is all you need.\" Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017). Seminal paper on transformers.\n - Vincent, James, \"Horny Robot Baby Voice: James Vincent on AI chatbots\", London Review of Books , vol. 46, no. 19 (10 October 2024), pp. 29-32. \"[AI chatbot] programs are made possible by new technologies but rely on the timelelss human tendency to anthropomorphise.\" (p. 29.)\n - White Paper: On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust (https://e c.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020\\_en.pd f) (PDF). Brussels: European Commission. 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202 00220173419/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intell igence-feb2020\\_en.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.\n\n## External links\n\n - \"Artificial Intelligence\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/art-inte). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial\\_intelligence&oldid=1268183823\"", + "page_start": 69, + "page_end": 69, + "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" + }, { "text": "- Lee, Timothy B. (22 August 2014). \"Will artificial intelligence destroy humanity? Here are 5 reasons not to worry\" (https://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worr y-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking). Vox . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201 51030092203/http://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-s uper-intelligent-computers-taking) from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.\n - Lenat, Douglas; Guha, R. V. (1989). Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems . AddisonWesley. ISBN 978-0-2015-1752-1.\n - Lighthill, James (1973). \"Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey\". Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium . Science Research Council.\n - Lipartito, Kenneth (6 January 2011), The Narrative and the Algorithm: Genres of Credit Reporting from the Nineteenth Century to Today (https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28142/1/ MPRA\\_paper\\_28142.pdf) (PDF) (Unpublished manuscript), doi:10.2139/ssrn.1736283 (http s://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1736283), S2CID 166742927 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/C orpusID:166742927), archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mpra.ub.u ni-muenchen.de/28142/1/MPRA\\_paper\\_28142.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022\n - Lohr, Steve (2017). \"Robots Will Take Jobs, but Not as Fast as Some Fear, New Report Says\" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-so me-fear-new-report-says.html). The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/ 20180114073704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-butnot-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html) from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.\n - Lungarella, M.; Metta, G.; Pfeifer, R.; Sandini, G. (2003). \"Developmental robotics: a survey\". Connection Science . 15 (4): 151-190. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.83.7615 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.ed u/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.83.7615). doi:10.1080/09540090310001655110 (https://doi. org/10.1080%2F09540090310001655110). S2CID 1452734 (https://api.semanticscholar.or g/CorpusID:1452734).\n - \"Machine Ethics\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044821/http://www.aaai.org/Library/Sy mposia/Fall/fs05-06). aaai.org . Archived from the original (http://www.aaai.org/Library/Symp osia/Fall/fs05-06) on 29 November 2014.\n - Madrigal, Alexis C. (27 February 2015). \"The case against killer robots, from a guy actually working on artificial intelligence\" (https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/19/losing-humanity/cas e-against-killer-robots). Fusion.net . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160204175716/ http://fusion.net/story/54583/the-case-against-killer-robots-from-a-guy-actually-building-ai) from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.\n - Mahdawi, Arwa (26 June 2017). \"What jobs will still be around in 20 years? Read this to prepare your future\" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robo ts-skills-creative-health). The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021 804/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skillscreative-health) from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.\n - Maker, Meg Houston (2006), AI@50: AI Past, Present, Future (https://web.archive.org/web/200 81008120238/http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50\\_ai\\_past\\_pr.html), Dartmouth College, archived from the original (http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/0 7/ai50\\_ai\\_past\\_pr.html) on 8 October 2008, retrieved 16 October 2008\n - Marmouyet, Françoise (15 December 2023). \"Google's Gemini: is the new AI model really better than ChatGPT?\" (https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-bet ter-than-chatgpt-219526). The Conversation . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202403 04215625/https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-tha n-chatgpt-219526) from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2023.\n - Minsky, Marvin (1986), The Society of Mind , Simon and Schuster", "page_start": 59, @@ -18571,12 +18577,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "U.S. Computer Science PhD graduates have specialized in \"AI\". [353] About 800,000 \"AI\"-related U.S. job openings existed in 2022. [354] According to PitchBook research, 22% of newly funded startups in 2024 claimed to be AI companies. [355]\n\n## Philosophy\n\nPhilosophical debates have historically sought to determine the nature of intelligence and how to make intelligent machines. [356] Another major focus has been whether machines can be conscious, and the associated ethical implications. [357] Many other topics in philosophy are relevant to AI, such as epistemology and free will. [358] Rapid advancements have intensified public discussions on the philosophy and ethics of AI. [357]\n\n## Defining artificial intelligence\n\nAlan Turing wrote in 1950 \"I propose to consider the question 'can machines think'?\" [359] He advised changing the question from whether a machine \"thinks\", to \"whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behaviour\". [359] He devised the Turing test, which measures the ability of a machine to simulate human conversation. [323] Since we can only observe the behavior of the machine, it does not matter if it is \"actually\" thinking or literally has a \"mind\". Turing notes that we can not determine these things about other people but \"it is usual to have a polite convention that everyone thinks.\" [360]\n\nRussell and Norvig agree with Turing that intelligence must be defined in terms of external behavior, not internal structure. [1] However, they are critical that the test requires the machine to imitate humans. \"Aeronautical engineering texts\", they wrote, \"do not define the goal of their field as making 'machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they can fool other pigeons.' \" [362] AI founder John McCarthy agreed, writing that \"Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence\". [363]\n\nMcCarthy defines intelligence as \"the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world\". [364] Another AI founder, Marvin Minsky similarly describes it as \"the ability to solve hard problems\". [365] The leading AI textbook defines it as the study of\n\nThe Turing test can provide some evidence of intelligence, but it penalizes non-human intelligent behavior. [361]\n\n\n\nagents that perceive their environment and take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1] These definitions view intelligence in terms of well-defined problems with well-defined solutions, where both the difficulty of the problem and the performance of the program are direct measures of the \"intelligence\" of the machine-and no other philosophical discussion is required, or may not even be possible.\n\nAnother definition has been adopted by Google, [366] a major practitioner in the field of AI. This definition stipulates the ability of systems to synthesize information as the manifestation of intelligence, similar to the way it is defined in biological intelligence.", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -18883,8 +18883,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called \"foreign princes\" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19011,15 +19011,15 @@ "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" }, { - "text": "illegitimate son Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine. [129] Orléans, however, had Louis's will annulled by the Parlement of Paris after his death and made himself sole regent. He stripped Maine and his brother, Louis-Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, of the rank of Prince of the Blood, which Louis had granted them, and significantly reduced Maine's power and privileges. [130]\n\n## Line of succession in 1715\n\nLine of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715. Louis XIV's only surviving legitimate grandson, Philip V, was not included in the line of succession due to having renounced the French throne after the war of the Spanish Succession, which lasted for 13 years after the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700. [131]\n\nLouis XIII (1601-1643)\n\n\n\nFurther down the French line of succession in 1715 was the House of Condé, followed by the House of Conti (a cadet branch of the House of Condé). Both of these royal houses were descended in the male line from Henri II, Prince of Condé, a second cousin of French King Louis XIII (the father of Louis XIV) in the male line.\n\n## Legacy\n\n## Reputation\n\nAccording to Philippe de Courcillon's Journal , Louis on his deathbed advised his heir with these words:\n\nDo not follow the bad example which I have set you; I have often undertaken war too lightly and have sustained it for vanity. Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects. [132]\n\nSome historians point out that it was a customary demonstration of piety in those days to exaggerate one's sins. Thus they do not place much emphasis on Louis's deathbed declarations in assessing his accomplishments. Rather, they focus on military and diplomatic successes, such as how he placed a French prince on the Spanish throne. This, they contend, ended the threat of an aggressive Spain that historically interfered in domestic French politics. These historians also emphasise the effect of Louis's wars in expanding France's boundaries and creating more defensible frontiers that preserved France from invasion until the Revolution. [132]\n\nArguably, Louis also applied himself indirectly to \"the alleviation of the burdens of [his] subjects.\" For example, he patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and commerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. Moreover, the significant reduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these\n\nTerritorial expansion of France under Louis XIV (1643-1715) is depicted in orange.\n\n\n\nhistorians as the result of Louis's consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. In their analysis, his early reforms centralised France and marked the birth of the modern French state. They regard the political and military victories as well as numerous cultural achievements as how Louis helped raise France to a preeminent position in Europe. [133] Europe came to admire France for its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values, goods, and deportment. French became the universal language of the European elite.\n\nLouis's detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted France. His supporters, however, distinguish the state, which was impoverished, from France, which was not. As supporting evidence, they cite the literature of the time, such as the social commentary in Montesquieu's Persian Letters . [134]", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, + "text": "Félix, Joël. \"'The most difficult financial matter that has ever presented itself': paper money and the financing of warfare under Louis XIV.\" Financial History Review 25.1 (2018): 43-70 online (http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72452/ 2/The%20most%20difficult%20financial%20matter%20FH.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021022610 4833/http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72452/2/The%20most%20difficult%20financial%20matter%20FH.pdf) 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine.\n\nGoubert, Pierre (197). Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen . social history from Annales School. ISBN 978-03947-1751-7.\n\nJones, Colin. The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon (1715-1799) (2002)\n\nKlaits, Joseph. Printed propaganda under Louis XIV: absolute monarchy and public opinion (Princeton University Press, 2015).\n\nLe Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610-1774 (1999), survey by leader of the Annales School ISBN 0631211969\n\nLewis, W. H. The Splendid Century: Life in the France of Louis XIV (1953) ISBN 0881339210\n\nMitford, Nancy (1966). The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles (2012 ed.). New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-15901-7491-3.\n\nPrest, Julia, and Guy Rowlands, eds. The Third Reign of Louis XIV, c. 1682-1715 (Taylor & Francis, 2016).\n\nRothkrug, Lionel. Opposition to Louis XIV: The Political and Social Origins of French Enlightenment (Princeton University Press, 2015).\n\nRowlands, Guy. The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV: Royal Service and Private Interest, 1661-1701 (2002)\n\nRubin, David Lee, ed. Sun King: The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XIV . Washington: Folger Books and Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 1992.\n\nRule, John C., Louis XIV and the craft of kingship 1969.\n\nShennan, J. H. Louis XIV (1993)\n\nThompson, Ian. The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles . London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 ISBN 1-5823-4631-3\n\nTreasure, Geoffrey. The Making of Modern Europe, 1648-1780 (3rd ed. 2003). pp. 230-296.\n\nWilkinson, Rich. Louis XIV (Routledge, 2007). ISBN 978-0-4153-5815-6\n\nCénat, Jean-Philippe. Le roi stratège: Louis XIV et la direction de la guerre, 1661-1715 (Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2019).\n\nCroix, Alain. \"Vingt millions de Français et Louis XIV.\" Revue dhistoire moderne contemporaine 2 (2020): 27-46.\n\nEngerand, Fernand, editor (1899). (in French) Inventaire des tableaux du Roy rédigé en 1709 et 1710 par Nicolas Bailly . Paris: Ernest Leroux. Copy (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image) Archived (https://we b.archive.org/web/20160307153902/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image) 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine at Gallica.\n\n## External links\n\n - Ranum, Orest, ed. (1972). The Century of Louis XIV (http://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182952/https://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997) from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2017. {{cite book}} : |work= ignored (help)\n - Works by or about Louis XIV (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%22Louis+XIV%22+OR+%22Louis+the +Great%22+OR+%22Sun+King%22+OR+%28%221638-1715%22+AND+Louis%29+%29) at the Internet Archive\n - Works by Louis XIV (https://librivox.org/author/9631) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)\n - Louis XIV (http://www.history.com/topics/louis-xiv) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170622232619/http://w ww.history.com/topics/louis-xiv) 22 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine at History.com\n - Full text of marriage contract (https://web.archive.org/web/20070616071522/http://www.smae.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ch oiseul/ressource/pdf/D16590004.pdf), France National Archives transcription (in French)\n - Le Siècle de Louis XIV by Voltaire, 1751, hosted by French Wikisource\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis\\_XIV&oldid=1267574624\"", + "page_start": 33, + "page_end": 33, "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" }, { - "text": "The French were nevertheless forced to retreat from most of the Dutch Republic, which deeply shocked Louis; he retreated to St Germain for a time, where no one, except a few intimates, was allowed to disturb him. [47] French military advantages allowed them however to hold their ground in Alsace and the Spanish Netherlands while retaking Franche-Comté. By 1678, mutual exhaustion led to the Treaty of Nijmegen, which was generally settled in France's favour and allowed Louis to intervene in the Scanian War. Despite the military defeat, his ally Sweden regained much of what it had lost under the 1679 treaties of SaintGermain-en-Laye, Fontainebleau and Lund imposed on Denmark-Norway and Brandenburg. [48] Yet Louis's two primary goals, the destruction of the Dutch Republic and the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands, had failed. [49]\n\nLouis was at the height of his power, but at the cost of uniting his opponents; this increased as he continued his expansion. In 1679, he dismissed his foreign minister Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne, because he was seen as having compromised too much with the allies. Louis maintained the strength of his army, but in his next series of territorial claims avoided using military force alone. Rather, he combined it with legal pretexts in his efforts to augment the boundaries of his kingdom. Contemporary treaties were intentionally phrased ambiguously. Louis established the Chambers of Reunion to determine the full extent of his rights and obligations under those treaties.\n\nCities and territories, such as Luxembourg and Casale, were prized for their strategic positions on the frontier and access to important waterways. Louis also sought Strasbourg, an important strategic crossing on the left bank of the Rhine and theretofore a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire, annexing it and other territories in 1681. Although a part of Alsace, Strasbourg was not part of Habsburg-ruled Alsace and was thus not ceded to France in the Peace of Westphalia.\n\nFollowing these annexations, Spain declared war, precipitating the War of the Reunions. However, the Spanish were rapidly defeated because the Emperor (distracted by the Great Turkish War) abandoned them, and the Dutch only supported them minimally. By the Truce of Ratisbon, in 1684, Spain was forced to acquiesce in the French occupation of most of the conquered territories, for 20 years. [50]\n\nLouis's policy of the Réunions may have raised France to its greatest size and power during his reign, but it alienated much of Europe. This poor public opinion was compounded by French actions off the Barbary Coast and at Genoa. First, Louis had\n\n## Silver coin of Louis XIV, dated 1674\n\nObverse. The Latin inscription is LVDOVICVS XIIII D[EI] GRA[TIA] (\"Louis XIV, by the grace of God\").\n\n\n\nReverse. The Latin\n\ninscription is\n\nFRAN[CIÆ] ET\n\nNAVARRÆ REX 1674\n\n(\"King of France and of Navarre, 1674\").\n\nAlgiers and Tripoli, two Barbary pirate strongholds, bombarded to obtain a favourable treaty and the liberation of Christian slaves. Next, in 1684, a punitive mission was launched against Genoa in retaliation for its support for Spain in previous wars. Although the Genoese submitted, and the Doge led an official mission of apology to Versailles, France gained a reputation for brutality and arrogance. European apprehension at growing French might and the realisation of the extent of the dragonnades' effect (discussed below) led many states to abandon their alliances with France. [51] Accordingly, by the late 1680s, France became increasingly isolated in Europe.\n\n## Non-European relations and the colonies\n\nFrench colonies multiplied in Africa, the Americas, and Asia during Louis's reign, and French explorers made important discoveries in North America. In 1673, Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette discovered the Mississippi River. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the vast Mississippi basin in Louis's name, calling it Louisiane . French trading posts were also established in India, at Chandernagore and Pondicherry, and in the Indian Ocean at Île Bourbon. Throughout these regions, Louis and Colbert embarked on an extensive program of architecture and urbanism meant to reflect the styles of Versailles and Paris and the 'gloire' of the realm. [52]\n\nMeanwhile, diplomatic relations were initiated with distant countries. In 1669, Suleiman Aga led an Ottoman embassy to revive the old Franco-Ottoman alliance. [53] Then, in 1682,\n\nThe Persian embassy to Louis XIV sent by Soltan Hoseyn in 1715. Ambassade de Perse auprès de Louis XIV , studio of Antoine Coypel.\n\n\n\nafter the reception of the Moroccan embassy of Mohammed Tenim in France, Moulay Ismail, Sultan of Morocco, allowed French consular and commercial establishments in his country. [54] In 1699, Louis once again received a Moroccan ambassador, Abdallah bin Aisha, and in 1715, he received a Persian embassy led by Mohammad Reza Beg.\n\nFrom farther afield, Siam dispatched an embassy in 1684, reciprocated by the French magnificently the next year under Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont. This, in turn, was succeeded by another Siamese embassy under Kosa Pan, superbly received at Versailles in 1686. Louis then sent another embassy in 1687, under Simon de la Loubère, and French influence grew at the", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, + "text": "illegitimate son Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine. [129] Orléans, however, had Louis's will annulled by the Parlement of Paris after his death and made himself sole regent. He stripped Maine and his brother, Louis-Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, of the rank of Prince of the Blood, which Louis had granted them, and significantly reduced Maine's power and privileges. [130]\n\n## Line of succession in 1715\n\nLine of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715. Louis XIV's only surviving legitimate grandson, Philip V, was not included in the line of succession due to having renounced the French throne after the war of the Spanish Succession, which lasted for 13 years after the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700. [131]\n\nLouis XIII (1601-1643)\n\n\n\nFurther down the French line of succession in 1715 was the House of Condé, followed by the House of Conti (a cadet branch of the House of Condé). Both of these royal houses were descended in the male line from Henri II, Prince of Condé, a second cousin of French King Louis XIII (the father of Louis XIV) in the male line.\n\n## Legacy\n\n## Reputation\n\nAccording to Philippe de Courcillon's Journal , Louis on his deathbed advised his heir with these words:\n\nDo not follow the bad example which I have set you; I have often undertaken war too lightly and have sustained it for vanity. Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects. [132]\n\nSome historians point out that it was a customary demonstration of piety in those days to exaggerate one's sins. Thus they do not place much emphasis on Louis's deathbed declarations in assessing his accomplishments. Rather, they focus on military and diplomatic successes, such as how he placed a French prince on the Spanish throne. This, they contend, ended the threat of an aggressive Spain that historically interfered in domestic French politics. These historians also emphasise the effect of Louis's wars in expanding France's boundaries and creating more defensible frontiers that preserved France from invasion until the Revolution. [132]\n\nArguably, Louis also applied himself indirectly to \"the alleviation of the burdens of [his] subjects.\" For example, he patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and commerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. Moreover, the significant reduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these\n\nTerritorial expansion of France under Louis XIV (1643-1715) is depicted in orange.\n\n\n\nhistorians as the result of Louis's consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. In their analysis, his early reforms centralised France and marked the birth of the modern French state. They regard the political and military victories as well as numerous cultural achievements as how Louis helped raise France to a preeminent position in Europe. [133] Europe came to admire France for its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values, goods, and deportment. French became the universal language of the European elite.\n\nLouis's detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted France. His supporters, however, distinguish the state, which was impoverished, from France, which was not. As supporting evidence, they cite the literature of the time, such as the social commentary in Montesquieu's Persian Letters . [134]", + "page_start": 20, + "page_end": 20, "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" } ] @@ -19122,6 +19122,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [30] Liang Z, Hore Z, Harley P, Uchenna Stanley F, Michrowska A, Dahiya M, La Russa F, Jager SE, Villa-Hernandez S, Denk F. A transcriptional toolbox for exploring peripheral neuroimmune interactions. PAIN 2020; 161:2089-106.\n - [31] Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 2014;15:550.\n - [32] Madisen L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuo J, Berenyi A, Fujisawa S, Hsu YWA, Garcia AJ, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mao Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzs 'aki G, Ramirez JM, Jones AR, Svoboda K, Han X, Turner EE, Zeng H. A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing. Nat Neurosci 2012;15:793-802.\n - [33] Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, Gu H, Ng LL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zeng H. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosci 2010;13:133-40.\n - [34] McCoy ES, Taylor-Blake B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CGRP a primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013;78:138-51.\n - [35] McKay Hart A, Brannstrom T, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat: timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002;142:308-18.\n - [36] Molander C, Wang H, Rivero-Meli 'an C, Grant G. Early decline and late restoration of spinal cord binding and transganglionic transport of isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Neurol Neurosci 1996;10:123-33.\n - [37] Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon CE, Ryba N. Stereotyped transcriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Elife 2019;8:e49679.\n - [38] Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6J mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001;34: 375-80.\n - [39] Olson W, Abdus-Saboor I, Cui L, Burdge J, Raabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Elife 2017;6:e29507.\n - [40] Plummer NW, Evsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase-based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015;142:4385-93.\n - [41] Prescott SA, Ratt 'e S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits: afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:631-9.\n - [42] Qi L, Iskols M, Shi D, Reddy P, Walker C, Lezgiyeva K, Voisin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VK, Chiu I, Ginty DD, Sharma N. A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes. bioRxiv 2023.2023.04.22.537932.\n - [43] Reid AJ, Mantovani C, Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, Wiberg M. Phenotype of distinct primary sensory afferent subpopulations and caspase-3 expression following axotomy. Histochem Cell Biol 2011;136:71-8.\n - [44] Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of distinct peripheral sensory neuron subtypes after axonal injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-44.e9.\n - [45] Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 2012;9:676-82.\n - [46] Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sciatic nerve section in the rat. Anat Rec 1987;219:323-9.\n - [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.\n - [64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:315-23.\n - [65] West CA, Davies KA, Hart AM, Wiberg M, Williams SR, Terenghi G. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia for the objective quantitative assessment of neuron death after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2007;203:22-33.\n - [66] West CA, Ljungberg C, Wiberg M, Hart A. Sensory neuron death after upper limb nerve injury and protective effect of repair: clinical evaluation using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia. Neurosurgery 2013;73:632-40.\n - [67] West SJ, Bonboire D, Bennett DL. StereoMate: 3D stereological automated analysis of biological structures. bioRxiv 2020:648337.\n - [68] Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2018;29:779-85.\n - [69] Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020;11:264.\n - [70] Zheng J, Lu Y, Perl ER. Inhibitory neurones of the spinal substantia gelatinosa mediate interaction of signals from primary afferents. J Physiol 2010;588:2065-75.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n## Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations\n\nAndrew H. Cooper a , Allison M. Barry b , Paschalina Chrysostomidou a , Romane Lolignier a , Jinyi Wang a , Magdalena Redondo Canales a , Heather F. Titterton a , David L. Bennett b , Greg A. Weir a, *\n\n## Abstract\n\nThere is a rich literature describing the loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral axotomy, but the vulnerability of discrete subpopulations has not yet been characterised. Furthermore, the extent or even presence of neuron loss following injury has recently been challenged. In this study, we have used a range of transgenic recombinase driver mouse lines to genetically label molecularly defined subpopulations of DRG neurons and track their survival following traumatic nerve injury. We find that spared nerve injury leads to a marked loss of cells containing DRG volume and a concomitant loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Neuron loss occurs unequally across subpopulations and is particularly prevalent in nonpeptidergic nociceptors, marked by expression of Mrgprd. We show that this subpopulation is almost entirely lost following spared nerve injury and severely depleted (by roughly 50%) following sciatic nerve crush. Finally, we used an in vitro model of DRG neuron survival to demonstrate that nonpeptidergic nociceptor loss is likely dependent on the absence of neurotrophic support. Together, these results profile the extent to which DRG neuron subpopulations can survive axotomy, with implications for our understanding of nerve injury-induced plasticity and pain.\n\nKeywords: Sensory neuron, Neuron death, Transgenic reporter line, Neuropathic pain, Nerve injury\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly and functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal conditions, this diversity contributes to the ability of the somatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory stimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature, itch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in DRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability, 57 which is a key pathological driver of neuropathic pain. 20,63 Concomitant molecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur, and these have recently been comprehensively described in single-cell 37,44 and subpopulation-specific sequencing studies. 3 These studies describe a transient and generalized reduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes following nerve injury. 3,37,44\n\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature describing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic\n\nSupplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.painjournalonline.com).\n\nCopyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Pain. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\n\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003321\n\nnerve injury in experimental rodent models. 24,50,53,56 Some studies have suggested that neuron loss occurs in certain patient cohorts, 48,66 but this is yet to be definitively demonstrated in humans. In rodents, most studies support a preferential loss of small cells that give rise to unmyelinated fibers 53 but some contrasting studies describe the preferential loss of large cells 6 or loss of cells of all sizes. 46 Variation is evident across studies in terms of experimental species, age, type of injury, and quantification methods. 56 Shi et al. 50 used stereological counting methods to identify a 54% loss of DRG neuron number 4 weeks after 'mid-thigh' sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6 mice. Estimates for the degree of loss following commonly used nerve injury paradigms (eg, spared nerve injury [SNI] and sciatic nerve crush) are not available and because of the neurochemical changes following injury and the loss of subpopulation marker gene expression, 5,44,50 the vulnerability of molecularly defined subpopulations has not been characterized. Moreover, more recent studies have cast doubt on the extent or even presence of DRG neuron death following nerve injury. One study which developed a deep learning approach to assess rat DRG cellular plasticity found no loss of neurons up to 2 weeks post-SNI, 49 while another observed no loss of genetically labelled damaged DRG neurons 2 months after sciatic nerve crush. 44\n\nThe issue of whether neuron loss occurs, and if so, in what subpopulations, is important. It will likely have implications for our understanding of reinnervation and functional recovery in patients. Furthermore, better insight will provide critical context for those investigating the plasticity that occurs following nerve injury and may inform therapeutic targeting of sensory neuron populations.\n\nAn expanding repertoire of transgenic recombinase driver lines now makes it possible to permanently label DRG neuron subpopulations and study their fate in rodent nerve injury paradigms. The aim of this study was to use this technology to characterize", "page_start": 0, @@ -19163,12 +19169,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 1 and CGRP 1 but not myelinated DRG neurons. (A) Schematic of experimental approach. (B-D) FastBlue labelling and Trpm8-tdTom (B), Calca-YFP (C), or Thy1-CFP expression (D) 28 days after SNItrans in the L4 DRG, contralateral (top) or ipsilateral (bottom) to injury. Images are projections of optical sections at 3m mintervals through the entirety of 30m m-thick tissue sections. Scale bars 5 100 m m. (E-G) Quantification of the proportion of FB-labelled neurons also expressing Trpm8-tdTom (E), Calca-YFP (F), or Thy1-CFP (G) in L4 DRG contralateral or ipsilateral to SNItrans. Paired t tests; Trpm8-tdTom: t2 5 5.31, P 5 0.034, n 5 3mice; Calca-YFP: t3 5 4.12, P 5 0.026, n 5 4 mice; Thy1-CFP: t3 5 4.42, P 5 0.022, n 5 4 mice. * P , 0.05. CFP, cyan fluorescent protein; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; FB, FastBlue.\n\n\n\nby a population of small-diameter, putative cold-sensitive neurons ( Fig. 4B ), accounting for 8.3 6 0.27% of FB-labelled neurons in contralateral DRG. This decreased to 4.2 6 0.96% ipsilateral to SNItrans injury ( Fig. 4E ), indicating a partial loss of Trpm8 1 afferents. When examining peptidergic afferents, we found that 48.1 6 2.42% of FB-labelled neurons in contralateral DRG were Calca-YFP 1 , compared with 34.3 6 2.54% 4 weeks after SNItrans injury ( Figs. 4C and F ), consistent with a partial loss of CGRP 1 afferents. We used a Thy1-CFP line that demonstrates consistent expression postinjury 61 and labels a sample of medium/large diameter myelinated afferents. CFP was largely restricted to NF200 1 neurons, labelling 56% of this population.\n\nExpression was present in a heterogenous population of nociceptive (TrkA 1 ) and nonnociceptive (TrkA-) myelinated neurons (Fig. S5, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). Contralateral to injury, 15.6 6 1.8% of FB-labelled neurons expressed Thy1CFP ( Figs. 4D and G ). In contrast to unmyelinated subpopulations, this proportion was higher in ipsilateral DRG following SNItrans (23.3 6 3.2%), consistent with no (or minimal) loss of Thy1-CFP-expressing afferents, accompanied by a loss of Thy1CFP-negative neurons. We did not observe significant alterations in the population distributions of the cross-sectional area of surviving, damaged Trpm8-tdTom 1 , Calca-YFP 1 , or Thy1CFP 1 DRG neurons when compared with DRG contralateral to\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19179,8 +19179,8 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "1. Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. 2. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. 3. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19220,6 +19220,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "policies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices and actions to protect and restore the world's forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the One Health approach 83 , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.\n\nThe EU will step up support to partner countries across the world to achieve the new global targets, fight environmental crime, and tackle the drivers of biodiversity loss. In Africa, the EU will launch the NaturAfrica initiative to protect wildlife and key ecosystems while offering opportunities in green sectors for local populations. Similar projects will be developed in other regions. The EU will also support the Western Balkans and EU Neighbourhood countries in their efforts to protect biodiversity.\n\nIn all of its work, the EU will strengthen the links between biodiversity protection and human rights , gender, health, education, conflict sensitivity, the rights-based approach, land tenure and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities.\n\nAs part of its global efforts, the EU will promote biodiversity coalitions with partners and civil society around the world. For example, in March 2020, the Commission launched the Global Biodiversity Coalition of national parks, aquariums, botanic gardens, zoos, natural history and sciencemuseums to help raise awareness around the world on the need to protect and nurture biodiversity. The Commission will consider launching or joining other High Ambition Coalitions to help develop the post-2020 framework.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSION\n\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and continuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the way for ambitious and necessary changes - changes that will ensure the wellbeing and economic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The implementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges across sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, fairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will require a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, stakeholders and citizens.\n\nThe Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this strategy ahead of the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will suggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will review the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to meet its objectives.", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "Biodiversity is also crucial for safeguarding EU and global food security. Biodiversity loss threatens our food systems 6 , putting our food security and nutrition at risk. Biodiversity also underpins healthy and nutritious diets and improves rural livelihoods and agricultural productivity 7 . For instance, more than 75% of global food crop types rely on animal pollination 8 .\n\nDespite this urgent moral, economic and environmental imperative, nature is in a state of crisis . The five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss 9 - changes in land and sea use, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive alien species - are making nature disappear quickly. We see the changes in our everyday lives: concrete blocks rising up on green spaces, wilderness disappearing in front of our eyes, and more species being put at risk of extinction than at any point in human history. In the last four decades, global wildlife populations fell by 60% as a result of human activities 10 . And almost three quarters of the Earth's surface have been altered 11 , squeezing nature into an eversmaller corner of the planet.\n\nThe biodiversity crisis and the climate crisis are intrinsically linked. Climate change accelerates the destruction of the natural world through droughts, flooding and wildfires, while the loss and unsustainable use of nature are in turn key drivers of climate change. But just as the crises are linked, so are the solutions. Nature is a vital ally in the fight against climate change 12 . Nature regulates the climate, and nature-based solutions 13 , such as protecting and restoring wetlands, peatlands and coastal ecosystems, or sustainably managing marine areas, forests, grasslands and agricultural soils, will be essential for emission reduction and climate adaptation. Planting trees and deploying green infrastructure will help us to cool urban areas and mitigate the impact of natural disasters.\n\nBiodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse are one of the biggest threats facing humanity in the next decade 14 . They also threaten the foundations of our economy and the costs of inaction are high and are anticipated to increase 15 . The world lost an estimated €3.5-18.5 trillion per year in ecosystem services from 1997 to 2011 owing to land-cover change, and an estimated €5.5-10.5 trillion per year from land degradation. Specifically, biodiversity loss results in reduced crop yields and fish catches, increased economic losses from flooding and other disasters, and the loss of potential new sources of medicine 16 .\n\nThe EU is ready to show ambition to reverse biodiversity loss, lead the world by example and by action, and help agree and adopt a transformative post-2020 global framework at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This should", "page_start": 2, @@ -19237,12 +19243,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "principle 79 and taking into account the call of the European Parliament 80 . In parallel, the EU will continue to fund research on the impact of deep-sea mining activities and on environmentally-friendly technologies. The EU should also advocate for more transparency in international bodies such as the International Seabed Authority.\n\n## 4.2.2. Trade policy\n\nTrade policy will actively support and be part of the ecological transition . In this spirit, the Commission will ensure full implementation and enforcement of the biodiversity provisions in all trade agreements, including through the EU Chief Trade Enforcement Officer. The Commission will better assess the impact of trade agreements on biodiversity, with follow-up action to strengthen the biodiversity provisions of existing and new agreements if relevant. The Commission will also present in 2021 a legislative proposal and other measures to avoid or minimise the placing of products associated with deforestation or forest degradation on the EU market 81 , and to promote forest-friendly imports and value chains. The Commission will take a number of steps to crack down on illegal wildlife trade . This trade contributes to the depletion or extinction of entire species, is the world's fourth most lucrative black market and is thought to be one of the causes behind the emergence of zoonotic diseases. It is a human, economic and environmental duty to dismantle it.\n\nWith this in mind, the Commission will revise the EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking in 2021 and propose a further tightening of the rules on EU ivory trade later this year. It will explore a possible revision of the Environmental Crime Directive, including by looking at expanding its scope and introducing specific provisions for types and levels of criminal sanctions. It will consider strengthening the coordinating and investigative capacities of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) to work with Member States and non-EU countries to prevent illicit trade and the entry of illicit products into the Single Market.\n\nThe Commission will continue to engage with partner countries to ensure a smooth and fair transition, mobilising in particular Aid for Trade to ensure that partners reap the benefits of biodiversity-friendly trade.\n\n## 4.2.3. International cooperation, neighbourhood policy and resource mobilisation\n\nDelivering an ambitious post-2020 global biodiversity framework will require greater cooperation with partners, increased support and financing and phasing out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity. In the last decade, the EU and its Member States collectively upheld their commitment to double financial flows to developing countries for biodiversity 82 . The EU is ready to continue working with its partners and further increase its support post-2020. This will be part of its work on biodiversity conservation, restoration, sustainable use and mainstreaming in all development and partnership", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19270,6 +19270,12 @@ "page_end": 19, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "policies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices and actions to protect and restore the world's forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the One Health approach 83 , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.\n\nThe EU will step up support to partner countries across the world to achieve the new global targets, fight environmental crime, and tackle the drivers of biodiversity loss. In Africa, the EU will launch the NaturAfrica initiative to protect wildlife and key ecosystems while offering opportunities in green sectors for local populations. Similar projects will be developed in other regions. The EU will also support the Western Balkans and EU Neighbourhood countries in their efforts to protect biodiversity.\n\nIn all of its work, the EU will strengthen the links between biodiversity protection and human rights , gender, health, education, conflict sensitivity, the rights-based approach, land tenure and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities.\n\nAs part of its global efforts, the EU will promote biodiversity coalitions with partners and civil society around the world. For example, in March 2020, the Commission launched the Global Biodiversity Coalition of national parks, aquariums, botanic gardens, zoos, natural history and sciencemuseums to help raise awareness around the world on the need to protect and nurture biodiversity. The Commission will consider launching or joining other High Ambition Coalitions to help develop the post-2020 framework.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSION\n\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and continuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the way for ambitious and necessary changes - changes that will ensure the wellbeing and economic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The implementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges across sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, fairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will require a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, stakeholders and citizens.\n\nThe Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this strategy ahead of the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will suggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will review the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to meet its objectives.", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "build on the headline ambition to ensure that by 2050 all of the world's ecosystems are restored, resilient, and adequately protected. The world should commit to the net-gain principle to give nature back more than it takes. As part of this, the world should commit to no human-induced extinction of species, at minimum where avoidable.\n\nThis strategy sets out how Europe can help make this happen. As a milestone, it aims to ensure that Europe's biodiversity will be on the path to recovery by 2030 for the benefit of people, the planet, the climate and our economy, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and with the objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. It addresses the five main drivers of biodiversity loss, sets out an enhanced governance framework to fill remaining gaps, ensures the full implementation of EU legislation, and pulls together all existing efforts. This strategy is enterprising and incentivising in spirit and action. It reflects the fact that protecting and restoring nature will need more than regulation alone . It will require action by citizens, businesses, social partners and the research and knowledge community, as well as strong partnerships between local, regional, national and European level. This strategy is in line with the ambitions and commitment set out in President von der Leyen's Political Guidelines and in the European Green Deal.\n\nAdopted in the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic, this strategy will also be a central element of the EU's recovery plan. It will be crucial to prevent and build resilience to future zoonosis outbreaks and to provide immediate business and investment opportunities for restoring the EU's economy.\n\nAll new initiatives and proposals will be underpinned by the Commission's better regulation tools. Based on public consultations and on the identification of the environmental, social and economic impacts, impact assessments will contribute to ensuring that all initiatives achieve their objectives in the most effective and least burdensome way and live up to a green oath to 'do no harm'.\n\n## 2. PROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION\n\nThe EU has legal frameworks, strategies and action plans to protect nature and restore habitats and species. But protection has been incomplete, restoration has been smallscale, and the implementation and enforcement of legislation has been insufficient 17 .\n\nTo put biodiversity on the path to recovery by 2030, we need to step up the protection and restoration of nature. This should be done by improving and widening our network of protected areas and by developing an ambitious EU Nature Restoration Plan .\n\n## 2.1. A coherent network of protected areas\n\nBiodiversity fares better in protected areas. However, the current network of legally protected areas, including those under strict protection, is not sufficiently large to safeguard biodiversity. Evidence shows that the targets defined under the Convention on Biological Diversity are insufficient to adequately protect and restore nature 18 . Global", "page_start": 3, @@ -19311,12 +19317,6 @@ "page_start": 5, "page_end": 5, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "currently in favourable status are in that category or show a strong positive trend. The Commission and the European Environmental Agency will provide guidance to Member States in 2020 on how to select and prioritise species and habitats.\n\n## 2.2.2. Bringing nature back to agricultural land\n\nAs guardians of our land, farmers play a vital role in preserving biodiversity. They are among the first to feel the consequences when biodiversity is lost but also among the first to reap the benefits when it is restored. Biodiversity enables them to provide us with safe, sustainable, nutritious and affordable food and provides them with the income they need to thrive and develop. European farmers are an essential part of the EU's future and must continue to be the social and economic hub of many communities across our Union.\n\nAt the same time, certain agricultural practices are a key driver of biodiversity decline. This is why it is important to work with farmers to support and incentivise the transition to fully sustainable practices . Improving the condition and diversity of agroecosystems will increase the sector's resilience to climate change, environmental risks and socioeconomic shocks, while creating new jobs, for example in organic farming, rural tourism or recreation.\n\nTo support the long-term sustainability of both nature and farming, this strategy will work in tandem with the new Farm to Fork Strategy and the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) , including by promoting eco-schemes and result-based payment schemes. In implementing the Biodiversity and the Farm to Fork Strategies, the Commission will closely monitor progress and improvements in terms of food security and farmers income. The Commission will ensure that the CAP Strategic plans are assessed against robust climate and environmental criteria, and that Member States set explicit national values for the relevant targets set in this strategy, as well as in the Farm to Fork Strategy. These plans should lead to sustainable practices such as precision agriculture, organic farming, agro-ecology, agro-forestry, low-intensive permanent grassland, and stricter animal welfare standards.\n\nFarmland birds and insects, particularly pollinators, are key indicators of the health of agroecosystems and are vital for agricultural production and food security. Their alarming decline must be reversed. As set out in the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission will take action to reduce by 50% the overall use of - and risk from chemical pesticides by 2030 and reduce by 50% the use of more hazardous pesticides by 2030. This must be supported by the full implementation of the EU Pollinators initiative 31 . By the end of 2020, the Commission will review the initiative and propose additional measures if necessary. To provide space for wild animals, plants, pollinators and natural pest regulators, there is an urgent need to bring back at least 10% of agricultural area under high-diversity landscape features . These include, inter alia , buffer strips, rotational or non-rotational fallow land, hedges, non-productive trees, terrace walls, and ponds. These help enhance carbon sequestration, prevent soil erosion and depletion, filter air and water, and support climate adaptation. In addition, more biodiversity often helps lead to more agricultural production. Member States will need to translate the 10% EU target to a lower geographical scale to ensure connectivity among habitats, especially through the CAP instruments and CAP Strategic Plans, in line with the Farm to Fork Strategy, and through the implementation of the Habitats Directive. The", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19401,8 +19401,8 @@ "target_page": 7, "target_passage": "• To provide optimum added value to our customers and together with them achieve growth • To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth• To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth • To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employees• To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employee", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 4 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19412,6 +19412,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\nPresident Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n\n\n\nKoichi Miyata\n\nFirst, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt First, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt condolences to all those who have suffered and condolences to all those who have suffered and to the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in to the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in the devastating earthquake and tsunami the devastating earthquake and tsunami that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the early recovery of the affected people and areas.early recovery of the affected people and areas. SMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients' needs by SMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients' needs by leveraging our group-wide capabilities, leveraging our group-wide capabilities, offering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every offering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every employee and the overall group are capable of employee and the overall group are capable of responding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that responding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that through these measures, through these measures, we will contribute to the growth and development of our clients we will contribute to the growth and development of our clients and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them.and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them. Through our basic policy of becoming 'a globally competitive Through our basic policy of becoming 'a globally competitive financial services group financial services group with the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders' with the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders' by maximizing our core strengths of by maximizing our core strengths of 'Spirit of Innovation,' 'Speed' and 'Solution & Execution,' we 'Spirit of Innovation,' 'Speed' and 'Solution & Execution,' we will continue to stay ahead of the times, will continue to stay ahead of the times, no matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our no matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our business environment.business environment.\n\n## INDEX\n\n| Foreword | 1 |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|\n| Commitment from the Top | 3 |\n| A Conversation with Tadao Ando, | |\n| Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata | |\n| What can we do now to spur the | |\n| reconstruction and revitalization of Japan, and help resolve global issues? | |\n| Measures to Support Reconstruction after the March 11 | |\n| Earthquake and Tsunami | 8 |\n| Together with Our Customers Together with Our Shareholders and Markets | 13 17 |\n| Together with Our Employees | 19 |\n| Environmental Activities | 21 |\n| Social Contribution Activities | 25 |", "page_start": 1, @@ -19459,12 +19465,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## FINANCIAL SECTION", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19476,7 +19476,7 @@ "target_passage": "Key comments of participants Together with Our Customers Katsutoshi Konuma, Section Manager, Social & Environmental Management, Asahi Breweries Ltd", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 2 + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19492,6 +19492,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Together with Our Customers\n\nWe work as a team to improve customer satisfaction and product quality, and, while supporting the customer, contribute to the sustainable development of society as a whole.\n\n\n\n## The financial sector's role in improving the nation's diet and in strengthening the agricultural and fisheries sectors\n\nFor many years, food supply networks in For many years, food supply networks in Japan were premised on mass production and Japan were premised on mass production and mass consumption, enabling the country to mass consumption, enabling the country to meet soaring food demand at a time of rapid meet soaring food demand at a time of rapid growth in the population and economy. growth in the population and economy.\n\nBut in recent years, consumers have come to But in recent years, consumers have come to place more priority on factors other than place more priority on factors other than volume and price, such as food safety and volume and price, such as food safety and healthiness, and the cultural aspects of diet. healthiness, and the cultural aspects of diet. As discussion continues on the need for As discussion continues on the need for farmers to increase production scale and farmers to increase production scale and move into processing and marketing, major move into processing and marketing, major changes are underway in the agriculture and changes are underway in the agriculture and fisheries sector in Japan. fisheries sector in Japan.\n\nAgainst this backdrop, SMBC has developed Against this backdrop, SMBC has developed a new financial product for this sector. a new financial product for this sector.\n\n## Roundtable session: SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan\n\nA roundtable session with experts held in August 2011 considered the role of the new SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan in improving the food supply chain that links food and fishery producers with food processors and consumers. Opinions were also exchanged on what other future role the bank might assume in this regard, given the current situation and issues facing the food industry\n\nand agriculture in Japan.\n\n\n\n## Key comments of participants\n\n'We want to deliver value by creating demand and quality combined with safety, peace of mind and trust.' Katsutoshi Konuma, Section Manager, Social & Environmental Management, Asahi Breweries Ltd.\n\nYasuhiro Nakashima Associate Professor Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo\n\n'Eating should be something that generates emotion. New potential exists in the world of cuisine.' Daisuke Yamamoto, Vice Senior Consultant, Research Department,\n\nThe Japan Research Institute, Limited\n\n'As consumer tastes go through a time of great change, I think it is important to prioritize ingredients and the attitude of customers toward eating.'\n\nYoichiro Fukayama, Planning Dept., Deputy Head (with powers of representation) of the Corporate Banking Unit & Middle Market Banking Unit, SMBC\n\n'An important concept is multilateral dialogue as the number of parties involved in food production increases throughout the supply chain.'\n\nModerated by Kenji Sawami, Partner, Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC\n\nThe SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment The SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan comes with conditions, depending on Loan comes with conditions, depending on the results of an evaluation of food-producers' the results of an evaluation of food-producers' progress in areas such as food safety and progress in areas such as food safety and environment-friendliness, healthiness and environment-friendliness, healthiness and nutritional value, and efficiency of distribution. nutritional value, and efficiency of distribution. The Japan Research Institute researches The Japan Research Institute researches\n\nmeasures in the measures in the areas areas of food and o f f o o d a n d farming being taken farming being taken by the loan applicant, by the loan applicant, and drafts a simple and drafts a simple 'diagnosis' stating 'diagnosis' stating whether there is room whether there is room\n\n\n\nfor future improvement. Ernst & Young for future improvement. Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ongoing improvement of this system. ongoing improvement of this system.\n\nBy backing customer companies' own By backing customer companies' own initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures to improve the diet of the Japanese and to improve the diet of the Japanese and strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector. strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Making banking a more pleasant experience for all customers\n\nWith the old-age dependency ratio soaring, With the old-age dependency ratio soaring, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, easy-to-use banking services for all its easy-to-use banking services for all its customers. customers.\n\nSome Group companies are likewise making Some Group companies are likewise making their facilities barrier-free at bank branches their facilities barrier-free at bank branches with large numbers of customers, to tailor with large numbers of customers, to tailor services to the needs of all customers. services to the needs of all customers.\n\nFor example at the Minato Bank, we have For example at the Minato Bank, we have equipped all ATMs at all our branches and equipped all ATMs at all our branches and cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for the visually impaired. the visually impaired.\n\nIn addition, we have set up priority seating In addition, we have set up priority seating in the lobby of each of our branches for in the lobby of each of our branches for customers who are very old or who have customers who are very old or who have mobility problems. We are also steadily mobility problems. We are also steadily introducing queue-number displays using introducing queue-number displays using Color Universal Design (CUD) principles, Color Universal Design (CUD) principles, which are easier to read for customers with which are easier to read for customers with eyesight concerns. eyesight concerns.\n\nHandheld hearing support device (The Minato Bank)\n\n\n\nNew queue-number display system installed at bank counters\n\nColors and special designs are used to make queue-number displays more visible to all customers (The Minato Bank)\n\nA further measure is installation of handheld A further measure is installation of handheld hearing support devices at all branches hearing support devices at all branches (except housing loan promotion offices), to (except housing loan promotion offices), to allay the concerns of hearing-impaired allay the concerns of hearing-impaired customers who find it difficult to converse customers who find it difficult to converse and follow spoken instructions. By using the and follow spoken instructions. By using the devices as communication tools, bank devices as communication tools, bank employees can respect customer privacy employees can respect customer privacy and do not have to talk loudly. and do not have to talk loudly.\n\nFurther measures include posting of 'green Further measures include posting of 'green ear' logos at branches to reassure customers ear' logos at branches to reassure customers that the bank has facilities for conversing that the bank has facilities for conversing in in writing. All branches are being equippedw r iting. A ll branches are being equipped with white boards and special message with white boards and special message tablets for dialogue with customers who a blets for dialogue with customers who have concerns about their hearing and who have concerns about their hearing and who dislike written conversations. dislike written conversations.\n\n## Peace of mind at the bank counter\n\nThe Minato Bank has created a position The Minato Bank has created a position titled 'Service Care Manager' at each of titled 'Service Care Manager' at each of its branches, filled by at least one branch its branches, filled by at least one branch managerial staffer, as part of measures to managerial staffer, as part of measures to make branch visits more pleasant for make branch visits more pleasant for customers, following earlier nuts-and-bolts customers, following earlier nuts-and-bolts improvements. improvements.\n\nService Care Managers are dedicated to Service Care Managers are dedicated to improving support and services for the improving support and services for the customer at each branch. Their training customer at each branch. Their training includes simulations of the problems faced includes simulations of the problems faced by persons with disabilities, awareness by persons with disabilities, awareness raising and support methods for the elderly raising and support methods for the elderly and persons with disabilities. and persons with disabilities.\n\nTelephone handset-type ATM (The Minato Bank)\n\n\n\n## Preparing our businesses for a higher old-age dependency ratio\n\nIn addition to removing mobility barriers at In addition to removing mobility barriers at branches, the bank plans to aggressively branches, the bank plans to aggressively support installation of facilities needed to support installation of facilities needed to cope with the rapidly rising old-age cope with the rapidly rising old-age dependency ratio. As a first step, SMBC dependency ratio. As a first step, SMBC has established clear guidelines for has established clear guidelines for supporting the construction of rental supporting the construction of rental housing for the elderly, expected to be a housing for the elderly, expected to be a future growth area. future growth area.\n\nWhile continuing to tailor business While continuing to tailor business activities to the needs of the community at activities to the needs of the community at large and ensuring a friendly banking large and ensuring a friendly banking environment for our customers, the SMFG environment for our customers, the SMFG Group also plans to support the creation of Group also plans to support the creation of frameworks that enable the elderly to live frameworks that enable the elderly to live active lives with peace of mind. active lives with peace of mind.\n\n", "page_start": 7, @@ -19533,12 +19539,6 @@ "page_start": 83, "page_end": 83, "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Management's Responsibility for Financial Statements Responsibility for Financial Statements\n\nnying consolidated financial statements and management's discussion and analysis of results of\n\nand financial condition (MD&A) have been prepared by the management of Killam Properties Inc. in\n\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements and management's discussion and analysis of results of\n\noperations and financial condition (MD&A) have been prepared by the management of Killam Properties Inc. in\n\naccordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, and include amounts based on management's\n\nwith International Financial Reporting Standards, and include amounts based on management's\n\n## informed judgements and estimates. Management is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of these consolidated financial statements. The financial information presented in the MD&A is consistent with that in the Management's Responsibility for Financial Statements judgements and estimates. Management is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of these ted financial statements. The financial information presented in the MD&A is consistent with that in the\n\nconsolidated financial statements in all material respects.\n\nted financial statements in all material respects.\n\nTo assist management in the discharge of these responsibilities, management has established the necessary internal controls designed to ensure that our financial records are reliable for preparing financial statements and other financial information, transactions are properly authorized and recorded, and assets are safeguarded. The accompanying consolidated financial statements and management's discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition (MD&A) have been prepared by the management of Killam Properties Inc. in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, and include amounts based on management's informed judgements and estimates. Management is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of these consolidated financial statements. The financial information presented in the MD&A is consistent with that in the consolidated financial statements in all material respects. management in the discharge of these responsibilities, management has established the necessary ntrols designed to ensure that our financial records are reliable for preparing financial statements and information, transactions are properly authorized and recorded, and assets are safeguarded.\n\nAs at December 31, 2013, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer evaluated, or caused an evaluation under their direct supervision of, the design and operation of our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in National Instrument 52-109, Certification of Disclosure in Issuers' Annual and Interim Filings) and, based To assist management in the discharge of these responsibilities, management has established the necessary internal controls designed to ensure that our financial records are reliable for preparing financial statements and other financial information, transactions are properly authorized and recorded, and assets are safeguarded. r 31, 2013, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer evaluated, or caused an evaluation ir direct supervision of, the design and operation of our internal controls over financial reporting (as National Instrument 52-109, Certification of Disclosure in Issuers' Annual and Interim Filings) and, based\n\nand operating effectively. Ernst & Young LLP, the auditors appointed by the Shareholders, have examined the consolidated financial statements in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards to enable them to express to the As at December 31, 2013, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer evaluated, or caused an evaluation under their direct supervision of, the design and operation of our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in National Instrument 52-109, Certification of Disclosure in Issuers' Annual and Interim Filings) and, based on that assessment, determined that our internal controls over financial reporting were appropriately designed and operating effectively. ting effectively. Young LLP, the auditors appointed by the Shareholders, have examined the consolidated financial ts in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards to enable them to express to the\n\non that assessment, determined that our internal controls over financial reporting were appropriately designed determined that our internal controls over financial reporting were appropriately designed\n\nShareholders their opinion on the consolidated financial statements. Their report as auditors is set forth below. The consolidated financial statements have been further reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors and its Ernst & Young LLP, the auditors appointed by the Shareholders, have examined the consolidated financial statements in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards to enable them to express to the Shareholders their opinion on the consolidated financial statements. their report as auditors is set forth below. ers their opinion on the consolidated financial statements. Their report as auditors is set forth below. lidated financial statements have been further reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors and its\n\nAudit Committee. This committee meets regularly with management and the auditors, who have full and free\n\nmittee. This committee meets regularly with management and the auditors, who have full and free\n\naccess to the Audit Committee. The consolidated financial statements have been further reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors and its Audit Committee. This committee meets regularly with management and the auditors, who have full and free access to the Audit Committee. the Audit Committee.\n\n\n\n\n\nRobert Richardson Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Robert Richardson\n\nrobert richardson\n\nExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer\n\nExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer\n\nPhilip Fraser President and Chief Executive Officer Philip Fraser President and Chief Executive Officer February 18, 2014 and Chief Executive Officer\n\nFebruary 18, 2014\n\n18, 2014", - "page_start": 63, - "page_end": 63, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19549,11 +19549,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "A detailed investigation of these factors is beyond the scope of this paper; nevertheless, this result illustrates the important point that the nature and patterns of the climate forcing at a particular level of global warming can play an important role in determining the patterns of regional impacts.\n\n## 5. Conclusion\n\nThe higher-resolution HadGEM3 simulations project consistent increases in temperature-related extremes, with larger changes at 2°C compared to 1.5°C and local changes being larger than the global annual mean. There is a higher degree of spatial variation in our projections compared with CMIP5-based studies.\n\nIn the model projections examined here, changes relating to the water cycle are complex, both in their geographical pattern and in the variation between different models. The length of flooding events generally increases across world in all models, but maximum rainfall can either increase or decrease depending on locations. Global patterns of increase and decrease show some consistency between the different GWLs, but also some local differences. Worldwide, most impacts broadly tend to increase with global warming in most areas. For global mean changes, even when the sign of change is uncertain, individual realizations generally show reduced impact at 1.5°C compared with 2°C. However, this does not always hold even at the scale of major global river basins.\n\nVulnerability to food insecurity increases more at 2°C global warming than 1.5°C in approximately three-quarters of countries assessed. The vulnerability increase can arise from increases in either flooding or drought. Reduced drought leads to decreased vulnerability in a limited number of cases.\n\nMost simulations here project a general increase in mean streamflow in most of the basins examined, but with a number of notable exceptions in the tropics. While flows in the Ganges are consistently projected to increase by 30-110% at 2°C, Amazon flows could either increase by 3% or decrease by 25%. Ensemble-mean changes in river flow often do not give a full impression of the magnitude of changes that may be possible, so adaptation planning in particular should not rely on ensemble-mean projections and instead consider a range of outcomes. The seasonal low streamflows also increase in many basins, but not as many as for the mean flows-many basins see decreased low flows in some or all projections.\n\nBroadly, changes in weather extremes at 1.5°C global warming could be estimated by scalingback the impacts at 2°C, if this is done with individual ensemble members rather than the ensemble mean. However, this was not always the case for impacts that depend on more complex process or interactions between more than one climate variable, such as run-off and an indicator of vulnerability to food insecurity.\n\nData accessibility.\n\nThis article has no additional data.\n\nCompeting interests. We declare we have no competing interests.\n\nFunding. This research received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/20072013 under grant agreement no. 603864 (HELIX: 'High-End cLimate Impacts and eXtremes'; www. helixclimate.eu). The work of R.A.B., C.B., J.C., L.G., K.L. and K.R. was additionally supported by the Joint UK BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101).\n\nAcknowledgements. The authors thank Ed Pope, Jason Lowe and Dann Mitchell for advice and discussion, Alissa Haward and Maria Pearce for project management and administration of HELIX, and two anonymous reviewers whose comments substantially improved the paper.\n\n## References\n\n - 1. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al .), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.", "page_start": 24, @@ -19603,16 +19609,10 @@ "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, { - "text": "Two illustrative scenarios are produced that consider the impact of; 1) a decrease in custodial convictions and sentence lengths; 2) an increase in custodial convictions and sentence lengths, compared to current trends.", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "'We will continue to pursue opportunities to grow and enhance shareholder value. We plan to actively seek strategic acquisitions; look for additional branch locations in highergrowth areas to expand our existing banks; and increase our mortgage and .brokerage operations.'", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" + "text": "\n\n\n\n## Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.\n\n| | | | Land | Land | Land | Land |\n|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Observations (UK State of the Climate) | Marine and coastal projections | Global projections | Probabilistic projections | High resolution projections | High resolution projections |\n| Characteristics | Observed trends; long-term climatologies; weather events for the preceding year | Updated sea level rise and surge projections based on operational storm surge model (CS3) using CMIP5, EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of ~20 spatially coherent time series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model and a similar number of CMIP5 models | Updated probability density functions presented as 30- year and monthly time series based on Met Office models (HadCM3, ESPPE) and CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events |\n| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |\n| Emissions scenarios | N/A | RCP8.5 H ++ | lower scenario (for Met Office Hadley Centre model only) | Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation | RCP8.5 | RCP8.5 |\n| Variables available ++ | Temperature, precipitation (including snow), sunshine, wind | Sea level rise, storm surge | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | humidity, wind speed, | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation |\n\n - * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19623,11 +19623,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "cover: 100 & 200 eagle street, cambridge, ontario", "page_start": 1, @@ -19660,14 +19666,14 @@ }, { "text": "[This page intentionally left blank.]", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, { "text": "[This page intentionally left blank.]", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" }, { @@ -19681,12 +19687,6 @@ "page_start": 16, "page_end": 16, "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Board of Directors", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19697,11 +19697,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "website that tracks which councils have published public toilet open data, and which have not. A map like this solves one specific, concrete problem in the ordinary, daily life of many people: \"Many older people have continence concerns and only go to places where they know there is a toilet. \"\n\nIt is also possible and useful to pass the message that, when it comes to participation, activism and transparency in politics, Open Data are a concrete and pacific weapon that is both very effective and very easy to use for everybody. Dino Amenduni explained the first point well at the end of 2010 with words and arguments that, while tightly bound to the current situation in Italy, apply, in spirit, also to other countries:\n\nin order to have your voice heard, it is necessary to threaten the private interests of politicians. The ways to achieve this goal are, in my opinion... Communication guerrilla: physical violence doesn't generate change anymore. Power is in the hands of those who have data. But those data must be communicated, made usable, fun to use, shareable, in order to give the feeling that knowledge brings a concrete (economic or intangible) personal advantage\n\nProofs that participation to generation and usage of Open Data is easy would include, instead, examples like electionleaflets. All citizens who can use a computer scanner and have Internet access can upload on that website the leaflets distributed by the candidates during a campaign, making much easier (after other, more skilled volunteers have inserted the content of the leaflets in searchable databases) comparisons between the candidates positions or making public some disrespectful material (racist, insulting…).\n\n## 4.7. Involve NGOs, charities and business associations\n\nAs a final note and recommendation of this report, we'll note that, in comparison with hackers and public officers, there are other parties that could and should play a role in Open Data adoption much bigger than what they have had so far.\n\nNGOs and charities, as well as professionals or business associations, all have lots to gain from Open Data but don't seem, in many cases, to have realized this yet. Members of the first category should routinely ask for support directly to Open Data civic hackers to gather (either from government or citizens) more up to date information that is specifically relevant for their campaigns.\n\nThe other associations, instead, should be much more active both in publishing Open Data about their activities, to gain better access to customers and guarantee fair market competition, and in", "page_start": 31, @@ -19755,12 +19761,6 @@ "page_start": 23, "page_end": 23, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19782,6 +19782,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [30] Liang Z, Hore Z, Harley P, Uchenna Stanley F, Michrowska A, Dahiya M, La Russa F, Jager SE, Villa-Hernandez S, Denk F. A transcriptional toolbox for exploring peripheral neuroimmune interactions. PAIN 2020; 161:2089-106.\n - [31] Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 2014;15:550.\n - [32] Madisen L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuo J, Berenyi A, Fujisawa S, Hsu YWA, Garcia AJ, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mao Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzs 'aki G, Ramirez JM, Jones AR, Svoboda K, Han X, Turner EE, Zeng H. A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing. Nat Neurosci 2012;15:793-802.\n - [33] Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, Gu H, Ng LL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zeng H. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosci 2010;13:133-40.\n - [34] McCoy ES, Taylor-Blake B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CGRP a primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013;78:138-51.\n - [35] McKay Hart A, Brannstrom T, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat: timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002;142:308-18.\n - [36] Molander C, Wang H, Rivero-Meli 'an C, Grant G. Early decline and late restoration of spinal cord binding and transganglionic transport of isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Neurol Neurosci 1996;10:123-33.\n - [37] Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon CE, Ryba N. Stereotyped transcriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Elife 2019;8:e49679.\n - [38] Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6J mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001;34: 375-80.\n - [39] Olson W, Abdus-Saboor I, Cui L, Burdge J, Raabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Elife 2017;6:e29507.\n - [40] Plummer NW, Evsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase-based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015;142:4385-93.\n - [41] Prescott SA, Ratt 'e S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits: afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:631-9.\n - [42] Qi L, Iskols M, Shi D, Reddy P, Walker C, Lezgiyeva K, Voisin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VK, Chiu I, Ginty DD, Sharma N. A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes. bioRxiv 2023.2023.04.22.537932.\n - [43] Reid AJ, Mantovani C, Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, Wiberg M. Phenotype of distinct primary sensory afferent subpopulations and caspase-3 expression following axotomy. Histochem Cell Biol 2011;136:71-8.\n - [44] Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of distinct peripheral sensory neuron subtypes after axonal injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-44.e9.\n - [45] Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 2012;9:676-82.\n - [46] Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sciatic nerve section in the rat. Anat Rec 1987;219:323-9.\n - [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.\n - [64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:315-23.\n - [65] West CA, Davies KA, Hart AM, Wiberg M, Williams SR, Terenghi G. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia for the objective quantitative assessment of neuron death after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2007;203:22-33.\n - [66] West CA, Ljungberg C, Wiberg M, Hart A. Sensory neuron death after upper limb nerve injury and protective effect of repair: clinical evaluation using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia. Neurosurgery 2013;73:632-40.\n - [67] West SJ, Bonboire D, Bennett DL. StereoMate: 3D stereological automated analysis of biological structures. bioRxiv 2020:648337.\n - [68] Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2018;29:779-85.\n - [69] Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020;11:264.\n - [70] Zheng J, Lu Y, Perl ER. Inhibitory neurones of the spinal substantia gelatinosa mediate interaction of signals from primary afferents. J Physiol 2010;588:2065-75.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 2. Spared nerve crush and transection lead to a loss of small DRG neurons. (A) Approach to restrict analysis to damaged afferents: a subcutaneous injection of the tracer FB into both hindpaws labelled tibial afferents, before unilateral SNItrans or SNIcrush surgery. (B) Representative image of FB labelling and NeuN immunostaining in the L4 DRG. The image is a projection of optical sections at 3m mintervals through the entirety of a 30m m-thick tissue section. Scale bar 5 100 m m. (C and D) Quantification of the cross-sectional area of FastBlue labelled DRG neurons ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans (C) or SNIcrush injury (D) reveals a loss of small afferents and subsequent shift in population distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; SNItrans: D 5 0.25, P , 0.001; n 5 183 or 191 neurons from 3 mice; SNIcrush: D 5 0.22, P , 0.001, n 5 319 or 325 neurons from 3 mice. (E) Experimental approach for whole DRG volumetric analyses after SNItrans. (F) Representative 3D rendering of TDP-43 profiles and corresponding nuclear spot profiles following Imaris-based spot detection feature. Scale bar 5 100 m m. (G) Quantification of DRG nuclear spot volume ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of cumulative distribution: D 5 0.06, P , 0.001, n 5 30,206 (contra) or 32,544 (ipsi) nuclei from 4 (contra) or 5 (ipsi) mice. (H) Total number of nuclear spots, by size, per DRG. Two-way RM ANOVA; size bin 3 injury interaction: F 2,14 5 8.26, P 5 0.004; n 5 4 to 5 mice; ˇ S'ıd 'ak multiple comparisons tests: ** P , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; FB, FastBlue; RM, repeated measures.\n\n\n\n## 3.3. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 but not myelinated dorsal root ganglion neurons\n\nLoss restricted to nonpeptidergic nociceptors would not fully account for the degree of total neuron loss that we observed. Therefore, we studied a range of other subpopulations, both small and large in diameter, for their vulnerability to injury-\n\ninduced loss. To investigate potential loss of Trpm8 1 (coldsensitive), calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (CGRP) (peptidergic), and myelinated subpopulations of DRG neurons following nerve injury, we applied our FB-labelling approach in Trpm8 FlpO ; RC::FLTG (FlpO-dependent tdTom expression), Calca CreERT2 ; Ai32 (Cre-dependent ChR2-YFP expression) and Thy1-CFP mice, respectively ( Figs. 4A-D ). Trpm8-tdTom was expressed", "page_start": 6, @@ -19829,12 +19835,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of nonpeptidergic neurons. (A) Schematic of experimental approach for (B and C). (B) MrgD ChR2-YFP L4 DRGs4weeks after SNI, contralateral or ipsilateral to injury. Images are projections of optical sections at 3m mintervals through the entirety of 30m m-thick tissue sections. Scale bars 5 100 m m. (C) Quantification of total number of MrgD-YFP 1 cells per L4 DRG 4 weeks after SNI revealed a significant loss in ipsilateral DRG. Two-way RM ANOVA with ˇ S'ıd 'ak multiple comparisons tests; Side x Treatment interaction: F1,5 5 9.23, P 5 0.029; n 5 3 mice. (D) The experimental approach used to generate data presented in (E-G). (E and F) MrgD-YFP expression and FB labelling in the L4 DRG, 14 days after SNI or crush surgery or contralateral to injury. White boxes represent regions enlarged in (F). Scale bars 5 100 m m(E) or 20 m m(F). (G) The proportion of FB-labelled DRG neurons decreased after spared nerve crush injury, and co-labelling is almost completely absent after SNI. Two-way RM ANOVA with ˇ S'ıd 'ak multiple comparisons tests; side 3 injury interaction: F 1,4 5 7.80, P 5 0.049; n 5 3 mice. Posttests: * P , 0.05, ** P , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; SNI, spared nerve injury; FB, FastBlue; RM, repeated measures.\n\n", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19862,6 +19862,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [30] Liang Z, Hore Z, Harley P, Uchenna Stanley F, Michrowska A, Dahiya M, La Russa F, Jager SE, Villa-Hernandez S, Denk F. A transcriptional toolbox for exploring peripheral neuroimmune interactions. PAIN 2020; 161:2089-106.\n - [31] Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 2014;15:550.\n - [32] Madisen L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuo J, Berenyi A, Fujisawa S, Hsu YWA, Garcia AJ, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mao Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzs 'aki G, Ramirez JM, Jones AR, Svoboda K, Han X, Turner EE, Zeng H. A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing. Nat Neurosci 2012;15:793-802.\n - [33] Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, Gu H, Ng LL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zeng H. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosci 2010;13:133-40.\n - [34] McCoy ES, Taylor-Blake B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CGRP a primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013;78:138-51.\n - [35] McKay Hart A, Brannstrom T, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat: timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002;142:308-18.\n - [36] Molander C, Wang H, Rivero-Meli 'an C, Grant G. Early decline and late restoration of spinal cord binding and transganglionic transport of isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Neurol Neurosci 1996;10:123-33.\n - [37] Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon CE, Ryba N. Stereotyped transcriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Elife 2019;8:e49679.\n - [38] Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6J mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001;34: 375-80.\n - [39] Olson W, Abdus-Saboor I, Cui L, Burdge J, Raabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Elife 2017;6:e29507.\n - [40] Plummer NW, Evsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase-based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015;142:4385-93.\n - [41] Prescott SA, Ratt 'e S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits: afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:631-9.\n - [42] Qi L, Iskols M, Shi D, Reddy P, Walker C, Lezgiyeva K, Voisin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VK, Chiu I, Ginty DD, Sharma N. A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes. bioRxiv 2023.2023.04.22.537932.\n - [43] Reid AJ, Mantovani C, Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, Wiberg M. Phenotype of distinct primary sensory afferent subpopulations and caspase-3 expression following axotomy. Histochem Cell Biol 2011;136:71-8.\n - [44] Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of distinct peripheral sensory neuron subtypes after axonal injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-44.e9.\n - [45] Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 2012;9:676-82.\n - [46] Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sciatic nerve section in the rat. Anat Rec 1987;219:323-9.\n - [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.\n - [64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:315-23.\n - [65] West CA, Davies KA, Hart AM, Wiberg M, Williams SR, Terenghi G. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia for the objective quantitative assessment of neuron death after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2007;203:22-33.\n - [66] West CA, Ljungberg C, Wiberg M, Hart A. Sensory neuron death after upper limb nerve injury and protective effect of repair: clinical evaluation using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia. Neurosurgery 2013;73:632-40.\n - [67] West SJ, Bonboire D, Bennett DL. StereoMate: 3D stereological automated analysis of biological structures. bioRxiv 2020:648337.\n - [68] Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2018;29:779-85.\n - [69] Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020;11:264.\n - [70] Zheng J, Lu Y, Perl ER. Inhibitory neurones of the spinal substantia gelatinosa mediate interaction of signals from primary afferents. J Physiol 2010;588:2065-75.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 2. Spared nerve crush and transection lead to a loss of small DRG neurons. (A) Approach to restrict analysis to damaged afferents: a subcutaneous injection of the tracer FB into both hindpaws labelled tibial afferents, before unilateral SNItrans or SNIcrush surgery. (B) Representative image of FB labelling and NeuN immunostaining in the L4 DRG. The image is a projection of optical sections at 3m mintervals through the entirety of a 30m m-thick tissue section. Scale bar 5 100 m m. (C and D) Quantification of the cross-sectional area of FastBlue labelled DRG neurons ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans (C) or SNIcrush injury (D) reveals a loss of small afferents and subsequent shift in population distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; SNItrans: D 5 0.25, P , 0.001; n 5 183 or 191 neurons from 3 mice; SNIcrush: D 5 0.22, P , 0.001, n 5 319 or 325 neurons from 3 mice. (E) Experimental approach for whole DRG volumetric analyses after SNItrans. (F) Representative 3D rendering of TDP-43 profiles and corresponding nuclear spot profiles following Imaris-based spot detection feature. Scale bar 5 100 m m. (G) Quantification of DRG nuclear spot volume ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of cumulative distribution: D 5 0.06, P , 0.001, n 5 30,206 (contra) or 32,544 (ipsi) nuclei from 4 (contra) or 5 (ipsi) mice. (H) Total number of nuclear spots, by size, per DRG. Two-way RM ANOVA; size bin 3 injury interaction: F 2,14 5 8.26, P 5 0.004; n 5 4 to 5 mice; ˇ S'ıd 'ak multiple comparisons tests: ** P , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; FB, FastBlue; RM, repeated measures.\n\n\n\n## 3.3. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 but not myelinated dorsal root ganglion neurons\n\nLoss restricted to nonpeptidergic nociceptors would not fully account for the degree of total neuron loss that we observed. Therefore, we studied a range of other subpopulations, both small and large in diameter, for their vulnerability to injury-\n\ninduced loss. To investigate potential loss of Trpm8 1 (coldsensitive), calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (CGRP) (peptidergic), and myelinated subpopulations of DRG neurons following nerve injury, we applied our FB-labelling approach in Trpm8 FlpO ; RC::FLTG (FlpO-dependent tdTom expression), Calca CreERT2 ; Ai32 (Cre-dependent ChR2-YFP expression) and Thy1-CFP mice, respectively ( Figs. 4A-D ). Trpm8-tdTom was expressed", "page_start": 6, @@ -19903,12 +19909,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SNI-related gene expression signatures were less evident in Mrgprd-expressing and C-LTMR neurons at later timepoints, compared with other populations in injured DRG. 3 This could be explained by a loss of axotomized neurons of these classes and therefore sampling of only uninjured neurons at this timepoint. 24,43,64 In terms of the transcriptional response to injury, nonpeptidergic nociceptors show enrichment of individual proapoptotic factors early after injury, 23,68 and we extend these results in this study, by describing a subpopulation-specific enrichment of GO terms associated with apoptosis that is evident as early as 3 days after injury. Such data and single-cell transcriptomic profiling of all DRG neurons following injury 37,44 may offer the opportunity to elucidate the cell death pathways engaged and upstream effectors that enrich this process to nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons.\n\n## 4.3. Implications for pain pathogenesis\n\nNeuronal loss has been proposed as a key contributor to poor functional recovery following nerve injury, 54 and biased survival of different afferent types might be expected to contribute to modality-specific sensory deficits. Beyond loss of function, does DRGneuronlosscontribute to chronic pain, in either an adaptive or maladaptive manner? Intrathecal delivery of GDNF is neuroprotective and reverses the reduction in the number of IB4-binding DRG neurons and central terminals seen following transection. 5 Treatment is concurrently analgesic and abrogates pain-related behaviors. 7,60 However, the pleiotropic nature of GDNF makes it impossible to directly attribute the analgesic effects to the reversal of neuron loss. Indeed, it is possible that GDNF exerts its effect by actions on intact nonpeptidergic nociceptive afferents, 52 activation of which is known to drive aversive behaviors in the neuropathic state. 62 These data leave the contribution of nonpeptidergic nociceptor loss to behavior in the GDNF treatment paradigm ambiguous. Other pharmacological approaches have been found effective at reversing a neuronal loss in rodent models, but the impact on pain behavior was not studied. 21,22\n\nRodents develop marked mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity rapidly following nerve injury and before timepoints at which neuron loss is observed. 10 This lack of a temporal correlation may suggest a limited contribution to evoked hypersensitivities. The temporal profile of ongoing tonic pain (eg, pain aversiveness as measured by condition place preference assays 26 ) is less defined and so is its correlation to the timing of neuron loss.\n\nThere are many anatomical sites within the somatosensory nervous system where differential loss of sensory neuron populations could impact neurobiology. For example, loss of cutaneous afferents may afford more opportunity for plasticity in reinnervation patterns, such as collateral sprouting of uninjured or surviving afferents, and the types of nerve endings made by different molecular subpopulations. 17,27 It also seems likely that the death of many neurons within a DRG could contribute to the expansion and activation of immune cell types, which are known to play a major role in neuropathic pain. 30,69 Finally, under normal conditions, peripheral sensory input is integrated into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by complex interneuron circuitry. Many spinal circuits are engaged by convergent input from different afferent types. 9,41,70 Therefore, selective loss of input from discrete afferent types could undoubtedly impact the normal processing of remaining afferent signals. 34 Experimentally abrogating neuronal loss may be a fruitful approach to assess the contribution to nervous system plasticity (adaptive or maladaptive) following injury. In this regard, our in vitro readout would be a useful experimental\n\nplatform to help delineate the precise cell death pathways and signaling cascades engaged (which could then be experimentally manipulated). Such studies should consider that plasticity may evolve over time. The loss of IB4 1 central terminals is transient following crush and has even been observed to reverse at longer timepoints following SNItrans. 36 These observations, in conjunction with ours of loss of neurons, raise the intriguing question of the source of such central reinnervation.\n\n## 4.4. Study limitations\n\nOur efforts focused on traumatic nerve injury paradigms owing to previous contrasting results using these robust and reproducible experimental models. We did not extend our studies to systemic neuropathy models, such as chemotherapy or diabetic neuropathy. A recent postmortem analysis reported a neuronal loss in the DRG from patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 19 Transcriptional responses vary substantially across different nerve insults, 44 so it would be of interest to test whether neuronal loss and the subpopulation vulnerability reported in this study are common features across different types of insults.\n\nUsing multiple approaches, we assess the na¨ıve mouse L4 DRG to contain approximately 8000 neurons, consistent with a previous estimate, 67 and observed a frank loss of smalldiameter neurons following injury. However, the extent of loss observed using our semiautomated approach was less than that observed using manual techniques. 67 Two major limitations in this study may explain this discrepancy: First, owing to technical issues, the cleared DRG dataset is unpaired ipsilateral-contralateral which adds larger variability. Second, the analysis method is prone to undercounting deep nuclei. The signal-to-noise is better for superficial nuclei and smaller tissue volumes. Given the reduction in DRG volume after SNItrans, nuclei in larger contralateral DRG may be undercounted.\n\nWhile we made efforts to profile the loss of several molecularly discrete sensory neuron populations, we acknowledge that not all subtypes were profiled. Furthermore, recent single-cell RNA sequencing has given us a more granular appreciation of the heterogeneity of sensory neurons. 42 Future studies could leverage our experimental approach and new transgenic lines to characterize the loss of neurons in more detail. Such experiments may be pertinent before embarking on molecular or functional profiling of populations post-nerve injury.\n\n## 4.5. Conclusions\n\nIn sum, we have provided data from multiple complementary experimental approaches to support the hypothesis that DRG neurons are lost following nerve injury in mice. We describe a substantial loss, which is biased towards specific subpopulations and particularly present in small-diameter nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons.\n\n## Conflict of interest statement\n\nD.L.B. has acted as a consultant in the last 2 years for AditumBio, Biogen, Biointervene, Combigene, LatigoBio, GSK, Ionis, Lexicon therapeutics, Neuvati, Olipass, Orion, Replay, SC Health Managers, Theranexus, Third Rock Ventures, and Vida Ventures on behalf of Oxford University Innovation. D.L.B. has received research funding from Lilly and Astra Zeneca, and G.A.W. has received research funding from Ono Pharmaceutical. D.L.B. has received", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19930,6 +19930,12 @@ "page_end": 20, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" }, + { + "text": "## Did you enjoy reading this book?\n\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\n\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa twitter.com/oxbridgeEdu www.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\n\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer -ing skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised courses to students in South Africa and abroad.\n\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our students' needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic assistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study material in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students to understand.\n\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\n\n## CONTACT NUMBERS:\n\nTel: 021 1100 200 Tel:+2721 883 2454 (international) Fax: 086 111 2121\n\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\n\nWhatsapp: 0605671585 Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\nPostal Address:\n\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section 31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.", + "page_start": 58, + "page_end": 58, + "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" + }, { "text": "## STEP 1 - SELECT YOUR COURSE\n\nOxbridge Academy Short Course: Marketing Management\n\nADV101\n\nBefore you start filling in the registration form, you need to choose your course. Once you've identified the course that you would like to study, remember to check that you meet the entry requirements.\n\nYou can find the course name and course code for your chosen course on the relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look at the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code are circled in red):\n\n\n\nPlease make sure to check the accreditation status of your chosen course. Some of our courses are non-credit bearing skills development courses, which are neither accredited by external bodies nor registered on the NQF. Please go to our website: oxbridgeacademy.co.za for more information about our skills development courses.", "page_start": 21, @@ -19977,12 +19983,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "## Microsoft Excel", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -20289,17 +20289,29 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations represented largely depend on one or more business use cases. As we designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need to consider it within its real-world usage context.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n\n\n| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| System Overview It is the reference in the field as it defines a | Pros and cons Ontologies can be exported in | | Ontology based-system | | | Ontology | |\n| Text2Onto, 2005, [1] representation-agnostic structure with modular steps and takes into account uncertainty. The system is implemented as a GATE module. OntoGain, It focuses on multiword terms to construct a \"lexicalised ontology\" by adapting an agglomerative clustering and an FCA method. It implements 4 | various formats. GATE system adds great visualisations. But it is not maintained since 2011. | | Ontology Use Cases | Final Application | | | Pipeline Execution |\n| OntoLearn (Reloaded), 2013, [3] It focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed knowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology extraction, hypernym graph construction, domain filtering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and 2010, [2] steps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC- value), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic relation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic). | It relies on WordNet and POS It considers only multiword terms and relies on WordNet and POS tags. It does not distinguish between terms and concepts and implements different adaptable approaches. | | | Pipeline Building | OLAF Pipeline Optimisation | | |\n| edge recovery. adaptable approaches. | tags and does not distinguish between terms and concepts. It implements different | | Knowledge sources Text Corpus | Seed Ontology | | | |\n| Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE |\n| Our framework provides several algorithms for the different stages of the pipeline. The algorithms are taken from external libraries or directly implemented in the framework. The goal is to have as many methods as possible to cover the maximum needs. | | Data preprocessing | | We choose Python numerous | as it eases access to the vast python . | community and its library ecosystem, particularly Machine Learning (ML) libraries . The text processing on spaCy helps us many different languages | NLP tools and |\n| C-value-based filtering Linguistic-based filtering TF-IDF value-based filtering | | Term Extraction | | | | spaCy Doc objects | |\n| Embedding-based similar term extraction ConceptNet synonym extraction | | Term Enrichment | | library spaCy | | Our implementation is largely based on the work with data in staying flexible on the methods used. The only constraint is to end up with a list of | toolbox of methods we can Python NLP while . |\n| WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction |\n| ConceptNet-based extraction Grouping terms based on synonyms | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | . These pipelines can be run, optimised and analysed to learn the best possible | Ressource | Algorithm implemented Upcoming implementation |\n| Term cooccurrences-based extraction Similarity-based extraction | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | | | |\n| Formal concept Analysis Term subsumption algorithm Hierarchical clustering Inductive Logic Programming We only work on unstructured textual data . We apply the framework in two different use cases and datasets to validate our results : | | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | Activity Optional | : Iterative process | : Iterative process | : Iterative process |\n| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |\n| Rule-based axiom extraction | | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. |\n\nWe designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nThis tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the Slope of Enlightenment in the Gartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the Semantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US corporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in OWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology companies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started to embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is finally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive technologies.\n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I've heard is that an ontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology combined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about knowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data.\n\nThere are a number of vendors emerging who are using the technology in very productive ways and are providing the foundation for federated knowledge graphs that can scale to hundreds of millions of triples or more and provide a framework for all corporate data. I've listed several in the bibliography but those are only the ones I've had some experience with. I'm sure there are many others. One of the products I've had the best experience with is the AllegroGraph triplestore and the Gruff visualization tool from Franz Inc. Although Allegro is a commercial tool, the free version supports most of the core capabilities of the commercial version. I've found the Allegro triplestore easy to use on a Windows PC with the Docker tool to emulate a Linux server.\n\nI first started working with classification-based languages when I worked at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and used the Loom language [Macgregor 91] to develop B2B systems for the US Department of Defense and their contractors. Since then, I've followed the progress of the technology, especially the DARPA knowledge sharing initiative [Neches 91] and always thought there was great promise in the technology. When I first discovered Protégé it was a great experience. It is one of the best supported and most usable free tools I've ever seen, and it always surprised me that there weren't more corporate users leveraging it in major ways. I think we are finally starting to see this happen and I hope this tutorial helps in a small way to accelerate the adoption of this powerful and robust tool.", "page_start": 88, "page_end": 88, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Neches, Robert (1991). Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing. With Richard Fikes, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, Ramesh Patil, Ted Senator, and William T. Swartout. AI Magazine. Volume 12 Number 3 (1991). https://tinyurl.com/DARPAKnowledgeSharing\n\nNoy, Natasha (2019). Industry-Scale Knowledge Graphs: Lessons and Challenges. With Yuqing Gao, Anshu Jain, Anant Narayanan, Alan Patterson, Jamie Taylor. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 62. No. 8. August 2019. https://tinyurl.com/ACMKnowledgeGraphs\n\nM. J. O'Connor (2012). A Pair of OWL 2 RL Reasoners. With A.K. Das. OWL: Experiences and Directions (OWLED), 9th International Workshop, Heraklion, Greece, 2012. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol849/paper\\_31.pdf\n\nSinghal, Amit. (2012). Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings. Google SVP, Engineering. May 16, 2012. https://www.blog.google/products/search/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not/\n\n## 14.4 Books\n\nDuCharme, Bob (2011). Learning SPARQL. O'Reilly Media\n\nLewis, Harry. (1997). Elements of the Theory of Computation. With Christos Papadimitriou. PrenticeHall; 2nd edition (August 7, 1997). ISBN-13: 978-0132624787\n\nSegaran, Toby (2009). Programming the Semantic Web: Build Flexible Applications with Graph Data. With Colin Evans and Jamie Taylor. O'Reilly Media; 1st edition (July 28, 2009).\n\n## 14.5 Vendors\n\nAllegroGraph Triplestore (Franz Inc.): https://franz.com/\n\nAmazon Neptune: https://aws.amazon.com/neptune/\n\nDocker: https://www.docker.com/\n\nDynaccurate: https://www.dynaccurate.com/\n\nOntotext: https://www.ontotext.com/\n\nPool Party: https://www.poolparty.biz/\n\nStardog: https://www.stardog.com/\n\nTop Quadrant: https://www.topquadrant.com/\n\nView publication stats", + "page_start": 90, + "page_end": 90, + "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Chapter 14 Bibliography\n\nRather than a standard bibliography, this section is divided into various categories based on resources that will be valuable for future exploration of the technologies and methods described in this tutorial.\n\n## 14.1 W3C Documents\n\nOWL 2 Primer: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/\n\nOWL 2 Specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/\n\nSemantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers: https://www.w3.org/TR/sw-oosdprimer/\n\nSPARQL Specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/\n\nSWRL Specification and Built-ins: https://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/\n\n## 14.2 Web Sites, Tools, And Presentations.\n\nAgile Alliance: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nCellfie: https://github.com/protegeproject/cellfie-plugin/wiki/Grocery-Tutorial\n\nGartner Hype Cycle: https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle\n\nJena: Open Source Java Framework for Semantic Web and Linked Data Applications: https://jena.apache.org/\n\nOpen World Assumption (OWA) presentation by Nick Drummond and Rob Shearer:\n\nhttp://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~drummond/presentations/OWA.pdf\n\nProtégé: https://protege.stanford.edu/\n\nProtégé Best Practices. Summary page on my blog for all my articles on Protégé, OWL, SWRL, etc.: https://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/best-practices-for-new-protege-users\n\nSHACL Playground: https://shacl.org/playground/\n\nSWRL Presentation by Martin O'Connor:\n\nhttps://protege.stanford.edu/conference/2009/slides/SWRL2009ProtegeConference.pdf\n\nWebProtégé: https://webprotege.stanford.edu/\n\nWebVOWL: Web-based Visualization of Ontologies: http://vowl.visualdataweb.org/webvowl.html\n\n## 14.3 Papers\n\nBerners-Lee (2001). The Semantic Web: A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities. With James Hendler and Ora Lassila. Scientific American, May 17, 2001. https://tinyurl.com/BernersLeeSemanticWeb\n\nMacGregor, Robert (1991). \"Using a description classifier to enhance knowledge representation\". IEEE Expert. 6 (3): 41-46. doi:10.1109/64.87683 https://tinyurl.com/MacGregorLoom", "page_start": 89, @@ -20341,18 +20353,6 @@ "page_start": 57, "page_end": 57, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In Chinese philosophy, the School of Names and Mohism were particularly influential. The School of Names focused on the use of language and on paradoxes. For example, Gongsun Long proposed the white horse paradox, which defends the thesis that a white horse is not a horse. The school of Mohism also acknowledged the importance of language for logic and tried to relate the ideas in these fields to the realm of ethics. [197]\n\nIn India, the study of logic was primarily pursued by the schools of Nyaya, Buddhism, and Jainism. It was not treated as a separate academic discipline and discussions of its topics usually happened in the context of epistemology and theories of dialogue or argumentation. [198] In Nyaya, inference is understood as a source of knowledge (pramā ṇ a). It follows the perception of an object and tries to arrive at conclusions, for example, about the cause of this object. [199] A similar emphasis on the relation to epistemology is also found in Buddhist and Jainist schools of logic, where inference is used to expand the knowledge gained through other sources. [200] Some of the later theories of Nyaya, belonging to the Navya-Nyāya school, resemble modern forms of logic, such as Gottlob Frege's distinction between sense and reference and his definition of number. [201]\n\nThe syllogistic logic developed by Aristotle predominated in the West until the mid-19th century, when interest in the foundations of mathematics stimulated the development of modern symbolic logic. [202] Many see Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift as the birthplace of modern logic. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's idea of a universal formal language is often considered a forerunner. Other pioneers were George Boole, who invented Boolean algebra as a mathematical system of logic, and Charles Peirce, who developed the logic of relatives. Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, in turn, condensed many of these insights in their work Principia Mathematica . Modern logic introduced novel concepts, such as functions, quantifiers, and relational predicates. A hallmark of modern symbolic logic is its use of formal language to precisely codify its insights. In this regard, it departs from earlier logicians, who relied mainly on natural language. [203] Of particular influence was the development of first-order logic, which is usually treated as the standard system of modern logic. [204] Its analytical generality allowed the formalization of mathematics and drove the investigation of set theory. It also made Alfred Tarski's approach to model theory possible and provided the foundation of modern mathematical logic. [205]\n\n## See also\n\n", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\nIn situations like the above example, a common mistake is to use an intersection instead of a union. For example, CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping . Although CheeseTopping and Vegetable might be a natural thing to say in English, this logically means something that is simultaneously a kind of CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping . This is incorrect because we have stated that CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping are disjoint classes and hence no individual can be an instance of both. If we used such a definition the reasoner would detect the inconsistency.\n\nIn the above example it might have been tempting to create two universal restrictions -one for CheeseTopping ( ∀ hasTopping CheeseTopping) and one for VegetableTopping ( ∀ hasTopping VegetableTopping) . However, when multiple restrictions are used (for any type of restriction) the total description is taken to be the intersection of the individual restrictions. This would have therefore been equivalent to one restriction with a filler that is the intersection of MozzarellaTopping and TomatoTopping -as explained above this would have been logically incorrect.\n\n## 4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning\n\nMake sure that the reasoner is synchronized (the little text in the lower right corner should say Reasoner active). Now switch from the Class hierarchy tab to the Class hierarchy (inferred) tab. You may notice something that seems perplexing. The classes MargheritaPizza and SohoPizza both only have vegetable and cheese toppings. So one might expect that the reasoner would classify them as subclasses of VegetarianPizza as it recently (in section 4.11) classified them and others as subclasses of CheesyPizza . The reason this didn't happen is something called the Open World Assumption (OWA). This is one of the concepts of OWL that can be most confusing for new and even experienced users because it is different than the Close World Assumption (CWA) used in most other programming and knowledge representation languages.\n\nIn most languages using the CWA we assume that everything that is currently known about the system is already in the database. However, OWL was meant to be a language to bring semantics to the Internet so the language designers chose the OWA. The open world assumption means that we cannot assume something doesn't exist just because it isn't currently in the ontology. The Internet is an open system. The information could be out there in some data source that hasn't yet been integrated into our ontology. Thus, we can't conclude some information doesn't exist unless it is explicitly stated that it does not exist . In other words, because something hasn't been stated to be true, it cannot be assumed to be false - it is assumed that the knowledge just hasn't been added to the knowledge base. In the case of our pizza ontology, we have stated that MargheritaPizza has toppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping and also kinds of TomatoTopping . Because of the open world assumption, until we explicitly say that a MargheritaPizza only has these kinds of toppings, it is assumed by the reasoner that a MargheritaPizza could have other toppings. To specify explicitly that a MargheritaPizza has toppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping or kinds of TomatoTopping and only kinds of MozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping , we must add what is known as a closure axiom on the hasTopping property.", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -20363,11 +20363,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Our vision is to implement a toolbox of methods we can gather to build pipelines. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n\n\n| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| System Overview It is the reference in the field as it defines a | Pros and cons Ontologies can be exported in | | Ontology based-system | | | Ontology | |\n| Text2Onto, 2005, [1] representation-agnostic structure with modular steps and takes into account uncertainty. The system is implemented as a GATE module. OntoGain, It focuses on multiword terms to construct a \"lexicalised ontology\" by adapting an agglomerative clustering and an FCA method. It implements 4 | various formats. GATE system adds great visualisations. But it is not maintained since 2011. | | Ontology Use Cases | Final Application | | | Pipeline Execution |\n| OntoLearn (Reloaded), 2013, [3] It focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed knowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology extraction, hypernym graph construction, domain filtering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and 2010, [2] steps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC- value), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic relation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic). | It relies on WordNet and POS It considers only multiword terms and relies on WordNet and POS tags. It does not distinguish between terms and concepts and implements different adaptable approaches. | | | Pipeline Building | OLAF Pipeline Optimisation | | |\n| edge recovery. adaptable approaches. | tags and does not distinguish between terms and concepts. It implements different | | Knowledge sources Text Corpus | Seed Ontology | | | |\n| Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE |\n| Our framework provides several algorithms for the different stages of the pipeline. The algorithms are taken from external libraries or directly implemented in the framework. The goal is to have as many methods as possible to cover the maximum needs. | | Data preprocessing | | We choose Python numerous | as it eases access to the vast python . | community and its library ecosystem, particularly Machine Learning (ML) libraries . The text processing on spaCy helps us many different languages | NLP tools and |\n| C-value-based filtering Linguistic-based filtering TF-IDF value-based filtering | | Term Extraction | | | | spaCy Doc objects | |\n| Embedding-based similar term extraction ConceptNet synonym extraction | | Term Enrichment | | library spaCy | | Our implementation is largely based on the work with data in staying flexible on the methods used. The only constraint is to end up with a list of | toolbox of methods we can Python NLP while . |\n| WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction |\n| ConceptNet-based extraction Grouping terms based on synonyms | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | . These pipelines can be run, optimised and analysed to learn the best possible | Ressource | Algorithm implemented Upcoming implementation |\n| Term cooccurrences-based extraction Similarity-based extraction | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | | | |\n| Formal concept Analysis Term subsumption algorithm Hierarchical clustering Inductive Logic Programming We only work on unstructured textual data . We apply the framework in two different use cases and datasets to validate our results : | | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | Activity Optional | : Iterative process | : Iterative process | : Iterative process |\n| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |\n| Rule-based axiom extraction | | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. | Different serialization techniques can be used to export and leverage the learned ontology in an application system. |\n\nWe designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nThis tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the Slope of Enlightenment in the Gartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the Semantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US corporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in OWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology companies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started to embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is finally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive technologies.\n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I've heard is that an ontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology combined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about knowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data.\n\nThere are a number of vendors emerging who are using the technology in very productive ways and are providing the foundation for federated knowledge graphs that can scale to hundreds of millions of triples or more and provide a framework for all corporate data. I've listed several in the bibliography but those are only the ones I've had some experience with. I'm sure there are many others. One of the products I've had the best experience with is the AllegroGraph triplestore and the Gruff visualization tool from Franz Inc. Although Allegro is a commercial tool, the free version supports most of the core capabilities of the commercial version. I've found the Allegro triplestore easy to use on a Windows PC with the Docker tool to emulate a Linux server.\n\nI first started working with classification-based languages when I worked at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and used the Loom language [Macgregor 91] to develop B2B systems for the US Department of Defense and their contractors. Since then, I've followed the progress of the technology, especially the DARPA knowledge sharing initiative [Neches 91] and always thought there was great promise in the technology. When I first discovered Protégé it was a great experience. It is one of the best supported and most usable free tools I've ever seen, and it always surprised me that there weren't more corporate users leveraging it in major ways. I think we are finally starting to see this happen and I hope this tutorial helps in a small way to accelerate the adoption of this powerful and robust tool.", "page_start": 88, @@ -20421,12 +20427,6 @@ "page_start": 20, "page_end": 20, "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Some authors have suggested in practice, that the definition of AI is vague and difficult to define, with contention as to whether classical algorithms should be categorised as AI, [367] with many companies during the early 2020s AI boom using the term as a marketing buzzword, often even if they did \"not actually use AI in a material way\". [368]\n\n## Evaluating approaches to AI\n\nNo established unifying theory or paradigm has guided AI research for most of its history. [aa] The unprecedented success of statistical machine learning in the 2010s eclipsed all other approaches (so much so that some sources, especially in the business world, use the term \"artificial intelligence\" to mean \"machine learning with neural networks\"). This approach is mostly sub-symbolic, soft and narrow. Critics argue that these questions may have to be revisited by future generations of AI researchers.\n\n## Symbolic AI and its limits\n\nSymbolic AI (or \"GOFAI\") [370] simulated the high-level conscious reasoning that people use when they solve puzzles, express legal reasoning and do mathematics. They were highly successful at \"intelligent\" tasks such as algebra or IQ tests. In the 1960s, Newell and Simon proposed the physical symbol systems hypothesis: \"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.\" [371]\n\nHowever, the symbolic approach failed on many tasks that humans solve easily, such as learning, recognizing an object or commonsense reasoning. Moravec's paradox is the discovery that high-level \"intelligent\" tasks were easy for AI, but low level \"instinctive\" tasks were extremely difficult. [372] Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus had argued since the 1960s that human expertise depends on unconscious instinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation, and on having a \"feel\" for the situation, rather than explicit symbolic knowledge. [373] Although his arguments had been ridiculed and ignored when they were first presented, eventually, AI research came to agree with him. [ab][16]\n\nThe issue is not resolved: sub-symbolic reasoning can make many of the same inscrutable mistakes that human intuition does, such as algorithmic bias. Critics such as Noam Chomsky argue continuing research into symbolic AI will still be necessary to attain general intelligence, [375][376] in part because subsymbolic AI is a move away from explainable AI: it can be difficult or impossible to understand why a modern statistical AI program made a particular decision. The emerging field of neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence attempts to bridge the two approaches.\n\n## Neat vs. scruffy\n\n\"Neats\" hope that intelligent behavior is described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic, optimization, or neural networks). \"Scruffies\" expect that it necessarily requires solving a large number of unrelated problems. Neats defend their programs with theoretical rigor, scruffies rely mainly on incremental testing to see if they work. This issue was actively discussed in the 1970s and 1980s, [377] but eventually was seen as irrelevant. Modern AI has elements of both.\n\n## Soft vs. hard computing", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -20450,15 +20450,9 @@ }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 355, - "page_end": 355, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" }, { "text": "", @@ -20468,39 +20462,45 @@ }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 295, - "page_end": 295, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "page_start": 18, + "page_end": 18, + "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 403, - "page_end": 403, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "page_start": 69, + "page_end": 69, + "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 335, - "page_end": 335, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "page_start": 70, + "page_end": 70, + "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 214, - "page_end": 214, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "page_start": 71, + "page_end": 71, + "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 151, - "page_end": 151, + "page_start": 295, + "page_end": 295, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21029,8 +21029,8 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "The second panel of Fig. 2 shows the Shannon surprise of an inference model that estimates the current heart rate using the two standard components of a generative model. The for- mer component is the prior, which encodes the person’s a priori probabilistic belief (i.e. probability distribution) about her “nor- mal” heart rate range; here, the prior is a Gaussian centered on 67 and has a precision of 0.11. The latter component is the likeli- hood, which encodes the probabilistic mapping between sensory (heartbeat) observations and the hidden state (heart rate); here, the likelihood is a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate with an additional bias of 15 pulses, and the panel shows the results for 10 values for precision obtained by subdividing the range [0.1,10] into equal intervals.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21076,6 +21076,12 @@ "page_end": 30, "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 68. Tschantz, A.; Baltieri, M.; Seth, A.K.; Buckley, C.L. Scaling active inference. arXiv 2019 , arXiv:1911.10601. [CrossRef]\n - 69. Friston, K.; Heins, C.; Verbelen, T.; Costa, L.D.; Salvatori, T.; Markovic, D.; Tschantz, A.; Koudahl, M.; Buckley, C.; Parr, T. From pixels to planning: Scale-free active inference. arXiv 2024 , arXiv:2407.20292. [CrossRef]\n - 70. Kastel, N.; Hesp, C.; Ridderinkhof, K.R.; Friston, K.J. Small steps for mankind: Modeling the emergence of cumulative culture from joint active inference communication. Front. Neurorobot. 2023 , 16 , 944986. [CrossRef]\n - 71. Friedman, D.A.; Tschantz, A.; Ramstead, M.J.D.; Friston, K.; Constant, A. Active Inferants: An Active Inference Framework for Ant Colony Behavior. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2021 , 15 , 647732. [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n\nDisclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.", + "page_start": 32, + "page_end": 32, + "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "Θ is then described by a Dirichlet distribution parametrised by a set of concentration parameters θ :\n\np ( Θ ) = Dir ( Θ | θ ) (19)\n\nThe concentration parameter of a Dirichlet distribution is essentially a non-negative count of how many times the given category (be it a type of observation or state transition) has occurred. The distribution of concentration parameter counts will determine the shape of the estimated categorical probability distribution, while the scale of the concentration parameters will determine the certainty per precision of the belief. Updating beliefs about Θ (the parameters in the matrices) then corresponds to updating these concentration parameters θ with the following update equation:\n\nθ t + 1 = ω ∗ θ t + η ∗ χ t (20)\n\nThe updated value for the concentration parameter ( θ t + 1 ) is found by adding the previous concentration parameter θ t multiplied by a forgetting rate ω to the observed data count χ (either the observation in the case of A learning, or the inferred state or state transition for other matrices) multiplied by a learning rate η . With this relatively simple update equation-which, in essence, amounts to just counting the occurrences of categories-an AIF agent can update its beliefs about the various matrices it uses to make inferences about environmental states. For more details on parameter learning with POMDPs, see [23,33,52].\n\n## 3. Using ActiveInference.jl\n\nIn this section, we provide an overview of the various functions a user will need to operate ActiveInference . This includes functionalities for creating POMDP agents, for simulating behaviour and for fitting the models to data. In the next section, we demonstrate how to use the package on a concrete worked example. ActiveInference is under continual development, and the newest version of the package, including documentation for how to use it, can be found at github.com/ilabcode/ActiveInference.jl.\n\n## 3.1. Creating and Using a POMDP\n\nThe general structure of ActiveInference.jl is heavily inspired by pymdp [23], a Python library for implementing simulations of AIF in discrete state spaces. Those already acquainted with pymdp should find the syntax here familiar. ActiveInference can be installed as normal from the official Julia General Registry using the Julia's native package manager Pkg:\n\nIt can then be loaded into the current project environment:\n\n☎\n\n✆\n\n☎\n\nCentral to the package is the AIF object. This is a structure containing all the components of the generative model, as well as the dynamic belief states and the various settings needed to perform AIF, and is used in conjunction with most of the high-level functions of the package. An AIF object can be created with the init\\_aif function, which takes as arguments the components of the generative model and a dictionary of various settings and parameters:\n\n✆\n\n```\n✞ using Pkg Pkg.add(ActiveInference) ✝\n```\n\n```\n✞ using ActiveInference ✝\n```", "page_start": 10, @@ -21087,12 +21093,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ing the temporal dynamics of belief changes in experimental participants. Dynamic belief trajectories can then be related to other (for example, physiological) measures, as is usual in model-based neuroscience [65]. This method can also, in principle, be used for fitting models to other types of experimentally observable systems, like animals, organoids [66], and simulated or emergent systems [67]. The package can also be used for agent-based modelling in general, for repeating earlier analyses with sampling based model-fitting and for comparing POMDP-based AIF models directly to other types of models.\n\nSince they implement full approximate Bayesian inferences, AIF models are computationally more demanding than many approaches traditionally used in cognitive and agent-based modelling, in particular when the dimensionality of the generative model is large. This means that models with highly multidimensional or complex behaviour and large numbers of agents can be computationally infeasible to implement, especially given the additional computational demands introduced by fitting these models to empirical data. Avenues for addressing this implicit scaling problem were proposed in the context of machine learning applications [68,69], and with the use of simplifying assumptions-the use of which are ubiquitous in computational modelling-AIF has been used to model multi-agent phenomena, such as opinion dynamics [15,70], coordinated foraging [71] and fish school movements [12]. It remains to be explored how AIF models can be applied to highly complex natural phenomena, such as a concrete election, which underscores the need for efficient but flexible and accessible software tools in the field.\n\nThere are many ways in which ActiveInference can be improved. It would be useful to extend the set of dynamic belief states to include prediction errors since they are often used for model-based neuroscience. This would entail departing from discrete state-space (i.e., POMDP) models to consider continuous state-space models apt for Bayesian filtering or predictive coding (see below). An alternative would be to generate prediction errors from belief updating under discrete models, where prediction errors can be read as the (KL) divergence between posterior and prior beliefs (i.e., complexity or information gain). A simple interface could be added for creating custom parametrisations of the requisite parameters that could be parametrised with Boltzmann or Gibbs distributions, as opposed to Dirichlet distributions. Parameter learning could be extended to all generative model parameters, as well as in parametrised forms (e.g., so that the Boltzmann parameter or temperature of the parameters that are learned); similarly for the precision over expected free energies γ . Preference priors should also be implementable for environmental states, in addition to observations, and A can be made action dependent.\n\nAlibrary of pre-made canonical POMDP models could be created so that users can easily implement them directly. Alternatives to the fixed-point iteration method for updating posteriors over environmental states could be included, like the marginal message passing algorithm. There are various ways in which the package can be made more computationally efficient, and it could be compared with other software implementations. There are plenty of utility and plotting functions that could be added to the package to make it easier to use and to facilitate integration with the model-fitting packages it relies on; for example, to allow for combining the models with linear regressions to compare parameters values of different populations in a single model. More complex types of POMDP models can also be added, like hierarchical and temporally deep POMDPs. Model structure learning could be considered, where different model structures are compared and chosen between by evaluating their free energies. Sophisticated inference, where predictions are also made about changes in one's own beliefs-depending on expected action-dependent observations in the future-could also be implemented [58]. Finally, the package could be extended to other types of generative models than POMDPs, including other universal models, like generalised filtering [17] and Hierarchical Gaussian Filter models [41], as well as custom", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21103,8 +21103,8 @@ "target_page": 3, "target_passage": "Among the challenges that adolescents have to face are the structuring of a “narrative identity” or self-story, featuring the development of a sense of personal identity that integrates past experiences with current, and future goals and meanings in a coherent whole over time ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21150,6 +21150,12 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Stanley B, Sher L, Wilson S et al. Non-suicidal self-injurious behavior, endogenous opioids and monoamine neurotransmitters. J Affect Disord 2010; 124 :134-40.\n\nStephan KE, Manjaly ZM, Mathys CD et al. Allostatic selfefficacy: a metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis-induced fatigue and depression. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10 : 550.\n\nStephan KE, Mathys C. Computational approaches to psychiatry. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 25 :85-92.\n\nSterling P. Allostasis: a model of predictive regulation. Physiol Behav 2012; 106 :5-15.\n\nSterling P, Eyer J. Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In: Fisher S and Reason J (eds) (A c. Di), Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health . Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: John Wiley & Sons, 1988, 629-49.\n\nStörkel LM, Karabatsiakis A, Hepp J et al. Salivary beta-endorphin in nonsuicidal self-injury: an ambulatory assessment study. Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 46 :1357-63.\n\nSuzuki K, Garfinkel SN, Critchley HD et al. Multisensory integration across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains modulates self-experience in the rubber-hand illusion. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51 :2909-17.\n\nTajadura-Jiménez A, Longo MR, Coleman R et al. The person in the mirror: using the enfacement illusion to investigate the experiential structure of self-identification. Conscious Cogn 2012; 21 :1725-38.\n\nTaliaferro LA, Westers NJ, Matsumiya B et al. Improving capacity to identify, assess, and manage adolescents engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury using patient avatars. Med Teach 2023; 45 : 1283-9.\n\nThielsch C, Andor T, Ehring T. Metacognitions, intolerance of uncertainty and worry: an investigation in adolescents. Pers Individ Dif 2015; 74 :94-8.\n\nTsakiris M. The multisensory basis of the self: from body to identity to others. Q J Exp Psychol 2017; 70 :597-609.\n\nTschantz A, Barca L, Maisto D et al. Simulating homeostatic, allostatic and goal-directed forms of interoceptive control using active inference. Biol Psychol 2022; 169 : 108266.\n\nTsypes A, Owens M, Hajcak G et al. Neural reward responsiveness in children who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury: an ERP study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59 :1289-97.\n\nTurner BJ, Austin SB, Chapman AL. Treating nonsuicidal self-injury: a systematic review of psychological and pharmacological interventions. Can J Psychiatry 2014; 59 :576-85.\n\nvan der Venne P, Balint A, Drews E et al. Pain sensitivity and plasma beta-endorphin in adolescent non-suicidal self-injury. J Affect Disord 2021; 278 :199-208.\n\nWallman-Jones A, Perakakis P, Tsakiris M et al. Physical activity and interoceptive processing: theoretical considerations for future research. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166 :38-49.\n\nWeiss NH, Dixon-Gordon KL, Duke AA et al. The underlying role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the association between intimate partner violence and deliberate self-harm among African American women. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 59 :8-16.\n\nWitt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G et al. Interventions for selfharm in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 3 :CD013667.\n\nWolff JC, Thompson E, Thomas SA et al. Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur Psychiatry 2019; 59 :25-36.\n\nWu Q, Feng X. Infant emotion regulation and cortisol response during the first 2 years of life: Association with maternal parenting profiles. Developmental Psychobiology 2020; 62 :1076-91.\n\nXiao Q, Song X, Huang L et al. Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a nonclinical sample of adolescents: a meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13 :912441.\n\nYehuda R. Post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 :108-14.\n\nYu ANC, Iodice P, Pezzulo G et al. Bodily information and top-down affective priming jointly affect the processing of fearful faces. Front Psychol 2021; 12 :1748.\n\nZelkowitz RL, Kehle-Forbes SM, Smith BN et al. Associations between DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder criterion E2 endorsement and selected self-destructive behaviors in recent-era veterans: A focus on disordered eating. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36 :1001-9. Advance online publication.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 134. Blackmore, Susan (2014). \"The Neural Correlates of Consciousness\" (https://www.edge.org/ response-detail/25457). Edge.org . Retrieved 22 April 2018.\n - 135. Krohn, Stephan; Ostwald, Dirk (2017). \"Computing integrated information\" (https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007153). Neuroscience of Consciousness . 2017 (1): nix017. doi:10.1093/nc/nix017 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnc%2Fnix017). PMC 6007153 (https://ww w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007153). PMID 30042849 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni h.gov/30042849).\n - 136. Cerullo, Michael A. (September 2015). Kording, Konrad P. (ed.). \"The Problem with Phi: A Critique of Integrated Information Theory\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45 74706). PLOS Computational Biology . 11 (9): e1004286. Bibcode:2015PLSCB..11E4286C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLSCB..11E4286C). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004286 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1004286). PMC 4574706 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574706). PMID 26378789 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26378789).\n - 137. Mørch, Hedda Hassel (2017). \"The Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness\" (http s://philosophynow.org/issues/121/The\\_Integrated\\_Information\\_Theory\\_of\\_Consciousness). Philosophy Now . Retrieved 22 April 2018.\n - 138. Oizumi, Masafumi; Albantakis, Larissa; Tononi, Giulio (May 2014). \"From the Phenomenology to the Mechanisms of Consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014402). PLOS Computational Biology . 10 (5): e1003588. Bibcode:2014PLSCB..10E3588O (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PL SCB..10E3588O). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003588 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcb i.1003588). PMC 4014402 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014402). PMID 24811198 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24811198).\n - 139. Mindt, Garrett (2017). \"The Problem with the 'Information' in Integrated Information Theory\" (http://newdualism.org/papers/G.Mindt/Mindt-JCS2017.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 24 (7-8): 130-154. Retrieved 22 February 2022.\n - 140. Baars, Bernard J. (2005). \"Global workspace theory of consciousness: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience\". The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology . Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 150. pp. 45-53. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.2829 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456. 2829). doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50004-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%280 5%2950004-9). ISBN 9780444518514. PMID 16186014 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1 6186014).\n - 141. Dehaene, Stanislas; Naccache, Lionel (2001). \"Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework\" (http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/ cs671/12f/12f-papers/dehaene-consciousness.pdf) (PDF). Cognition . 79 (1-2): 1-37. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00123-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2800%2900 123-2). PMID 11164022 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11164022). S2CID 1762431 (http s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1762431). Retrieved 5 April 2019.\n - 142. Dalton, J. W. (1997). \"The unfinished theatre\". Journal of Consciousness Studies . 4 (4): 316-318.\n - 143. Elitzur, Avshalom C. (1997). \"Why don't we know what Mary knows? Baars' reversing the problem of qualia\". Journal of Consciousness Studies . 4 (4): 319-324.\n - 144. The Meta-Problem of Consciousness | Professor David Chalmers | Talks at Google (https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsYUWtLQBS0), 2 April 2019, retrieved 2022-01-11\n - 145. Stoppard, Tom (28 January 2015). \"First Person\". Programme notes . London: Royal National Theatre.\n\n## External links", "page_start": 26, @@ -21161,12 +21167,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 7.8. Generation of Lift (sheet 2 of 2)\n\n", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21547,8 +21547,8 @@ "target_page": 70, "target_passage": "You must consider several key factors when you are planning the physical site of a Storwize V7000 installation. The physical site must have the following characteristics: \u0002 Meets power, cooling, and location requirements of the Storwize V7000 nodes. \u0002 Has two separate power sources. \u0002 Sufficient rack space exists for the installation of controller and disk expansion enclosures. \u0002 Has sufficient maximum power rating of the rack. Plan your rack placement carefully to not exceed maximum power rating of the rack. For more information about the power and environmental requirements, see this website", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21621,8 +21621,8 @@ "target_page": 218, "target_passage": "Naming rules: When you choose a name for a pool, the following rules apply: \u0002 Names must begin with a letter. \u0002 The first character cannot be numeric. \u0002 The name can be a maximum of 63 characters. \u0002 Valid characters are uppercase letters (A - Z), lowercase letters (a - z), digits (0 - 9), underscore (_), period (.), hyphen (-), and space. \u0002 Names must not begin or end with a space. \u0002 Object names must be unique within the object type. For example, you can have a volume that is named ABC and a storage pool that is calledvolumes that are calledvolumes called ABC. \u0002 The default object name is valid (object prefix with an integer). \u0002 Objects can be renamed to their current names", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21670,21 +21670,21 @@ }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 214, - "page_end": 214, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" }, { "text": "", - "page_start": 70, - "page_end": 70, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21896,17 +21896,17 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\n\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEN", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "news4.pdf" + }, { "text": "- Berryhill, Jamie; Heang, Kévin Kok; Clogher, Rob; McBride, Keegan (2019). Hello, World: Artificial Intelligence and its Use in the Public Sector (https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploa ds/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF). Paris: OECD Observatory of Public Sector Innovation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp -content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.\n - Bertini, M; Del Bimbo, A; Torniai, C (2006). \"Automatic annotation and semantic retrieval of video sequences using multimedia ontologies\". MM '06 Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia . 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia. Santa Barbara: ACM. pp. 679-682.\n - Bostrom, Nick (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies . Oxford University Press.\n - Bostrom, Nick (2015). \"What happens when our computers get smarter than we are?\" (https://w ww.ted.com/talks/nick\\_bostrom\\_what\\_happens\\_when\\_our\\_computers\\_get\\_smarter\\_than\\_w e\\_are/transcript). TED (conference). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020072500571 9/https://www.ted.com/talks/nick\\_bostrom\\_what\\_happens\\_when\\_our\\_computers\\_get\\_smart er\\_than\\_we\\_are/transcript) from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.\n - Brooks, Rodney (10 November 2014). \"artificial intelligence is a tool, not a threat\" (https://web.a rchive.org/web/20141112130954/http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/artificial-intelligence-tool-th reat). Archived from the original (http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/artificial-intelligence-tool-thr eat) on 12 November 2014.\n - Brooks, Rodney (1990). \"Elephants Don't Play Chess\" (http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/paper s/elephants.pdf) (PDF). Robotics and Autonomous Systems . 6 (1-2): 3-15. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.7539 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.588. 7539). doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8890%280 5%2980025-9). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070809020912/http://people.csail. mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2007.\n - Buiten, Miriam C (2019). \"Towards Intelligent Regulation of Artificial Intelligence\" (https://doi.org/ 10.1017%2Ferr.2019.8). European Journal of Risk Regulation . 10 (1): 41-59. doi:10.1017/err.2019.8 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Ferr.2019.8). ISSN 1867-299X (https://sea rch.worldcat.org/issn/1867-299X).\n - Bushwick, Sophie (16 March 2023), \"What the New GPT-4 AI Can Do\" (https://www.scientificam erican.com/article/what-the-new-gpt-4-ai-can-do/), Scientific American , archived (https://we b.archive.org/web/20230822233655/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-the-ne w-gpt-4-ai-can-do/) from the original on 22 August 2023, retrieved 5 October 2024\n - Butler, Samuel (13 June 1863). \"Darwin among the Machines\" (https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/sc holarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html). Letters to the Editor. The Press . Christchurch, New Zealand. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080919172551/http://www.nzetc.org/ tm/scholarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html) from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2014 - via Victoria University of Wellington.\n - Buttazzo, G. (July 2001). \"Artificial consciousness: Utopia or real possibility?\". Computer . 34 (7): 24-30. doi:10.1109/2.933500 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2F2.933500).\n - Cambria, Erik; White, Bebo (May 2014). \"Jumping NLP Curves: A Review of Natural Language Processing Research [Review Article]\". IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine . 9 (2): 48-57. doi:10.1109/MCI.2014.2307227 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCI.2014.2307227). S2CID 206451986 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206451986).\n - Cellan-Jones, Rory (2 December 2014). \"Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind\" (https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540). BBC News . Archived (http s://web.archive.org/web/20151030054329/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540) from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.", "page_start": 53, "page_end": 53, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- AI & ML in Fusion (https://suli.pppl.gov/2023/course/Rea-PPPL-SULI2023.pdf)\n - AI & ML in Fusion, video lecture (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA\\_DfMpAN uQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive\\_link) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/ https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA\\_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive \\_link) 2 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine\n - Alter, Alexandra; Harris, Elizabeth A. (20 September 2023), \"Franzen, Grisham and Other Prominent Authors Sue OpenAI\" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-open ai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign\\_id=2&emc=edit\\_th\\_20230921&instance\\_id=103 259&nl=todaysheadlines®i\\_id=62816440&segment\\_id=145288&user\\_id=ad24f3545dae 0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d), The New York Times , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024 0914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-co pyright.html?campaign\\_id=2&emc=edit\\_th\\_20230921&instance\\_id=103259&nl=todaysheadl ines®i\\_id=62816440&segment\\_id=145288&user\\_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88 f1d) from the original on 14 September 2024, retrieved 5 October 2024\n - Altman, Sam; Brockman, Greg; Sutskever, Ilya (22 May 2023). \"Governance of Superintelligence\" (https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence). openai.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061619/https://openai.com/blog/governanc e-of-superintelligence) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.\n - Anderson, Susan Leigh (2008). \"Asimov's \"three laws of robotics\" and machine metaethics\". AI & Society . 22 (4): 477-493. doi:10.1007/s00146-007-0094-5 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs0 0146-007-0094-5). S2CID 1809459 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1809459).\n - Anderson, Michael; Anderson, Susan Leigh (2011). Machine Ethics . Cambridge University Press.\n - Arntz, Melanie; Gregory, Terry; Zierahn, Ulrich (2016), \"The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis\", OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers 189\n - Asada, M.; Hosoda, K.; Kuniyoshi, Y.; Ishiguro, H.; Inui, T.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Ogino, M.; Yoshida, C. (2009). \"Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey\". IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development . 1 (1): 12-34. doi:10.1109/tamd.2009.2021702 (https://doi.org/10.110 9%2Ftamd.2009.2021702). S2CID 10168773 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101 68773).\n - \"Ask the AI experts: What's driving today's progress in AI?\" (https://www.mckinsey.com/business -functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progressin-ai). McKinsey & Company . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/http s://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-expert s-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n - Barfield, Woodrow; Pagallo, Ugo (2018). Research handbook on the law of artificial intelligence . Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7864-3904-8. OCLC 1039480085 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039480085).\n - Beal, J.; Winston, Patrick (2009), \"The New Frontier of Human-Level Artificial Intelligence\", IEEE Intelligent Systems , vol. 24, pp. 21-24, doi:10.1109/MIS.2009.75 (https://doi.org/10.11 09%2FMIS.2009.75), hdl:1721.1/52357 (https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F52357), S2CID 32437713 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32437713)\n - Berdahl, Carl Thomas; Baker, Lawrence; Mann, Sean; Osoba, Osonde; Girosi, Federico (7 February 2023). \"Strategies to Improve the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Health Equity: Scoping Review\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459). JMIR AI . 2 : e42936. doi:10.2196/42936 (https://doi.org/10.2196%2F42936). ISSN 2817-1705 (https://se arch.worldcat.org/issn/2817-1705). PMC 11041459 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC11041459). PMID 38875587 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875587). S2CID 256681439 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256681439).", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21958,18 +21958,18 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 55, "page_end": 55, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Financial Information", + "page_start": 31, + "page_end": 31, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "horizontal wells drilled just to the Bossier may not always hold Haynesville rights. Therefore, Chesapeake and other producers have been drilling aggressively to hold all rights through the Haynesville before the initial three-year term of a typical lease expires. As a result, there has not been much drilling to the Bossier to date. However, once our leases are held by production (HBP) by Haynesville drilling (we expect to be largely complete with HBP drilling by year-end 2011 and completely finished by year-end 2012), we will begin developing the Bossier Shale more aggressively in 2013. In the Bossier play, we own 205,000 net leasehold acres and estimate we could drill up to 2,600 net wells in the years ahead.\n\nlargest and most respected European energy companies. In this transaction, we sold Statoil 32.5% of our Marcellus assets for $3.375 billion in cash and drilling carries. Today, having sold 32.5% of our original 1.8 million net leasehold acres, we have returned to owning 1.7 million net leasehold acres in the play and are the industry's leading leasehold owner, largest producer and most active developer. We are producing from more than 100 net wells in the Marcellus on our 1.7 million net acres, are currently drilling with 32 rigs and estimate we could drill up to 21,000 additional net wells in the years ahead.\n\n\n\nGenerating the highest returns in the company, plays like the Oklahoma Colony Granite Wash inspire Chesapeake to find other liquids-rich opportunities.\n\nMarcellus Shale - We first became aware of the Marcellus in 2005 when we were negotiating our $2.2 billion acquisition of Appalachia's second-largest natural gas producer, Columbia Natural Resources, LLC. In 2007 we aggressively accelerated our Marcellus leasehold acquisition efforts and began to prepare for our first drilling activities. By early 2008, we had determined the Marcellus could be prospective over an area of approximately 15 million net acres (approximately five times larger than the prospective Haynesville core area and 10 times larger than the Barnett core area).\n\nAfter acquiring 1.8 million net leasehold acres, we entered into a joint venture agreement in late 2008 with Oslo-based Statoil, one of the\n\nColony and Texas Panhandle Granite Wash - These liquids-rich plays generate the company's highest returns (routinely more than 100%) and provided the inspiration\n\nThe very significant upward trajectory of value creation that Chesapeake is on today is primarily driven by the quality of our assets, which feature dominant positions in 16 of the 20 most important major unconventional natural gas and liquids plays in the U.S.\n\nfor the company to find other liquids-rich plays in 2010. The Granite Wash, and other plays with liquids-rich gas production streams, provide the strongest economics in the industry today because they possess the best of both worlds: high-volume natural gas production along with\n\nsignificant volumes of highly valued liquids that dramatically increase investment returns.\n\nWe are producing from approximately 150 net Granite Wash wells, are currently drilling with 16 rigs and estimate we could drill up to 1,700 additional net wells on our 215,000 net leasehold acres in the years ahead. Based on current NYMEX futures prices for natural gas and oil, each Granite Wash well should generate approximately $11.5 million of present value (or up to an undiscounted total of $19.5 billion for all 1,700 wells), making it obvious why finding, leasing and developing more unconventional liquids-rich plays was Chesapeake's number one priority for 2010. We were very successful", "page_start": 10, @@ -21991,8 +21991,8 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "Currently, the proportion of people aged 65 or over in Japan has reached 23.4%*. SMFG will help create frameworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycleframeworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycle planning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a soundplanning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a sound balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives.balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 4 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -22008,6 +22008,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Together with Our Shareholders and Markets\n\nContributing to the development of sounder financial markets\n\nBased on this approach, SMFG goes Based on this approach, SMFG goes beyond legal requirements in enriching its beyond legal requirements in enriching its disclosure of information on management disclosure of information on management policy and operational strategy. These policy and operational strategy. These initiatives have won the support of many initiatives have won the support of many market participants. We were selected as market participants. We were selected as a winner of the Awards for Excellence in a winner of the Awards for Excellence in Corporate Disclosure for fiscal 2011 by The Corporate Disclosure for fiscal 2011 by The Securities Analysts Association of Japan. Securities Analysts Association of Japan.\n\nShareholders' meeting materials\n\n\n\nInvestor briefing materials\n\n## We aim to further strengthen communication with our shareholders and investors\n\n## Together with our investors: Creating a platform for social contribution through the financial markets\n\nSMFG is committed to ensuring financial SMFG is committed to ensuring financial soundness through appropriate policy-making soundness through appropriate policy-making and business operations. At the same time, and business operations. At the same time, we disclose corporate information in a we disclose corporate information in a timely and precise way to shareholders and timely and precise way to shareholders and markets. We believe full disclosure not only markets. We believe full disclosure not only helps foster a more correct understanding helps foster a more correct understanding and evaluation of the Group, but also and evaluation of the Group, but also contributes to the development of sounder contributes to the development of sounder financial markets. financial markets.\n\n\n\nWe believe that the SMFG Group can contribute We believe that the SMFG Group can contribute further to the creation of a sustainable society further to the creation of a sustainable society through its activities in financial markets. through its activities in financial markets.\n\nFor example, SMBC Friend Securities markets For example, SMBC Friend Securities markets 'Environmental Sustainability Bond' 'Environmental Sustainability Bond' *1 *1 while while SMBC Nikko Securities markets 'WB Green SMBC Nikko Securities markets 'WB Green Bonds (Green Bonds)' Bonds (Green Bonds)' *2 *2 . These are bonds . These are bonds for fund procurement that are also intended for fund procurement that are also intended as tools for contributing to protecting and as tools for contributing to protecting and conserving the global environment. For conserving the global environment. For customers who wish to invest in companies customers who wish to invest in companies that contribute to a sustainable society, that contribute to a sustainable society, we offer a wide range of socially responsible we offer a wide range of socially responsible investment vehicles. investment vehicles.\n\nThe The Japan Research Institute analyzes applicant Japan Research Institute analyzes applicant\n\n\n\ncompanies' corporate social responsibility companies' corporate social responsibility activities, and uses the information it gathers activities, and uses the information it gathers to create a basic file on companies managing to create a basic file on companies managing socially responsible investment fund socially responsible investment funds *3 *3 .\n\n## SMFG has listed its shares on SRI indexes\n\nSRI indexes are for socially responsible SRI indexes are for socially responsible investments in which major investment investments in which major investment decisions are based on environmental and decisions are based on environmental and social factors as well as the target company social factors as well as the target company's s financial standing. financial standing. SMFGSMFG's proactive corporate s proactive corporate social responsibility activities have won social responsibility activities have won plaudits from the markets. As the right-hand plaudits from the markets. As the right-hand graphic shows, SMFG is listed on globally graphic shows, SMFG is listed on globally leading SRI indexes. We believe that this ise ading S R I indexes. We believe that this is an endorsement by the market of the Grou an endorsement by the market of the Group's s future corporate social responsibility future corporate social responsibility activities. activities.\n\n - *1 In December 2010, SMBC Friend Securities sold a total of AUD25 million in 'Environmental Sustainability Bond.'\n - *2 This fund is provided by SMBC Nikko Securities under the full name Bond for Contributing to Environmental Protection.\n - *3 As of the end of June 2011, approximately ¥63.5 billion in total had been invested in nine publicly offered socially responsible investment (SRI) trust funds.\n\n## The Group's Principal SRI Funds\n\n## (¥ million)\n\n| Date of opening | Official name of fund | Nickname | Sold by | Balance at March 31, 2011 |\n|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|\n| Aug. 20, 1999 | Nikko Eco Fund | | SMBC Nikko Securities | 8,888 |\n| Mar. 14, 2006 | Six-Asset Balanced Fund (distribution type, growth type) | Double Wing | Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation | 1,494 |\n| Dec. 20, 2006 | Nikko DWS New Resource Fund | Rising Tomorrow | SMBC Nikko Securities | 31,810 |\n| Aug. 31, 2007 | UBS (JP) Climate Change Fund | Cool Earth | SMBC Nikko Securities | 12,810 |\n| Aug. 31, 2007 | DWS New Resources Technology Fund | Global Shift | Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation | 20,888 |\n| Apr. 28, 2009 | Nikko World Trust - Nikko Green New Deal Fund (JPY Non-hedged Class)/(JPY Hedged Class) | | SMBC Nikko Securities | 14,935 |\n| Feb. 19, 2010 | SMBC Nikko World Bank Bond Fund | The World Bank Green Fund | SMBC Nikko Securities / Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation | 13,870 |\n| Jun. 30, 2010 | UBS (JP) Global Smart Grid Fund | | SMBC Nikko Securities | 1,230 |\n\n## SRI Indexes on which SMFG is listed\n\n\n\n - ■ Dow Jones Sustainability Index\n - This index was jointly developed by Dow Jones of the United States, and the Swiss SRI research company SAM Group. It was the first SRI index in the world.\n - ■ FTSE 4 Good Global Index Series\n - The FTSE 4 Good Global Index Series was created by FTSE International Limited, a joint venture set up by the Financial Times newspaper of the United Kingdom and the London Stock Exchange.\n - ■ Ethibel Sustainability Index\n - An index compiled by the Belgian SRI company Ethibel\n\n\n\n## Examples of Group disclosure activities\n\nQuarterly and interim financial reports, Quarterly and interim financial reports, results announcements, securities results announcements, securities reports, legal disclosure statements, reports, legal disclosure statements, regular publications, etc. regular publications, etc.\n\nAnnual and interim reports (in Japanese Annual and interim reports (in Japanese and English) and English)\n\nInvestor briefings twice a year Investor briefings twice a year\n\nConferences sponsored by securities Conferences sponsored by securities companies, etc., as needed companies, etc., as needed\n\nOnline conferences held as needed Online conferences held as needed\n\n## Listing on the New York Stock Exchange\n\nIn November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui In November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group listed on the New York Financial Group listed on the New York Stock Exchange. This move, we believe, not Stock Exchange. This move, we believe, not only significantly increases convenience for only significantly increases convenience for our overseas shareholders and investors, our overseas shareholders and investors, but also broadens our customer base as it but also broadens our customer base as it further increases the transparency of our further increases the transparency of our financial position. Listing on the New York financial position. Listing on the New York Stock Exchange as a socially responsible Stock Exchange as a socially responsible corporation accelerates our evolution into a corporation accelerates our evolution into a global player. global player.", "page_start": 9, @@ -22049,12 +22055,6 @@ "page_start": 31, "page_end": 31, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Commitment from the Top\n\nA Conversation with Tadao Ando, Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata\n\n## What can we do now to spur the reconstruction and revitalization of Japan, and help resolve global issues?\n\nUplifting the nation's spirits Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\nJapan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) Japan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates and increasing numbers of the aged. and increasing numbers of the aged.\n\nWe must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective. We must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective.\n\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group. and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group.\n\n\n\n## Tadao Ando\n\nArchitect. Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, Representative and Vice-chairman of the Great East Japan Earthquake Reconstruction Design Council. Awarded the Order of Cultural Merit in 2010.\n\nOur measures to support reconstruction after the disastrous earthquake and tsunami Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\n̶ ̶ SMFG has the following priorities in its SMFG has the following priorities in its corporate social responsibility program: corporate social responsibility program: Reconstruction after the earthquake Reconstruction after the earthquake and tsunami, environmental measures, and tsunami, environmental measures, addressing the shrinking and aging addressing the shrinking and aging population, and global challenges. population, and global challenges. -\n\nKunibe : : Japan is facing a difficult period J a p a n i s f a c i ng a d i f f icu lt period with limited prospects for economic growth with limited prospects for economic growth due to a shrinking, aging population and due to a shrinking, aging population and a mature economy. Against this backdrop, a mature economy. Against this backdrop, the country was hit by the unprecedented the country was hit by the unprecedented catastrophe of the Great East Japan catastrophe of the Great East Japan Earthquake. We must face up to the new Earthquake. We must face up to the new challenges arising from this disaster. challenges arising from this disaster.\n\nI believe the time has come for us to I believe the time has come for us to reconsider what we can do in our capacity reconsider what we can do in our capacity as a financial institution to address a variety as a financial institution to address a variety of issues, including the four priorities. of issues, including the four priorities. Today I hope we can discuss not only the road Today I hope we can discuss not only the road to reconstruction after the disaster, but also to reconstruction after the disaster, but also\n\nways to uplift the nation's spirits. ways to uplift the nation's spirits.\n\nAndo : Japan has achieved two miracles - the : Japan has achieved two miracles - the Meiji Restoration of 1868, and the economic Meiji Restoration of 1868, and the economic recovery following the end of World War II in recovery following the end of World War II in 1945. Both events are also regarded globally 1945. Both events are also regarded globally as being miraculous. as being miraculous.\n\nIn 1945, foreign diplomats and businessmen In 1945, foreign diplomats and businessmen visiting Japan were fully confident that the visiting Japan were fully confident that the country would recover as they surveyed the country would recover as they surveyed the ruins and the scorched earth around them, ruins and the scorched earth around them, because, in the words of one of them, 'People because, in the words of one of them, 'People really work hard and help each other, and really work hard and help each other, and children take heed of what their parents say children take heed of what their parents say and study hard. And because there is a and study hard. And because there is a sparkle in their eyes.' sparkle in their eyes.'\n\nThereafter, the Japanese worked furiously Thereafter, the Japanese worked furiously\n\n\n\nuntil the country became an economic until the country became an economic juggernaut. However, in the early 1970s, juggernaut. However, in the early 1970s, people became complacent about their people became complacent about their affluence, and stopped working hard and affluence, and stopped working hard and making efforts. Children assumed that if they making efforts. Children assumed that if they went to a top-class university they would walk went to a top-class university they would walk into a top-class company and have nothing to into a top-class company and have nothing to worry about thereafter. So they started going worry about thereafter. So they started going to cram schools even before kindergarten. to cram schools even before kindergarten. I give lectures on the theme 'students born in I give lectures on the theme 'students born in and after 1980 are hopeless cases' (laughs). and after 1980 are hopeless cases' (laughs). That was because of the prevailing attitude at That was because of the prevailing attitude at the time that Japan the time that Japan's national development s national development would go on for ever and the economy would would go on for ever and the economy would remain stable. As a result, parents spoilt their remain stable. As a result, parents spoilt their children, and we saw more children who children, and we saw more children who could not do anything. Many such children could not do anything. Many such children are in their 30s now. are in their 30s now.\n\nAnd in this situation, the asset bubble burst And in this situation, the asset bubble burst [in the early 1990s], and the collapse of [in the early 1990s], and the collapse of Lehman [hit world markets] in 2008, and Lehman [hit world markets] in 2008, and now we have the earthquake and tsunami now we have the earthquake and tsunami disaster. It seems that everything that disaster. It seems that everything that happens these days merely makes us more happens these days merely makes us more anxious. I think everyone needs to hit the anxious. I think everyone needs to hit the 'reset' button in some sense. If we don 'reset' button in some sense. If we don't,t, more difficulties lie ahead. more difficulties lie ahead.\n\nMiyata : Indeed, prior to 1970, living : Indeed, prior to 1970, living standards or wage levels were very low, standards or wage levels were very low, but I think it was a very happy time. People but I think it was a very happy time. People believed that if they really worked hard, believed that if they really worked hard, their daily lives would improve and their their daily lives would improve and their\n\n## Takeshi Kunibe\n\nPresident and CEO Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n\ncompanies would do better and companies would do better and the whole country would benefit. the whole country would benefit. Returning to Mr. Ando Returning to Mr. Ando's words, s words, and his comments about a n d h i s c o m m e n t s a b o u t clinging to the status quo, more clinging to the status quo, more people now think, 'Oh, well, my people now think, 'Oh, well, my life is fairly comfortable and life is fairly comfortable and that's enough for me.' This sense that's enough for me.' This sense of stagnation, or resignation, of stagnation, or resignation,\n\nthat people feel in their lives has spread that people feel in their lives has spread throughout Japan. But when the disaster throughout Japan. But when the disaster struck, people again came together and struck, people again came together and worked together in the recovery effort. I worked together in the recovery effort. I thought, 'Not everything that happened has thought, 'Not everything that happened has been bad.' But I fear the consequences if we been bad.' But I fear the consequences if we don don't galvanize, coordinate and maximize t g a l va n i ze, coord inate and maximize efforts more effectively. efforts more effectively.\n\nKunibe : As for SMBC, I wondered if : A s f o r S M B C , I w o n d e r e d i f employees at all the branches and other employees at all the branches and other offices in the affected areas would be able to offices in the affected areas would be able to get to work and carry out their duties at such get to work and carry out their duties at such a difficult time for their own families; or if a difficult time for their own families; or if they would be able to open their offices for they would be able to open their offices for business on weekends and other holidays. business on weekends and other holidays. Despite the lack of water and gas, they really Despite the lack of water and gas, they really gave their all to provide banking services. gave their all to provide banking services. It was really uplifting to see such dedication It was really uplifting to see such dedication and sense of responsibility as an employee of and sense of responsibility as an employee of a financial institution entrusted with essential a financial institution entrusted with essential social infrastructure. I talk about 'the strength social infrastructure. I talk about 'the strength of our front-line staff,' but I was able to fully of our front-line staff,' but I was able to fully appreciate just how extraordinarily strong appreciate just how extraordinarily strong SMFG and SMBC are thanks to SMFG and SMBC are thanks to this this display display of front-line commitment. of front-line commitment.\n\nMoving forward on the reconstruction of Moving forward on the reconstruction of the Tohoku region, I believe we can also the Tohoku region, I believe we can also contribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure contribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure through project finance and other t h r o u g h p r o j e c t f i n a n c e a n d o t h e r fundamental businesses of financial f u ndamental businesses of financial institutions in which we excel. institutions in which we excel.\n\nWe are now actively engaged in promoting We are now actively engaged in promoting\n\nbusiness in the Tohoku region, including business in the Tohoku region, including business matching with parties outside business matching with parties outside the region. In addition, we have a range of the region. In addition, we have a range of support activities in partnership with the Miyagi support activities in partnership with the Miyagi prefectural government and The 77 Bank, prefectural government and The 77 Bank, Ltd., which is based in Miyagi. Ltd., which is based in Miyagi.\n\nMiyata : In the same way, other SMFG : In the same way, other SMFG Group companies have been sending out Group companies have been sending out volunteers, and providing donations not only volunteers, and providing donations not only as a company, but also through individual as a company, but also through individual employees. SMBC was at the heart of all these employees. SMBC was at the heart of all these activities, and this was a good opportunity activities, and this was a good opportunity for us to appreciate anew how our business for us to appreciate anew how our business contributes to the public good. contributes to the public good.\n\n\n\n## Koichi Miyata\n\nPresident Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n\nThe SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, The SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, 'stepping up to the plate and working hard 'stepping up to the plate and working hard to give something back to society.' I think it to give something back to society.' I think it is important to develop ways of making this is important to develop ways of making this a shared aspiration of all the employees of a shared aspiration of all the employees of\n\nthe Group. the Group.", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] },