diff --git "a/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" "b/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" --- "a/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" +++ "b/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_recursivecharacterchunker_docling.json" @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [ { "top_k": 10, - "mrr": 0.4216732804232804, - "recall": 0.6266666666666667, + "mrr": 0.5056428571428572, + "recall": 0.7566666666666667, "count_empty_strings": 37 }, [ @@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ }, { "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" + "page_start": 31, + "page_end": 31, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -236,10 +236,16 @@ "target_passage": "At high concentration (about 1 mol l−1), the MSA3 overestimates the free energy", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 3: Effective pair potentials derived for MSA3 and BIMSA3. (a) Cation anion (dashed line: without taking the pair into account), (b) pair cation, (c) pair anion, and (d) pair pair. The internal potential of the pair β ˜ V int ( r ) is set equal to βV eff ij ( r ) for distances less than 4 ˚ A.\n\n\n\nrapolating the original potential at the barrier separating pairs from free ions (as shown in Fig. 3). We assume that the interaction potential is averaged over the rotational degrees of freedom of the CIP and thus pairwise additive. Hereafter, the quantities referring to such a three-component model are written with a tilda symbol. The short-range potentials involving the pair can be derived, in the infinite dilution limit, from an average of the contributing ion interactions. In Fourier space,\n\n˜ V SR 3 i ( k ) = w ( k / 2) [ V SR 1 i + V SR 2 i ] ( k ) , i = 1 , 2 (2a)\n\nwhere ˜ w ( r ) is the pair probability distribution\n\n˜ ˜ V SR 33 ( k ) = ˜ w ( k / 2) 2 [ V SR 11 + V SR 22 +2 V SR 12 ] ( k ) (2b)\n\n˜ w ( r ) = K -1 0 e -β ˜ V int ( r ) (2c)\n\n˜ V int ( r ) is the internal part of the pair potential (see Fig. 3), and K 0 is the association constant, defined as:\n\nK 0 = ∫ ∞ 0 d r 4 πr 2 e -β ˜ V int ( r ) = 0 . 43 L . mol -1 (3)\n\nThe excess free-energy density of the original system βf ex v is that of the three component mixture β ˜ f ex v plus a correction term\n\nβf ex v = β ˜ f ex v -˜ ρ 3 ln K 0 , (4)\n\nwhich is due to the change in standard chemical potential between the two component and three component models. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an additional parameter in the minimization scheme, which serves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this representation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since\n\nFIG. 4: (Color online) Excess free-energy density βf ex v as a function of the square root of the concentration √ c . (diamond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dashed) MSA3, (solid) BIMSA3, (dot) DHLL, and (cross) experiments. The inset gives the fraction of pairs (MSA3, BIMSA3) as a function of √ c .\n\n\n\nwe have no additional information, we consider only symmetric dumbbells. Furthermore, since analytic expressions for the RDF within BIMSA are not known, we approximate the dumbbell as a hard sphere when computing the perturbation term (this is not necessary for the reference term, since an expression for the free energy is available). Let ˜ σ c be the diameter of the cation (anion) within the dumbbell, the diameter of the hard sphere representing this dumbbell is taken to be σ 3 = 4 √ 2 π σ c [21].\n\n˜ ˜ Using these two reference systems, the threecomponent MSA3 and BIMSA3, we obtain results in much better agreement with the MC simulations, as shown in Fig. 4. The diameters obtained for species 1, 2, and 3 are 3.65, 4.79, and 5.76 ˚ A for MSA3 and 3.69, 4.75 and 6.19 ˚ A for BIMSA3. The free ion diameters are similar for MSA2, MSA3, and BIMSA3. The pair diameter is smaller when modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3) than when modeled as a dumbbell (BIMSA3). At high concentration (about 1 mol l -1 ), the MSA3 overestimates the free energy, because the excluded volume repulsion becomes too important for the pairs to be represented as hard spheres. The BIMSA3 model is the closest to the MC simulation results. It is worth noting that even at the lowest concentration considered, the fraction of pairs (shown in the insert of Fig. 4), although less then 5%, has a non-negligible effect on the thermodynamics of the system.\n\nThis procedure also provides an accurate description of the structure over the whole range of concentrations. A development similar to the one that leads to Eq. (2) derives the average unpaired RDF from the corresponding paired quantities:", "page_start": 2, @@ -293,12 +299,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Many generalizations of the Kitaev model have been", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" } ] }, @@ -383,8 +383,8 @@ "target_page": 19, "target_passage": "For the purposes of this regulation, “authorised person” means— (a) a constable; (b) for the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) only, an immigration officer; or (c) a person designated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this regulation.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -548,6 +548,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Weisberg, Josh. \"The hard problem of consciousness\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard\\_problem\\_of\\_consciousness&oldid=1261818884\"", + "page_start": 27, + "page_end": 27, + "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 32. \"Hard Problem of Consciousness\" (https://iep.utm.edu/hard-problem-of-conciousness/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2024-10-09.\n - 33. Chalmers, David (January 1997). \"Moving forward on the problem of consciousness\" (http s://philpapers.org/rec/CHAMFO). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 4 (1): 3-46.", "page_start": 19, @@ -589,12 +595,6 @@ "page_start": 18, "page_end": 18, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "meta-problem will solve or dissolve the hard problem. A weaker line holds that it will not remove the hard problem, but it will constrain the form of a solution.\n\nIn other words, the 'strong line' holds that the solution to the meta-problem would provide an explanation of our beliefs about consciousness that is independent of consciousness. That would debunk our beliefs about consciousness, in the same way that explaining beliefs about god in evolutionary terms may provide arguments against theism itself. [144]\n\n## In popular culture\n\nTom Stoppard's play The Hard Problem , first produced in 2015, is named after the hard problem of consciousness, which Stoppard defines as having \"subjective First Person experiences\". [145]\n\n## See also\n\n\n\n## Philosophy portal\n\n - Animal consciousness\n - Artificial consciousness\n - Binding problem\n - Blindsight\n - Chinese room\n - Cogito, ergo sum\n - Cryonics\n - Free will\n - Ideasthesia\n - Introspection\n - Knowledge by acquaintance\n - List of unsolved problems in biology\n - Mind-body problem\n - Phenomenalism\n - Philosophy of self\n - Primary-secondary quality distinction\n - Problem of mental causation\n - Problem of other minds\n - Vertiginous question\n - Von Neumann-Wigner interpretation\n\n## Notes\n\n - 1. \"But, without any delusive representations of images or phantasms, I am most certain that I am, and that I know and delight in this. In respect to these truths I am not at all afraid of the arguments of the Academians, who say, What if you are deceived? For if I am deceived, I am. For he who is not, cannot be deceived...\"\n - 2. There has been debate over how best to characterize James' position. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy states: \"James's commitment to panpsychism remains somewhat controversial, since he also advanced a cogent set of objections against a version of the view, which he labelled the 'mind dust' theory, in chapter six of The Principles of Psychology ([1890] 1981). These objections are the inspiration for the so-called 'combination problem', around which much of the twenty first century literature on panpsychism focuses.\"\n\n## References", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -652,6 +652,12 @@ "page_end": 14, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Weisberg, Josh. \"The hard problem of consciousness\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard\\_problem\\_of\\_consciousness&oldid=1261818884\"", + "page_start": 27, + "page_end": 27, + "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 34. Chalmers, David (2020). \"Is the hard problem of consciousness universal?\" (http://consc.ne t/papers/universal.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies . 27 (5-6): 227-257. Retrieved 22 February 2022.\n - 35. Locke, John (1722). The works of John Locke: in three volumes . Vol. 1. London: Printed for A. Churchill, and A. Manship, and sold by W. Taylor in Pater-noster-Row. p. 293 (https://book s.google.com/books?id=0BfmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA293).\n - 36. Leibniz, Monadology, 17, as quoted by Aranyosi, Istvan (2004). \"Chalmers's zombie arguments\" (http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/Istvan\\_Aranyosi/Chapter%20IV.pdf) (PDF) (draft ed.). Central European University Personal Pages.\n - 37. Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic (1843), Book V, Chapter V, section 3\n - 38. Huxley, Thomas Henry; Youmans, William Jay (1868). The elements of physiology and hygiene: a text-book for educational institutions . New York: D. Appleton and company. p. 178 (https://books.google.com/books?id=aVUAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA178).\n - 39. Arnold, Dan (2021). \"Philosophy of Mind's \"Hard Problem\" in Light of Buddhist Idealism\". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). Philosophy's Big Questions: Comparing Buddhist and Western Approaches . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 97-128. ISBN 978-0231174879.\n - 40. Bryan Van Norden, Buddhism Comes to China (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1xv3H mUddY), 17 March 2021, retrieved 2021-12-29\n - 41. Tiwald, Justin; Van Norden, Bryan W. eds. (2005), Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy, p. 101. Hackett Publishing.\n - 42. Levine, J. 1983. 'Materialism and qualia: the explanatory gap'. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly , 64: 354-361.\n - 43. Weisberg, Josh. \"The Hard Problem of Consciousness\" (https://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n - 44. Seager, William. \"Are Zombies Logically Possible?\" (https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~seager/z ombie.html). www.utsc.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 45. Kaszniak, Alfred W.; Scott, Andrew C. (2007). \"Zombie Killer\". Association of Scientific Studies of Consciousness . S2CID 14891432 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148 91432).\n - 46. Polger, Tom. \"Zombies: Entry\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155145/http://host.unir oma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm). host.uniroma3.it . Archived from the original (https:// host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm) on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 47. Kirk, Robert (2019), \"Zombies\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/zombie s/), in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-09-03\n - 48. David Chalmers (1996) The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory , pp. 15356. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-511789-1 (Pbk.)\n - 49. Dennett, Daniel (1999), \"The Zombie Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition?\" (https://www.nyu.ed u/gsas/dept/philo/courses/consciousness/papers/DD-zombie.html), Royal Institute of Philosophy Millennial Lecture\n - 50. Martine Nida-Rümelin; Donnchadh O Conaill (2019). \"Qualia: The Knowledge Argument\" (htt ps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qualia-knowledge/). In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n - 51. Bourget, David; Chalmers, David J. (2014). \"What Do Philosophers Believe?\" (https://philpa pers.org/rec/BOUWDP). Philosophical Studies . 170 (3): 465-500. doi:10.1007/s11098-0130259-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-013-0259-7). S2CID 254936498 (https://api.sem anticscholar.org/CorpusID:254936498).", "page_start": 20, @@ -663,12 +669,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## Hard problem of consciousness\n\nIn the philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness is to explain why and how humans and other organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness, or subjective experience. [1][2] It is contrasted with the \"easy problems\" of explaining why and how physical systems give a (healthy) human being the ability to discriminate, to integrate information, and to perform behavioral functions such as watching, listening, speaking (including generating an utterance that appears to refer to personal behaviour or belief), and so forth. [1] The easy problems are amenable to functional explanation-that is, explanations that are mechanistic or behavioral-since each physical system can be explained (at least in principle) purely by reference to the \"structure and dynamics\" that underpin the phenomenon. [1][3]\n\nProponents of the hard problem argue that it is categorically different from the easy problems since no mechanistic or behavioral explanation could explain the character of an experience, not even in principle. Even after all the relevant functional facts are explicated, they argue, there will still remain a further question: \"why is the performance of these functions accompanied by experience?\" [1] To bolster their case, proponents of the hard problem frequently turn to various philosophical thought experiments, involving philosophical zombies (which, they claim, are conceivable) or inverted qualia, or the claimed ineffability of colour experiences, or the claimed unknowability of foreign states of consciousness, such as the experience of being a bat.\n\nThe terms \"hard problem\" and \"easy problems\" were coined by the philosopher David Chalmers in a 1994 talk given at The Science of Consciousness conference held in Tucson, Arizona. [4] The following year, the main talking points of Chalmers' talk were published in The Journal of Consciousness Studies . [1] The publication gained significant attention from consciousness researchers and became the subject of a special volume of the journal, [5][6] which was later published into a book. [7] In 1996, Chalmers published The Conscious Mind , a book-length treatment of the hard problem, in which he elaborated on his core arguments and responded to counterarguments. His use of the word easy is \"tongue-in-cheek\". [8] As the\n\nChalmers on stage for an Alan Turing Year event at De La Salle University, Manila, 27 March 2012\n\n\n\ncognitive psychologist Steven Pinker puts it, they are about as easy as going to Mars or curing cancer. \"That is, scientists more or less know what to look for, and with enough brainpower and funding, they would probably crack it in this century.\" [9]\n\nThe existence of the hard problem is disputed. It has been accepted by some philosophers of mind such as Joseph Levine, [10] Colin McGinn, [11] and Ned Block [12] and cognitive neuroscientists such as Francisco Varela, [13] Giulio Tononi, [14][15] and Christof Koch. [14][15] On the other hand, its existence is denied by other philosophers of mind, such as Daniel Dennett, [16] Massimo Pigliucci, [17] Thomas Metzinger, Patricia Churchland, [18] and Keith Frankish, [19] and by cognitive neuroscientists such as Stanislas Dehaene, [20] Bernard Baars, [21] Anil Seth, [22] and Antonio Damasio. [23] Clinical neurologist and skeptic", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -708,6 +708,12 @@ "page_end": 107, "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "- - Contact information of the person in the organization responsible for the system", "page_start": 201, @@ -727,22 +733,16 @@ "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" }, { - "text": "incoming information. [154] Correct reasoning and the arguments it is based on follow the laws of probability, for example, the principle of conditionalization. Bad or irrational reasoning, on the other hand, violates these laws. [155]\n\n## Areas of research\n\nLogic is studied in various fields. In many cases, this is done by applying its formal method to specific topics outside its scope, like to ethics or computer science. [156] In other cases, logic itself is made the subject of research in another discipline. This can happen in diverse ways. For instance, it can involve investigating the philosophical assumptions linked to the basic concepts used by logicians. Other ways include interpreting and analyzing logic through mathematical structures as well as studying and comparing abstract properties of formal logical systems. [157]\n\n## Philosophy of logic and philosophical logic\n\nPhilosophy of logic is the philosophical discipline studying the scope and nature of logic. [59] It examines many presuppositions implicit in logic, like how to define its basic concepts or the metaphysical assumptions associated with them. [158] It is also concerned with how to classify logical systems and considers the ontological commitments they incur. [159] Philosophical logic is one of the areas within the philosophy of logic. It studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems in fields like metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology. [160] This application usually happens in the form of extended or deviant logical systems. [161]\n\n## Metalogic\n\nMetalogic is the field of inquiry studying the properties of formal logical systems. For example, when a new formal system is developed, metalogicians may study it to determine which formulas can be proven in it. They may also study whether an algorithm could be developed to find a proof for each formula and whether every provable formula in it is a tautology. Finally, they may compare it to other logical systems to understand its distinctive features. A key issue in metalogic concerns the relation between syntax and semantics. The syntactic rules of a formal system determine how to deduce conclusions from premises, i.e. how to formulate proofs. The semantics of a formal system governs which sentences are true and which ones are false. This determines the validity of arguments since, for valid arguments, it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. The relation between syntax and semantics concerns issues like whether every valid argument is provable and whether every provable argument is valid. Metalogicians also study whether logical systems are complete, sound, and consistent. They are interested in whether the systems are decidable and what expressive power they have. Metalogicians usually rely heavily on abstract mathematical reasoning when examining and formulating metalogical proofs. This way, they aim to arrive at precise and general conclusions on these topics. [162]\n\n## Mathematical logic\n\nThe term \"mathematical logic\" is sometimes used as a synonym of \"formal logic\". But in a more restricted sense, it refers to the study of logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and computability theory. [164] Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic. However, it can also include attempts", + "text": "| (Long and Short Papers) . Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis, |", "page_start": 13, "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 38\n\nCorporate Governance Statement", - "page_start": 39, - "page_end": 39, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" + "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Help from IBM\n\nIBM Support and downloads\n\nibm.com /support\n\nIBM Global Services\n\nibm.com /services", - "page_start": 434, - "page_end": 434, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" + "text": "incoming information. [154] Correct reasoning and the arguments it is based on follow the laws of probability, for example, the principle of conditionalization. Bad or irrational reasoning, on the other hand, violates these laws. [155]\n\n## Areas of research\n\nLogic is studied in various fields. In many cases, this is done by applying its formal method to specific topics outside its scope, like to ethics or computer science. [156] In other cases, logic itself is made the subject of research in another discipline. This can happen in diverse ways. For instance, it can involve investigating the philosophical assumptions linked to the basic concepts used by logicians. Other ways include interpreting and analyzing logic through mathematical structures as well as studying and comparing abstract properties of formal logical systems. [157]\n\n## Philosophy of logic and philosophical logic\n\nPhilosophy of logic is the philosophical discipline studying the scope and nature of logic. [59] It examines many presuppositions implicit in logic, like how to define its basic concepts or the metaphysical assumptions associated with them. [158] It is also concerned with how to classify logical systems and considers the ontological commitments they incur. [159] Philosophical logic is one of the areas within the philosophy of logic. It studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems in fields like metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology. [160] This application usually happens in the form of extended or deviant logical systems. [161]\n\n## Metalogic\n\nMetalogic is the field of inquiry studying the properties of formal logical systems. For example, when a new formal system is developed, metalogicians may study it to determine which formulas can be proven in it. They may also study whether an algorithm could be developed to find a proof for each formula and whether every provable formula in it is a tautology. Finally, they may compare it to other logical systems to understand its distinctive features. A key issue in metalogic concerns the relation between syntax and semantics. The syntactic rules of a formal system determine how to deduce conclusions from premises, i.e. how to formulate proofs. The semantics of a formal system governs which sentences are true and which ones are false. This determines the validity of arguments since, for valid arguments, it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. The relation between syntax and semantics concerns issues like whether every valid argument is provable and whether every provable argument is valid. Metalogicians also study whether logical systems are complete, sound, and consistent. They are interested in whether the systems are decidable and what expressive power they have. Metalogicians usually rely heavily on abstract mathematical reasoning when examining and formulating metalogical proofs. This way, they aim to arrive at precise and general conclusions on these topics. [162]\n\n## Mathematical logic\n\nThe term \"mathematical logic\" is sometimes used as a synonym of \"formal logic\". But in a more restricted sense, it refers to the study of logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and computability theory. [164] Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic. However, it can also include attempts", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -753,8 +753,8 @@ "target_page": 5, "target_passage": "The observed behaviour in region iii) can be reason- ably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con- tribution to the total energy of the system coming from the competitive interactions among NNN planes as the film thickness decreases", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -813,10 +813,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" }, { - "text": "- [81] A. J. Archer and M. Rauscher, 'Dynamical density functional theory for interacting brownian particles: Stochastic or deterministic?' J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 37 , 9325-9333 (2004).\n - [82] A. J. Archer and R. Evans, 'Dynamical density functional theory and its application to spinodal decomposition,' J. Chem. Phys. 121 , 4246-4254 (2004).\n - [83] P. A. Monson, 'Mean field kinetic theory for a lattice gas model of fluids confined in porous materials,' J. Chem. Phys. 128 , 084701 (2008).\n - [84] P. M. Chaikin and T. C. Lubensky, Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press (1997).\n - [85] J. S. Langer, 'An introduction to the kinetics of first-order phase transitions,' in C. Godreche, editor, 'Solids far from Equilibrium,' pages 297-363, Cambridge University Press (1992).\n - [86] M. A. Spaid and G. M. Homsy, 'Stability of Newtonian and viscoelastic dynamic contact lines,' Phys. Fluids 8 , 460-478 (1996).\n - [87] U. Thiele and E. Knobloch, 'Front and back instability of a liquid film on a slightly inclined plate,' Phys. Fluids 15 , 892-907 (2003).\n - [88] M. R. E. Warner, R. V. Craster, and O. K. Matar, 'Surface patterning via evaporation of ultrathin films containing nanoparticles,' J. Colloid Interface Sci. 267 , 92-110 (2003).\n - [89] O. K. Matar, R. V. Craster, and K. Sefiane, 'Dynamic spreading of droplets containing nanoparticles,' Phys. Rev. E 76 , 056315 (2007).\n - [90] J. J. Zhou, B. Dupuy, A. L. Bertozzi, and A. E. Hosoi, 'Theory for shock dynamics in particle-laden thin films,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 , 117803 (2005).\n - [91] B. P. Cook, A. L. Bertozzi, and A. E. Hosoi, 'Shock solutions for particle-laden thin films,' SIAM J. Appl. Math. 68 , 760-783 (2008).\n - [92] R. V. Craster, O. K. Matar, and K. Sefiane, 'Pinning, retraction, and terracing of evaporating droplets containing nanoparticles,' Langmuir (2009), online available.\n - [93] D. Quemada, 'Rheology of concentrated disperse systems and minimum energy-dissipation principle I. Viscosity-concentration relationship,' Rheol. Acta 16 , 82-94 (1977).\n - [94] D. Quemada and C. Berli, 'Energy of interaction in colloids and its implications in rheological modeling,' Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 98 , 51-85 (2002).\n - [95] J. J. Stickel and R. L. Powell, 'Fluid mechanics and rheology of dense suspensions,' Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 37 , 129-149 (2005).\n - [96] J. K. G. Dhont, An Introduction to Dynamics of Colloids , Elsevier, Amsterdam (1996).", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" + "text": "FIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures around T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\n\n\n\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert that, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by decreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, for thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\n\n- 1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Scientific, 2004).\n- 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998).\n- 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003).\n- 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008).\n- 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein.\n- 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (London) 6 , 13 (2007).\n- 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009)\n- 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007).\n- 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204 (2001).\n- 10 P. J. Jensen, and A. R. Mackintosh, Rere Earth Magnetism (Structure and Excitations) , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1991).\n- 11 S. Konings, C. Schuessler-Langeheine, H. Ott, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, J. B. Goedkoop, arXiv 0707.2765v2\n- 12 P.J. Jensen, and K.H. Bennemann, Surface Science Reports 61 , 129 (2006).\n- 13 E. Weschke, et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 157204 (2004).\n- 14 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 78 , 020402(R) (2008).\n- 15 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 79 ,\n\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the intermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\n\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order of the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respectively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thickness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant, i.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of this Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8) (Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both temperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so that we have no direct indication for a first order transition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison and Diep 17,18 , the presence of a first-order transition at T N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal itself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger than the largest correlation length. The same conclusion about the order of transition is reached for any other investigated film thickness, as the energy probability distribution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings agree with the results we got in previous MC simulations discussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the order of the observed transitions is not affected by the range of interactions.\n\n134420 (2009).", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" } ] }, @@ -880,17 +880,17 @@ "page_end": 313, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures around T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\n\n\n\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert that, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by decreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, for thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\n\n- 1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Scientific, 2004).\n- 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998).\n- 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003).\n- 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008).\n- 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein.\n- 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (London) 6 , 13 (2007).\n- 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009)\n- 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007).\n- 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204 (2001).\n- 10 P. J. Jensen, and A. R. Mackintosh, Rere Earth Magnetism (Structure and Excitations) , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1991).\n- 11 S. Konings, C. Schuessler-Langeheine, H. Ott, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, J. B. Goedkoop, arXiv 0707.2765v2\n- 12 P.J. Jensen, and K.H. Bennemann, Surface Science Reports 61 , 129 (2006).\n- 13 E. Weschke, et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 157204 (2004).\n- 14 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 78 , 020402(R) (2008).\n- 15 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 79 ,\n\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the intermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\n\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order of the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respectively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thickness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant, i.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of this Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability distribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8) (Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both temperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so that we have no direct indication for a first order transition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison and Diep 17,18 , the presence of a first-order transition at T N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal itself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger than the largest correlation length. The same conclusion about the order of transition is reached for any other investigated film thickness, as the energy probability distribution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings agree with the results we got in previous MC simulations discussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the order of the observed transitions is not affected by the range of interactions.\n\n134420 (2009).", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + }, { "text": "In summary, we have demonstrated antiferromagnetic coupling between Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers in bilayer structures. A markedly different coupling is observed for the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As layer and for Mn moments in the near-interface region. A thickness-dependent exchange bias field is observed to affect the whole of the bulk (Ga,Mn)As layer, which aligns antiparallel to the Fe layer at low fields, and switches to parallel when the external field is large enough to overcome the bias field and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy fields. In contrast, the interfacial Mn moments remain aligned antiparallel to the Fe layer even at 20 kOe, the largest field studied, and are polarized at temperatures well above the T C of the bulk (Ga,Mn)As layer. The latter observation confirms the recently reported result of Ref. 7, in which the Fe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayers were produced by a different method but showed qualitatively similar behavior of the interfacial moments. Our results shed new light on the magnetic coupling in Fe/(Ga,Mn)As hybrid layers which are of potential interest for room temperature spintronics, and also offer a means of controlling the spin orientation in a FM semiconductor.\n\nWe acknowledge support from EU grants SemiSpinNet-215368 and NAMASTE-214499, and STFC studentship grant CMPC07100. The Advanced Light Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We thank Leigh Shelford for help during the Diamond beamtime.\n\n- Polesya, H. Ebert, U. Wurstbauer, M. Hochstrasser, G. Rossi, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider, and C. H. Back, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 267201 (2008).\n- 8 R. P. Campion, K. W. Edmonds, L. X. Zhao, K. Y. Wang, C. T. Foxon, B. L. Gallagher, and C. R. Staddon, J. Crystal Growth 247 , 42 (2003).\n- 9 F. Maccherozzi, G. Panaccione, G. Rossi, M. Hochstrasser, M. Sperl, M. Reinwald, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider, and C. H. Back, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 104421 (2006).\n- 10 Ch. Binek, S. Polisetty, X. He and A. Berger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 067201 (2006).\n- 11 C. Won, Y.Z. Wu, E. Arenholz, J. Choi, J. Wu, and Z. Q. Qiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 077203 (2007).\n- 12 J. Nogues and I. K. Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 192 , 203 (1999).\n- 13 K. F. Eid, M. B. Stone, K. C. Ku, O. Maksimov, P. Schiffer, N. Samarth, T. C. Shih and C. J. Palmstrom, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 , 1556 (2004).\n- 14 B. T. Thole, P. Carra, F. Sette, and G. van der Laan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 , 1943 (1992); P. Carra, B. T. Thole, M. Altarelli, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 , 694 (1993).\n- 15 T. Jungwirth, J. Masek, K. Y. Wang, K. W. Edmonds,", "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where H cluster j are given by (2), λ x,y,z H perturbation x,y,z are given above. Plug in relevant equations we get (16) in Subsection IV B.\n\n(2009).\n\n - 14 Congjun Wu, Daniel Arovas, Hsiang-Hsuan Hung, Phys. Rev. B 79 , 134427 (2009).\n - 15 Shinsei Ryu, Phys. Rev. B 79 , 075124 (2009).\n - 16 G. Baskaran, G. Santhosh, R. Shankar, arXiv:0908.1614 (2009).\n - 17 L.-M. Duan, E. Demler, M. D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 , 090402 (2003).\n - 18 A. Micheli, G. K. Brennen, P. Zoller, Nature Physics 2 , 341 (2006).\n - 19 J. Q. You, Xiao-Feng Shi, Xuedong Hu, Franco Nori, Phys. Rev. B 81 , 014505 (2010).\n - 20 G. Jackeli, G. Khaliullin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 017205 (2009).\n - 21 A. B. Harris, A. J. Berlinsky, C. Bruder, J. Appl. Phys. 69 , 5200 (1991).\n - 22 K. A. Chao, J. Spa/suppresslek, A. M. Ole's, Phys. Rev. B 18 , 3453 (1978).\n - 23 A. H. MacDonald, S. M. Girvin, D. Yoshioka, Phys. Rev. B 37 , 9753 (1988).\n - 24 J. T. Chayes, L. Chayes, S. A. Kivelson, Commun. Math. Phys. 123 , 53 (1989).\n - 25 C. D. Batista, S. A. Trugman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 217202 (2004).", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1232,6 +1232,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Jacobsen, 'Benchmark density functional theory calculations for nanoscale conductance', J. Chem. Phys. 128 (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2839275.\n- [25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordej'on, and D. S'anchez-Portal, 'The SIESTA method for ab initio ordern materials simulation', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 1: Structural schematics and formation energy for a 3d transition metal occupied monovacancy (black), divacancy I (gray), or divacancy II (white) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Formation energies of the empty vacancies are indicated by dashed lines.\n\n\n\nis the total energy of the pristine nanotube with a physisorbed transition metal atom. We have considered the monovacancy and two divacancies shown in Fig. 1. The energy required to form an empty vacancy is obtained from\n\nE form [ VC ] = E [ VC ] + nE [ C ] -E [ NT ] , (2)\n\nwhere E [VC] is the total energy of the nanotube with a vacancy of n atoms.\n\nThe calculated formation energies for the 3d transition metals are shown in Fig. 1. From the horizontal lines we see that both divacancies are more stable than the monovacancy. This may be attributed to the presence of a two-fold coordinated C atom in the monovacancy, while all C atoms remain three-fold coordinated in the divacancies. When a transition metal atom occupies a vacancy, the strongest bonding to the C atoms is through its d orbitals [26]. For this reason, Cu and Zn, which both have filled d-bands, are rather unstable in the CNT. For the remaining metals, adsorption in the monovacancies leads to quite stable structures. This is because the three-fold coordination of the C atoms and the CNT's hexagonal structure are recovered when the metal atom is inserted. On the other hand, metal adsorption in divacancies is slightly less stable because of the resulting pentagon defects, see upper panel in Fig. 1. A similar behaviour has been reported by Krasheninnikov et al. for transition metal atoms in graphene [21].\n\nThe adsorption energies for N2, O2, H2O, CO, NH3, and H2S on the metallic site of the doped (6,6) CNTs are shown in Fig. 2(a). The adsorption energy of a molecule X is defined by\n\nE ads [ X @M@VC ] = E [ X @M@VC ] -E [ X ] -E [ M@VC ] , (3)\n\nFIG. 2: Calculated (a) adsorption energy E ads in eV and (b) change in conductance ∆ G in units of G 0 = 2 e 2 /h for N2, O2, H2O, CO, NH3, and H2S on 3d transition metals occupying a monovacancy (top), divacancy I (middle), and divacancy II (bottom) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube.\n\nwhere E [ X @M@VC] is the total energy of molecule X on a transition metal atom occupying a vacancy, and E [ X ] is the gas phase energy of the molecule.\n\nFrom the adsorption energies plotted in Fig. 2(a), we see that the earlier transition metals tend to bind the adsorbates stronger than the late transition metals. The latest metals in the series (Cu and Zn) bind adsorbates rather weakly in the divacancy structures. We also note that O2 binds significantly stronger than any of the three target molecules on Ti, V, Cr, and Mn (except for Cr in divacancy I where H2S is found to dissociate). Active sites containing these metals are therefore expected to be completely passivated if oxygen is present in the background. Further, we find H2O is rather weakly bound to most of the active sites. This ensures that these types of sensors are robust against changes in humidity.\n\nIn thermodynamic equilibrium [27], the coverage of the active sites follows from\n\nΘ[ X ] = K [ X ] C [ X ] 1 + ∑ Y K [ Y ] C [ Y ] , (4)\n\nwhere K = k + /k -is the ratio of forward and backward rate constants for the adsorption reaction,\n\nK [ X ] = exp [ -E ads [ X ] + TS [ X ] k B T ] . (5)\n\nIn these expressions C [ X ] is the concentration of species X , S [ X ] is its gas phase entropy and T is the temperature. Experimental values for the gas phase entropies have been taken from Ref. [28].", "page_start": 1, @@ -1255,12 +1261,6 @@ "page_start": 12, "page_end": 12, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\nU. Thiele ∗ , I. Vancea, A. J. Archer, M. J. Robbins, L. Frastia Department of Mathematical Sciences,\n\nLoughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK\n\nA. Stannard, E. Pauliac-Vaujour, C. P. Martin, M. O. Blunt, P. J. Moriarty The School of Physics and Astronomy,\n\nThe University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1318,6 +1318,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Jacobsen, 'Benchmark density functional theory calculations for nanoscale conductance', J. Chem. Phys. 128 (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2839275.\n- [25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordej'on, and D. S'anchez-Portal, 'The SIESTA method for ab initio ordern materials simulation', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302.\n- [26] J. S. Griffith, The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions (Cambridge University Press, London, 1961).\n- [27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry , 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, London, 2006).\n- [28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 87th ed. (CRCPress, 2006-2007).\n- [29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, 'Scal-\n\n- ing theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of transport in doped silicon wires', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803.\n- [30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari, W.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, 'X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers', Phys. Rev. B 73 (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103.\n- [31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, 'Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime', Nature Materials 4 , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414.", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" + }, { "text": "All of these techniques work well and provide various levels of near real-time high availability based on the degree to which the redundant systems are created and are kept in active-standby mode.", "page_start": 315, @@ -1329,12 +1335,6 @@ "page_start": 481, "page_end": 481, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 3: Fractional coverage Θ in thermal equilibrium of Ni in a (a) monovacancy, (b) divacancy I, (c) divacancy II and (d) change in resistance ∆ R per dopant site as a function of CO concentration in a background of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. The reference concentration of CO is taken to be C 0 = 0.1 ppm. Note the change from linear to log scale on the y -axis at ∆ R = 10 Ω .\n\n\n\nFor a given background composition we may thus estimate the fractional coverages for each available adsorbate for a given type of doping. As an example, Fig. 3(a)-(c) shows the fractional coverage of a Ni atom occupying a monovacancy, divacancy I, and divacancy II, versus CO concentration in a background of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. Due to the relatively small binding energy of N2 and H2O as compared to O2 and CO, all Ni sites will be either empty or occupied by O2 or CO. In particular, Ni in a monovacancy (top panel of Fig. 3) will be completely oxidized for all relevant CO concentrations. For the Ni occupied divacancy II structures we find the coverage of CO changes significantly around toxic concentrations ( ∼ 10 ppm).\n\nTo estimate the effect of adsorbates on the electrical conductance of doped CNTs, we first consider the change in conductance when a single molecule is adsorbed on a metal site of an otherwise pristine CNT. In Fig. 2(b) we show the calculated change in conductance relative to the metal site with no adsorbate. In contrast to the binding energies, there are no clear trends in the conductances. The sensitivity of the conductance is perhaps most clearly demonstrated by the absence of correlation between different types of vacancies, i.e. between the three panels in Fig. 2(b). Close to the Fermi level, the conductance of a perfect armchair CNT equals 2 G 0 . The presence of the metal dopant leads to several dips in the transmission function known as Fano antiresonances [20]. The position and shape of these dips depend on the d -levels of the transition metal atom, the character of its bonding to the CNT, and is further affected by the presence of the adsorbate molecule. The coupling of all these factors is very complex and makes it difficult to estimate or rationalize the value of the conductance. For the spin polarized cases, we use the spin-averaged\n\nconductances, i.e. G = ( G ↑ + G ↓ ) / 2.\n\nNext, we estimate the resistance of a CNT containing several impurities (a specific metal dopant with different molecular adsorbates). Under the assumption that the electron phasecoherence length, l φ , is smaller than the average distance between the dopants, d , we may neglect quantum interference and obtain the total resistance by adding the scattering resistances due to each impurity separately. The scattering resistance due to a single impurity is given by\n\nR s ( X ) = 1 /G ( X ) -1 / ( 2 G 0 ) , (6)\n\nwhere G ( X ) is the Landauer conductance of the pristine CNT with a single metal dopant occupied by molecule X and 1 / ( 2 G 0 ) is the contact resistance of a (6,6) CNT.\n\nWe may now obtain the total resistance per dopant site relative to the reference background signal as a function of the target molecule concentration\n\n∆ R N ≈ ∑ X R s ( X )(Θ[ X,C ] -Θ[ X,C 0 ]) , (7)\n\nwhere N is the number of dopants, Θ[ X,C ] is the fractional coverage of species X at concentration C of the target and C 0 is the reference concentration. Notice that the contact resistance drops out as we evaluate a change in resistance.", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1374,6 +1374,12 @@ "page_end": 12, "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## OUR VISION\n\nWe, the members of HON INDUSTRIES, are dedicated to creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders, to exceeding our customers' expectations, and to making our company a great place to work. We will always treat each other, as well as customers, suppliers, shareholders, and our communities, with fairness and respect.\n\nOur success depends upon business simplification, rapid continuous improvement, and innovation in everything we do, individual and collective integrity, and the relentless pursuit of the following long-standing beliefs:\n\n## WE WILL BE PROFITABLE.\n\nWe pursue mutually profitable relationships with customers and suppliers. Only when our company achieves an adequate profit can the other elements of this Vision be realized.\n\n## WE WILL CREATE LONG-TERM VALUE FOR SHAREHOLDERS.\n\nWe create long-term value for shareholders by earning financial returns significantly greater than our cost of capital and pursuing profitable growth opportunities. We will safeguard our shareholders' equity by maintaining a strong balance sheet to allow flexibility in responding to a continuously changing market and business environment.\n\n## WE WILL PURSUE PROFITABLE GROWTH.\n\nWe pursue profitable growth on a global basis in order to provide continued job opportunities for members and financial success for all stakeholders.\n\n## WE WILL BE A SUPPLIER OF QUALITY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.\n\nWe provide reliable products and services of high quality and brand value to our end-users. Our products and services exceed our customers' expectations and enable our distributors and our company to make a fair profit.\n\n## WE WILL BE A GREAT PLACE TO WORK.\n\nWe pursue a participative environment and support a culture that encourages and recognizes excellence, active involvement, ongoing learning, and contributions of each member; that seeks out and values diversity; and that attracts and retains the most capable people who work safely, are motivated, and are devoted to making our company and our members successful.\n\n## WE WILL BE A RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE CITIZEN.\n\nWe conduct our business in a way that sustains the well-being of society, our environment, and the economy in which we live and work. We follow ethical and legal business practices. Our company supports our volunteer efforts and provides charitable contributions so that we can actively participate in the civic, cultural, educational, environmental, and governmental affairs of our society.\n\n## T O O U R S T A K E H O L D E R S :\n\nWhen our company is appreciated by its members, favored by its customers, supported by its suppliers, respected by the public, and admired by its shareholders, this Vision is fulfilled.\n\nwww.honi.com", + "page_start": 63, + "page_end": 63, + "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" + }, { "text": "## HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and SUBSIDIARIES\n\n| | Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |\n|----------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------|\n| Outstanding at December 30, 2000 | 918,250 | $ 21.89 |\n| Granted | 266,500 | 23.39 |\n| Exercised | (17,500) | 18.31 |\n| Forfeited | (37,000) | 21.57 |\n| Outstanding at December 29, 2001 | 1,130,250 | $ 22.32 |\n| Granted | 290,000 | 25.77 |\n| Exercised | - | - |\n| Forfeited | (17,000) | 21.69 |\n| Outstanding at December 28, 2002 | 1,403,250 | $ 23.03 |\n| Granted | 446,500 | 26.78 |\n| Exercised | (362,000) | 23.10 |\n| Forfeited | (18,500) | 23.57 |\n| Outstanding at January 3, 2004 | 1,469,250 | $ 24.15 |\n| Options exercisable at: | | |\n| January 3, 2004 | 202,250 | $ 25.47 |\n| December 28, 2002 | 156,250 | 25.02 |\n| December 29, 2001 | 105,000 | 24.86 |\n\nThe following table summarizes information about fixed stock options outstanding at January 3, 2004:\n\n| Options Outstanding | Options Outstanding | Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | Options Exercisable |\n|---------------------------|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|\n| Range of Exercise Prices | Number Outstanding | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life | Weighted- Average Price | Number Exercisable Exercise at January 3, 2004 |\n| $24.50-$28.25 | 31,000 | 2.9 years | $ 25.71 | 31,000 |\n| $32.22 | 20,000 | 4.1 years | $ 32.22 | 20,000 |\n| $23.47 | 101,250 | 5.1 years | $ 23.47 | 101,250 |\n| $18.31-$26.69 | 411,000 | 6.6 years | $ 20.42 | 50,000 |\n| $23.32-$25.27 | 223,500 | 7.1 years | $ 23.41 | - |\n| $25.75-$25.77 | 261,000 | 8.1 years | $ 25.77 | - |\n| $25.50-$42.98 | 421,500 | 9.2 years | $ 26.83 | - |\n\n## Retirement Benefits", "page_start": 50, @@ -1403,12 +1409,6 @@ "page_start": 30, "page_end": 30, "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Great brands are like great people. The best ones blend a distinctive personality with a strong character. They combine a 'can-do' attitude with a 'can't-wait-to-try-somethingnew' enthusiasm. They know themselves as well as they know the people who associate with them. They know that while good looks are important, beauty is only skin deep; it's what's inside that counts.\n\nBecause all of our brands have something unique and valuable to offer, we're letting them speak for themselves. As for the people who know and love our brands, we've invited a few to share an 'up close and personal' look into why and how HON INDUSTRIES is …\n\n## THE PERFECT MATCH", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1750,6 +1750,12 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2020, New York, NY, USA, February 7-12, 2020 . AAAI Press, 8968-8975. https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/ view/6428 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| [132] Yi Chern Tan and L Elisa Celis. 2019. Assessing social and intersectional biases in contextualized word representations. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems . 13230-13241. |\n| cal NLP Pipeline. In |\n| [133] Ian Tenney, Dipanjan Das, and Ellie Pavlick. 2019. BERT Rediscovers the Classi- Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics . Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, |\n| Italy, 4593-4601. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P19-1452 |\n| Reasoning. arXiv:1806.02847 [cs.AI] |\n| [134] Trieu H. Trinh and Quoc V. Le. 2019. A Simple Method for Commonsense |\n| [135] Marlon Twyman, Brian C Keegan, and Aaron Shaw. 2017. Black Lives Mat- ter in Wikipedia: Collective memory and collaboration around online social |\n| movements. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported |", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 53. Bruns, A.; Stieglitz, S. Quantitative approaches to comparing communication patterns on Twitter. J. Technol. Hum. Serv. 2012 , 30 , 160-185. [CrossRef]\n - 54. Yang, G. Narrative agency in hashtag activism: The case of# BlackLivesMatter. Media Commun. 2016 , 4 , 13.\n - 55. Bruns, A.; Burgess, J.E. The use of Twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc publics. In Proceedings of the 6th European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) General Conference 2011, Reykjav í k, Iceland, 25-27 August 2011.\n - 56. Rzeszotarski, J.M.; Spiro, E.S.; Matias, J.N.; Monroy-Hern á ndez, A.; Morris, M.R. Is anyone out there?: Unpacking Q&A hashtags on twitter. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada, 26 April-1 May 2014; pp. 2755-2758.\n - 57. Tsur, O.; Rappoport, A. What's in a hashtag?: Content based prediction of the spread of ideas in microblogging communities. In Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Seattle, WA, USA, 8-12 February 2012; pp. 643-652.", "page_start": 18, @@ -1769,16 +1775,10 @@ "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { - "text": "| Type of content | Tags |\n|-----------------------|---------------------|\n| Paragraph | |\n| |

|\n| Bullets and Numbering | |\n| | |\n| | bullet or number |\n| | |\n| | text content |\n| | |\n| | bullet or |\n| | number |\n| | text |\n| | Lang= language code |", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "If the LM outputs overtly abusive language (as Gehman et al. [53] show that they can and do), then a similar set of risks arises. These include: propagating or proliferating overtly abusive views and associations, amplifying abusive language, and producing more (synthetic) abusive language that may be included in the next iteration of large-scale training data collection. The harms that could follow from these risks are again similar to those identified above for more subtly biased language, but perhaps more acute to the extent that the language in question is overtly violent or defamatory. They include the psychological harm experienced by those who identify with the categories being denigrated if they encounter the text; the reinforcement of sexist, racist, ableist, etc. ideology; followon effects of such reinforced ideologies (including violence); and harms to the reputation of any individual or organization perceived to be the source of the text.\n\nIf the LM or word embeddings derived from it are used as components in a text classification system, these biases can lead to allocational and/or reputational harms, as biases in the representations affect system decisions [125]. This case is especially pernicious for being largely invisible to both the direct user of the system and any indirect stakeholders about whom decisions are being made. Similarly, biases in an LM used in query expansion could influence search results, further exacerbating the risk of harms of the type documented by Noble in [94], where the juxtaposition of search queries and search results, when connected by negative stereotypes, reinforce those stereotypes and cause psychological harm.\n\nThe above cases involve risks that could arise when LMs are deployed without malicious intent. A third category of risk involves bad actors taking advantage of the ability of large LMs to produce large quantities of seemingly coherent texts on specific topics on demand in cases where those deploying the LM have no investment in the truth of the generated text. These include prosaic cases, such as services set up to 'automatically' write term papers or interact on social media, 23 as well as use cases connected to promoting extremism. For example, McGuffie and Newhouse [80] show how GPT-3 could be used to generate text in the persona of a conspiracy theorist, which in turn could be used to populate extremist recruitment message boards. This would give such groups a cheap way to boost recruitment by making human targets feel like they were among many like-minded people. If the LMs are deployed in this way to recruit more people to extremist causes, then harms, in the first instance, befall the people so recruited and (likely more severely) to others as a result of violence carried out by the extremists.\n\nYet another risk connected to seeming coherence and fluency involves machine translation (MT) and the way that increased fluency of MT output changes the perceived adequacy of that output [77]. This differs somewhat from the cases above in that there was an initial human communicative intent, by the author of the source language text. However, MT systems can (and frequently do) produce output that is inaccurate yet both fluent and (again, seemingly)", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + "text": "| WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1800,6 +1800,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "FIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations (diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) at two concentrations.\n\n\n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with the MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 model accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP and provides the correct distances of minimal approach; whereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former and gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger separations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the oscillations observed in the MC simulations, but the corresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials are less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\n\n- [1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 , 276 (1945).\n- [2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n- [3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Academic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1-66.\n- [4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n- [5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n- [6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259 (2006).\n- [7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n- [8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 147801 (2006).\n- [9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507 (2009).\n- [10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 10878 (2006)\n- [11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 , 3730 (1995).\n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the reference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l -1 . The perturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully analytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters and the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy and the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA solutions, as described above. While the procedure we have followed uses two different approximations for the reference and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are known to be accurate for the systems under consideration and do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\n\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with LPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions which account for the molecular nature of the solvent. The final result is fully analytical and it yields the thermodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in agreement with the original molecular description. The methodology can in principle be adapted to any molecular description of the system (MD simulations involving interaction potentials accounting for polarization effects or Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long as the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized to study interfaces. The method appears to be a promising approach toward the description of the specific effects of ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling requires an analytic solution.\n\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 1: Effective McMillan-Mayer short-range pair potentials extracted from explicit solvent simulations using the HNC closure. (a) Cation anion, (b) cation cation, (c) anion anion, (d) cation anion RDF obtained from explicit solvent MD and implicit solvent MC simulations.\n\n\n\npute all ion thermodynamic properties through implicit solvent MC simulations.\n\nThe second stage of our coarse-graining procedure consists in applying LPT, in order to deduce the best analytical model of electrolyte solutions which reproduces this molecular description. The principle of LPT is to describe the properties of a given system in terms of those of a well known reference system, with the difference between them treated as a perturbation in the reference potential. Assuming pairwise additive potentials, V ij = V (0) ij + ∆V ij , a first-order truncated expression for the free energy density of the system βf v is obtained,\n\nβf v /lessorsimilar βf (0) v + 1 2 β ∑ i,j ρ i ρ j ∫ d r g (0) ij ( r ) ∆V ij ( r ) (1)\n\nwhich depends only on the free-energy density f (0) v and RDF g (0) of the reference fluid, with β = ( k B T ) -1 and ρ i the concentration of species i . The Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality [15] ensures that the right-hand side of Eq. (1) is actually a strict upper bound. Once a reference system has been chosen, the expression on the right-hand side of Eq. (1) must be minimized with respect to the parameters defining the reference. This procedure yields the best first-order approximation to the free energy of the system under consideration.\n\nFor a system of charged particles in solution, the natural reference is the PM, defined in terms of the charge and diameter ( σ i ) of each species. In this case, the perturbing potentials are just the short-range effective potentials computed above (∆ V ij = V SR ij ). We use the MSA [3] solution to the PM, since it provides analytical expressions for both the free energy and the RDF. The perturbation term is evaluated using an exponential approximation to the RDF obtained within the MSA, g ( r ) = exp [ g MSA ( r ) -1], which removes any unphysical negative regions and improves the comparison with HNC calculations.\n\nΦ\n\nFIG. 2: (Color online) (a) Osmotic coefficient Φ in the McMillan-Mayer frame of reference. (diamond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dot) Debye Huckel Limiting law (DHLL), (cross) experiments (Ref. [18] with the McMillanMayer to Lewis Randall conversion). (b) Minimization diameters. (dot dashed) MSA2 and (diamond) MSA-fit.\n\n\n\nWe first used LPT for a two-component system (Na + and Cl -free ions) within the MSA (model MSA2), for concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 . 0 mol l -1 . The minimization leads to almost constant diameters on the whole range of concentration: σ 1 = 3 . 67 ˚ A and σ 2 = 4 . 78 ˚ A. As shown in Fig. 2, these parameters yield osmotic coefficients close to MC calculations only at very low concentration, i.e., c ≤ 0 . 1 moll -1 (experimental values are given for indicative purposes only, since a perfect model will exactly match the MC results). For molar solutions, the LPT results differ considerably from MC calculations. This discrepancy can easily be understood by comparing the diameters found within the MSA2 calculation with the effective potentials given in Fig. 1. The anion/cation contact distance obtained within the MSA2 calculation is 4 . 2 ˚ A, which is in the region of the second minimum of the effective potential and corresponds to the situation where there is a single layer of water molecules between the ions. The first minimum of the potential, which corresponds to the contact ion pair (CIP) is thus completely ignored by the MSA2 calculation. If the MSA diameters are directly fitted to reproduce the MC osmotic pressure, much smaller values are obtained. These MSA-fit hydrated diameters, which are compared to the MSA2 diameters in the bottom part of Fig. 2, are averages of the CIP and the solvent-separated ion pair.", "page_start": 1, @@ -1818,6 +1824,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "The authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz for fruitful discussions.\n\n- [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104 (2007).\n- [13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n- [14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n- [15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids (Academic Press, 1986).\n- [16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n- [17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 , 041202 (2002).\n- [18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Editora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n- [19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 , 333 (1984).\n- [20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol. Phys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n- [21] The average contact distance between a symmetric dumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" + }, { "text": "- [81] A. J. Archer and M. Rauscher, 'Dynamical density functional theory for interacting brownian particles: Stochastic or deterministic?' J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 37 , 9325-9333 (2004).\n - [82] A. J. Archer and R. Evans, 'Dynamical density functional theory and its application to spinodal decomposition,' J. Chem. Phys. 121 , 4246-4254 (2004).\n - [83] P. A. Monson, 'Mean field kinetic theory for a lattice gas model of fluids confined in porous materials,' J. Chem. Phys. 128 , 084701 (2008).\n - [84] P. M. Chaikin and T. C. Lubensky, Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press (1997).\n - [85] J. S. Langer, 'An introduction to the kinetics of first-order phase transitions,' in C. Godreche, editor, 'Solids far from Equilibrium,' pages 297-363, Cambridge University Press (1992).\n - [86] M. A. Spaid and G. M. Homsy, 'Stability of Newtonian and viscoelastic dynamic contact lines,' Phys. Fluids 8 , 460-478 (1996).\n - [87] U. Thiele and E. Knobloch, 'Front and back instability of a liquid film on a slightly inclined plate,' Phys. Fluids 15 , 892-907 (2003).\n - [88] M. R. E. Warner, R. V. Craster, and O. K. Matar, 'Surface patterning via evaporation of ultrathin films containing nanoparticles,' J. Colloid Interface Sci. 267 , 92-110 (2003).\n - [89] O. K. Matar, R. V. Craster, and K. Sefiane, 'Dynamic spreading of droplets containing nanoparticles,' Phys. Rev. E 76 , 056315 (2007).\n - [90] J. J. Zhou, B. Dupuy, A. L. Bertozzi, and A. E. Hosoi, 'Theory for shock dynamics in particle-laden thin films,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 , 117803 (2005).\n - [91] B. P. Cook, A. L. Bertozzi, and A. E. Hosoi, 'Shock solutions for particle-laden thin films,' SIAM J. Appl. Math. 68 , 760-783 (2008).\n - [92] R. V. Craster, O. K. Matar, and K. Sefiane, 'Pinning, retraction, and terracing of evaporating droplets containing nanoparticles,' Langmuir (2009), online available.\n - [93] D. Quemada, 'Rheology of concentrated disperse systems and minimum energy-dissipation principle I. Viscosity-concentration relationship,' Rheol. Acta 16 , 82-94 (1977).\n - [94] D. Quemada and C. Berli, 'Energy of interaction in colloids and its implications in rheological modeling,' Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 98 , 51-85 (2002).\n - [95] J. J. Stickel and R. L. Powell, 'Fluid mechanics and rheology of dense suspensions,' Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 37 , 129-149 (2005).\n - [96] J. K. G. Dhont, An Introduction to Dynamics of Colloids , Elsevier, Amsterdam (1996).", "page_start": 30, @@ -1841,18 +1853,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The results for the conductivity within a spin-fermion model depend in quantitative (but not qualitative) way on the assumption for the momentum dispersion of a collective boson. This momentum dependence comes from", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "sentence would be true or false. One of its central methodological assumptions is the principle of compositionality. It states that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its parts and how they are combined. For example, the meaning of the verb phrase \"walk and sing\" depends on the meanings of the individual expressions \"walk\" and \"sing\". Many theories in formal semantics rely on model theory. This means that they employ set theory to construct a model and then interpret the meanings of expression in relation to the elements in this model. For example, the term \"walk\" may be interpreted as the set of all individuals in the model that share the property of walking. Early influential theorists in this field were Richard Montague and Barbara Partee, who focused their analysis on the English language. [173]\n\n## Epistemology of logic\n\nThe epistemology of logic studies how one knows that an argument is valid or that a proposition is logically true. [174] This includes questions like how to justify that modus ponens is a valid rule of inference or that contradictions are false. [175] The traditionally dominant view is that this form of logical understanding belongs to knowledge a priori. [176] In this regard, it\n\nConjunction (AND) is one of the basic operations of Boolean logic. It can be electronically implemented in several ways, for example, by using two transistors.\n\n\n\nis often argued that the mind has a special faculty to examine relations between pure ideas and that this faculty is also responsible for apprehending logical truths. [177] A similar approach understands the rules of logic in terms of linguistic conventions. On this view, the laws of logic are trivial since they are true by definition: they just express the meanings of the logical vocabulary. [178]\n\nSome theorists, like Hilary Putnam and Penelope Maddy, object to the view that logic is knowable a priori. They hold instead that logical truths depend on the empirical world. This is usually combined with the claim that the laws of logic express universal regularities found in the structural features of the world. According to this view, they may be explored by studying general patterns of the fundamental sciences. For example, it has been argued that certain insights of quantum mechanics refute the principle of distributivity in classical logic, which states that the formula is equivalent to . This claim can be used as an empirical argument for the thesis that quantum logic is the correct logical system and should replace classical logic. [179]\n\n## History\n\nLogic was developed independently in several cultures during antiquity. One major early contributor was Aristotle, who developed term logic in his Organon and Prior Analytics . [183] He was responsible for the introduction of the hypothetical syllogism [184] and temporal modal logic. [185] Further innovations include inductive logic [186] as well as the discussion of new logical concepts such as terms, predicables, syllogisms, and propositions. Aristotelian logic was highly regarded in classical and medieval times, both in Europe and the Middle East. It remained in wide use in the West until the early 19th century. [187] It has now been superseded by later work, though many of its key insights are still present in modern systems of logic. [188]", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -1863,8 +1863,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "The principle of LPT is to describe the properties of a given system in terms of those of a well known reference system, with the differ- ence between them treated as a perturbation in the ref- erence potential", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 8 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -1997,10 +1997,10 @@ "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" }, { - "text": "| Operating revenue | $ 374 | $ 351 | 7 |\n| Adjusted operating profit | 106 | 89 | 19 |\n| Media | | | |\n| Operating revenue | $ 1,704 | $ 1,620 | 5 |\n| Adjusted operating profit | 161 | 190 | (15) |", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" + "text": "| The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. Hartford Plaza, 690 Asylum Avenue |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Hartford, Connecticut 06115 |\n\nFORM 100025[2001]", + "page_start": 39, + "page_end": 39, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2028,6 +2028,12 @@ "page_end": 22, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. Hartford Plaza, 690 Asylum Avenue |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Hartford, Connecticut 06115 |\n\nFORM 100025[2001]", + "page_start": 39, + "page_end": 39, + "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, { "text": "streamlined product-development process maximizes speed-to-market so agents have the right products to sell at the right time. That's one reason why we estimate The Hartford's small-business insurance growth is five to six times the industry average.\n\nDeveloping products for a changing business environment is also a proven skill of HFP. The unit completed its first full year as part of The Hartford after our 2000 acquisition of Reliance Group Holdings, Inc.'s financial products and excess and surplus lines.\n\nIt was quite a year after quite a decade. Demand for HFP's mainstay directors and officers liability\n\ninsurance was high during the 1990s as the number of U.S. public corporations tripled. Amid the past year's corporate retrenchment, loss activity led to industrywide premium price increases of up to 30 percent. A flight to quality was inevitable under such conditions, and a strong brand and superior ratings helped HFP distance itself from lesser competitors. Even the horrific collapse of its World Trade Center headquarters couldn't hold HFP back in 2001. It renewed $43 million worth of business in September alone, fulfilling its commitment to protecting customers against uncertainty.\n\n\n\n - /H17076 A strong brand and superior ratings help Hartford Financial Products (HFP) differentiate its directors and officers liability insurance from those of competitors. HFP's Boston Regional Manager Doreen Lukowski-Rizza\n\nworks with HFP Underwriting Manager David Garrison, far right, and financial professionals such as William Gallagher Associates President and CEO Philip Edmundson, second from left, and Principal Richard Leavitt.\n\n - /H17073 H artford Investment Management Co., which specializes in fixedincome asset management, has nearly $75 billion under management. Marcie Hayden, money market trader, and Peter Perrotti, government portfolio manager, are two members of a professional organization whose annual trading volume exceeds $50 billion.", "page_start": 20, @@ -2069,12 +2075,6 @@ "page_start": 11, "page_end": 11, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## (in millions)\n\n| Cash Flows | | | |\n|------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|\n| | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 |\n| Operating cash flows | $ 2,303 | $ 2,435 | $ 954 |\n| Investing cash flows | $ (5,536) | $ (2,164) | $ 2,216 |\n| Financing cash flows | $ 3,365 | $ (208) | $ (3,104) |\n| Cash-beginning of year | $ 227 | $ 182 | $ 123 |\n| Cash-end of year | $ 353 | $ 227 | $ 182 |\n\n## Investments\n\n| | 2001 | 2001 | 2000 | 2000 |\n|----------------------------------------------|----------|---------|----------|---------|\n| | Amount | Percent | Amount | Percent |\n| United States Government/Government agencies | $ 2,545 | 6.4% | $ 1,988 | 5.8% |\n| AAA | 10,087 | 25.2% | 10,098 | 29.3% |\n| AA | 5,769 | 14.4% | 5,946 | 17.2% |\n| A | 11,112 | 27.7% | 8,754 | 25.4% |\n| BBB | 6,853 | 17.1% | 4,570 | 13.2% |\n| BB & below | 1,573 | 3.9% | 1,040 | 3.0% |\n| Short-term | 2,107 | 5.3% | 2,096 | 6.1% |\n| Total fixed maturities | 40,046 | 100.0% | 34,492 | 100.0% |\n| Equities | 1,349 | | 1,056 | |\n| Other investments | 5,294 | | 5,121 | |\n| Total investments | $ 46,689 | | $ 40,669 | |\n\n## Insurance Financial Strength Ratings\n\n| | A.M. Best | Fitch | Standard & Poor's | Moody's |\n|---------------------------------|-------------|---------|---------------------|-----------|\n| Hartford Fire | A+ | AA | AA | Aa3 |\n| Hartford Life Insurance Company | A+ | AA+ | AA | Aa3 |\n| Hartford Life & Accident | A+ | AA+ | AA | Aa3 |\n| Hartford Life & Annuity | A+ | AA+ | AA | Aa3 |", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2308,10 +2308,16 @@ "target_passage": "Impacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [24,25], a coupled ecosystem–hydrology–surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "- 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Glob. Environ. Change 25 , 121-132. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.004)\n - 23. Richardson K, Lewis K, Krishnamurthy K, Kent C, Wiltshire A, Hanlon H. 2018 Food security outcomes under a changing climate: impacts of mitigation and adaptation on vulnerability to food insecurity. Clim. Change , 147 , 327-341. (doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2137-y)\n - 24. Best M et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description-part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 677-699. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011)\n - 25. Clark D et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model descriptionpart 2: carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 701-722. (doi:10.5194/ gmd-4-701-2011)\n - 26. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ. 2000 Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 , 184-187. (doi:10.1038/ 35041539)\n - 27. Jones CD et al. 2011 The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 543-570. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-543-2011)\n - 28. Betts RA et al. 2015 Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial ecosystems and river flows in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using the representative concentration pathways. Biogeosciences 12 , 1317. (doi:10.5194/bg-12-1317-2015)\n - 29. Falloon PD, Betts RA. 2006 The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 7 , 62-68. (doi:10.1002/asl.133)\n - 30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, Betts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological forcing in determining future global water stress. Glob. Environ. Change 23 , 1083-1097. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005)\n - 31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows - exploring the effects of forcing biases. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 , 1785-1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785)\n - 32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 946-949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046)\n - 33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 10 019-10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113)\n - 34. Betts RA et al. 2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon dioxide rise. Nature 448 , 1037-1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045)\n - 35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases on global runoff simulations of a land surface model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 , 4379-4401. (doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017)\n - 36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J. Climate 19 , 3088-3111. (doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1)\n - 37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily GCMprecipitation output. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 3150-3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323)\n - 38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 3609-3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017)", + "page_start": 26, + "page_end": 26, + "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" + }, { "text": "In the present study, processing errors in the input data for one ensemble member, the HadGEM2-ES-driven member, caused the results to be invalid. Results for this member for the HCVI are, therefore, not presented here.\n\n## (d) Freshwater resources: run-o/ff\n\nImpacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [24,25], a coupled ecosystem-hydrology-surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way, typically applied at global scales. Variants of JULES form the land surface scheme of Met Office Hadley Centre Earth System Models [26,27] and have been used to assess impacts of climate change on global terrestrial ecosystems and hydrology [28-30] within such models. JULES can also be used outside of the Earth System Model (ESM), driven by meteorological outputs of other ESMs to assess impacts of a wider range of climate projections [6,8]. Here we use a new, higher-resolution configuration of JULES on a global grid of 0.5° resolution [31].\n\nIt has been noted that hydrological impacts models driven by climate-change projections from climate models tend to give more severe drying than simulated in the climate models themselves [32-34]. This is largely attributed to the inclusion of plant stomatal closure in response to elevated CO2 in the climate model land surface schemes, which generally reduces evapotranspiration relative to climate projections without this process and hence further increases run-off/streamflow or ameliorates decreases [34]. This process is often omitted from standard hydrological models. Plant physiological responses to CO 2 are included in the JULES model, so our projections of changes in run-off here do account for this process.\n\nWe used each HadGEM3 simulation to drive JULES to simulate changes in run-off due to the effects of climate change and CO 2 rise on precipitation, evaporation and transpiration. We analysed 30 year periods centred around the year of crossing GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to pre-industrial. We examined changes in both mean flows and low flows (defined as the flows for the lowest 10% of time).\n\n## (e) Correcting biases in climate model output and implications for de/fining levels of global warming\n\nThe ClimPACT extreme weather indices, HCVI and JULES run-off simulations were all performed using outputs from the higher-resolution HadGEM3 projections described in §2a. However, there were some differences in how these data were applied, with different approaches to the treatment of systematic biases in the climate model output. For the ClimPACT analysis, it was considered important to assess changes in the raw climate model output, because this directly represents the behaviour of the model itself. The main focus was on the changes relative to the presentday baseline climate, defined as 1981-2010, with absolute values in either the baseline or the GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C being only of secondary interest. For the HCVI and JULES run-off analyses, however, it was considered important to correct for systematic biases in the climate model output, because these can lead to unrealistic representations of the key quantities in the present-day simulation [35]. A bias-correction methodology was, therefore, applied for these two parts of the analysis, whereby the model output was adjusted to make it consistent with an observed climatology [36]. We used a multi-segment statistical bias-correction methodology for precipitation [37], and a modification of this for other variables [37].", "page_start": 6, @@ -2365,12 +2371,6 @@ "page_start": 22, "page_end": 22, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## Article\n\n## #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with Semantic Network and Temporal Analyses\n\nWen Shi 1 , Haohuan Fu 1,2 , Peinan Wang 3 , Changfeng Chen 3 and Jie Xiong 4, *\n\n- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; shi-w18@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (W.S.); haohuan@tsinghua.edu.cn (H.F.)\n- 2 National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214000, China\n- 3 School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;\n- wpn17@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (P.W.); chencf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (C.C.)\n- 4 Strategy and Innovation Department, Rennes School of Business, 35065 Rennes, France\n- * Correspondence: jie.xiong@rennes-sb.com; Tel.: + 33-(0)-2-99-54-46-79\n\nReceived: 5 December 2019; Accepted: 3 February 2020; Published: 7 February 2020\n\n\n\nAbstract: Distinct perceptions of the global climate is one of the factors preventing society from achieving consensus or taking collaborative actions on this issue. The public has not even reached an agreement on the naming of the global concern, showing preference for either 'climate change' or 'global warming', and few previous studies have addressed these two competing discourses resulting from distinct climate concerns by di GLYPH<11> erently linking numerous climate concepts. Based on the 6,662,478 tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming generated between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2018, we constructed the semantic networks of the two discourses and examined their evolution over the decade. The findings indicate that climate change demonstrated a more scientific perspective and showed an attempt to condense climate discussions rather than di GLYPH<11> use the topic by frequently addressing sub-topics simultaneously. Global warming triggered more political responses and showed a greater connection with phenomena. Temporal analysis suggests that traditional political discussions were gradually fading in both discourses but more recently started to revive in the form of discourse alliance in the climate change discourse. The associations between global warming and weather abnormalitiessuddenly strengthened around 2012. Climate change is becoming more dominant than global warming in public discussions. Although two discourses have shown more similarities in the rank order of important climate concepts, apparent disagreements continue about how these concepts are associated. These findings lay the groundwork for researchers and communicators to narrow the discrepancy between diverse climate perceptions.\n\nKeywords: climate change; global warming; semantic network analysis; temporal analysis; public discourse; Twitter\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nThe public's distinct understanding of the cause and e GLYPH<11> ect of the global climate issue is an obstacle to joint mitigation actions. In addition to a diversity of views co-existing in the public discourse [1,2], previous studies noticed that the public had even failed to reach an agreement on whether 'climate change' or 'global warming' is the most appropriate definition of the global climate concern [3-5]. According to the definition provided by [6], global warming describes global climate issues as a continuous increase in the average temperature of Earth's surface due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, whereas climate change includes not only temperature rise but also a range of\n\n\n\n/gid00001", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2677,11 +2677,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Many people have the same name Names may change through marriage or other circumstances Individuals use different alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions People use different versions of their name during their career", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers\n\n## What's in a Name?\n\nMost names are not unique\n\n\n\nMany people have the same name\n\nPeople use di/fferent versions of their name during their career\n\nIndividuals use di/fferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions\n\n## Researchers are mobile!\n\n\n\nFor example,\n\n30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE\n\nSource: Science Magazine\n\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n\n\n\n- Benchmark their organization against others\n- Identify, track, and report on researchers' a/ffiliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)\n\n## Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research\n\n\n\n\n\nInstitutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate the impact of all types of research contributions\n\n\n\n## Tackling Information Overload\n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n\nConnects individuals and their professional contributions across disciplines, organizations, and time\n\nEnables recognition of all types of research contributions and innovation\n\n\n\nHelps research institutions, funders, publishers, and other organizations better track and support research work\n\n## How ORCID Works\n\n\n\n- It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers\n- It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions\n- It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems\n\n## Why Connect with ORCID?\n\nHundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally\n\n## 5.5 MILLION+\n\nlive ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch\n\n\n\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n\n\n\nNames may\n\nchange through\n\nmarriage or other\n\ncircumstances\n\n\n\n## Evidence of Institutional Value\n\nExamples of time/sta/ff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n\n\n\nUK: 0.2 - 0.4 FTEs per institution 1 Portugal: 100,000 researcher hours per year 2 Australia: 15-30 minutes per grant application 3\n\n1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015 2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017 3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018\n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing authoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in reviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n\n-Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union\n\n## How Organizations and Researchers Benefit\n\n## INSTITUTIONS\n\n- Save time and reduce errors with automated information-sharing and cross-system interoperability\n- Manage your organization name and your researchers' connections with it\n- Maintain links with your researchers - past, present, and future\n\n## RESEARCHERS\n\n- Improve recognition and discoverability of their research\n- Spend more time doing research, less time managing it\n- Control and manage a trusted and easily shareable record of their research activities and a/ffiliations - for free\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Three Ways to Get Involved\n\n- 1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD\n- 2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems\n- 3. Connect data to and from your researchers' ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations\n\nSponsored by ORCID\n\nTo learn more go to https://orcid.org\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" + }, { "text": "## ?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\n\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use autogenerated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot more and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme's book or some of the many SPARQL tools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography.\n\nOne final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open World Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter 4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1. For now, though remember that SPARQL is not subject to either of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic reasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the value for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist.", "page_start": 71, @@ -2731,16 +2737,10 @@ "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" }, { - "text": "- 2. Right-click the relationships to be renamed and select Rename , as shown in Figure 11-131.", - "page_start": 607, - "page_end": 607, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "different rightsholders and authors. Managing opt-outs for so many different interests within one book may get overly complicated very fast.\n\nIn any event, creating an opt-out system will need some ways of authenticating whether someone has the relevant authority to make choices about inclusion of a work.\n\n## Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?\n\nA commons might be made publicly available to all, as has been done with datasets like The Pile. Another possible design choice is to restrict access only to authorized users and to enforce particular responsibilities or obligations in return for authorization. Three particular dimensions of permitted uses and users came up in our discussions:\n\n - · Defining and ensuring acceptable and ethical use: Participants discussed to what extent restrictions should be put on use of the resource. In the case of HathiTrust, acceptable use is implicitly ensured by limiting access to researchers from member institutions; other forms of 'gated access' are possible, allowing access only to certain types of users and for certain uses. One can imagine more fine-grained 39 mechanisms, based on a review of the purpose for which datasets are used. This imagined resource could become a useful lever to demand responsible development and use of AI; alongside 'sticks' like legal penalties, this would be a 'carrot' that could incentivize good behavior. At the same time, drawing the lines around, let alone enforcing, 'good behavior' would constitute a significant challenge.\n - · Charging for use to support sustainability of the training corpus itself: While wanting to ensure broad access to this resource, it is important to consider economic sustainability, including support for continuing to update the resource with new works and appropriate tooling for AI training. Requiring some form of payment to use the resource could support sustainability, perhaps with different requirements for different types of users (e.g., differentiating between non-commercial and commercial users, or high-volume, well-resourced users and others). 40\n - · Ensuring benefits of AI are broadly shared, including with book authors or publishers: The creation of a training resource might lower barriers to the development of AI tools, and in that way support broadly shared benefits by facilitating greater competition and mitigating concentration of power. On the other hand, just as concentration of technology industries is already a significant challenge, AI might not look much different, and the benefits of this resource may still simply go to a few large firms in 'winner takes all-or-most' markets. The workshops discussed how, for instance, large commercial users might be expected to contribute to a fund that supported contributors of training data, or more generally to fund writers, to ensure everyone contributing to the development of AI benefits.", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" + "text": "I am aware of the above [framework] [specific] contract, especially Articles [I.10 and II.13] concerning intellectual property rights and exploitation of the results and I confirm that I transferred all the relevant rights to [ insert name of contractor or other intermediary right holder ].\n\nI declare that [I have received full remuneration] [I agreed to receive remuneration by [ insert date ]].\n\n[As creator, I also confirm that I do not object to the following:\n\n - (a) that my name be mentioned or not mentioned when the results are presented to the public;\n - (b) that the results be divulged or not after they have been delivered in their final version to the contracting authority;\n - (c) that the results be adapted, provided that this is done in a manner which is not prejudicial to my honour or reputation.]\n\nDate, place, signature", + "page_start": 48, + "page_end": 48, + "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2751,11 +2751,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers\n\n## What's in a Name?\n\nMost names are not unique\n\n\n\nMany people have the same name\n\nPeople use di/fferent versions of their name during their career\n\nIndividuals use di/fferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions\n\n## Researchers are mobile!\n\n\n\nFor example,\n\n30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE\n\nSource: Science Magazine\n\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n\n\n\n- Benchmark their organization against others\n- Identify, track, and report on researchers' a/ffiliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)\n\n## Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research\n\n\n\n\n\nInstitutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate the impact of all types of research contributions\n\n\n\n## Tackling Information Overload\n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n\nConnects individuals and their professional contributions across disciplines, organizations, and time\n\nEnables recognition of all types of research contributions and innovation\n\n\n\nHelps research institutions, funders, publishers, and other organizations better track and support research work\n\n## How ORCID Works\n\n\n\n- It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers\n- It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions\n- It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems\n\n## Why Connect with ORCID?\n\nHundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally\n\n## 5.5 MILLION+\n\nlive ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch\n\n\n\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n\n\n\nNames may\n\nchange through\n\nmarriage or other\n\ncircumstances\n\n\n\n## Evidence of Institutional Value\n\nExamples of time/sta/ff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n\n\n\nUK: 0.2 - 0.4 FTEs per institution 1 Portugal: 100,000 researcher hours per year 2 Australia: 15-30 minutes per grant application 3\n\n1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015 2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017 3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018\n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing authoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in reviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n\n-Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union\n\n## How Organizations and Researchers Benefit\n\n## INSTITUTIONS\n\n- Save time and reduce errors with automated information-sharing and cross-system interoperability\n- Manage your organization name and your researchers' connections with it\n- Maintain links with your researchers - past, present, and future\n\n## RESEARCHERS\n\n- Improve recognition and discoverability of their research\n- Spend more time doing research, less time managing it\n- Control and manage a trusted and easily shareable record of their research activities and a/ffiliations - for free\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## Three Ways to Get Involved\n\n- 1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD\n- 2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems\n- 3. Connect data to and from your researchers' ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations\n\nSponsored by ORCID\n\nTo learn more go to https://orcid.org\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" + }, { "text": "- - SSH-2 RSA", "page_start": 778, @@ -2809,12 +2815,6 @@ "page_start": 771, "page_end": 771, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- /SM590000 The volume UID", - "page_start": 529, - "page_end": 529, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -2854,6 +2854,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [110] L. Rockford, Y. Liu, P. Mansky, T. P. Russell, M. Yoon, and S. G. J. Mochrie, 'Polymers on nanoperiodic, heterogeneous surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 , 2602-2605 (1999).\n - [111] A. Sehgal, V. Ferreiro, J. F. Douglas, E. J. Amis, and A. Karim, 'Pattern-directed dewetting of ultrathin polymer films,' Langmuir 18 , 7041-7048 (2002).\n - [112] M. Geoghegan and G. Krausch, 'Wetting at polymer surfaces and interfaces,' Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 , 261-302 (2003).\n - [113] P. Lenz and R. Lipowsky, 'Morphological transitions of wetting layers on structured surfaces,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 , 1920-1923 (1998).\n - [114] C. Bauer, S. Dietrich, and A. O. Parry, 'Morphological phase transitions of thin fluid films on chemically structured substrates,' Europhys. Lett. 47 , 474-480 (1999).\n - [115] R. Konnur, K. Kargupta, and A. Sharma, 'Instability and morphology of thin liquid films on chemically heterogeneous substrates,' Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 , 931-934 (2000).\n - [116] M. Brinkmann and R. Lipowsky, 'Wetting morphologies on substrates with striped surface domains,' J. Appl. Phys. 92 , 4296-4306 (2002).\n - [117] L. Brusch, H. Kuhne, U. Thiele, and M. Bar, 'Dewetting of thin films on heterogeneous substrates: Pinning vs. coarsening,' Phys. Rev. E 66 , 011602 (2002).\n - [118] U. Thiele, L. Brusch, M. Bestehorn, and M. Bar, 'Modelling thin-film dewetting on structured substrates and templates: Bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations,' Eur. Phys. J. E 11 , 255-271 (2003).\n - [119] U. Thiele, 'Open questions and promising new fields in dewetting,' Eur. Phys. J. E 12 , 409-416 (2003).\n - [120] D. M. Anderson, G. B. McFadden, and A. A. Wheeler, 'Diffuse-interface methods in fluid mechanics,' Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30 , 139-165 (1998).\n - [121] U. Thiele, S. Madruga, and L. Frastia, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: I. Model derivation and stratified base states,' Phys. Fluids 19 , 122106 (2007).\n - [122] O. A. Frolovskaya, A. A. Nepomnyashchy, A. Oron, and A. A. Golovin, 'Stability of a two-layer binary-fluid system with a diffuse interface,' Phys. Fluids 20 , 112105 (2008).\n - [123] S. Madruga and U. Thiele, 'Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: II. Influence of convective transport on linear stability,' Phys. Fluids 21 , 062104 (2009).", + "page_start": 32, + "page_end": 32, + "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" + }, { "text": "fast evaporation [104, 105]. These complex experimental systems all represent systems of high practical interest that the theories presented here are not (yet) able to describe. Such experiments do, however, provide a strong motivation for further work to extend the theories presented here, as well as to develop new approaches.\n\nLet us finally mention that several topics were entirely excluded from our discussion here. First, we focused on a limited range of descriptions and did, for instance, not mention lattice Boltzmann, molecular dynamics or dissipative particle dynamics approaches that may also be employed to describe fluid suspensions [106-109]. Second, we have only discussed spatially homogeneous substrates. Patterned substrates are widely used in dewetting experiments [38, 110-112]. Theoretical descriptions are well developed for the dewetting of films of pure non-volatile liquids on such substrates [68, 113-119]. However, in the case of volatile liquids on heterogeneous substrates, much less work has been done. A third topic that we did not touch upon are possible continuum thin film approaches to demixing dewetting suspensions. We believe it is feasible to extend the diffuse interface theories such as model-H [120] to include the influence of evaporation in dewetting nanoparticle suspensions. For instance, such models have already been adapted to describe demixing free surface films of polymer blends [121-123].\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nAJA and MJR gratefully acknowledge RCUK and EPSRC, respectively, for financial support. We acknowledge support by the European Union via the FP6 and FP7 Marie Curie schemes [Grants MRTN-CT-2004005728 (PATTERNS) and PITN-GA-2008-214919 (MULTIFLOW)].\n\n- [2] G. Reiter, 'Mobility of polymers in films thinner than their unperturbed size,' Europhys. Lett. 23 , 579-584 (1993).\n- [3] A. Sharma and G. Reiter, 'Instability of thin polymer films on coated substrates: Rupture, dewetting and drop formation,' J. Colloid Interface Sci. 178 , 383-399 (1996).\n- [4] P.-G. de Gennes, 'Wetting: Statics and dynamics,' Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 , 827-863 (1985).", "page_start": 24, @@ -2883,12 +2889,6 @@ "page_start": 22, "page_end": 22, "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "is similar to the size of the nanoparticles. At a certain distance from the macroscopic front, the ultrathin film starts to evolve a locally isotropic pattern of holes. The holes themselves grow in an unstable manner resulting in an array of isotropically branched structures as shown, e.g., above in Fig. 1. This indicates that at least some of the patterns described in the literature may have arisen from processes in similar ultrathin 'postcursor' films.\n\nThe existence of the ultrathin 'postcursor' film is an experimental finding that can be drawn on when choosing a theoretical approach to account for the pattern formation (see below). Note however, that at the moment there exists no explanation for its existence. A possible hypothesis is that the substrate strongly attracts the nanoparticles. As a result they form a dense suspension layer having a thickness roughly equal to the diameter of the nanoparticles. The observed mesoscopic dewetting front then actually correspond to an autophobic dewetting of a low concentration suspension from the higher concentration suspension on the surface of the substrate.\n\n## III. MODELLING APPROACHES\n\nModels of dewetting thin films of pure liquids or polymers are often based on thin film hydrodynamics. Starting from the Stokes equations, together with continuity and boundary conditions at the substrate and free surface, one applies a long-wave approximation (assuming small surface slopes and contact angles) [8, 63] and obtains a non-linear evolution equation for the film thickness profile h ( x, y, t ) . In the case of volatile liquids one finds [55-58, 64]\n\n∂ t h = ∇· [ Q c ∇ δF δh ] -Q e δF δh , (1)\n\nwith the mobility functions Q c ( h ) = h 3 / 3 η ≥ 0 (assuming Poiseuille flow in the film and no slip at the substrate; η is the dynamic viscosity) and Q e ≥ 0 for the convective and evaporative part of the dynamics, respectively. Q e is a rate constant that can be obtained from gas kinetic theory or from experiment [57]. Note that Eq. (1) only applies if the pressure in the vapour above the film is close to the saturation pressure. For alternative expressions that are used to describe the non-conserved evaporative dynamics see, e.g., Refs. [56, 57, 65-69]. Finally, ∇ = ( ∂ x , ∂ y ) , and ∂ t , ∂ x and ∂ y denote partial derivatives w.r.t. time and the coordinates.\n\nFocusing on the influence of capillarity and wettability only, the energy functional F [ h ] is given by\n\nF [ h ] = ∫ dx ∫ dy [ γ 2 ( ∇ h ) 2 + f ( h ) -µh ] (2)", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3108,8 +3108,8 @@ }, { "text": "- - System A", - "page_start": 579, - "page_end": 579, + "page_start": 580, + "page_end": 580, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] @@ -3121,8 +3121,8 @@ "target_page": 5, "target_passage": "According to statistics in 2018, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries is almost 80% of the total maize yield of the whole world. The United States accounts for more than 32%", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -3446,6 +3446,12 @@ "page_end": 18, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Wolf, Robert G. (1978). \"Are Relevant Logics Deviant?\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/WOLAR L). Philosophia . 7 (2): 327-340. doi:10.1007/BF02378819 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02 378819). S2CID 143697796 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143697796). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211216143955/https://philpapers.org/rec/WOLAR L) from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\n - Zegarelli, Mark (2010). Logic For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-11805307-2.\n\n## External links\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logic&oldid=1266818857\"", + "page_start": 37, + "page_end": 37, + "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n## Logic\n\nLogic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural language whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used as a countable noun, the term \"a logic\" refers to a specific logical formal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.\n\nLogic studies valid forms of inference like modus ponens .\n\n\n\nLogic studies arguments, which consist of a set of premises that leads to a conclusion. An example is the argument from the premises \"it's Sunday\" and \"if it's Sunday then I don't have to work\" leading to the conclusion \"I don't have to work\". [1] Premises and conclusions express propositions or claims that can be true or false. An important feature of propositions is their internal structure. For example, complex propositions are made up of simpler propositions linked by logical vocabulary like (and) or (if...then). Simple propositions also have parts, like \"Sunday\" or \"work\" in the example. The truth of a proposition usually depends on the meanings of all of its parts. However, this is not the case for logically true propositions. They are true only because of their logical structure independent of the specific meanings of the individual parts.\n\nArguments can be either correct or incorrect. An argument is correct if its premises support its conclusion. Deductive arguments have the strongest form of support: if their premises are true then their conclusion must also be true. This is not the case for ampliative arguments, which arrive at genuinely new information not found in the premises. Many arguments in everyday discourse and the sciences are ampliative arguments. They are divided into inductive and abductive arguments. Inductive arguments are statistical generalization-such as inferring that all ravens are black, based on many individual observations of black ravens. [2] Abductive arguments are inferences to the best explanation-for example, when a doctor concludes that a patient has a certain disease, as the best explanation for the symptoms that they are observed to suffer. [3] Arguments that fall short of the standards of correct reasoning often embody fallacies. Systems of logic are theoretical frameworks for assessing the correctness of arguments.\n\nLogic has been studied since antiquity. Early approaches include Aristotelian logic, Stoic logic, Nyaya, and Mohism. Aristotelian logic focuses on reasoning in the form of syllogisms. It was considered the main system of logic in the Western world until it was replaced by modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as Gottlob Frege. Today, the most commonly used system is classical logic. It consists of propositional logic and first-order logic. Propositional logic only considers logical relations between full propositions. First-order logic also takes the internal parts of", "page_start": 0, @@ -3475,12 +3481,6 @@ "page_start": 29, "page_end": 29, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- Shermer, Michael (25 October 2022). Conspiracy: Why the Rational Believe the Irrational . JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-4445-1.\n - Sider, Theodore (2010). Logic for Philosophy . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19957558-9.\n - Siegel, Harvey; Biro, John (1997). \"Epistemic Normativity, Argumentation, and Fallacies\" (htt ps://philpapers.org/rec/SIEENA). Argumentation . 11 (3): 277-292. doi:10.1023/A:1007799325361 (https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007799325361). S2CID 126269789 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126269789). Archived (https:// web.archive.org/web/20220228035651/https://philpapers.org/rec/SIEENA) from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\n - Simpson, R. L. (2008). Essentials of Symbolic Logic (3rd ed.). Broadview Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-77048-495-5.\n - Smith, Robin (2022). \"Aristotle's Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.\n - Spade, Paul Vincent; Panaccio, Claude (2019). \"William of Ockham\" (https://plato.stanford.e du/entries/ockham/#SummLogi). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.\n - Spriggs, John (2012). GSN - The Goal Structuring Notation: A Structured Approach to Presenting Arguments . Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 20-22. ISBN 978-1-44712312-5.\n - Stairs, Allen (2017). A Thinker's Guide to the Philosophy of Religion . Routledge. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-351-21981-5.\n - Sternberg, Robert J. \"Thought\" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/thought). Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211013145532/https://www.britannica.c om/topic/thought) from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.\n - Stolyar, Abram Aronovich (1 January 1984). Introduction to Elementary Mathematical Logic . Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-64561-2.\n - Stone, Mark A. (2012). \"Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation\" (https:// philpapers.org/rec/STODTA). Informal Logic . 32 (3): 327-356. doi:10.22329/il.v32i3.3681 (ht tps://doi.org/10.22329%2Fil.v32i3.3681). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022022812 3240/https://philpapers.org/rec/STODTA) from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.\n - Stump, David J. \"Fallacy, Logical\" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesau ruses-pictures-and-press-releases/fallacy-logical). encyclopedia.com . Archived (https://web. archive.org/web/20210215112403/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesau ruses-pictures-and-press-releases/fallacy-logical) from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.\n - Talbott, William (2016). \"Bayesian Epistemology\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemo logy-bayesian/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210401034856/https://plato.sta nford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/) from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.\n - Tarski, Alfred (1994). Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences . Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-802139-1.\n - Tondl, L. (2012). Problems of Semantics: A Contribution to the Analysis of the Language Science . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 111. ISBN 978-94-009-8364-9.\n - Velleman, Daniel J. (2006). How to Prove It: A Structured Approach . Cambridge University Press. p. 8, 103. ISBN 978-0-521-67599-4.\n - Vickers, John M. (2022). \"Inductive Reasoning\" (https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/displ ay/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0171.xml). Oxford Bibliographies . Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 January 2023.", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3601,9 +3601,21 @@ "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, { - "text": "- 19. Knight J et al. 2014 Predictions of climate several years ahead using an improved decadal prediction system. J. Clim. 27 , 7550-7567. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00069.1)\n - 20. Wyser K et al. 2016 Documentation of changes in climate variability and extremes simulated by the HELIX AGCMs at the 3 SWLs and comparison to changes in equivalent SST/SIC lowresolution CMIP5 projections. HELIX project deliverable 3.1.\n - 21. Alexander L, Yang H, Perkins S. 2018 ClimPACT-Indices and Software. User Manual. See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/ ETCRSCI\\_software\\_documentation\\_v2a.doc (accessed on 5 February 2018).", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, + "text": "| | | | Land | Land | Land | Land |\n|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Observations (UK State of the Climate) | Marine and coastal projections | Global projections | Probabilistic projections | High resolution projections | High resolution projections |\n| Characteristics | Observed trends; long-term climatologies; weather events for the preceding year | Updated sea level rise and surge projections based on operational storm surge model (CS3) using CMIP5, EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of ~20 spatially coherent time series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model and a similar number of CMIP5 models | Updated probability density functions presented as 30- year and monthly time series based on Met Office models (HadCM3, ESPPE) and CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "- 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Glob. Environ. Change 25 , 121-132. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.004)\n - 23. Richardson K, Lewis K, Krishnamurthy K, Kent C, Wiltshire A, Hanlon H. 2018 Food security outcomes under a changing climate: impacts of mitigation and adaptation on vulnerability to food insecurity. Clim. Change , 147 , 327-341. (doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2137-y)\n - 24. Best M et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description-part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 677-699. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011)\n - 25. Clark D et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model descriptionpart 2: carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 701-722. (doi:10.5194/ gmd-4-701-2011)\n - 26. 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Environ. Change 23 , 1083-1097. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005)\n - 31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows - exploring the effects of forcing biases. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 , 1785-1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785)\n - 32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 946-949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046)\n - 33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 10 019-10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113)\n - 34. Betts RA et al. 2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon dioxide rise. Nature 448 , 1037-1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045)\n - 35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases on global runoff simulations of a land surface model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 , 4379-4401. (doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017)\n - 36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J. Climate 19 , 3088-3111. (doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1)\n - 37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily GCMprecipitation output. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 3150-3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323)\n - 38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 3609-3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017)", + "page_start": 26, + "page_end": 26, + "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "- 19. Knight J et al. 2014 Predictions of climate several years ahead using an improved decadal prediction system. J. Clim. 27 , 7550-7567. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00069.1)\n - 20. Wyser K et al. 2016 Documentation of changes in climate variability and extremes simulated by the HELIX AGCMs at the 3 SWLs and comparison to changes in equivalent SST/SIC lowresolution CMIP5 projections. HELIX project deliverable 3.1.\n - 21. Alexander L, Yang H, Perkins S. 2018 ClimPACT-Indices and Software. User Manual. See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/ ETCRSCI\\_software\\_documentation\\_v2a.doc (accessed on 5 February 2018).", + "page_start": 25, + "page_end": 25, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, { @@ -3617,18 +3629,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "IPSL-CM5A-LR\n\n\n\nGFDL-ESM2M\n\n\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n\n\n\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM\n\nACCESS1-0\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 4. Simulated changes in the number of consecutive dry days relative to 1981-2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from di/fferent members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean. The labels above each panel identify the driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\n\n\n\nTable 5. Global mean changes at 2 ° C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the ClimPACT indices, the /flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean precipitation (Pmean), mean run-o/ff (Rmean) and low run-o/ff (Rlow).", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Data availability\n\n/T\\_he historical weather data (1986-2005) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at https:// data. giss. nasa. gov/ impac ts/ agmip cf/; the future climate scenario data (2006-2099) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at https:// pcmdi. llnl. gov/? cmip5 and https:// esgf- node. llnl. gov/ proje cts/ esgf- llnl/. /T\\_he spatial data of harvest area, yield, crop calendar, irrigation portion and chemical N input for maize that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available at http:// mapsp am. info/ (SPAM) and http:// www. sage. wisc. edu (SAGE); the soil data that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available from the WISE database (https:// www. isric. online/ index. php/) and the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) (http:// www. fao. org/ land- water/ land/ land- gover nance/ land- resou rces- plann ing- toolb ox/ categ ory/ detai ls/ en/c/ 10265 64/). All other relevant data are available from the corresponding authors.\n\nReceived: 6 June 2022; Accepted: 11 October 2022\n\n## References\n\n- 1. Angélil, O. et al. An independent assessment of anthropogenic attribution statements for recent extreme temperature and rainfall events. J. Clim. 30 (1), 5-16 (2017).\n- 2. Rosenzweig, C. et al. Coordinating AgMIP data and models across global and regional scales for 1.5°C and 2.0°C assessments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A. 376 , 20160455 (2018).\n- 3. Mitchell, D. et al. Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): Background and experimental design. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 571-583 (2017).\n- 4. Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. A decade of weather extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 2 , 491-496 (2012).\n- 5. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2013: /T\\_he Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fi/f\\_th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4-6 (Cambridge University Press, 2013).\n- 6. Di/ffenbaugh, N. S. et al. Quantifying the in/fluence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events. PNAS 114 (19), 4881-4886 (2016).\n- 7. Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V. & Heald, C. L. /T\\_hreat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution. Nat. Clim. Change 4 , 817-821 (2014).\n- 8. Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J. J. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival. PNAS 117 (8), 4211-4217 (2020).\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3656,6 +3656,18 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| | | | Land | Land | Land | Land |\n|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Observations (UK State of the Climate) | Marine and coastal projections | Global projections | Probabilistic projections | High resolution projections | High resolution projections |\n| Characteristics | Observed trends; long-term climatologies; weather events for the preceding year | Updated sea level rise and surge projections based on operational storm surge model (CS3) using CMIP5, EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of ~20 spatially coherent time series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model and a similar number of CMIP5 models | Updated probability density functions presented as 30- year and monthly time series based on Met Office models (HadCM3, ESPPE) and CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 2. Murphy JM et al. 2009 UKclimate projections science report: climate change projections . Exeter, UK: Met Office Hadley Centre. See http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk.\n - 3. United Nations. 2010 Report of the Conference Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen, 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ 11a01.pdf.\n - 4. United Nations. 2016 Report of the Conference Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris, 30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/ 10a01.pdf.\n - 5. Hewitson B et al. 2014 Regional context. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds VR Barros et al. ), pp. 1133-1197. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 6. Dankers R et al. 2013 First look at changes in flood hazard in the inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project ensemble. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3257-3261. (doi:10.1073/ pnas.1302078110)\n - 7. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al. ), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 8. Schewe J et al. 2014 Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3245-3250. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110)\n - 9. Schleussner C-F et al. 2015 Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5°C and 2°C. Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. 6 , 2447-2505. (doi:10.5194/ esdd-6-2447-2015)\n - 10. James R, Washington R, Schleussner C-F, Rogeli J, Conway D. 2017 Characterizing half-adegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global warming targets. WIREs Clim Change 8 , e457. (doi:10.1002/wcc.457)\n - 11. Haarsma RJ et al. 2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev. 9 , 4185-4208. (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016)\n - 12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke EC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation Met Office climate modelling system. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 223-253. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4223-2011).\n - 13. Martin GM et al. 2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 723-757. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011)\n - 14. Walters DN et al. 2011 The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES global land 3.0/3.1 configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 919-941. (doi:10.5194/gmd4-919-2011)\n - 15. Williams KD et al. 2015 The Met Office Global Coupled Model 2.0 (GC2) configuration. Geosci. Model Dev. 8 , 1509-1524. (doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015)\n - 16. Senior CA et al. 2016 Idealized climate change simulations with a high-resolution physical model: HadGEM3-GC2. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 8 , 813-830. (doi:10.1002/2015MS000614)\n - 17. Wood N et al. 2014 An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian discretization of the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140 , 1505-1520. (doi:10.1002/qj.2235)\n - 18. MacLachlan C et al. 2014 Global seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): a highresolution seasonal forecast system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 141 , 1072-1084. (doi:10.1002/qj.2396)", "page_start": 25, @@ -3669,40 +3681,28 @@ "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, { - "text": "There are two major research questions concerning the impacts of climate change at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming, which are relevant to both mitigation and adaptation policy areas.\n\n - (i) How much larger are the impacts at 2°C compared to 1.5°C? This is the primary question arising from the Paris Agreement [4] and is relevant to mitigation policy, informing judgements and actions on holding the global temperature rise to 'well below 2°C' and 'pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C'.\n - (ii) What regional climate conditions and related hydrological and ecological conditions could occur at a particular level of global warming, such as 2°C? This is relevant to adaptation policy and planning-exploring the possible outcomes for these levels of warming will help facilitate adaptation and improved resilience to account for a 1.5°C or 2°C world. It is recognized that many adaptation decisions require information on timing of specific impacts or risks, but nevertheless, framing regional impacts assessments in terms of associated global warming levels (GWLs) may help provide context of the levels of climate change that may be avoidable or unavoidable (and hence require adaptation).", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" + "text": "| Emissions scenarios | N/A | RCP8.5 H ++ | lower scenario (for Met Office Hadley Centre model only) | Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation | RCP8.5 | RCP8.5 |\n| Variables available ++ | Temperature, precipitation (including snow), sunshine, wind | Sea level rise, storm surge | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | humidity, wind speed, | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, { - "text": "- 9. Dong, W. H., Liu, Z., Liao, H., Tang, Q. H. & Li, X. E. New climate and socio-economic scenarios for assessing global human health challenges due to heat risk. Clim. Change 130 (4), 505-518 (2015).\n - 10. Brown, S. C., Wigley, T. M. L., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Rahbek, C. & Fordham, D. A. Persistent Quaternary climate refugia are hospices for biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Nat. Clim. Change 10 , 244-248 (2020).\n - 11. Fischer, H., Amelung, D. & Said, N. /T\\_he accuracy of German citizens' con/fidence in their climate change knowledge. Nat. Clim. Change 9 , 776-780 (2020).\n - 12. Hasegawa, T. et al. Risk of increased food insecurity under stringent global climate change mitigation policy. Nat. Clim. Change 8 , 699-703 (2018).\n - 13. Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W. & Costa-Roberts, J. Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science 333 , 616-620 (2011).\n\n14. UNFCCC. /T\\_he Paris Agreement. 2015, https:// unfccc. int/ proce ss- and- meeti ngs/ the- paris- agree ment/ the- paris- agree ment.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" + "text": "- * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, { - "text": "A detailed investigation of these factors is beyond the scope of this paper; nevertheless, this result illustrates the important point that the nature and patterns of the climate forcing at a particular level of global warming can play an important role in determining the patterns of regional impacts.\n\n## 5. Conclusion\n\nThe higher-resolution HadGEM3 simulations project consistent increases in temperature-related extremes, with larger changes at 2°C compared to 1.5°C and local changes being larger than the global annual mean. There is a higher degree of spatial variation in our projections compared with CMIP5-based studies.\n\nIn the model projections examined here, changes relating to the water cycle are complex, both in their geographical pattern and in the variation between different models. The length of flooding events generally increases across world in all models, but maximum rainfall can either increase or decrease depending on locations. Global patterns of increase and decrease show some consistency between the different GWLs, but also some local differences. Worldwide, most impacts broadly tend to increase with global warming in most areas. For global mean changes, even when the sign of change is uncertain, individual realizations generally show reduced impact at 1.5°C compared with 2°C. However, this does not always hold even at the scale of major global river basins.\n\nVulnerability to food insecurity increases more at 2°C global warming than 1.5°C in approximately three-quarters of countries assessed. The vulnerability increase can arise from increases in either flooding or drought. Reduced drought leads to decreased vulnerability in a limited number of cases.\n\nMost simulations here project a general increase in mean streamflow in most of the basins examined, but with a number of notable exceptions in the tropics. While flows in the Ganges are consistently projected to increase by 30-110% at 2°C, Amazon flows could either increase by 3% or decrease by 25%. Ensemble-mean changes in river flow often do not give a full impression of the magnitude of changes that may be possible, so adaptation planning in particular should not rely on ensemble-mean projections and instead consider a range of outcomes. The seasonal low streamflows also increase in many basins, but not as many as for the mean flows-many basins see decreased low flows in some or all projections.\n\nBroadly, changes in weather extremes at 1.5°C global warming could be estimated by scalingback the impacts at 2°C, if this is done with individual ensemble members rather than the ensemble mean. However, this was not always the case for impacts that depend on more complex process or interactions between more than one climate variable, such as run-off and an indicator of vulnerability to food insecurity.\n\nData accessibility.\n\nThis article has no additional data.\n\nCompeting interests. We declare we have no competing interests.\n\nFunding. This research received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/20072013 under grant agreement no. 603864 (HELIX: 'High-End cLimate Impacts and eXtremes'; www. helixclimate.eu). The work of R.A.B., C.B., J.C., L.G., K.L. and K.R. was additionally supported by the Joint UK BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101).\n\nAcknowledgements. The authors thank Ed Pope, Jason Lowe and Dann Mitchell for advice and discussion, Alissa Haward and Maria Pearce for project management and administration of HELIX, and two anonymous reviewers whose comments substantially improved the paper.\n\n## References\n\n - 1. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al .), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, + "text": "- 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Glob. Environ. Change 25 , 121-132. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.004)\n - 23. Richardson K, Lewis K, Krishnamurthy K, Kent C, Wiltshire A, Hanlon H. 2018 Food security outcomes under a changing climate: impacts of mitigation and adaptation on vulnerability to food insecurity. Clim. Change , 147 , 327-341. (doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2137-y)\n - 24. Best M et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description-part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 677-699. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011)\n - 25. Clark D et al. 2011 The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model descriptionpart 2: carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 701-722. (doi:10.5194/ gmd-4-701-2011)\n - 26. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ. 2000 Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408 , 184-187. (doi:10.1038/ 35041539)\n - 27. Jones CD et al. 2011 The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 543-570. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-543-2011)\n - 28. Betts RA et al. 2015 Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial ecosystems and river flows in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using the representative concentration pathways. Biogeosciences 12 , 1317. (doi:10.5194/bg-12-1317-2015)\n - 29. Falloon PD, Betts RA. 2006 The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 7 , 62-68. (doi:10.1002/asl.133)\n - 30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, Betts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological forcing in determining future global water stress. Glob. Environ. Change 23 , 1083-1097. (doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005)\n - 31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows - exploring the effects of forcing biases. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 , 1785-1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785)\n - 32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. Nat. Clim. Change 6 , 946-949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046)\n - 33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 10 019-10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113)\n - 34. Betts RA et al. 2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon dioxide rise. Nature 448 , 1037-1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045)\n - 35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases on global runoff simulations of a land surface model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 21 , 4379-4401. (doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017)\n - 36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J. Climate 19 , 3088-3111. (doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1)\n - 37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily GCMprecipitation output. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 3150-3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323)\n - 38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Geosci. Model Dev. 10 , 3609-3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017)", + "page_start": 26, + "page_end": 26, "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, { - "text": "- (i) paragraph 1(2) (G7 attendees etc),\n - (ii) paragraph 2 (UK border activities),\n - (iii) paragraph 3 (defence activities),\n - (iv) paragraph 4 (border security),\n - (v) paragraph 6 (seamen and masters),\n - (vi) paragraph 7 (pilots),\n - (vii) paragraph 8 (inspectors and surveyors of ships),", - "page_start": 74, - "page_end": 74, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- of crude oil based fuels to consumers in the United Kingdom or persons carrying on business in the United Kingdom; and\n - (b) the activities are required to ensure continued safe operation of the facility,\n\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| Increase due to land revaluation of foreign subsidiaries .............................................................. | | 2,182 | - | - | 20,393 |", - "page_start": 86, - "page_end": 86, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" + "text": "There are two major research questions concerning the impacts of climate change at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming, which are relevant to both mitigation and adaptation policy areas.\n\n - (i) How much larger are the impacts at 2°C compared to 1.5°C? This is the primary question arising from the Paris Agreement [4] and is relevant to mitigation policy, informing judgements and actions on holding the global temperature rise to 'well below 2°C' and 'pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C'.\n - (ii) What regional climate conditions and related hydrological and ecological conditions could occur at a particular level of global warming, such as 2°C? This is relevant to adaptation policy and planning-exploring the possible outcomes for these levels of warming will help facilitate adaptation and improved resilience to account for a 1.5°C or 2°C world. It is recognized that many adaptation decisions require information on timing of specific impacts or risks, but nevertheless, framing regional impacts assessments in terms of associated global warming levels (GWLs) may help provide context of the levels of climate change that may be avoidable or unavoidable (and hence require adaptation).", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3713,11 +3713,17 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "1981-2080", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "| Scale | UK | UK | Global | UK | UK | UK |\n| Spatial resolution* | To match land projections | UK Coastline † | 60km | 25km | 12km + | 2.2km |\n| Highest temporal resolution | Daily / monthly | Annual | Daily | Monthly | Daily | Sub-daily |\n| Period of data | bulk of 20th century to present day | 1950-2100 RCP2.6, RCP4.5, | 1900-2100 RCP8.5; additional | 1961-2100 SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5 | 1981-2080 | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080 |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n## PROJECTIONS OVER LAND\n\nThe land projections comprise three components:\n\n## 60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS\n\n20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.\n\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the drivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of UKCP09. A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated using an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model. These projections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states to reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning. They will be generated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of CMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative to other climate models.\n\n## 25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS\n\nCaptures natural variability and climate change . Updated models and observations. Provides seasonal scale projections.\n\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for estimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis. Probabilistic projections will be updated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest IPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest observations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks. Projections will be on a 25 km grid for the UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP09 11 . The new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge of the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability density functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month. This contrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided 12 .\n\n## DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS\n\nDownscaled versions of the global model for the UK. For the most spatially detailed downscaling this includes hourly data. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple UK locations.\n\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance to adaptation at two different resolutions. The 12 km model provides a downscaled product that is similar to UKCP09's 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global model and at a higher resolution. This may be especially useful for those interested in water availability and some aspects of agriculture. A key reason for providing this data is that users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX 13 .\n\nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting models at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving atmospheric processes. Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the information provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and potential improvements in the diurnal cycle.\n\nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some output, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained. Specific time slices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be confirmed.\n\n - 11 SRESA1B: IPCC future scenario based on rapid economic growth and a balance of energy sources\n - 12 30-year means can be created using the UKCP18 PDF data\n - 13 http://www.euro-cordex.net/\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "page_start": 2, @@ -3736,6 +3742,18 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "| | | | Land | Land | Land | Land |\n|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Observations (UK State of the Climate) | Marine and coastal projections | Global projections | Probabilistic projections | High resolution projections | High resolution projections |\n| Characteristics | Observed trends; long-term climatologies; weather events for the preceding year | Updated sea level rise and surge projections based on operational storm surge model (CS3) using CMIP5, EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of ~20 spatially coherent time series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model and a similar number of CMIP5 models | Updated probability density functions presented as 30- year and monthly time series based on Met Office models (HadCM3, ESPPE) and CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the UK for ~10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall events |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 2. Murphy JM et al. 2009 UKclimate projections science report: climate change projections . Exeter, UK: Met Office Hadley Centre. See http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk.\n - 3. United Nations. 2010 Report of the Conference Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen, 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ 11a01.pdf.\n - 4. United Nations. 2016 Report of the Conference Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris, 30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/ 10a01.pdf.\n - 5. Hewitson B et al. 2014 Regional context. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds VR Barros et al. ), pp. 1133-1197. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 6. Dankers R et al. 2013 First look at changes in flood hazard in the inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project ensemble. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3257-3261. (doi:10.1073/ pnas.1302078110)\n - 7. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds CB Field et al. ), pp. 1-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n - 8. Schewe J et al. 2014 Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111 , 3245-3250. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110)\n - 9. Schleussner C-F et al. 2015 Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5°C and 2°C. Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. 6 , 2447-2505. (doi:10.5194/ esdd-6-2447-2015)\n - 10. James R, Washington R, Schleussner C-F, Rogeli J, Conway D. 2017 Characterizing half-adegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global warming targets. WIREs Clim Change 8 , e457. (doi:10.1002/wcc.457)\n - 11. Haarsma RJ et al. 2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev. 9 , 4185-4208. (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016)\n - 12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke EC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation Met Office climate modelling system. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 223-253. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4223-2011).\n - 13. Martin GM et al. 2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 723-757. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011)\n - 14. Walters DN et al. 2011 The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES global land 3.0/3.1 configurations. Geosci. Model Dev. 4 , 919-941. (doi:10.5194/gmd4-919-2011)\n - 15. Williams KD et al. 2015 The Met Office Global Coupled Model 2.0 (GC2) configuration. Geosci. Model Dev. 8 , 1509-1524. (doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015)\n - 16. Senior CA et al. 2016 Idealized climate change simulations with a high-resolution physical model: HadGEM3-GC2. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 8 , 813-830. (doi:10.1002/2015MS000614)\n - 17. Wood N et al. 2014 An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian discretization of the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140 , 1505-1520. (doi:10.1002/qj.2235)\n - 18. MacLachlan C et al. 2014 Global seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): a highresolution seasonal forecast system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 141 , 1072-1084. (doi:10.1002/qj.2396)", "page_start": 25, @@ -3749,34 +3767,16 @@ "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" }, { - "text": "| Cornwall and Isles of Scilly | 0.6% | Manchester (DAT) | 1.6% | Surrey | 0.9% |\n|--------------------------------|--------|-------------------------|--------|-------------------------|--------|\n| County Durham | 0.7% | Medway towns | 0.4% | Sutton | 0.3% |\n| Coventry | 0.7% | Merton | 0.3% | Swindon | 0.4% |\n| Croydon | 0.7% | Middlesbrough | 0.6% | Tameside | 0.5% |\n| Cumbria | 0.8% | Milton Keynes | 0.3% | Telford and Wrekin | 0.3% |\n| Darlington | 0.2% | Newcastle upon Tyne | 0.8% | Thurrock | 0.2% |\n| Derby | 0.8% | Newham | 1.0% | Torbay | 0.3% |\n| Derbyshire | 1.3% | Norfolk | 1.3% | Tower Hamlets | 1.2% |\n| Devon | 0.7% | North East Lincolnshire | 0.5% | Trafford | 0.3% |\n| Doncaster (DAT) | 0.8% | North Lincolnshire | 0.4% | Wakefield (DAT) | 0.9% |\n| Dorset | 0.5% | North Somerset | 0.3% | Walsall | 0.7% |\n| Dudley | 0.7% | North Tyneside | 0.3% | Waltham Forest | 0.5% |\n| Ealing | 0.9% | North Yorkshire | 0.7% | Wandsworth (DAT) | 0.6% |\n| East Riding of Yorkshire | 0.4% | Northamptonshire | 1.1% | Warrington | 0.3% |\n| East Sussex | 0.7% | Northumberland | 0.5% | Warwickshire | 0.6% |\n| Enfield | 0.5% | Nottingham (DAT) | 0.9% | West Berkshire | 0.2% |\n| Essex | 1.5% | Nottinghamshire | 1.5% | West Sussex | 0.7% |\n| Gateshead | 0.6% | Oldham | 0.4% | Westminster | 0.9% |\n| Gloucestershire | 0.9% | Oxfordshire | 1.1% | Wigan | 0.6% |\n| Greenwich | 0.6% | Peterborough | 0.4% | Wiltshire | 0.4% |\n| Hackney | 0.9% | Plymouth | 0.7% | Windsor and Maidenhead | 0.2% |\n| Halton | 0.2% | Poole | 0.2% | Wirral | 1.0% |\n| Hammersmith and Fulham | 0.5% | Portsmouth | 0.5% | Wokingham | 0.1% |\n| Hampshire | 1.4% | Reading (DAT) | 0.4% | Wolverhampton | 0.8% |\n| Haringey | 0.6% | Redbridge | 0.5% | Worcestershire | 0.9% |\n| | | Redcar and Cleveland | 0.4% | York | 0.4% |\n\nWe then combined the above with the DIP data to assess the geographical coverage in each year. For each year the coverage percentages (above) were summed for all LAAs that provided data for that year. The results in the table below show that whilst the first year of DIP only covered around a quarter of the OCU population, from 2006 until its final year, LAAs covering between 94 and 98 per cent of the OCU population were recording DIP tests.", - "page_start": 39, - "page_end": 39, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For future (2020-2099), the original climate scenario data (Table 1) were extracted from output archives of /five ESMs (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M) under four RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5) retrieved from the CMIP website. /T\\_he climate scenario data was interpolated into 0.5° × 0.5° horizontal resolution and bias-corrected with respect to historical observations to remove systematic errors 46 . /T\\_he data of maize-planting regions are from the gridded global dataset in 2000 by combining two data products 47,48 .\n\nSimulation of climate scenarios with global warming by ͷ.ͻ °C and ͸.Ͷ °C. In this study, climate data of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are determined according to the results of global climate models driven by typical concentration paths (RCPs) of greenhouse gas emissions. Eligible data are selected from a total of 20 sets of data under four RCP scenarios of /five ESMs (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSLCM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M), which estimate the temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours (Fig. 1).\n\nVol:.(1234567890)", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" + "text": "| Emissions scenarios | N/A | RCP8.5 H ++ | lower scenario (for Met Office Hadley Centre model only) | Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation | RCP8.5 | RCP8.5 |\n| Variables available ++ | Temperature, precipitation (including snow), sunshine, wind | Sea level rise, storm surge | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | humidity, wind speed, | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation | Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation |", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, { - "text": "\n\nr\n\nii2.18. Rhuiples of Ropellerr\n\n--", - "page_start": 163, - "page_end": 163, + "text": "## NAVWEPS OO-EOT-80 INDEX\n\nproprllcrs\n\nlmd", + "page_start": 433, + "page_end": 433, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Estimated proportion of OCU population covered by DIP.\n\n| | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 25 |\n|--------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-----------|\n| Estimate of DIP's | 24.50% | 94.4% | 96.9% | 97.4% | 94.1% | 97.5% | 95.8% | 98.4% | 98.3% |\n| coverage | | | | | | | | | |\n\nThis lends a certain degree of confidence to the findings and suggests that the variation in geographical coverage from 2006 onwards will not bias the findings greatly. However, a few caveats need to be mentioned.\n\n - i) The above percentages only excluded LAAs that did not record any cases for the entire year. It is possible some LAAs only recorded cases for certain months within a particular year.\n - ii) Many of the findings from the report exclude cases in which no Police National Computer (PNC) number was recorded. Looking at the data it is clear that the proportion of cases without a PNC number varies across areas. So this will introduce some geographical bias.\n - iii) Using the published OCU figures by LAA to estimate DIP's geographical coverage involves the assumption that OCUs tend to get arrested in the same area in which they live and receive treatment.\n\nSupplementary DIP charts, showing age and year-of-birth distributions for the 296,008 PNC cases with positive opiate/opiate + cocaine tests.\n\n", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 19. Knight J et al. 2014 Predictions of climate several years ahead using an improved decadal prediction system. J. Clim. 27 , 7550-7567. (doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00069.1)\n - 20. Wyser K et al. 2016 Documentation of changes in climate variability and extremes simulated by the HELIX AGCMs at the 3 SWLs and comparison to changes in equivalent SST/SIC lowresolution CMIP5 projections. HELIX project deliverable 3.1.\n - 21. Alexander L, Yang H, Perkins S. 2018 ClimPACT-Indices and Software. User Manual. See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/ ETCRSCI\\_software\\_documentation\\_v2a.doc (accessed on 5 February 2018).", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" } ] }, @@ -3866,6 +3866,12 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Other resources\n\nThe following publications are also relevant as further information sources:", "page_start": 811, @@ -3890,6 +3896,12 @@ "page_end": 433, "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Table 13: Performance of each model for Clustering.", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, + "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" + }, { "text": "Handbook data", "page_start": 11, @@ -3913,18 +3925,6 @@ "page_start": 32, "page_end": 32, "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Exhibit\n\nMethod of Filing", - "page_start": 83, - "page_end": 83, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Related publications\n\nThe publications that are listed in this section are considered particularly suitable for a more detailed discussion of the topics that are covered in this book.\n\n## IBM Redbooks\n\nThe following IBM Redbooks publications provide more information about the topic in this document (note that some publications referenced in this list might be available in softcopy only):", - "page_start": 810, - "page_end": 810, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4157,8 +4157,8 @@ "target_page": 14, "target_passage": "'Grave professional misconduct': a violation of applicable laws or regulations or ethical standards of the profession to which a contractor or a related person belongs, including any conduct leading to sexual or other exploitation or abuse, or any wrongful conduct of the contractor or a related person which has an impact on its professional credibility where such conduct denotes wrongful intent or gross negligence.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -4231,11 +4231,17 @@ "target_page": 12, "target_passage": "Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "C ORPORATE VALUES :\n\nCorning's Values provide an unchanging moral and ethical compass that guides the actions of everyone in the company. The corporate values are: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual.\n\nquality integri performance leadership innovation independence i i i i i i i T OTAL Q UALITY : In alignment with the quality policy of thecorporation, our policy is to achieve Total Quality performance. Total Quality performance means understanding who the customer is, what the requirements are, and meeting those requirements better than anyone else, without error, on time, every time.", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, @@ -4289,12 +4295,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## We focus on the fundamentals of growth.\n\nProfitability. Productivity. Strategic management.", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4398,14 +4398,14 @@ }, { "text": "## Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001\n\nin thousands, except per share amounts", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" }, { "text": "## Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001\n\nin thousands, except per share amounts", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, + "page_start": 16, + "page_end": 16, "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" }, { @@ -4432,17 +4432,17 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" }, + { + "text": "C ORPORATE VALUES :\n\nCorning's Values provide an unchanging moral and ethical compass that guides the actions of everyone in the company. The corporate values are: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual.\n\nquality integri performance leadership innovation independence i i i i i i i T OTAL Q UALITY : In alignment with the quality policy of thecorporation, our policy is to achieve Total Quality performance. Total Quality performance means understanding who the customer is, what the requirements are, and meeting those requirements better than anyone else, without error, on time, every time.", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity\n\n## For the Years Ended December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002 (In thousands)", "page_start": 54, "page_end": 54, "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| 2003 | $141,658 | $ 57,533 | $ 10,340 | $6,721 | $188 |\n| 2002 | 112,765 | 59,554 | 10,961 | 6,255 | 187 |\n| 2001 | 114,280 | 56,090 | 11,480 | 5,373 | 254 |", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" } ] }, @@ -4675,8 +4675,8 @@ "target_page": 18, "target_passage": "A person shall be qualified for election as President if, and shall not be qualified unless, he or she- (a) is a citizen of Botswana by birth or descent; (b) has attained the age of 30 years; and (c) is qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -4749,8 +4749,8 @@ "target_page": 25, "target_passage": "A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -4823,8 +4823,8 @@ "target_page": 16, "target_passage": "\"disciplined force\" means- (a) a naval, military or air force; (b) a police force; or (c) a prison service", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 8 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -5785,11 +5785,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "Log in\n\n\n\nHome / Arts and Entertainment / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\n## New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n07/31/2024\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain America's global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit Series.\n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and technologists to address the challenges of AI's energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant energy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote partnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy efficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in overcoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\n\nSCSP's recent 'Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,' raises many issues related to AI and energy, including recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and other issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American adversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP's Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\n\nArticle Link\n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with…\n\n## RELATED ARTICLES\n\n\n\n\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nCelebrate St. Patrick's Day with No Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and Entertainment\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nExplore Downtown San Pedro with Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car Trolley for Free\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the Stapleton Library Job Fair in Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service\n\n\n\n\n\nFeb 22, 2024\n\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A Natural Alternative to Weight Loss Drugs\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.\n\nFeb 21, 2024\n\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us How to Go the Distance in Business and in Life\n\nNEWSUSA\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a Unique Fusion of Groove and Collage\n\nFASHION\n\nBUSINESS\n\nINFOGRAPHIC\n\nENVIRONMENT\n\nHEALTH\n\nMONEY\n\nFOOD\n\nTRAVEL\n\nBRIDAL\n\nRECREATION\n\nTECHNOLOGY\n\nHOME\n\nEDUCATION\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAUTO\n\nCHILDREN\n\nFITNESS\n\nHOLIDAY\n\nINSURANCE\n\nLAWN & GARDEN\n\nLISTICLE\n\nNUTRITION\n\nPARENTING\n\nPETS\n\nSEASONAL\n\nSENIORS\n\nSPANISH\n\nTIPS AND HOW TO\n\nENTERTAINMENT\n\nCAREER\n\nCOMMUNITY\n\nFAMILY\n\nTIPS\n\nINTERNET\n\nHUMAN\\_INTEREST\n\nBEAUTY\n\nARTS\n\nREALESTATE\n\nSAFETY\n\nMEDICINE\n\nBOOK\\_REVIEW\n\nRECIPE\n\nAFRICAN\\_AMERICANS\n\nHOW\\_TO\n\nBYLINED\\_COLUMN\n\nCHARITY\n\nSPORTS\n\nHOME\\_IMPROVEMENT\n\nTECH\n\nWELLNESS\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\nFOOD & DRINK\n\nREAL\\_ESTATE\n\nVETERANS\n\nOUTDOORS\n\nREAL ESTATE\n\nHUMAN INTEREST\n\nMONEY & FINANCE\n\nFASHION & BEAUTY\n\nMONEY AND FINANCE\n\nBOOKS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nBOOKS\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nRECENT POSTS", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news1.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 200. \"Big tech and the pursuit of AI dominance\" (https://www.economist.com/business/2023/03/2 6/big-tech-and-the-pursuit-of-ai-dominance). The Economist . 26 March 2023. Archived (http s://web.archive.org/web/20231229021351/https://www.economist.com/business/2023/03/26/ big-tech-and-the-pursuit-of-ai-dominance) from the original on 29 December 2023.\n - 201. Fung, Brian (19 December 2023). \"Where the battle to dominate AI may be won\" (https://ww w.cnn.com/2023/12/19/tech/cloud-competition-and-ai/index.html). CNN Business . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240113053332/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/19/tech/cloudcompetition-and-ai/index.html) from the original on 13 January 2024.\n - 202. Metz, Cade (5 July 2023). \"In the Age of A.I., Tech's Little Guys Need Big Friends\" (https://w ww.nytimes.com/2023/07/05/business/artificial-intelligence-power-data-centers.html). The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214644/https://www.nytim es.com/2023/07/05/business/artificial-intelligence-power-data-centers.html) from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 203. \"Electricity 2024 - Analysis\" (https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024). IEA . 24 January 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.\n - 204. Calvert, Brian (28 March 2024). \"AI already uses as much energy as a small country. It's only the beginning\" (https://www.vox.com/climate/2024/3/28/24111721/ai-uses-a-lot-of-ener gy-experts-expect-it-to-double-in-just-a-few-years). Vox . New York, New York. Archived (http s://web.archive.org/web/20240703080555/https://www.vox.com/climate/2024/3/28/2411172 1/ai-uses-a-lot-of-energy-experts-expect-it-to-double-in-just-a-few-years) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 205. Halper, Evan; O'Donovan, Caroline (21 June 2024). \"AI is exhausting the power grid. Tech firms are seeking a miracle solution\" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/06/2 1/artificial-intelligence-nuclear-fusion-climate/?utm\\_campaign=wp\\_post\\_most&utm\\_medium =email&utm\\_source=newsletter&wpisrc=nl\\_most&carta-url=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.washingto npost.com%2Fcar-ln-tr%2F3e0d678%2F6675a2d2c2c05472dd9ec0f4%2F596c09009bbc0f 20865036e7%2F12%2F52%2F6675a2d2c2c05472dd9ec0f4). Washington Post .\n - 206. Davenport, Carly. \"AI Data Centers and the Coming YS Power Demand Surge\" (https://web. archive.org/web/20240726080428/https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/gs-res earch/generational-growth-ai-data-centers-and-the-coming-us-power-surge/report.pdf) (PDF). Goldman Sachs . Archived from the original (https://www.goldmansachs.com/intellige nce/pages/gs-research/generational-growth-ai-data-centers-and-the-coming-us-power-surg e/report.pdf) (PDF) on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 207. Ryan, Carol (12 April 2024). \"Energy-Guzzling AI Is Also the Future of Energy Savings\" (http s://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/ai-data-centers-energy-savings-d602296e). Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones.\n - 208. Hiller, Jennifer (1 July 2024). \"Tech Industry Wants to Lock Up Nuclear Power for AI\" (https:// www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/tech-industry-wants-to-lock-up-nuclear-power-for-ai-6cb7 5316?mod=djem10point). Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones. Archived (https://web.archive.or g/web/20241005165650/https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/tech-industry-wants-to-loc k-up-nuclear-power-for-ai-6cb75316?mod=djem10point) from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n - 209. Kendall, Tyler (28 September 2024). \"Nvidia's Huang Says Nuclear Power an Option to Feed Data Centers\" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-27/nvidia-s-huang-s ays-nuclear-power-an-option-to-feed-data-centers). Bloomberg .", "page_start": 41, @@ -5843,12 +5849,6 @@ "page_start": 56, "page_end": 56, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 281 Independent High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence set up by the European Commission, 2019: Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI\n - 282 EU-OSHA, 2022: Artificial intelligence for worker management: an overview", - "page_start": 151, - "page_end": 151, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" } ] }, @@ -5933,8 +5933,8 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -5974,6 +5974,12 @@ "page_end": 38, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Log in\n\n\n\nHome / Arts and Entertainment / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\n## New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy\n\n07/31/2024\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain America's global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit Series.\n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and technologists to address the challenges of AI's energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant energy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote partnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy efficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in overcoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\n\nSCSP's recent 'Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,' raises many issues related to AI and energy, including recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and other issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American adversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP's Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\n\nArticle Link\n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with…\n\n## RELATED ARTICLES\n\n\n\n\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nCelebrate St. Patrick's Day with No Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and Entertainment\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nExplore Downtown San Pedro with Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car Trolley for Free\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the Stapleton Library Job Fair in Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service\n\n\n\n\n\nFeb 22, 2024\n\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A Natural Alternative to Weight Loss Drugs\n\n© Copyright NewsUSA 2025. All Rights Reserved.\n\nFeb 21, 2024\n\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us How to Go the Distance in Business and in Life\n\nNEWSUSA\n\nMar 06, 2024\n\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a Unique Fusion of Groove and Collage\n\nFASHION\n\nBUSINESS\n\nINFOGRAPHIC\n\nENVIRONMENT\n\nHEALTH\n\nMONEY\n\nFOOD\n\nTRAVEL\n\nBRIDAL\n\nRECREATION\n\nTECHNOLOGY\n\nHOME\n\nEDUCATION\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAUTO\n\nCHILDREN\n\nFITNESS\n\nHOLIDAY\n\nINSURANCE\n\nLAWN & GARDEN\n\nLISTICLE\n\nNUTRITION\n\nPARENTING\n\nPETS\n\nSEASONAL\n\nSENIORS\n\nSPANISH\n\nTIPS AND HOW TO\n\nENTERTAINMENT\n\nCAREER\n\nCOMMUNITY\n\nFAMILY\n\nTIPS\n\nINTERNET\n\nHUMAN\\_INTEREST\n\nBEAUTY\n\nARTS\n\nREALESTATE\n\nSAFETY\n\nMEDICINE\n\nBOOK\\_REVIEW\n\nRECIPE\n\nAFRICAN\\_AMERICANS\n\nHOW\\_TO\n\nBYLINED\\_COLUMN\n\nCHARITY\n\nSPORTS\n\nHOME\\_IMPROVEMENT\n\nTECH\n\nWELLNESS\n\nARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT\n\nFOOD & DRINK\n\nREAL\\_ESTATE\n\nVETERANS\n\nOUTDOORS\n\nREAL ESTATE\n\nHUMAN INTEREST\n\nMONEY & FINANCE\n\nFASHION & BEAUTY\n\nMONEY AND FINANCE\n\nBOOKS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nBOOKS\n\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT\n\nCATEGORIES\n\nRECENT POSTS", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news1.pdf" + }, { "text": "models are prone to generating falsehoods called \"hallucinations\", although this can be reduced with RLHF and quality data. They are used in chatbots, which allow people to ask a question or request a task in simple text. [122][123]\n\nCurrent models and services include Gemini (formerly Bard), ChatGPT, Grok, Claude, Copilot, and LLaMA. [124] Multimodal GPT models can process different types of data (modalities) such as images, videos, sound, and text. [125]\n\n## Hardware and software\n\nIn the late 2010s, graphics processing units (GPUs) that were increasingly designed with AI-specific enhancements and used with specialized TensorFlow software had replaced previously used central processing unit (CPUs) as the dominant means for large-scale (commercial and academic) machine learning models' training. [126] Specialized programming languages such as Prolog were used in early AI research, [127] but general-purpose programming languages like Python have become predominant. [128]\n\nThe transistor density in integrated circuits has been observed to roughly double every 18 months-a trend known as Moore's law, named after the Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, who first identified it. Improvements in GPUs have been even faster. [129]\n\n## Applications\n\nAI and machine learning technology is used in most of the essential applications of the 2020s, including: search engines (such as Google Search), targeting online advertisements, recommendation systems (offered by Netflix, YouTube or Amazon), driving internet traffic, targeted advertising (AdSense, Facebook), virtual assistants (such as Siri or Alexa), autonomous vehicles (including drones, ADAS and self-driving cars), automatic language translation (Microsoft Translator, Google Translate), facial recognition (Apple's Face ID or Microsoft's DeepFace and Google's FaceNet) and image labeling (used by Facebook, Apple's iPhoto and TikTok). The deployment of AI may be overseen by a Chief automation officer (CAO).\n\n## Health and medicine\n\nThe application of AI in medicine and medical research has the potential to increase patient care and quality of life. [130] Through the lens of the Hippocratic Oath, medical professionals are ethically compelled to use AI, if applications can more accurately diagnose and treat patients. [131][132]\n\nFor medical research, AI is an important tool for processing and integrating big data. This is particularly important for organoid and tissue engineering development which use microscopy imaging as a key technique in fabrication. [133] It has been suggested that AI can overcome discrepancies in funding allocated to different fields of research. [133] New AI tools can deepen the understanding of biomedically relevant pathways. For example, AlphaFold 2 (2021) demonstrated the ability to approximate, in hours rather than months, the 3D structure of a protein. [134] In 2023, it was reported that AI-guided drug discovery helped find a class of antibiotics capable of killing two different types of drug-resistant bacteria. [135] In 2024, researchers used machine learning to accelerate the search for Parkinson's disease", "page_start": 8, @@ -5991,12 +5997,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "drug treatments. Their aim was to identify compounds that block the clumping, or aggregation, of alphasynuclein (the protein that characterises Parkinson's disease). They were able to speed up the initial screening process ten-fold and reduce the cost by a thousand-fold. [136][137]\n\n## Sexuality\n\nApplications of AI in this domain include AI-enabled menstruation and fertility trackers that analyze user data to offer prediction, [138] AI-integrated sex toys (e.g., teledildonics), [139] AI-generated sexual education content, [140] and AI agents that simulate sexual and romantic partners (e.g., Replika). [141] AI is also used for the production of non-consensual deepfake pornography, raising significant ethical and legal concerns. [142]\n\nAI technologies have also been used to attempt to identify online gender-based violence and online sexual grooming of minors. [143][144]\n\n## Games\n\nGame playing programs have been used since the 1950s to demonstrate and test AI's most advanced techniques. [145] Deep Blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, on 11 May 1997. [146] In 2011, in a Jeopardy! quiz show exhibition match, IBM's question answering system, Watson, defeated the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, by a significant margin. [147] In March 2016, AlphaGo won 4 out of 5 games of Go in a match with Go champion Lee Sedol, becoming the first computer Go-playing system to beat a professional Go player without handicaps. Then, in 2017, it defeated Ke Jie, who was the best Go player in the world. [148] Other programs handle imperfect-information games, such as the poker-playing program Pluribus. [149] DeepMind developed increasingly generalistic reinforcement learning models, such as with MuZero, which could be trained to play chess, Go, or Atari games. [150] In 2019, DeepMind's AlphaStar achieved grandmaster level in StarCraft II, a particularly challenging real-time strategy game that involves incomplete knowledge of what happens on the map. [151] In 2021, an AI agent competed in a PlayStation Gran Turismo competition, winning against four of the world's best Gran Turismo drivers using deep reinforcement learning. [152] In 2024, Google DeepMind introduced SIMA, a type of AI capable of autonomously playing nine previously unseen open-world video games by observing screen output, as well as executing short, specific tasks in response to natural language instructions. [153]\n\n## Mathematics\n\nIn mathematics, special forms of formal step-by-step reasoning are used. [154] In contrast, LLMs such as GPT-4 Turbo , Gemini Ultra , Claude Opus , LLaMa-2 or Mistral Large are working with probabilistic models, which can produce wrong answers in the form of hallucinations. Therefore, they need not only a large database of mathematical problems to learn from but also methods such as supervised fine-tuning or trained classifiers with human-annotated data to improve answers for new problems and learn from corrections. [155] A 2024 study showed that the performance of some language models for reasoning capabilities in solving math problems not included in their training data was low, even for problems with only minor deviations from trained data. [156]", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6042,6 +6042,12 @@ "page_end": 30, "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## OUR VISION\n\nWe, the members of HON INDUSTRIES, are dedicated to creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders, to exceeding our customers' expectations, and to making our company a great place to work. We will always treat each other, as well as customers, suppliers, shareholders, and our communities, with fairness and respect.\n\nOur success depends upon business simplification, rapid continuous improvement, and innovation in everything we do, individual and collective integrity, and the relentless pursuit of the following long-standing beliefs:\n\n## WE WILL BE PROFITABLE.\n\nWe pursue mutually profitable relationships with customers and suppliers. Only when our company achieves an adequate profit can the other elements of this Vision be realized.\n\n## WE WILL CREATE LONG-TERM VALUE FOR SHAREHOLDERS.\n\nWe create long-term value for shareholders by earning financial returns significantly greater than our cost of capital and pursuing profitable growth opportunities. We will safeguard our shareholders' equity by maintaining a strong balance sheet to allow flexibility in responding to a continuously changing market and business environment.\n\n## WE WILL PURSUE PROFITABLE GROWTH.\n\nWe pursue profitable growth on a global basis in order to provide continued job opportunities for members and financial success for all stakeholders.\n\n## WE WILL BE A SUPPLIER OF QUALITY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.\n\nWe provide reliable products and services of high quality and brand value to our end-users. Our products and services exceed our customers' expectations and enable our distributors and our company to make a fair profit.\n\n## WE WILL BE A GREAT PLACE TO WORK.\n\nWe pursue a participative environment and support a culture that encourages and recognizes excellence, active involvement, ongoing learning, and contributions of each member; that seeks out and values diversity; and that attracts and retains the most capable people who work safely, are motivated, and are devoted to making our company and our members successful.\n\n## WE WILL BE A RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE CITIZEN.\n\nWe conduct our business in a way that sustains the well-being of society, our environment, and the economy in which we live and work. We follow ethical and legal business practices. Our company supports our volunteer efforts and provides charitable contributions so that we can actively participate in the civic, cultural, educational, environmental, and governmental affairs of our society.\n\n## T O O U R S T A K E H O L D E R S :\n\nWhen our company is appreciated by its members, favored by its customers, supported by its suppliers, respected by the public, and admired by its shareholders, this Vision is fulfilled.\n\nwww.honi.com", + "page_start": 63, + "page_end": 63, + "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" + }, { "text": "## COMMON STOCK\n\nHON INDUSTRIES common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol: HNI. Stock price quotations can be found in major daily newspapers and The Wall Street Journal .\n\n## TRANSFER AGENT\n\nShareholders may report a change of address or make inquiries by writing or calling:\n\nComputershare Investor Services, LLC\n\n - 2 North LaSalle Street\n\nChicago, IL 60602\n\nTelephone: 312.588.4991", "page_start": 62, @@ -6065,12 +6071,6 @@ "page_start": 107, "page_end": 107, "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We see our share price as a direct function of communications, a function of expectations. Whether we are delivering results or providing information to investors, we know that speed and transparency are vital. Our Investor Relations division works hand-in-hand with our external and internal communications teams to ensure the timely delivery of that information. Speed, relevance and trust are at the core of all communications at Nissan.'", - "page_start": 44, - "page_end": 44, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6180,14 +6180,14 @@ }, { "text": "## Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001\n\nin thousands, except per share amounts", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, + "page_start": 16, + "page_end": 16, "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" }, { "text": "## Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001\n\nin thousands, except per share amounts", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" }, { @@ -6604,6 +6604,12 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nCorporate Headquarters\n\n1 Applied Plaza Cleveland, Ohio 44115 216/426-4000 Applied.com", + "page_start": 47, + "page_end": 47, + "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" + }, { "text": "## INFORMATION ON SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES\n\n## Consolidated subsidiaries", "page_start": 107, @@ -6657,12 +6663,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements .", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6838,6 +6838,12 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| System Overview It is the reference in the field as it defines a | Pros and cons Ontologies can be exported in | | Ontology based-system | | | Ontology | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nFigure 4.10 The New PizzaTopping Class Hierarchy\n\n\n\nSo far, we have created some simple named classes and subclasses which hopefully seem intuitive and obvious. However, what does it actually mean to be a subclass of something in OWL? For example, what does it mean for VegetableTopping to be a subclass of PizzaTopping ? In OWL subclass means necessary implication . I.e., if VegetableTopping is a subclass of PizzaTopping then all instances of VegetableTopping are also instances of PizzaTopping . It is for this reason that we try to have standards such as having all PizzaTopping classes end with the word ' Topping ' . Otherwise, it might seem we are saying that anything that is a kind of Ham like the Ham in your sandwich is a kind of MeatTopping or PizzaTopping which is not what we mean. For large ontologies strict attention to the naming of classes and other entities can prevent potential confusion and bugs.", "page_start": 21, @@ -6862,6 +6868,12 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "To understand what is going on you first need to understand that each SPARQL query consists of two parts. The first part at the beginning consists of several namespace prefixes. These statements consist of the prefix used for a particular namespace as well as the IRI associated with this namespace. Recall that these concepts were described in chapter 7. You may be wondering where all these prefixes came from since you didn't add them to your ontology. The answer is that every OWL ontology comes with a set of namespaces and prefixes that are required to define the ontology.\n\nAlso, to understand SPARQL you need to 'peak under the hood' of OWL. So far, we have been discussing concepts in purely logical and set theoretic terms, i.e., at the semantic level. However, like any language or database there is a lower level that describes how the concepts are mapped to actual data. In a relational database the fundamental construct to represent data is a table. In OWL the fundamental construct is a triple. OWL is actually built on top of RDFS which is a language built on top of RDF. RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a language to describe graphs (in the mathematical sense of the term). I.e., to describe nodes and links.\n\nThe foundation for RDF graphs are triples consisting of a subject, predicate, and object. This results in what is called an undirected or network graph because objects can be subjects and vice versa. Whenever you define a property in OWL you are defining a predicate. An individual can be a subject or an object (or both). E.g., in our ontology Customer1 purchasedPizza AmericanaHotPizza1 . In this example Customer1 is the subject, purchasedPizza is the predicate and AmericanaHotPizza1 is the object.\n\nHowever, classes and properties themselves are also represented as triples. So for example, when you create the class Pizza what Protégé does for you is to add the triple: Pizza rdf:type owl:Class to the ontology. I.e., the Pizza entity is of type (is an instance of) owl:Class . Similarly when you add NamedPizza as a subclass of Pizza , Protégé adds the triple: NamedPizza rdfs: s ubClassOf Pizza .\n\nHopefully, now you can make some sense of this initial query. The query is looking for all the entities that are the subjects of triples where the predicate is rdfs: s ubClassOf and the object is any other entity. The ? before a name indicates that the name is a wildcard that can match anything that fits with the rest of the pattern. This is part of the power of SPARQL, one can match a Subject, an Object, a Predicate or even all three. Making all 3 parts of the pattern wildcards would return every triple in the graph (in this case our entire Pizza ontology) being searched. You may notice that in some cases the object is simply the name of a class while in others it is a class expression with an orange circle in front of it. This is because when defining classes using DL axioms Protégé creates anonymous classes that correspond to various DL axioms.\n\nThe SELECT part of a SPARQL query determines what data to display. The WHERE part of a query determines what to match in the query. If you want to display everything matched in the WHERE clause you can just use a * for the SELECT clause. The initial default query in this tab is set up with no knowledge of the specific ontology. I.e., it will return all the classes that are subclasses of other classes regardless of the ontology. To get information about Pizzas the first thing we need to do is to add another prefix to the beginning of the query. In our case the Pizza ontology has been set up with a mapping to the prefix pizza (you can see this in the ontology prefixes tab in the Active ontology tab discussed in chapter 7). So, add the following to the SPARQL query after the last PREFIX statement:\n\n## PREFIX pizza: ", "page_start": 68, @@ -6869,22 +6881,10 @@ "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Chapter 1 Introduction\n\nThis introduces Protégé 5 for creating OWL ontologies as well as various plugins. If you have questions specific to this tutorial, please feel free to email me directly: mdebellissf@gmail.com However, if you have general questions about Protégé, OWL, or plugins you should subscribe to and send an email to the User Support for Protégé and Web Protégé email list. This list has many people (including me) who monitor it and can contribute their knowledge to help you understand how to get the most out of this technology. To subscribe to the list, go to: https://protege.stanford.edu/support.php and click on the first orange Subscribe button. That will enable you to subscribe to the list and give you the email to send questions to.\n\nThis chapter covers licensing and describes conventions used in the tutorial. Chapter 2 covers the requirements for the tutorial and describes the Protégé user interface. Chapter 3 gives a brief overview of the OWL ontology language. Chapter 4 focuses on building an OWL ontology with classes and object properties. Chapter 4 also describes using a Description Logic Reasoner to check the consistency of the ontology and automatically compute the ontology class hierarchy.\n\nChapter 5 describes data properties. Chapter 6 describes design patterns and shows one design pattern: adding an order to an enumerated class. Chapter 7 describes the various concepts related to the name of an OWL entity.\n\nChapter 8 introduces an extended version of the Pizza tutorial developed in chapters 1-7. This ontology has a small number of instances and property values already created which can be used to illustrate the tools in the later chapters for writing rules, doing queries, and defining constraints.\n\nChapter 9 describes two tools for doing queries: Description Logic queries and SPARQL queries. Chapter 10 introduces the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) and walks you through creating SWRL and SQWRL rules. Chapter 11 introduces the Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) and discusses the difference between defining logical axioms in Description Logic and data integrity constraints in SHACL. Chapter 12 has some concluding thoughts and opinions and Chapter 13 provides a bibliography.\n\n## 1.1 Licensing\n\nThis document is freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License. I typically distribute it as a PDF but if you want to make your own version send me an email and I will send you the Word version. For details on licensing see:\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode\n\n## 1.2 Conventions\n\nClass, property, rule, and individual names are written in Consolas font like this . The term used for any such construct in Protégé and in this document is an Entity . Individuals and classes can also be referred to as objects.\n\nNames for user interface tabs, views, menu selections, buttons, and text entry are highlighted like this.\n\nAny time you see highlighted text such as File>Preferences or OK or PizzaTopping it refers to something that you should or optionally could view or enter into the user interface. If you ever aren't sure what to do to accomplish some task look for the highlighted text. Often, as with PizzaTopping the text you enter into a field in the Protégé UI will be the name of a class, property, etc. In those cases, where the", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| 4.8.6 Reasoners Automatically Enforce Property Characteristics ...................................................... 26 |\n| 4.9 OWL Property Domains and Ranges ................................................................................................ 26 |\n| 4.10 Describing and Defining Classes .................................................................................................... 29 |\n| 4.10.1 Property restrictions ................................................................................................................. 29 |\n| 4.10.2 Existential Restrictions ............................................................................................................ 31 |\n| 4.10.3 Creating Subclasses of Pizza .................................................................................................... 33 |\n| 4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can't Have Members ............................................................................ 37 |\n| 4.11 Primitive and Defined Classes (Necessary and Sufficient Axioms) ............................................... 38 |\n| 4.12 Universal Restrictions ..................................................................................................................... 41 |\n| 4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning .................................................................. 42 |", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## ?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\n\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use autogenerated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot more and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme's book or some of the many SPARQL tools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography.\n\nOne final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open World Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter 4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1. For now, though remember that SPARQL is not subject to either of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic reasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the value for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist.", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "| Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" } ] }, @@ -6936,6 +6936,18 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| System Overview It is the reference in the field as it defines a | Pros and cons Ontologies can be exported in | | Ontology based-system | | | Ontology | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can't Have Members\n\nNext, we are going to use the reasoner to detect a class with a definition that means it can never have any members. In the current version of Protégé when the reasoner detects an inconsistency or problem on some operating systems the UI can occasionally lock up and be hard to use. So to make sure you don't lose any of your work save your ontology using File>Save.\n\nSometimes it can be useful to create a class that we think should be impossible to instantiate to make sure the ontology is modeled as we think it is. Such a class is called a Probe Class.\n\n## Exercise 19: Add a Probe Class called ProbeInconsistentTopping\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\n - 1. Select the class CheeseTopping from the class hierarchy.\n - 2. Create a subclass of CheeseTopping called ProbeInconsistentTopping.\n - 3. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the SubClass Of field in the Description view for ProbeInconsistentTopping .\n - 4. Select the Class hierarchy tab from the dialogue that pops up. This will bring up a small view that looks like the class hierarchy tab you have been using to add new classes. Use this to navigate to and select the class VegetableTopping. Click on OK.\n - 5. Make sure to save your current ontology file. Now run the reasoner. You should see that ProbeInconsistentTopping is now highlighted in red indicating it is inconsistent.\n - 6. Click on ProbeInconsistentTopping to see why it is highlighted in red. Notice that at the top of the Description view you should now see owl:Nothing under the Equivalent To field. This means that the probe class is equivalent to owl:Nothing . The owl:Nothing class is the opposite of owl:Thing . Whereas all individuals are instances of owl:Thing , no individual can ever be an instance of owl:Nothing . The owl:Nothing class is equivalent to the empty set in set theory.\n - 7. There should be a ? icon just to the right of owl:Nothing. As with any inference of the reasoner it is possible to click on the new information and generate an explanation for it. Do that now, click on the ? icon. This should generate a new window that looks like figure 4.20. The explanation is that ProbeInconsistentTopping is a subclass of CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping but those two classes are disjoint.\n - 8. Click OK to dismiss the window. Delete the class ProbeInconsistentTopping by selecting it and then clicking on the delete class icon at the top of the classes view (see figure 4.4).\n - 9. Synchronize the reasoner.\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_", "page_start": 37, @@ -6947,18 +6959,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To understand what is going on you first need to understand that each SPARQL query consists of two parts. The first part at the beginning consists of several namespace prefixes. These statements consist of the prefix used for a particular namespace as well as the IRI associated with this namespace. Recall that these concepts were described in chapter 7. You may be wondering where all these prefixes came from since you didn't add them to your ontology. The answer is that every OWL ontology comes with a set of namespaces and prefixes that are required to define the ontology.\n\nAlso, to understand SPARQL you need to 'peak under the hood' of OWL. So far, we have been discussing concepts in purely logical and set theoretic terms, i.e., at the semantic level. However, like any language or database there is a lower level that describes how the concepts are mapped to actual data. In a relational database the fundamental construct to represent data is a table. In OWL the fundamental construct is a triple. OWL is actually built on top of RDFS which is a language built on top of RDF. RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a language to describe graphs (in the mathematical sense of the term). I.e., to describe nodes and links.\n\nThe foundation for RDF graphs are triples consisting of a subject, predicate, and object. This results in what is called an undirected or network graph because objects can be subjects and vice versa. Whenever you define a property in OWL you are defining a predicate. An individual can be a subject or an object (or both). E.g., in our ontology Customer1 purchasedPizza AmericanaHotPizza1 . In this example Customer1 is the subject, purchasedPizza is the predicate and AmericanaHotPizza1 is the object.\n\nHowever, classes and properties themselves are also represented as triples. So for example, when you create the class Pizza what Protégé does for you is to add the triple: Pizza rdf:type owl:Class to the ontology. I.e., the Pizza entity is of type (is an instance of) owl:Class . Similarly when you add NamedPizza as a subclass of Pizza , Protégé adds the triple: NamedPizza rdfs: s ubClassOf Pizza .\n\nHopefully, now you can make some sense of this initial query. The query is looking for all the entities that are the subjects of triples where the predicate is rdfs: s ubClassOf and the object is any other entity. The ? before a name indicates that the name is a wildcard that can match anything that fits with the rest of the pattern. This is part of the power of SPARQL, one can match a Subject, an Object, a Predicate or even all three. Making all 3 parts of the pattern wildcards would return every triple in the graph (in this case our entire Pizza ontology) being searched. You may notice that in some cases the object is simply the name of a class while in others it is a class expression with an orange circle in front of it. This is because when defining classes using DL axioms Protégé creates anonymous classes that correspond to various DL axioms.\n\nThe SELECT part of a SPARQL query determines what data to display. The WHERE part of a query determines what to match in the query. If you want to display everything matched in the WHERE clause you can just use a * for the SELECT clause. The initial default query in this tab is set up with no knowledge of the specific ontology. I.e., it will return all the classes that are subclasses of other classes regardless of the ontology. To get information about Pizzas the first thing we need to do is to add another prefix to the beginning of the query. In our case the Pizza ontology has been set up with a mapping to the prefix pizza (you can see this in the ontology prefixes tab in the Active ontology tab discussed in chapter 7). So, add the following to the SPARQL query after the last PREFIX statement:\n\n## PREFIX pizza: ", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\nFigure 8.1 Graph of Some of the New Ontology Classes and Individuals\n\n\n\nFigure 8.1 uses the OntoGraf tab to visualize some of the new additions to the ontology. There is a new class called Person with subclasses Employee and Customer . Employee has 5 individuals: Manager , Chef, Waiter1 , and Waiter2 . Customer has 10 instances.\n\nIn addition, if you look at the Object properties tab you will see there are some new properties:\n\n - · The property purchasedByCustomer has domain Pizza and range Customer . It maps from an individual Pizza to the Customer that purchased it. It has an inverse called purchasedPizza .\n - · The property hasSpicinessPreference has domain Customer and range Spiciness . It records the preference the Customer has for how spicy they usually like their Pizza .", - "page_start": 63, - "page_end": 63, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7386,6 +7386,12 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 8. Abe T , Buckner SL , Mattocks KT , Jessee MB , Dankel SJ , Mouser JG , Bell ZW , Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass and architecture of the world ' s strongest raw powerlifter: a case study. Asian J Sports Med 9: e61763, 2018. doi:10.5812/asjsm.61763.\n - 9. Powell PL , Roy RR , Kanim P , Bello MA , Edgerton VR. Predictability of skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in guinea pig hindlimbs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 57: 1715 -1721, 1984. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1715.\n - 10. Maden-Wilkinson TM , Balshaw TG , Massey G , Folland JP. What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 1000 -1011, 2019. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.00224.2019.\n - 11. Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Massey GJ , Folland JP. The human muscle size and strength relationship: effects of architecture, muscle force, and measurement location. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 2140 -2151, 2021. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002691.\n - 12. Baxter JR , Piazza SJ. Plantar /uniFB02 exor moment arm and muscle volume predict torque-generating capacity in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 538 -544, 2014. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01140.2013.\n - 13. Miller R , Balshaw TG , Massey GJ , Maeo S , Lanza MB , Johnston M , Allen SJ , Folland JP. The muscle morphology of elite sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 804 -815, 2021. doi:10.1249/ mss.0000000000002522.\n - 14. Balshaw TG , Funnell MP , McDermott E , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Abela S , Quteishat B , Edsey M , James LJ , Folland JP. The effect of speci /uniFB01 c bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remodeling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237: e13903, 2023 [Erratum in Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237:e13952, 2023]. doi:10.1111/apha.13903.\n - 15. Massey GJ , Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Folland JP. Tendinous tissue properties after short- and long-term functional overload: differences between controls, 12 weeks and 4 years of resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 222: e13019, 2018. doi:10.1111/ apha.13019.\n - 16. Sugisaki N , Kobayashi K , Tsuchie H , Kanehisa H. Associations between individual lower-limb muscle volumes and 100-m sprint time in male sprinters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13: 214 -219, 2018. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0703.\n - 17. Seynnes OR , Erskine RM , Maganaris CN , Longo S , Simoneau EM , Grosset JF , Narici MV. Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107: 523 -530, 2009. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2009.\n - 18. Beckham GK , Sato K , Santana HAP , Mizuguchi S , Haff GG , Stone MH. Effect of body position on force production during the isometric midthigh pull. JStrengthCondRes 32: 48 -56, 2018. doi:10.1519/ jsc.0000000000001968.\n - 19. Travis SK , Goodin JR , Beckham GK , Bazyler CD. Identifying a test to monitor weightlifting performance in competitive male and female weightlifters. Sports 6: 46, 2018. doi:10.3390/sports6020046.\n - 20. Beckham G , Mizuguchi S , Carter C , Sato K , Ramsey M , Lamont H , Hornsby G , Haff G , Stone M. Relationships of isometric mid-thigh pull variables to weightlifting performance. J Sports Med Phys Fit 53: 573 -581, 2013.\n - 21. Hornsby WG , Gentles JA , MacDonald CJ , Mizuguchi S , Ramsey MW , Stone MH. Maximum strength, rate of force development, jump height, and peak power alterations in weightlifters across /uniFB01 ve months of training. Sports 5: 78, 2017. doi:10.3390/sports5040078.\n - 22. Beckham GK , Lamont HS , Sato K , Ramsey MW , Gh G , Stone MH. Isometric strength of powerlifters in key positions of the conventional deadlift. J Trainology 1: 32 -35, 2012. doi:10.17338/trainology.1.2\\_32.", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\npredictions of skeletal muscle mass nor dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provides detailed information on the size of speci /uniFB01 c individual muscles. Given the known importance of muscle size as a determinant of muscular strength (9 -11), pronounced muscle size seems likely to be critical to extreme human strength; however, the speci /uniFB01 c muscle size of extremely strong individuals remains unknown. Similarly, a large moment arm (e.g., of the patella tendon at the knee joint) could contribute to the expression of high muscular strength (10, 12), and a large tendon may mitigate the mechanical stress it experiences with very high muscular loads, and therefore, these characteristics may also be expected in individuals selected for exceptional strength.\n\nIn this paper, we present the /uniFB01 ndings from a unique opportunity to examine the laboratory function, muscle size, and distribution of muscle mass, as well as patellar tendon size and moment arm, of a World ' s Strongest Man and deadlift champion (WSM) in comparison with existing data on untrained individuals, power athletes (100-m-track sprinters), and long-term resistance-trained populations that we have assessed previously (10, 11, 13 -15).\n\n## MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n## Participant\n\nThe WSM ' s achievements included one World ' sStrongest Man title (14 mo prior to measurement), /uniFB01 ve Britain ' s Strongest Man titles (the most recent 6 mo prior to measurement), twice being World Deadlift Champion and Deadlift WorldRecordholder(500kg;atthetimeofmeasurement), and second place at Europe ' s Strongest Man. Prior to agreeing to participate, the purpose of the research study and the testing procedures were explained to the participant along with the risks and bene /uniFB01 ts of taking part. The participant gave his written informed consent to participate in the study that was approved by the Loughborough University Ethical Advisory Committee (Ethics Number R18-P090). Included in the written consent was a statement providing permission for publication of the collected data and the likelihood that their identity may be evident based on their achievements and characteristics, despite anonymization.\n\n## Training History\n\nThe WSM had been continuously involved in systematic, regular upper- and lower-body resistance training for 15 yr at the time of testing. In the 12 mo prior to testing, the participant ' s resistance training consisted of the following typical exercises: lower body: squats, deadlifts, leg press, and knee extension; and upper body: bench press, shoulder press, dumbbell/barbell rows, and lat pull-down. The proportion of the participant ' s training within the following repetition ranges over the last 12 mo was as follows: near maximum loads [1 -5 repetition maximum (RM)]: 10%; heavy loads (6 -14 RM): 80%; and moderate loads ( /C21 15 RM): 10%. The participant reported only occasional ( < 1 /C2 /week) use of advanced resistance training practices (i.e., complex training and accommodating resistance method) but frequently ( > 3 /C2 / week) executed training repetitions with the intention to move the load as fast as possible. The WSM ' snutritional\n\nsupplement consumption included protein, branched-chain amino acids, and electrolytes.\n\n## Overview", "page_start": 1, @@ -7397,12 +7403,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nchanges in response to functional overload/resistance training. For example, we previously found patellar tendon CSA to show very subtle changes after 15 wk (45 training sessions) of heavy resistance training [ þ 1.4% (41)] and no differences between long-term resistance-trained individuals and untrained controls (15).\n\n## Limitations\n\nAlthough the current investigation provides a detailed assessment of an individual at/toward the upper limit of human strength performance, it is important to appreciate study limitations. First, the participant was not measured immediately before their World ' sStrongestManchampionship success or other landmark performances, and it is entirely possible the functional and structural characteristics we assessed mayhavebeenevenhigherdirectlypriortopeakperformances. Despite using a wide-bore MRI scanner, due to the size of the WSM ' s shoulders and arms, it was not possible to scan their upperbody.Thus,wewerenotabletoinvestigatethisaspectof the WSM ' s muscle morphology; although given that greater hypertrophy occurs in the upper body compared with the lower body (42), it is possible that the WSM ' s upper-body muscle size relative to untrained controls may have been even more pronounced than what we have documented for the lower body. In the current study to provide the most representative data on untrained control participants, the largest available untrained control populations were used for each category of measurements. Thus, different untrained control populations were used [e.g., comparison of quadricep and hamstring size ( n ¼ 102) vs. comparison of all the leg muscles ( n ¼ 11)], which led to some subtle discrepancies in the contrasts between these groups and the WSM [e.g., quadriceps femoris/knee extensors, þ 127% and þ 99% relative to our large pooled ( n ¼ 102) and smaller ( n ¼ 11) untrained control samples, respectively]. Importantly, however, this discrepancy does not appear to meaningfully affect the interpretation of the /uniFB01 ndings. There were subtle differences in the precise scanning and analysis approaches used with the reference populations featured in this study, including 1 )magnetic /uniFB01 eld strength [1.5 T (10, 11, 15) vs. 3.0 T, WSM and (13, 14)]; 2 ) the interslice distance used to quantify quadriceps femoris and hamstrings muscle volume [1.5 cm (10, 11, 14)vs.2.0cm,WSMand(13)]; 3 )thecalculation of muscle volume [area under the cubic spline ACSA-muscle length curve: (10, 11, 14) vs. the equation detailed earlier: WSM and (13)]; and 4 )theuseofunilateralMRImeasuresderived from one limb (10, 11, 14, 15) or collapsed across two limbs [WSM and (13)]. However, it seems likely that these subtle differences would have had at most a very minor effect on the /uniFB01 ndings.Finally,itisalsoimportanttohighlightthatthedifferences documented between the WSM and comparative populations for the various measures included in the current study cannot be assumed to be anything other than a combination of both innate (genetic) and environmental (training and nutrition) factors.\n\n## Conclusions\n\nIn conclusion, this novel investigation documented the muscle and tendon morphology and whole body strength and power characteristics of an exceptionally strong individual, relative to comparative athletic, trained, and untrained\n\npopulations. Overall leg muscle volume of the WSM was approximately twice that of untrained controls but with pronounced anatomical variability in the extent of muscular development. The plantar /uniFB02 exor muscle group and the guy rope muscles (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: þ 140 to þ 202%), which stabilize the pelvis and femur, demonstrated the largest differences. The pronounced quadriceps femoris size of the WSM (greater than or equal to twice that of untrained) was accompanied by a more modest difference in patella tendon moment arm ( þ 18%) and was not matched by a proportional difference in tendon size ( þ 30%).", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7562,7 +7562,7 @@ "target_passage": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30– 40 years of ag", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 3 + "index": 5 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -7572,12 +7572,24 @@ "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Con /uniFB02 ict of interest\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or /uniFB01 nancial relationships that could be construed as a potential con /uniFB02 ict of interest.\n\n## Publisher ' s note\n\nAll claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their af /uniFB01 liated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.\n\n- 11. Unluer NO, Ozkan T, Yasa ME, Ates Y, Anlar O. Investigation of the relationship between trunk motor control and balance, functional mobility, and gait capacity in patients with multiple sclerosis/multipl sklerozlu hastalarda govde motor kontrolu ile denge, fonksiyonel mobilite ve yuruyus kapasitesi arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi . (2021) 27(3):283. doi: 10.4274/tdn.2021.41017\n- 12. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Physical activity and exercise training in multiple sclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived determinants and consequences. Disabil Rehabil . (2016) 38(13):1227 -42. doi: 10. 3109/09638288.2015.1077397\n- 13. Fikke HK, Normann B, Sivertsen M, Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC. Optimizing sensorimotor function, physical activity and employment for people with MS -a feasibility study. Fysioterapeuten . (2023) 90(1):32 -42. doi: 10.52705/ c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd\n- 14. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based, individualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides immediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(1):e1798. doi: 10.1002/pri.1798\n- 15. Arntzen EC, Straume BK, Odeh F, Feys P, Zanaboni P, Normann B. Groupbased individualized comprehensive core stability intervention improves balance in persons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther . (2019) 99 (8):1027 -38. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz017\n- 16. Arntzen EC, Øberg GK, Gallagher S, Normann B. Group-based, individualized exercises can provide perceived bodily changes and strengthen aspects of self in individuals with MS: a qualitative interview study. Physiother Theory Pract . (2019) 37(10):1080 -95. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923\n- 17. Florio-Smith J, Ayer M, Colhoun S, Daykin N, Hamill B, Liu X, et al. The importance of the patient ' s perspective in decision-making in multiple sclerosis: results of the OwnMS patient perspectives study. Mult Scler Relat Disord . (2023) 75:104757. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757\n- 18. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res . (2008) 51(1):225 -39. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018)\n- 19. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and The Sciences of Mind . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (2007).\n- 20. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception . London: Routledge Classics (2008).", "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency -a phenomenological consequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16 (2):207 -36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7\n - 22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition. Phenomenol Cogni Sci . (2007) 6(4):485 -507. doi: 10.1007/s1197-0079076-9\n - 23. DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ . (2006) 40(4):314 -21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x\n - 24. Malterud K. The art and science of clinical knowledge: evidence beyond measures and numbers. Lancet . (2001) 358(9279):397 -400. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (01)05548-9\n - 25. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care . (2007) 19(6):349 -57. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042\n - 26. Arntzen EC, Braaten T, Fikke HK, Normann B. Feasibility of a new intervention addressing group-based balance and high-intensity training, physical activity, and employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Rehabil Sci . (2024) 4:1 -17. doi: 10.3389/fresc. 2023.1258737\n - 27. Paulgaard G. Feltarbeid i egen kultur: innenfra, utenfra eller begge deler? / /uniFB01 eldwork in their own culture: from within, outside or both? In: Fossaskåret E, Fuglestad OL, Aase TH, editors. Metodisk Feltarbeid. Produksjon og Tolkning av Kvalitative Data/ Methodical Fieldwork. Production and Interpretation of Qualitative Data . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (1997). p. 70 -93.\n - 28. Malterud K. Theory and interpretation in qualitative studies from general practice: why and how? Scand J Public Health . (2016) 44(2):120 -9. doi: 10.1177/ 1403494815621181\n - 29. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology . (1983) 33(11):1444 -52. doi: 10.1212/wnl. 33.11.1444\n - 30. Malterud K. Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scand J Public Health . (2012) 40(8):795 -805. doi: 10.1177/1403494812465030\n - 31. Russell N, Gallagher S, Mset /uniFB01 RM, Hayes S, Motl RW, Coote S. Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis participating in a social cognitive behavior change physical activity intervention. Physiother Theory Pract . (2022) 39(5):1 -9. doi: 10. 1080/09593985.2022.2030828\n - 32. Smith M, Neibling B, Williams G, Birks M, Barker R. Consumer experience of a /uniFB02 exible exercise participation program (FEPP) for individuals with multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods study. Physiother Res Int . (2021) 26(4):e1922. doi: 10. 1002/pri1922\n - 33. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH, Rachwani J, Santamaria V. Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health (2023).\n - 34. Gallagher S, Bower M. Making enactivism even more embodied. AVANT: J Philos Interdiscip Vanguard . (2014) 5(2):232 -47. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011\n - 35. Di Paolo E, Cuffari E, Jaegher H. Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life and Language . Cambridge: MIT press (2018).\n - 36. Colombetti G. The embodied and situated nature of moods. Philosophia (Ramat Gan) . (2017) 45(4):1437 -51. doi: 10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0\n - 37. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav . (2004) 31(2):143 -64. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660\n - 38. Casey B, Coote S, Hayes S, Gallagher S. Changing physical activity behavior in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . (2018) 99(10):2059 -75. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.013", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "community healthcare in the two municipalities. The project team included three individuals representing users from the Nordland MS Association, along with an MS nurse and a neurologist from the MS-outpatient clinic, and three physiotherapists/ researchers.\n\n## 2.4 Research team and re /uniFB02 exivity\n\nAll researchers on the team are clinical specialists in neurological physiotherapy. BN and ECA developed the CoreDISTparticipation intervention, and SSHD contributed to the development of the outdoor part.\n\nThe researchers ' closeness to the intervention and the clinical /uniFB01 eld may have strengthened the depth and relevance of their interpretations in this study (27), as it was easy to understand what participants described and helped form follow-up questions during the interviews. However, closeness may also produce a risk of ' blind spots ' , as the researchers may prejudice participants ' experiences, omitting questions where the answers are believed to be obvious (27). Thus, throughout the process, trustworthiness and rigor were enhanced by discussing the methodology, /uniFB01 ndings, and interpretations with external researchers (including specialists in enactive theory), as well as user representatives. The presented theoretical framework (enactive theory) enhanced the distance to the material, as recommended in qualitative research (28).\n\n## 2.5 Recruitment and participants\n\nPrior to recruitment, the study was introduced to individuals with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) through a seminar hosted by the Nordland MS Association. Additionally, seminars were conducted for health professionals in community healthcare and at the regional hospital. Written information about this study (and the RCT) was sent from the MS clinic at the regional hospital by post to all eligible individuals af /uniFB01 liated with the hospital. Individuals who wished to participate signed the attached consent form and returned it in the pre-stamped envelope. The inclusion criteria were as follows: had been diagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (29)of ≤ 3.5, was ≥ 18 years, was employed (10% -100% of full-time) and residential address in the two prede /uniFB01 ned municipalities. The exclusion criteria were as follows: pregnancy, exacerbation of symptoms within two weeks prior to enrollment and other serious conditions compromising balance, walking or work capacity. All participants in the intervention group of the RCT ( n = 15) were included (Table 3).\n\n## 2.6 Data collection\n\nThe interview guide (Table 4) was developed based on literature reviews, clinical experience and discussions within the research group and with user representatives. Two test interviews were\n\nTABLE 3 Participant demographic information.TABLE 4 Interview guide.\n\n| Variable | Total ( n =15) |\n|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|\n| Age in years | Mean 47.6 (SD 6.04) |\n| Gender (women/men) | 12 woman/3 men (80%/20%) |\n| Type of MS | Relapsing remitting 15 (100%) |\n| EDSS | Mean 1.8 (SD 0.9) |\n| Years since diagnosis | Mean 10.4 (SD 7.8) |\n| Participation in the outdoor group | Mean 4.6 sessions/total mean attendance 57.3% |", "page_start": 3, @@ -7613,18 +7625,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 11: Number of recent (within two years) OCU initiates presenting to treatment in 2005 and 2013, by age of individual at first presentation.\n\n\n\nThe mode age of initiation has shifted from around 18 to around 25 and there is an older age profile throughout. Rises in average age of initiation have also been reported recently in cohorts of Australian injecting drug users (Horyniak et al., 2015). There appear to be two possible explanations.\n\n -  There is a genuine shift towards new initiates being older, and for them to present to treatment much faster than in previous years.\n -  There is a consistent, but small number of individuals who mis-report their age of onset when attending treatment i.e. who report that they have only been using opiates/crack for a short period when in fact they have been using for a far longer period, and that this is starting to really bias the numbers for recent cohorts because attendees from the original epidemic are becoming smaller.\n\nIt is possible then that the flattening we observe in the incidence trend is due to a small in-flux of older initiates, although mis-reporting may also explain that phenomenon. Either way though, as this analysis has made clear throughout, absolute numbers of new OCUs appear to be small probably fewer than 10,000 per annum and the numbers of those involved with crime will be smaller still. In addition, despite a flattening in the probable trend in new users, there is currently no sign that it is likely to tip upwards. If anything, the data suggest the downward trend is set to resume, though clearly it remains important to monitor the situation.", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Quite unknown and difficult to estimate: between one and nine percent of the employees take so-called neuro", - "page_start": 157, - "page_end": 157, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7646,6 +7646,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\nEDITED BY\n\nJacqui H Morris,\n\nUniversity of Dundee, United Kingdom\n\nREVIEWED BY\n\nNicola Saywell,\n\nAuckland University of Technology,\n\nNew Zealand\n\nVerna Stavric,\n\nAuckland University of Technology,\n\nNew Zealand\n\n* CORRESPONDENCE\n\nStine Susanne Haakonsen Dahl stine.s.dahl@nord.no\n\nRECEIVED 27 September 2023\n\nACCEPTED\n\n06 March 2024\n\nPUBLISHED 18 March 2024\n\nCITATION\n\nDahl SSH, Arntzen EC and Normann B (2024) The meaningfulness of exploring one ' s own limits through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor high-intensity physiotherapy for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study.\n\nFront. Rehabil. Sci. 5:1303094. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094\n\nCOPYRIGHT\n\n©2024 Dahl, Arntzen and Normann. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.\n\n|\n\nThe meaningfulness of exploring one ' s own limits through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor high-intensity physiotherapy for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study\n\nStine Susanne Haakonsen Dahl 1 * , Ellen Christin Arntzen 1 and Britt Normann 1,2\n\n1 Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway, 2 Department of Physiotherapy, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway\n\nBackground and purpose: Physical activity (PA) is often reduced in people with MS (pwMS), even when disability is low. Understanding the perspectives of pwMS on interventions aiming to improve PA is important to inform the development of such services. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of pwMS participating in an outdoor, high-intensity and balance exercise group intervention.\n\nMethods: This qualitative study was nested within an RCT exploring a novel intervention integrating sensorimotor exercises with high-intensity intervals of running/walking. Individual, in-depth interviews with the intervention group ( n =15; 12 women, 3 men; age 38 -66; EDSS score 0 -3.5) were conducted postintervention (mean days = 14), analyzed using a phenomenologicalinspired approach with systematic text condensation, and interpreted based on enactive theory.\n\nResults: Four categories were generated: (1) Exploration of one ' s own physical abilities: Challenging one ' s own limits was perceived by all participants to improve movement performance and/or intensity level. Such bodily changes engendered strong positive feelings. Some negative consequences of highintensity training were described, increasing a feeling of loss. (2) New insights and beliefs: Participants experienced enhanced beliefs in their own capabilities, which they integrated in activities outside the intervention. (3) An engaging environment: The group setting was perceived as supportive, and the outdoor environment was perceived as stimulating activity. (4) Professional leadership, tailoring and co-creation of enjoyment: Physiotherapist-led, individualized interactions were regarded as necessary to safely revisit prior activities, such as running. Co-creating enjoyment facilitated high-intensity training and intervention adherence.", "page_start": 0, @@ -7689,16 +7695,10 @@ "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, { - "text": "It was somewhat distressing during the last interval, as my feet were not working, and I did not know what to do to increase my heart rate -when I could not run or walk quickly anymore. (ID2, EDSS: 2)\n\nThe focus on the core or the middle of the body in the detailed exercises was stated to improve participants ' PA performance; participants described being less clumsy or unsteady or walking without holding on to the walls. Having practiced the detailed CoreDIST exercises in the indoor group beforehand was described as a helpful and pertinent preparation by some participants, as it was regarded as more dif /uniFB01 cult to accurately execute the exercise techniques outdoors due to their higher intensity, the uneven surface, or bad weather. Some participants commented that the standing exercises (in-between the running/ walking intervals) required too much effort, leaving their legs tired for running afterward.\n\n## 3.2 New insights and beliefs\n\nA key feature of the participants ' stories was their new insights into their own physical abilities, which were perceived to in /uniFB02 uence their beliefs about their own possibilities for PA and life in general:\n\nWhat meant the most for me was the high-pulse training, as I had thoughts of it being a left behind phase for me. The experience of being able to master it felt so good. It enhances my focus on future possibilities rather than limitations. (ID4, EDSS: 0)\n\nGains in insight were also reported from the detailed exercise part of the sessions, highlighting how the function of body parts through movements and sensations was linked to performance in PA, as illustrated below:\n\nI have simply been taught some tools to improve certain parts of my body and how that has an effect on, for example, walking: That my hip has to be with me to maintain balance -and that makes how I stand on the ground important. Previously I was not aware of that … ., now everything works better. (ID6, EDSS: 2)\n\nTwo participants reported that the intervention motivated them to commit to new exercise routines, and some stated that they had more ' readiness ' for activities such as playing with their grandchildren, hiking with friends, or engaging in a highintensity activity. Some stated that their bodily changes were perhaps not noticeable for others, but they themselves noticed that it was easier to climb stairs, balance on one leg and walk fast or that they now moved in a ' better way ' or with less pain. Three participants perceived the duration of the outdoor group to be too short to feel lasting improvements in their physical endurance or muscular strength.\n\n## 3.3 An engaging environment\n\nMost participants reported that their performances were positively in /uniFB02 uenced and motivated by the group setting, for example, through cooperating in exercises with balls, seeing other individuals in the group who were ' doing well ' , cheering each other and competing when running and walking next to each other. However, one participant emphasized that observing people with visible disabilities from MS was distressing, as it revealed negative thoughts about one ' s own future. It was emphasized that mastering challenges in the group sessions added more meaning than doing the same alone:\n\nI think this particular exercise is hard work, and then it becomes very tiring to do it on my own. However, when I did it in the group and we could laugh a bit in between and so on, it was easier because of the social element. (ID12, EDSS: 1.5)\n\nBeing active outdoors was preferred by many participants because of the fresh air and the natural and varied environment:\n\nIt was an added positive experience to use our city park and notice all the other people who were there … it is something about challenging our comfort-zone . (ID4, EDSS: 0)", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, + "text": "- 21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency -a phenomenological consequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16 (2):207 -36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7\n - 22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition. Phenomenol Cogni Sci . (2007) 6(4):485 -507. doi: 10.1007/s1197-0079076-9\n - 23. DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ . (2006) 40(4):314 -21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x\n - 24. Malterud K. The art and science of clinical knowledge: evidence beyond measures and numbers. Lancet . (2001) 358(9279):397 -400. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (01)05548-9\n - 25. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care . (2007) 19(6):349 -57. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042\n - 26. Arntzen EC, Braaten T, Fikke HK, Normann B. Feasibility of a new intervention addressing group-based balance and high-intensity training, physical activity, and employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Rehabil Sci . (2024) 4:1 -17. doi: 10.3389/fresc. 2023.1258737\n - 27. Paulgaard G. Feltarbeid i egen kultur: innenfra, utenfra eller begge deler? / /uniFB01 eldwork in their own culture: from within, outside or both? In: Fossaskåret E, Fuglestad OL, Aase TH, editors. Metodisk Feltarbeid. Produksjon og Tolkning av Kvalitative Data/ Methodical Fieldwork. Production and Interpretation of Qualitative Data . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (1997). p. 70 -93.\n - 28. Malterud K. Theory and interpretation in qualitative studies from general practice: why and how? Scand J Public Health . (2016) 44(2):120 -9. doi: 10.1177/ 1403494815621181\n - 29. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology . (1983) 33(11):1444 -52. doi: 10.1212/wnl. 33.11.1444\n - 30. Malterud K. Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scand J Public Health . (2012) 40(8):795 -805. doi: 10.1177/1403494812465030\n - 31. Russell N, Gallagher S, Mset /uniFB01 RM, Hayes S, Motl RW, Coote S. Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis participating in a social cognitive behavior change physical activity intervention. Physiother Theory Pract . (2022) 39(5):1 -9. doi: 10. 1080/09593985.2022.2030828\n - 32. Smith M, Neibling B, Williams G, Birks M, Barker R. Consumer experience of a /uniFB02 exible exercise participation program (FEPP) for individuals with multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods study. Physiother Res Int . (2021) 26(4):e1922. doi: 10. 1002/pri1922\n - 33. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH, Rachwani J, Santamaria V. Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health (2023).\n - 34. Gallagher S, Bower M. Making enactivism even more embodied. AVANT: J Philos Interdiscip Vanguard . (2014) 5(2):232 -47. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011\n - 35. Di Paolo E, Cuffari E, Jaegher H. Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life and Language . Cambridge: MIT press (2018).\n - 36. Colombetti G. The embodied and situated nature of moods. Philosophia (Ramat Gan) . (2017) 45(4):1437 -51. doi: 10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0\n - 37. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav . (2004) 31(2):143 -64. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660\n - 38. Casey B, Coote S, Hayes S, Gallagher S. Changing physical activity behavior in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . (2018) 99(10):2059 -75. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.013", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Methods\n\n## Dataset and patient population\n\nThis study used data from the Orthopedic Physical Therapy -Investigative Network ' s (OPT-IN) Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) validation cohort study, a longitudinal prospective study of individuals with knee, shoulder, back or neck pain seeking Physical Therapy in the US. A convenience sample was recruited from December 2014 and December 2015 by participating OPT-IN clinics. The OPT-IN clinics that participated in data collection represented multiple geographic regions in the US including the Mideast, Southeast, Great Lakes, Rocky Mountain States and Far West, with an attempt to balance recruitment between urban and rural settings over the entire OPT-IN network. Physical therapists practicing in these clinics identified eligible participants at initial evaluation and directed them to a secure study website for the informed consent process and baseline self-report assessment. Eligibility criteria have been thoroughly reported elsewhere [19] and were intentionally broad to develop a cohort that was generalizable to those seeking physical therapy for common musculoskeletal conditions in the US. Participants completed follow-up self-reported assessments on the study website at 4 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. Participants were notified of a pending assessment by an email that directed them back to the study website to complete their follow-up assessment. For additional details of the dataset and cohort, readers are directed to the published cohort profile [19].\n\nThe primary aim of the OSPRO cohort study was to develop and validate review of systems (i.e. evidence of systemic involvement) and yellow flag (i.e. pain-related psychological distress) screening tools for use in outpatient orthopedic physical therapy settings. These screening tools, once validated and refined for clinical decision making, may improve the value of care delivery by accurately identifying individuals who 1) are appropriate for referral to other providers for management of non-musculoskeletal symptoms, and/or 2) would benefit from enhanced, psychologically-informed physical therapy. Early identification of individuals most appropriate for these modified pathways of care has the potential to reduce wasteful downstream health care utilization, limit the risk of unwarranted and costly care escalation, and improve clinical outcomes. Results of the primary analyses examining the predictive ability of the OSPRO tools for pain, disability, health status, and comorbidity outcomes have been previously published [20]. Pre-planned secondary analyses included prediction of persistent pain state [21] and this current analysis predicting future healthcare utilization. All subjects consented to participation in the study and ethics approval was granted by the University of Florida Institutional Review Board.", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7726,6 +7726,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do physical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom cluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J . (2021) 14(4):101163. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163\n - 40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, bene /uniFB01 ts, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health . (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245\n - 41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical activity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair . (2019) 33(1):3 -14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904\n - 42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in /uniFB01 tness, mobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand . (2019) 139 (2):183 -91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041\n - 43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, individualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829\n - 44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded insights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract . (2020) 36(7):769 -78. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165\n - 45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract . (2015) 31(4):244 -52. doi: 10.3109/ 09593985.2014.1002873\n - 46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported physical activity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol . (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-0170981-4\n - 47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for persons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS Care . (2021) 23(4):186 -92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066\n - 48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . 4th ed. California: Sage (2018).", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, + "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" + }, { "text": "given the heterogenic pathology and symptoms of MS (41, 42). However, our /uniFB01 ndings illuminate qualitative aspects of how to achieve tailored and meaningful intersubjective interactions in an exercise intervention.\n\nWe consider the instances of the physiotherapist running together with the participant, which were perceived as important for participants ' performance, to be an example of ' participatory sense-making ' (22) . As participants appreciated being guided or even pushed by the physiotherapists, it appears that the physiotherapists were trusted in directing this interaction. As such, we argue that the physiotherapists ' ability to adapt to participants ' movements, speech and gestures -tailoring the interaction to their needs -was important for this ability to be perceived as purposeful. This is supported by the few negative incidents described where the participant-physiotherapist interaction seemed to not be jointly coordinated and appeared to fail. The reported mutual in /uniFB02 uences of sensorimotor capabilities and interpersonal coordination, with the physiotherapists but also the group, are in accordance with sensorimotor capacities and intersubjective interactions being important for sensemaking in the world (35). The bene /uniFB01 ts of these individualized participant-physiotherapist interactions are also described in speci /uniFB01 c core-stability exercises in indoor groups (16, 43) and are in line with the theoretical framework of facilitation of movement through hands-on interaction previously proposed (44, 45). Our study informs new knowledge of physiotherapistparticipant interactions to achieve the recommended highintensity training and calls for physiotherapy clinical reasoning through bodily and verbal communication skills adapted to the participants ' responses in an ongoing and situated way.\n\nEnjoyment has previously been reported to promote PA in pwMS, and our study brings requested knowledge of what can constitute enjoyment in an exercise intervention (46): playful group-exercise tasks, a cheerful physiotherapist, and the outdoor environment.\n\nThe appreciation of being active outdoors in the study sample aligns with that in the general population (47). The outdoors provided a natural environment, which both invited participants to actively explore abilities thought of as left behind after their diagnosis with MS, such as running, and provided an appreciated break from focusing on MS symptoms. We also suggest that the positive experiences of mastering the challenging weather conditions and the added meaning of exercising among other people in the city park can be explained according to such terms. These positive experiences show how we are enmeshed in our history, context and social encounters (35) and how these aspects should also be accounted for when designing exercise interventions.\n\n## 4.3 Methodological considerations\n\nThe design and methods were adequate for deriving knowledge from individuals ' experiences. The participants selfreferred to the intervention and were recruited based on pre-set criteria. This approach yielded rich information from people with mild to moderate disabilities due to MS who were\n\nmotivated for physical activity (PA), employed, and residing in northern Norway. Ethnicity or socio-economic class were not recorded. However, considering that all these factors can in /uniFB02 uence PA engagement (46), it is possible that additional aspects of the phenomenon could be uncovered in a different sample (48). There was a higher percentage of women participating than men; however, this corresponds to the gender distribution in the MS population (1).\n\nThe use of enactive theory was innovative within the /uniFB01 eld and allowed for, in particular, new aspects of importance for selfef /uniFB01 cacy to be identi /uniFB01 ed. Transference of our results to similar populations can be achieved through theoretical generalization (28).\n\n## 4.4 Implications for clinical practice", "page_start": 8, @@ -7757,21 +7763,15 @@ "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, { - "text": "| The outdoor environment | How was it to exercise outdoors? |\n| | How did you perceive the city park environment for exercise? |\n| Closing questions | Are there any experiences from participation that you would like to elaborate on? Is anything related to this project that we have not talked about that you would like to say? |", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic | Consultation with the MS nurse (20 min) to address work-related issues based on a structured guide comprising the following themes: knowledge of MS at the workplace, experienced work-related challenges due to MS, potential needs and facilitators . Physiotherapy assessment (60 min) to explore the potential for changes in balance and walking aiming to turn focus toward possibilities and thus, |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| | Based on these assessments the MS nurse and the physiotherapist indicated the aspects of importance on a standardized form to inform the municipal physiotherapist. |\n| | Standardized testing (baseline, for the RCT). |\n| Week 2 - 5: Municipality | Physiotherapy assessment (60 - 90 min) to explore the patient ' s impairments and potential for improvements in a clinical examination prior to group-training. |\n| | Indoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). There were three to /uniFB01 ve participants in each group and one physiotherapist. Trunk control, balance and physical activity were addressed (GroupCoreDIST). Participants received a link to CoreDIST digital exercise-videos and were advised to do them 1 × weekly throughout the intervention. (videos can be accessed here: https://www.nord.no/en/node/35,098) |\n| | Digital meeting with a multidisciplinary team (pwMS, employer, physiotherapist & MS nurse) (20 min) regarding barriers to work participation and needs for adaptations regarding work and physical activity, according to a structured meeting-guide (one meeting). |\n| Week 6 | Standardized testing (midway, for the RCT). |\n| Week 7 - 10: Municipality | Outdoor group (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). A maximum of ten participants and two physiotherapists were included in each group. Trunk control and balance (GroupCoreDIST exercises) were addressed, and high-intensity walking or running was performed. The intervention was conducted in a city park where both /uniFB02 at and uneven surfaces and hilly terrain were available (Table 2). |", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, + "text": "- 21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency -a phenomenological consequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16 (2):207 -36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7\n - 22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition. Phenomenol Cogni Sci . (2007) 6(4):485 -507. doi: 10.1007/s1197-0079076-9\n - 23. DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ . (2006) 40(4):314 -21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x\n - 24. Malterud K. The art and science of clinical knowledge: evidence beyond measures and numbers. Lancet . (2001) 358(9279):397 -400. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (01)05548-9\n - 25. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care . (2007) 19(6):349 -57. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042\n - 26. Arntzen EC, Braaten T, Fikke HK, Normann B. Feasibility of a new intervention addressing group-based balance and high-intensity training, physical activity, and employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Rehabil Sci . (2024) 4:1 -17. doi: 10.3389/fresc. 2023.1258737\n - 27. Paulgaard G. Feltarbeid i egen kultur: innenfra, utenfra eller begge deler? / /uniFB01 eldwork in their own culture: from within, outside or both? In: Fossaskåret E, Fuglestad OL, Aase TH, editors. Metodisk Feltarbeid. Produksjon og Tolkning av Kvalitative Data/ Methodical Fieldwork. Production and Interpretation of Qualitative Data . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (1997). p. 70 -93.\n - 28. Malterud K. Theory and interpretation in qualitative studies from general practice: why and how? Scand J Public Health . (2016) 44(2):120 -9. doi: 10.1177/ 1403494815621181\n - 29. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology . (1983) 33(11):1444 -52. doi: 10.1212/wnl. 33.11.1444\n - 30. Malterud K. Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scand J Public Health . (2012) 40(8):795 -805. doi: 10.1177/1403494812465030\n - 31. Russell N, Gallagher S, Mset /uniFB01 RM, Hayes S, Motl RW, Coote S. Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis participating in a social cognitive behavior change physical activity intervention. Physiother Theory Pract . (2022) 39(5):1 -9. doi: 10. 1080/09593985.2022.2030828\n - 32. Smith M, Neibling B, Williams G, Birks M, Barker R. Consumer experience of a /uniFB02 exible exercise participation program (FEPP) for individuals with multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods study. Physiother Res Int . (2021) 26(4):e1922. doi: 10. 1002/pri1922\n - 33. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH, Rachwani J, Santamaria V. Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health (2023).\n - 34. Gallagher S, Bower M. Making enactivism even more embodied. AVANT: J Philos Interdiscip Vanguard . (2014) 5(2):232 -47. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011\n - 35. Di Paolo E, Cuffari E, Jaegher H. Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life and Language . Cambridge: MIT press (2018).\n - 36. Colombetti G. The embodied and situated nature of moods. Philosophia (Ramat Gan) . (2017) 45(4):1437 -51. doi: 10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0\n - 37. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav . (2004) 31(2):143 -64. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660\n - 38. Casey B, Coote S, Hayes S, Gallagher S. Changing physical activity behavior in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . (2018) 99(10):2059 -75. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.013", + "page_start": 10, + "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" }, { - "text": "It was somewhat distressing during the last interval, as my feet were not working, and I did not know what to do to increase my heart rate -when I could not run or walk quickly anymore. (ID2, EDSS: 2)\n\nThe focus on the core or the middle of the body in the detailed exercises was stated to improve participants ' PA performance; participants described being less clumsy or unsteady or walking without holding on to the walls. Having practiced the detailed CoreDIST exercises in the indoor group beforehand was described as a helpful and pertinent preparation by some participants, as it was regarded as more dif /uniFB01 cult to accurately execute the exercise techniques outdoors due to their higher intensity, the uneven surface, or bad weather. Some participants commented that the standing exercises (in-between the running/ walking intervals) required too much effort, leaving their legs tired for running afterward.\n\n## 3.2 New insights and beliefs\n\nA key feature of the participants ' stories was their new insights into their own physical abilities, which were perceived to in /uniFB02 uence their beliefs about their own possibilities for PA and life in general:\n\nWhat meant the most for me was the high-pulse training, as I had thoughts of it being a left behind phase for me. The experience of being able to master it felt so good. It enhances my focus on future possibilities rather than limitations. (ID4, EDSS: 0)\n\nGains in insight were also reported from the detailed exercise part of the sessions, highlighting how the function of body parts through movements and sensations was linked to performance in PA, as illustrated below:\n\nI have simply been taught some tools to improve certain parts of my body and how that has an effect on, for example, walking: That my hip has to be with me to maintain balance -and that makes how I stand on the ground important. Previously I was not aware of that … ., now everything works better. (ID6, EDSS: 2)\n\nTwo participants reported that the intervention motivated them to commit to new exercise routines, and some stated that they had more ' readiness ' for activities such as playing with their grandchildren, hiking with friends, or engaging in a highintensity activity. Some stated that their bodily changes were perhaps not noticeable for others, but they themselves noticed that it was easier to climb stairs, balance on one leg and walk fast or that they now moved in a ' better way ' or with less pain. Three participants perceived the duration of the outdoor group to be too short to feel lasting improvements in their physical endurance or muscular strength.\n\n## 3.3 An engaging environment\n\nMost participants reported that their performances were positively in /uniFB02 uenced and motivated by the group setting, for example, through cooperating in exercises with balls, seeing other individuals in the group who were ' doing well ' , cheering each other and competing when running and walking next to each other. However, one participant emphasized that observing people with visible disabilities from MS was distressing, as it revealed negative thoughts about one ' s own future. It was emphasized that mastering challenges in the group sessions added more meaning than doing the same alone:\n\nI think this particular exercise is hard work, and then it becomes very tiring to do it on my own. However, when I did it in the group and we could laugh a bit in between and so on, it was easier because of the social element. (ID12, EDSS: 1.5)\n\nBeing active outdoors was preferred by many participants because of the fresh air and the natural and varied environment:\n\nIt was an added positive experience to use our city park and notice all the other people who were there … it is something about challenging our comfort-zone . (ID4, EDSS: 0)", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, + "text": "| The outdoor environment | How was it to exercise outdoors? |\n| | How did you perceive the city park environment for exercise? |\n| Closing questions | Are there any experiences from participation that you would like to elaborate on? 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The main process is Higgs exchange and the resultant cross section for a proton is given by\n\nσ ( p ) SI = 4 π ( m p m N m p + m N ) 2 f 2 p , (17)\n\nwith the hadronic matrix element\n\nf p m p = ∑ q = u,d,s f ( p ) Tq α q m q + 2 27 f ( p ) TG ∑ c,b,t α q m q , (18)\n\nand the effective vertex (see Appendix for notations)\n\nα q = -λ N y q ( ∂ Φ ∂h 1 M 2 h ∂ Ψ ∂h + ∂ Φ ∂H 1 M 2 H ∂ Ψ ∂H ) , (19)\n\nwhere m q is a mass of a quark with a Yukawa coupling y q , and f ( p ) Tq and f ( p ) TG are constants.", "page_start": 6, @@ -7892,6 +7904,12 @@ "page_end": 14, "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" }, + { + "text": "134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. 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Fig. 3 shows the spin-independent cross section of RH neutrino with a proton. The resultant cross section is found to be far below the current limits reported by XENON10 [24] and CDMSII [25]: σ SI /lessorsimilar 4 × 10 -8 -2 × 10 -7 pb, for a DM mass of 100 GeV-1 TeV. Future experiments such as XENON1T [26] can reach the cross section predicted in our model.\n\nFIG. 3: The spin independent scattering cross section with a proton. All parameters are same as those used in the previous section. The upper and lower lines correspond to sin θ = 0 . 7 and 0 . 3, respectively.\n\n\n\n## IV. SUMMARY\n\nWe have proposed a scenario of the RH neutrino dark matter in the context of the minimal gauged U (1) B -L model. We have introduced a discrete Z 2 parity in the model, so that one RH neutrino assigned as Z 2 -odd can be stable and, hence, the DM candidate, while the other two RH neutrinos account for neutrino masses and mixings through the seesaw mechanism. No additional degrees of freedom are necessary to be added. We have evaluated the relic density of the dark matter particle. The dominant annihilation modes are via the Higgs boson exchange processes in the s -channel and thus, our model can be called Higgs portal DM model. It has been found that the relic density consistent with the current observation", "page_start": 7, @@ -7903,24 +7921,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the expression of annihilation cross section, we used the following notations :\n\n∂ Φ ∂h = 1 √ 2 cos θ, ∂ Φ ∂H = 1 √ 2 sin θ, ∂ Ψ ∂h = -1 √ 2 sin θ, ∂ Ψ ∂H = 1 √ 2 cos θ. (A6)\n\n## Appendix B: Amplitude\n\nWe give explicit formulas of the invariant amplitude squared for the pair annihilation processes of the RH neutrinos.\n\n## 1. Annihilation into charged fermions\n\n|M| 2 = 32 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ g 2 B -L q f q N s -M 2 Z ' + iM Z ' Γ Z ' ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 2 ( s -4 m 2 N ) ( 3 8 s -1 2 ( s 2 -m 2 f ) + 1 2 ( s 4 -m 2 f ) cos 2 θ ) +16 λ 2 N ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ y f ( ∂ Φ ∂h i s -M 2 h + iM h Γ h ∂ Ψ ∂h + ∂ Φ ∂H i s -M 2 H + iM H Γ H ∂ Ψ ∂H )∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 2 ( s -4 m 2 N ) ( s 4 -m 2 f ) . (B1)\n\n## 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n- a. Annihilation into ν a , ν a (light active-like neutrinos)\n\n|M| 2 = 32 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ g 2 B -L q f q N s -M 2 Z ' + iM Z ' Γ Z ' ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 2 ( s -4 m 2 N ) ( 3 8 s -1 2 ( s 2 + m 2 ν a ) + 1 2 ( s 4 + m 2 ν a ) cos 2 θ ) . (B2)", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Effect of supersonic flow", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar object is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered at VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\n\n| Object | | Class Redshift |\n|----------------|------|------------------|\n| M87 | FR I | 0.004 |\n| Mkn421 | HBL | 0.030 |\n| Mkn501 | HBL | 0.034 |\n| 1ES2344+514 | HBL | 0.044 |\n| 1ES1959+650 | HBL | 0.047 |\n| WComae † | IBL | 0.102 |\n| RGBJ0710+591 † | HBL | 0.125 |\n| H1426+428 | HBL | 0.129 |\n| 1ES0806+524 † | HBL | 0.138 |\n| 1ES0229+200 | HBL | 0.139 |\n| 1ES1218+304 | HBL | 0.182 |\n| RBS0413 † | HBL | 0.190 |\n| 1ES0502+675 † | HBL | 0.341 |\n| 3C66A † | IBL | 0.444? |\n| PKS1424+240 † | IBL | ? |\n| VERJ0521+211 † | ? | ? |\n\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7) during VERITAS observations from December 2008 to March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE discovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the Fermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413, a relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 2 . These data resulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ , ∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Nebula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultaneously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE and other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT data, for each of these three sources will be the subject of a joint publication involving both the VERITAS and LAT collaborations.\n\n## 5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT\n\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by VERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily by results from the first year of LAT data taking. In particular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21] and 1ES0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS observations triggered by the inclusion of these objects in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former is only the third IBL known to emit VHE gammarays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition, VERJ0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud AGN RGBJ0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS in ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These observations were motivated by its identification as a > 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data. Its VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it among the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent years. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE flaring from VERJ0521+211 in November 2009 [24], leading to deeper VHE observations.\n\n## 6. Blazars Upper Limits", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" } ] }, @@ -7991,10 +7991,10 @@ "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { - "text": "This type provides some storage efficiency but no compression or deduplication. Volume capacity is allocated on demand as storage is first written.", - "page_start": 441, - "page_end": 441, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" + "text": "Table 13: Performance of each model for Clustering.", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, + "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8258,14 +8258,14 @@ }, { "text": "- - Global Mirror (with or without Consistency Protection)", - "page_start": 603, - "page_end": 603, + "page_start": 595, + "page_end": 595, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - Global Mirror (with or without Consistency Protection)", - "page_start": 595, - "page_end": 595, + "page_start": 603, + "page_end": 603, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { @@ -8318,6 +8318,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, { "text": "Our method of Ramsey laser is suitable for any atoms with metastable energy level, as an example, we choose the transition from the metastable state 4 s 4 p 3 P 1 to the ground state 4 s 2 1 S 0 of 40 Ca to check the striking feature of this laser: subnatural linewidth. As mentioned in [29], the corresponding natural linewidth of the metastable state 4 s 4 p 3 P 1 is 320Hz. As in the recently proposed active optical clock with atomic beam [15], the velocity of the atoms in thermal atomic beam is about 500m / s, and the length of the interaction region is about 1mm, then the time for the atom to traverse each coherentinteraction region is on the order of magnitude of 1 µ s. If a bad cavity with κ is on the order of 10 7 Hz, the relation κ/ 2 /greatermuch τ -1 is satisfied. Then when g is on the order of the magnitude of kHz, which can be easily achieved for current technique [30], from the linewidth expression of Eq.(16) the order of magnitude of linewidth is below 1 Hz. This means the linewidth of a Ramsey laser can be more than two orders of magnitude narrower than the atomic natural linewidth, therefore our Ramsey method provides a new subnatural spectroscopy technique. And since it is stimulated-emission spectrum, it overcomes the di ffi culty in other subnatural linewidth spectroscopy schemes where the quick reduction of signal to noise ratio is a formidable limit. We should point out that this Ramsey laser does not escape the limitation of all active optical clock: in order to pump atoms to the excited state effectively and to be stimulated emit photon during the lifetime of a metastable state, this new method will only be applicable to some special transitions [17].", "page_start": 2, @@ -8359,12 +8365,6 @@ "page_start": 771, "page_end": 771, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- /SM590000 Metro Mirror", - "page_start": 571, - "page_end": 571, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8404,6 +8404,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Conclusion: In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by using Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interaction with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavityrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15-19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10]. Considering one have to apply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord e 'interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim.\n\nWe acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program.\n\n- ∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn\n- † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn.\n- [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 76 , 996 (1949).\n- [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In Atom Interferometry , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997).\n- [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 , 667 (1978).\n- [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1254 (1980).\n- [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. 13 4345 (1980).\n- [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 1914 (1981).\n- [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A 28 , 2248 (1983).\n- [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Trager, and M. Vollmer, Phys.Rev.\n\n- Lett. 48 , 871 (1982).\n- [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A 40 , 5516 (1989).\n- [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics 34 , 297 (1995)\n- [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett, 93 , 250602 (2004).\n- [12] A. D. Ludlow et al. , Opt. Lett. 32 , 641 (2007).\n- [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 260602 (2008).\n- [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition , (IEEE, 2005), p.608.\n- [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 348 (2009).\n- [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A 78 , 013846 (2008).\n- [17] J. Chen, In Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009).\n- [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin 54 , 347 (2009).\n- [19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 163601 (2009)\n- [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia 8 , 85 (1972).\n- [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1634 (1978).\n- [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR 32 , 455 (1972).\n- [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys. 9 , 171 (1976).\n- [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 , 159 (1977).\n- [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 , 127 (1996).\n- [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A 47 , 1431 (1993).\n- [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974).\n- [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).\n- [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B 13 , 2231 (1980).\n- [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A 56 , 1662(1997).\n- [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev. 84 , 506(1951).", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" + }, { "text": "cus on the stimulated emission spectrum via multiple coherent interactions inside the cavity. We find this Ramsey laser can provide a stimulated-emission spectrum with a linewidth much narrower than that of any conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy, which is commonly applied in optical atomic clock. Our results also show that a subnatural linewidth spectroscopy, superior to any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10], can be reached by this kind of laser, if a suitable atomic level structure is chosen. Thus, this method can provide an e ff ective subnatural spectroscopy, and the possibilities for the new optical clock scheme [15] and atom interferometers [2].\n\nTheoretical framework: We consider the case of a two-level atomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity of separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode linewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus we call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. All atoms are pumped onto the upper lasing state a before entering the first cavity of seperated field, and the lower lasing state is b . We assume all the atoms have the same velocities υ , that means what we consider here is a homogeneous laser system. And for the sake of simplicity, we consider the two-standing waves linear optical Ramsey configuration with a grid as spatial selector [20, 21]. Our treatment can be extended to other configurations as in [22-24]. The length of each oscillating part is l , and the length of the free drift region is L . The corresponding Hamiltonian is\n\nH = /planckover2pi1 ω ˆ a † ˆ a + /planckover2pi1 ∑ j [ ω j a ( t ) σ j a + ω j b ( t ) σ j b ] + /planckover2pi1 g ∑ j Γ j ( t )(ˆ a † ˆ σ j -e -i /vector k · /vector rj + ˆ σ j + ˆ ae i /vector k · /vector rj ) , (1)\n\nwhere ˆ a , ˆ a † are the annihilation and creation operators of the field mode inside the cavity, with the frequency ω , σ j a = ( | a 〉 〈 a | ) j and σ j b = ( | b 〉 〈 b | ) j are the projection operators for the jth atom corresponding to the upper and lower lasing levels,", "page_start": 0, @@ -8433,12 +8439,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The estimated fair value of the Company's long-term debt at December 31, 2004 was approximately $5.9 billion, versus its book value of $5.5 billion. At December 31, 2003, the estimated fair value of the Company's long-term debt was approximately $6.0 billion, versus its book value of $5.6 billion. The estimated fair value of the Company's public debt securities was based on quoted market prices on or about December 31, 2004 and 2003. The estimated fair value of the Company's outstanding credit facility borrowings was assumed to approximate book value due to the short-term nature of the borrowings.\n\n## NOTE 9 - INCOME TAXES\n\nThe Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, 'Accounting for Income Taxes' ('SFAS 109'). SFAS 109 requires the recognition of deferred income tax assets, net of applicable reserves, related to net operating loss carryforwards and certain temporary differences. The standard requires recognition of a future tax benefit to the extent that realization of such benefit is more likely than not. Otherwise, a valuation allowance is applied.\n\nThe income tax provision attributable to continuing operations and discontinued operations is as follows:\n\n| Year Ended December 31 (In thousands) | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|\n| Continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | $ 205,959 | $ 113,387 | $ 168,451 |\n| Discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 31,731 | 2,651 | 4,924 |\n| | $ 237,690 | $ 116,038 | $ 173,375 |", - "page_start": 67, - "page_end": 67, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -8449,8 +8449,8 @@ "target_page": 3, "target_passage": " For regular injection (p = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection (p = 0), the linewidth is the broadest.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -8671,8 +8671,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar (but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag netic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx imately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -8682,6 +8682,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" }, + { + "text": "/s32\n\nFIG. 3. (color online) (a) Polarization-averaged Mn L 2 , 3 spectrum for a Fe/(Ga,Mn)As film; (b) XMCD spectra measured in remanence at 2 K; (c) XMCD spectra measured under a 1000 Oe applied field at 2 K; (d) XMCD spectrum measured under a 2000 Oe applied field at 300 K. XMCD spectra are obtained using TEY (thick red lines) and FY (thin blue lines) detection.\n\n\n\n/s32", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" + }, { "text": "FIG. 2. (color online) XMCD asymmetry versus applied field along the [110] axis at 2 K, for a Fe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (10 nm) film. (a) Fe L 3 , total electron yield; (b) Mn L 3 , total electron yield; (c) Mn L 3 , fluorescent yield. Black and red points are data for increasing and decreasing fields respectively; lines are to guide the eye.\n\n\n\n/s32\n\n/s32\n\n/s32", "page_start": 4, @@ -8725,16 +8731,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" }, { - "text": "The MC simulations outcomes for n = 16 we just presented appear quite different with respect to those obtained at the same thickness for the model with six coupling constants along the z direction 14,15 . Indeed, for the J 1 -J 2 model here investigated, we observe that all layers order at the same temperature, and we do not find any hint of the block-phase, with inner disordered planes intercalated to antiparallel quasi -FM four-layer blocks, previously observed; sample MC runs we made using the same hcp lattice employed in Refs. 14,15 shows that the presence or absence of the block phase is not related to the lattice geometry, but it is a consequence of the interaction range only.\n\nWe now move to describe and discuss MC simulation data for thinner samples. A graphical synthesis of the results obtained for n = 8 in reported in Fig. 4a-d. The specific heat c v , shown in Figs. 4a, reveals very small finite-size effects, which, however, cannot be unambiguously detected for the largest lattice size ( L = 64), as they fall comfortably within the error range. Surprisingly, the specific heat maximum is located close to the bulk transition temperature as found for n = 16, and", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 7: (color online) ∆ ϕ l ( T ) vs. temperature for the surface planes, l = 1 (triangles), l = 2 (squares), l = 3 (diamonds), l = 4 (circles). Straight lines and full symbols: n = 8. Dashed lines and open symbols: n = 16.\n\n\n\nfilm leads to an effective 2d-like trend. Region ii ) looks however more intriguing, and requires a more accurate discussion, which can benefit from a careful comparison of the behaviour of a given quantity in regions i ) and ii ).\n\n/negationslash\n\nFor this purpose, we look at the temperature dependence of the rotation angle of the magnetization between NN planes. In Fig. 7, ∆ ϕ l ( T ) for n = 8 and n = 16 (continuous and dashed lines, respectively), is plotted for the outermost planes, l = 1 . . . 4. For both thicknesses, a monotonic trend is observed for all l , but at variance with what happens for the highest thickness, for n = 8 we see, starting from a temperature T /lessorsimilar T N (8), an abrupt drop of ∆ ϕ 3 and ∆ ϕ 4 , which rapidly reach an almost constant value, only slightly larger than ∆ ϕ 1 . In the temperature range T N (8) /lessorsimilar T < T C (8) we thus substantially observe the same small magnetic phase shifts between all NN layers, testifying an energetically stable quasi -FM configuration giving no contribution to the helical order parameters. The latter point can be made clearer by looking at the the peak position Q z,max of the structure factor S (0 , 0 , q z ). In Fig. 8 the average of Q z,max vs T is reported, again for n = 8 and for different lateral dimensions L 26 . As expected from the previous argument, we see that Q z,max = 0 for T N (8) < T < T C (8), while it begins to shift to higher values as soon as the temperature decreases below T N (8), making apparent a progressive fan stabilization with Q z,max = 0 and reaching a value of about 21 · for T = 10K.\n\nIn a previous study, where the magnetic properties of Ho thin films were investigated by MC simulations of a Heisenberg model with easy-plane single-ion anisotropy and six out-of-plane coupling constants (as obtained by experimental neutron scattering measurements 16 ) on a HCPlattice 14,15 , it was found that for thicknesses comparable with the helical pitch the phase diagram landscape is quite different from what we find here. Indeed, for n = 9 -16, three different magnetic phases could be sin-\n\nFIG. 8: (color online) Q z , position of the maximum of S ( /vector q ), vs. temperature for thickness n = 8. Inset: magnetic vector ( m x l , m y l ) profile for some temperatures for L = 64. Colors and symbols as in Fig. 2.\n\n\n\nFIG. 9: ∆ ϕ l for a BCT lattice and n = 12, when the six coupling constants set employed in Ref. 14,15 (see text) is used. The temperature range has been chosen around T C ( n ) (error bars lye within point size).\n\n\n\ngled out, with the high-temperature, paramagnetic phase separated from the low-temperature, long-range ordered one, by an intermediate-temperature block phase where outer ordered 4-layers blocks coexist with some inner disordered ones. Moreover, it was observed that the phase transition of such inner layers turns out to have the signatures of a Kosterlitz-Thouless one.\n\nThe absence of the block phase in the J 1 -J 2 model here investigated has to be attributed to the different range of interactions, rather than to the different lattice structure. We came to this conclusion by doing some simulations using the same set of interaction constants employed in Refs. 14,15, but using a BCT lattice: the results we obtained for ∆ ϕ l with n = 12 are reported in Fig. 9. The latter is absolutely similar to Fig.7 of Ref. 15 and clearly displays the footmarks of the block phase (see down-triangle), with two external blocks of ordered layers ( l =1.. . 5 and 8. . . 12 ), where ∆ ϕ l is roughly 10 · , separated by a block of disordered layers, and with almost", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + "text": "FIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\n- [1] C. Meegan et al., Ap. J. 702 , 791 (2009).\n- [2] C. Wilson-Hodge et al. (2010), these proceedings.\n- [3] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 138 , 149 (2002).\n- [4] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl. 154 , 585 (2004).\n- [5] G. L. Case et al., in The First GLAST Symposium , edited by S. Ritz, P. Michelson, and C. Meegan (2007), vol. 921 of AIP Conf. Proceedings , p. 538.\n- [6] J. Tueller et al. (2010), ap. J. Suppl., (to be published), astro-ph/0903.3037.\n- [7] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Ap. J. 598 , 334 (2003).\n- [8] E. Jourdain and J. P. Roques, Ap. J. 704 , 17 (2009).\n- [9] H. Steinle et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 330 , 97\n\n12-25 keV band, where the flux initially rose to about 240 mCrab (2009 Oct 25-28), suddenly dropped to non-detectable on 2009 October 29-30, then rose again during the period 2009 October 31 to November 2. As of mid December 2009, the source remains in a high intensity state. The light curve is shown for the period MJD 54700-55200, again with 1-day resolution, in Fig. 8. The fluxes for XTE J1752-223 in Table 1 are given are for the interval of flaring activity, TJD 55130-55180.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work is supported by the NASA Fermi Guest Investigator program. At LSU, additional support is provided by NASA/Louisiana Board of Regents Cooperative Agreement NNX07AT62A.\n\n(1998).\n\n- [10] M. McConnell et al., Ap. J. 523 , 928 (2000).\n- [11] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 80 (2005).\n- [12] G. L. Case et al., Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 5 , 341 (2005).\n- [13] L. Bouchet et al., Ap. J. 693 , 1871 (2009).\n- [14] M. C. Bell et al., Ap. J. 659 , 549 (2007).\n- [15] G. L. Case et al. (2010), to be submitted.\n- [16] C. Wilson-Hodge et al., Astron. Telegram 2280 (2009).", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9274,6 +9274,12 @@ "page_end": 29, "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Alternative format versions of this report are available on request from the Ministry of Justice at statistics.enquiries@justice.gsi.gov.uk\n\n© Crown copyright Produced by the Ministry of Justice", + "page_start": 30, + "page_end": 30, + "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "Vol.:(0123456789)", "page_start": 12, @@ -9304,6 +9310,12 @@ "page_end": 745, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nBack cover\n\n\n\nISBN 0738458376 SG24-8459-00\n\n", + "page_start": 269, + "page_end": 269, + "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" + }, { "text": "| iezwpl 03040005 | |", "page_start": 280, @@ -9315,18 +9327,6 @@ "page_start": 38, "page_end": 38, "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## GETTING IN TOUCH WITH THE EU\n\n## In person\n\nAll over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct centres. You can /find the address of the centre nearest you online (european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/meet-us\\_en).\n\n## On the phone or in writing\n\nEurope Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact this service:\n\n - · by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls),\n - · at the following standard number: +32 22999696,\n - · via the following form: european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/write-us\\_en.\n\n## FINDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE EU\n\n## Online\n\nInformation about the European Union in all the o/fficial languages of the EU is available on the Europa website (european-union.europa.eu).\n\n## EU publications\n\nYou can view or order EU publications at op.europa.eu/en/publications. Multiple copies of free publications can be obtained by contacting Europe Direct or your local documentation centre (european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/meet-us\\_en).\n\n## EU law and related documents\n\nFor access to legal information from the EU, including all EU law since 1951 in all the o/fficial language versions, go to EUR-Lex (eur-lex.europa.eu).\n\n## EU open data\n\nThe portal data.europa.eu provides access to open datasets from the EU institutions, bodies and agencies. These can be downloaded and reused for free, for both commercial and non-commercial purposes. The portal also provides access to a wealth of datasets from European countries.", - "page_start": 162, - "page_end": 162, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\n## Corporate Headquarters\n\n110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301 Phone: (954) 769-2400 · Fax: (954) 769-2664 · www.republicservices.com", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9485,8 +9485,8 @@ "target_page": 20, "target_passage": "The Home Page displays the latest tweets on the European Data Portal in the “Tweets” panel on the right hand side. ‐ ‐ Click on any of the tweets to display the complete tweet on twitter. Scroll vertically to see previous tweets. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -9614,8 +9614,8 @@ }, { "text": "- 1. Open the Copy Services → Remote Copy panel.", - "page_start": 616, - "page_end": 616, + "page_start": 594, + "page_end": 594, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { @@ -9656,6 +9656,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Microsoft Excel", "page_start": 3, @@ -9674,6 +9680,12 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Get help with Word\n\n\n\nThe Tell me search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n\n## Try it: Get help:\n\n - 1. Go to Tell me what you want to do at the top of the window.\n - 2. Type what you want to do.\n\nFor example, type:\n\n -  Add watermark to quickly get to the watermark command.\n -  Help to go to Word help.\n -  Training to see the list of Word training courses.\n -  What's new for a list of the most recent updates to Word\n\n## Let us know what you think\n\nPlease give us feedback on this template, so we can provide content that's truly useful and helpful. Thanks!\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Share and collaborate\n\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don't even need Word to open it.\n\nTry it: Select Share , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut - Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\n\nYou can send the link by typing someone's email address or by copying the link and pasting it into a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their permission to view-only.\n\nIf they don't have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.\n\n## Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\n\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your documents.\n\nTry it: Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n\n- 1. With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select Online Pictures , and then search for something, like puppy clip art .\n- 2. Select the picture you want, and select Insert .", "page_start": 2, @@ -9685,18 +9697,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 2. In the Enable Encryption wizard Welcome tab, select Key servers and click Next , as shown in Figure 12-41.", - "page_start": 657, - "page_end": 657, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Count on Word to count your words\n\nTry it: Hit return after this line and type some words.\n\nThe status bar at the bottom of the window keeps a running count of the number of words in the document.\n\n\n\n## Save this for later, access it anywhere\n\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you'll be able to open it anywhere: on your computer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\nTry it: Select File > Save As , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\n\n\n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. You can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you're using now.", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9804,6 +9804,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries", "page_start": 1, @@ -9839,12 +9845,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 2. SMA BLAZARS\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m antennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The SMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations and typically operates in the 1mm and 850 µ m windows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25' at 850 µ m. The sources used as phase calibrators for the array are compiled in a database known as the SMA Calibrator List 2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright objects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy at 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, both during science observations and dedicated observing tracks.\n\nTo select our sample, we identified objects in the calibrator list that were also classified as BL Lacs or FSRQs by the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey [6, CGRaBS]. Of the 243 total objects in the calibrator list, 171 (35 BL Lacs and 136 FSRQs) have positive blazar class identifications, although there are three sources (J0238+166, J0428-379, and", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9855,8 +9855,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "The blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How ever, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate peaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec trum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in crease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -9884,6 +9884,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 4: The γ -ray index versus submillimeter index plane. The blazars fall more steeply in the γ -rays than in the submillimeter band, where most are, in fact, rising. This LAT-detected sample contrasts with the full SMA sample, where the blazars are more distributed around α S ∼ 0.\n\n\n\nas the presence of SSC versus ERC. Here, we use submillimeter luminosity as a proxy for jet power, which is correlated with the integrated luminosity of the synchrotron component. Elevated γ -ray luminosity with respect to the synchrotron component (which is often seen in FSRQs) suggests the upscattering of external photons off the synchrotron-emitting electrons. These objects should occupy the upper right of the ratio/jet power plot, and BL Lacs, which generally exhibit components with roughly comparable luminosities, should occupy the lower left. It is clear from the figure, however, that many FSRQs exhibit ratios similar to those of the BL Lacs and vis versa.\n\nSikora et al. [10] report that, during its flaring epochs, 3C 454.3 transitions from its typical FSRQ state to a more BL Lac-like state, where the synchrotron component emits much more strongly compared to the γ -ray component than during its 'low state'. 3C 454.3, which is the highest submillimeter luminosity FSRQ in our sample, would then shift down and to the right in Figure 5 when it enters a flaring period. For the first three months of the Fermi mission, 3C 454.3 was not flaring, which may explain its present location in Figure 5. The three objects for which there is a type discrepancy between CGRaBS and LBAS are all FSRQs (in CGRaBS) and exhibit\n\nlow luminosity ratios and high luminosity, which suggest they may be undergoing the same changes as 3C 454.3. A possible interpretation of the elevated luminosity ratios observed in some BL Lacs objects is that there has been a dramatic increase in γ -ray luminosity due to ERC, which would not be reflected in the synchrotron component.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSIONS\n\nThe motivation for observing blazars in the submillimeter is to study behavior close to the central engine, where the jet material is presumably still being accelerated. The separate emission processes that contribute to overall SED may present differently in BL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the similarities and differences between blazar types. We have investigated these differences between objects in terms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion, find that\n\n- · The SMA blazars exhibit submillimeter energy spectral indexes that follow the spectral sequence interpretation of blazars.", "page_start": 3, @@ -9913,12 +9919,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in Fermi Blazars\n\nA. Strom Univ. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA A. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly\n\nCfA, MA 02138, USA\n\nWe present multi-epoch observations from the Submillimeter Array ( SMA ) for a sample of 171 bright blazars, 43 of which were detected by Fermi during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation between their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special emphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is determined using a combination of Fermi designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS), resulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate submillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands during the months August-October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous autoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity. All of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low and high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during flaring epochs.\n\n## 1. INTRODUCTION\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring events occur in blazars indicate that much of the energy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emission differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs objects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) may offer important insight into the similarity between blazars and, furthermore, can provide constraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets themselves.\n\nFor the synchrotron component of blazar spectra, the low-frequency spectral break due to synchrotron self-absorption moves to higher frequencies as one measures closer to the base of the jet [2]. This often places the peak of the spectrum in the millimeter and submillimeter bands, where the emission is optically-thin and originates on parsec and sub-parsec scales [3], allowing direct observation of the most compact regions near the central engine. The high energy γ -ray emission originates as a Compton process, typically a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) and external-radiation-Compton (ERC). Depending on the source properties, the synchrotron photons or external photons are upscattered by the same population of electrons that emit the millimeter and submillimeter spectra. Therefore the submillimeter and γ -ray emission are closely linked and give the full information about the source emission.\n\nA systematic study of the submillimeter properties of the entire sample of Fermi blazars has yet to be conducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We present here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter properties of Fermi blazars detected by the Submil-\n\nlimeter Array 1 ( SMA ) at 1mm and 850 µ m, including an investigation of variable behavior and the determination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In addition, we consider the connection to the observed γ -ray indices and luminosities.\n\n## 2. SMA BLAZARS", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -9965,7 +9965,13 @@ "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, { - "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" @@ -9987,12 +9993,6 @@ "page_start": 16, "page_end": 16, "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| Hiera | Hiera-H | 670M | K400 | 77.0 | 64.7 | 17.5 | 71.4 | 59.5 | 61.7 |\n| V-JEPA | ViT-L/16 | 200M | VideoMix2M | 80.8 | 69.5 | 25.6 | 74.8 | 60.3 | 67.8 |\n| V-JEPA | ViT-H/16 ViT-H/16 384 | 630M 630M | VideoMix2M | 82.0 81.9 | 71.4 72.2 | 25.8 25.0 | 75.9 77.4 | 61.7 62.8 | 67.9 72.6 |", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10090,50 +10090,50 @@ }, { "text": "- - System A", - "page_start": 579, - "page_end": 579, + "page_start": 580, + "page_end": 580, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System A", - "page_start": 580, - "page_end": 580, + "page_start": 584, + "page_end": 584, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System A", - "page_start": 578, - "page_end": 578, + "page_start": 579, + "page_end": 579, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System A", - "page_start": 584, - "page_end": 584, + "page_start": 578, + "page_end": 578, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System B", - "page_start": 584, - "page_end": 584, + "page_start": 580, + "page_end": 580, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System B", - "page_start": 579, - "page_end": 579, + "page_start": 578, + "page_end": 578, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System B", - "page_start": 578, - "page_end": 578, + "page_start": 584, + "page_end": 584, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { "text": "- - System B", - "page_start": 580, - "page_end": 580, + "page_start": 579, + "page_end": 579, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, { @@ -10226,10 +10226,16 @@ "target_passage": "Dyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "- 5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J Anaesth . 2011;106:463-474.\n- 6. NederJ,BertonD,MüllerP,etal. Ventilatory inef /uniFB01 ciency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc . 2017;14(suppl\\_1): S22-S29.\n- 7. Gruenberger JB, Vietri J, Keininger DL, Mahler DA. Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health- related quality of life among European patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017;12: 937-944.\n- 8. Preteroti M, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Population-based case/uniFB01 nding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2020;55:2000024.\n- 9. Huynh C, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Derivation and validation of the UCAP-Q case/uniFB01 nding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J . 2022;60(3):2103243.\n- 10. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom-based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol . 2010;20: 27-34.\n- 11. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest . 2006;129: 1531-1539.\n- 12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ, et al. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration . 2006;73:285-295.\n- 13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al. Development and /uniFB01 rst validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J . 2009;34:648-654.\n- 14. Jones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax . 1991;46:676-682.\n- 15. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir Med . 1991;85:25-31.\n\n- 16. Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire: MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis . 2005;2:75-79.\n- 17. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https:// ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/ 07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23\\_07\\_06-WMS.pdf\n- 18. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/GOLD-2023-ver-1.3-17 Feb2023\\_WMV.pdf\n- 19. Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) using pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly-sampled symptomatic cohort. Am J Resp Crit Care Med . 2023;208(10): 1129-1131.\n- 20. Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activityrelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: physical and psychological consequences, unmet needs, and future directions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2019;14: 1127-1138.\n- 21. Reilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1, 2024. http://www.reillyassociates.net/wpai\\_ scoring.html\n- 22. Carlsen HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory /uniFB02 ow in allergic asthma during pollen season -a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Health . 2022;21:63.\n- 23. Ekström M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations: results from the RHINESSA generation study. Thorax . 2022;77(2): 172-177.\n- 24. Ziegler B, Fernandes AK, Sanches PR, Konzen GL, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects\n\n[", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Take-home Points\n\nStudy Question: How profoundly are adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms affected by dyspnea?\n\nResults: In community-based adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms, those identi /uniFB01 ed with preserved ratio impaired spirometry experienced the greatest impact of dyspnea, followed by those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Greater dyspnea impact was associated with increased health care utilization, lower quality of life, and reduced work productivity.\n\nInterpretation: Dyspnea imposes burdens on the health care system and is associated with impaired quality of life and work productivity.\n\nDyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort. 1 In a study involving a community-based population aged > 70 years, the prevalence of dyspnea was found to be 32%. 2 Dyspnea can lead to limitations in daily activities, reduced exercise tolerance, and heightened mortality risks. 3\n\nDyspnea not only affects individuals with diagnosed respiratory conditions but also poses a signi /uniFB01 cant burden on those with undiagnosed conditions. In a systematic review by Müller et al, 4 the combined\n\n## Study Design and Methods\n\n## Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\nControl Patients\n\nBetween June 2017 and January 2023, adults aged $ 18 years were recruited through a two-step process into the Undiagnosed COPD and Asthma Population (UCAP) study, a multicenter case /uniFB01 nding study. Approval for\n\nABBREVIATIONS: ASQ = Asthma Screening Questionnaire; BD = bronchodilator; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; PCA = principal component analysis; PRISm = preserved ratio impaired spirometry; SGRQ = St. George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire\n\nAFFILIATIONS: From The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J. B., E. G., K. L. V., G. G. A., S. M., and S. D. A.), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON; the Desautels Faculty of Management (G. A. W.), McGill University, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (C. B.), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Centre de recherche (L.-P. B. and A. C.), Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC; the Cumming School of Medicine (S. K. F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; the Department of Medicine (E. P.), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK; the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health (R. A. M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON; the Department of Medicine (C. L.), Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (S. G.), St. Michael ' s Hospital University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; the Department of Medicine\n\nprevalence of dyspnea in the adult general population across 11 studies was estimated to be 10%. Dyspnea can arise from a broad spectrum of underlying factors, including both respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. Studies have revealed that dyspnea is not solely attributable to respiratory conditions but is also heavily in /uniFB02 uenced by cardiovascular deconditioning and by nonrespiratory factors, including psychosocial, social, and environmental determinants. 5,6\n\nDyspnea is a prevalent symptom with consequences that extend beyond its physiologic implications. A study in European patients with COPD explored the burden of dyspnea and identi /uniFB01 ed potential correlates. The study revealed that higher dyspnea impact correlated with lower health-related quality of life, increased work impairment, and a higher frequency of emergency department visits. 7", "page_start": 1, @@ -10242,6 +10248,12 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "[\n\n- assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. J Bras Pneumol . 2015;41(2): 143-150.\n- 25. Ekström M, Bornefalk H, Sköld M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le (MDP) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res . 2019;6: e000381.\n- 26. Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris J, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of The Dyspnea-12. J Asthma . 2011;48(6):602-608.\n- 27. Boulet LP, Boulay ME, Cote A, et al. Airway in /uniFB02 ammation and hyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(3): 2201194.\n- 28. Gerstein E, Bierbrier J, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2023;208(12):1271-1282.\n- 29. Aaron SD, Vandemheen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med . 2024;390(22):2061-2073.\n- 30. Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med . 2022;387(13): 1173-1184.\n- 31. Marott JL, Ingebrigtsen TS, Çolak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment: a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population. Lancet Reg Health Eur . 2023;35:100759.\n- 32. Stefan MS, Priya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnea? J Hosp Med . 2016;11(10):701-707.\n- 33. Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(2): 2201721.\n\n]", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "## TABLE 2 ] (Continued)\n\nTable 4 presents the association of dyspnea with patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors. Dyspnea impact increased with younger age, being female, higher BMI, higher smoking and smoke exposure history, and total work", "page_start": 6, @@ -10277,18 +10289,6 @@ "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The three objectives of our study were as follows: (1) to evaluate the impact of dyspnea in adults from the general population who had no prior diagnosis of respiratory disease but who reported having signi /uniFB01 cant respiratory symptoms in the past 6 months; (2) to identify associated risk factors for dyspnea and estimate their in /uniFB02 uence on the symptom; and (3) to explore the relationship between dyspnea and health care utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms.\n\nthe study was obtained from the research ethics boards of the 17 participating study sites across Canada. Informed, written consent was provided by all study participants.\n\nBoth landlines and cellphones within a 90-minute radius of any of the 17 study sites were dialed randomly. A\n\n(P. H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Department of Medicine (I. M. and M. B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; the Department of Medicine (M. D. L.), Queen ' s University, Kingston; the Department of Medicine (C. J. L.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON; the Department of Medicine (T. A.), Memorial University, St. John ' s, NF; the Department of Medicine (N. E.), McGill University, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (M. A.), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.\n\nDrs Bierbrier and Gerstein contributed equally to this manuscript.\n\nPart of this work has been presented at the American Thoracic Society Conference, May 17-22, 2024, San Diego, CA.\n\nCORRESPONDENCE TO: Shawn D. Aaron, MD; email: saaron@ohri.ca Copyright /C211 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc under license from the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).\n\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.07.183", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Assessment of the Impact of Participants ' Dyspnea\n\nAlthough neither the CAT nor the SGRQ are dyspneaspeci /uniFB01 c tools, both are recommended by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease to evaluate symptoms, including dyspnea, 20 and both yield a richer assessment of dyspnea than the modi /uniFB01 ed Medical Research Council breathlessness scale. 20 Fifteen questions were taken from the CAT and SGRQ questionnaires that referred to individuals ' experiences with dyspnea, and a composite measure of dyspnea impact using a weighted sum of the responses to the 15 questions was constructed. Questions were coded so that larger values indicate more impactful dyspnea. Weights used for question responses in calculating the dyspnea impact assessment measure were those of the /uniFB01 rst component of a principal component analysis (PCA) based on the covariance matrix of question responses. Questions with multiple responses and ordinal structure are individually more informative and thus were accorded higher weight than individual true-false questions. No additional PCA component was anticipated a priori to be material for our investigation, and an eigenvalue analysis of the PCA was conducted to verify this assumption.\n\nThe composite dyspnea impact measure was scaled so its minimum value was 0 if the response to each of the 15 questions was 0, and the maximum value was scaled to 100 if the individual responses for all 15 questions represented the most severe dyspnea response.\n\n[\n\n]", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10304,6 +10304,18 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "[\n\n- assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. J Bras Pneumol . 2015;41(2): 143-150.\n- 25. Ekström M, Bornefalk H, Sköld M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le (MDP) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res . 2019;6: e000381.\n- 26. Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris J, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of The Dyspnea-12. J Asthma . 2011;48(6):602-608.\n- 27. Boulet LP, Boulay ME, Cote A, et al. Airway in /uniFB02 ammation and hyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(3): 2201194.\n- 28. Gerstein E, Bierbrier J, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2023;208(12):1271-1282.\n- 29. Aaron SD, Vandemheen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med . 2024;390(22):2061-2073.\n- 30. Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med . 2022;387(13): 1173-1184.\n- 31. Marott JL, Ingebrigtsen TS, Çolak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment: a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population. Lancet Reg Health Eur . 2023;35:100759.\n- 32. Stefan MS, Priya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnea? J Hosp Med . 2016;11(10):701-707.\n- 33. Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(2): 2201721.\n\n]", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "- 5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J Anaesth . 2011;106:463-474.\n- 6. NederJ,BertonD,MüllerP,etal. Ventilatory inef /uniFB01 ciency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc . 2017;14(suppl\\_1): S22-S29.\n- 7. Gruenberger JB, Vietri J, Keininger DL, Mahler DA. Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health- related quality of life among European patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017;12: 937-944.\n- 8. Preteroti M, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Population-based case/uniFB01 nding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2020;55:2000024.\n- 9. Huynh C, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Derivation and validation of the UCAP-Q case/uniFB01 nding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J . 2022;60(3):2103243.\n- 10. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom-based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol . 2010;20: 27-34.\n- 11. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest . 2006;129: 1531-1539.\n- 12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ, et al. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration . 2006;73:285-295.\n- 13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al. Development and /uniFB01 rst validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J . 2009;34:648-654.\n- 14. Jones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax . 1991;46:676-682.\n- 15. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir Med . 1991;85:25-31.\n\n- 16. Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire: MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis . 2005;2:75-79.\n- 17. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https:// ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/ 07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23\\_07\\_06-WMS.pdf\n- 18. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/GOLD-2023-ver-1.3-17 Feb2023\\_WMV.pdf\n- 19. Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) using pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly-sampled symptomatic cohort. Am J Resp Crit Care Med . 2023;208(10): 1129-1131.\n- 20. Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activityrelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: physical and psychological consequences, unmet needs, and future directions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2019;14: 1127-1138.\n- 21. Reilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1, 2024. http://www.reillyassociates.net/wpai\\_ scoring.html\n- 22. Carlsen HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory /uniFB02 ow in allergic asthma during pollen season -a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Health . 2022;21:63.\n- 23. Ekström M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations: results from the RHINESSA generation study. Thorax . 2022;77(2): 172-177.\n- 24. Ziegler B, Fernandes AK, Sanches PR, Konzen GL, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects\n\n[", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Risk Factors Associated With Dyspnea\n\nPatient-related risk factors were considered /uniFB01 rst, and results of spirometry considered afterward. The spirometry risk factors chosen for the second stage analysis included the spirometry-based diagnosis of the patient (asthma, COPD, PRISm, or normal) and lung function results indicative of the severity of physiologic impairment. Severity was gauged by assessing three principal lung function measures: (1) post-BD FEV1 % predicted, (2) post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio, and (3) percentage reversal of FEV1 with BD.\n\n## Dyspnea Impact and Health Care Use, Quality of Life, and Work Productivity\n\nThe impact of dyspnea and its associations with health care use, quality of life, and work productivity were examined. Health care utilization was assessed through selfreported data. Quality of life was assessed using the 36Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire, where higher scores indicate better health status. Work productivity was assessed using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire, where higher scores\n\n## Results\n\nFigure 1 illustrates the results of the case /uniFB01 nding approach, including the enrollment of the control group. Among 5,631 potentially eligible participants, 1,359\n\nindicate greater impairment in work productivity and daily activities.\n\n## Statistical Analysis\n\nBox plots were used to compare distribution patterns of dyspnea impact assessments among the disease groups. Pairwise comparison tests were conducted to evaluate mean dyspnea differences between groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to measure contributions to variability of dyspnea by selected patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors, spirometry disease classi /uniFB01 cation, and key lung function measures. The selected sets of risk factors were evaluated using successive regression analyses. Analysis of variance sums of squares from the successive regression analyses provided the cumulative percentage contributions to variability of dyspnea. Simple, multiple, and logistic regression analyses were used to study associations between dyspnea and health care utilization, quality of life, and work productivity outcomes. All statistical analyses were done using STATA 16 statistical software (StataCorp).\n\nparticipants (24%) did not meet the threshold of $ 6 points on the ASQ or $ 20 points on the COPDDiagnostic Questionnaire and were thus excluded, leaving 4,272 individuals deemed eligible for spirometry.\n\nFigure 1 -Study /uniFB02 ow diagram demonstrating the case /uniFB01 nding and control group recruitment and allocation. ASQ ¼ Asthma Screening Questionnaire; COPD-DQ ¼ COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire; CF ¼ cystic /uniFB01 brosis; MI ¼ myocardial infarction; PRISM ¼ preserved ratio impaired spirometry.\n\n", "page_start": 3, @@ -10351,18 +10363,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Take-home Points\n\nStudy Question: How profoundly are adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms affected by dyspnea?\n\nResults: In community-based adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms, those identi /uniFB01 ed with preserved ratio impaired spirometry experienced the greatest impact of dyspnea, followed by those with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Greater dyspnea impact was associated with increased health care utilization, lower quality of life, and reduced work productivity.\n\nInterpretation: Dyspnea imposes burdens on the health care system and is associated with impaired quality of life and work productivity.\n\nDyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort. 1 In a study involving a community-based population aged > 70 years, the prevalence of dyspnea was found to be 32%. 2 Dyspnea can lead to limitations in daily activities, reduced exercise tolerance, and heightened mortality risks. 3\n\nDyspnea not only affects individuals with diagnosed respiratory conditions but also poses a signi /uniFB01 cant burden on those with undiagnosed conditions. In a systematic review by Müller et al, 4 the combined\n\n## Study Design and Methods\n\n## Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\nControl Patients\n\nBetween June 2017 and January 2023, adults aged $ 18 years were recruited through a two-step process into the Undiagnosed COPD and Asthma Population (UCAP) study, a multicenter case /uniFB01 nding study. Approval for\n\nABBREVIATIONS: ASQ = Asthma Screening Questionnaire; BD = bronchodilator; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; PCA = principal component analysis; PRISm = preserved ratio impaired spirometry; SGRQ = St. George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire\n\nAFFILIATIONS: From The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J. B., E. G., K. L. V., G. G. A., S. M., and S. D. A.), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON; the Desautels Faculty of Management (G. A. W.), McGill University, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (C. B.), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Centre de recherche (L.-P. B. and A. C.), Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC; the Cumming School of Medicine (S. K. F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; the Department of Medicine (E. P.), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK; the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health (R. A. M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON; the Department of Medicine (C. L.), Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (S. G.), St. Michael ' s Hospital University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; the Department of Medicine\n\nprevalence of dyspnea in the adult general population across 11 studies was estimated to be 10%. Dyspnea can arise from a broad spectrum of underlying factors, including both respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. Studies have revealed that dyspnea is not solely attributable to respiratory conditions but is also heavily in /uniFB02 uenced by cardiovascular deconditioning and by nonrespiratory factors, including psychosocial, social, and environmental determinants. 5,6\n\nDyspnea is a prevalent symptom with consequences that extend beyond its physiologic implications. A study in European patients with COPD explored the burden of dyspnea and identi /uniFB01 ed potential correlates. The study revealed that higher dyspnea impact correlated with lower health-related quality of life, increased work impairment, and a higher frequency of emergency department visits. 7", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was negatively associated with all domains of quality of life, including physical functioning (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.655; P < .001), role limitations due to physical health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.628; P < .001), general health (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.382; P < .001), and total score (coef /uniFB01 cient, /C0 0.473; P < .001) (Table 7).\n\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was associated with an increased likelihood of annual visits to health care providers for respiratory complaints (OR,", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10744,7 +10744,7 @@ "target_passage": "Pain intensity was assessed by the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) ranging from “0” (no pain) to “10” (worst pain imaginable)", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 7 + "index": 8 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -10778,6 +10778,12 @@ "page_end": 8, "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 21. Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, He Y, Wu SS, George SZ. Prediction of persistent musculoskeletal pain at 12 months: a secondary analysis of the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) validation cohort study. Phys Ther. 2018;98:290 -301.\n - 22. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169:251 -8.\n - 23. Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Jackman A, Knauer S, Wallace A, et al. Race, care seeking, and utilization for chronic back and neck pain: population perspectives. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2010;11:343 -50.\n - 24. Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD. Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999;83:157 -62.\n - 25. Bolton JE. Accuracy of recall of usual pain intensity in back pain patients. Pain. 1999;83:533 -9.\n - 26. Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005;30:1331 -4.\n - 27. Vernon H. The neck disability index: state-of-the-art, 1991-2008. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008;31:491 -502.\n - 28. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1991;14:409 -15.\n - 29. Hudson-Cook N, Tomes-Nicholson K, Breen A. A revised Oswestry disability questionnaire. In: Roland M, Jenner J, editors. Back pain: new approaches to rehabilitation and education. New York: Manchester University Press; 1989. p. 187 -204.\n - 30. Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire and the Quebec back pain disability scale. Phys Ther. 2001;81:776 -88.\n - 31. Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group. Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1038 -46.\n - 32. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P, et al. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:600 -13.\n - 33. Butera KA, Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, George SZ. Preliminary evaluation of a modified STarT back screening tool across different musculoskeletal pain conditions. Phys Ther. 2016;96:1251 -61.\n - 34. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373 -83.\n - 35. Katz JN, Chang LC, Sangha O, Fossel AH, Bates DW. Can comorbidity be measured by questionnaire rather than medical record review? Med Care. 1996;34:73 -84.\n - 36. George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Lentz TA, Zeppieri G, Pei Q, et al. Development of a review-of-systems screening tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45: 512 -26.\n - 37. Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Zeppieri G, Dai Y, Wu SS, et al. Development of a yellow flag assessment tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46:327 -43.\n - 38. Beneciuk JM, Fritz JM, George SZ. The STarT back screening tool for prediction of 6-month clinical outcomes: relevance of change patterns in outpatient physical therapy settings. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44: 656 -64.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" + }, { "text": "| Correctness: bias | 5.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 150 (100) | 5.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 150 (100) |\n| Overall safety risk | 4.06 (0.86) | 0 | 11 (7.3) | 27 (18) | 60 (40) | 52 (34.7) | 4.50 (0.56) | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 16 (10.7) | 41 (27.3) | 92 (61.3) |", "page_start": 6, @@ -10801,12 +10807,6 @@ "page_start": 352, "page_end": 352, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Eurostat: Accident at work statistics", - "page_start": 157, - "page_end": 157, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10892,10 +10892,22 @@ "target_passage": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -10914,12 +10926,24 @@ "page_end": 523, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "- - IBM Cloud", "page_start": 523, @@ -10931,30 +10955,6 @@ "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf\\_reference\\_1-7 .pdf", - "page_start": 433, - "page_end": 433, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- - Fibre Channel", - "page_start": 771, - "page_end": 771, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Areas of Exploration\n\n## Support for Creators in the Time of Artificial Intelligence\n\nIn 2023, we convened hundreds via roundtables, community conferences (e.g. MozFest , Wikimania ), and public events (e.g. symposium on Generative AI & Creativity )to debate copyright law, the ethics of open sharing, and other relevant areas that touch AI.\n\nAt our CC Global Summit, participants drafted community-driven principles on AI that are a valuable input and will help inform the organization's thinking as we determine CC's exact role in the AI space.\n\n'The Pillars of Creation' by James Webb Space Telescope is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Referenced websites\n\nThese websites are also relevant as further information sources:", - "page_start": 811, - "page_end": 811, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -10988,6 +10988,12 @@ "page_end": 634, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "## Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.\n\nWe offer a ten-week CC Certificate program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and available in 10 languages .\n\nAs of 2023, we've certified:\n\n\n\n1,705 Graduates\n\n\n\n65 Countries\n\n## In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:\n\n## 19 Workshops & Trainings\n\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n\n## 2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps\n\nfor California Community Colleges.\n\n## 27 Webinars\n\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n\n## 12 CC Legal Open Office Hours\n\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n\n", "page_start": 4, @@ -11019,16 +11025,10 @@ "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, { - "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## 3.2.6 How to view licensing information\n\nLicensing information is available for all datasets associated with common licences, which are supported by the Licence Assistant. When available a link to the assistant is provided on left side of a dataset page.\n\nBy clicking on the licence name (here: cc-by), the Licence Assistant tool is opened in a new window, displaying relevant information for this particular licence.\n\n", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- - Fibre Channel", - "page_start": 771, - "page_end": 771, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11080,6 +11080,18 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -11091,18 +11103,6 @@ "page_start": 523, "page_end": 523, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## Occupational safety and health in Europe: state and trends 2023\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## Ten Year Summary\n\nfor the year ended 30 June 2013", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11142,6 +11142,12 @@ "page_end": 22, "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nKillam properties Inc. suite 100 3700 Kempt road Halifax, nova scotia B3K 4X8\n\n1.866.453.8900 killamproperties.com tsx: kmp", + "page_start": 97, + "page_end": 97, + "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" + }, { "text": "## a Diversi/fied portfolio\n\nKillam has a diverse portfolio of both apartments and manufactured home communities. The apartment portfolio represents 86% of Killam's earnings and includes a variety of property types, such as high-rises, mid-rises and walk-ups, in nine urban centres across /five provinces. With a wide selection of properties and price points in each city, Killam caters to a broad tenant base. Killam's 35 manufactured home communities represent 14% of earnings and are located primarily in Nova Scotia and Ontario. The manufactured home communities complement the apartment business, providing stable and predictable cash /flows.\n\n", "page_start": 12, @@ -11171,12 +11177,6 @@ "page_start": 23, "page_end": 23, "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nDollar amounts are in thousands of canadian dollars (except share and per share amounts)\n\n## 1. Corporate Information\n\nKillam Properties Inc ('Killam' or the 'Company') is a real estate company specializing in the acquisition, management and development of multi-residential apartment buildings and manufactured home communities in Canada. Killam is incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act. Killam's common shares are publicly traded and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol 'KMP'. The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Killam and its subsidiaries as at December 31, 2013 . the company's head office operations are located at 3700 Kempt Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 4X8 and the Company's registered office is located at 2571 Windsor Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 5C4.\n\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2013, were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on Tuesday, February 18, 2014.\n\n## 2. Significant Accounting Policies\n\n## (A) Statement of Compliance\n\nThese consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ('IASB').\n\n## (B) Basis of Presentation\n\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for investment properties that have been measured at fair value. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and are presented in Canadian dollars, which is Killam's functional currency, and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand ($000), except when otherwise noted. Standards and guidelines not effective for the current accounting period are described in Note 4.\n\n## (C) Basis of Consolidation\n\n## (i) Subsidiaries\n\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Killam and its subsidiaries. Non-controlling interests represent the portion of profit or loss and net assets not held by Killam, and are presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income and within equity in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, separately from shareholders' equity.\n\nSubsidiaries are entities controlled by Killam. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases. The accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed when necessary to align them with the policies adopted by Killam. In certain circumstances, Killam has control over entities in which it does not own more than 50% of the voting power.\n\nThe Company's significant investment in subsidiaries and a joint venture, all of which are incorporated in Canada, are listed in the following table:\n\n| Subsidiary | % Interest |\n|------------------------------------------|--------------|\n| Killam Properties Inc. | 100% |\n| Killam investments inc. | 100% |\n| Killam investments (Pei) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam Properties Apartments Trust | 100% |\n| Killam Properties M.H.C. Trust | 100% |\n| 661047 n.B. inc. | 100% |\n| Blackshire court limited | 100% |\n| Blackshire court limited Partnership | 95.92% |\n| Killam KFH (180 mill st.) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam KFH (Kanata lakes) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam KFH (1355 silver spear road) inc. | 100% |\n| Killam KFH sigma GP inc. | 50% |\n| Killam KFH-Sigma Properties LP | 25% |", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -11594,14 +11594,14 @@ }, { "text": "## FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000", - "page_start": 77, - "page_end": 77, + "page_start": 88, + "page_end": 88, "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" }, { "text": "## FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, + "page_start": 77, + "page_end": 77, "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" }, { @@ -11680,14 +11680,14 @@ }, { "text": "## FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000", - "page_start": 77, - "page_end": 77, + "page_start": 88, + "page_end": 88, "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" }, { "text": "## FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, + "page_start": 77, + "page_end": 77, "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" }, { @@ -12001,11 +12001,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "Activation of the license can be performed in one of two ways:", "page_start": 630, @@ -12059,12 +12065,6 @@ "page_start": 442, "page_end": 442, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12075,11 +12075,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "with. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most are not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted works and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16\n\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially those that have or have had limited commercial value. Put differently, the barrier to using 17 most books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources, licensing would not enable access to most works.\n\n## Permissively licensed works\n\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as works placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular uses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their follow-on use).\n\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion depends on whether the license's terms can be complied with in the context of AI training. For instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper attribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public Domain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18", "page_start": 9, @@ -12110,6 +12122,12 @@ "page_end": 634, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "- /SM590000 Enabled Compression license", "page_start": 442, @@ -12121,24 +12139,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Limitation on ports of entry", - "page_start": 75, - "page_end": 75, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "It is also important to note two other issues that can affect the application of limitations and exceptions, in particular, their application to e-books.\n\nThe first important limitation is that almost every digital book published today comes with a set of contractual terms that restrict what users can do with it. In many cases, those terms will explicitly restrict text data mining or AI uses of the content, meaning that even where copyright law allows for reuse (for example, under fair use), publishers by contract can impose restrictions anyway. In the United States, those contract terms are generally thought to override the applicability of fair use or other limitations and exceptions. Other 23 jurisdictions, such as those in the EU, provide that certain limitations and exceptions cannot be contractually overridden, though experience to date varies with how those anti-contractual override protections work in practice. 24\n\nThe second limitation is the widespread adoption of 'anti-circumvention' rules in copyright laws and the interplay of these with a choice to rely on copyright limitations and exceptions. Digital books sold by major publishers are generally encumbered with 'digital rights management' (DRM) that limits how someone can use the digital file. For instance, DRM can limit the ability to make a copy of the book, or even screenshot or excerpt from it, among other things. Anti-circumvention laws restrict someone's ability to evade these technical restrictions, even if it is for an ultimately lawful use.\n\nWhat this means for our purposes is that even if one acquires a digital book from, for example, Amazon, and it is lawful under copyright law to use that book in AI training, it can still generally be unlawful to circumvent the DRM to do so, outside narrow exceptions. 25 Thus, the ability to use in-copyright books encumbered by DRM - that is, most all books sold by major publishers - is generally limited. 26\n\nPractically, using in-copyright books to build a books commons for AI training - while relying on copyright's limitations and exceptions - requires turning a physical book into digital form, or otherwise engaging in the laborious process of manually re-creating a book's text (i.e., retyping the full text of the book) without circumventing the technical restrictions themselves.", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12149,8 +12149,8 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -12160,6 +12160,12 @@ "page_end": 630, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "If you use LDAP, consider the following scenarios:", "page_start": 164, @@ -12207,12 +12213,6 @@ "page_start": 75, "page_end": 75, "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With native IP partnership, the following Copy Services features are supported:", - "page_start": 571, - "page_end": 571, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12815,11 +12815,17 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "LACHAPELLE MONDAY green weeks", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## HOW DOES IT WORK?\n\n## When to put my garbage container outside?\n\nThe evening before the waste collection day.\n\n## Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?\n\nYou will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n\n## Container stolen: What to do?\n\nIn case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n\n## Out container = full container\n\nPut your rubbish container out only when full.\n\nAttention ! Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\n\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n\n## HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?\n\nBuy your own compost kit and get\n\ntips for good composting practice.\n\nOnly during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department).\n\n30 minute workshops/awarenessraising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops ** .\n\nRegistration and information with the service.\n\n| Compost kit | Plastic | Wood |\n|---------------|-----------|--------|\n| 300 L | 20 € | 30 € |\n| 400 L | 25 € | 35 € |\n\n- * Only payment by cheque made payable to the\n- 'Tresor Public' are accepted\n- ** Specific condition of acquisition apply accor-\n- ding to your municipality of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n| Town | Black container | Yellow container |\n|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | AGNAC |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ARMILLAC |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | BOURGOUGNAGUE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | CAMBES |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | LACHAPELLE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | LAPERCHE |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT |\n| MONDAY green weeks | FRIDAY white weeks | LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | LAVERGNE |\n| TUESDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN |\n| TUESDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE |\n| WEDNESDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | MOUSTIER |\n| MONDAY green weeks | THURSDAY white weeks | PEYRIÈRE |\n| MONDAY green weeks | WEDNESDAY white weeks | PUYSSERAMPION |\n| MONDAY white weeks | THURSDAY green weeks | ROUMAGNE |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN |\n| MONDAY white weeks | FRIDAY green weeks | SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC |\n| WEDNESDAY white weeks | WEDNESDAY green weeks | SEGALAS |\n\n## MORE QUESTIONS ?\n\nWebsite:\n\nwww.ccpl47.fr\n\n/ Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n\nEnvironnement Service :\n\n12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN\n\n05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr\n\nComposting : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n\nRecycling centre access, registration or modification : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\n\nOn the CCPL website\n\n\n\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n\n\n\n\n\neepik\n\nr\n\ntock - F\n\nS\n\ndobe\n\nto : A\n\nédits pho\n\nr\n\nC", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 2024\n\n| MAY | MAY |\n|-------|-------|\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n\n| | NOVEMBER |\n|-----|------------|\n| F S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n\n| JUNE | JUNE |\n|--------|--------|\n| S S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n\n| | DECEMBER |\n|----|------------|\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n\nCollection on public holidays will take place, except May 1st and December 25th. The collection for Wednesday May 1st will be brought forward to Tuesday April 30th and the collection for Wednesday December 25th will be brought forward to Tuesday December 24th. The collection for Wednesday January 1st 2025 will be brought forward to Tuesday December 31st.\n\nMY BLACK GARBAGE COLLECTION'S DAY\n\nMY YELLOW GARBAGE COLLECTION'S DAY\n\n| MARCH | MARCH |\n|---------|---------|\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |\n| M | |\n| T | |\n| W | |\n| T | |\n| F | |\n| S | |\n| S | |", "page_start": 1, @@ -12856,29 +12862,23 @@ "page_end": 58, "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" }, - { - "text": "TABLE OF CONTENTS", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, { "text": "TABLE OF CONTENTS", "page_start": 27, "page_end": 27, "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" }, + { + "text": "TABLE OF CONTENTS", + "page_start": 14, + "page_end": 14, + "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" + }, { "text": "The following timeline highlights the major shifts in the development of container to date (see Figure 2-9):\n\n - /SM590000 2000 FreeBSD Jails: FreeBSD Jails enabled Computer systems to be partitioned into multiple servers that were independent subsystems named Jail with unique IP address.\n - /SM590000 2001 Linux Vserver: Similar to FreeBSD Jails, Linux also developed a feature for operating system virtualization where a file system, memory, and network can be shared among independent systems.\n - /SM590000 2004 Solaris Containers: Solaris Containers combined system resource controls and boundary separation that was provided by zones to take advantage of features, such as snapshots and cloning from ZFS.\n - /SM590000 2006 Google process containers: Process Containers was designed for limiting, accounting, and isolating resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O, and network) of a collection of processes. Later, this was renamed as Control Groups (cgroups) and merged to Linux kernel 2.6.24.\n - /SM590000 2008 LXC evolved (Linux Container Group): Linux Containers (LXC) was the first, most complete implementation of Linux container manager. It was implemented in 2008 by using cgroups and Linux namespaces.\n - /SM590000 2013 Let Me Contain That For You (LMCTFY): Let Me Contain That For You (LMCTFY) started in 2013 as an open source version of Google's container stack. Applications can be made container aware, which creates and manages their own subcontainers.\n - /SM590000 2013 Docker: Docker emerged, which made container service even more popular. Docker and container grew together.\n - /SM590000 2016 Security and DevOps: Container security enhanced and DevOps method evolved as most preferred Container Application process.\n - /SM590000 2017 Container becomes more matured with CNCF and Kubernetes.\n\nFigure 2-9 Containers timeline\n\n", "page_start": 36, "page_end": 36, "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" } ] }, @@ -12963,8 +12963,8 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "This population-based study included 2,857 adults who were experiencing respiratory symptoms.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 8 + "presence": false, + "index": null } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -12992,6 +12992,18 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "[\n\n- assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. J Bras Pneumol . 2015;41(2): 143-150.\n- 25. Ekström M, Bornefalk H, Sköld M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le (MDP) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res . 2019;6: e000381.\n- 26. Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris J, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of The Dyspnea-12. J Asthma . 2011;48(6):602-608.\n- 27. Boulet LP, Boulay ME, Cote A, et al. Airway in /uniFB02 ammation and hyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(3): 2201194.\n- 28. Gerstein E, Bierbrier J, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2023;208(12):1271-1282.\n- 29. Aaron SD, Vandemheen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med . 2024;390(22):2061-2073.\n- 30. Han MK, Ye W, Wang D, et al. Bronchodilators in tobacco-exposed persons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med . 2022;387(13): 1173-1184.\n- 31. Marott JL, Ingebrigtsen TS, Çolak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment: a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population. Lancet Reg Health Eur . 2023;35:100759.\n- 32. Stefan MS, Priya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnea? J Hosp Med . 2016;11(10):701-707.\n- 33. Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2023;61(2): 2201721.\n\n]", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "- 5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea: underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J Anaesth . 2011;106:463-474.\n- 6. NederJ,BertonD,MüllerP,etal. Ventilatory inef /uniFB01 ciency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc . 2017;14(suppl\\_1): S22-S29.\n- 7. Gruenberger JB, Vietri J, Keininger DL, Mahler DA. Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health- related quality of life among European patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017;12: 937-944.\n- 8. Preteroti M, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Population-based case/uniFB01 nding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J . 2020;55:2000024.\n- 9. Huynh C, Whitmore GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. Derivation and validation of the UCAP-Q case/uniFB01 nding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J . 2022;60(3):2103243.\n- 10. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom-based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol . 2010;20: 27-34.\n- 11. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest . 2006;129: 1531-1539.\n- 12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ, et al. Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration . 2006;73:285-295.\n- 13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al. Development and /uniFB01 rst validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J . 2009;34:648-654.\n- 14. Jones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax . 1991;46:676-682.\n- 15. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire. Respir Med . 1991;85:25-31.\n\n- 16. Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire: MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis . 2005;2:75-79.\n- 17. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https:// ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/ 07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23\\_07\\_06-WMS.pdf\n- 18. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/GOLD-2023-ver-1.3-17 Feb2023\\_WMV.pdf\n- 19. Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) using pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly-sampled symptomatic cohort. Am J Resp Crit Care Med . 2023;208(10): 1129-1131.\n- 20. Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activityrelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: physical and psychological consequences, unmet needs, and future directions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2019;14: 1127-1138.\n- 21. Reilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1, 2024. http://www.reillyassociates.net/wpai\\_ scoring.html\n- 22. Carlsen HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory /uniFB02 ow in allergic asthma during pollen season -a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Health . 2022;21:63.\n- 23. Ekström M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations: results from the RHINESSA generation study. Thorax . 2022;77(2): 172-177.\n- 24. Ziegler B, Fernandes AK, Sanches PR, Konzen GL, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects\n\n[", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Funding/Support\n\nThis study is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research [FDN Grant 154322].\n\n## Financial/Non /uniFB01 nancial Disclosures\n\nNone declared.\n\nSavage; Natasha Verzosa; Ravneet Mahal; and Mary Justine Angeles; Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS: Scott Fulton, RRT; Hôpital du Sacré Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC: Simone Chaboillez, MT; and Meliza Benabdallah; St. Joseph ' s Hamilton, Hamilton, ON: Liz Johnson; St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB: Cheryl Noble, RN; Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecUniversité Laval, Québec, QC: Johane Lepage, BSc; Joanne Milot, RN; and Christiane Balizet, RN; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB: Lisette Machado, MD; and Curtis Dumonceaux, BSc; University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB: Miranda Bowen, RRT; Fay Hartt; Angie Hillaby, RRT; and Amy Haartsma, RRT; St. Michael ' s Hospital, Toronto, ON: Stephanie Segovia, PhD; and Carolyn Spiegel-Feld; Queen ' s University Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON: Ann Taite, BSc; Alison Morra, BScN; Emma Bullock, HBSc; and Taylar Wall, RRT; University of Saskatchewan Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK: Nancy Zacher; Janet Baran, RN; and Yessica Lopez, BA; London Health Sciences Centre - Victoria Hospital, London, ON: Katie Maguire; Heba Almadhoun; and Robert Campbell-Pereira, BSc; St. Clare ' s Mercy Hospital, St John ' s, NL: Sarah Anthony, BNRN; and Tanya Nolan, BNRN; McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC: Francine Noel; Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre, Barrie, ON: Masoud\n\nMahdavian; and Ashley Brown, RRT; and Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, ON: Ian Fraser; Han Byul (Liz) Lee; and Yuna Lee, BA. We would also thank Dong Vo We (data manager, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON). We also thank the thousands of study participants who gave their time and came in for the study visits. We also thank ASDE Survey Sampler, Inc (Gatineau, QC, Canada) for organizing the random digit dialing.\n\n## References\n\n- 1. Parshall MB, Schwarthzstein RM, Adams L, et al. An Of /uniFB01 cial American Thoracic Society Statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2012;185:435-452.\n- 2. Ho SF, O ' Mahony MS, Steward JA, et al. Dyspnoea and quality of life in older people at home. Age Ageing . 2001;30: 155-159.\n- 3. Laviolette L, Laveneziana P. Dyspnoea: a multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach. Eur Respir J . 2014;43: 1750-1762.\n- 4. Müller A, Mraz T, Wouters EFM, et al. Prevalence of dyspnea in general adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med . 2023;218: 107379.", "page_start": 11, @@ -13015,18 +13027,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[\n\n]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De /uniFB01 ned Diagnosis\n\n\n\n\n\nJared Bierbrier, BSc; Emily Gerstein; George A. Whitmore, PhD; Katherine L. Vandemheen, MScN; Celine Bergeron, MD; Louis-Philippe Boulet, MD; Andreanne Cote, MD; Stephen K. Field, MD; Erika Penz, MD; R. Andrew McIvor, MD; Catherine Lemière, MD; Samir Gupta, MD; Paul Hernandez, MD; Irvin Mayers, MD; Mohit Bhutani, MD; M. Diane Lougheed, MD; Christopher J. Licskai, MD; Tanweer Azher, MD; Nicole Ezer, MD; Martha Ainslie, MD; Gonzalo G. Alvarez, MD; Sunita Mulpuru, MD; and Shawn D. Aaron, MD\n\nBACKGROUND: We investigated dyspnea; its associated risk factors; and its impact on health care utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms.\n\nRESEARCH QUESTION: What is the impact of dyspnea in adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms?\n\nSTUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This population-based study included 2,857 adults who were experiencing respiratory symptoms. These individuals had not been previously diagnosed with any lung conditions and were recruited from 17 Canadian centers using random digit dialing. Each participant underwent spirometry testing both before and after using a bronchodilator to determine if they met the diagnostic criteria for COPD, asthma, or preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm), or if their spirometry results were normal. An agematched control group (n ¼ 231) was similarly recruited using random digit dialing. A dyspnea impact assessment score from 0 to 100 was produced using questions from the COPD Assessment Test and St. George ' s Respiratory questionnaire.\n\nRESULTS: Individuals with PRISm (n ¼ 172) reported more impactful dyspnea (mean score, 63.0; 95% CI, 59.5-66.4) than those with undiagnosed asthma (n ¼ 265; mean score, 56.6; 95% CI, 53.9-59.3) or undiagnosed COPD (n ¼ 330; mean score, 57.5; 95% CI, 55.1-59.9). All groups reported signi /uniFB01 cantly more impactful dyspnea than the control group (mean score, 13.8; 95% CI, 11.8-15.7). Patient-speci /uniFB01 c risk factors including age, sex, BMI, smoking, and comorbidities explained 20.6% of the variation in dyspnea. An additional 12.4% of the variation was explained by disease classi /uniFB01 cation and another 1.7% by the severity of lung function impairment assessed with spirometry. After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, greater dyspnea impact was associated with increased health care utilization, lower quality of life, and reduced work productivity.\n\nINTERPRETATION: Our /uniFB01 ndings showed that in community-based adults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms, those identi /uniFB01 ed with PRISm experienced the greatest impact of dyspnea. Dyspnea imposes burdens on the health care system and is associated with impaired quality of life and work productivity. CHEST 2024; 166(6):1296-1308\n\nKEY WORDS: asthma; case /uniFB01 nding; COPD; dyspnea\n\nFOR EDITORIAL COMMENT, SEE PAGE 1259\n\n[\n\n]", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "TABLE 6 ] Dyspnea Regressed on Lung Function Variables Representing Severity of Impairment\n\n| Disease Group | Reversibility of FEV1, % | Post-BD FEV1/FVC Ratio | Post-BD FEV1 % predicted | Overall P Value |\n|-------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------|----------------------------|-------------------|\n| Control | /C0 0.163 ( P ¼ .47) | /C0 0.274 (P [ .05) | /C0 0.090 ( P ¼ .17) | .096 |\n| Normal spirometry | 0.186 ( P ¼ .16) | 0.240 (P [ .005) | /C0 0.131 (P < .001) | < .001 |\n| Asthma | 0.545 (P [ .01) | 0.107 ( P ¼ .58) | /C0 0.158 ( P ¼ .08) | .009 |\n| COPD | 0.392 (P [ .002) | /C0 0.307 (P [ .05) | /C0 0.075 ( P ¼ .37) | < .001 |\n| PRISm | /C0 0.290 ( P ¼ .39) | 0.854 (P [ .002) | /C0 0.650 (P [ .004) | < .001 |\n\nDyspnea regressed on lung function variables representing severity of impairment, after removing contributions of patient-speci /uniFB01 c factors and spirometry disease group Tables 4 and 5 (1.7% of variability explained). Boldface indicates statitistical signi /uniFB01 cance. BD ¼ bronchodilator; PRISm ¼ preserved ratio impaired spirometry.\n\nApproximately 65% of the variability in dyspnea remained unexplained by the factors examined in our study. Most individuals in our study showed normal spirometry results but still carried a substantial burden of dyspnea, an inconsistency that needs explanation. Several factors not included in our analysis may have contributed to the unexplained variation. Environmental factors (eg, air pollution, allergen exposure, seasonal variations in symptoms) are potential contributors to this unexplained variability. 22 Genetic predispositions could also play a signi /uniFB01 cant role, as suggested by a study that revealed that parents with dyspnea were 1.8 times more likely to have offspring with dyspnea. 23 Additionally, /uniFB01 tness could be a contributing factor, especially in individuals with undiagnosed PRISm, asthma, or COPD who may restrict their activities to avoid dyspnea, and hence become deconditioned. 6\n\nThere were signi /uniFB01 cant but modest differences in mean dyspnea levels across the 17 study sites (data not shown), which are not explained by the risk factors we accounted for in our study. This /uniFB01 nding is not surprising because some of the potential contributing factors previously mentioned and other site-speci /uniFB01 c factors\n\n(eg, climate, air quality/industrialization, socioeconomic status) of the catchment population tend to vary across study sites.\n\nDyspnea is a complex, subjective symptom that is modi /uniFB01 ed by nonrespiratory factors including psychosocial, social, and environmental in /uniFB02 uences. 5 Interindividual variability in the perception of dyspnea, in /uniFB02 uenced by these nonrespiratory factors, may play an important role. A study conducted by Ziegler et al 24 assessed the perception of dyspnea in 42 healthy individuals using a standardized inspiratory resistive loading stimulus. The study used the modi /uniFB01 ed Borg scale to measure dyspnea perception levels. Among the participants subjected to the same inspiratory resistive load, 31%, 45%, and 24% of participants classi /uniFB01 ed their level of dyspnea as low, intermediate, and high, respectively. The study revealed that differences between individuals contribute considerable variability to the perception of dyspnea, even among healthy participants.\n\nThe affective dimension of dyspnea can be captured using additional questionnaires (eg, Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le, Dyspnea-12). Studies have explored the use of the Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro /uniFB01 le in\n\nTABLE 7 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Quality of Life (SF-36)", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13078,6 +13078,12 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## How Much Compost to Use\n\n - l Estimate the planting area (Math Hint: Square feet = length x width)\n - l Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4)\n - l Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs. (Abbreviations: ft = foot; yd = yard; sq = square; cu = cubic.)\n - l Conversions: 9 square feet = 1 square yard; 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.\n\n## Question: I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?\n\n| Plot Size | # of Sq Feet | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|----------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| 5' x 10' plot | 50 sq ft | 2.08 cu ft of compost | 8.33 cu ft of compost (0.31 cu yd) |\n| 10' x 10' plot | 100 sq ft | 4.17 cu ft of compost | 16.66 cu ft of compost (0.62 cu yd) |\n| 20 x 50' plot | 1000 sq ft | 41.7 cu ft of compost | 166.7 cu ft of compost (6.2 cu yd) |\n| 1 acre | 43,600 sq ft | 1,815 cu ft of compost (67 cu yd) | 7,257 cu ft of compost (268 cu yd) |\n\n## Question: If I buy this much compost, how many square feet will it cover?\n\n\n\n| Compost Quantity | 1/2' Deep - Mulching or Top-dressing | 2' Deep - Amending new lawns or gardens |\n|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|\n| 1 cu ft bag of compost 2.2 cu ft bag of compost | 24 sq foot area | 6 sq foot area 9 sq foot area 13 sq foot area |\n| 1.5 cu ft bag of compost | 36 sq foot area | |\n| | 53 sq foot area | |\n| 2.5 cu ft bag of compost | 60 sq foot area | 15 sq foot area |\n| 1 cubic yard of compost | 648 sq foot area | 162 sq foot area |\n\nCompost Works! Soil blending trials conducted in 2008 by the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with funding from the Washington Department of Ecology,\n\n\n\ndemonstrated that compost improves soil structure (lowers bulk density), nutrient availability (increases cation exchange capacity), moisture holding capacity, and supplies both nutrients that plants need and organic matter that supports soil life. See the 2008 Soil Blending Trial report at\n\n", + "page_start": 7, + "page_end": 7, + "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Resources\n\n## Compost Organizations\n\n## Washington Organic Recycling Council\n\nFind a compost producer in your area www.compostwashington.org\n\n## US Composting Council\n\nSeal of Testing Assurance (STA) program www.compostingcouncil.org/programs/sta/\n\n## Restoring the Soil to Protect our Waterways\n\nwww.soilsforsalmon.org\n\nCompost amendment and erosion control during construction: information for builders www.buildingsoil.org\n\n## Natural Lawn & Garden Care, Soils, and Home Composting\n\nCity of Seattle\n\nwww.seattle.gov/util/services/yard\n\nKing County\n\nwww.kingcounty.gov/soils\n\nWashington State University\n\nwww.puyallup.wsu.edu/soilmgmt/\n\n\n\n\n\n## The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden Blossoms from the Soil\n\nThank you for your interest in compost.\n\nCompost is a versatile product with many benefits. It enhances soil quality, helps save water, and supports your community's efforts to recycle organic debris. All this helps to conserve our natural resources and reduces the amount of material sent to the landfill.\n\nCompost-amended soil also helps break down pollutants and absorb stormwater runoff. By making nutrients slowly available to plants and enhancing plant health, compost can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. All these benefits help protect our lakes, rivers, and marine waters from pollution and excessive runoff.\n\nCompost is a natural amendment for your lawn or garden, and can be used regularly to enrich your soil. This guide is designed to help you get the most from the compost that you buy.", "page_start": 2, @@ -13095,12 +13101,6 @@ "page_start": 721, "page_end": 721, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To create and start a backup, complete the following steps:", - "page_start": 503, - "page_end": 503, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13566,6 +13566,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" }, + { + "text": "dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS\n\nVerDate Sep 11 2014\n\n15:46 Aug 08, 2019\n\nJkt 089139\n\nPO 00030\n\nFrm 00002\n\nFmt 6580\n\nSfmt 6580\n\nE:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116\n\nPUBL030\n\n''(2) new construction would be required to create a lactation room in the public building and the cost of such construction is unfeasible.\n\n''(d) NO UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.-Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building or portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized to enter.''.\n\n(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.-The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following new item:\n\n40 USC 3301 prec.\n\n''3318. Lactation room in public buildings.''.\n\n(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.-The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. 40 USC 3318 note.\n\nApproved July 25, 2019.\n\n", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Further requirements on arrivals from category 2 countries and territories", "page_start": 12, @@ -13613,12 +13619,6 @@ "page_start": 65, "page_end": 65, "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Test requirements: offshore installation workers", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" } ] }, @@ -13925,8 +13925,8 @@ "target_page": 16, "target_passage": "To freeze panes in a worksheet: 1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the area you want to freeze/unfreeze 2. Click on the VIEW tab 3. Click on Freeze Panes in the Window group, then select Freeze Panes ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -14222,7 +14222,7 @@ "target_passage": "178,471,109", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 3 + "index": 4 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -14244,6 +14244,12 @@ "page_end": 16, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nConsolidated Statements of Activities\n\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-------------|\n| Net assets without donor restrictions: | | |\n| Support and revenue: | | |\n| Contributions of cash and other financial assets | $ 168,212,977 | 164,121,185 |\n| Contributions of nonfinancial assets and services | 263,476 | 1,040,453 |\n| Foreign currency losses | (300,907) | (94,868) |\n| Other income, net | 5,629,773 | 3,824,240 |\n| Investment income, net | 5,096,842 | 3,002,929 |\n| Release of net assets with donor restrictions | 6,481,350 | 4,732,654 |\n| Total support and revenue | 185,383,511 | 176,626,593 |\n| Operating expenses: | | |\n| Salaries and benefits | 106,793,960 | 101,305,706 |\n| Awards and grants | 26,820,080 | 24,433,682 |\n| Internet hosting | 3,116,445 | 3,120,819 |\n| In-kind service expenses | 263,476 | 1,040,453 |\n| Donation processing expenses | 7,547,718 | 6,855,680 |\n| Professional service expenses | 13,090,040 | 15,464,635 |\n| Other operating expenses | 10,798,140 | 7,393,982 |\n| Travel and conferences | 5,824,979 | 4,878,359 |\n| Depreciation and amortization | 4,216,271 | 4,602,064 |\n| Total operating expenses | 178,471,109 | 169,095,380 |\n| Change in net assets without donor restrictions from operating activities | 6,912,402 | 7,531,213 |\n| Nonoperating activities: | | |\n| Unrealized gains on investments, net | 9,858,001 | 3,547,510 |\n| Change in net assets without donor restrictions | 16,770,403 | 11,078,723 |\n| Net assets with donor restrictions: | | |\n| Contributions with donor restrictions | 6,295,000 | 9,273,736 |\n| Net assets released from restrictions | (6,481,350) | (4,732,654) |\n| Increase (decrease) in net assets with donor restrictions | (186,350) | 4,541,082 |\n| Increase in net assets | 16,584,053 | 15,619,805 |\n| Net assets at beginning of year | 254,971,337 | 239,351,532 |\n| Net assets at end of year | $ 271,555,390 | 254,971,337 |\n\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.", "page_start": 5, @@ -14279,12 +14285,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nConsolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n(With Independent Auditors' Report Thereon)", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14296,10 +14296,16 @@ "target_passage": "External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 0 + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements June 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies\n\n## (a) Organization and Purpose\n\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net assets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC.\n\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. Based in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily through donations and contributions.\n\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the Foundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for charitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes.\n\n## (b) Risks and Uncertainties\n\nThe Foundation's operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts from foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not experienced an adverse impact on its business operations.\n\n## (c) Income Taxes\n\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of Revenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined that the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions.\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated the financial statement impact of positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax returns. The Foundation is subject to income taxes on any net income that is derived from a trade or business, regularly carried on, and not in furtherance of the purposes for which it was granted exemption. Net income from any unrelated trade or business, in the opinion of management, is not material to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.\n\n## (d) Financial Statement Presentation\n\nNet assets, support and revenue, expenses, gains, and losses are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 958, Not-for-Profit Entities .\n\nNet assets without donor restrictions represent unrestricted resources available to support operations and also include previously temporarily restricted resources, which have become available for use by the Foundation in accordance with the intentions of donors.\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions represent contributions that are limited in use by the Foundation in accordance with donor-imposed stipulations. The stipulations may expire with time or may be satisfied and removed by the actions of the Foundation according to the terms of the contribution by the donor.", "page_start": 7, @@ -14353,12 +14359,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|\n| Cash flows from operating activities: | | |\n| Increase in net assets | $ 16,584,053 | 15,619,804 |\n| Adjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: | | |\n| Depreciation and amortization | 4,216,271 | 4,602,064 |\n| Loss on disposal of equipment | 203,233 | 64,518 |\n| Unrealized and realized gains on investments, net | (8,356,376) | (2,276,210) |\n| Right of use asset - operating lease, net | 1,821,432 | 1,404,875 |\n| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | |\n| Contributions receivable | (1,571,657) | 700,000 |\n| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (152,972) | (469,201) |\n| Accounts payable | 1,225,678 | (483,402) |\n| Accrued expenses | 1,037,299 | 1,224,690 |\n| Lease liability | (1,666,935) | (1,618,384) |\n| Donations payable to Wikimedia Endowment | (4,748,841) | 5,254,730 |\n| Other liabilities | 205,056 | (65,560) |\n| Net cash provided by operating activities | 8,796,241 | 23,957,924 |\n| Cash flows from investing activities: | | |\n| Purchase of computer equipment and office furniture | (4,435,982) | (4,006,566) |\n| Development of internal use software | 2,235,481 | (3,076,098) |\n| Purchase of investments | (92,176,499) | (49,998,612) |\n| Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments | 92,649,341 | 58,016,155 |\n| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (1,727,659) | 934,879 |\n| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 7,068,582 | 24,892,803 |\n| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year | 77,205,118 | 52,312,315 |\n| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year | $ 84,273,700 | 77,205,118 |\n| Supplemental cash flow disclosure: | | |\n| Noncash changes in exchange rate | $ 290,621 | (96,027) |\n| Initial recognition of right of use asset - operating lease | - | (3,226,048) |\n| Initial recognition of lease liability | - | 3,580,607 |", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14404,6 +14404,12 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation's existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n\n## (11) Contingencies and Commitments\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n\n## (12) Subsequent Events\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.", + "page_start": 19, + "page_end": 19, + "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" + }, { "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\n## (4) Property and Equipment, Net\n\nProperty and equipment at June 30, 2024 and 2023 consist of the following:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|------------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|\n| Furniture | $ 72,042 | 737,143 |\n| Leasehold improvements | - | 2,074,581 |\n| Computer equipment | 22,821,120 | 21,941,684 |\n| Internal use software | 2,507,701 | 5,198,574 |\n| Total | 25,400,863 | 29,951,982 |\n| Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (13,574,727) | (15,906,843) |\n| Property and equipment, net | $ 11,826,136 | 14,045,139 |\n\n## (5) Net Assets\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions at June 30, 2024 and 2023 are available for the following purposes:\n\n| | 2024 | 2023 |\n|----------------------------------------------|-------------|-----------|\n| Restricted to future periods: | $ 50,000 | 100,000 |\n| Restricted by purpose: | | |\n| Abstract Wikipedia | 861,008 | 1,249,004 |\n| Artificial intelligence | 239,878 | - |\n| Endowment support | - | 1,297,620 |\n| Future Audiences | 500,000 | - |\n| Knowledge equity | 965,910 | 2,228,134 |\n| Machine learning | 24,528 | 860,620 |\n| Media Wiki | 1,500,000 | - |\n| Other | 125,000 | 147,295 |\n| Restricted to future periods and by purpose: | | |\n| Artificial intelligence | 1,430,000 | - |\n| Net assets with donor restrictions | $ 5,696,324 | 5,782,673 |\n\n## (6) Functional Allocation of Expenses\n\nCosts of providing the Foundation's activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. Programs comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform that enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, growing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in key geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support Wikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for which the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and fundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent and office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as", "page_start": 15, @@ -14427,12 +14433,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n\nGifts of cash and other assets are reported as contributions with donor restrictions if they are received with donor stipulations that limit the use of the donated assets or are restricted as to time. When a donor restriction expires, that is, when a stipulated time restriction ends or purpose restriction is accomplished, net assets with donor restrictions are reclassified to net assets without donor restrictions and reported in the consolidated statement of activities as net assets released from restrictions.\n\n## (l) Contributions of Nonfinancial Assets and Services\n\nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services include contributed services, as described below.\n\nContributed services are reported at fair value in the consolidated financial statements for voluntary donations of services when those services (1) create or enhance nonfinancial assets, (2) require specialized skills provided by individuals possessing those skills and are services that would be typically purchased if not provided by the donation, and (3) are professional in nature, and have been explicitly agreed to in advance. Contributed services are reported as contributions of nonfinancial assets and services revenue and in-kind service expenses in the consolidated statements of activities. Fair value is estimated based on current local rates for similar services.\n\nA substantial number of volunteers make significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Foundation's projects. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, as the criteria above are not met.\n\nContributed service revenue and expenses recorded in the consolidated statements of activities consist of contributed legal services, engineering services, subscription services, and internet hosting services and bandwidth. The amounts of specialized contributed legal services as revenue and expenses are $82,638 and $493,315 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of specialized engineering services as revenue and expenses are $0 and $498,800 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of donated subscription services as revenue and expenses was $124,738 and $0 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amounts of contributed internet hosting services and bandwidth for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is $56,100 and $48,338, respectively. Included in the 2024 and 2023 amounts are donated hosting services and bandwidth from the following companies: (1) FiberRing, (2) Tele2, (3) Datahop, (4) LibertyGlobal, (5) Init7, and (6) Arelion.\n\n## (m) Revenue Recognition - Contracts With Customers\n\nThe Foundation recognizes revenue from contracts with customers related to Wikimedia, LLC under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which establishes a principle that revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Foundation expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.\n\nThe Foundation determines the amount of revenue to be recognized through the application of the following 5-step process: 1) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; 2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; 3) determination of the transaction price; 4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and 5) recognition of revenue when or as the Foundation satisfies the performance obligations.", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14638,18 +14638,18 @@ "page_end": 35, "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" }, - { - "text": "Table of Contents", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, { "text": "Table of Contents", "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Table of Contents", + "page_start": 2, + "page_end": 2, + "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" + }, { "text": "FINANCIALS 2014", "page_start": 10, @@ -14813,11 +14813,29 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Creative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast six CC Licenses and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n\n## We've estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The great growling engine of change - technology. Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n\n## In 2023, we launched the Open Infrastructure Circle (OIC) to ensure consistent funding for this work.\n\nWe're grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.\n\n", "page_start": 3, @@ -14842,6 +14860,12 @@ "page_end": 571, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf\\_reference\\_1-7 .pdf", "page_start": 433, @@ -14853,30 +14877,6 @@ "page_start": 8, "page_end": 8, "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Our Impact\n\nCC believes that opening up knowledge is key to addressing the world's most pressing challenges. Today, we steer campaigns, programming, and training in many areas:\n\n## Open Culture\n\n2023 was quite a year for the CC Open Culture Program, thanks to generous funding from Arcadia . We grew our Open Culture team from one to two and a half staff, rolling out new initiatives like TAROC (Towards a Recommendation on Open Culture) and Open Culture Live: A Webinar Series . We invite you to read ' What did Creative Commons do for Open Culture in 2023? ' to learn more.\n\n## Open Journalism\n\nThanks to generous funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation , CC hosted its very first Open Journalism track at the CC Global Summit, including eight presentations, lightning talks, panel discussions, and workshops as well as a keynote by Anya Kamenetz .\n\nRepresentatives from 33 news outlets and digital rights-focused organizations attended the CC Summit sessions. The Open Journalism track built on numerous collaborations and workshops throughout 2023.\n\n## Open Education\n\nWe delivered workshops and presentations on CC Licenses and Open Educational Resources at over 16 conferences and events. The CC Open Education Platform also funded six global projects, including work to advance the UNESCO Recommendation on OER.\n\n\"Follow the Color Brick Road\" by Bert Kaufmann is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 5. Examining approaches to building a books data commons\n\nThere are many possible permutations for building a books data commons. To structure our exploration, we focused on two particular tracks, discussed below. We chose these tracks mindful of the above legal issues, and because there are already existence proofs that help to illuminate tradeoffs, challenges and potential paths forward for each.\n\n## 5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books\n\n## Existing Project Example : The Pile v2 27\n\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile - a large, diverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own training of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28\n\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets. The first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second and third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books by otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published prior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project Gutenberg.\n\nAs the awareness about The Pile dataset grew, certain rightsholders began sending copyright notices to have the dataset taken down from various websites.\n\nDespite the takedown requests, the importance of books to EleutherAI and the broader community's AI research remained. In hoping to forge a path forward EleutherAI announced in 2024 that they would create a new version of the dataset, which they will call The Pile v2. 29 Among other things, v2 would 'have many more books than the original Pile had, for example, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.' At the same time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed content. As before, this corpus focuses on English language books.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Activation of the license can be performed in one of two ways:", - "page_start": 630, - "page_end": 630, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 1. Generate a public key and a private key as a pair.", - "page_start": 777, - "page_end": 777, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14887,11 +14887,23 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": " Creative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n## What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\n\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work - on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you change your copyright terms from the default of 'all rights reserved' to 'some rights reserved.'\n\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world's most popular platforms for user-generated content. When you use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog, your creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources that includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and governments.\n\n\n\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this guide using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.\n\n\n\nPublic domain works are valuable because anyone can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.\n\nThat's why it's important for creators to have a clear and legally robust way to place their works in the public domain as completely as possible, and it's also important for publishers and archives to have a standardized way to identify works that are already in the public domain.\n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors manage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 enables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM facilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions.\n\n## Where public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\n\n\n\n## The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\nUse this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights together with all associated claims and causes of action with respect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\n\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero) which will lead you through the process. When completed, you will be provided with HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can copy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that are restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. Consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you should use the PDM for a certain work.\n\n## What is the di/fference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\n\n\nCC0 ('CC Zero') is intended for use only by authors or holders of copyright and related rights (including database rights), in connection with works that are still subject to those rights in one or more countries.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "\n\n## Creative Commons license\n\n## Understanding\n\nbefore licensing your work\n\n## THREE-LAYER DESIGN\n\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n\n- \"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court.\n- \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms.\n- \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\n\n\n\n## FOUR ELEMENTS\n\n- BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using.\n- SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.\n- NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes.\n- ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\n\n\n\n## SIX LICENSES\n\n- CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license.\n- CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator.\n- CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.\n\n## REMIND THAT…\n\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when …\n\n- you want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and\n- you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\n\n\n\n\n\n## CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR …\n\nfair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n\n## ALSO FOR …\n\nthe work that is already in the Public Domain.\n\nFor those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n\n## NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!\n\nhttps://creativecommons.org/choose/\n\n\n\n\n\nBY\n\n\n\nSA\n\n\n\nND\n\nNC", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0.\n\n## About Us\n\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n\n## Chief Executive Officer\n\nAnna Tumadóttir\n\nGeneral Counsel Kat Walsh\n\n## Board of Directors\n\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown Delia Browne James Grimmelmann\n\nLawrence Lessig * Emeritus\n\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n\nExcept where otherwise noted, 'Annual Report 2023' by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0.\n\n", "page_start": 1, @@ -14910,12 +14922,24 @@ "page_end": 523, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nThis is a frame from 'Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)' by Ryan Junell and Glenn Otis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open and public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the video on Flickr.\n\n## Creative Commons\n\nPO Box 1866 Mountain View CA 94042 USA +1 415 429 6753 info@creativecommons.org\n\n", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Corporate Governance", "page_start": 47, "page_end": 47, "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" }, + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "- - IBM Cloud", "page_start": 523, @@ -14927,30 +14951,6 @@ "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf\\_reference\\_1-7 .pdf", - "page_start": 433, - "page_end": 433, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- - Fibre Channel", - "page_start": 771, - "page_end": 771, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Areas of Exploration\n\n## Support for Creators in the Time of Artificial Intelligence\n\nIn 2023, we convened hundreds via roundtables, community conferences (e.g. MozFest , Wikimania ), and public events (e.g. symposium on Generative AI & Creativity )to debate copyright law, the ethics of open sharing, and other relevant areas that touch AI.\n\nAt our CC Global Summit, participants drafted community-driven principles on AI that are a valuable input and will help inform the organization's thinking as we determine CC's exact role in the AI space.\n\n'The Pillars of Creation' by James Webb Space Telescope is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\n\n\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Referenced websites\n\nThese websites are also relevant as further information sources:", - "page_start": 811, - "page_end": 811, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -14966,6 +14966,12 @@ } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "When CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related rights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free from those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\n\n\n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used to label works that are already free of known copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn't change the copyright status of a work.\n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use with works that are already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world.\n\n## Public Domain Mark\n\nUse this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known copyright restrictions.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" + }, { "text": "- 4. When finished making changes, click Save to apply them. The editing window closes.", "page_start": 380, @@ -15019,12 +15025,6 @@ "page_start": 11, "page_end": 11, "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "You can customize the ODF output in the following ways:", - "page_start": 354, - "page_end": 354, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15058,6 +15058,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## External links\n\n - Official website (http://www.lyon.fr)(in French)\n - Visit Lyon, the official website for tourism in France (https://en.visiterlyon.com/)\n - Lyon's English Language News and Information (https://thisislyon.fr/)\n - Rues de Lyon (https://www.ruesdelyon.net/) Streets, Places, Monuments (in French)\n - Old maps of Lyon (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we b/20210116220537/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) 16 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Historic cities site (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) Archived (https://web.archive. org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The National Library of Israel\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyon&oldid=1267625203\"", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, + "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1920-present\n\n| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |\n|---------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|---------------|---------------|\n| Record high °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) | 21.9 (71.4) | 26.0 (78.8) | 30.1 (86.2) | 34.2 (93.6) | 38.4 (101.1) | 40.4 (104.7) | 41.4 (106.5) | 35.8 (96.4) | 28.4 (83.1) | 23.0 (73.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 41.4 (106.5) |\n| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.0 (48.2) | 13.8 (56.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.0 (82.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 17.7 (63.9) | 11.4 (52.5) | 7.7 (45.9) | 17.5 (63.5) |\n| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.3 (54.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.3 (72.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 8.1 (46.6) | 4.8 (40.6) | 13.0 (55.4) |\n| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) | 1.4 (34.5) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.0 (62.6) | 16.6 (61.9) | 12.8 (55.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.9 (40.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | 8.6 (47.5) |\n| Record low °C (°F) | -23.0 (-9.4) | -22.5 (-8.5) | -10.5 (13.1) | -4.4 (24.1) | -3.8 (25.2) | 2.3 (36.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 4.6 (40.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | -4.5 (23.9) | -9.4 (15.1) | -24.6 (-12.3) | -24.6 (-12.3) |\n| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 49.8 (1.96) | 41.6 (1.64) | 49.4 (1.94) | 68.9 (2.71) | 80.9 (3.19) | 74.1 (2.92) | 67.4 (2.65) | 65.5 (2.58) | 82.5 (3.25) | 99.8 (3.93) | 87.2 (3.43) | 53.7 (2.11) | 820.8 (32.31) |\n| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 102.8 |\n| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71.1 | 102.4 | 173.7 | 197.7 | 223.8 | 256.5 | 288.1 | 263.1 | 204.1 | 131.4 | 78.9 | 58.7 | 2,049.5 |\n\nSource 1: Meteo France [40]\n\nSource 2: Meteo Lyon [41]", "page_start": 5, @@ -15093,12 +15099,6 @@ "page_start": 21, "page_end": 21, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Administration\n\n## Commune\n\nLike Paris and Marseille, the commune (municipality) of Lyon is divided into a number of municipal arrondissements, each of which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in 1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between 1867 and 1959, the third arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three times, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to Lyon's fifth arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the fifth was split to create Lyon's 9th - and, to date, final arrondissement. Within each arrondissement, the recognisable quartiers or neighbourhoods are:\n\n- 1st arrondissement: Slopes of La Croix-Rousse, Terreaux, Martinière/St-Vincent", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15169,9 +15169,9 @@ "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" }, { - "text": "## References\n\n - 1. \"Cicero\" (http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/fam10.shtml#3). Epistulae ad familiares, X.3 . Retrieved 2 January 2020.\n - 2. \"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-1 9ee07b0e503) (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.\n - 3. \"Comparateur de territoire - Unité urbaine 2020 de Lyon (00760)\" (https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/140559 9?geo=UU2020-00760). INSEE. Retrieved 3 April 2022.\n - 4. \"Comparateur de territoire - Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Lyon (002)\" (https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistique s/1405599?geo=AAV2020-002). INSEE. Retrieved 16 January 2023.\n - 5. \"Populations de référence 2022\" (https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8288323?geo=COM-69123) (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 19 December 2024.\n - Osaka, Japan, since 1984\n - Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso\n - Porto-Novo, Benin\n - Rabat, Morocco\n - St. Louis, United States [85]\n - Saint Petersburg, Russia\n - Sétif, Algeria\n - Tinca, Romania\n - Turin, Italy\n - Yerevan, Armenia, since 1992\n - Yokohama, Japan, since 1959", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, + "text": "## External links\n\n - Official website (http://www.lyon.fr)(in French)\n - Visit Lyon, the official website for tourism in France (https://en.visiterlyon.com/)\n - Lyon's English Language News and Information (https://thisislyon.fr/)\n - Rues de Lyon (https://www.ruesdelyon.net/) Streets, Places, Monuments (in French)\n - Old maps of Lyon (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we b/20210116220537/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) 16 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Historic cities site (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) Archived (https://web.archive. org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The National Library of Israel\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyon&oldid=1267625203\"", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" } ] @@ -15218,6 +15218,12 @@ "page_end": 21, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## External links\n\n - Official website (http://www.lyon.fr)(in French)\n - Visit Lyon, the official website for tourism in France (https://en.visiterlyon.com/)\n - Lyon's English Language News and Information (https://thisislyon.fr/)\n - Rues de Lyon (https://www.ruesdelyon.net/) Streets, Places, Monuments (in French)\n - Old maps of Lyon (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we b/20210116220537/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) 16 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Historic cities site (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) Archived (https://web.archive. org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic\\_cities.html) 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The National Library of Israel\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyon&oldid=1267625203\"", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, + "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" + }, { "text": "1,600,000 m 2 (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 55,000 jobs. [48] Cité Internationale , created by the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide headquarters of Interpol is located there. The district of Confluence , in the south of the historic centre, is a new pole of economical and cultural development.\n\nTourism is an important part of the Lyon economy, with one billion euros in 2007 and 3.5 million hotel-nights in 2006 provided by non-residents. Approximately 60% of tourists visit for business, with the rest for leisure. In January 2009, Lyon ranked first in France for hostels business. The festivals most important for attracting tourists are the Fête des lumières , the Nuits de Fourvière every summer, the Biennale d'art contemporain and the Nuits Sonores .\n\n## Culture\n\nSince the Middle Ages, the region residents have spoken several dialects of FrancoProvençal. The Lyonnais dialect was replaced by the French language as the importance of the city grew. However some \"frenchified\" Franco-Provençal words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls \"gones\" and \"fenottes\" for example. [49]\n\n - The Lumière brothers pioneered cinema in the town in 1895. The Institut Lumière, built as Auguste Lumiere's house, and a fascinating piece of architecture in its own right, holds many of their first inventions and other early cinematic and photographic artifacts.\n\nGuignol, created in the early 19th C., associated with the silk-workers\n\n\n\n - 8 December each year is marked by the Festival of Lights (la Fête des lumières), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles ( luminions ) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.\n - The Saint Francis of Sales church is famous for its large and unaltered Cavaillé-Coll pipe organ, attracting audiences from around the world.\n - The Opéra Nouvel (New Opera House) is the home of the Opéra National de Lyon. The original opera house was re-designed by the distinguished French architect Jean Nouvel between 1985 and 1993 and is named after him.\n - Lyon is also the French capital of \" trompe l'œil \" walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen around the city. This old tradition is now finding a contemporary expression, for example in the art of Guillaume Bottazzi. [50][51]\n - The Brothers of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.\n - The African Museum of Lyon is one of the oldest museums situated in Lyon. [52]\n - The Museum of Resistance and Deportation looks at the various individuals prominent in the Resistance movement in World War II. The building is strongly linked to Klaus Barbie. Lyon sees itself as the centre of the French resistance and many members were shot in Place Bellecour in the town centre. The exhibition is largely a series of , mini-biographies of those involved.\n - Lyon is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities program.\n\n## UNESCO World Heritage Site", "page_start": 14, @@ -15241,12 +15247,6 @@ "page_start": 16, "page_end": 16, "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nCoordinates: 45°46'N 4°50'E\n\n\n\n| Country | France |\n|------------------------|----------------------------|\n| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |\n| Metropolis | Lyon Metropolis |\n| Arrondissement | Lyon |\n| Subdivisions | 9 arrondissements |\n| Government | |\n| · Mayor (2020- | Grégory Doucet [2] |\n| 2026) | (EELV) |\n| Area 1 | 47.87 km 2 (18.48 sq mi) |\n| · Urban (2020 [3] ) | 1,141.4 km 2 (440.7 sq mi) |\n| · Metro (2020 [4] ) | 4,605.8 km 2 |\n| Population (2022) [5] | 520,774 |\n| · Rank | 3rd in France |\n| | 11,000/km 2 |\n| · Density | (28,000/sq mi) |\n| · Urban (Jan. [6] | 1,702,921 |\n| 2021 ) | |\n| · Urban density | 1,500/km 2 (3,900/sq mi) |\n| · Metro (Jan. | 2,308,818 |\n| 2021 [7] ) | |", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15588,6 +15588,12 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" }, + { + "text": "134420 (2009).\n\n- 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D'Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, and J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989).\n- 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989).\n- 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000).\n- 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953).\n- 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394 (1987).\n- 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000).\n- 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999).\n- 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979).\n- 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed matter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York (1995).\n- 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981).\n- 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous evaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic process, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the other macroscopic quantities.", + "page_start": 6, + "page_end": 6, + "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" + }, { "text": "cus on the stimulated emission spectrum via multiple coherent interactions inside the cavity. We find this Ramsey laser can provide a stimulated-emission spectrum with a linewidth much narrower than that of any conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy, which is commonly applied in optical atomic clock. Our results also show that a subnatural linewidth spectroscopy, superior to any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3-10], can be reached by this kind of laser, if a suitable atomic level structure is chosen. Thus, this method can provide an e ff ective subnatural spectroscopy, and the possibilities for the new optical clock scheme [15] and atom interferometers [2].\n\nTheoretical framework: We consider the case of a two-level atomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity of separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode linewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus we call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. All atoms are pumped onto the upper lasing state a before entering the first cavity of seperated field, and the lower lasing state is b . We assume all the atoms have the same velocities υ , that means what we consider here is a homogeneous laser system. And for the sake of simplicity, we consider the two-standing waves linear optical Ramsey configuration with a grid as spatial selector [20, 21]. Our treatment can be extended to other configurations as in [22-24]. The length of each oscillating part is l , and the length of the free drift region is L . The corresponding Hamiltonian is\n\nH = /planckover2pi1 ω ˆ a † ˆ a + /planckover2pi1 ∑ j [ ω j a ( t ) σ j a + ω j b ( t ) σ j b ] + /planckover2pi1 g ∑ j Γ j ( t )(ˆ a † ˆ σ j -e -i /vector k · /vector rj + ˆ σ j + ˆ ae i /vector k · /vector rj ) , (1)\n\nwhere ˆ a , ˆ a † are the annihilation and creation operators of the field mode inside the cavity, with the frequency ω , σ j a = ( | a 〉 〈 a | ) j and σ j b = ( | b 〉 〈 b | ) j are the projection operators for the jth atom corresponding to the upper and lower lasing levels,", "page_start": 0, @@ -15611,12 +15617,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "modes of neighboring tetrahedra. And these coupling constants λ x,y,z need to be tuned to produce J x,y,z of the Kitaev model. This is still not easy to implement in solid state systems. At lowest non-trivial order of perturbative expansion, we do get our model (9). Higher order terms in expansion destroy the exact solvability, but may be controlled by the small parameters λ x,y,z /k .\n\n## B. Generate the High Order Terms by Magnetic Interactions between Clusters.\n\nIn this Subsection we consider more conventional perturbations, magnetic interactions between the clusters, e.g. the Heisenberg coupling S j · S k with j and k belong to different tetrahedra. This has the advantage over the previous phonon approach for not introducing additional degrees of freedom. But it also has a significant disadvantage: the perturbation does not commute with the cluster Heisenberg Hamiltonian (2), so the cluster singlet subspace will be mixed with other total spin states. In this Subsection we will use the spin-chirality representation (6) for τ z .\n\nAgain consider two clusters j and k . For simplicity of notations define a projection operator P jk = P j P k , where P j,k is projection into the singlet subspace of cluster j and k , respectively, P j,k = ∑ s = ± 1 | τ z j,k = s 〉〈 τ z j,k = s | . For a given perturbation λH perturbation with small parameter λ (in factor λ/J cluster is the expansion parameter), lowest two orders of the perturbation series are\n\nλ P jk H perturbation P jk + λ 2 P jk H perturbation (1 -P jk ) × [0 -H cluster j -H cluster k ] -1 (1 -P jk ) H perturbation P jk (15)\n\nWith proper choice of λ and H perturbation we can generate\n\nthe desired J x,y,z terms in (8) from the first and second order of perturbations.\n\nThe calculation can be dramatically simplified by the following fact that any physical spin-1/2 operator S x,y,z /lscript converts the cluster spin singlet states | τ z = ± 1 〉 into spin-1 states of the cluster. This can be checked by explicit calculations and will not be proved here. For all the perturbations to be considered later, the above mentioned fact can be exploited to replace the factor [0 -H cluster j -H cluster k ] -1 in the second order perturbation to a c -number ( -2 J cluster ) -1 .\n\nThe detailed calculations are given in Appendix B. We will only list the results here.\n\nThe perturbation on x -links is given by\n\nλ x H perturbation , x = λ x [ S j 1 · S k 1 +sgn( J x ) · ( S j 2 · S k 2 )] -J x ( S j 1 · S j 2 + S k 1 · S k 2 ) .\n\nwhere λ x = √ 12 | J x | · J cluster , sgn( J x ) = ± 1 is the sign of J x .\n\nThe perturbation on y -links is\n\nλ y H perturbation , y = λ y [ S j 1 · S k 1 +sgn( J y ) · ( S j 3 -S j 4 ) · ( S k 3 -S k 4 )] -| J y | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 )\n\nwith λ y = √ 4 | J y | · J cluster .\n\nThe perturbation on z -links is\n\nλ z H perturbation , z = λ z [ S j 2 · ( S k 3 × S k 4 ) + sgn( J z ) · S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 )] -| J z | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 ) .\n\nwith\n\nλ z = 4 √ | J z | · J cluster . The entire Hamiltonian H magnetic reads explicitly as,\n\nH magnetic = ∑ cluster j ( J cluster / 2)( S j 1 + S j 2 + S j 3 + S j 4 ) 2 + ∑ x -links {√ 12 | J x | · J cluster [ S j 1 · S k 1 +sgn( J x ) · ( S j 2 · S k 2 ) ] -J x ( S j 1 · S j 2 + S k 1 · S k 2 ) } + ∑ y -links { √ 4 | J y | · J cluster [ S j 1 · ( S k 3 -S k 4 ) + sgn( J y ) S k 1 · ( S j 3 -S j 4 ) ] -| J y | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 ) } + ∑ z -links { 4 √ | J z | · J cluster [ S j 2 · ( S k 3 × S k 4 ) + sgn( J z ) S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 ) ] -| J z | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 ) } . (16)\n\nIn (16), we have been able to reduce the four spin interactions in (8) to inter-cluster Heisenberg interactions, and the six-spin interactions in (8) to inter-cluster spinchirality interactions. The inter-cluster Heisenberg couplings in H perturbation x,y may be easier to arrange. The", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" } ] }, @@ -15997,8 +15997,8 @@ "target_page": 59, "target_passage": "Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16008,6 +16008,12 @@ "page_end": 26, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" }, + { + "text": "## Did you enjoy reading this book?\n\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\n\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa twitter.com/oxbridgeEdu www.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\n\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer -ing skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised courses to students in South Africa and abroad.\n\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our students' needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic assistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study material in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students to understand.\n\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\n\n## CONTACT NUMBERS:\n\nTel: 021 1100 200 Tel:+2721 883 2454 (international) Fax: 086 111 2121\n\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\n\nWhatsapp: 0605671585 Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\nPostal Address:\n\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section 31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.", + "page_start": 58, + "page_end": 58, + "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" + }, { "text": "\n\n## TIPS FOR FILLING IN YOUR COLLEGE REGISTRATION FORM\n\nApplying for college (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) can be a daunting experience. Not only do you need to choose a course, but you also need to make sure that you:\n\n - · meet the entry requirements\n - · meet the deadlines\n - · fill in the forms correctly\n - · send the forms to the right address\n - · include all the necessary attachments\n\nTo make the college registration process easier for you, we've compiled a comprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/). The guide also includes general tips that will be relevant to the application and registration processes at other colleges.\n\n## There are 4 steps you need to follow when you want to register as a student at Oxbridge Academy:\n\n - 1. Select Your Course\n - 2. Fill in Your Student Details\n - 3. Select Your Delivery Option\n - 4. Pay Your Registration Fee and Send in Your Form\n\n", "page_start": 20, @@ -16055,12 +16061,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "- - IP of the email server (SMTP Server) and Port\n - - Call Home email address\n - - Email of one or more users set to receive one or more email notifications", - "page_start": 201, - "page_end": 201, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16162,6 +16162,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries", "page_start": 1, @@ -16174,6 +16180,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Stony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 912 (1980).\n\n - [2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 , 1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n - [3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n - [4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007 (2009).\n - [5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n - [6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).\n - [7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030 (2009).\n - [8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n - [9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n - [10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n - [11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n - [12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n - [13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].\n - [14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n - [15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n - [16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n - [17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n - [18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n - [19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n - [20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n - [21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n - [22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n - [23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n - [24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n - [25] Z. Ahmed et al. [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].\n - [26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 2. VERITAS\n\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of four 12-m atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona, is used to study VHE γ -rays from a variety of astrophysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific observations with a partial array in September 2006 and has routinely observed with the full array since September 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS include an energy threshold of ∼ 100 GeV, an energy resolution of ∼ 15%, an angular resolution of ∼ 0.1 · , and a sensitivity yielding a 5 σ detection of a 1% Crab Nebula flux object in < 30 hours 1 . VERITAS has an active maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror recoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high performance over time, and an upgrade improving both the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs) and the trigger system has been proposed to the funding agencies.", "page_start": 0, @@ -16197,18 +16209,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "TABLE I: Fluxes and Significance in High Energy Bands\n\n| | 50 - 100 keV | 50 - 100 keV | 50 - 100 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 100 - 300 keV | 300 - 500 keV | 300 - 500 keV | 300 - 500 keV |\n|-------------------|----------------|-----------------------|----------------|-----------------|-----------------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------------|-----------------|\n| | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) | Flux | Error (mCrab) (mCrab) | Signif. ( σ ) |\n| Crab | 1000 | 3 | 336 | 1000 | 6 | 182 | 1000 | 47 | 21.2 |\n| Cen A | 72 | 4 | 18 | 108 | 7 | 15 | 42 | 47 | 0.9 |\n| Cyg X-1 | 1130 | 4 | 283 | 1094 | 8 | 137 | 474 | 50 | 9.5 |\n| GRS 1915+105 | 121 | 4 | 30 | 49 | 7 | 7 | 41 | 52 | 0.8 |\n| 1E 1740-29 | 113 | 5 | 23 | 96 | 10 | 10 | 97 | 68 | 1.4 |\n| SWIFT 1753.5-0127 | 135 | 5 | 27 | 151 | 9 | 17 | 131 | 64 | 2.0 |\n| XTE J1752-223 | 770 | 16 | 48 | 622 | 30 | 21 | 132 | 218 | 0.6 |\n\nFIG. 7: SWIFTJ1753.5-0127 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\nFIG. 6: 1E1740-29 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified Julian days.\n\n\n\nwill use the GBM CSPEC data with their finer energy bins to obtain a fit to the spectrum and compare the power law index to that measured by Integral.\n\nSWIFT J1753.5-0127 (Fig. 7) is a LMXB with the compact object likely being a black hole. Swift discovered this source when it observed a large flare in July of 2005. The source did not return to quiescence but settled into a low intensity hard state [14]. BATSE occultation measurements from 19912000 showed no significant emission from this source above 25 keV [15]. The GBM results show that this source is still in a hard state, with significant emission above 100 keV. We will continue to monitor this\n\nsource while it is in the hard state, with longer observations potentially verifying significant emission above 300 keV.\n\n## B. Transient Source\n\nThe new transient black hole candidate XTE J1752-223 rose from undetectable on 2009 October 24 to 511 ± 50 mCrab (12 - 25 keV), 570 ± 70 mCrab (25 - 50 keV), 970 ± 100 mCrab (50 - 100 keV), and 330 ± 100 mCrab (100 - 300 keV) on 2009 November 2 [2, 16]. The light curve is variable, especially in the", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard analysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the number of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The distribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation threshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\n\n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In addition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied VHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the contributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these proceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these campaigns include:\n\n - · 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare, along with correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed from this HBL. The VHE and X-ray spectra harden during bright states, and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can explain the observed SED in both the high and low states [26].\n - · 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VERITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard VHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL. The observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emission as the explanation of the spectral hardness and places the EBL constraints on more solidfooting [27, 28].\n - · 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new VHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model [16].\n - · W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at VHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of the SED is improved by including an externalCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpretation.\n - · 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV energies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae and PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED suggests a strong EC component in addition to an SSC component.\n - · Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring behavior for several months in 2008. Correlations of the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along with spectral hardening with increased flux in both bands [29].\n - · RGBJ0710+591: Modeling the SED of this HBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to the data. The inclusion of an external Compton component does not improve the fit.\n - · PKS1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL (at unknown redshift) is well described by an SSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1 [21]. Using the photon index measured with Fermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL absorption models, the VERITAS data indicate that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.\n\n## 8. Conclusions\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP were highly successful. Highlights include the detection of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the observations almost always having contemporaneous MWL data. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar discoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit VHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the initial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, and the flux limits generated for those not VHE detected are generally the most-constraining ever. The excess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests that the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery program was well justified, and that follow-up observations of many of these initial targets will result in VHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is identifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS blazar discovery program. These new candidates have already resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The future of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is clearly very bright.\n\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has also been highly successful. Every VERITAS observation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar has been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL observations. These data have resulted in the identifica-", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16458,6 +16458,12 @@ "page_end": 5, "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "Table 13: Performance of each model for Clustering.", + "page_start": 24, + "page_end": 24, + "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Article\n\n\n\n## Extended Data Fig. 9 | Ancestry models of Viking Age individuals in\n\nScandinavia. a , MDS of each Scandinavian Viking group plotted on top of preceding Iron age and Roman individuals. b , All accepted qpAdm models using Twigstats-1000 for every Scandinavian Viking individual in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, computed in a rotational qpAdm with source groups identical to Fig. 4. We only retain models with feasible admixture proportions, standard errors of <0.25, and show models with 1 source and a p-value greater than 0.01\n\nor otherwise with 2 sources and a p-value greater than 0.01. If several models satisfy p > 0.05, we show all such models, otherwise we select the model with the largest p-value. The -log10 p-values are shown to the left of each model. We combine models involving related sources, if they exist, by averaging their respective admixture proportions, standard errors, and p-values. We plot one standard error.", "page_start": 20, @@ -16499,12 +16505,6 @@ "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Fig. 2 | Ancestry from the Iron Age to the early medieval period in Europe.\n\n\n\na , Source groups used for qpAdm modelling of early medieval Europe. MDS is computed jointly with individuals from later periods using pairwise outgroup f 3 statistics (outgroup: Han Chinese people). These are calculated using Twigstats on Relate genealogies with a cut-off of 1,000 generations. The geographical map shows sampling locations of these individuals. b , The genetic structure of ancient groups predominantly from early medieval contexts shown on the same MDS as in a . The magnified inset shows an MDS computed without Twigstats on the same samples as the Twigstats MDS and focusing on early medieval or later individuals. c , Ancestry models of early medieval (EM) groups across Europe computed using qpAdm. Sample sizes are\n\nshown in black boxes. Sources are highlighted in a and marked as bold in the key, and were used in a rotational qpAdm scheme. For each target group, we remove models with infeasible admixture proportions (falling outside [0, 1]) and use a Twigstats cut-off of 1,000 generations. All models satisfy P > 0.01, unless a -log10[ P value] is shown next to the model. If models satisfy P > 0.05, we show all such models; otherwise, we show only the model with the largest P value. d , The ancestry proportion derived from EIA Scandinavia in groups with a non-zero component of this ancestry. We show groups modelled in c that have a feasible model ( P > 0.01). In c , d , we show one s.e. BA, Bronze Age; CNE, continental northern Europeans; EBA, early Bronze Age; EVA, early Viking Age; IA, Iron Age; MED, medieval; MLBA, middle/late Bronze Age; VA, Viking Age.\n\nancestry related to EIA Scandinavian Peninsula (Fig. 2c). The Wielbark archaeological complex has been linked to the later Chernyakhov culture to the southeast and to early Goths, an historical Germanic group that flourished in the second to fifth centuries CE 56 . Our modelling supports the idea that some groups that probably spoke Germanic languages from Scandinavia expanded south across the Baltic into the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers in the early centuries CE, although whether these expansions can be linked specifically with historical Goths is still debatable. Moreover, since a considerable\n\nproportion of Wielbark burials during this period were cremations, the possible presence of individuals with other ancestries cannot be strictly rejected if they were exclusively cremated (and are therefore invisible in the aDNA record).\n\nA previous study could not reject continuity in ancestry from the Wielbark-associated individuals to later medieval individuals from a similar region 12 . With the improved power of Twigstats, models of continuity are strongly rejected, with no one-source model of any preceding Iron Age or Bronze Age group providing a reasonable fit for the", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16515,8 +16515,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "linked to the later Chernyakhov cul- ture to the southeast and to early Goths", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16568,17 +16568,17 @@ "page_end": 7, "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| | Hierarchisation | Axiom Ontology | Artifact | | CAPTION | CAPTION | CAPTION |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "TABLE 1 ] Descriptive Characteristics and Demographics of the Study Group", "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- 32. Speidel, L., Forest, M., Shi, S. & Myers, S. R. A method for genome-wide genealogy estimation for thousands of samples. Nat. Genet. 51 , 1321-1329 (2019).\n - 33. Kelleher, J. et al. Inferring whole-genome histories in large population datasets. Nat. Genet. 51 , 1330-1338 (2019).\n - 34. Wohns, A. W. et al. A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes. Science 375 , eabi8264 (2022).\n - 35. Zhang, B. C., Biddanda, A., Gunnarsson, Á. F., Cooper, F. & Palamara, P. F. Biobank-scale inference of ancestral recombination graphs enables genealogy-based mixed model association of complex traits. Nat. Genet. 55 , 768-776 (2023).\n - 36. Stern, A. J., Wilton, P. R. & Nielsen, R. An approximate full-likelihood method for inferring selection and allele frequency trajectories from DNA sequence data. PLoS Genet. 15 , e1008384 (2019).\n - 37. Irving-Pease, E. K. et al. The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians. Nature 625 , 312-320 (2024).\n - 38. Hejase, H. A., Mo, Z., Campagna, L. & Siepel, A. A deep-learning approach for inference of selective sweeps from the ancestral recombination graph. Mol. Biol. Evol. 39 , msab332 (2022).\n - 39. Fan, C., Mancuso, N. & Chiang, C. W. K. A genealogical estimate of genetic relationships. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 109 , 812-824 (2022).\n - 40. Osmond, M. M. & Coop, G. Estimating dispersal rates and locating genetic ancestors with genome-wide genealogies. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.13.452277 (2021).\n - 41. Coop, G. Genetic similarity versus genetic ancestry groups as sample descriptors in human genetics. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.11595 (2022).\n - 42. Peter, B. M. Admixture, population structure, and F -statistics. Genetics 202 , 1485-1501 (2016).\n - 43. Ralph, P., Thornton, K. & Kelleher, J. Efficiently summarizing relationships in large samples: a general duality between statistics of genealogies and genomes. Genetics 215 , 779-797 (2020).\n - 44. Raghavan, M. et al. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505 , 87-91 (2014).\n - 45. Cassidy, L. M. et al. A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature 582 , 384-388 (2020).\n - 46. Patterson, N. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601 , 588-594 (2022).\n - 47. Tournebize, R. & Chikhi, L. Questioning Neanderthal admixture: on models, robustness and consensus in human evolution. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04. 05.535686 (2023).\n - 48. Eriksson, A. & Manica, A. Effect of ancient population structure on the degree of polymorphism shared between modern human populations and ancient hominins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109 , 13956-13960 (2012).\n - 49. Green, R. E. et al. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328 , 710-722 (2010).\n - 50. Yang, M. A., Malaspinas, A.-S., Durand, E. Y. & Slatkin, M. Ancient structure in Africa unlikely to explain Neanderthal and non-African genetic similarity. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29 , 2987-2995 (2012).\n - 51. Sankararaman, S., Patterson, N., Li, H., Pääbo, S. & Reich, D. The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans. PLoS Genet. 8 , e1002947 (2012).\n - 52. Heather, P. Empires and Barbarians: Migration , Development and the Birth of Europe (Pan Macmillan, 2010).\n - 53. Halsall, G. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).\n - 54. Skoglund, P. et al. Reconstructing prehistoric African population structure. Cell 171 , 59-71 (2017).\n - 55. Chyleński, M. et al. Patrilocality and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry of populations in East-Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age. Nat. Commun. 14 , 4395 (2023).\n - 56. Heather, P. The Goths (Wiley-Blackwell, 1996).", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16590,7 +16590,7 @@ "target_passage": "that much of the en- ergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 2 + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -16600,6 +16600,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. 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Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 5: Ratio of γ -ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this plot should be directly correlated with its blazar 'state', with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower left. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot.\n\n\n\n - · BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant differences in amplitude of submillimeter variability or characteristic timescale, but our sample of BL Lacs may be dominated by highpeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit observational similarities with FSRQs.\n - · Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both high and low states, with characteristic timescales 10 < τ rest < 500 days.\n - · The blazars detected by Fermi have synchrotron peaks at higher frequencies, regardless of submillimeter luminosity.\n - · FSRQs exhibit higher ratios of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity than BL Lacs (Figure 5), but all objects inhabit a region of parameter space suggesting transitions between states during flaring epochs.\n\nAs Fermi continues to observe fainter sources, the sample of objects for which we can perform this type of analysis will increase and provide better limits on our results. To understand the physical relevance of these results, however, it is important to be able to distinguish between the difference in variability between BL\n\nLacs and FSRQs. One avenue for exploring this difference is to monitor changing submillimeter energy spectral index and the ratio of γ -ray to submillimeter luminosity as functions of time. The full meaning of the results of our autoregressive method is not yet clear, and will require better-sampled blazar light curves and the comparison between τ rest with physical timescales such as the synchrotron cooling timescale. These analyses would allow us to place constraints on the processes occurring near the base of the jet in blazars and further understand the intimate connection between them.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis work was supported in part by the NSF REU and DoD ASSURE programs under Grant no. 0754568 and by the Smithsonian Institution. Partial support was also provided by NASA contract NAS8-39073 and NASA grant NNX07AQ55G. We have made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France, and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the JPL, Caltech, under contract with NASA.", "page_start": 4, @@ -16643,16 +16649,10 @@ "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, { - "text": "## NAVWEPS 00-8OT-RO AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE\n\nObviously, spark ignition timing is an important factor controlling the initial rise of pressure in the combustion chamber. The ignition of the fuel mixture must begin at the proper time to allow flame front propagation and the release of heat to build up peak pressure for the power stroke .\n\nThe speed of flame front propagation is a major factor affecting the power output of the reciprocating engine since this factor controls the rate of heat release and rate of pressure rise in the combustion chamber. For this reason, dual ignition is necessary for powerplants of high specific power output. Obviously, normal combustion can be accomplished more rapidly with the propagation of two flame fronts rather than one. The two sources of ignition are able to accomplish the combustion heat release and pressure rise in a shorter period of time. Fuel-air ratio is another factor affecting the flame propagation speed in the combustion chamber. The maximum flame propagation speed occurs near a fuel-air ratio of 0.08 and, thus, maximum power output for a given airflow will tend to occur at this value rather than the stoichiometric value.\n\nTwo aberrations of the combustion process are preignition and detonation. Preignition is simply a premature ignition and flame f&t propagation due to hot spots in the combustion chamber. Various lead and carbon deposits and feathered edges on metal surfaces can supply a glow ignition spot and begin a flame propagation prior to normal spark ignition. As shown on the graph of figure 2.16, preignition causes a premature rise of pressure during the piston travel. As a result, preignition combustion pressures and temperatures will exceed normal combustion values and are very likely to cause engine damage. Because of the premature rise of pressure toward the end of the compression stroke, the net work of the operating cycle is reduced. Preignition is evidenced by a rise in cylinder head temperature and drop in BMEP or torque pressure.\n\nDenotation offers the possibility of immediate destruction of the powerplant. The normal combustion process is initiated by the spark and beginning of flame front propagation As the flame front is propagated, the combustion chamber pressure and temperature begin to rise. Under certain conditions of high combustion pressure and temperature, the mixture ahead of the advancing flame front may suddenly explode with considerable violence and send strong detonation waves through the combustion chamber. The result is depicted by the graph of figure 2.16, whete:a sharp, explosive increase in pressure takes place with a subsequent reduction of the mean pres; sure during the power stroke. Detonation produces sharp explosive pressure peaks many times greater than normal combustion1 Also, the exploding gases radiate considerable heat and cause excessive temperatures for many local parts of the engine. The effects of heavy detonation are so severe that structural damage is the immediate result. Rapid rise of cylinder head temperature, rapid drop in BMEP, and loud, expensive noises are evidence of detonation.", - "page_start": 157, - "page_end": 157, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries\n\nPrior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discovered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included the first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and the HBL 1ES0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discovered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three of these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to the release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray brightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs.\n\nVHEemission from 3C66A was discovered by VERITAS in September 2008 [17] during a flaring episode that was also observed by the Fermi-LAT [18]. The observed flux above 200 GeV was 6% of the Crab Nebula flux and the measured VHE spectrum was very soft (Γ VHE ∼ 4 . 1). RGBJ0710+591 was detected", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. 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Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" } ] }, @@ -16772,6 +16772,18 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" }, + { + "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as well as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE and X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were performed in both 'quiescent' and flaring states for some of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL objects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple SSC model in both high and low states. However, an additional external Compton component is necessary to adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant impact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VERITAS blazar discovery program will focus its discovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected by Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus on high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts (0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE blazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will increase as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly available. In particular, the extensive pre-planned MWL campaigns will focus on objects that are noteworthy for the impact their data may have on understanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of blazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely resolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first time, enabling unprecedented constraints on the underlying blazar phenomena to be derived.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis research is supported by grants from the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in Canada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC in the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the technical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\n\norating institutions in the construction and operation of the instrument.\n\n## References\n\n - [1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n - [2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n - [3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n - [4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n - [5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 , 56\n - [6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n - [7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n - [8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n - [9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n - [10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n - [11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n - [12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n - [13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n - [14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n - [15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n - [16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n - [17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n - [18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175\n - [19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n - [20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n - [21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n - [22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n - [23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n - [24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n - [25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412\n - [26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n - [27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n - [28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n - [29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862", + "page_start": 4, + "page_end": 4, + "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## References\n\n - [1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series , edited by F. A. Aharonian and H. J. Volk (2001), vol. 558 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series , pp. 275-288.\n - [2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics , edited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. 227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , pp. 95-104.\n - [3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. Hughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, and M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437 , 91 (1994).\n - [4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl 616 , L1 (2004).\n - [5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. Darrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\n - J. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , p. 234.\n - [6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. Michelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, P. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. Weintraub, ApJS 175 , 97 (2008).\n - [7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ 700 , 597 (2009).\n - [8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485 , 51 (2008).\n - [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, ApJ 698 , 895 (2009).\n - [10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ 675 , 71 (2008).", + "page_start": 5, + "page_end": 5, + "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" + }, { "text": "Table I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar object is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered at VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\n\n| Object | | Class Redshift |\n|----------------|------|------------------|\n| M87 | FR I | 0.004 |\n| Mkn421 | HBL | 0.030 |\n| Mkn501 | HBL | 0.034 |\n| 1ES2344+514 | HBL | 0.044 |\n| 1ES1959+650 | HBL | 0.047 |\n| WComae † | IBL | 0.102 |\n| RGBJ0710+591 † | HBL | 0.125 |\n| H1426+428 | HBL | 0.129 |\n| 1ES0806+524 † | HBL | 0.138 |\n| 1ES0229+200 | HBL | 0.139 |\n| 1ES1218+304 | HBL | 0.182 |\n| RBS0413 † | HBL | 0.190 |\n| 1ES0502+675 † | HBL | 0.341 |\n| 3C66A † | IBL | 0.444? |\n| PKS1424+240 † | IBL | ? |\n| VERJ0521+211 † | ? | ? |\n\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7) during VERITAS observations from December 2008 to March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE discovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the Fermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413, a relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 2 . These data resulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ , ∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Nebula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultaneously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE and other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT data, for each of these three sources will be the subject of a joint publication involving both the VERITAS and LAT collaborations.\n\n## 5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT\n\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by VERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily by results from the first year of LAT data taking. In particular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21] and 1ES0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS observations triggered by the inclusion of these objects in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former is only the third IBL known to emit VHE gammarays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition, VERJ0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud AGN RGBJ0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS in ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These observations were motivated by its identification as a > 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data. Its VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it among the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent years. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE flaring from VERJ0521+211 in November 2009 [24], leading to deeper VHE observations.\n\n## 6. Blazars Upper Limits", "page_start": 2, @@ -16789,18 +16801,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 3. VERITAS Blazar KSP\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each year during periods of astronomical darkness and partial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observations are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery program, and a large fraction of the dark time is used for the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n\n- · A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr): Each year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive ∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomical darkness. These data are supplemented by discovery observations during periods of partial moonlight.\n- · A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation program ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar observations can be triggered by either a VERITAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2 Crab) from the blazar monitoring program of the Whipple 10-m telescope or from another VHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert (optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guaranteed allocation be exhausted, further time can be requested from a pool of director's discretionary time.\n- · Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE blazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one blazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned campaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (Xray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observation proposals for MWL measurements are also submitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. Swift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discovery or flaring alert.\n- · Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the extragalactic background light (EBL): Here distant targets are given a higher priority in the blazar discovery program, as well as for the MWL observations of known VHE blazars, particularly those with hard VHE spectra.\n\n## 4. Blazar Discovery Program\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. However, the program also includes IBLs (intermediatepeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to increase the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays. The observed targets are drawn from a target list containing objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable zenith angles ( -8 · < δ < 72 · ), without a previously published VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a measured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\n\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also included in the target list. The target list includes:\n\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recommended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- · The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent Sedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- · Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recommended by [5, 10].\n- · Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE emitters in [6, 11].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by EGRET [12].\n- · All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- · All sources ( | b | > 10 · ) detected by Fermi-LAT where extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray spectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming z = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a possible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. This criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERITAS blazar discovery program.\n\n## 5. VERITAS AGN Detections\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. These AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Every blazar discovered by VERITAS was the subject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of its simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE blazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the targets of MWL observations.\n\n## 5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## VERITAS Observations of Blazars\n\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration\n\nHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645, USA\n\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is used to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is currently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration's Key Science Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class of identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which are blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE exposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected results are presented.\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nActive galactic nuclei are the most numerous class of identified VHE γ -ray sources. These objects emit non-thermal radiation across ∼ 20 orders of magnitude in energy and rank among the most powerful particle accelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN possess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). VHE γ -ray emission can be generated in these jets, likely in a compact region very near the SMBH event horizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed along the line-of-sight to the observer, are of particular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately 30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ -rays, and some are spectacularly variable on time scales comparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH ( ∼ 2 min; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment very near the central SMBH and address a wide range of physical phenomena, including the accretion and jet-formation processes. These studies also have cosmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be used to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields (see the extragalactic background light (EBL) constraints from, e.g., [2, 3]).\n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The origin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained as synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons in the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy peak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the result of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons off the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the seed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the synchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an external source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible explanations for the VHE emission, but generally are not favored.\n\nContemporaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) obser-\n\nvations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks and are crucial for extracting information from the observations of VHE blazars. They are used to constrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of the emission region, as well as to determine the origin (leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ -rays. In leptonic scenarios, such MWL observations are used to measure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing the emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the seed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of the cosmological EBL density requires accurate modeling of the blazar's intrinsic VHE emission that can only be performed with contemporaneous MWL observations.\n\n## 2. VERITAS", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17056,6 +17056,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Share and collaborate\n\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don't even need Word to open it.\n\nTry it: Select Share , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut - Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\n\nYou can send the link by typing someone's email address or by copying the link and pasting it into a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their permission to view-only.\n\nIf they don't have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.\n\n## Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\n\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your documents.\n\nTry it: Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n\n- 1. With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select Online Pictures , and then search for something, like puppy clip art .\n- 2. Select the picture you want, and select Insert .", "page_start": 2, @@ -17091,12 +17097,6 @@ "page_start": 6, "page_end": 6, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Select one of the following types of relationships that you want to create or add, as shown in Figure 11-126, and click Next :", - "page_start": 603, - "page_end": 603, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17107,8 +17107,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "To download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 2 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -17124,6 +17124,12 @@ "page_end": 3, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Online resources\n\nThese websites are also relevant as further information sources:", "page_start": 433, @@ -17165,12 +17171,6 @@ "page_start": 721, "page_end": 721, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\n\n## Excel Fundamentals", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17198,6 +17198,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Word\n\n## Find whatever you need\n\nType a keyword or phrase into the Search box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you're looking for, to discover Help content, or to get more information online .\n\n\n\n\n\n## Get other Quick Start guides\n\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.\n\n\n\n## Next steps with Word\n\n## See what's new in Office\n\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117 for more information.\n\n## Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office\n\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123 to explore our free training options.\n\n## Send us your feedback\n\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the File menu, select Feedback and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!\n\n## Share your work with others\n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the Share button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Count on Word to count your words\n\nTry it: Hit return after this line and type some words.\n\nThe status bar at the bottom of the window keeps a running count of the number of words in the document.\n\n\n\n## Save this for later, access it anywhere\n\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you'll be able to open it anywhere: on your computer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\nTry it: Select File > Save As , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\n\n\n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. You can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you're using now.", "page_start": 1, @@ -17228,23 +17234,17 @@ "page_end": 611, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "| WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction | WordNet synonym extraction |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Microsoft Excel", "page_start": 3, "page_end": 3, "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Select one of the following types of relationships that you want to create or add, as shown in Figure 11-126, and click Next :", - "page_start": 603, - "page_end": 603, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n## Amazon Web Services account\n\nBefore getting started, you must have or create an Amazon Web Services (AWS) account.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17370,6 +17370,12 @@ "page_end": 25, "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\nCorporate Headquarters\n\n1 Applied Plaza Cleveland, Ohio 44115 216/426-4000 Applied.com", + "page_start": 47, + "page_end": 47, + "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" + }, { "text": "| Kurt F. Mueller | 47 | Vice President Fresh Pork Sales and Marketing Director Fresh Pork Sales and Marketing | 11/01/99 to Present 02/03/97 to 10/31/99 | 1999 |\n|--------------------|------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|\n| Gary C. Paxton | 58 | Vice President Specialty Foods Group Vice President Prepared Foods Operations Vice President Manufacturing | 09/29/03 to Present 11/01/99 to 09/30/03 01/27/92 to 10/31/99 | 1992 |\n| Larry J. Pfeil | 54 | Vice President Engineering Director of Engineering Corporate Manager Engineering | 11/01/99 to Present 01/04/99 to 10/31/99 01/13/97 to 01/03/99 | 1999 |\n| Douglas R. Reetz | 49 | Vice President Grocery Products Sales Director Grocery Products Sales and Business Development | 11/01/99 to Present 09/15/97 to 10/31/99 | 1999 |\n| James N. Sheehan | 48 | Vice President and Controller Treasurer President Hormel Financial Services Corporation Corporate Manager Credit/Claims Hormel | 05/01/00 to Present 11/01/99 to 04/30/00 09/21/98 to 10/31/99 07/28/97 to 09/20/98 | 1999 |\n| William F. Snyder | 46 | Vice President Refrigerated Foods Operations Director Fresh Pork Operations Fremont Plant Manager | 11/01/99 to Present 09/27/99 to 10/31/99 12/25/95 to 09/26/99 | 1999 |\n| James M. Splinter | | Vice President Marketing-Consumer Products-Refrigerated Foods Senior Vice President Retail Division | 06/02/03 to Present | |\n| | 41 | Jennie-O Turkey Store | 04/30/01 to 06/01/03 | 2003 |\n| | | Senior Vice President Sales and Marketing Jennie-O Turkey Store Group Product Manager Grocery Products | 09/06/99 to 04/29/01 04/27/98 to 09/05/99 | |\n| Larry L. Vorpahl | 40 | Vice President and General Manager Grocery Products | 12/01/03 to Present 11/01/99 to 11/30/03 | 1999 |\n| James W. Cavanaugh | 54 | Vice President Grocery Products Marketing Director Grocery Products Marketing Corporate Secretary and Senior Attorney | 09/30/96 to 10/31/99 01/29/01 to Present | 2001 |\n\nNo family relationship exists among the executive officers.\n\nExecutive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting following the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Vacancies may be filled and additional officers elected at any regular or special meeting.\n\n## Item 2. PROPERTIES\n\n| Hormel Foods Corporation | | |\n|------------------------------------|-----------|-------|\n| Slaughtering and Processing Plants | | |\n| Austin, Minnesota | 1,292,000 | Owned |\n| Fremont, Nebraska | 655,000 | Owned |\n| Processing Plants | | |\n| Algona, Iowa | 153,000 | Owned |\n| Aurora, Illinois | 141,000 | Owned |\n| Beloit, Wisconsin | 339,000 | Owned |\n| Ft. Dodge, Iowa | 17,000 | Owned |", "page_start": 6, @@ -17387,12 +17393,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17463,10 +17463,10 @@ "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" }, { - "text": "## HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and SUBSIDIARIES", - "page_start": 56, - "page_end": 56, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" + "text": "| 3.2 (1) | Bylaws as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Hormel's Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, dated November 29, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n|-------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 4.1 (1) | Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee relating to certain outstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated, August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.2 (1) | Supplemental Indenture No. 1 dated as of June 4, 2001, to Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee, relating to certain outstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.3 (1) | Letter of Representations dated June 5, 2001, among Hormel, U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee, and The Depository Trust Company relating to certain outstanding debt securities of Hormel. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.) |\n| 4.4 (1) | Pursuant to Item 601 (b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of certain long-term debt are not filed. Hormel agrees to furnish copies thereof to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. |\n| 10.1 (1) | U.S. $150,000,000 Credit Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2003, between Hormel, the banks identified on the signature pages thereof, and Citicorp U.S.A. Inc., as Administrative Agent. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Hormel's Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 23, 2003.) |\n| 10.2 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation Operators' Shares Incentive Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Appendix A to Hormel's definitive Proxy Statement filed on December 30, 1997, File No. 001-02402.) |\n| 10.3 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (2002 Restatement.) (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 26, 2002, file No. 001-02402.) |\n| 10.4 (1)(3) | Hormel Foods Corporation 2000 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit A to Hormel's definitive Proxy Statement filed on December 30, 1999, File No. 001-02402.) |", + "page_start": 12, + "page_end": 12, + "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17598,6 +17598,12 @@ "page_end": 2, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- 22.Thinking About Africa's Open Data\n - 23.Towards EU Benchmarking 2.0 - Transparency and Open Data on Structural Funds in Europe\n - 24.UK Open Government Licence removes barriers to re-use of public sector information\n - 25.Western Europe: A journey through tech for transparency projects\n - 26.What open data means to marginalized communities\n - 27.What's in a Name? Open Gov and Good Gov\n - 28.WikiLeaks Relationship With the Media\n - 29.WikiLeaks, Open Information and Effective Use: Exploring the Limits of Open Government", + "page_start": 33, + "page_end": 33, + "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" + }, { "text": "coal plants. If data are not available, every conclusion is questionable because it relies on assumptions or estimates.\n\n## 2.3. Open Data in Latin America, Asia and Africa\n\nSeveral countries in Latin America are studying and making experiments with Open Data both at the government and at the grassroots level. The same is happening, on a much smaller scale, in a few parts of Asia and Africa. On average, the volume of these Open Data experiments and the level of local interest and awareness around them is still lower than what is happening in Europe and North America. In spite of this we suggest that it is important, for public officials and civic activists in Western Countries, to follow these developments closely. The reason is that they may turn into very useful test beds for all the strengths and limits of Open Data, especially those not encountered yet where the movement was born.\n\nIn fact, the original discourse and arguments around Open Data are heavily Western centric. The problem they want to solve is how to make democracy work better in countries where it already exists and which share a great amount of history and cultural/philosophical values .\n\nOther countries face very different challenges, from the philosophical level to the practical one. A common issue in developing countries, for example, is that there is very little to open simply because much PSI (Public Sector Information) doesn't exist in digital format yet. Therefore, the first thing to do is to create data, normally through outsourcing and crowd sourcing.\n\nOther issues, that will be discussed in detail in other sections of the report because they are also present in Europe in different forms, are related to lack of equal opportunities for access to data and serious fears (sometimes, concrete, sometimes caused by confusion about what should be open and how) that data will be used against citizens. A commenter to Gurstein's Open Data: Empowering the Empowered or Effective Data Use for Everyone? said:\n\nin Delhi and Mumbai, mobs and rioters managed to get information about particular identity groups through voter rolls: openness is, in certain situations, a precarious virtue. It is almost certain that Open Data would be used to rig election but here again openness is not the issue, they would find it anyway...\n\nSo far, the main interest about Open Data in Asian countries seems limited, so to speak, to its effects on transparency in politics. At a two-weeks programming contest held at the end of 2010 in Thailand, for example, one of the most appreciated entries was a software scraper of the Thailand's Member of House of Representative Website, that made it possible for everybody to create applications using those data.", "page_start": 7, @@ -17609,12 +17615,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "several centuries, in the analog, pre-computer world. Developing countries are good case studies from this point of view, because they are often leapfrogging from oral tradition straight to computers in all fields, not just e-government.\n\nLand ownership in India, discussed by Gurnstein in 2010, is a perfect example of the problems carried by digitization that requests for Open Data only expose, without creating them. Digitization can certainly increase efficiency, transparency and economic activities, but fully achieves these goals only by:\n\n - · standardizing as much as possible all concepts, formats and procedures.\n - · replacing completely , at least in standard day to day procedures, whatever other records and ways of working existed before\n\n## Gurnstein wrote:\n\n\"The problem of open access in the case of land records in India is... the manner in which the data tends to get encoded. Typically, digitization of land records would mean either scanning the record as it is, or inputting all the data on the record as it is, without changing any fields. But ways of maintaining land records are highly diverse... Private ownership is not the only means of holding a land parcel. When it comes to land ownership, for example, it may eliminate the history of land, how were subdivisions and usufruct rights negotiated and enforced.\"\n\nAnother risk of digitization and e-government (without openness, that is) is lack of contact between citizens and institutions:\n\n\"Prior to digitization, land records in India were available to people who made requests with village accountants for them. .. after digitization of several services, village accountants no longer personally visit the villages they are in charge of... What has happened with digitization is a reorganization of earlier forms of social and political relations. Accountability has moved from the immediate village level\"\n\nOf course, all these problems existed well before computers and return every time the political or social order changes. The demand for Open Data is only increasing, by orders of magnitude, the numbers of times in which we meet them.\n\n## 3.5. The nature of Open Government and the relationship between citizens and Government\n\nOpen Data are an essential part of Open Government. Almost everybody agrees with this. Agreement on what exactly defines Open Government is, however, less universal. In January 2011 Lucas Cioffi, replying to Alex Howard, wrote:", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" } ] }, @@ -17773,8 +17773,8 @@ "target_page": 2, "target_passage": "Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu- larly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali- ence ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork B), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B) networks", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -18217,11 +18217,17 @@ "target_page": 10, "target_passage": "1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil. 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil. 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n - 6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece interpupillary slide adjustment.\n - 7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine focus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n - 9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives. NOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so the precision or parfocalization is very high.\n\nFig. 1 - Objective Parts\n\n\n\n - 10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select other objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine adjustment knob has not been used by using the following method (See Fig. 1):\n - 1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x objective and remove from turret.\n - 2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n - 3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal distance.\n - 4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n - 5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n\n## USING THE CEDAR OIL\n\n - 1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil.\n - 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n - 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.\n\n\n\n## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## ADJUSTING THE CONDENSER APERTURE", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, + "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n## PARTS LIST\n\n| Name | Name |\n|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| Microscope Stand | Microscope Stand |\n| | 4x (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 10x |\n| | 40x (s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| | 100x (oil,s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n| 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer | 10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer |\n| Abbe Condenser NA1.25 | Abbe Condenser NA1.25 |\n| | |\n| Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb | Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb |\n| Lens Cleaning Tissue | Lens Cleaning Tissue |\n| Cedar Oil | Cedar Oil |\n| 1A Fuse (spare) | 1A Fuse (spare) |\n| Specification | Specification |\n| Inspection Certificate | Inspection Certificate |\n| Packing List | Packing List |\n\n## OPERATION\n\n - 1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before assembling instrument.\n - 2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving turret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only.\n - 3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips. NOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is the cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the specimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the thickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is 0.17mm.\n - 4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope lamp ON.\n - 5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective first. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it easier to search the specimen.", "page_start": 8, @@ -18271,15 +18277,9 @@ "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" }, { - "text": "## SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION\n\n - 1. Depending on microscope use, select oblique or transmitted illumination.\n - 2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs change the oblique or transmitted light independently. The transmitted illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot be adjusted.\n - 3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be adjusted to ensure optimum lighting of the sample.\n - 1. Remove components from package. identify all parts before assembling.\n - 2. Check the input voltage to ensure that it conforms to the microscopes requirement.\n\n## SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION\n\n - 1. Depending on microscope use, select oblique or transmitted illumination.\n - 2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs change the oblique or transmitted light independently. The transmitted illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot be adjusted.\n - 3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be adjusted to ensure optimum lighting of the sample.\n\n## CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY DISTANCE\n\n - 1. The distance between the observer's pupils is the interpupillary distance.\n - 12 2. To adjust the interpupillary distance rotate the prism caps until both eyes coincide with the image in the eyepiece.\n\n## Model AY11234\n\n| Name | Qty |\n|--------------------------------------------------|---------------|\n| Binocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) | 1 |\n| 10x Wide Field Eyepiece | 2 |\n| Eyeshade | 2 |\n| 12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup | 1 ea. (spare) |\n| Fuse 2A (spare) | 1 |\n| Lens Cleaning Tissue | 1 |\n| Dust Cover | 1 |\n| Specifications | 1 |\n| Packing Slip | 1 |\n| Quality Inspection Certificate | 1 |", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## SPECIFICATIONS\n\n## Model AY11228\n\n - 1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n - 2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n - 3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: 60mm\n - 4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n - 5. Right Diopter Adjustment Range: +4 to -6 dopters\n - 6. Illumination: Input Voltage: 110V AC or 220V Output: Oblique illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\n\n## Model AY11232\n\n - 1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n - 2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n - 3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: >50mm\n - 4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n - 5. Diopter Adjustment Range: +/- 5 diopters\n - 6. Illumination:\n - Input Voltage: 110V AC or 220V Output: Oblique Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp Transmitted Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\n\n\n\n\n\n## Optical Specifications - Model AY11228\n\n| Total Magnification | Objective | Eyepiece Magnification | Working Distance |\n|-----------------------|---------------|--------------------------|--------------------|\n| | Magnification | & Field Diameter (mm) | |\n| 20x, 40x | 2x, 4x | Wide Field 10x, 20mm | 90mm |\n\n## Optical Specifications - Model AY11232\n\n| Objective Zoom Scale | Objective Zoom Scale | | | | | |\n|---------------------------|-----------------------------------|---------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|---------------|\n| Accessory Large Objective | Accessory Large Objective | - | 0.5x | 0.75x 1.5x | | 2x |\n| Working Distance (mm) | Working Distance (mm) | 95 | 156 | 102 | 44 | 30 |\n| WF10x/20mm | Total Magnification | 7x- 45x | 3.5x- 22.5x | 5.3x- 33.8x | 10.5x- 67.5x | 14x- |\n| WF10x/20mm | Field of View Objective Dia. (mm) | 28.6- 4.4 | 57.2- 8.8 | 38.1- 5.9 | 19.0- 2.9 | 90x 14.3- 2.2 |\n| WF12.5x/18mm | Total Magnification | 8.8x- 56x | 4.4x- 28x | 6.6x- 42x | 13.2x- 84x | 17.6x- 112x |\n| WF12.5x/18mm | Field of View Objective Dia. (mm) | 25.7- 4.0 | 51.4- 8 | 34.3- 5.3 | 17.1- 2.7 | 12.9- 2.0 |\n| WF15x/16mm | Total Magnification | 10.5x- 67.5x | 5.3x- 33.8x | 7.9x- 58.6x | 15.7x- 101x | 21x- 135x |\n| WF15x/16mm | Field of View Objective Dia. (mm) | 22.9- 3.6 | 45.8- 7.2 | 30.5- 4.8 | 15.3- 24 | 11.5- 1.8 |\n| WF20x/12mm | Total Magnification | 14x- 90x | 7x- 45x | 10.5x- 67.5x | 21x- 135x | 28x- 180x |\n| WF20x/12mm | Field of View Objective Dia. (mm) | 17.0- 2.7 | 34.0- 5.4 | 22.7- 3.6 | 11.3- 1.8 | 8.5- 1.4 |\n| WF25x/9mm | Total Magnification | 17.5x- 112.5x | 8.8x- 56.3x | 13x- 84.4x | 26.3x- 169x | 35x- 225x |\n| WF25x/9mm | Field of View Objective Dia. (mm) | 12.9- 2.0 | 25.8- 4.0 | 17.2- 2.7 | 8.6- 1.3 | 6.5- 1.0 |\n\n\n\n\n\n## PARTS LIST\n\n## Model AY11228", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, + "text": "\n\n## OPERATION ( cont. )\n\n## ADJUSTING THE CONDENSER APERTURE\n\n - 1. The numerical aperture of the condenser should match the numerical aperture of the objective being used.\n - 2. To make sure that the objectives are imaging properly (especially the 40x and 100x), follow this procedure:\n - 1. Take off the eyepiece.\n - 2. Look through the eyepiece.\n - 3. The smallest circle or light that you can see is the eyepiece's exit pupil.\n - 4. Adjust the aperture of the iris diaphragm in the condenser to 70% or 80% for the best contrast for observation (See Fig. 2.).\n\nFig. 2 - Condenser Diaphram Aperture\n\n\n\n## TROUBLESHOOTING\n\n| Problem | Possible Cause | Solution |\n|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1. Image not clear. | 1.Specimen is in incorrect position. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Cedar oil not placed on immersion objective. 4. Bubbles in Cedar oil. | 1. Re-position specimen. 2. Clean lens. 3. Put a drop of Cedar oil on immersion objective. 4. Rotate turret several times to eliminate bubbles. |\n| 2. Poor illumination. | 1. Condenser position is incorrect. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Specimen is not placed level. | 1. Re-position condenser. 2. Clean lens. 3. Re-position specimen so it is level. |\n| 3. Illumination not bright. | 1. Iris diaphragm opening too small. 2. Position of condenser too low. 3. Lens is dirty. | 1. Open iris diaphragm wider. 2. Raise condenser. 3. Clean lens. |\n| 4. Cannot focus at high magnification. | 1. Specimen is in incorrect position. | 1. Re-position specimen. |\n| 5. Objective lenses touch specimen. | 1. Stage is too high. | 1. Re-position stage. |", + "page_start": 9, + "page_end": 9, "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" } ] @@ -18554,6 +18554,12 @@ "page_end": 523, "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- Scharre, Paul, \"Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race\", Foreign Affairs , vol. 98, no. 3 (May/June 2019), pp. 135-144. \"Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable. Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate. Learning systems are limited by the data on which they were trained. AI failures have already led to tragedy. Advanced autopilot features in cars, although they perform well in some circumstances, have driven cars without warning into trucks, concrete barriers, and parked cars. In the wrong situation, AI systems go from supersmart to superdumb in an instant. When an enemy is trying to manipulate and hack an AI system, the risks are even greater.\" (p. 140.)\n - Schulz, Hannes; Behnke, Sven (1 November 2012). \"Deep Learning\" (https://www.researchgat e.net/publication/230690795). KI - Künstliche Intelligenz . 26 (4): 357-363. doi:10.1007/s13218-012-0198-z (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13218-012-0198-z). ISSN 1610-1987 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1610-1987). S2CID 220523562 (https://ap i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220523562).\n - Serenko, Alexander; Michael Dohan (2011). \"Comparing the expert survey and citation impact journal ranking methods: Example from the field of Artificial Intelligence\" (http://www.aserenk o.com/papers/JOI\\_AI\\_Journal\\_Ranking\\_Serenko.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Informetrics . 5 (4): 629-649. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2011.06.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joi.2011.06.002). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212839/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/J OI\\_AI\\_Journal\\_Ranking\\_Serenko.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.\n - Silver, David; Huang, Aja; Maddison, Chris J.; et al. (28 January 2016). \"Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search\" (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature1696 1). Nature . 529 (7587): 484-489. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..484S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.e du/abs/2016Natur.529..484S). doi:10.1038/nature16961 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature1 6961). PMID 26819042 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26819042). S2CID 515925 (http s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:515925). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230 618213059/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961) from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.\n - Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar et al. \"Attention is all you need.\" Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017). Seminal paper on transformers.\n - Vincent, James, \"Horny Robot Baby Voice: James Vincent on AI chatbots\", London Review of Books , vol. 46, no. 19 (10 October 2024), pp. 29-32. \"[AI chatbot] programs are made possible by new technologies but rely on the timelelss human tendency to anthropomorphise.\" (p. 29.)\n - White Paper: On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust (https://e c.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020\\_en.pd f) (PDF). Brussels: European Commission. 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202 00220173419/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intell igence-feb2020\\_en.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.\n\n## External links\n\n - \"Artificial Intelligence\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/art-inte). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .\n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial\\_intelligence&oldid=1268183823\"", + "page_start": 69, + "page_end": 69, + "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" + }, { "text": "- - IBM Cloud", "page_start": 523, @@ -18571,12 +18577,6 @@ "page_start": 62, "page_end": 62, "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Key servers can have the following characteristics:", - "page_start": 641, - "page_end": 641, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -18883,8 +18883,8 @@ "target_page": 4, "target_passage": "It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called \"foreign princes\" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19031,8 +19031,8 @@ "target_page": 13, "target_passage": "In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the Treaty of the Hague with William III of England in 1698. This agreement divided Spain's Italian territories between Louis's son le Grand Dauphin and Archduke Charles, with the rest of the empire awarded to Joseph Ferdinand.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19106,10 +19106,16 @@ "target_passage": "Both SNItrans (Fig. 2C) and SNIcrush (Fig. 2D) injuries resulted in a rightward shift in population distributions of the cross-sectional area of nucleated, FB-labelled DRG neurons when compared with contralateral DRG, consistent with a loss of small afferents post–nerve injury.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 7 + "index": 9 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "- [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 2. Spared nerve crush and transection lead to a loss of small DRG neurons. (A) Approach to restrict analysis to damaged afferents: a subcutaneous injection of the tracer FB into both hindpaws labelled tibial afferents, before unilateral SNItrans or SNIcrush surgery. (B) Representative image of FB labelling and NeuN immunostaining in the L4 DRG. The image is a projection of optical sections at 3m mintervals through the entirety of a 30m m-thick tissue section. Scale bar 5 100 m m. (C and D) Quantification of the cross-sectional area of FastBlue labelled DRG neurons ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans (C) or SNIcrush injury (D) reveals a loss of small afferents and subsequent shift in population distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; SNItrans: D 5 0.25, P , 0.001; n 5 183 or 191 neurons from 3 mice; SNIcrush: D 5 0.22, P , 0.001, n 5 319 or 325 neurons from 3 mice. (E) Experimental approach for whole DRG volumetric analyses after SNItrans. (F) Representative 3D rendering of TDP-43 profiles and corresponding nuclear spot profiles following Imaris-based spot detection feature. Scale bar 5 100 m m. (G) Quantification of DRG nuclear spot volume ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of cumulative distribution: D 5 0.06, P , 0.001, n 5 30,206 (contra) or 32,544 (ipsi) nuclei from 4 (contra) or 5 (ipsi) mice. (H) Total number of nuclear spots, by size, per DRG. Two-way RM ANOVA; size bin 3 injury interaction: F 2,14 5 8.26, P 5 0.004; n 5 4 to 5 mice; ˇ S'ıd 'ak multiple comparisons tests: ** P , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; FB, FastBlue; RM, repeated measures.\n\n\n\n## 3.3. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 but not myelinated dorsal root ganglion neurons\n\nLoss restricted to nonpeptidergic nociceptors would not fully account for the degree of total neuron loss that we observed. Therefore, we studied a range of other subpopulations, both small and large in diameter, for their vulnerability to injury-\n\ninduced loss. To investigate potential loss of Trpm8 1 (coldsensitive), calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (CGRP) (peptidergic), and myelinated subpopulations of DRG neurons following nerve injury, we applied our FB-labelling approach in Trpm8 FlpO ; RC::FLTG (FlpO-dependent tdTom expression), Calca CreERT2 ; Ai32 (Cre-dependent ChR2-YFP expression) and Thy1-CFP mice, respectively ( Figs. 4A-D ). Trpm8-tdTom was expressed", "page_start": 6, @@ -19122,6 +19128,12 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:315-23.\n - [65] West CA, Davies KA, Hart AM, Wiberg M, Williams SR, Terenghi G. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia for the objective quantitative assessment of neuron death after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2007;203:22-33.\n - [66] West CA, Ljungberg C, Wiberg M, Hart A. Sensory neuron death after upper limb nerve injury and protective effect of repair: clinical evaluation using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia. Neurosurgery 2013;73:632-40.\n - [67] West SJ, Bonboire D, Bennett DL. StereoMate: 3D stereological automated analysis of biological structures. bioRxiv 2020:648337.\n - [68] Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2018;29:779-85.\n - [69] Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020;11:264.\n - [70] Zheng J, Lu Y, Perl ER. Inhibitory neurones of the spinal substantia gelatinosa mediate interaction of signals from primary afferents. J Physiol 2010;588:2065-75.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "\n\n\n\n## Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations\n\nAndrew H. Cooper a , Allison M. Barry b , Paschalina Chrysostomidou a , Romane Lolignier a , Jinyi Wang a , Magdalena Redondo Canales a , Heather F. Titterton a , David L. Bennett b , Greg A. Weir a, *\n\n## Abstract\n\nThere is a rich literature describing the loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral axotomy, but the vulnerability of discrete subpopulations has not yet been characterised. Furthermore, the extent or even presence of neuron loss following injury has recently been challenged. In this study, we have used a range of transgenic recombinase driver mouse lines to genetically label molecularly defined subpopulations of DRG neurons and track their survival following traumatic nerve injury. We find that spared nerve injury leads to a marked loss of cells containing DRG volume and a concomitant loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Neuron loss occurs unequally across subpopulations and is particularly prevalent in nonpeptidergic nociceptors, marked by expression of Mrgprd. We show that this subpopulation is almost entirely lost following spared nerve injury and severely depleted (by roughly 50%) following sciatic nerve crush. Finally, we used an in vitro model of DRG neuron survival to demonstrate that nonpeptidergic nociceptor loss is likely dependent on the absence of neurotrophic support. Together, these results profile the extent to which DRG neuron subpopulations can survive axotomy, with implications for our understanding of nerve injury-induced plasticity and pain.\n\nKeywords: Sensory neuron, Neuron death, Transgenic reporter line, Neuropathic pain, Nerve injury\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly and functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal conditions, this diversity contributes to the ability of the somatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory stimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature, itch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in DRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability, 57 which is a key pathological driver of neuropathic pain. 20,63 Concomitant molecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur, and these have recently been comprehensively described in single-cell 37,44 and subpopulation-specific sequencing studies. 3 These studies describe a transient and generalized reduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes following nerve injury. 3,37,44\n\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature describing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic\n\nSupplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.painjournalonline.com).\n\nCopyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Pain. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\n\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003321", "page_start": 0, @@ -19157,18 +19169,6 @@ "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- [18] Guillery RW. On counting and counting errors. J Comp Neurol 2002;447: 1-7.\n - [19] Hall BE, Macdonald E, Cassidy M, Yun S, Sapio MR, Ray P, Doty M, Nara P, Burton MD, Shiers S, Ray-Chaudhury A, Mannes AJ, Price TJ, Iadarola MJ, Kulkarni AB. Transcriptomic analysis of human sensory neurons in painful diabetic neuropathy reveals inflammation and neuronal loss. Sci Rep 2022;12:4729.\n - [20] Haroutounian S, Nikolajsen L, Bendtsen TF, Finnerup NB, Kristensen AD, Hasselstrøm JB, Jensen TS. Primary afferent input critical for maintaining spontaneous pain in peripheral neuropathy. PAIN 2014;155:1272-9.\n - [21] Hart AM, Terenghi G, Kellerth JO, Wiberg M. Sensory neuroprotection, mitochondrial preservation, and therapeutic potential of n-acetyl-cysteine after nerve injury. Neuroscience 2004;125:91-101.\n - [22] Hart AM, Wiberg M, Youle M, Terenghi G. Systemic acetyl-l-carnitine eliminates sensory neuronal loss after peripheral axotomy: a new clinical approach in the management of peripheral nerve trauma. Exp Brain Res 2002;145:182-9.\n - [23] Hu G, Huang K, Hu Y, Du G, Xue Z, Zhu X, Fan G. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals distinct injury responses in different types of DRG sensory neurons. Sci Rep 2016;6:31851.\n - [24] Hu P, McLachlan EM. Selective reactions of cutaneous and muscle afferent neurons to peripheral nerve transection in rats. J Neurosci 2003; 23:10559-67.\n - [25] Hulsen T, de Vlieg J, Alkema W. BioVenn-a web application for the comparison and visualization of biological lists using area-proportional Venn diagrams. BMC Genomics 2008;9:488.\n - [26] King T, Vera-Portocarrero L, Gutierrez T, Vanderah TW, Dussor G, Lai J, Fields HL, Porreca F. Unmasking the tonic-aversive state in neuropathic pain. Nat Neurosci 2009;12:1364-6.\n - [27] Leibovich H, Buzaglo N, Tsuriel S, Peretz L, Caspi Y, Katz B, Lev S, Lichtstein D, Binshtok AM. Abnormal reinnervation of denervated areas following nerve injury facilitates neuropathic pain. Cells 2020;9:1007.\n - [28] Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R; 1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup. The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 2009;25:2078-9.\n - [29] Li L, Zhou XF. Pericellular Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4-binding ring structures in the dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury in rats. J Comp Neurol 2001;439:259-74.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SNI-related gene expression signatures were less evident in Mrgprd-expressing and C-LTMR neurons at later timepoints, compared with other populations in injured DRG. 3 This could be explained by a loss of axotomized neurons of these classes and therefore sampling of only uninjured neurons at this timepoint. 24,43,64 In terms of the transcriptional response to injury, nonpeptidergic nociceptors show enrichment of individual proapoptotic factors early after injury, 23,68 and we extend these results in this study, by describing a subpopulation-specific enrichment of GO terms associated with apoptosis that is evident as early as 3 days after injury. Such data and single-cell transcriptomic profiling of all DRG neurons following injury 37,44 may offer the opportunity to elucidate the cell death pathways engaged and upstream effectors that enrich this process to nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons.\n\n## 4.3. Implications for pain pathogenesis\n\nNeuronal loss has been proposed as a key contributor to poor functional recovery following nerve injury, 54 and biased survival of different afferent types might be expected to contribute to modality-specific sensory deficits. Beyond loss of function, does DRGneuronlosscontribute to chronic pain, in either an adaptive or maladaptive manner? Intrathecal delivery of GDNF is neuroprotective and reverses the reduction in the number of IB4-binding DRG neurons and central terminals seen following transection. 5 Treatment is concurrently analgesic and abrogates pain-related behaviors. 7,60 However, the pleiotropic nature of GDNF makes it impossible to directly attribute the analgesic effects to the reversal of neuron loss. Indeed, it is possible that GDNF exerts its effect by actions on intact nonpeptidergic nociceptive afferents, 52 activation of which is known to drive aversive behaviors in the neuropathic state. 62 These data leave the contribution of nonpeptidergic nociceptor loss to behavior in the GDNF treatment paradigm ambiguous. Other pharmacological approaches have been found effective at reversing a neuronal loss in rodent models, but the impact on pain behavior was not studied. 21,22\n\nRodents develop marked mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity rapidly following nerve injury and before timepoints at which neuron loss is observed. 10 This lack of a temporal correlation may suggest a limited contribution to evoked hypersensitivities. The temporal profile of ongoing tonic pain (eg, pain aversiveness as measured by condition place preference assays 26 ) is less defined and so is its correlation to the timing of neuron loss.\n\nThere are many anatomical sites within the somatosensory nervous system where differential loss of sensory neuron populations could impact neurobiology. For example, loss of cutaneous afferents may afford more opportunity for plasticity in reinnervation patterns, such as collateral sprouting of uninjured or surviving afferents, and the types of nerve endings made by different molecular subpopulations. 17,27 It also seems likely that the death of many neurons within a DRG could contribute to the expansion and activation of immune cell types, which are known to play a major role in neuropathic pain. 30,69 Finally, under normal conditions, peripheral sensory input is integrated into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by complex interneuron circuitry. Many spinal circuits are engaged by convergent input from different afferent types. 9,41,70 Therefore, selective loss of input from discrete afferent types could undoubtedly impact the normal processing of remaining afferent signals. 34 Experimentally abrogating neuronal loss may be a fruitful approach to assess the contribution to nervous system plasticity (adaptive or maladaptive) following injury. In this regard, our in vitro readout would be a useful experimental", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19179,8 +19179,8 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "1. Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. 2. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. 3. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19220,6 +19220,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "policies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices and actions to protect and restore the world's forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the One Health approach 83 , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.\n\nThe EU will step up support to partner countries across the world to achieve the new global targets, fight environmental crime, and tackle the drivers of biodiversity loss. In Africa, the EU will launch the NaturAfrica initiative to protect wildlife and key ecosystems while offering opportunities in green sectors for local populations. Similar projects will be developed in other regions. The EU will also support the Western Balkans and EU Neighbourhood countries in their efforts to protect biodiversity.\n\nIn all of its work, the EU will strengthen the links between biodiversity protection and human rights , gender, health, education, conflict sensitivity, the rights-based approach, land tenure and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities.\n\nAs part of its global efforts, the EU will promote biodiversity coalitions with partners and civil society around the world. For example, in March 2020, the Commission launched the Global Biodiversity Coalition of national parks, aquariums, botanic gardens, zoos, natural history and sciencemuseums to help raise awareness around the world on the need to protect and nurture biodiversity. The Commission will consider launching or joining other High Ambition Coalitions to help develop the post-2020 framework.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSION\n\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and continuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the way for ambitious and necessary changes - changes that will ensure the wellbeing and economic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The implementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges across sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, fairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will require a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, stakeholders and citizens.\n\nThe Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this strategy ahead of the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will suggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will review the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to meet its objectives.", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "Biodiversity is also crucial for safeguarding EU and global food security. Biodiversity loss threatens our food systems 6 , putting our food security and nutrition at risk. Biodiversity also underpins healthy and nutritious diets and improves rural livelihoods and agricultural productivity 7 . For instance, more than 75% of global food crop types rely on animal pollination 8 .\n\nDespite this urgent moral, economic and environmental imperative, nature is in a state of crisis . The five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss 9 - changes in land and sea use, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive alien species - are making nature disappear quickly. We see the changes in our everyday lives: concrete blocks rising up on green spaces, wilderness disappearing in front of our eyes, and more species being put at risk of extinction than at any point in human history. In the last four decades, global wildlife populations fell by 60% as a result of human activities 10 . And almost three quarters of the Earth's surface have been altered 11 , squeezing nature into an eversmaller corner of the planet.\n\nThe biodiversity crisis and the climate crisis are intrinsically linked. Climate change accelerates the destruction of the natural world through droughts, flooding and wildfires, while the loss and unsustainable use of nature are in turn key drivers of climate change. But just as the crises are linked, so are the solutions. Nature is a vital ally in the fight against climate change 12 . Nature regulates the climate, and nature-based solutions 13 , such as protecting and restoring wetlands, peatlands and coastal ecosystems, or sustainably managing marine areas, forests, grasslands and agricultural soils, will be essential for emission reduction and climate adaptation. Planting trees and deploying green infrastructure will help us to cool urban areas and mitigate the impact of natural disasters.\n\nBiodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse are one of the biggest threats facing humanity in the next decade 14 . They also threaten the foundations of our economy and the costs of inaction are high and are anticipated to increase 15 . The world lost an estimated €3.5-18.5 trillion per year in ecosystem services from 1997 to 2011 owing to land-cover change, and an estimated €5.5-10.5 trillion per year from land degradation. Specifically, biodiversity loss results in reduced crop yields and fish catches, increased economic losses from flooding and other disasters, and the loss of potential new sources of medicine 16 .\n\nThe EU is ready to show ambition to reverse biodiversity loss, lead the world by example and by action, and help agree and adopt a transformative post-2020 global framework at the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This should", "page_start": 2, @@ -19237,12 +19243,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "principle 79 and taking into account the call of the European Parliament 80 . In parallel, the EU will continue to fund research on the impact of deep-sea mining activities and on environmentally-friendly technologies. The EU should also advocate for more transparency in international bodies such as the International Seabed Authority.\n\n## 4.2.2. Trade policy\n\nTrade policy will actively support and be part of the ecological transition . In this spirit, the Commission will ensure full implementation and enforcement of the biodiversity provisions in all trade agreements, including through the EU Chief Trade Enforcement Officer. The Commission will better assess the impact of trade agreements on biodiversity, with follow-up action to strengthen the biodiversity provisions of existing and new agreements if relevant. The Commission will also present in 2021 a legislative proposal and other measures to avoid or minimise the placing of products associated with deforestation or forest degradation on the EU market 81 , and to promote forest-friendly imports and value chains. The Commission will take a number of steps to crack down on illegal wildlife trade . This trade contributes to the depletion or extinction of entire species, is the world's fourth most lucrative black market and is thought to be one of the causes behind the emergence of zoonotic diseases. It is a human, economic and environmental duty to dismantle it.\n\nWith this in mind, the Commission will revise the EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking in 2021 and propose a further tightening of the rules on EU ivory trade later this year. It will explore a possible revision of the Environmental Crime Directive, including by looking at expanding its scope and introducing specific provisions for types and levels of criminal sanctions. It will consider strengthening the coordinating and investigative capacities of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) to work with Member States and non-EU countries to prevent illicit trade and the entry of illicit products into the Single Market.\n\nThe Commission will continue to engage with partner countries to ensure a smooth and fair transition, mobilising in particular Aid for Trade to ensure that partners reap the benefits of biodiversity-friendly trade.\n\n## 4.2.3. International cooperation, neighbourhood policy and resource mobilisation\n\nDelivering an ambitious post-2020 global biodiversity framework will require greater cooperation with partners, increased support and financing and phasing out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity. In the last decade, the EU and its Member States collectively upheld their commitment to double financial flows to developing countries for biodiversity 82 . The EU is ready to continue working with its partners and further increase its support post-2020. This will be part of its work on biodiversity conservation, restoration, sustainable use and mainstreaming in all development and partnership", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19270,6 +19270,12 @@ "page_end": 19, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" }, + { + "text": "policies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices and actions to protect and restore the world's forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the One Health approach 83 , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.\n\nThe EU will step up support to partner countries across the world to achieve the new global targets, fight environmental crime, and tackle the drivers of biodiversity loss. In Africa, the EU will launch the NaturAfrica initiative to protect wildlife and key ecosystems while offering opportunities in green sectors for local populations. Similar projects will be developed in other regions. The EU will also support the Western Balkans and EU Neighbourhood countries in their efforts to protect biodiversity.\n\nIn all of its work, the EU will strengthen the links between biodiversity protection and human rights , gender, health, education, conflict sensitivity, the rights-based approach, land tenure and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities.\n\nAs part of its global efforts, the EU will promote biodiversity coalitions with partners and civil society around the world. For example, in March 2020, the Commission launched the Global Biodiversity Coalition of national parks, aquariums, botanic gardens, zoos, natural history and sciencemuseums to help raise awareness around the world on the need to protect and nurture biodiversity. The Commission will consider launching or joining other High Ambition Coalitions to help develop the post-2020 framework.\n\n## 5. CONCLUSION\n\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and continuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the way for ambitious and necessary changes - changes that will ensure the wellbeing and economic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The implementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges across sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, fairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will require a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, stakeholders and citizens.\n\nThe Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this strategy ahead of the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will suggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will review the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to meet its objectives.", + "page_start": 22, + "page_end": 22, + "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" + }, { "text": "build on the headline ambition to ensure that by 2050 all of the world's ecosystems are restored, resilient, and adequately protected. The world should commit to the net-gain principle to give nature back more than it takes. As part of this, the world should commit to no human-induced extinction of species, at minimum where avoidable.\n\nThis strategy sets out how Europe can help make this happen. As a milestone, it aims to ensure that Europe's biodiversity will be on the path to recovery by 2030 for the benefit of people, the planet, the climate and our economy, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and with the objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. It addresses the five main drivers of biodiversity loss, sets out an enhanced governance framework to fill remaining gaps, ensures the full implementation of EU legislation, and pulls together all existing efforts. This strategy is enterprising and incentivising in spirit and action. It reflects the fact that protecting and restoring nature will need more than regulation alone . It will require action by citizens, businesses, social partners and the research and knowledge community, as well as strong partnerships between local, regional, national and European level. This strategy is in line with the ambitions and commitment set out in President von der Leyen's Political Guidelines and in the European Green Deal.\n\nAdopted in the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic, this strategy will also be a central element of the EU's recovery plan. It will be crucial to prevent and build resilience to future zoonosis outbreaks and to provide immediate business and investment opportunities for restoring the EU's economy.\n\nAll new initiatives and proposals will be underpinned by the Commission's better regulation tools. Based on public consultations and on the identification of the environmental, social and economic impacts, impact assessments will contribute to ensuring that all initiatives achieve their objectives in the most effective and least burdensome way and live up to a green oath to 'do no harm'.\n\n## 2. PROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION\n\nThe EU has legal frameworks, strategies and action plans to protect nature and restore habitats and species. But protection has been incomplete, restoration has been smallscale, and the implementation and enforcement of legislation has been insufficient 17 .\n\nTo put biodiversity on the path to recovery by 2030, we need to step up the protection and restoration of nature. This should be done by improving and widening our network of protected areas and by developing an ambitious EU Nature Restoration Plan .\n\n## 2.1. A coherent network of protected areas\n\nBiodiversity fares better in protected areas. However, the current network of legally protected areas, including those under strict protection, is not sufficiently large to safeguard biodiversity. Evidence shows that the targets defined under the Convention on Biological Diversity are insufficient to adequately protect and restore nature 18 . Global", "page_start": 3, @@ -19311,12 +19317,6 @@ "page_start": 21, "page_end": 21, "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "States and the European Environment Agency, will put forward in 2020 criteria and guidance for identifying and designating additional areas, including a definition of strict protection, as well as for appropriate management planning. In doing so, it will indicate how other effective area-based conservation measures and greening of cities could contribute to the targets.\n\nThe targets relate to the EU as a whole and could be broken down according to the EU bio-geographical regions and sea basins or at a more local level. Every Member State will have to do its fair share of the effort based on objective ecological criteria, recognising that each country has a different quantity and quality of biodiversity. Particular focus will be placed on protecting and restoring the tropical and sub-tropical marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the EU's outermost regions given their exceptionally high biodiversity value.\n\nIn addition, in order to have a truly coherent and resilient Trans-European Nature Network, it will be important to set up ecological corridors to prevent genetic isolation, allow for species migration, and maintain and enhance healthy ecosystems. In this context, investments in green and blue infrastructure 27 and cooperation across borders among Member States should be promoted and supported, including through the European Territorial Cooperation.\n\nThe Commission will aim to agree the criteria and guidance for additional designations with Member States by the end of 2021. Member States will then have until the end of 2023 to demonstrate significant progress in legally designating new protected areas and integrating ecological corridors. On this basis, the Commission will assess by 2024 whether the EU is on track to meet its 2030 targets or whether stronger actions, including EU legislation, are needed.\n\nFinally, the Overseas Countries and Territories also host important biodiversity hotspots, not governed by EU environmental rules. The Commission encourages relevant Member States to consider promoting equal or equivalent rules in these countries and territories.\n\n## Nature protection: key commitments by 2030\n\n- 1. Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU's land area and 30% of the EU's sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network.\n- 2. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU's protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests.\n- 3. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19412,6 +19412,18 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "Miyata : In the same way, other SMFG : In the same way, other SMFG Group companies have been sending out Group companies have been sending out volunteers, and providing donations not only volunteers, and providing donations not only as a company, but also through individual as a company, but also through individual employees. SMBC was at the heart of all these employees. SMBC was at the heart of all these activities, and this was a good opportunity activities, and this was a good opportunity for us to appreciate anew how our business for us to appreciate anew how our business contributes to the public good. contributes to the public good.\n\n\n\n## Koichi Miyata\n\nPresident Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n\nThe SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, The SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, 'stepping up to the plate and working hard 'stepping up to the plate and working hard to give something back to society.' I think it to give something back to society.' I think it is important to develop ways of making this is important to develop ways of making this a shared aspiration of all the employees of a shared aspiration of all the employees of\n\nthe Group. the Group.", "page_start": 2, @@ -19453,18 +19465,6 @@ "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Statement of Financial Position", - "page_start": 66, - "page_end": 66, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Social Contribution Activities\n\n## Helping build prosperity in Asia and the world\n\nThe SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities The SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities that contribute to development at both the regional that contribute to development at both the regional and international level. In addition to overseas units' and international level. In addition to overseas units' independent initiatives, which are geared to host independent initiatives, which are geared to host country issues and characteristics, the Group supports country issues and characteristics, the Group supports projects that have contributed to achievement of the projects that have contributed to achievement of the United Nations' global Millennium Development Goals, United Nations' global Millennium Development Goals, such as poverty eradication, health improvement and such as poverty eradication, health improvement and status improvement for education and women in status improvement for education and women in developing countries. Our support takes the form of developing countries. Our support takes the form of donations to non-profit and non-governmental donations to non-profit and non-governmental organizations, through the employee volunteer fund. organizations, through the employee volunteer fund. (The map shows areas where fund money is used, ( The map shows areas where fund money is used, marked with a marked with a ★ symbol). Please see our website for symbol). Please see our website for more details. more details.\n\nInternational cooperation begins at home\n\n## Employees put school meals on the table through their purchases in staff canteens\n\nSMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing SMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing have a program that provides donations to the non have a program that provides donations to the nonprofit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to profit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to\n\nfund school meals in developing fund school meals in developing countries, for every low-calorie countries, for every low-calorie meal ordered for lunch. SMBC meal ordered for lunch. SMBC Friend Securities has also Friend Securities has also installed vending machines i n s t a l l e d v e n d i n g m a c h i n e s selling healthy drinks, donating selling healthy drinks, donating part of their sales to TABLE FOR part of their sales to TABLE FOR TWO International. TWO International.\n\n\n\n## Donation boxes for foreign currency coins\n\nSMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency SMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency coins at the entrances of all manned branches and coins at the entrances of all manned branches and offices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by offices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by currency for delivery to UNICEF. currency for delivery to UNICEF.\n\n## The SMBC Foundation for International Cooperation\n\nThe SMBC Foundation for International Cooperation The SMBC Foundation for International Cooperation strives to assist in developing the human resources strives to assist in developing the human resources necessary to achieve sustainable growth in develop necessary to achieve sustainable growth in developing economies as well as to promote international ing economies as well as to promote international exchange activities. The foundation has provided exchange activities. The foundation has provided financial support for students from Asian countries financial support for students from Asian countries each year, enabling them to attend universities in each year, enabling them to attend universities in Japan. The foundation also offers subsidies to Japan. The foundation also offers subsidies to research institutes and researchers undertaking research institutes and researchers undertaking projects related to developing countries. projects related to developing countries.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## South Korea", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19492,6 +19492,12 @@ "page_end": 0, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\nPresident Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n\n\n\nKoichi Miyata\n\nFirst, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt First, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt condolences to all those who have suffered and condolences to all those who have suffered and to the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in to the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in the devastating earthquake and tsunami the devastating earthquake and tsunami that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the early recovery of the affected people and areas.early recovery of the affected people and areas. SMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients' needs by SMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients' needs by leveraging our group-wide capabilities, leveraging our group-wide capabilities, offering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every offering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every employee and the overall group are capable of employee and the overall group are capable of responding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that responding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that through these measures, through these measures, we will contribute to the growth and development of our clients we will contribute to the growth and development of our clients and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them.and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them. Through our basic policy of becoming 'a globally competitive Through our basic policy of becoming 'a globally competitive financial services group financial services group with the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders' with the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders' by maximizing our core strengths of by maximizing our core strengths of 'Spirit of Innovation,' 'Speed' and 'Solution & Execution,' we 'Spirit of Innovation,' 'Speed' and 'Solution & Execution,' we will continue to stay ahead of the times, will continue to stay ahead of the times, no matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our no matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our business environment.business environment.\n\n## INDEX\n\n| Foreword | 1 |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|\n| Commitment from the Top | 3 |\n| A Conversation with Tadao Ando, | |\n| Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata | |\n| What can we do now to spur the | |\n| reconstruction and revitalization of Japan, and help resolve global issues? | |\n| Measures to Support Reconstruction after the March 11 | |\n| Earthquake and Tsunami | 8 |\n| Together with Our Customers Together with Our Shareholders and Markets | 13 17 |\n| Together with Our Employees | 19 |\n| Environmental Activities | 21 |\n| Social Contribution Activities | 25 |", "page_start": 1, @@ -19523,22 +19529,16 @@ "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Commitment from the Top\n\nA Conversation with Tadao Ando, Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata\n\n## What can we do now to spur the reconstruction and revitalization of Japan, and help resolve global issues?\n\nUplifting the nation's spirits Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\nJapan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) Japan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates and increasing numbers of the aged. and increasing numbers of the aged.\n\nWe must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective. We must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective.\n\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group. and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group.\n\n\n\n## Tadao Ando\n\nArchitect. Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, Representative and Vice-chairman of the Great East Japan Earthquake Reconstruction Design Council. Awarded the Order of Cultural Merit in 2010.\n\nOur measures to support reconstruction after the disastrous earthquake and tsunami Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\n̶ ̶ SMFG has the following priorities in its SMFG has the following priorities in its corporate social responsibility program: corporate social responsibility program: Reconstruction after the earthquake Reconstruction after the earthquake and tsunami, environmental measures, and tsunami, environmental measures, addressing the shrinking and aging addressing the shrinking and aging population, and global challenges. population, and global challenges. -\n\nKunibe : : Japan is facing a difficult period J a p a n i s f a c i ng a d i f f icu lt period with limited prospects for economic growth with limited prospects for economic growth due to a shrinking, aging population and due to a shrinking, aging population and a mature economy. Against this backdrop, a mature economy. Against this backdrop, the country was hit by the unprecedented the country was hit by the unprecedented catastrophe of the Great East Japan catastrophe of the Great East Japan Earthquake. We must face up to the new Earthquake. We must face up to the new challenges arising from this disaster. challenges arising from this disaster.\n\nI believe the time has come for us to I believe the time has come for us to reconsider what we can do in our capacity reconsider what we can do in our capacity as a financial institution to address a variety as a financial institution to address a variety of issues, including the four priorities. of issues, including the four priorities. Today I hope we can discuss not only the road Today I hope we can discuss not only the road to reconstruction after the disaster, but also to reconstruction after the disaster, but also\n\nways to uplift the nation's spirits. ways to uplift the nation's spirits.", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, + "text": "This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Environmental Activities\n\nInternational initiatives in Asian countries and others\n\n## Taking a leading role in environmental businesses in Asia\n\n## Promoting energy-saving and low-emission industries in China\n\n## Support for adoption of electric vehicles and car-sharing\n\nThe SMFG Group supports environmental The SMFG Group supports environmental businesses in the rapidly growing markets of businesses in the rapidly growing markets of Southeast Asia from various perspectives. Southeast Asia from various perspectives. For example in Malaysia, SMBC signed an For example in Malaysia, SMBC signed an operational alliance on environmental operational alliance on environmental businesses with the Federation of Malaysian businesses with the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers in April 2010, and in October Manufacturers in April 2010, and in October that year acted as main sponsor for Malaysia that year acted as main sponsor for Malaysia's first large-scale international environmental first large-scale international environmental exhibition, International Greentech & Eco exhibition, International Greentech & Eco products Exhibition & Conference Malaysia products Exhibition & Conference Malaysia\n\n2010 (IGEM). At this event, a keynote 2010 (IGEM). At this event, a keynote speech was given by Chairman Teisuke speech was given by Chairman Teisuke Kitayama, and SMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Kitayama, and SMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing opened booths. Finance & Leasing opened booths. The The exhibition, visited on successive days exhibition, visited on successive days by by Malaysia Malaysia's King, prime minister, some of s K ing, prime minister, some of the regional Kings of Malaysia, t he regional Kings of Malaysia, and and cabinet ministers, raised awareness cabinet ministers, raised awareness of of environmental businesses in the nation. environmental businesses in the nation. At the same time, in April 2011, the bank At the same time, in April 2011, the bank's s Malaysia unit Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Malaysia unit Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Malaysia Berhad began Corporation Malaysia Berhad began operations. This unit is broadening support operations. This unit is broadening support measures to contribute to the development measures to contribute to the development of environmental businesses in Malaysia. of environmental businesses in Malaysia. Meanwhile, in August 2010, the Japan Meanwhile, in August 2010, the Japan\n\n\n\nResearch Institute, SMBC and a number of Research Institute, SMBC and a number of other companies publicly recruited by Japan other companies publicly recruited by Japan's s New Energy and Industrial Technology New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) were Development Organization (NEDO) were jointly commissioned to carry out basic jointly commissioned to carry out basic research into Malaysia research into Malaysia's Green Township s Green Township concept, a national town-planning project concept, a national town-planning project backed by NEDO. backed by NEDO.\n\nLooking ahead, SMBC plans to jointly Looking ahead, SMBC plans to jointly compile an action plan with the Malaysian compile an action plan with the Malaysian government and related enterprises for government and related enterprises for establishment of 'green townships' based establishment of 'green townships' based on the cities Putrajaya and Cyberjaya Prime on the cities Putrajaya and Cyberjaya Prime Minister Najib Razak is promoting. It also Minister Najib Razak is promoting. It also plans to propose specific projects in the plans to propose specific projects in the concept. concept.\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, + "text": "## Commitment from the Top\n\nA Conversation with Tadao Ando, Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata\n\n## What can we do now to spur the reconstruction and revitalization of Japan, and help resolve global issues?\n\nUplifting the nation's spirits Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\nJapan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) Japan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami ('the Great East Japan Earthquake') to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates and increasing numbers of the aged. and increasing numbers of the aged.\n\nWe must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective. We must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective.\n\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group. and the ways in which SMFG and its Group companies can bring their expertise to bear as a financial services group.\n\n\n\n## Tadao Ando\n\nArchitect. Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, Representative and Vice-chairman of the Great East Japan Earthquake Reconstruction Design Council. Awarded the Order of Cultural Merit in 2010.\n\nOur measures to support reconstruction after the disastrous earthquake and tsunami Uplifting the nation's spirits\n\n̶ ̶ SMFG has the following priorities in its SMFG has the following priorities in its corporate social responsibility program: corporate social responsibility program: Reconstruction after the earthquake Reconstruction after the earthquake and tsunami, environmental measures, and tsunami, environmental measures, addressing the shrinking and aging addressing the shrinking and aging population, and global challenges. population, and global challenges. -\n\nKunibe : : Japan is facing a difficult period J a p a n i s f a c i ng a d i f f icu lt period with limited prospects for economic growth with limited prospects for economic growth due to a shrinking, aging population and due to a shrinking, aging population and a mature economy. Against this backdrop, a mature economy. Against this backdrop, the country was hit by the unprecedented the country was hit by the unprecedented catastrophe of the Great East Japan catastrophe of the Great East Japan Earthquake. We must face up to the new Earthquake. We must face up to the new challenges arising from this disaster. challenges arising from this disaster.\n\nI believe the time has come for us to I believe the time has come for us to reconsider what we can do in our capacity reconsider what we can do in our capacity as a financial institution to address a variety as a financial institution to address a variety of issues, including the four priorities. of issues, including the four priorities. Today I hope we can discuss not only the road Today I hope we can discuss not only the road to reconstruction after the disaster, but also to reconstruction after the disaster, but also\n\nways to uplift the nation's spirits. ways to uplift the nation's spirits.", + "page_start": 2, + "page_end": 2, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES\n\nAt March 31, 2005, the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries had the following contingent liabilities:\n\n| | Millions of yen | Thousands of U.S. dollars |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|-----------------------------|\n| As endorser of notes receivable discounted with banks ....................................................................................................................... | ¥ 5,301 | $ 49,542 |\n| As guarantor of employees' housing loans from banks and others ............................................................................................ | 243,384 | 2,274,617 |\n| | ¥248,685 | $2,324,159 |\n\nIn addition to the above, at March 31, 2005, the Company was committed to provide guarantees of indebtedness of unconsolidated subsidiaries and affiliates in the aggregate amount of ¥2,712 million ($25,346 thousand) at the request of the lending banks. The outstanding balance of installment receivables sold with recourse amounted to ¥20,687 million ($193,336 thousand) at March 31, 2005.\n\nCertain consolidated subsidiaries have entered into overdraft and loan commitment agreements amounting to ¥107,247 million ($1,002,308 thousand) with their customers and others. The loans receivable outstanding and the unused balances under these credit facilities as of March 31, 2005 amounted to ¥12,094 million ($113,028 thousand) and ¥95,153 million ($889,280 thousand), respectively. Since many of these facilities expire without being utilized and the related borrowings are sometimes subject to a review of the borrowers' credibility, any unused amount will not necessarily be utilized at the full amount.", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19549,11 +19549,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "- ( h ) 2010 c. 29.\n - ( i ) And see section 2 of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 for the meaning of 'risk'.\n - ( j ) S.I. 2014/3120. There are no relevant amending instruments.", "page_start": 39, @@ -19607,12 +19613,6 @@ "page_start": 7, "page_end": 7, "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Large enterprises and all levels of government are dramatically transforming data centre infrastructure and moving toward virtual data storage and hosting. This is driving demand for more advanced network functionality, robust, scalable services and supportive dynamic network infrastructure.\n\nIn response, carriers are dismantling legacy networks and investing in next generation platforms that converge voice, data and video solutions onto a single distribution and access platform.\n\n## MEDIA TREND S\n\nConsumer demand for digital media, mobile devices and ondemand content is pushing advertisers to shift some of their spending to digital platforms.\n\nTraditional media assets in Canada have become increasingly controlled by a small number of competitors with significant scale and financial resources, while technology has allowed new entrants and even individuals to become media players in their own right. Across both traditional and emerging platforms, many players have become more vertically integrated, as both providers and purchasers of content.\n\nAccess to premium content has become even more important for acquiring audiences that attract advertisers and subscribers. Ownership of content or longterm agreements with content owners, have also become increasingly important to Media companies.", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19623,11 +19623,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "richmond Hill, london, ontario", "page_start": 7, @@ -19681,12 +19687,6 @@ "page_start": 75, "page_end": 75, "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "cover: 100 & 200 eagle street, cambridge, ontario", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19697,11 +19697,17 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 0 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n## ISSUE\n\nDecember 2024\n\n## CATEGORIES\n\nHome - Safety Community Affairs Finance - Insurance Editor's Picks\n\n## FRANÇAIS\n\nTrois façons dont des collectivités au Canada réduisent leurs risques d'inondation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n## Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection measures for communities at risk, such as Intact's Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This program is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of preventative actions.\n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically found in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown's east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made up of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community's flood risk by catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn tips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of 2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\n\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might otherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of eligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties completed upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and water monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\n\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n\nwww.newscanada.com\n\nWord Count: 281\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "news2.pdf" + }, { "text": "- ( h ) 2010 c. 29.\n - ( i ) And see section 2 of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 for the meaning of 'risk'.\n - ( j ) S.I. 2014/3120. There are no relevant amending instruments.", "page_start": 39, @@ -19732,6 +19738,12 @@ "page_end": 22, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- * Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions. †Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see http://www.ntslf.org/ data/uk-network-real-time ).\n - ‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see http://www.euro-cordex.net ).\n - +Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n - ++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of models.\n\n## How can I get the information and when?\n\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available through a dedicated website.\n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised visualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the latest information visit:\n\nhttp://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125\n\nUKCP Project Team\n\nJuly 2017", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "officially lobbying Public Administrations to get the PSI they could use for the same purposes. As other suggestions made here, these are activities that should start at the city and regional level, first with custom-made education initiatives, then with specific data-based services. Engaging all these actors in the adoption of (local) Open Data will be one of the big challenges of the next years.\n\n## 5. Bibliography\n\nBesides those explicitly linked from the text, this report has drawn inspiration by many other resources. The most important ones are listed here, but the complete list should be much longer. We wish to thank first the authors of the works listed below and, immediately after, to all the activists, inside and outside governments worldwide, who are working on this topic.\n\n - 1. Are you prepared for the pitfalls of Gov 2.0?\n - 2. Can we use Mobile Tribes to pay for the costs of Open Data?\n - 3. Canada launches data.gc.ca - what works and what is broken\n - 4. Creative Commons and data bases: huge in 2011, what you can do\n - 5. Defining Gov 2.0 and Open Government\n - 6. How Government Data Can Improve Lives\n - 7. If you like solar, tell your utility to publish this map\n - 8. Indian corruption backlash builds after \"year of the treasure hunters\"\n - 9. Información Cívica / Just What is Civic Information?\n - 10.Is open government just about information?\n - 11.LSDI : In un click la mappa del crimine\n - 12.La casta è online: dategli la caccia!\n - 13.Linee guida UK sull'opendata\n - 14.MSc dissertation on Open Government Data in the UK\n - 15.Open Data (2): Effective Data Use .\n - 16.Open Data: quali prospettive per la pianificazione?\n - 17.Open Knowledge Foundation Blog \" Blog Archive \" Keeping Open Government Data\n - Open?\n - 18.Open data, democracy and public sector reform\n - 19.Pubblicato Camere Aperte 2011 - blog - OpenParlamento\n - 20.Reasons for not releasing data in government\n - 21.The impact of open data: first evidence", "page_start": 32, @@ -19740,27 +19752,15 @@ }, { "text": "the availability of Open Data. Of course, this isn't always possible.\n\n## 3.6.6. Unprepared Public Administrators\n\nIt is undeniable that today, especially at the local level, most Public Administrators that should or may contribute to open the public data held by their organizations still ignore, and sometimes disdain, Open Data proposals, principles and practices. This happens for many reasons. We'll only mention two of them that are quite common. They are interesting because, while being somewhat related and sharing common origins, one is very hard to fix, the other, at least in comparison, very easy.\n\nTo begin with, most of these administrators are people that, albeit very competent and committed to their work, were not really trained to live with so much of what they perceive as \"their\" documents and daily activities as Open Data implies regularly exposed to the public. This is true even among administrators who are already well acquainted with mainstream \"Web 2.0\" practices. Many officers who already have a regular presence on Facebook, Twitter or other social networks and regularly use those platforms to discuss their work with their constituents feel diffident about Open Data in the same measure as their colleagues who don't even use computers yet. A cultural barrier like this requires both strong demand from citizens and detailed examples of how Open Data can be good for the local budget to be overcome in acceptable time frames.\n\nAnother factor that may keep administrators away from Open Data is the more or less unconscious assumption that, in order to use them, a City Major or Region Governor should be very skilled himself, if not with actual programming, with \"Web 2.0\" tools, modern online services and/or general software engineering principles. This is simply not true. Surely, Open Data is something that is made possible only by modern digital technologies and the Internet, but at the end of the day it's \"simply\" a way to increase transparency, efficiency and cost reductions inside Public Administration, and to create local jobs. If these hypotheses are as concrete as this and many other studies explain, there is no need for a Major to have programming skills, like social networks or have any other personal \"2.0\" skill or training to see the advantages of Open Data and delegate to his or her IT staff their implementation.\n\n## 3.7. The privacy problem\n\nBeing perceived as a lethal attack to privacy remains one of the biggest misunderstandings that prevents adoption of Open Data. On one hand, there is no doubt that in an increasingly digital world it becomes harder and harder to protect privacy. But, exactly because the whole world is going", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "since 1996. Such growth might be manageable if the costs of handling each requests was dropping rapidly, but it has more than quadrupled.\n\nUnfortunately, alternatives like charging for access to data or cutting the budget for providing them to citizens remain very common in spite of their negative effects. According to Eaves, the first practice has already caused a reduction in the number of freedom of information requests filed by citizens, while budget cuts invariably and greatly delay processing times.\n\n## 3.2. Creative, unforeseen uses of local Open Data increase\n\nProofs that, as cited in the Open Data, Open Society report, \"Data is like soil\", that is valuable not in itself, but because of what grows on it, often in ways that the landowner couldn't imagine, continue to arrive. Here is an example from Day Two: Follow the Data, Iterating and the $1200 problem:\n\nEd Reiskin noticed a problem with street cleaning. Some trucks would go out, coming back with little or no trash depending on the day and route they took. After getting the tonnage logs, his team quickly realized that changing certain routes and reducing service on others would save money (less gas, parts, labor) and the environment (less pollution, gas consumption, water). A year later, the department realized a little over a million dollars in savings. The point? Follow the data .\n\nThe value embedded in data isn't only economical or political, but also social. Here are a few examples.\n\nAt the Amsterdam fire brigade, once a fire alarm starts, all sorts of data is collected, to maximize the probabilities to save lives and property, about the location and the route to the emergency: constructions on the way, latest updates from OpenStreetMap, the type of house and if possible more data such as construction dates, materials, people living there and so on.\n\nUsing the geographical coordinates embedded in online photo databases like Flickr, digital cartographer Eric Fischer creates maps that highlight people behavior. For example, he documented how, in Berlin, most locals tend to stay in the same neighborhoods and don't go to West Berlin or to the outskirts of the city. This information has economic value, journalist Kayser-Bril noted: \"You can then sell this for instance to businessmen who want to open a shop in Berlin for tourists, and telling them where to go and where not to go.\"\n\nNorwegian transport company Kolumbus has embedded 1,200 bus stops with barcodes in the square QR format, that can encode text or URLs. Scanning those codes with a free software application for smartphones loads a website that lists upcoming bus departure times. Later, Kolumbus partnered", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## 3.6.1. Data alterations and financial sustainability\n\nSome concerns about the limits of Open Data are about what may happen, or stop to happen, before they are published online. The most common concerns of this type are (from Open Public Data: Then What? - Part 1):\n\n - 1. Opening up PSI causes those data to not be produced anymore, or to be only produced as private property by private corporations, because the public agencies whose job was to produce those data, can't sell them anymore.\n - 2. total accessibility of data provides more incentives to tinker with them, at the risk of reducing trust in institutions and inhibiting decision-making even more than today.\n\nData manipulation is the topic of the next paragraph. Speaking of costs, a point to take into account is that, once data are open, routinely used and monitored by as many independent users as possible, even the cost of keeping them up to date may be sensibly reduced: in other words, in the medium/long term Open Data may reduce the need to periodically perform complete, that is very expensive, studies and surveys to update a whole corpus of data in one run.\n\nBesides, and above all, even if opening data always destroyed any source of income for the public office that used to create and maintain them, this problem would only exist for the PSI datasets that are already sold today. Such data, even if of strategic importance as is the case with digital cartography, are only a minimal fraction of all the PSI that could and should be opened to increase transparency, reduce the costs of Government and stimulate the economy. In all these other cases:\n\n - · the money to generate the data already arrives by some other source than sales and licensing(but even with those data it may be possible to generate them by crowdsourcing, thereby reducing those costs!)\n - · the only extra expense caused by publishing those data online (assuming they're already available in some digital format, of course!), would be the hosting and bandwidth costs, that may be greatly reduced by mirroring and other technical solutions like torrents, already widely used to distribute Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) through the Internet.\n\n## 3.6.2. Real impact of data manipulation or misunderstanding\n\nThe fix for the risk that data is manipulated is to not only open government data and procedures, but to simplify the latter (which eventually also greatly reduces cost) as much as possible. Abundance of occasions to secretly play with data and how they are managed is a symptom of excessive, or peak complexity: again, problems and risks with Open Data are a symptom of a [pre-", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, + "page_start": 21, + "page_end": 21, "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Online resources\n\nThese websites are also relevant as further information sources:", - "page_start": 433, - "page_end": 433, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" + "text": "since 1996. Such growth might be manageable if the costs of handling each requests was dropping rapidly, but it has more than quadrupled.\n\nUnfortunately, alternatives like charging for access to data or cutting the budget for providing them to citizens remain very common in spite of their negative effects. According to Eaves, the first practice has already caused a reduction in the number of freedom of information requests filed by citizens, while budget cuts invariably and greatly delay processing times.\n\n## 3.2. Creative, unforeseen uses of local Open Data increase\n\nProofs that, as cited in the Open Data, Open Society report, \"Data is like soil\", that is valuable not in itself, but because of what grows on it, often in ways that the landowner couldn't imagine, continue to arrive. Here is an example from Day Two: Follow the Data, Iterating and the $1200 problem:\n\nEd Reiskin noticed a problem with street cleaning. Some trucks would go out, coming back with little or no trash depending on the day and route they took. After getting the tonnage logs, his team quickly realized that changing certain routes and reducing service on others would save money (less gas, parts, labor) and the environment (less pollution, gas consumption, water). A year later, the department realized a little over a million dollars in savings. The point? Follow the data .\n\nThe value embedded in data isn't only economical or political, but also social. Here are a few examples.\n\nAt the Amsterdam fire brigade, once a fire alarm starts, all sorts of data is collected, to maximize the probabilities to save lives and property, about the location and the route to the emergency: constructions on the way, latest updates from OpenStreetMap, the type of house and if possible more data such as construction dates, materials, people living there and so on.\n\nUsing the geographical coordinates embedded in online photo databases like Flickr, digital cartographer Eric Fischer creates maps that highlight people behavior. For example, he documented how, in Berlin, most locals tend to stay in the same neighborhoods and don't go to West Berlin or to the outskirts of the city. This information has economic value, journalist Kayser-Bril noted: \"You can then sell this for instance to businessmen who want to open a shop in Berlin for tourists, and telling them where to go and where not to go.\"\n\nNorwegian transport company Kolumbus has embedded 1,200 bus stops with barcodes in the square QR format, that can encode text or URLs. Scanning those codes with a free software application for smartphones loads a website that lists upcoming bus departure times. Later, Kolumbus partnered", + "page_start": 11, + "page_end": 11, + "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19772,16 +19772,28 @@ "target_passage": "L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for another 2 hours", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 8 + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ + { + "text": "- [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "cell death and apoptosis with more than 10 genes were examined. Filtered count data of expressed and nondifferentially expressed genes were used as a background.\n\n## 2.8. Dorsal root ganglion culture\n\nDorsal root ganglia were dissected from MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai32 and Calca CreERT2 ;Ai32 mice . 1 week after dosing with tamoxifen and enzymatically digested at 37˚˚C for 80 minutes in dispase type II (4.7 mg/mL) plus collagenase type II (4 mg/mL) (Worthington Biochemical), as described previously. 63 Mechanically dissociated cells were plated onto laminin/poly-D-lysine (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) treated coverslips in complete Neurobasal Plus medium (Neurobasal Plus media supplemented with 2% (vol/vol) B27 Plus, 1% N2, 1% Glutamax, and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic [ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA]). Mouse nerve growth factor (GF) (50 ng/mL; nerve growth factor (NGF), PeproTech, Cranbury, NJ) and 10 ng/mL glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF, PeproTech) were added to the media under some conditions. Cytosine b -D-arabinofuranoside (4 m M) was added to the media for 24 hours the day after plating to reduce the proliferation of nonneuronal cells. Media was refreshed 3 times per week thereafter. Cultures were fixed for 10 minutes at room temperature with 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently processed by immunocytochemistry (described earlier).\n\n## 2.9. Statistical analysis\n\nData are expressed as mean 6 SEM unless otherwise specified, and P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Power calculations were performed using G*Power 3.1.9.7. 15 A quantitative Venn diagram was created using BioVenn. 25 All other statistical analyses were performed in Prism 10 (GraphPad Software, Inc, Boston, MA) or R using paired t tests or 1- or 2-way RM ANOVAs (repeated measures analysis of variance), where appropriate. Normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. If the main analysis of variance effect was significant, ˇ S'ıd 'ak or Tukey multiple comparisons tests were performed. To compare population distributions of soma cross-sectional area or volume, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were performed.\n\n## 3. Results\n\n## 3.1. Peripheral nerve injury induces a loss of small neurons from the dorsal root ganglion\n\nTo assess the gross loss of neurons from DRG following nerve injury, we generated the Avil FlpO ;Atf3 CreERT2 ;RC::FLTG mouse line in which na¨ıve and axotomized sensory neurons were differentially labelled. In this mouse line, all neurons express tdTomato (Flp-dependent) in the na¨ıve state and switch to expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon axonal damage and concurrent tamoxifen treatment (Flp- and Cre-dependent) ( Figs. 1A and B ). Following pilot experiments to optimize tamoxifen dosing regimen, this approach was both highly efficient and specific (with the caveat that it was necessary to wait for several days after nerve injury for Cre-induced GFP expression): 14 days after SNItrans surgery, GFP was expressed by 99.1 6 0.6% of Atf3-expressing ipsilateral L4 DRG neurons, while we observed GFP in only 4.6 6 0.7% of contralateral DRG neurons (Figs. S2A-D, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). We then used a stereological approach to quantify the total number of neurons in L4 DRG ipsilateral to injury 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNItrans, as well as contralateral to injury. One week after SNItrans, we", "page_start": 4, "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:315-23.\n - [65] West CA, Davies KA, Hart AM, Wiberg M, Williams SR, Terenghi G. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia for the objective quantitative assessment of neuron death after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2007;203:22-33.\n - [66] West CA, Ljungberg C, Wiberg M, Hart A. Sensory neuron death after upper limb nerve injury and protective effect of repair: clinical evaluation using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia. Neurosurgery 2013;73:632-40.\n - [67] West SJ, Bonboire D, Bennett DL. StereoMate: 3D stereological automated analysis of biological structures. bioRxiv 2020:648337.\n - [68] Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2018;29:779-85.\n - [69] Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020;11:264.\n - [70] Zheng J, Lu Y, Perl ER. Inhibitory neurones of the spinal substantia gelatinosa mediate interaction of signals from primary afferents. J Physiol 2010;588:2065-75.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "## 2.6. Tissue clearing and 3D volumetric analyses\n\nDorsal root ganglia were extracted from animals 4 weeks postSNItrans for whole DRG analyses. In this study, tissue was extracted\n\nfrom a combination of MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai14, Th CreERT2 ;Ai14, and Calca CreERT2 ;Ai14 lines (mixed sex). 3 One month after SNItrans, animals were transcardially perfused with sterile saline followed by a fixative containing 4% formaldehyde. Ipsilateral and contralateral L4 DRG were removed and postfixed for 24 hours on a shaker at room temperature before being washed in PBS and stored at 2 80˚C in CI-VM1 (35% dimethyl sulfoxide, 35% ethylene glycol in PBS) until clearing. Tissue clearing was then performed as previously described. 67 In brief, the tissue was exposed to a gradient of 1-propanol containing 0.3% triethylamine (30, 50, 75, 90, 95, 100, 100%) and washed in this solution at 37˚C for 24 hours. The tissue was then rehydrated in PBS and labelled with primary antibodies for 1 week at 37˚C (mouse anti-TDP43 and 2x anti-RFP, Table 2 ). The tissue was washed for 24 hours and incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies ( Table 2 ) for another week at 37˚C. The tissue was subsequently washed for 24 hours, dehydrated again in increasing concentrations of 1propanol containing 0.3% triethylamine, and mounted in benzyl alcohol with benzyl benzoate (1:2 ratio) containing 0.3% triethylamine on glass slides with silicone spacers. Imaging was performed on an Olympus spinning disk confocal microscope at 20x, with 2m m z-steps. The tissue was stored at 4˚C for ; 16 months before imaging, so only the tissue that remained transparent at this time was used for downstream analyses. Volumetric analyses were performed using Imaris using the 'spots' feature with region growth (to allow for different-sized spots), background subtraction, and point spread function elongation (standard 2 3 XY). Initial spot diameters were set based on MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai14 nuclear size (as labelled by red fluorescent protein (RFP)). Spot classification was then performed blind by adjusting the quality threshold to balance detection in superficial and deep tissue. This step was necessary due to differences in tissue quality after long-term storage. Any labelled spots in the adjacent nerve were then deleted (eg, labelled Schwann cells or debris). Count and volumetric data were then exported for analysis in R. Data were filtered for very small ( , 5 m m 3 ) and very large ( . 2000 m m 3 ) spots to further remove any debris, labelled satellite glia or doublets within the ganglia. In both cases, these filters were approximate and did not exclude the possibility that some spots correspond to either class in the final dataset. The upper limit of the 'small' DRG nuclei size category was defined as the upper bound of 32 easily identifiable MrgD 1 nuclei (258 m m 3 ). The boundary between 'medium' and 'large' bins (400 m m 3 ) was less clearly defined in the samples and was therefore set as the approximate midpoint of the volume distribution. A combined size category for all nuclei greater than 258 m m 3 was also examined, and the results mirrored those of 'medium' and 'large' bins.\n\n## 2.7. Gene Ontology", "page_start": 3, @@ -19823,18 +19835,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- GFP, green fluorescent protein; RFP, red fluorescent protein\n\nformaldehyde. L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for another 2 hours, cryoprotected in 30% sucrose overnight, and then embedded in optimal cutting temperature media (OCT; Tissue Tek, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands). Dorsal root ganglia were sectioned on a Leica CM1950 cryostat at 30 m m, with every section collected serially on 5 Superfrost Plus slides (VWR, Lutterworth, United Kingdom) and each slide containing 1 in every 5 sections (4-7 sections per slide). One slide per DRG was selected at random and was washed with PBS, before being incubated with appropriate primary antibodies ( Table 2 ) diluted in 5% normal donkey serum and 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for 3 days at 4˚C. After PBS washes, slides were incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies ( Table 2 ) in the same PBS/ (normal donkey serum) NDS/Triton-X100 solution as for primaries, overnight at room temperature. Slides were washed and coverslipped with VectaShield Vibrance Hardset mounting media (Vector Labs, Newark, CA), with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole included in mounting media where FB-labelled cells were not being examined. Sections were imaged using a Zeiss LSM900 Airyscan confocal microscope equipped with 405-, 488-, 561-,", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- [1] Abraira VE, Kuehn ED, Chirila AM, Springel MW, Toliver AA, Zimmerman AL, Orefice LL, Boyle KA, Bai L, Song BJ, Bashista KA, O'Neill TG, Zhuo J, Tsan C, Hoynoski J, Rutlin M, Kus L, Niederkofler V, Watanabe M, Dymecki SM, Nelson SB, Heintz N, Hughes DI, Ginty DD. The cellular and synaptic architecture of the mechanosensory dorsal horn. Cell 2017;168: 295-310.e19.\n - [2] Bailey AL, Ribeiro-Da-Silva A. Transient loss of terminals from nonpeptidergic nociceptive fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Neuroscience 2006;138:675-90.\n - [3] Barry AM, Zhao N, Yang X, Bennett DL, Baskozos G. Deep RNA-seq of male and female murine sensory neuron subtypes after nerve injury. PAIN 2023;164:2196-215.\n - [4] Bell AM, Utting C, Dickie AC, Kucharczyk MW, Quillet R, GutierrezMecinas M, Razlan ANB, Cooper AH, Lan Y, Hachisuka J, Weir GA, Bannister K, Watanabe M, Kania A, Hoon MA, Macaulay IC, Denk F, Todd AJ. Deep sequencing of Phox2a nuclei reveals five classes of anterolateral system neurons. bioRxiv 2023.2023.08.20.553715.\n - [5] Bennett DL, Michael GJ, Ramachandran N, Munson JB, Averill S, Yan Q, McMahon SB, Priestley JV. A distinct subgroup of small DRG cells express GDNF receptor components and GDNF is protective for these neurons after nerve injury. J Neurosci 1998;18:3059-72.\n - [6] Bondok AA, Sansone FM. Retrograde and transganglionic degeneration of sensory neurons after a peripheral nerve lesion at birth. Exp Neurol 1984;86:322-30.\n - [7] Boucher TJ, Okuse K, Bennett DLH, Munson JB, Wood JN, McMahon SB. Potent analgesic effects of GDNF in neuropathic pain states. Science 2000;290:124-7.\n - [8] Bradbury EJ, Burnstock G, McMahon SB. The expression of P2X3 purinoreceptors in sensory neurons: effects of axotomy and glial-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Cell Neurosci 1998;12:256-68.\n - [9] Br 'az JM, Basbaum AI. Triggering genetically-expressed transneuronal tracers by peripheral axotomy reveals convergent and segregated sensory neuron-spinal cord connectivity. Neuroscience 2009;163: 1220-32.\n - [10] Cobos EJ, Nickerson CA, Gao F, Chandran V, Bravo-Caparr 'os I, Gonz'alez-Cano R, Riva P, Andrews NA, Latremoliere A, Seehus CR, Perazzoli G, Nieto FR, Joller N, Painter MW, Ma CHE, Omura T, Chesler EJ, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Rangachari M, Woolf CJ, Costigan M. Mechanistic differences in neuropathic pain modalities revealed by correlating behavior with global expression profiling. Cell Rep 2018;22: 1301-12.\n - [11] Coggeshall RE. A consideration of neural counting methods. Trends Neurosci 1992;15:9-13.\n - [12] Decosterd I, Woolf CJ. Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. PAIN 2000;87:149-58.\n - [13] Denk F, Ramer LM, Erskine ELKS, Nassar MA, Bogdanov Y, Signore M, WoodJN, McMahon SB, Ramer MS. Tamoxifen induces cellular stress in the nervous system by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015;3:74.\n - [14] Dobin A, Davis CA, Schlesinger F, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Jha S, Batut P, Chaisson M, Gingeras TR. STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 2013;29:15-21.\n - [15] Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:175-91.\n - [16] Feng G, Mellor RH, Bernstein M, Keller-Peck C, Nguyen QT, Wallace M, Nerbonne JM, Lichtman JW, Sanes JR. Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP. Neuron 2000;28:41-51.\n - [17] Gangadharan V, Zheng H, Taberner FJ, Landry J, Nees TA, Pistolic J, Agarwal N, M annich D, Benes V, Helmstaedter M, Ommer B, Lechner SG, Kuner T, Kuner R. Neuropathic pain caused by miswiring and abnormal end organ targeting. Nature 2022;606:137-45.\n - [18] Guillery RW. On counting and counting errors. J Comp Neurol 2002;447: 1-7.", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19846,7 +19846,7 @@ "target_passage": "During all image quantification, the experimenter was blind to the experimental groups.", "chunk_present": { "presence": true, - "index": 1 + "index": 3 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -19856,6 +19856,18 @@ "page_end": 4, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.\n - [48] Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schindeh utte M, Schlott F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bohnert M, Pham M, Antoniadis G, Blum R, Rittner HL. Humandorsalroot ganglia after plexus injury: either preservation or loss of the multicellular unit. bioRxiv 2023.02.06.526934.\n - [49] Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R, Aue A. Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. PAIN 2023;164:728-40.\n - [50] Shi TJS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZQD, Ulfhake B, H okfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J\n - mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 2001;105:249-63.\n - [51] Song H, Yao E, Lin C, Gacayan R, Chen MH, Chuang PT. Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109:17531-6.\n - [52] Takasu K, Sakai A, Hanawa H, Shimada T, Suzuki H. Overexpression of GDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain following segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12: 1130-1139.\n - [53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000;422:172-80.\n - [54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730-4.\n - [55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, HjerlingLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145-53.\n - [56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:307-12.\n - [57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740-43.\n - [58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33: 1360-73.\n - [59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons innervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:13202-9.\n - [60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:815-24.\n - [61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:110-4.\n - [62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM, Adelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR. MrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120-31.\n - [63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to silence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain 2017;140:2570-85.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "- [64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and regeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:315-23.\n - [65] West CA, Davies KA, Hart AM, Wiberg M, Williams SR, Terenghi G. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia for the objective quantitative assessment of neuron death after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2007;203:22-33.\n - [66] West CA, Ljungberg C, Wiberg M, Hart A. Sensory neuron death after upper limb nerve injury and protective effect of repair: clinical evaluation using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of dorsal root ganglia. Neurosurgery 2013;73:632-40.\n - [67] West SJ, Bonboire D, Bennett DL. StereoMate: 3D stereological automated analysis of biological structures. bioRxiv 2020:648337.\n - [68] Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2018;29:779-85.\n - [69] Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020;11:264.\n - [70] Zheng J, Lu Y, Perl ER. Inhibitory neurones of the spinal substantia gelatinosa mediate interaction of signals from primary afferents. J Physiol 2010;588:2065-75.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "and 640-nm diode lasers. Full thickness, tiled, confocal image stacks with a 2- to 3m m interval in the Z-axis were obtained through a 20 3 dry lens (0.8 NA) with the confocal aperture set to 1 Airy unit or less. All image capture was performed using Zen Blue Edition software (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany), and analyses were performed using Zen Blue or FIJI. 45\n\n## 2.5. Image analysis\n\nDuring all image quantification, the experimenter was blind to the experimental groups. For quantification of the total number of cells within the DRG, a modified optical dissector stereological method was used 11,18,47 (Fig. S1, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). To account for tissue shrinkage during processing, the mean thickness ( t ) of each section on one slide (ie, 1 in 5 sections) was calculated by taking the mean of the thickest and thinnest cell-containing regions (ie, not fiber tract-containing regions) of the section (NB: no optical correction to thickness was applied; given the use of a dry lens, this value will not reflect actual section thickness, though this was kept consistent throughout the study). The cell-containing, crosssectional area ( a ) was then calculated, using the middle optical section from the series and drawing around the cell-containing regions. Section volume ( Vsec ) was then calculated:\n\nVsec ¼ t 3 a\n\nUsing the Cavalieri principle, the cell-containing volume of the DRG was calculated 11 :\n\nVDRG ¼ /C22 a 3 /C22 t 3 l\n\nwhere /C22 a 5 mean cell-containing cross-sectional area, /C22 t 5 mean section thickness, and l 5 'length' of the DRG (determined from the total number of sections collected). The number of neurons per section ( Nsec ) was quantified in all immunostained sections. This included only neurons with a visible nucleus (in the NeuN channel), excluded cells with a nucleus visible within the top frame of the Z-stack, and included any neurons with a nucleus visible in any other field within Z-stack, including the bottom frame of Z-stack. The cell density or the number of cells per unit vol ( N v) was then calculated:\n\nNv ¼ Nsec Vsec\n\nFinally, the total number of cells per DRG ( NDRG ) was calculated:\n\nNDRG ¼ Nv 3 VDRG\n\nFor quantification of the proportion of FB-labelled cells colabelled with afferent subpopulation markers, initially, the total number of FB-filled neuronal cell profiles with a visible nucleus anywhere within the section was counted, with the observer blind to other channels. The other channel was then revealed, and instances of co-labelling were quantified. No stereological correction was applied, given that the similar size of neuronal nuclei would prevent over-counts of large neurons and that no comparisons of the total number of labelled cells were made. For soma area analyses, the area of neuronal soma expressing the appropriate marker was measured in the optical section within the Z-stack in which that neuron was at its largest, by drawing around the perimeter of the neuron in Fiji/ImageJ v2.14.0/1.54f.\n\n## 2.6. Tissue clearing and 3D volumetric analyses\n\nDorsal root ganglia were extracted from animals 4 weeks postSNItrans for whole DRG analyses. In this study, tissue was extracted", "page_start": 3, @@ -19874,6 +19886,12 @@ "page_end": 6, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" }, + { + "text": "- [30] Liang Z, Hore Z, Harley P, Uchenna Stanley F, Michrowska A, Dahiya M, La Russa F, Jager SE, Villa-Hernandez S, Denk F. A transcriptional toolbox for exploring peripheral neuroimmune interactions. PAIN 2020; 161:2089-106.\n - [31] Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 2014;15:550.\n - [32] Madisen L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuo J, Berenyi A, Fujisawa S, Hsu YWA, Garcia AJ, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mao Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzs 'aki G, Ramirez JM, Jones AR, Svoboda K, Han X, Turner EE, Zeng H. A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing. Nat Neurosci 2012;15:793-802.\n - [33] Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, Gu H, Ng LL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zeng H. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosci 2010;13:133-40.\n - [34] McCoy ES, Taylor-Blake B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CGRP a primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013;78:138-51.\n - [35] McKay Hart A, Brannstrom T, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat: timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002;142:308-18.\n - [36] Molander C, Wang H, Rivero-Meli 'an C, Grant G. Early decline and late restoration of spinal cord binding and transganglionic transport of isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Neurol Neurosci 1996;10:123-33.\n - [37] Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon CE, Ryba N. Stereotyped transcriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Elife 2019;8:e49679.\n - [38] Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6J mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001;34: 375-80.\n - [39] Olson W, Abdus-Saboor I, Cui L, Burdge J, Raabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Elife 2017;6:e29507.\n - [40] Plummer NW, Evsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase-based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015;142:4385-93.\n - [41] Prescott SA, Ratt 'e S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits: afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:631-9.\n - [42] Qi L, Iskols M, Shi D, Reddy P, Walker C, Lezgiyeva K, Voisin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VK, Chiu I, Ginty DD, Sharma N. A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes. bioRxiv 2023.2023.04.22.537932.\n - [43] Reid AJ, Mantovani C, Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, Wiberg M. Phenotype of distinct primary sensory afferent subpopulations and caspase-3 expression following axotomy. Histochem Cell Biol 2011;136:71-8.\n - [44] Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of distinct peripheral sensory neuron subtypes after axonal injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-44.e9.\n - [45] Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 2012;9:676-82.\n - [46] Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sciatic nerve section in the rat. Anat Rec 1987;219:323-9.\n - [47] Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005;130:813-31.", + "page_start": 13, + "page_end": 13, + "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" + }, { "text": "| Used name | Full name | Putative population | Ref | Source | Tamoxifen regime |\n|----------------|---------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|-------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Atf3 CreERT2 | Atf3 tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Msra | Axotomised afferents | 13 | Gift: Dr Franziska Denk | 50 mg/kg on days 0, 3, and 7 after surgery |\n| Avil FlpO | Avil tm1(flpo)Ddg | Sensory neurons | 1 | Gift: Prof David Ginty | N.A. |\n| MrgD CreERT2 | Mrgprd tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Wql | Major class of nonpeptidergic neurons | 39 | The Jackson Laboratory (RRID: IMSR\\_JAX:031286) | General: 1x 50 mg/kg in adulthood, ( . 1 week before experiment) 3D volumetric analysis: 5x i.p. (0.5 mg/animal/ day), beginning between P10 and P17 |\n| MrgD ChR2- YFP | Mrgprd tm4.1(COP4)Mjz | Major class of nonpeptidergic neurons | 59 | Mutant Mouse Resource & Research Centers (RRID:MMRRC\\_036112-UNC) | N.A. |\n| Calca CreERT2 | Calca tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Ptch | Peptidergic neurons | 51 | Gift: Prof Pao-Tien Chuang | 1x 75 mg/kg in adulthood ( . 1 week before experiment) |\n| Trpm8 FlpO | | Cold afferents | 4 | Gift: Dr Mark Hoon | N.A. |\n| Thy1-CFP | B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-CFP) 23Jrs/J | Sample of myelinated afferents | 16 | The Jackson Laboratory (RRID: IMSR\\_JAX:003710) | N.A. |\n| Th CreERT2 | Th tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Ddg /J | C low threshold mechanoreceptors | 1 | Gift: Prof David Ginty; The Jackson Laboratory (RRID:IMSR\\_JAX:025614) | 1x 50 mg/kg in adulthood ( . 2 weeks before experiment) |", "page_start": 1, @@ -19891,24 +19909,6 @@ "page_start": 9, "page_end": 9, "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "platform to help delineate the precise cell death pathways and signaling cascades engaged (which could then be experimentally manipulated). Such studies should consider that plasticity may evolve over time. The loss of IB4 1 central terminals is transient following crush and has even been observed to reverse at longer timepoints following SNItrans. 36 These observations, in conjunction with ours of loss of neurons, raise the intriguing question of the source of such central reinnervation.\n\n## 4.4. Study limitations\n\nOur efforts focused on traumatic nerve injury paradigms owing to previous contrasting results using these robust and reproducible experimental models. We did not extend our studies to systemic neuropathy models, such as chemotherapy or diabetic neuropathy. A recent postmortem analysis reported a neuronal loss in the DRG from patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 19 Transcriptional responses vary substantially across different nerve insults, 44 so it would be of interest to test whether neuronal loss and the subpopulation vulnerability reported in this study are common features across different types of insults.\n\nUsing multiple approaches, we assess the na¨ıve mouse L4 DRG to contain approximately 8000 neurons, consistent with a previous estimate, 67 and observed a frank loss of smalldiameter neurons following injury. However, the extent of loss observed using our semiautomated approach was less than that observed using manual techniques. 67 Two major limitations in this study may explain this discrepancy: First, owing to technical issues, the cleared DRG dataset is unpaired ipsilateral-contralateral which adds larger variability. Second, the analysis method is prone to undercounting deep nuclei. The signal-to-noise is better for superficial nuclei and smaller tissue volumes. Given the reduction in DRG volume after SNItrans, nuclei in larger contralateral DRG may be undercounted.\n\nWhile we made efforts to profile the loss of several molecularly discrete sensory neuron populations, we acknowledge that not all subtypes were profiled. Furthermore, recent single-cell RNA sequencing has given us a more granular appreciation of the heterogeneity of sensory neurons. 42 Future studies could leverage our experimental approach and new transgenic lines to characterize the loss of neurons in more detail. Such experiments may be pertinent before embarking on molecular or functional profiling of populations post-nerve injury.\n\n## 4.5. Conclusions\n\nIn sum, we have provided data from multiple complementary experimental approaches to support the hypothesis that DRG neurons are lost following nerve injury in mice. We describe a substantial loss, which is biased towards specific subpopulations and particularly present in small-diameter nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons.\n\n## Conflict of interest statement\n\nD.L.B. has acted as a consultant in the last 2 years for AditumBio, Biogen, Biointervene, Combigene, LatigoBio, GSK, Ionis, Lexicon therapeutics, Neuvati, Olipass, Orion, Replay, SC Health Managers, Theranexus, Third Rock Ventures, and Vida Ventures on behalf of Oxford University Innovation. D.L.B. has received research funding from Lilly and Astra Zeneca, and G.A.W. has received research funding from Ono Pharmaceutical. D.L.B. has received", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1. SNItrans induces death of small primary afferent neurons, accompanied by a reduction in volume, not cell density, of the dorsal root ganglion. (A) Approach to differentially labelled intact afferents with tdTomato and damaged afferents with GFP after peripheral nerve injury using the Avil FlpO ;Atf3 CreERT2 ;RC:: FLTGmouseline and schematic of experimental timeline. (B) Representative image of GFP, tdTomato, and NeuN expression in an L4 DRG, 2 weeks after SNItrans. Scale bars 5 100 m m. (C and D) Stereological quantification of the total number of DRG neurons (C) or number of axotomized and intact neurons (D) in the L4 DRG 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNItrans or contralateral (contra) to injury. (C) One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 37.98, P , 0.001. (D) Two-way RM ANOVA; Timepoint 3 Color interaction F 4,10 5 39.04, P , 0.001, n 5 3 mice; Tukey posttests (between injured groups): † P , 0.05 vs contra, ‡ P , 0.05 vs 1-week. (E) Volume of DRG-containing cells (ie, excluding white matter tracts) following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 21.25, P , 0.001, n 5 3. (F) Neuronal density within the DRG following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA; F 4,10 5 2.77, P 5 0.09, n 5 3. (G) Population distribution of uninjured and injured afferents by cross-sectional area, 1 and 8 weeks post-SNItrans. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; Uninjured: D 5 0.08, P 5 0.18; Injured: D 5 0.32, P , 0.001; n 5 310 to 427 neurons from 3 mice. * P , 0.05, ** P , 0.01, *** P , 0.001 vs contra. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GFP, green fluorescent protein.\n\n\n\nprotein) neurons 28 days after sham surgery or SNItrans ( Figs. 3A and B ). SNItrans, but not sham, resulted in a significant decrease (54.0 6 6.6%) in the total number of MrgD-YFP 1 neurons in L4 DRG ( Fig. 3C ).\n\nYellow fluorescent protein expression in MrgD ChR2-YFP mice is driven by the endogenous Mrgprd promotor, which has been reported to be upregulated or downregulated following axonal damage. 44,58 Such changes in promoter activity could affect the proportion of nonpeptidergic nociceptors identified by YFP expression. Therefore, to verify these findings, we used MrgD CreERT2 ;Ai32 mice and tamoxifen administration before injury, to permanently label Mrgprdexpressing afferents with ChR2-YFP ( Figs. 3D-F ). We then tested whether the proportion of cutaneous tibial afferents that were YFP 1 was altered following nerve injury. Following hindpaw FB injection, ; 15% of contralateral, FB-labelled DRG neurons expressed YFP. This was reduced to 6.0 6 1.2% 28 days after SNIcrush injury and to only 1.7 6 0.9%\n\n28 days after SNItrans ( Fig. 3G ). Uptake by uninjured YFP 1 neurons was equivalent 7 and 35 days after FB injection, demonstrating that this reduction was not because 7 days were insufficient for YFP 1 neurons to fully uptake FB (Fig. S3C, http:// links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). No significant difference in the percentage of FB-labelled YFP 1 DRG neurons between ipsilateral and contralateral DRG was observed at 7 days following SNItrans (Figs. S4A and B, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), demonstrating that loss occurred after this timepoint. Analysis of the crosssectional soma area of FB-labelled, YFP 1 neurons in uninjured DRGrevealed an area of 361 6 138 m m 2 (mean 6 SD) (Fig. S4C, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), which is a distribution profile matching those neurons presumed lost. Collectively, these data show that peripheral nerve injury results in a substantial loss of nonpeptidergic, Mrgprd -expressing neurons, with SNItrans (ie, an unrepaired axonal transection) resulting in an almost complete loss of this population.", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "an industrial partnership grant from the BBSRC and AstraZeneca. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\n\nData are available on request to lead contact G.A.W.-gregory.weir@glasgow.ac.uk. Further information and requests for reagents and/or reagents used in this study should also be directed to G.A.W., and we will endeavour to fulfil these.\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThe authors thank Dr Mark Hoon for providing the Trpm8-Flp transgenic mouse line and Prof Andrew Todd and Dr David Hughes for their critical feedback on the manuscript. Neuron and ganglion illustrations in Figure 1 and S1 (http://links.lww.com/ PAIN/C84) were adapted from images provided by Servier Medical Art, licensed under CC BY 4.0. The research was funded by an MRC Fellowship grant awarded to GAW. (MR/T01072X/1) and a Tenovus Scotland Pilot Grant awarded to AHC and GAW (S22-17). This work was also funded by the Wellcome Trust (DPhil scholarship to AMB, 215145/Z/18/Z) and a Wellcome Investigator Grant to D.L.B. (223149/Z/21/Z), as well as the MRC (MR/ T020113/1), and with funding from the MRC and Versus Arthritis to the PAINSTORM consortium as part of the Advanced Pain Discovery Platform (MR/W002388/1). AMB further received a GTC MSDTC Scholarship.\n\n## Supplemental digital content\n\nSupplemental digital content associated with this article can be found online at http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84.\n\n## Supplemental video content\n\nVideo content associated with this article can be found on the PAIN Web site.\n\n## Article history:\n\nReceived 14 November 2023\n\nReceived in revised form 11 April 2024\n\nAccepted 25 May 2024\n\nAvailable online 15 August 2024\n\n## References", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" } ] }, @@ -19930,6 +19930,12 @@ "page_end": 20, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" }, + { + "text": "## Did you enjoy reading this book?\n\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\n\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa twitter.com/oxbridgeEdu www.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\n\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer -ing skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised courses to students in South Africa and abroad.\n\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our students' needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic assistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study material in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students to understand.\n\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\n\n## CONTACT NUMBERS:\n\nTel: 021 1100 200 Tel:+2721 883 2454 (international) Fax: 086 111 2121\n\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\n\nWhatsapp: 0605671585 Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\n\nPostal Address:\n\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section 31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.", + "page_start": 58, + "page_end": 58, + "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" + }, { "text": "## STEP 1 - SELECT YOUR COURSE\n\nOxbridge Academy Short Course: Marketing Management\n\nADV101\n\nBefore you start filling in the registration form, you need to choose your course. Once you've identified the course that you would like to study, remember to check that you meet the entry requirements.\n\nYou can find the course name and course code for your chosen course on the relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look at the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code are circled in red):\n\n\n\nPlease make sure to check the accreditation status of your chosen course. Some of our courses are non-credit bearing skills development courses, which are neither accredited by external bodies nor registered on the NQF. Please go to our website: oxbridgeacademy.co.za for more information about our skills development courses.", "page_start": 21, @@ -19977,12 +19983,6 @@ "page_start": 1, "page_end": 1, "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "Naming rules: When you choose a name for a pool, the following rules apply:", - "page_start": 217, - "page_end": 217, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -20295,63 +20295,63 @@ }, "top_chunk": [ { - "text": "## Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nThis tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the Slope of Enlightenment in the Gartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the Semantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US corporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in OWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology companies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started to embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is finally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive technologies.\n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I've heard is that an ontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology combined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about knowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data.\n\nThere are a number of vendors emerging who are using the technology in very productive ways and are providing the foundation for federated knowledge graphs that can scale to hundreds of millions of triples or more and provide a framework for all corporate data. I've listed several in the bibliography but those are only the ones I've had some experience with. I'm sure there are many others. One of the products I've had the best experience with is the AllegroGraph triplestore and the Gruff visualization tool from Franz Inc. Although Allegro is a commercial tool, the free version supports most of the core capabilities of the commercial version. I've found the Allegro triplestore easy to use on a Windows PC with the Docker tool to emulate a Linux server.\n\nI first started working with classification-based languages when I worked at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and used the Loom language [Macgregor 91] to develop B2B systems for the US Department of Defense and their contractors. Since then, I've followed the progress of the technology, especially the DARPA knowledge sharing initiative [Neches 91] and always thought there was great promise in the technology. When I first discovered Protégé it was a great experience. It is one of the best supported and most usable free tools I've ever seen, and it always surprised me that there weren't more corporate users leveraging it in major ways. I think we are finally starting to see this happen and I hope this tutorial helps in a small way to accelerate the adoption of this powerful and robust tool.", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Chapter 14 Bibliography\n\nRather than a standard bibliography, this section is divided into various categories based on resources that will be valuable for future exploration of the technologies and methods described in this tutorial.\n\n## 14.1 W3C Documents\n\nOWL 2 Primer: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/\n\nOWL 2 Specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/\n\nSemantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers: https://www.w3.org/TR/sw-oosdprimer/\n\nSPARQL Specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/\n\nSWRL Specification and Built-ins: https://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/\n\n## 14.2 Web Sites, Tools, And Presentations.\n\nAgile Alliance: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nCellfie: https://github.com/protegeproject/cellfie-plugin/wiki/Grocery-Tutorial\n\nGartner Hype Cycle: https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle\n\nJena: Open Source Java Framework for Semantic Web and Linked Data Applications: https://jena.apache.org/\n\nOpen World Assumption (OWA) presentation by Nick Drummond and Rob Shearer:\n\nhttp://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~drummond/presentations/OWA.pdf\n\nProtégé: https://protege.stanford.edu/\n\nProtégé Best Practices. Summary page on my blog for all my articles on Protégé, OWL, SWRL, etc.: https://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/best-practices-for-new-protege-users\n\nSHACL Playground: https://shacl.org/playground/\n\nSWRL Presentation by Martin O'Connor:\n\nhttps://protege.stanford.edu/conference/2009/slides/SWRL2009ProtegeConference.pdf\n\nWebProtégé: https://webprotege.stanford.edu/\n\nWebVOWL: Web-based Visualization of Ontologies: http://vowl.visualdataweb.org/webvowl.html\n\n## 14.3 Papers\n\nBerners-Lee (2001). The Semantic Web: A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities. With James Hendler and Ora Lassila. Scientific American, May 17, 2001. https://tinyurl.com/BernersLeeSemanticWeb\n\nMacGregor, Robert (1991). \"Using a description classifier to enhance knowledge representation\". IEEE Expert. 6 (3): 41-46. doi:10.1109/64.87683 https://tinyurl.com/MacGregorLoom", - "page_start": 89, - "page_end": 89, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "0\n\n2\n\np\n\ne\n\nS\n\n4\n\n]\n\nL\n\nC\n\n.\n\ns\n\nc\n\n[\n\n2\n\nv\n\n6\n\n6\n\n0\n\n1\n\n0\n\n.\n\n9\n\n0\n\n9\n\n1\n\n:\n\nv\n\ni\n\nX\n\nr\n\na\n\nRecent progress in pretraining language mod-\n\nels on large textual corpora led to a surge\n\nof improvements for downstream NLP tasks.\n\nWhilst learning linguistic knowledge, these\n\nreport that an intermediate fine-tuning step with supervised parsing does not make much difference for downstream task performance. models may also be storing relational knowledge present in the training data, and may be able to answer queries structured as 'fillin-the-blank' cloze statements. Language\n\nmodels have many advantages over structured\n\n## 3.2 Semantic knowledge knowledge bases: they require no schema en-\n\nTo date, more studies have been devoted to BERT's knowledge of syntactic rather than semantic phenomena. However, we do have evidence from an MLMprobing study that BERT has some knowledge of semantic roles (Ettinger, 2019). BERT even displays some preference for the incorrect fillers for semantic roles that are semantically related to the correct ones, as opposed to those that are unrelated (e.g. \"to tip a chef\" is better than \"to tip a robin\", but worse than \"to tip a waiter\"). gineering, allow practitioners to query about an open class of relations, are easy to extend to more data, and require no human supervision to train. We present an in-depth analysis of the relational knowledge already present (without fine-tuning) in a wide range of state-of-theart pretrained language models. We find that (i) without fine-tuning, BERT contains relational knowledge competitive with traditional NLP methods that have some access to oracle knowledge, (ii) BERT also does remarkably well on open-domain question answer-\n\nBERTstruggles with representations of numbers. Addition and number decoding tasks showed that BERT does not form good representations for floating point numbers and fails to generalize away from the training data (Wallace et al., 2019b). A part of the problem is BERT's wordpiece tokenization, since numbers of similar values can be divided up into substantially different word chunks. call factual knowledge without any fine-tuning demonstrates their potential as unsupervised open-domain QA systems. The code to reproduce our analysis is available at https: //github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA . 1 Introduction Recently, pretrained high-capacity language models such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2018a) and BERT\n\nTenney et al. (2019b) showed that BERT encodes information about entity types, relations, semantic roles, and proto-roles , since this information can be detected with probing classifiers. ing against a supervised baseline, and (iii) certain types of factual knowledge are learned much more readily than others by standard language model pretraining approaches. The surprisingly strong ability of these models to re-\n\nOut-of-the-box BERTis surprisingly brittle to named entity replacements : e.g. replacing names in the coreference task changes 85% of predictions (Balasubramanian et al., 2020). This suggests that the model does not actually form a generic idea of named entities, although its F1 scores on NER probing tasks are high (Tenney et al., 2019a). Broscheit (2019) find that fine-tuning BERT on Wikipedia entity linking \"teaches\" it additional entity knowledge, which would suggest that it did not absorb all the relevant entity information during pre-training on Wikipedia. (Devlin et al., 2018a) have become increasingly important in NLP. They are optimised to either predict the next word in a sequence or some masked word anywhere in a given sequence ( e.g. 'Dante was born in [M ask ] in the year 1265.'). The parameters of these models appear to store\n\n## 3.3 World knowledge", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" + "text": "| Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "You can customize the ODF output in the following ways:", - "page_start": 354, - "page_end": 354, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" + "text": "| OntoLearn (Reloaded), 2013, [3] It focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed knowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology extraction, hypernym graph construction, domain filtering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and 2010, [2] steps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC- value), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic relation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic). | It relies on WordNet and POS It considers only multiword terms and relies on WordNet and POS tags. It does not distinguish between terms and concepts and implements different adaptable approaches. | | | Pipeline Building | OLAF Pipeline Optimisation | | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "documentation as part of the planned costs of dataset creation, and only collect as much data as can be thoroughly documented within that budget.\n\n## 5 DOWNTHEGARDENPATH\n\nIn §4 above, we discussed the ways in which different types of biases can be encoded in the corpora used to train large LMs. In §6 below we explore some of the risks and harms that can follow from deploying technology that has learned those biases. In the present section, however, we focus on a different kind of risk: that of misdirected research effort, specifically around the application of LMs to tasks intended to test for natural language understanding (NLU). As the very large Transformer LMs posted striking gains in the state of the art on various benchmarks intended to model meaning-sensitive tasks, and as initiatives like [142] made the models broadly accessible to researchers seeking to apply them, large quantities of research effort turned towards measuring how well BERT and its kin do on both existing and new benchmarks. 19 This allocation of research effort brings with it an opportunity cost, on the one hand in terms of time not spent applying meaning capturing approaches to meaning sensitive tasks, and on the other hand in terms of time not spent exploring more effective ways of building technology with datasets of a size that can be carefully curated and available for a broader set of languages [65, 91].\n\nThe original BERT paper [39] showed the effectiveness of the architecture and the pretraining technique by evaluating on the General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) benchmark [138], the Stanford Question Answering Datasets (SQuAD 1.1 and 2.0) [108], and the Situations With Adversarial Generations benchmark (SWAG) [155], all datasets designed to test language understanding and/or commonsense reasoning. BERT posted state of the art results on all of these tasks, and the authors conclude by saying that 'unsupervised pre-training is an integral part of many language understanding systems.' [39, p.4179]. Even before [39] was published, BERT was picked up by the NLP community and applied with great success to a wide variety of tasks [e.g. 2, 149].\n\nHowever, no actual language understanding is taking place in LM-driven approaches to these tasks, as can be shown by careful manipulation of the test data to remove spurious cues the systems are leveraging [21, 93]. Furthermore, as Bender and Koller [14] argue from a theoretical perspective, languages are systems of signs [37], i.e. pairings of form and meaning. But the training data for LMs is only form; they do not have access to meaning. Therefore, claims about model abilities must be carefully characterized.\n\nAs the late Karen Spärck Jones pointed out: the use of LMs ties us to certain (usually unstated) epistemological and methodological commitments [124]. Either i) we commit ourselves to a noisy-channel interpretation of the task (which rarely makes sense outside of ASR), ii) we abandon any goals of theoretical insight into tasks and treat LMs as 'just some convenient technology' [p.7], or iii) we implicitly assume a certain statistical relationship - known to be invalid - between inputs, outputs and meanings. 20 Although", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + "text": "| ConceptNet-based extraction Grouping terms based on synonyms | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | . These pipelines can be run, optimised and analysed to learn the best possible | Ressource | Algorithm implemented Upcoming implementation |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "Just as environmental impact scales with model size, so does the difficulty of understanding what is in the training data. In §4, we discuss how large datasets based on texts from the Internet overrepresent hegemonic viewpoints and encode biases potentially damaging to marginalized populations. In collecting ever larger datasets we risk incurring documentation debt. We recommend mitigating these risks by budgeting for curation and documentation at the start of a project and only creating datasets as large as can be sufficiently documented.\n\nAs argued by Bender and Koller [14], it is important to understand the limitations of LMs and put their success in context. This not only helps reduce hype which can mislead the public and researchers themselves regarding the capabilities of these LMs, but might encourage new research directions that do not necessarily depend on having larger LMs. As we discuss in §5, LMs are not performing natural language understanding (NLU), and only have success in tasks that can be approached by manipulating linguistic form [14]. Focusing on state-of-the-art results on leaderboards without encouraging deeper understanding of the mechanism by which they are achieved can cause misleading results as shown", + "text": "We designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", "page_start": 0, "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "| [48] N. Papernot, P. McDaniel, I. Goodfellow, S. Jha, Z. B. Celik, and A. Swami, 'Practical black-box attacks against machine learning,' in Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia conference on computer and communications security , 2017. |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| [49] N. Papernot, P. McDaniel, S. Jha, M. Fredrikson, Z. B. Celik, and A. Swami, 'The limitations of deep learning in adversarial settings,' in IEEE European symposium on security and privacy (EuroS&P) , 2016. |\n| [50] F. Perez and I. Ribeiro, 'Ignore previous prompt: Attack techniques for language models,' in NeurIPS ML Safety Workshop , 2022. |\n| [51] A. Radford, J. Wu, R. Child, D. Luan, D. Amodei, and I. Sutskever, 'Language models are unsupervised multitask learners,' https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language models are unsupervised multitask learners.pdf, 2019. |\n| [52] C. Riquelme, J. Puigcerver, B. Mustafa, M. Neumann, R. Jenatton, A. Susano Pinto, D. Keysers, and N. Houlsby, 'Scaling vision with sparse mixture of experts,' Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) , 2021. |\n| [53] M. ˇ Sakota, M. Peyrard, and R. West, 'Fly-swat or cannon? cost-effective language model choice via meta-modeling,' in Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining , 2024. |\n| [54] S. Schulhoff, J. Pinto, A. Khan, L.-F. Bouchard, C. Si, S. Anati, V. Tagliabue, A. Kost, C. Carnahan, and J. Boyd- Graber, 'Ignore this title and HackAPrompt: Exposing systemic vulnerabilities of LLMs through a global prompt hacking competition,' in EMNLP , 2023. |\n| [55] A. Shafran, R. Schuster, and V. Shmatikov, 'Machine against the RAG: Jamming retrieval-augmented generation with blocker documents,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.05870 , 2024. |\n| [56] N. Shazeer, A. Mirhoseini, K. Maziarz, A. Davis, Q. Le, G. Hinton, and J. Dean, 'Outrageously large neural net- works: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer,' in International Conference on Learning Representations , 2016. |\n| [57] T. Shnitzer, A. Ou, M. Silva, K. Soule, Y. Sun, J. Solomon, N. Thompson, and M. Yurochkin, 'Large language model routing with benchmark datasets,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.15789 , 2023. |\n| [58] K. Srivatsa, K. K. Maurya, and E. Kochmar, 'Harnessing the power of multiple minds: Lessons learned from LLM routing,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.00467 , 2024. |\n| [59] D. Stripelis, Z. Hu, J. Zhang, Z. Xu, A. Shah, H. Jin, Y. Yao, S. Avestimehr, and C. He, 'Tensoropera router: A multi-model router for efficient LLM inference,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.12320 , 2024. |\n| [60] C. Szegedy, W. Zaremba, I. Sutskever, J. Bruna, D. Erhan, I. Goodfellow, and R. Fergus, 'Intriguing properties of neural networks,' arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6199 , 2013. |", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" + "text": "| Term cooccurrences-based extraction Similarity-based extraction | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | | | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "Second, in this paper, we have mainly focused on uncertainty reduction, but as we reviewed earlier, there are other alternative (or complementary) perspectives on the genesis of NSSI that considers elements such as affective regulation. In addition to the studies discussed earlier, other insights into the pathological mechanisms that might underlie NSSI come from the analysis of clinical populations. For example, dysregulations of the", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" + "text": "| Text2Onto, 2005, [1] representation-agnostic structure with modular steps and takes into account uncertainty. The system is implemented as a GATE module. OntoGain, It focuses on multiword terms to construct a \"lexicalised ontology\" by adapting an agglomerative clustering and an FCA method. It implements 4 | various formats. GATE system adds great visualisations. But it is not maintained since 2011. | | Ontology Use Cases | Final Application | | | Pipeline Execution |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "## 3.3 World knowledge\n\nThe bulk of evidence about commonsense knowledge captured in BERT comes from practitioners using it to extract such knowledge. One direct probing study of BERT reports that BERT struggles with pragmatic inference and role-based event knowledge (Ettinger, 2019). BERT also struggles with abstract attributes of objects, as well as visual and perceptual properties that are likely to be assumed rather than mentioned (Da and Kasai, 2019).\n\nThe MLM component of BERT is easy to adapt for knowledge induction by filling in the\n\nKG\n\nDante\n\nborn-in\n\nFlorence\n\nFigure 1:\n\n\n\nQuerying knowledge bases (KB) and lan-\n\nguage models (LM) for factual knowledge. Figure 2: BERT world knowledge (Petroni et al., 2019)\n\nvast amounts of linguistic knowledge (Peters et al., 2018b; Goldberg, 2019; Tenney et al., 2019) useful for downstream tasks. This knowledge is usually accessed either by conditioning on latent context representations produced by the original model or by using the original model weights to initialize a task-specific model which is then further fine-tuned. This type of knowledge transfer is crucial for current state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks. In contrast, knowledge bases are e ective soblanks (e.g. \"Cats like to chase [\\_\\_\\_]\"). Petroni et al. (2019) showed that, for some relation types, vanilla BERT is competitive with methods relying on knowledge bases (Figure 2), and Roberts et al. (2020) show the same for open-domain QA using T5 model (Raffel et al., 2019). Davison et al. (2019) suggest that it generalizes better to unseen data. In order to retrieve BERT's knowledge, we need good template sentences, and there is work on their automatic extraction and augmentation (Bouraoui et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2019b).\n\nff lutions for accessing annotated gold-standard relational data by enabling queries such as (D ante , born-in , X ). However, in practice we often need to extract relational data from text or other modalities to populate these knowledge bases. This requires complex NLP pipelines involving entity extraction, coreference resolution, entity linking and relation extraction (Surdeanu and Ji, 2014)components that often need supervised data and fixed schemas. Moreover, errors can easily propagate and accumulate throughout the pipeline. Instead, we could attempt to query neural language models for relational data by asking them to fill in masked tokens in sequences like 'Dante was born However, BERT cannot reason based on its world knowledge . Forbes et al. (2019) show that BERTcan \"guess\" the affordances and properties of many objects, but can not reason about the relationship between properties and affordances. For example, it 'knows\" that people can walk into houses, and that houses are big, but it cannot infer that houses are bigger than people. Zhou et al. (2020) and Richardson and Sabharwal (2019) also show that the performance drops with the number of necessary inference steps. Some of BERT's world knowledge success comes from learning stereotypical associations (Poerner et al., 2019), e.g., a person with an Italian-sounding name is predicted to be Italian, even when it is incorrect.\n\n## 3.4 Limitations\n\nMultiple probing studies in section 3 and section 4 report that BERT possesses a surprising amount of syntactic, semantic, and world knowledge. However, Tenney et al. (2019a) remarks, 'the fact that a linguistic pattern is not observed by our probing classifier does not guarantee that it is not there, and the observation of a pattern does not tell us how it is used.\" There is also the issue of how complex a probe should be allowed to be (Liu et al., 2019a). If a more complex probe recovers more information, to what extent are we still relying on the original model?\n\nFurthermore, different probing methods may lead to complementary or even contradictory conclusions, which makes a single test (as in most stud-\n\n(\n\nDante\n\n,\n\nborn-in\n\n,\n\nX\n\n)\n\nSymbolic\n\nMemory Access\n\nFlorence", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" + "text": "## Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nThis tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the Slope of Enlightenment in the Gartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the Semantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US corporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in OWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology companies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started to embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is finally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive technologies.\n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I've heard is that an ontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology combined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about knowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data.\n\nThere are a number of vendors emerging who are using the technology in very productive ways and are providing the foundation for federated knowledge graphs that can scale to hundreds of millions of triples or more and provide a framework for all corporate data. I've listed several in the bibliography but those are only the ones I've had some experience with. I'm sure there are many others. One of the products I've had the best experience with is the AllegroGraph triplestore and the Gruff visualization tool from Franz Inc. Although Allegro is a commercial tool, the free version supports most of the core capabilities of the commercial version. I've found the Allegro triplestore easy to use on a Windows PC with the Docker tool to emulate a Linux server.\n\nI first started working with classification-based languages when I worked at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and used the Loom language [Macgregor 91] to develop B2B systems for the US Department of Defense and their contractors. Since then, I've followed the progress of the technology, especially the DARPA knowledge sharing initiative [Neches 91] and always thought there was great promise in the technology. When I first discovered Protégé it was a great experience. It is one of the best supported and most usable free tools I've ever seen, and it always surprised me that there weren't more corporate users leveraging it in major ways. I think we are finally starting to see this happen and I hope this tutorial helps in a small way to accelerate the adoption of this powerful and robust tool.", + "page_start": 88, + "page_end": 88, + "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, { - "text": "## ?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\n\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use autogenerated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot more and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme's book or some of the many SPARQL tools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography.\n\nOne final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open World Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter 4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1. For now, though remember that SPARQL is not subject to either of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic reasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the value for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist.", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, + "text": "Neches, Robert (1991). Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing. With Richard Fikes, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, Ramesh Patil, Ted Senator, and William T. Swartout. AI Magazine. Volume 12 Number 3 (1991). https://tinyurl.com/DARPAKnowledgeSharing\n\nNoy, Natasha (2019). Industry-Scale Knowledge Graphs: Lessons and Challenges. With Yuqing Gao, Anshu Jain, Anant Narayanan, Alan Patterson, Jamie Taylor. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 62. No. 8. August 2019. https://tinyurl.com/ACMKnowledgeGraphs\n\nM. J. O'Connor (2012). A Pair of OWL 2 RL Reasoners. With A.K. Das. OWL: Experiences and Directions (OWLED), 9th International Workshop, Heraklion, Greece, 2012. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol849/paper\\_31.pdf\n\nSinghal, Amit. (2012). Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings. Google SVP, Engineering. May 16, 2012. https://www.blog.google/products/search/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not/\n\n## 14.4 Books\n\nDuCharme, Bob (2011). Learning SPARQL. O'Reilly Media\n\nLewis, Harry. (1997). Elements of the Theory of Computation. With Christos Papadimitriou. PrenticeHall; 2nd edition (August 7, 1997). ISBN-13: 978-0132624787\n\nSegaran, Toby (2009). Programming the Semantic Web: Build Flexible Applications with Graph Data. With Colin Evans and Jamie Taylor. O'Reilly Media; 1st edition (July 28, 2009).\n\n## 14.5 Vendors\n\nAllegroGraph Triplestore (Franz Inc.): https://franz.com/\n\nAmazon Neptune: https://aws.amazon.com/neptune/\n\nDocker: https://www.docker.com/\n\nDynaccurate: https://www.dynaccurate.com/\n\nOntotext: https://www.ontotext.com/\n\nPool Party: https://www.poolparty.biz/\n\nStardog: https://www.stardog.com/\n\nTop Quadrant: https://www.topquadrant.com/\n\nView publication stats", + "page_start": 90, + "page_end": 90, "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" } ] @@ -20363,70 +20363,70 @@ "target_page": 1, "target_passage": "Our vision is to implement a toolbox of methods we can gather to build pipelines. ", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ { - "text": "## Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nThis tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the Slope of Enlightenment in the Gartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the Semantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US corporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in OWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology companies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started to embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is finally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive technologies.\n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I've heard is that an ontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology combined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about knowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data.\n\nThere are a number of vendors emerging who are using the technology in very productive ways and are providing the foundation for federated knowledge graphs that can scale to hundreds of millions of triples or more and provide a framework for all corporate data. I've listed several in the bibliography but those are only the ones I've had some experience with. I'm sure there are many others. One of the products I've had the best experience with is the AllegroGraph triplestore and the Gruff visualization tool from Franz Inc. Although Allegro is a commercial tool, the free version supports most of the core capabilities of the commercial version. I've found the Allegro triplestore easy to use on a Windows PC with the Docker tool to emulate a Linux server.\n\nI first started working with classification-based languages when I worked at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and used the Loom language [Macgregor 91] to develop B2B systems for the US Department of Defense and their contractors. Since then, I've followed the progress of the technology, especially the DARPA knowledge sharing initiative [Neches 91] and always thought there was great promise in the technology. When I first discovered Protégé it was a great experience. It is one of the best supported and most usable free tools I've ever seen, and it always surprised me that there weren't more corporate users leveraging it in major ways. I think we are finally starting to see this happen and I hope this tutorial helps in a small way to accelerate the adoption of this powerful and robust tool.", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework\n\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\n\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically extracting and structuring knowledge relevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a modular ontology learning framework considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning systems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with full automation in mind. An implementation as an opensource and collaborative python library is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\n\n\n\n", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "next section. Which option you choose for your ontology will depend on the specific requirements you have as well as the standards established by your organization or organizations that you work with.\n\nFinally, another name related concept you should be aware of is the concept of a namespace. If you have worked with most modern programming languages such as Python or Java, you are already familiar with the concept of a namespace. The concept is identical in OWL. A namespace is used to avoid naming conflicts between different ontologies. For example, you may have a class called Network in an ontology about telecommunications. You might also have a class called Network in an ontology about graph theory. The two concepts are related but are different. Just as with programming languages you use namespace prefixes to determine what specific namespace a name refers to. E.g., in this example you might have the prefix tc for the Telecom ontology and gt for the Graph Theory ontology. Thus, when you referred to the Network class for the Telecom ontology you would use tc:Network and gt:Network for the graph theory class.\n\nNote that you already have some experience with other namespaces. The OWL namespace prefix is owl and is used to refer to classes such as owl:Thing and owl:Nothing . The Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS) is a model that OWL is built on top of and thus some properties that ontologies use such as rdfs:label leverage this namespace.\n\nIn the bottom view of the Active ontology tab there is a tab called Ontology Prefixes. This tab shows all the current namespace mappings in your ontology. There are certain concepts from OWL, RDF, RDFS, XML and XSD that are required for every ontology, so those namespaces are by default mapped in every new Protégé ontology. There is also a mapping to the empty string for whatever the namespace is for your ontology. This allows you to display and refer to entities in your ontology without entering a namespace prefix. If you look at that tab now you should see a row where the first column is blank, and the second column has the base IRI for your ontology. It should be the same IRI as the Ontology IRI at the top of the Active ontology tab, except it also has a # sign at the end. E.g., the Pizza tutorial developed for this tutorial has an IRI of: http://www.semanticweb.org/pizzatutorial/ontologies/2020/PizzaTutorial and the row that has a blank first column in Ontology Prefixes has the IRI:\n\nhttp://www.semanticweb.org/pizzatutorial/ontologies/2020/PizzaTutorial#.", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "| OntoLearn (Reloaded), 2013, [3] It focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed knowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology extraction, hypernym graph construction, domain filtering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and 2010, [2] steps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC- value), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic relation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic). | It relies on WordNet and POS It considers only multiword terms and relies on WordNet and POS tags. It does not distinguish between terms and concepts and implements different adaptable approaches. | | | Pipeline Building | OLAF Pipeline Optimisation | | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "- Castaño, Arnaldo Pérez (23 May 2018). Practical Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning, Bots, and Agent Solutions Using C# . Apress. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4842-3357-3.\n - Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar (June 1976). \"Some Comparisons Between Frege's Logic and Navya-Nyaya Logic\". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . 36 (4): 554-563. doi:10.2307/2106873 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2106873). JSTOR 2106873 (https://www.j stor.org/stable/2106873).\n - Chatfield, Tom (2017). Critical Thinking: Your Guide to Effective Argument, Successful Analysis and Independent Study . Sage. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-5264-1877-7.\n - Chua, Eugene (2017). \"An Empirical Route to Logical 'Conventionalism' \" (https://philpapers. org/rec/CHUAER). Logic, Rationality, and Interaction . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10455. pp. 631-636. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55665-8\\_43 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F9 78-3-662-55665-8\\_43). ISBN 978-3-662-55664-1.\n - Clocksin, William F.; Mellish, Christopher S. (2003). \"The Relation of Prolog to Logic\" (http s://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55481-0\\_10). Programming in Prolog: Using the ISO Standard . Springer. pp. 237-257. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55481-0\\_10 (http s://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-55481-0\\_10). ISBN 978-3-642-55481-0.\n - Cook, Roy T. (2009). Dictionary of Philosophical Logic . Edinburgh University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7486-3197-1.\n - Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; Rodych, Victor (2019). Introduction to Logic . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38697-5.\n - Corkum, Philip (2015). \"Generality and Logical Constancy\". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia . 71 (4): 753-767. doi:10.17990/rpf/2015\\_71\\_4\\_0753 (https://doi.org/10.17990%2Fr pf%2F2015\\_71\\_4\\_0753). ISSN 0870-5283 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-5283). JSTOR 43744657 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43744657).\n - Craig, Edward (1996). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (https://philpapers.org/rec/BE AREO). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202101 16111145/https://philpapers.org/rec/BEAREO) from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n - Cummings, Louise (2010). \"Abduction\". The Routledge Pragmatics Encyclopedia . Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-135-21457-9.\n - Cunningham, Daniel. \"Set Theory\" (https://iep.utm.edu/set-theo/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 23 September 2022.\n - D'Agostino, Marcello; Floridi, Luciano (2009). \"The Enduring Scandal of Deduction: Is Propositional Logic Really Uninformative?\". Synthese . 167 (2): 271-315. doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9409-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-008-9409-4). hdl:2299/2995 (https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F2995). ISSN 0039-7857 (https://search.world cat.org/issn/0039-7857). JSTOR 40271192 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40271192). S2CID 9602882 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9602882).\n - Daintith, John; Wright, Edmund (2008). A Dictionary of Computing . OUP. ISBN 978-0-19923400-4.\n - van Dalen, Dirk (1994). Logic and Structure . Springer. Chapter 1.5. ISBN 978-0-387-578392.\n - Dasti, Matthew R. \"Nyaya\" (https://iep.utm.edu/nyaya/). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n - Dick, Anthony S.; Müller, Ulrich (2017). Advancing Developmental Science: Philosophy, Theory, and Method . Taylor & Francis. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-351-70456-4.\n - Douven, Igor (2021). \"Abduction\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abduction/). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210907202119/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ab duction/) from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" + "text": "| Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE | Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- based system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations ONTOLOGY LEARNING FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Chapter 14 Bibliography\n\nRather than a standard bibliography, this section is divided into various categories based on resources that will be valuable for future exploration of the technologies and methods described in this tutorial.\n\n## 14.1 W3C Documents\n\nOWL 2 Primer: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/\n\nOWL 2 Specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/\n\nSemantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers: https://www.w3.org/TR/sw-oosdprimer/\n\nSPARQL Specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/\n\nSWRL Specification and Built-ins: https://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/\n\n## 14.2 Web Sites, Tools, And Presentations.\n\nAgile Alliance: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/\n\nCellfie: https://github.com/protegeproject/cellfie-plugin/wiki/Grocery-Tutorial\n\nGartner Hype Cycle: https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle\n\nJena: Open Source Java Framework for Semantic Web and Linked Data Applications: https://jena.apache.org/\n\nOpen World Assumption (OWA) presentation by Nick Drummond and Rob Shearer:\n\nhttp://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~drummond/presentations/OWA.pdf\n\nProtégé: https://protege.stanford.edu/\n\nProtégé Best Practices. Summary page on my blog for all my articles on Protégé, OWL, SWRL, etc.: https://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/best-practices-for-new-protege-users\n\nSHACL Playground: https://shacl.org/playground/\n\nSWRL Presentation by Martin O'Connor:\n\nhttps://protege.stanford.edu/conference/2009/slides/SWRL2009ProtegeConference.pdf\n\nWebProtégé: https://webprotege.stanford.edu/\n\nWebVOWL: Web-based Visualization of Ontologies: http://vowl.visualdataweb.org/webvowl.html\n\n## 14.3 Papers\n\nBerners-Lee (2001). The Semantic Web: A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities. With James Hendler and Ora Lassila. Scientific American, May 17, 2001. https://tinyurl.com/BernersLeeSemanticWeb\n\nMacGregor, Robert (1991). \"Using a description classifier to enhance knowledge representation\". IEEE Expert. 6 (3): 41-46. doi:10.1109/64.87683 https://tinyurl.com/MacGregorLoom", - "page_start": 89, - "page_end": 89, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "| STATE OF THE ART | | | | | | OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "- Berryhill, Jamie; Heang, Kévin Kok; Clogher, Rob; McBride, Keegan (2019). Hello, World: Artificial Intelligence and its Use in the Public Sector (https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploa ds/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF). Paris: OECD Observatory of Public Sector Innovation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp -content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.\n - Bertini, M; Del Bimbo, A; Torniai, C (2006). \"Automatic annotation and semantic retrieval of video sequences using multimedia ontologies\". MM '06 Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia . 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia. Santa Barbara: ACM. pp. 679-682.\n - Bostrom, Nick (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies . Oxford University Press.\n - Bostrom, Nick (2015). \"What happens when our computers get smarter than we are?\" (https://w ww.ted.com/talks/nick\\_bostrom\\_what\\_happens\\_when\\_our\\_computers\\_get\\_smarter\\_than\\_w e\\_are/transcript). TED (conference). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020072500571 9/https://www.ted.com/talks/nick\\_bostrom\\_what\\_happens\\_when\\_our\\_computers\\_get\\_smart er\\_than\\_we\\_are/transcript) from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.\n - Brooks, Rodney (10 November 2014). \"artificial intelligence is a tool, not a threat\" (https://web.a rchive.org/web/20141112130954/http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/artificial-intelligence-tool-th reat). Archived from the original (http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/artificial-intelligence-tool-thr eat) on 12 November 2014.\n - Brooks, Rodney (1990). \"Elephants Don't Play Chess\" (http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/paper s/elephants.pdf) (PDF). Robotics and Autonomous Systems . 6 (1-2): 3-15. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.7539 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.588. 7539). doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8890%280 5%2980025-9). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070809020912/http://people.csail. mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2007.\n - Buiten, Miriam C (2019). \"Towards Intelligent Regulation of Artificial Intelligence\" (https://doi.org/ 10.1017%2Ferr.2019.8). European Journal of Risk Regulation . 10 (1): 41-59. doi:10.1017/err.2019.8 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Ferr.2019.8). ISSN 1867-299X (https://sea rch.worldcat.org/issn/1867-299X).\n - Bushwick, Sophie (16 March 2023), \"What the New GPT-4 AI Can Do\" (https://www.scientificam erican.com/article/what-the-new-gpt-4-ai-can-do/), Scientific American , archived (https://we b.archive.org/web/20230822233655/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-the-ne w-gpt-4-ai-can-do/) from the original on 22 August 2023, retrieved 5 October 2024\n - Butler, Samuel (13 June 1863). \"Darwin among the Machines\" (https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/sc holarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html). Letters to the Editor. The Press . Christchurch, New Zealand. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080919172551/http://www.nzetc.org/ tm/scholarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html) from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2014 - via Victoria University of Wellington.\n - Buttazzo, G. (July 2001). \"Artificial consciousness: Utopia or real possibility?\". Computer . 34 (7): 24-30. doi:10.1109/2.933500 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2F2.933500).\n - Cambria, Erik; White, Bebo (May 2014). \"Jumping NLP Curves: A Review of Natural Language Processing Research [Review Article]\". IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine . 9 (2): 48-57. doi:10.1109/MCI.2014.2307227 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCI.2014.2307227). S2CID 206451986 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206451986).", - "page_start": 53, - "page_end": 53, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" + "text": "We designed the proposed framework focusing on automation with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, particular attention is brought to the learned ontology final production use case . We implement the framework as an open-source and openaccess python library. We aim to gather feedback and grow a community to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be developed to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing axiom extraction and automatic ontology evaluation . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter field is known as \"SemOps\".\n\n- Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 1.\n- Drymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 2.\n- Paola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665-707. DOI: 10.1162/COLI\\_a\\_00146 3.\n- Muhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 4.", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "| Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4 |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1.1 Licensing ............................................................................................................................................. 4 |\n| 1.2 Conventions ........................................................................................................................................ 4 |\n| Chapter 2 Requirements and the Protégé User Interface .............................................................................. 6 |\n| Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies? ......................................................................................................... 6 |\n| 3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies ....................................................................................................... 6 |\n| 3.1.1 Individuals ........................................................................................................................................ 7 |\n| 3.1.2 Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 8 |\n| 3.1.3 Classes .............................................................................................................................................. 8 |\n| Chapter 4 Building an OWL Ontology ....................................................................................................... 10 |\n| 4.1 Named Classes .................................................................................................................................. 13 |\n| 4.2 Using a Reasoner .............................................................................................................................. 15 |\n| 4.4 Using Create Class Hierarchy ........................................................................................................... 17 |\n| 4.5 Create a PizzaTopping Hierarchy ..................................................................................................... 19 |\n| 4.6 OWL Properties ................................................................................................................................ 22 |\n| 4.7 Inverse Properties .............................................................................................................................. 23 |\n| 4.8 OWL Object Property Characteristics .............................................................................................. 24 |\n| 4.8.1 Functional Properties ................................................................................................................. 24 |\n| 4.8.2 Inverse Functional Properties ..................................................................................................... 25 |\n| 4.8.3 Transitive Properties .................................................................................................................. 25 |\n| 4.8.4 Symmetric and Asymmetric Properties ..................................................................................... 25 |\n| 4.8.5 Reflexive and Irreflexive Properties .......................................................................................... 26 |\n| 4.8.6 Reasoners Automatically Enforce Property Characteristics ...................................................... 26 |", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "| Term cooccurrences-based extraction Similarity-based extraction | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | | | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "| [48] N. Papernot, P. McDaniel, I. Goodfellow, S. Jha, Z. B. Celik, and A. Swami, 'Practical black-box attacks against machine learning,' in Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia conference on computer and communications security , 2017. |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| [49] N. Papernot, P. McDaniel, S. Jha, M. Fredrikson, Z. B. Celik, and A. Swami, 'The limitations of deep learning in adversarial settings,' in IEEE European symposium on security and privacy (EuroS&P) , 2016. |\n| [50] F. Perez and I. Ribeiro, 'Ignore previous prompt: Attack techniques for language models,' in NeurIPS ML Safety Workshop , 2022. |\n| [51] A. Radford, J. Wu, R. Child, D. Luan, D. Amodei, and I. Sutskever, 'Language models are unsupervised multitask learners,' https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language models are unsupervised multitask learners.pdf, 2019. |\n| [52] C. Riquelme, J. Puigcerver, B. Mustafa, M. Neumann, R. Jenatton, A. Susano Pinto, D. Keysers, and N. Houlsby, 'Scaling vision with sparse mixture of experts,' Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) , 2021. |\n| [53] M. ˇ Sakota, M. Peyrard, and R. West, 'Fly-swat or cannon? cost-effective language model choice via meta-modeling,' in Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining , 2024. |\n| [54] S. Schulhoff, J. Pinto, A. Khan, L.-F. Bouchard, C. Si, S. Anati, V. Tagliabue, A. Kost, C. Carnahan, and J. Boyd- Graber, 'Ignore this title and HackAPrompt: Exposing systemic vulnerabilities of LLMs through a global prompt hacking competition,' in EMNLP , 2023. |\n| [55] A. Shafran, R. Schuster, and V. Shmatikov, 'Machine against the RAG: Jamming retrieval-augmented generation with blocker documents,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.05870 , 2024. |\n| [56] N. Shazeer, A. Mirhoseini, K. Maziarz, A. Davis, Q. Le, G. Hinton, and J. Dean, 'Outrageously large neural net- works: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer,' in International Conference on Learning Representations , 2016. |\n| [57] T. Shnitzer, A. Ou, M. Silva, K. Soule, Y. Sun, J. Solomon, N. Thompson, and M. Yurochkin, 'Large language model routing with benchmark datasets,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.15789 , 2023. |\n| [58] K. Srivatsa, K. K. Maurya, and E. Kochmar, 'Harnessing the power of multiple minds: Lessons learned from LLM routing,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.00467 , 2024. |\n| [59] D. Stripelis, Z. Hu, J. Zhang, Z. Xu, A. Shah, H. Jin, Y. Yao, S. Avestimehr, and C. He, 'Tensoropera router: A multi-model router for efficient LLM inference,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.12320 , 2024. |\n| [60] C. Szegedy, W. Zaremba, I. Sutskever, J. Bruna, D. Erhan, I. Goodfellow, and R. Fergus, 'Intriguing properties of neural networks,' arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6199 , 2013. |", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" + "text": "| ConceptNet-based extraction Grouping terms based on synonyms | | Concept/Relation Extraction | OLAF | Our vision is to implement a gather to build pipelines ontology. | . These pipelines can be run, optimised and analysed to learn the best possible | Ressource | Algorithm implemented Upcoming implementation |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "- [1] 'Chatbot Arena LLM Leaderboard: Community-driven evaluation for best LLM and AI chatbots,' https:// huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/chatbot-arena-leaderboard, accessed: 2024-11-14.\n - [2] 'Hello gpt-4o,' https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/, published: 2024-05-23.\n - [3] 'Introducing Llama 3.1: Our most capable models to date,' https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/, published: 2024-07-23.\n - [4] 'Introducing Meta Llama 3: The most capable openly available LLM to date,' https://ai.meta.com/blog/ meta-llama-3/, published: 2024-04-18.\n - [5] 'Martian LLM router,' https://withmartian.com/.\n - [6] 'New embedding models and API updates,' https://openai.com/index/new-embedding-models-and-api-updates, published: 2024-01-25.\n - [7] 'Notdiamond LLM router,' https://www.notdiamond.ai/.\n - [8] 'OpenAI and others seek new path to smarter AI as current methods hit limitations,' https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/ openai-rivals-seek-new-path-smarter-ai-current-methods-hit-limitations-2024-11-11, published: 2024-11-15.\n - [9] 'OpenAI, Google and Anthropic are struggling to build more advanced AI,' https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2024-11-13/openai-google-and-anthropic-are-struggling-to-build-more-advanced-ai?sref=CrGXSfHu, published: 2024-11-13.\n - [10] 'OpenAI shifts strategy as rate of 'GPT' AI improvements slows,' https://www.theinformation.com/articles/ openai-shifts-strategy-as-rate-of-gpt-ai-improvements-slows, published: 2024-11-9.\n - [11] 'Openrouter LLM router,' https://openrouter.ai/.\n - [12] 'Unify LLM router,' https://unify.ai/.\n - [13] 'What is a control plane?' https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/control-plane, published: 2024-10-31.\n - [14] J. Achiam, S. Adler, S. Agarwal, L. Ahmad, I. Akkaya, F. L. Aleman, D. Almeida, J. Altenschmidt, S. Altman, S. Anadkat et al. , 'GPT-4 technical report,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774 , 2023.\n - [15] P. Aggarwal, A. Madaan, A. Anand, S. P. Potharaju, S. Mishra, P. Zhou, A. Gupta, D. Rajagopal, K. Kappaganthu, Y. Yang et al. , 'Automix: Automatically mixing language models,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.12963 , 2023.\n - [16] G. Alon and M. Kamfonas, 'Detecting language model attacks with perplexity,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.14132 , 2023.\n - [17] R. A. Bradley and M. E. Terry, 'Rank analysis of incomplete block designs: I. the method of paired comparisons,' Biometrika , vol. 39, no. 3/4, 1952.\n - [18] N. Carlini, D. Paleka, K. D. Dvijotham, T. Steinke, J. Hayase, A. F. Cooper, K. Lee, M. Jagielski, M. Nasr, A. Conmy et al. , 'Stealing part of a production language model,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.06634 , 2024.\n - [19] H. Chaudhari, G. Severi, J. Abascal, M. Jagielski, C. A. Choquette-Choo, M. Nasr, C. Nita-Rotaru, and A. Oprea, 'Phantom: General trigger attacks on retrieval augmented language generation,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.20485 , 2024.\n - [20] L. Chen, M. Zaharia, and J. Zou, 'FrugalGPT: How to use large language models while reducing cost and improving performance,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.05176 , 2023.\n - [21] W.-L. Chiang, L. Zheng, Y. Sheng, A. N. Angelopoulos, T. Li, D. Li, B. Zhu, H. Zhang, M. Jordan, J. E. Gonzalez, and I. Stoica, 'Chatbot arena: An open platform for evaluating LLMs by human preference,' in Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) , 2024.\n - [22] S. Cho, S. Jeong, J. Seo, T. Hwang, and J. C. Park, 'Typos that broke the RAG's back: Genetic attack on RAG pipeline by simulating documents in the wild via low-level perturbations,' arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.13948 , 2024.", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" + "text": "## Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nThis tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the Slope of Enlightenment in the Gartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the Semantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US corporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in OWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology companies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started to embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is finally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive technologies.\n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I've heard is that an ontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology combined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about knowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data.\n\nThere are a number of vendors emerging who are using the technology in very productive ways and are providing the foundation for federated knowledge graphs that can scale to hundreds of millions of triples or more and provide a framework for all corporate data. I've listed several in the bibliography but those are only the ones I've had some experience with. I'm sure there are many others. One of the products I've had the best experience with is the AllegroGraph triplestore and the Gruff visualization tool from Franz Inc. Although Allegro is a commercial tool, the free version supports most of the core capabilities of the commercial version. I've found the Allegro triplestore easy to use on a Windows PC with the Docker tool to emulate a Linux server.\n\nI first started working with classification-based languages when I worked at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and used the Loom language [Macgregor 91] to develop B2B systems for the US Department of Defense and their contractors. Since then, I've followed the progress of the technology, especially the DARPA knowledge sharing initiative [Neches 91] and always thought there was great promise in the technology. When I first discovered Protégé it was a great experience. It is one of the best supported and most usable free tools I've ever seen, and it always surprised me that there weren't more corporate users leveraging it in major ways. I think we are finally starting to see this happen and I hope this tutorial helps in a small way to accelerate the adoption of this powerful and robust tool.", + "page_start": 88, + "page_end": 88, + "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" }, { - "text": "To understand what is going on you first need to understand that each SPARQL query consists of two parts. The first part at the beginning consists of several namespace prefixes. These statements consist of the prefix used for a particular namespace as well as the IRI associated with this namespace. Recall that these concepts were described in chapter 7. You may be wondering where all these prefixes came from since you didn't add them to your ontology. The answer is that every OWL ontology comes with a set of namespaces and prefixes that are required to define the ontology.\n\nAlso, to understand SPARQL you need to 'peak under the hood' of OWL. So far, we have been discussing concepts in purely logical and set theoretic terms, i.e., at the semantic level. However, like any language or database there is a lower level that describes how the concepts are mapped to actual data. In a relational database the fundamental construct to represent data is a table. In OWL the fundamental construct is a triple. OWL is actually built on top of RDFS which is a language built on top of RDF. RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a language to describe graphs (in the mathematical sense of the term). I.e., to describe nodes and links.\n\nThe foundation for RDF graphs are triples consisting of a subject, predicate, and object. This results in what is called an undirected or network graph because objects can be subjects and vice versa. Whenever you define a property in OWL you are defining a predicate. An individual can be a subject or an object (or both). E.g., in our ontology Customer1 purchasedPizza AmericanaHotPizza1 . In this example Customer1 is the subject, purchasedPizza is the predicate and AmericanaHotPizza1 is the object.\n\nHowever, classes and properties themselves are also represented as triples. So for example, when you create the class Pizza what Protégé does for you is to add the triple: Pizza rdf:type owl:Class to the ontology. I.e., the Pizza entity is of type (is an instance of) owl:Class . Similarly when you add NamedPizza as a subclass of Pizza , Protégé adds the triple: NamedPizza rdfs: s ubClassOf Pizza .\n\nHopefully, now you can make some sense of this initial query. The query is looking for all the entities that are the subjects of triples where the predicate is rdfs: s ubClassOf and the object is any other entity. The ? before a name indicates that the name is a wildcard that can match anything that fits with the rest of the pattern. This is part of the power of SPARQL, one can match a Subject, an Object, a Predicate or even all three. Making all 3 parts of the pattern wildcards would return every triple in the graph (in this case our entire Pizza ontology) being searched. You may notice that in some cases the object is simply the name of a class while in others it is a class expression with an orange circle in front of it. This is because when defining classes using DL axioms Protégé creates anonymous classes that correspond to various DL axioms.\n\nThe SELECT part of a SPARQL query determines what data to display. The WHERE part of a query determines what to match in the query. If you want to display everything matched in the WHERE clause you can just use a * for the SELECT clause. The initial default query in this tab is set up with no knowledge of the specific ontology. I.e., it will return all the classes that are subclasses of other classes regardless of the ontology. To get information about Pizzas the first thing we need to do is to add another prefix to the beginning of the query. In our case the Pizza ontology has been set up with a mapping to the prefix pizza (you can see this in the ontology prefixes tab in the Active ontology tab discussed in chapter 7). So, add the following to the SPARQL query after the last PREFIX statement:\n\n## PREFIX pizza: ", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" + "text": "| edge recovery. adaptable approaches. | tags and does not distinguish between terms and concepts. It implements different | | Knowledge sources Text Corpus | Seed Ontology | | | |", + "page_start": 0, + "page_end": 0, + "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" }, { - "text": "0\n\n2\n\np\n\ne\n\nS\n\n4\n\n]\n\nL\n\nC\n\n.\n\ns\n\nc\n\n[\n\n2\n\nv\n\n6\n\n6\n\n0\n\n1\n\n0\n\n.\n\n9\n\n0\n\n9\n\n1\n\n:\n\nv\n\ni\n\nX\n\nr\n\na\n\nRecent progress in pretraining language mod-\n\nels on large textual corpora led to a surge\n\nof improvements for downstream NLP tasks.\n\nWhilst learning linguistic knowledge, these\n\nreport that an intermediate fine-tuning step with supervised parsing does not make much difference for downstream task performance. models may also be storing relational knowledge present in the training data, and may be able to answer queries structured as 'fillin-the-blank' cloze statements. Language\n\nmodels have many advantages over structured\n\n## 3.2 Semantic knowledge knowledge bases: they require no schema en-\n\nTo date, more studies have been devoted to BERT's knowledge of syntactic rather than semantic phenomena. However, we do have evidence from an MLMprobing study that BERT has some knowledge of semantic roles (Ettinger, 2019). BERT even displays some preference for the incorrect fillers for semantic roles that are semantically related to the correct ones, as opposed to those that are unrelated (e.g. \"to tip a chef\" is better than \"to tip a robin\", but worse than \"to tip a waiter\"). gineering, allow practitioners to query about an open class of relations, are easy to extend to more data, and require no human supervision to train. We present an in-depth analysis of the relational knowledge already present (without fine-tuning) in a wide range of state-of-theart pretrained language models. We find that (i) without fine-tuning, BERT contains relational knowledge competitive with traditional NLP methods that have some access to oracle knowledge, (ii) BERT also does remarkably well on open-domain question answer-\n\nBERTstruggles with representations of numbers. Addition and number decoding tasks showed that BERT does not form good representations for floating point numbers and fails to generalize away from the training data (Wallace et al., 2019b). A part of the problem is BERT's wordpiece tokenization, since numbers of similar values can be divided up into substantially different word chunks. call factual knowledge without any fine-tuning demonstrates their potential as unsupervised open-domain QA systems. The code to reproduce our analysis is available at https: //github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA . 1 Introduction Recently, pretrained high-capacity language models such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2018a) and BERT\n\nTenney et al. (2019b) showed that BERT encodes information about entity types, relations, semantic roles, and proto-roles , since this information can be detected with probing classifiers. ing against a supervised baseline, and (iii) certain types of factual knowledge are learned much more readily than others by standard language model pretraining approaches. The surprisingly strong ability of these models to re-\n\nOut-of-the-box BERTis surprisingly brittle to named entity replacements : e.g. replacing names in the coreference task changes 85% of predictions (Balasubramanian et al., 2020). This suggests that the model does not actually form a generic idea of named entities, although its F1 scores on NER probing tasks are high (Tenney et al., 2019a). Broscheit (2019) find that fine-tuning BERT on Wikipedia entity linking \"teaches\" it additional entity knowledge, which would suggest that it did not absorb all the relevant entity information during pre-training on Wikipedia. (Devlin et al., 2018a) have become increasingly important in NLP. They are optimised to either predict the next word in a sequence or some masked word anywhere in a given sequence ( e.g. 'Dante was born in [M ask ] in the year 1265.'). The parameters of these models appear to store\n\n## 3.3 World knowledge", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" + "text": "next section. Which option you choose for your ontology will depend on the specific requirements you have as well as the standards established by your organization or organizations that you work with.\n\nFinally, another name related concept you should be aware of is the concept of a namespace. If you have worked with most modern programming languages such as Python or Java, you are already familiar with the concept of a namespace. The concept is identical in OWL. A namespace is used to avoid naming conflicts between different ontologies. For example, you may have a class called Network in an ontology about telecommunications. You might also have a class called Network in an ontology about graph theory. The two concepts are related but are different. Just as with programming languages you use namespace prefixes to determine what specific namespace a name refers to. E.g., in this example you might have the prefix tc for the Telecom ontology and gt for the Graph Theory ontology. Thus, when you referred to the Network class for the Telecom ontology you would use tc:Network and gt:Network for the graph theory class.\n\nNote that you already have some experience with other namespaces. The OWL namespace prefix is owl and is used to refer to classes such as owl:Thing and owl:Nothing . The Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS) is a model that OWL is built on top of and thus some properties that ontologies use such as rdfs:label leverage this namespace.\n\nIn the bottom view of the Active ontology tab there is a tab called Ontology Prefixes. This tab shows all the current namespace mappings in your ontology. There are certain concepts from OWL, RDF, RDFS, XML and XSD that are required for every ontology, so those namespaces are by default mapped in every new Protégé ontology. There is also a mapping to the empty string for whatever the namespace is for your ontology. This allows you to display and refer to entities in your ontology without entering a namespace prefix. If you look at that tab now you should see a row where the first column is blank, and the second column has the base IRI for your ontology. It should be the same IRI as the Ontology IRI at the top of the Active ontology tab, except it also has a # sign at the end. E.g., the Pizza tutorial developed for this tutorial has an IRI of: http://www.semanticweb.org/pizzatutorial/ontologies/2020/PizzaTutorial and the row that has a blank first column in Ontology Prefixes has the IRI:\n\nhttp://www.semanticweb.org/pizzatutorial/ontologies/2020/PizzaTutorial#.", + "page_start": 61, + "page_end": 61, + "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" } ] }, @@ -20984,6 +20984,12 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" }, + { + "text": "\n\n\n\n## Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.", + "page_start": 3, + "page_end": 3, + "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" + }, { "text": "Figure 2.1. Airplane Thrust and Power Required\n\n", "page_start": 115, @@ -21013,12 +21019,6 @@ "page_start": 2, "page_end": 2, "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "- - Quantity\n - - Capacity\n - - Capacity savings", - "page_start": 283, - "page_end": 283, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21029,8 +21029,8 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "The second panel of Fig. 2 shows the Shannon surprise of an inference model that estimates the current heart rate using the two standard components of a generative model. The for- mer component is the prior, which encodes the person’s a priori probabilistic belief (i.e. probability distribution) about her “nor- mal” heart rate range; here, the prior is a Gaussian centered on 67 and has a precision of 0.11. The latter component is the likeli- hood, which encodes the probabilistic mapping between sensory (heartbeat) observations and the hidden state (heart rate); here, the likelihood is a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate with an additional bias of 15 pulses, and the panel shows the results for 10 values for precision obtained by subdividing the range [0.1,10] into equal intervals.", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 6 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21547,8 +21547,8 @@ "target_page": 70, "target_passage": "You must consider several key factors when you are planning the physical site of a Storwize V7000 installation. The physical site must have the following characteristics: \u0002 Meets power, cooling, and location requirements of the Storwize V7000 nodes. \u0002 Has two separate power sources. \u0002 Sufficient rack space exists for the installation of controller and disk expansion enclosures. \u0002 Has sufficient maximum power rating of the rack. Plan your rack placement carefully to not exceed maximum power rating of the rack. For more information about the power and environmental requirements, see this website", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 7 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -21903,10 +21903,10 @@ "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" }, { - "text": "## Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows\n\n(In millions of Canadian dollars)", - "page_start": 96, - "page_end": 96, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" + "text": "\n\n\n\nMENU\n\n\n\n\n\nRADIO\n\n\n\n\n\n## EDITOR'S PICKS\n\n\n\nHave your say! Complete our 2025 Media Survey\n\n\n\n\n\nRetrain your way to a new job\n\n\n\nThe top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEN", + "page_start": 1, + "page_end": 1, + "source_file": "news4.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21970,17 +21970,17 @@ "page_end": 22, "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" }, - { - "text": "## Financial Information", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, { "text": "## Financial Information", "page_start": 31, "page_end": 31, "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "## Financial Information", + "page_start": 55, + "page_end": 55, + "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" } ] }, @@ -21991,8 +21991,8 @@ "target_page": 6, "target_passage": "Currently, the proportion of people aged 65 or over in Japan has reached 23.4%*. SMFG will help create frameworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycleframeworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycle planning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a soundplanning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a sound balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives.balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives", "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null + "presence": true, + "index": 1 } }, "top_chunk": [ @@ -22026,6 +22026,18 @@ "page_end": 1, "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" }, + { + "text": "## Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)\n\nCompany Name\n\nBusiness Description\n\n - Established\n\nHead Office\n\nChairman of the Board\n\nPresident\n\nCapital\n\nStock Exchange Listings\n\n - Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. ：：\n - Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan's Banking Act) and of non-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions ：\n - December 2, 2002 ：\n - 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan ：\n\nMasayuki Oku ：\n\n - Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) ：\n - ¥2,337.8 billion ：\n\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) ：\n\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) Nagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) Note: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n\n## Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)\n\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n\n\n\n## Our CSR reporting\n\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n| | Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, centered on specific examples centered on specific examples CSR report 2011 (digest version) | CSR disclosure through specific examples |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| information on CSR activities information on CSR activities CSR report 2011 statistical performance, online PDF file) | Comprehensive disclosure of CSR activities | Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed (digest version with examples of activities and |\n| | This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of CSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG CSR report (online version, Japanese only) www.smfg.co.jp/responsibility | Enriched CSR disclosure |\n\n## Editorial Policy\n\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, + { + "text": "This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\n\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\n\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\n\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group's CSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report 2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR activities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\n\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in Japanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand our CSR and other activities in greater detail.\n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n\n## Scope of this Report\n\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> Cedyna Financial Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n - GLYPH<129> SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n - GLYPH<129> THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n - GLYPH<129> Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n - GLYPH<129> Other Group companies\n\n## Company name abbreviations and other special terminology\n\nThroughout this report, 'Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group' or 'SMFG' refers to the holding company alone. 'The SMFG Group' refers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\n\n## Reference guidelines\n\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n\n - * Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international organization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n\n## About this Report\n\nPeriod Covered\n\nPublication Date of Japanese Document\n\nContact\n\n - ： April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( 'Fiscal 2010' )\n - ： December 2011\n - ：\n\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\n\n - Group CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. 1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 TEL: +81-3-3282-8111", + "page_start": 15, + "page_end": 15, + "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" + }, { "text": "## SRI Indexes on which SMFG is listed\n\n\n\n - ■ Dow Jones Sustainability Index\n - This index was jointly developed by Dow Jones of the United States, and the Swiss SRI research company SAM Group. It was the first SRI index in the world.\n - ■ FTSE 4 Good Global Index Series\n - The FTSE 4 Good Global Index Series was created by FTSE International Limited, a joint venture set up by the Financial Times newspaper of the United Kingdom and the London Stock Exchange.\n - ■ Ethibel Sustainability Index\n - An index compiled by the Belgian SRI company Ethibel\n\n\n\n## Examples of Group disclosure activities\n\nQuarterly and interim financial reports, Quarterly and interim financial reports, results announcements, securities results announcements, securities reports, legal disclosure statements, reports, legal disclosure statements, regular publications, etc. regular publications, etc.\n\nAnnual and interim reports (in Japanese Annual and interim reports (in Japanese and English) and English)\n\nInvestor briefings twice a year Investor briefings twice a year\n\nConferences sponsored by securities Conferences sponsored by securities companies, etc., as needed companies, etc., as needed\n\nOnline conferences held as needed Online conferences held as needed\n\n## Listing on the New York Stock Exchange\n\nIn November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui In November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group listed on the New York Financial Group listed on the New York Stock Exchange. This move, we believe, not Stock Exchange. This move, we believe, not only significantly increases convenience for only significantly increases convenience for our overseas shareholders and investors, our overseas shareholders and investors, but also broadens our customer base as it but also broadens our customer base as it further increases the transparency of our further increases the transparency of our financial position. Listing on the New York financial position. Listing on the New York Stock Exchange as a socially responsible Stock Exchange as a socially responsible corporation accelerates our evolution into a corporation accelerates our evolution into a global player. global player.", "page_start": 9, @@ -22043,18 +22055,6 @@ "page_start": 10, "page_end": 10, "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.\n\n2001 Summary Annual Report\n\nThere's only\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "## Social Contribution Activities\n\n## Helping build prosperity in Asia and the world\n\nThe SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities The SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities that contribute to development at both the regional that contribute to development at both the regional and international level. In addition to overseas units' and international level. In addition to overseas units' independent initiatives, which are geared to host independent initiatives, which are geared to host country issues and characteristics, the Group supports country issues and characteristics, the Group supports projects that have contributed to achievement of the projects that have contributed to achievement of the United Nations' global Millennium Development Goals, United Nations' global Millennium Development Goals, such as poverty eradication, health improvement and such as poverty eradication, health improvement and status improvement for education and women in status improvement for education and women in developing countries. Our support takes the form of developing countries. Our support takes the form of donations to non-profit and non-governmental donations to non-profit and non-governmental organizations, through the employee volunteer fund. organizations, through the employee volunteer fund. (The map shows areas where fund money is used, ( The map shows areas where fund money is used, marked with a marked with a ★ symbol). Please see our website for symbol). Please see our website for more details. more details.\n\nInternational cooperation begins at home\n\n## Employees put school meals on the table through their purchases in staff canteens\n\nSMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing SMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing have a program that provides donations to the non have a program that provides donations to the nonprofit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to profit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to\n\nfund school meals in developing fund school meals in developing countries, for every low-calorie countries, for every low-calorie meal ordered for lunch. SMBC meal ordered for lunch. SMBC Friend Securities has also Friend Securities has also installed vending machines i n s t a l l e d v e n d i n g m a c h i n e s selling healthy drinks, donating selling healthy drinks, donating part of their sales to TABLE FOR part of their sales to TABLE FOR TWO International. TWO International.\n\n\n\n## Donation boxes for foreign currency coins\n\nSMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency SMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency coins at the entrances of all manned branches and coins at the entrances of all manned branches and offices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by offices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by currency for delivery to UNICEF. currency for delivery to UNICEF.\n\n## The SMBC Foundation for International Cooperation\n\nThe SMBC Foundation for International Cooperation The SMBC Foundation for International Cooperation strives to assist in developing the human resources strives to assist in developing the human resources necessary to achieve sustainable growth in develop necessary to achieve sustainable growth in developing economies as well as to promote international ing economies as well as to promote international exchange activities. The foundation has provided exchange activities. The foundation has provided financial support for students from Asian countries financial support for students from Asian countries each year, enabling them to attend universities in each year, enabling them to attend universities in Japan. The foundation also offers subsidies to Japan. The foundation also offers subsidies to research institutes and researchers undertaking research institutes and researchers undertaking projects related to developing countries. projects related to developing countries.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n## South Korea", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" } ] },